The Sun. — London, England, 1841-03-26 00:00:00

137 ENIN G EDITION AUTHORITY ABSOLVE FROM RESPONSIBILITY? TO THE _EDITOR OF THE SUN. Exf!lliiiter and the Moritiv Chro- Ncle -upported by some authorities, concur in u irlg that when an ()dicer obeys the commands ts superiors, he is exonerated from all fespon ,l_l-mity- to other tilbUlliitS. As this seems to nte the doctrine of military obedience too l ii ° tr earr y i ' m ast quote` tit , remarks of your tw o Con te i ,P Qr aries, that I may ruts no risk of misrepre 1, 'dug them. Th e passage from the Examiner 4us thus :----- - 11, both the Chronicle and the Globe imputed to us the °i nion th • c0 1 , d4 at, if the seizure of the Caroline be unlawful, the ..) ct of ali those who participa-ed in it, though acting un orders of their military superiors, was consequently pu aele ; and a correspondent of the Globe has quoted Cfan 'Cot. K g k ii t . „ent s great authority to prove that an alien cannot be 1 4 ,1% piracy if he act 'under the ()piers of his Govern i';`olv ou this subject we have given no opmion.what ‘tevvi:alive stated that if Mr. M-Leo-1 failed vin proving an the tour e will plead the orders of Mr. Macnab ; that we hope iliteation allow the plea, but that that is a purely legal i he i de _ar: quite ready to state what our opinion is ; and it co. the plea With that of the correspondent of the Globe. We think ltt valid ; and th• t contrary would destroy mi !r:4Z , s h eklitt - o, and convert war into ;series of deadly feuds, liabl e t the military servaws of every nation would be 0, civil execution for military services. passag e of the Cl/troll/de is this : cle a ...P: l . ground s which our Contemporary states with sufficient tha t it would be absurd to hold an agent responsible for `Mat o v ," 11 he th,es under the authority of h:s superior. " The 4c h Whom th.• Commission is granted," says Dr. Wheaton, the American Minister at Berlin :—" The State by whom f or mi ; lll ll . nissi on i s granted being responsible to other nations ju r isvdf (tteti s done b y i ts commissioned cruisers, has t h e exclus i ve toh mu ,on to tr y an d pun i s h a ll offences committed under f innul e its auth or i t y." ( Wh ea t on ' s P r i nc i p l es o f Interna giv rt en vol. i., p . 16.3). The British Government having tboleiottinonLitleo try nma i mission under which APLeod acted, is responst ,ll/4 - Fed era l G overnment , b ut h as i tse l f exclus i ve jaris punish whatever was unlawfully done under th eb . r °l it , authorit y . S o t h at M‘L eo d, as 2n agent doing but la i d "mg uf a lawful superior, is not responsible to any t!l -jutisd o !”d whever is reonsible is amenableto the exclusive 1 2 4 e tion of the State that commissioned him. t itio ,e -Exa m i ner has already seen reason to i tY, and th ere b y re t ract , some o f i ts expres hQns 011 this subject, and I shall not, therefore, 4 , a ,.,_surp:isud should it, after reading my re “"st qualify and retract more. It is clear inert both passages go the whole length of assert that whatever a proper authority orders Wh n ita rY men to do, without any reference to ' to 't that is, they are answerdole only to it, and Other tribunal. It releases them from io, 3 other jurisdiction and responsibility-. Pass te o ver the particular case under the discussion itoPtir Contemporaries, which is one of doubt, Ste s "bjtaliee, I wish to ask, if the order, in of being to destroy a piratical vessel, lir u tlt il t o capture the Sheriff of New York, wit - w e a nY declaration of war, and one of those who te to execute it had been taken in the at tvoiniTtt after murdering- an unoffending citizen, a tit 7" l not the New York authorities havebcen er iu rised to try him fbr the murder ? I ant in eed to suppose that they would; and the de , -i' v r atioit of the British Government that it had 5, 4 e n the order, neither could, nor ought, to btjj e t , th , e offend er fr om p u nishment. If it were se, I see no reason why some detestable tf)°vernment might not commission individuals N corm -nit assassination in foreign countries, pi e t() ) wh en t h ey were appre hended, might A li a l c i the auth or ity o f th e ir G ove r nm ent. Major of }tie, in remember right, had the authority Government for playing the part of a spy, hil th., ne was, nevertheless, executed. It is plain, star ore', and to b e re co g nised, I thi n k, in the q t ;elftent of the Eraminer, that the orders of a atijernment will only justify the common and Ih il Lniscd practices of war. That is the proper 44c d 'tion, and it follow,_, I think, that each in kl;',4nt soldier and officer, is bound to know . are those authorised practices, and to be N s '` ll l only to execute or d ers t h at d o not over s th em. l's; °r can I believe that this doctrine would not to ty s some good results. If, as the Examiner fetiwould convert war into a series of deadly 543) would it not tend to prevent wars of faression. Suppose the Marshals and General d %d eer s of Bonaparte's army, who were con . ctuere Ptured after his marauding expedition to to h ,"Py had been held responsible for the murders grit had by their master, and had been hanged knelons, would it not have made all future th o ; s uals careful at least as to what wars 1, 4 ; engaged in, - satisfying themselves that the It oh - l w ,as -Just, or making quite sure that they At tie neither be defeated nor captured. I am lity e i l , n 'tfraid that this doctrine of non-responsibi- Pei,: the servants of Governments to any other tlie --n s or any authorities than the Governments orrelves, excluding, of course, the authority lat e s on, nature, and God,- is fa ' r better calcu t,o secure immunity for their sometimes t i t l Y Instruments, than to promote the welfare e rest of mankind. It constitutes Govern j.,ts,the sole judges of what is right and wrong res,. e 'r own cases, and releases them from all th 4 Vlsibility to the public. However pleasing 111 „a3 7 be to them, it cannot be for the advan ek- those over whom their instruments may 4 u r l e lse their power. Through your enlightened Pr ot Tal, then, I beg leave, for one, to enter my , 4 e t ' h s t against the doctrine, however great may 4 4 ;',e names that sanction it, though I never q t , \ ;' 01 Dr. Wheaton before, that the State or ora er nment which grants commissions o r gives, has th e exclusive jurisdiction to try and 4 14 1 M' offences committed under colour of its vrltY, and let me add by its authority. Your obedient servant, P •S CIVILIAN. a 4 hl ec t I think all men are interested in this as the question at issue is whether civil hit r ,""ItY, which i s th e l aw o f reason , shall - pre -1`,1q,-„ver military authority, which is the law of NC'ee ; the one requiring nothing to •be done % hi hat the agent himself approves of, the other obedience tt ions elli lig without consulting his opi- LITERATURE. WORKS OF MONTAIGNE. _ PART I. Templeman, London, 1841. tha n Forks works are more deserving of republicatio i n tl':neottote- Translation of the Essays of Mor delightful production, for the trans -1)08s I : ad almost every requisite ' for . the task, It Ni essin g, in addition to his various inform . ation t 4i ttint il j tth ral liveliness of fancy, much 0 . t b tl l i s a 4 (itn'i n r ie itY and bonhommie of character which so much in the original. The Editor of e riyit;treserit Edition announces—as we perceive 111 " Prefatory address—h;s intention of alter -11 °l . l's version, on the plea that it is fre- Isili Y careless and inaccurate; we hope he Rot he too liberal of his alterations; ( - 1 Wi th all its faults, the translation l',.„Allestion is an admirable one, and it is not i lkely we shall get a better. As regards he Z'ginal, we are, it seems, to have, not only 14 evis ss aYS of Montaigne, but his letters also, I sili f ,Ter with his journey through Italy, !he t i s , a re to be duly illustrated with notes. Witl - Nu •'aYs only of this celebrated writer we are 41 0r aillt ed, and of these we may say, that b fe ve y eve r e attractive works of the kind . leave ,PPeared in print. Their style is cony e l r,, 44,4 without being unduly negligent or p eo Nseri°; they are full of egotism, but of the most ibi ll and unaffected 'character ; and exhibit nt indications of subtle and ingenious,. 4 , ll l l.l `tiot very bold or profound thin ,- 111 4- 'tont...lig-lie is the best of all Tt 'l4 at e to lounge over by one's; snug fire-side e is e asY arin-chair, for, in the first place,. anything but a. precise formalist 3 ", (3 11, 1 , -e ts r, ,• and secondly in taking up his.volume, Is `';l)., - ,',eq not begin with the beginning, but may uli 4 l „to it j ust where you please, and so go ram- . PL°, 4 5 now hurrying forward, now going ba i ck . c ; 4 l)ri'" o - °r two, as may happen to t h ie . b' k (!eu e i i s Or indolence of the moment. - With t c,'-'°s,o';„ll, perhaps, of " Tristram Shandy," and r i 4 A " Life of Johnson," we know of scarcely iestAiv°rK that can be safely read in this lounging, 1,,, -1 1 , ° at t l r n Y way. The only fault we find with tigjel a i li tl e, is his incessant habit of quoting, `4,„lverts the stream of his thoughts, and at e\k' ` arB not a few of his quotations are inappo the aspect of pedantry. O r ,„ end- ` O IONS OF LORD HOLLAND. s Ridgway, London, 1841. • t t i, i t he li ( ,, ht nne contains Lord Holland's protest 0,„ - Nr e - s -tt ,s,e of Peers against . the various public it , °I the Tory party, from the year . 1798 4 1 . 144 p' e ° th e year . 1839. A liberal, consistent L:; s i l lmr -rva des all these protests, which, besides, - `l'sirkftteequivocal proofs of his Lordship's sao Y 'acit as a statesman, and fully in Y . l th Editor'- remark, that though 114.1141)11e ii,n3ent upwards of forty years seem r `e) Lord Holland does not to • s e , ev er recorded an opinion which, at any Bite 'C e nt Period of his life, he could have de ° blot from the .Tournals. b IYoRLD IN TILE YEAR 1840. th Fraser, L on d on, 1841 . • chief Pamphl e t We have a retrospect of th,, te t civil, religious, and political events by th'e: need taken . , .vder Pastv'il, year, arraged in chronobOcal from successive numbers aurna, a well known weekly Con v-eniel ,ileiYBpaper. Some of the incidents of Y lip tliis retrospect are detailed in a Ut ?II -?eli manner, particularly the account ti e 3r a n ti (: c: hV ui s Bonaparte's atternpted atte t „. lt -t autumn, which throws this i.4tg) Quixo- Yi proper ridicule. g (MS' w as put 'OU see g' Lord er sol e be Put' a Ind" w e e oa a bow ie house ,nd Slx ; election rd WI Ind tha t e sitt►ag" oald not a coil' Tr: ation me and * and. ,:ft,hree Did Y°° Ic same DUld Ot nqr3 as lobt be, of etiv n ?r s al of ;<s o ut ot 0 , 01 00. 4 for 41 ' arced on use cog, r j o ‘Yer e LOW b°l ~,, g eS• trial• E. ccond rorth) 1 0 1 ....... ►tilde 11 . , 1e lCic at' wit. ; Cra"f °r4 BoheYl., eaneF elat , Bridg e; o 001 1 ; to a G" e.... asV t i r _ s _ g uar - . Wed o s . rla st ec inod a l' ; o t fast ten, Burgat!„: [y 11 Lea in to Asti by t° vie - ea br o .. . ‘° Ir. F h ! 0 gbich•ll too i f t,her 0 got! inte"P' ale rbis ,„ty, t riot sePyet ftiblf Coo h i;0 you Poe me in t he D e e a t ; he ° V d b1 ° . 0 as L a fr o the C —° iron yg rio d Id cpnte 1 .011. t h. o t th e e o- °i l fo llo rr°ce ter asl Yes, t o $ ie Bl , r ee' these' [Clifl' o i Of u" hal been ry GOP r.A . ' A., fi g 5 0 ,0 'Sin ,00 4 0 ' ip Car ne d ock e I cn lef t 101 l Or do 0 0 :al 1114 ie t g ° • 'ijo to 4 • the b.- 1 1 0 11 0 ' g o Ja b of s tl o A der , 03orcit 01°1 : to 0' tSE• , , ENGLISH OPERA HOUSE. A new comic operetta, in one act, entitled The Matrimon ia. Ladder, wa g produced at this theatre last evening. It is pro fessedly an adiptation from a French piece originilly produced at the Opera Comique. The scene i s l a id at th e chateau of the Marquise de Beausecours (Miss Emma Howard) near Faliiise. The Marquise, although passing as a widow, is marred to the Seneschal of Falaise (Mr. Barker), but for certain reasons wishes to keep her marriage a secret. 'I he Senes c hal' s v i s it s , h owever , are di scovere d b y Pierre Garbareau (Duruset), an itinerant gardener, whos"e ladder the Seneschal has on sundry occasions taken for the purpose of climbing into the balcony of the chateau. The Marquise has refused to permit her cousin, the Chevalier D'Orguevile ( Wilson), a rake of the Court of Louis the Fourteenth, to visit the chateau until he shall be married; ' and accordingly the Chevalier announces his intention of visit ing his cousin, bringing with him his wife, an uneducated country girl whom he has recently married. Accordingly they make their appearance, and Pierre to his horror, dis covers that the • pret?nded Madame D'Orgueville is his own wife Susanna ( \liss Gould), whom he had left quietly at home. Pierre claims her, and is treated as a drunken fellow, offering insults to a lady of rank ; his wife, however, contrives to meet him, and tells him that the Cheva'ier is her foster • brother,who had that morning fetched her, and induced her to pass as his wife, in order to get admission into the chateau, he never doubting that once there he couldnot fail to captivate his cousin. The Marquise having overheard this, determines to lock the Chevalier and Susanne into the pavilion, which is appropriated to the use of the pretended Madame D'Orgueville. Pierre comes with his ladder to the same pavilion, and utters divers threats against the Chevalier if he should find him there con cealed ; the double ladder is placed to the balcony, and as Pierre gets up on one side the Chevalier gets down on the other. He sect a light in the Marquise's window in the opposite balcony—a signal to the Seneschal ; the Chevalier removes the ladder to the balcony, and the Seneschal arriving, wonders to find the ladder ready placed for him. He, however, ascends on the one side, the Chevalier does the same on the other; thus situated, Barker and Wilson sing a duet, which told amazingly, and was loudly applauded. The Chevalier challenges his rival, and descends in great wrath, fur the - purpose of fighting a mortal combat while the Seneschal coolly walks on to the balcony, letting him self into the hems , : with a pass key, throwing down the ladder. The Chevalier, in a fury, raises an alarm, and Pierre and Su sanne appear with candles in one balcony, and the Seneschal and the Marquise with candles at the opposite one. The mar riage of the seneschal and the Marquise is explained, and after being jeered by the two couples, the rakish Chevalier is left to pass the night in the garden. The music, by M. Ambroise Thomas, which is of a light and pleasing character, is essen tially dramatic, and the piece was perfectly successful. Miss Emma Howard made a most fascinating Marquise, and he would be no preux Chevalier who would not risk much fee. such a dame. The acting of Miss Gould, as well as her singing, in Susanne, was admirable ; she bids fair to make one of the best soubrettes on the boards. We arc glad to see our old friend Duruset, who, by his quaint ness as Garbareau, contributed materially to the success of the piece. Wilson, as the Chevalier, sang as he always does, most sweetly—but on this occasion, he came out as an actor likewise. 'His affectation was rich, and elicited not only applause, but laughter. With a little curtail ment the piece will have a run. As an afterpiece, it is infinitely superior to Belly. Keolanthe (which pre ceded the 'Matrimonial Ladder) still pursues its success ful career. It requires to be heard more than once to be appreciated properly. The Nightingale Duett, in the second act by Madame Balfe and Wilson, is one of the most exquisite things we have ever heard, and would alone be suffi cient to ensure Balfe a high rank as a composer. The house was exceedingly well filled. COURT CIRCULAR. The Queen and Prince Albert honoured the German Opera with their presence on Wednesday evening. At nice the Prince left the Opera, attended by Lord R. GroEvenor, Sir Edward Bowater, and Captain Seymour, and proceeded to the Ancient Concert, at Hanover-square Rooms. His Royal Highness revisited the Opera at ekvea o'clock, and returned w ith her Majesty to Bucking ham Palace. The Judge-Advocate- General hai an audience of the Queen yesterday, to submit to Ina Majesty the proceedings of some Courts-martial. Viscount Melbourne and Lord Hill had audiences yes terday of her Majesty. His Royal Highness Prince Albert attended the meet ing of the Special Commissioners in the management of the affairs of the Duchy of Cornwall, yesterday forenoon, Mr. George Edward Anson and Sir Edward Bowater were in waiting on his Royal Highness. His Royal Highness Prince Albert received Addresses of Congratulation on the birth of the Princess Royal, at Buckingham Palace yesterday afternoon, from the follow ing places and public bodies : From the Corporation of Devonport, presented by the Mayor of Devonport, with Sir George Grey and Mr. Tufnell ; and a similar Address from the inhabitants of Devonport. From Brighton, presented by Mr. William Barnes, High Constable, with Captain Peel:tell, R.N. and Colonel Sir Adolphus Dalrymple, Members for the Borough. From the City of Oxford, presented by Mr. Donald M' Lean, M.P. From , Glasgow, presented by the Lord Provost of Glas gow, Messrs. A. Johnston, J. Pattison, Oswald, M. P., and J. Dennistoun, M.P. From the Mayor, Aldermen, and Burgesses of the Bo rough of Doncaster, presented by Mr. Isaac Morley, Mayor of Doncaster. _ _ _ From the Mayor and Council of the City of Durham, presented by Mr. Brawn ell, Mayor of Durham. From the Mayor, Burgesses, and Inhabitants of the Town and County of the Town of Southampton, present ed by the Mayor, Captain Bowyer, R. N., and Mr. Har. man. From Lambeth, presented by Dr. Bedford. From Carnarvon, presented by the Mayor and Mr. R. Ormsby Gore, M. P. From Wigan, presented by Mr. John Lord, the Mayor, and Mr. Alderman Bevan. From ti e Trinity House, presented by the Duke of Wellington and a deputation. From Stratford, presented by Earl De la Warr. From the East India Company, Presented by tLe Chairman and Deputy Chairman. From Portsmouth—presented by the Mayor. From Hastings and St. Leonard's Archers, presented by the Mayor an the Right Hon. J. Planta. From Newcastle, presented by the Mayor. From Cambridge, presented by a Deputation. From the Grand Masonic Lodge of Scotland, presented by Mr. W. F. Mackenzie, M. P. From the States of the Islands of Guernsey and Alder ney, presented by Mr. Le Merchant. From Durham, presented by the Mayor. His Royal Highness was attended by Lord Robert Grosvenor, Groom of the Stole; Mr. George Edward Anson, Treasurer ; Earl of Morley, Gentleman in Wait ing, Sir Edward Bowater, Equerry in Waiting; and Captain Francis Seymour, Groom in Waiting, Their Royal Highnesses the Duchess of Kent, and the Duchess of Gloucester, visited the Queen Dowager yes terday, at Marlborough House. Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent received Ad dresses of Congratulation yesterday afternoon, at Ingestre House, on the auspicious event of the birth of the Princess Royal, which were presented by the following noblemen and gentlemen : The Duke of Wellington, Master, Captain Sir J. H. Polly, Deputy Master, Captains Clarke, Drew, and Wel bank, Wardens, and Mr. Herbert, Secretary—from the Masters, Wardens, A,sistants, and Elder Brethren of the Corporation of Trinity House. Right Hon. Joseph Planta and Mr. Adolphus Kent Oom—from the Queen's St. Leonard's Archers. Mr. F. Smith, Mayor; Mr. Shorter, Town-clerk; Ris ht Hon. J. Planta, M.P., and Mr. R. Holland, M.P.—from Hastings. Evil Dc La Warr, 11:gh Steward—from the Mayor,' A'- dermen, and Burgesses of Stratford-upon-Avon. The Mayor of Devonport, Sir G. Grey, and Mr. Tuf nell—from the Mayor, Aldermen, and Burgesses of De vonport ; also from the Inhabitants of Devonport. Mr. W. Bbroes, High Constable of Brightor, with the Members of the Borough—from the Inhabitants and V:ai tors of Brighton. Mr. Jones, the Mayor of Portsmouth, and Sir G. Stau'- ton— from the Mayor, Aldermen, and Burgesses of Ports mouth. Mr. George Fisher, Mayor of Cambridge, Mr. Alder man Nutter, Mr. Thomas Woodlcy, Rev. F. Sheppard, and Mr. C. P. Ha!ris, Town Clerk —from the Mayor, Alderman, and Burgesses of Cambridge. Mr. Isaac Morley, Mayor of Doncaster—from tie Cor poration of the Borough of Doncaster. Mr. Bramwell, Mayor of Durbam—from the Mayor and Council of the City of Durham. Mr. C. Tawney, Mayor of Oxford; Mr. C. J. Sadler, Alderman and M:igistrate; Mr. R. Day, Alderman ; Mr. J. Hunt, Sheriff; and Mr. ANA an, M. P.—from the , Corporation of the City and Borough of Oxford. Mr. Joseph Lobb, Mayor of Southampton, with Mr. Le Fcuvro and Mr. C. Deacon—fom the Corporation f the Town and County of the Town of Southampton. Dr. Bedf :rd—from the Electors and other Inbabitat.ts of the Borough of Lambeth. Mr. J. Lord (Mayor of Wigan). with Mr. Alderman Bevan—from.tile Corporation of Wigan. fli4liness was attended at the reception of the 'Addresses by Lady Anne Maria Dawson, Lady in Waittag,--aad Colonel Cooper, C. 8., First Equerry and Comptroller of her Royal Highness's household. Tli'n• Duchess of Gloucester visited the Duke of Cam bridge yesterday at Cambridge House. Lord Francis Egerton, Mr. Wilson Patten, M.P.,and Mr. Richard Barrow, had an ir.te:view with the han cellor of the Exchequer on Wednesday, in Downing-street. Sir William Colebrook, L'eut.-Colonel Craig, and Dr. Clancy, Vicar Apostolic of ,British Guiana, bad an inter view with Lord John Russell.l.:Fsierday at the Colonial erne': The Swedish Minister:fratilitAtitlanainess yesterday at the Foreign-oflice. Mr. Slaney, M. P., and P., had inter.. views with the Marquis of "Normanby yesterday at the Home-office. The splendid whole-lenqth pollrait of her Majesty in the Imperial Dalmttic Robes, painted by Mr. George Haver, historical and portrait, paiipisto the Queen, which her Majesty ha; graciously .prescated the Company of the Gul&miths, was yesterday finallY placed in their mvgnificent Livery II:11. PENITENTIARY, lIIILBANK.—The number of prisoners in the Penitentiary on the 15th of March, 1841, was 965; rnaleF, 504 (exclusive of soldiers); females, 316, of whom 184 were for transporta , ion ; and 145 soldiers. The total amount of ext cases incurred between the Ist of January and the 31st of December, 1840, was 22,4131., and deducing 2,233/., the net profit of prisoners' earninge, 1,221/. subsistence money for soldiers, and some small iteme, amounting to 3,500/., the net expense was 18,913/. In the Repository at Woolwich, among the curi ous relic!,:may-be seen a clinker, which is all that remains of the Kanknotea .consumed when the one-pound notes were put•downii . :They were destroyed in a furnace built for the occasion.. The numtee burnt daily averaged 144,000 ; it occupiel thirteen monthP, and the nomical va l u e of toe Back notes was 7,600,000/. .TETIE SUN, LONDON, FRIDA It, MARCH 2, 6 , isti. MEMORANDUM OF INSTANCES IN WHICH THE UNITED STATES HAVE PURSUED ENEMIES, OR ALLEGED CRI AIII`,IALS, ON NEUTRAL TERRITORY. In June, 1817, an expedition, fitted out a.iainst Fiorida by the Spanish Americans, and commanded b y General fyl‘Gregor, obtained Amelia Island from the authorities of Spain by capitulation. The garrison sur rendered as prisoners of war, to be sent to Augustine, or to the Havannah.— State Papers, 1816, 1817, page 814. Tice American Government immediately despatched a force against. these Spanish American., who were in formed that orders had been issued by the Government of the United St rtes for taking possession of the island, and that, in the event of their consenting to evacuate it, they would be at liberty to depart.' Amelia Island was is coasequ,nce surrendered, under protest, by G,ncral Aurv, " Commander-in-Chief of the fortes at Fernandina," to the American combined forces, in December following.—State Papers, 1817, 1818, pages 748, 733. _ _ . . _ The American Government justified this proceeding, on the ground that the Spanish American expedition was a " mere private, unauthorised adventure," and that East Ficri , ia, which lies eastward of the Missis• sippi, and is bounded by the United State s an d the ocean on every side, hal been the subject of negofa ;ion with the Government of Spain, as an indemnity tor losses. by spoliation, or in exchange for territory of equal value, westward of the Mississippi." —Slate Papers, 1817, 1818, page 172. A similar estabiishment formed by tie S;‘anish Americans et Galveston, in the Gulf of Mexico, was also ordered to be suppressed by the American Govern ment, upon the ground that the place was within the limits of the United States, "as we contend," under the cession of Louisiana ; and it was at the same time stated, in a Message of the President to Congress, that " the imperious considerations which produced this mea sure, would be explained to the parties whom it might in any degree concern." In May, 1818, forcible possession was taken of the Spanish Fort of St. Marks, in West Florida, by the American troops _under General Jackson ; he having received information " that a party of Seminole In dians (with which tribe the United States were en gaged i❑ war), bad threatened to seize that fort, and that the Spanish garrison was not in sufficient strength to defend it against them." The Government of the United States observed to that of Spain (which had suspended the negotiation be tween the two Courts, in consequence of the proceed ings of the American forces in Florida) with reference to St. Marks, that " by all the laws of neutrality and of war, as well as of prudence and of humanity, General Jackson was warranted in anticipating his enemy, by the amicable, and, that being refusel, by the forcible, occupation of that fort ; that there would need no cita tions from printed treatises on international 1 tw, to prove the correctness of this principle, which was en graved in adamant on the common sense of mankind, which no writer upon the ltws of nations ever pretended to contradict, and which none, of any reputation or authority, ever omit to assert."—State Papers, 1818, 1819, pages 337, 475. It ww; on taking possession of St. Marks and Su wany, that the remarkable caws occurred of the two British subjects (Messrs. Arbuthnott, " an inmate in the family of the Spanish Commandant of St. Marks," ajid Ambrister), who were made prisoners, and were, after being tried by an American court-martial, for having excited the Indians to hostilities against the United States, both found guilty, and sentenced to death. Upon a consideration of the case of Ambrister, the Court mitigated his sentence to flogging and imprison ment. General Jackson, the Commanding-General, approved the sentence upon Arbuthnott, and the first sentence upon Ambrister, but disapproved of the reconsidei•ation of the latter, "it appearing, from the evidence and pleading of the prisoner, that he did lead and command,t within the territory of Spain (being a subject of Great Britain), the Indians in war against the United States, those nations being at peace." His decision adds " It is an established principle of the law of nations, that any individual of a nation making war against the citi zens of another nation, they being at peace, forfeits his allegiance, and becomes an outlaw and prate. Arbuthnott and Ambrister were accordingly both put to death on the following day, at St. Marks. —State Papers, 1818, 1819, pages 462, 475. In May, 1818, Pensacola and the Fort of Barancas, in West Florida, were also taken forcible possession of by the American troops,—the former " with only the show of resistance," the latter by capitulation ; the gar risons of both being conveyed to the Havana at the ex pense of the American Government.—Stale Papers, 1817, 1818, page 1160. • - , The occupation of these Spanish possessions was jus• tified by the Government of the United States on this occasion, upon the ground that, "as almost the whole of the Tribe of Seminoles inhab:ted the country within the limits of Florida, Spain was bound, by the tre ity of 1795, to restrain them from committing hostilities against the United States ;" that as she was unable to fulfil this obligation, her " inability to maintain her authority over the territory and Indians within her limits, ought not to expose the United States to other and greater injuries;" and that, " where the autbori of Spain ceased to exist, the United St ites had a right to pursue their enemy, on a principle of self-defence."— Slate Papers, 1817,. 1818, page 1091. . - " The right of self-defence," says the President, (in one of his Messages to Congress,) upon the subject of the Seminole War, " never ceases. It it amongst the most sacred, and alike necessary to nations and to in dividuals. And, whether the attack be made by Spain herself, or by those who abuse her power, the obliga tion is not the less strong." " In pursuing the savages to an imaginary line in the woods, it would have been the height of folly to have suffered that line to protect them. Had that been done the war could never have ceased. Even if the territory had been exclusively that of Spain, and her power complete over it, we had a right, by the law of nations, to follow the enemy on it, and to subdue him there."—State Papers, 1818,1819, page 95. The Spanish Minister at Washington protested most strongly against these violations of the territory of the King of Spain. He denied that any encouragement or protection had been given by the Spanish authorities to the Seminole Indians, between whom and the United States they did not even know that a war had com menced ; and he called upon the American Govern ment forthwith to restore to Spain the places which had been forcibly wrested from her, and the property which had been found in them—to make indemnity for the in juries and losses which had been occasioned by the in vasion, and to punish the General and officers by whom the outrages had been committed.—State Papers, 1818, 1819, pages 229, 230. The American Government, in reply, reiterated the grounds upon which it justified the occupation of the forts : the Spanish Minister was, however, informed, that Pensacola would be restored to any person duly authorized, on the part of Spain, t. receive possession of it, and that St. Marks would be surrendered to any Spanish force sufficiently strong to hold it against an attack from the Indians.—. Slate Papers, 1818, 1819, pages 233, 238, 332. But the American Government decliEed to inflict punishment, or to pass a censure, upon General Jack son, whose conduct was " founded on the purest pa triotism, and whose vindication was written in every page of the law of nations, as well as in the first law of nature,—self-defence." On the contrary, it considered that it had a right to claim from Spain (and which the American Minister ut Madrid was instructed to de mand), the punishment of the Spanish Governors who had aided and assisted the Indians, in the hostilities against the United States, whom it was their duty to have restrained.—Slate Papers, 1818, 1819, page 339. THE INTRUDER AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE. —Soon after the boy Henry Jor.ei r aid his first visit to Buckingham Palace, his father, who occupies a small tailor's shop in Derby-street, Parliament -street, was waited upon by Mr. Fenimore Cooper, the celebrated American novelist, who said that from the freaks he had been guilty of he had no doubt, he was a sharp enter prising lad, and if the father was wiliiag he would take him with him to America, aid make his fortune. When Mr. Cooper called again the boy was introduced to him, and he expressed his disappointment at seeing, instead of a clever active boy, a dull,. undersized runt, remarkable only for his taciturnity and obstinacy. Upon being asked if he would go to America, he declared that he would not, hence Mr. Cooper t rok no further trouble in the matte r. Shortly after this the father was visited by the stage - manager of a certaia minor theatre, who informed him that they were getting up a piece for representation to be called intrusion ; or, a Guest Uninvited; and they were willing to give the real intruder a I.be:al salary to make his bow to the. audience, as they anticipated his presence would add gr. atly to the attraction. This offer was refused by the father, some one having offered to get him a situation with a builder in Coventry -street, to which place the boy sub,equently went. Many persons, amongst whom is the father of Jones, is of opinion that he obtsins admission to the Palace by means of the kitchen entrance i n Pimlico, and that he is acquainted with some of the scullery•-boys, or other attaches of the kitchen. There can be Itttle doubt tut he got in this way on the last occasion, for a quantity of cold victuals was found upon him, indicating that he had paid a visit to the kitchen, which it would have been impossible for him to have done had be scaled the wall, as is supposed, on Constitution-hill. CAPITAL INDICTMENTS.—O n the motion of Mr. Kelly, a return has been laid before the House of Commons of the number of persons capitally indicted, ac quitted, convicted, and executed, during the three years ending 1840, for arson, burglary with violence, robbery with violence, cutting and maiming, and other injuries with intent to murder, and piracy vd , ll intent to minder. The numbers convicted were-22 in 1838, 16 in 1839, and 23 in 18-10; of whom only two were executed, one iii 1838 and the other in 1839, both for cutting an d ma i m i ng . TIIE NIAGARA HOAX.—The author of the Niigara h: ax is said to be a Mr. Nichols, who once edited a scurrilous parer in this city, and has for some time past ptfalished and edited the Bugalonian, au un principled sheet, in Buffalo.—Boston Mercantile Journal. MR. M,LEOD. We hlve, within these few days, had an opportun i ty of conversing with a gentleman recently arrived from Canada. who was an eye-witness of the burning of the piratical 6ieam-boat Caroline, on the 29th December, 183/, and who is a'so intimately acquainted with Mr. M'Leod. Both our informant and Mr. Alexander M'Leod were on duty that day rear Chippewa, the former baring the com mand of a body of thirty men, with whom he was ordered to cruise on the neighbouring waters ; but neither of them .rN ai aware of the intended cutting out of the Caroline, or there is little doubt that both would have been engaged in the affair. Indeed, our i n f orman t was told by Mr. M'Lead on the following morning, that he (M'Lcod) was not one of the party, but that if he bad been called upon, he should have cheerfully obeyed, as the vagabonds on the Island had, the day before, fired several shots at him, whi!c rowieg round in an open, unprotected boat. Mr. M' Leod :s a Scotehman by birth, and has served in the British army with great distinction, having raiiel himself, by his own good conduct alone, to the rank of sergeant-major; and our informant describes him as a most gallant and re solute man. In his capacity of Deputy-Sheriff for the district of Niagara, he had frequent opportunity of exer eitiag these qualit'es, called as he was by his dury to deal with the loose and vagabond population that inhabit the American r-He of the bounden-. This had rendered him per sonally obnoxious to many who have now pursued him with ?rich rr lnltless and outrageous fury; and those who know the character of the frontier population will ns t wonder to learn the apprehension which prevails, le.t men should be found to swear on the trial that M•Leod was present with the party which cut out the Caroline. An instarce—which would be laughable but for its revolt ing profligacy—of the little regard set by these p'cople upon oaths—fell once within our informant's own observa tion. An American trader presented at the Canadian Custom house a forged invoice (unhappily, a common practice) for the purpose of fixing the ad valorem duty to which his goods were liable,—and he swore to its troth. By an unlucky chance, however, he dropped from his poc ket-hook immediately eterwards the genuine invoice, and did not diicorer las mistake till he rejoined his companions out of doors, when he coolly avowed what he had done, and lamented his ill fortune. With witnesses of this kind at hand, there is much to fear f o r the safety of M'L eo d. . _ Our informant has relited to us various instances of Mr. M'Leod's gallantry and daring, one or two of which will, we are sure, interest our readers. A few months only be fore the burning of the Caroline, Mr. 11I'Leod Ead to serve a writ on the captain of a small steamtr plying as a ferry boat between the two shores, when, at the request of the captain, he good-naturedly consented, in order to spare the feelings of the hitter, to take lunch on board, so that his prisoner migi.t Fonfidc the care of the vessel to the mate, and then slip off quietly, with out exci ing observation. Mr. M'Leod accordingly wat,t below, when presently lie discovered the trees flitting rapidly by ; for the fact was that the rascally Yankee was coolly conveying his good-natured captor to the American shore. In one instant Mr. 111 4 1.4?od was upon the deck, and in another had knocked the steersman down and seized the tiller himself, which he then em ployed to guide the boat to the Canadian shore, his well known bravery deterring his prisoners from further ister ference. On this occasion he narrowly escaped being carried by the current over the Falls, and whets remon st,•ated with by his friends fur the tisk that he had run, hi! quietly tol I them that " he would have had as good a chance at swimming as the rest." On another when some distiribanc occur:ed among the free negroei, who are numerous in the Niagara district, Mr. M'Leod, aided by our informant alone, actually took and lodged in prison no less than seventeen of the rioters I On the day before the Caroline was burnt, our inform ant was dining with a friend in the Canadian village of Chippewa. Shortly after they left the table, it was struck by a cannon-ball fired from Navy bland. Shall we then be told that those subjected to outrages likelhis were to lock quietly on, while they saw with their own eyes a piratical vessel convey arms and ammunition to the rebels, which arms and ammunition were to be subsequently em ployed against themselves ?—Brighton Gazette. enormous slopes of this cutting has been adopted, to avoid • the danger at'eodant upon the mode which most of the in habi+ants of this town will remember was in use for a simi lar purpose at the New Eeglttad cutting on the Shoreham Branch rif the Railway, where rnea wete tt± be seen as cending and descending a plank pl .ce I on the Slope, sup ported, it is true, by means of a rope attrched to their barrows, but still in such a precarious manner as t ) excite in the beholder a shuddering apprehension for their saLt::. All this is atoiderl by a simple contrivance, winch also facilitates the removA of the earth. A triangular stage, with the upper bed horizontal, and la go enough to take three or four barrows, and a second site with the same angle at the slope, is drawn up the in claed plane by means of horse power, at the same time that a second stage is descending with the empty barrows. The whole busines is thus c,rried on without the slightest danger or apprehensi,o, beFi - !es , ff!cting a great swung of labour. Proceeding south, ard, we come to a large err ha !kment, and then to mother cettiag c rrie I through Folly Hill, where, as well as at. the Hayward's H rath cutting, the materials are so hard as be only remov able by blasting. Upwards of thirty cwt. of pawder is consumed in this way in a week ; and the blasting it sometimes carried on to such au exto rt, that the ex plosions resemble the continued firing of musketry in a feu de joie. The hardest rock is at Hayward's Heath ; and from the stone quarried there a bridge near Folly Hill his been cons . ruc:cd. Continuing southward, an other embankment is seen of great height, and it is one of the largest on tl.e railway. A second viaduct oc• curs in this pa , t of the lie-, spanning the centre part of the valley of Vale Pool, and joie i. ig the two portions of th's embankment. It consists of eight arAes of the same dissensions as those of the larger viaduct over the Ouse Valley, and, like it, is highly ornatLeatal to the adjacent country. Tire largest emhankrneat on the line is still farther south it being carried over a valley a mile and a quarter long, and consuming a million yards of earth. Tnis brings us to the Hassocks station, where the Messrs. Thornton have erected workshops and a temporary foun dry. Here they cast all their iron and b. ass work ; and here, also, any repairs that may be required to the locomo tive engines which are wed for removing the earth, arc executed. A second-class station is to be constructed here for the convenience of the inhabitants of Lewes, Ditchling, Hurst, and the neighbouriy country; and we understand that. the Messrs. Wigney, brewers, of Brighton, have in contemplation the erection of a large bo:el near the spot. _ _ _ The whole of these works, from the Hayward's Heath Tunnel to the Hassocks, are comprised in the first con tract of the Mes:r•. Thornton, by whose skill and energy the difficulties of this portion of the undertaking are fast overcome. This contract will be the last to be complead; and although the work which still remains is of vast ex tent, still, when regarded in conjunction with :what lia; al ready been achieved, it sinks into comparpt've insignifi cance; and we arc lammed that the opening of the line throughout to Brighton will not be delayed by the work in this portion beyond the time stated by the Directors, namely, the month of August. Continuing down the line, we find in the second con tract of the Messrs. Thornton the work in what may be termed a finished sta . .e A large cutting occurs in this contract, composed of 220,000 yards of carth. Clayton Tunnel is also nelrly finished ; and we Lear that it will be ready to be opened in about two months. Thence to Patcham, the line is so far advanced that a few weeks only will be required to execute the remaining work ; and the same may be said of the portion that inter venes between Patcham and Brighton. The short tunnel under Major Paine's planta , ion will also be ready at about the same time as the tunnel at Clayton. At Brighton, the Grand Station is built; and both the in'erior and exterior finishing and decorations trzve al ready commenced. Iron passenger-sheds arc also in course of construction ; and the terminus is beginning to assume a finished aspect. In fact, the general appear ance of the works on the line, the energy aid skill bestowed on the unfinished portion, and the result of in quiriss on the subject, all warrant us in looking for a speedy termination of this great undertaking, from which Brighton will, we confidently anticipate, date a new era of prosperity. ASSIZE INTELLIGENCE. HOME CIRCUIT.—LEirrs, MARCH 24. CROWN COURT. Edward Ridley, 44, labourer, was indicted for stealing a sheep, the property of Mr. Brayne, a farmer at Wor thessly. Mr. Clarkson and Mr. Campbell appeared for the pro secution. From ►he evidence of a number of witnesses it appeared that the sheep in question was stolen horn a flack, and, on search being made, a quantity of mutton, evidently form ing part of the stolen sheep, was found in a sack in another field. The evidence against the prisoner was, that the sack in question was proved to have belonged to him, and in his house was found an old shoe of a very pe culiar kind, which corresponded exactly with the tracks of footsteps from the field where the sheep was killed to the spot where the mutton was found in the sack, and a cord with wool upon it was found in his pocket. The prisoner made a most ic.genious defence. He said that he picked up the old shoe and took it home, and threw it in the washhouse, and his children played with it ; and he commented upon the fact, that although the foot steps were traced from the field to the sack, that there were note traced from thence to his house, which would have been the case if he was the thief. With regard to the sack, he said he had hung it up to dry in his yard, and somebody stole it. Lord DENMAN having addressed the Jury, they re turned a verdict of Not Guilty. The moment the verdict was pronounced the prisoner dropped upon his knees, and exclaimed, " Thank God— thank you, my Lord 1 and thank you Gentlemen of the Jury I" John Peacock, aged 47, a person employed in the Post office, at Steyning, was indicted for stealing a shilling from a letter, the property of her Majesty's Postmaster- General. Mr. Barry appeared fur the prosecution, and Mr. Clark son for the defence. It appeared in evidence that the prisoner was employed by the postmaster, at Steyniug, to carry out letters, and in consequence of a gentleman, residing at Etbrston, havirg frequently lost money from letters, an arrange ment was made by which two letters, each containing a Ailing, should be addressed to him from Brighton, the coin having previously been marked. One of the letters never came to hand, and a shilling answering the descrip tion of that put into the missing letter was afterwards found in the prisoner's possession, but as the prosecutor could not swear positively to the idcnty of the shilling the prisoner was acquitted. CIVIL SIDE. (Before Mr. Baron PARKE.) THE QUEEN V. FRANCIS AND ALFRED GALL. This was an indictment for an assault against the de fendants, who are a•torneys, and very respectably con nected in the town of Lewes, and the proceedings ap peared to create great interest. Mr. Thesiger and Mr. Peacock appeared on behalf of the prosecution, and Alr Platt and Mr. Clarkson were severally retained by the defendants. It appeared from the statement of counsel that the pro secutor of the present indictment was a gentleman named Fullager, also a solicitor in Lewes, and in partnership with Mr. Gall, sen., the father of the defendants. The latter had also been engaged in the firm, but some disagreement took place, and they retired from it, and set up in business in London, and it seemed that they were anxious to have the London agency of the Lewes business, but Mr. Ful -1 ger opposed the preceding, and this, it appeared, created an ill feeling on the part of the eefendants against that gentleman ; and in the month cf No vember they proceeded to his office in Lewes, where one of the defendants accused him of having made use of some disrespectful observations respecting him, and wanted him to retract them, and upon his rcfusirg to do so, he brandished a stick over his head, and said he might en sider it as intending to insult him, and that he was real) , to give him " satisfaction," if he chose to demand it. The prosecutor still persisting in his refusal to retrret the ex pressions imputed to hint, it appeared that he was at length struck by the defendants, and hence the present pro ceeding•. The above facts having been proved by the witnesses, the Jury returned a verdict of guilty. Baron PARKE said he should take time to consider his judgment, and he directed that the defendants should ap pear this morning to receive sentence. The cl-fendaat — s were accordingly placed at the bar, and Mr. Baron PARKE, after remarking upon the circumstances of the case, directed that each of the defendants should should pay a fine of 501. to the Queen, and that they should, in addition, he imprisoned for one month. The defendants, who are stylish young men, seemed quite astounded at the sentence of imprisonment, and they were handed over to the custody of the gaoler. At a later period of the day, Mr. THESIGER said he was instructed to apply to the Court, by the prosecutor, fJr a remission of that part of the sentence of the Court, im posing imprisonment on the defendants. The prosecutor had no des!re that they should suffer such inconve nience as this punishment would entail upon them, end he considered that the ends of justice would be vindicate' by the infliction of the fine. Baron: PARKE, however, said he had attentively consi dered the matter before passing the sentence, and he re fused to make any alteration in it. NORTHERN CIRCU.I7'—LANcAsrxn, March 24. Richard Boothman, James Wilkinson, Thomas Riley, and Henri/ Bidekaigh, were indicted for the wilful murder of Jo seph Halstead, at Colne, on the 11th of August last. A second count charged 13oothman with the murder, and the other pri soners with aiding and abetting him. It appeared in evidence, that about a week before the event serious disturbances had occurred in the town of Colne, and the Magistrates thought fit to send for the military, who re mained from Friday to Sunday. On the evening of Monday the Magistrates received such information as induced them to swear in seventy special constables, among whom was the de ceased, a respectable tradesman of the town. The Riot Act was read first at the Old Church, and then about a quarter of a mile further. A distance further on. was the New Church, from the fence which iron rails had been torn. The Magistrates and Constables proceeded awn _Nineveh— street to Cross-street, where they heard the spring of a rat tle, and heard a considerable noise and the discharge of fire arms, and soon heard that a man had been killed. From the ti.ne the deceased was sworn in he was accompanied by a special constable named WU. In Cross-street they were followed a few yards by the mob. A violent blow was aimed at. Wild with an iron bar, which so alarmed him that he went home. The deceased was then standing at the door of a man named Hawksworth, who looked out of his window, and saw a man down on the ground, and the mob making exclamations, " Kill him." Some said, " Don't kill him." Others, again, said, " Kill him," and he was killed. The deceased was subsequently found on the ground by a man named Snowden, with his head beaten to pieces, but Snowden was driven away by the mob while endeavouring to get it into ahouse, but the body was so disfigured that Snowden could not recognise him. Three p o lice officers will prove that Boothman was in the mob, and that he struck the blow which brought the person down who was standing at Hawksworth's door. He then ran away, and dropped an instrument, and an instrument was taken upat the place. With respect to Riley, a man who had known him be fore, followed him. lie fell, and a piece of wuod was dropped, and he was secured. As to Wilkinson , the evidence , . is various. A .4peclia nim6d Pm-og, pa,3sed by him. lie was subsequently found in bed, 4.lld.6'ili4et st4111:!1 with blood. There was also a pair of wet shoe, wigt nitss upon them, the ownership of which he denied. In a cr.,dlo, Under a pillow, was found a wai-tceat stained with b1,,0,1. On the roof of the house was foticil a shirt sta;ned in part with block!: His hat had been lanielted oft by it oonstable. subsequently s a id to tin tiffier; cashould riot hale dor! , it, but the man sent me to the Holler itf COrfeetion for piityi-g at football." It will be proved that. in January; 1840, he bad been sent to the House of Correction for two months on au it hiftilatintt riven by the deceased. Some information was given as to the prisoner Riley lining out of the way, and he was not found till February, when he wits taken ho Halifax, !kith a wound in his head, which hi! said he had got ill the sitcet. Ile afterwards said that on the day of the occasion he Will ciming to Colne, and met the mob, who put a weapon hoc) his hant, when he was .knocked down at a door in Cross street. The next morning a piece of iron, covered was found about. 200 yards from the spot where the deceased was kited. _ . _ Evidence also was given to show that in January, 1840, - Ite prisoner Wilkinson had been convicted and s •riteuecd to :Ivo months' imprisonment, under the Malcious Tiespasi A c t, tin the infirmation of the deemed. The evidence against the prisoners Riley and Bidehalgh was such as to connect them with the riot, but. as it did not fix them with any actual violence to the deceased, his Lord-hip ac quitted them. Mr. WILKINS then addressed the Jury on behalf of Booth man and Wilkinson, and his Lordship having summed up the evidence, the Jury, after a e insiderablti retirement, returned with a verdict of Guilty against Bouthman, and acquitted WU- Sentence of death was immediately passed upon Boothman. Ri!ey, and Bidehalgh were then arraigned upon an indictment for a riot, and severally pleaded guilty. Wilkins n was sentenc , d to eighteen and the other two to twelve calendar months' imprisonment and hard labour. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION• "TIMED DANAOS ET DONA FERENTES•" TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. Sin,—As you have long stood before the British public the avowed advocate of liberty and disinterested philanthropy, 1 have thought it a duty not to be waived to address a few lines to you upon an important sub ject. You are well aware that a Bill has been brought before the Legislature, intitled " A Bill to amend the laws relating to the Medical Profession in Great Britain and Ireland." Being myself a druggist, and, therefore, one of the sect that these scions of Esculapius would prosr_ribe, I beg to trouble you with my views upon that part of the 811 solely which has reference to the highly respectable class to which I have the honour to belong. What is the avowed object of those who speak through their organ Mr. Hawes ? It is to prevent the chemist and druggist in any instance from either guarding the mistaken judgment of any individual who may need medicine in trifling disorders, (for, in all cases of danger, they are always referred to a medical man), or from prescribing himself what he may know to be beneficial. Now, who are the persons who ask advice of the druggist ? Are they the higher class of society, those who can afford to employ the regular medical practitioner ? By no means ; they are the sons and daughters of affliction and penury ; those who, if they took the mate they hand to the druggist to the house of the professional man, would, with their paltry pence, be rejected by his very servant, as intruders and paupers. And what would be the result of this sweep ing 811 if it were enacted ? Grant that the poor man could no longer ask the gratuitous advice which the druggist cheerfully gives ; pain and uncertainty would still produce the same distrust in his own bosom, and if shut out from the dwelling of the druggist he would betake himself to the abodes of those who, by their sery ignorance and insignificance, would be be neath not only the notice but even the contempt of the Licentiate of the Hall, or the Member of the College of Surgeons. Or, is it that the profession see, by the exhibition of intelligence and medical knowledge dis played by druggists, that they are prevented either from exhausting still more the finances of those who are grappling with poverty, or of extorting a guinea where a shilling is now paid? Judge, Sir, if the present dis tressed state of the lower classes in this kingdom will enable them to apply to the regular practitioner for his advice, when the most that many of them can bring to the shop of the druggist is two or three pence. How often is it matter of experience that the hand of avarice, by grasping with too much avidity, often encloses mate rials that inflict a wound? And such would be the fruit of the above projected Bill. If druggists %sere excluded from ministering to the comfort and removing the trifling maladies of the afflicted poor, the needy practitioner would soon per ceive that the void thus occasioned must be filled up, and he would step into the place of the druggist, and by adopting his low charges would secure their custom, and at the same time be enabled to attend patients at their own houses, where his charges would be the same as those of professional men in general, and thus no advantage, but manifest loss, would be expe enced by the collective body of the faculty ; add to which the overwhelming number of surgeons and apo thecaries that would be created as druggists, would then bring up their sons to the profession, in order to to enable them to avoid the injustice of the meditated Act ; and then the medical aristocracy might say to their practice and patients—Vale! longunt vale. Trust ing you, Sir, will notic e this subject, and draw the at teation of the public to it, I am, your most sincere admirer, Tewkesbury, Friday. E, MAY, Chemist. [Mr. Hawes, the other ear ning, said he had not the least idea of affecting the trade of the chemists and druggists by any provisions of his Medical Bill ; yet, on referring to it, we find some five or six clauses affect ing these classes, one of which, a most important one, gives to a body yet to be created, and to be called the Senate, the power of making bye-laws " to regulate the diploma of qualification to carry on the trade of chemist and druggist." The first clause also provides that no person shall order, ether directly or indirectly, any me dicine, remedy, or application whatever, unless he has been examined as to his skill and knowledge in the practice of medicine. Is this no interference with the trade of the chemists and druggists ?] LONDON AND BRIGHTON RAIL WAY. ( From the Brighton Gazette.) of the line within the g last report. Between We are glad to find the progress of the works on this s i i i n ttle remains to be done, great undertaking so satisfactory, as to leave no doubt cf . miles ha s northat already eßodfy proceeded euek field, :o h v a at 'e ics a r t 7 4ia h g o e vv o e n ve t r he level of the railway, the tecixmrcooey u p l (ll : k i i m onna a toand oe c e o cd , ut n it 7 at ; iya l ci e v i t gta i ,ohr about a soD n uHi d tr eet o oaw ; t r t where a considerable portion of sandstone is still to he re moved. through the entire length of the cutting ; an d tint , sofaras T to he ad c ra xc i a t re moval of the remaining portion of the rock is in rapid progress. A short distance to the north of this spot stands the Ouse Viaduct, a magnificent work, extending over the valley which gives rise tti the river of that name. This structure, which consists of 37 arches, each 30 feet wide, and from 90 to 100 feet high, was built of bricks, made from earth dug on the spot. The last arch was keyed some weeks ago ; and the stone para pet walls are fist approaching completion. Only a few yards of embankment remain unfinished on either side ; and when this and t he cutting which we have just men tioned shall be completed, for which a few weeks must afford ample time, the line will be in a condition to be opened to Hayward':-heath, —the remaining portion of the line between that spot and Croydon, including the Merst ham and Ba'combe tunnel., being in a still more forward state. The time named by the Directors for the p art i a l` opesing to Hayward's-heath is June ; but there is little room to doubt tht t it might take place earlier, if the Direc tors should think it desirable. At Ilayward's-heath there is a short tunnel through a hill consisting of a kind of clay, having the colour and ge ne, al apse trance of slate, but comparatively soft, alterna ting with strata of hard stone. The work is consequently carried on with cohside:able difficulty ; bus, notwithstand ing this, steady and satisfactory progress is made. On the north side of the tunnel there is a large cutting, W hi ch is fir advanced. Southward, at the mouth of the tunnel, the extensive contract of the Messrs. Thornton, of Brighton, com mences with a cutting, which we believe is the deepest and largest on the whole line. The soil is here a con , tinuation of the strata through which the tunnel is exes vsted. On visiting this spot a few days ago, we were pleased to see that a plan of drawing the earth up the MYSTERIOUS MURDER. On Wednesday morning avery extraordinary and painful sensation took place at Norwood, in Surrey, in consequence of the discovery of the murder of a female, who, it appears, was a married woman, about thirty-six years of age, and of very cre ditable connections. • The name of the unfortunate deceased was Elizabeth Winks, and at the time of her death was housekeeper to Mr. Roupell, a shopkeeper, residing in the Blackfriars-road, who has also a country-house in the vicinity of Brixton. The husband of the deceased was also in the same gentleman's service. On Tues day the deceased left her master's residence in town to visit her father and other relations, who re'ide at Brixton. She was accompanied by her daughter. They left, it appears, about nine o'clock in the evening to return home. On the following morning (Wednesday), about six o'clock, as Sergeant Taylor, of the P division of police, was g ing his rounds, between Streatham and Norwood, he discovered the body of a female lying on the gliss at the end of one of the lanes, within a few yards of a pond ; she was not dead, but in an expiriv state. It was evident that the unfortunate woman had been brutally maltreated, as her clothes wet e dragged nearly over her hra-t, her person being entirely exposed. There were appearances of severe bruises about her person, filly proving that she had been struggling with one or more parties. The vicinity of the grass where' she was found also fully demon=tta.ted that a violent struggle had taken place, as if the poor woman had contended with her brutal aggressor in preventing being thrown into the pond, which was only distant a few yank from where she was discovered by the sergeant of police. The situation she was found in is very lonely, and the oily alternative Taylor, the police-sergeant, had was to run fo- ad ditional assistance, which he did without loss of time ; re turning to the spot with several of his brother constables, at which time the deceased still continued to breathe; she was • conveyed to the Horns at Norwood, where a surgeon 'w as promptly in attendance ; but the unfortunate woman expired on her way to the house. The father of the deceased states that she left his house on Tuesday night perfectly sober and comfortable. He cannot account for her being found at Norwood, which was nearly two miles from his house ; nor was he at all able to give any information respecting the murderer of his unfortunate child. What is most extra ordinary is that the deceased's daughter has not yet been dis covered. Yesterday several hundreds of persons visited the spot where the unfortunate person was discovered in a dying state. Information of the circumstance was forwarded to Mr. Elyard, a Magistrate residing at Streatham, who has been very active in his exertions to trace the perpretator of the murder. The surgeon who has examined the body of the deceased has given his opinion that her death was the result of violence. The deceased had been five years in Mr. Ron pell's service, and was very much respected. The body lies at the Horns at Norwood, and information of the subject has been forwarded to Mr. Carter, Coroner for Surrey, who has appointed the inquest to take place to-morrow (Saturday). When the deceased was discovered 17s. were found on her person, and other trifling property. SPANISH FINANCE. MADRID, MARCH 14, There were 1,490 lots of national property sold during the last month, valued at rs. 15,568,780 5 ms., which have fetched re. 40,929,671 20 ms. ; so that the total number of lots sold since 1834 is 37,573, realising rs. 1,435,912,000 12 ms., or about fifteen millions sterling, independent of seventy millions, or 735,000/. steiliag, that are still due by the purchasers of national property in 1821 and 1822, among whom there is one of the present influential excellene'es. The censos sold, 1,833 in number, have obtained a capitalised prize of rs. 24,481,476 5 ms. It would thus appear that, although the sales have been so extensive, not more than about two millions sterling have been settled for, there being still outstanding, as due by the purchasers, the sum of fourteen millions sterling, fur which Messrs. Mendiz atal, San Milian, Santillan, Rio Pata, Gamboa, and the many others who have been at the he'ad of the Finance Depart ment are answerable, because, had they not connived with the fraudulent punthasers, these 1-Itta would have been punctual is paying up the instalments as they bee ime due. It is supposed that M. Ferrer will decline a:cepting Messrs. Matheu and Co.'s offer for the nominal advance of ninety millions of rials. Should such be the case his Excel lency will have acted with patriotic independence, because it is not, in fact, a loan from Matheu and Co. to Govern ment, those gentlemen do not trust Government ; but they, by the terms of their proposal, expect Government to trust them. M. Gonzales writes despondingly from London in respect to the chance of inducing John Ball to come fo-- ward with some spare cash towards affording a lift to our sinking financial condithn ; hence the reason why he has told the deputation that waited on him at Mir art's Hotel, on behalf of the bondholders, that his mission is quite un connected with financial affairs. THE DAILY BREAD SOCIETY OR 110 W TO REPEAL THE BREAD-TAX. We hope the aristocracy will ponder over the follow ing recommendation, which we find in a pamphlet en titled " Daily Bread, or Taxation without Representa tion Resisted," and learn, if they have not wholly Ins the capacity to learn, something of the thoughts with which the brains, or rather the hearts, of the people— for these thoughts spring from their affections—are teeming : 'rhoe of us who have read the Bible for ourse!vee, or who have heard the parson read it for us, will rscolle;t, that when food was difficult to be obtained in tee Land of Canaan, the Children of Israel, hearing there was abun deuce in another country, sent over a sum of money to procure it ; we don't hear that even in those barbarous days, there was any law to prevent fetching corn from where it was superabundant, to places where it was defi cient; or, th At the landowners levied a tax of five-pence out of every shilling's worth. Jews or battens though they were, they did not practise such inhumanity as— with shame be it spoken—Christians, yes, Protestant Christian English landowners practise now. Weil then, the example of the Children of Israel is to be followed by us : but, it may be said, in what manner is the money to be provided, and in whet way is it to be sent? Thus, a Society, to be forthwith commenced, to be called, Toe Daily . Bread Society," having for its. motto, " Give us this day our daily bread." Each person to eon.," ihsee fee auto of one penny, and no more, but each member of the fimily might contribute a penny, so that a man, his vs tie, and four children, would contribute sixpence. The Society to extend itself, in every town cf impertani e throughout England, Wales, Scotland, and It one million two hundred thousand sigred the petition fur the Charter, one milim will he a very small number to be members of the Daily Bread Society. O e mil lion persons, contributing a peony each, would raise the sum of more than four thousand pounds, whic'e it is un derstood, they should subscribe for the purpose of fetching daily bread. It is proposed, that the upper and middle classes, such as the Members of the Anti-Corn-lvr League, and the Anti-Ctra law Associations, who arc anxious for the Repeal of the Bread Tax, should subscribe more largely, and a separate fund, to pay the expense of sending lecturers, or accredited agents, to form eecietiev in each town, and give information on the subject, so that no part of the pence should be expended except for the purpose cf purchasing foreign corn. It is also proposed, that three, five, or more gentler: en, of high standing, at to wealth, and character, should receive the money, wh n collected, it being collected for the purpose of sending for daily bre id the persons appointed in each town should lurai,hed with printed or engraved receipts, to give to the parties of whom the pence arc received, that it may be seen who are members, and how many. We have re ceived the information from a quarter where the eccuraey of the statement may be fully relied on, that, at places in other countries, separated from us by only a few miles cf water, which our vessels can cross in a few hour's,' or at most a few days, the price of corn is less than two-thirds of the price it is in this country. In Germany, at the sea port town of Hamburgh, the price of a quarter, or eight bushels, of fair average quality, of red wheat, wes, on the 19. h day of February, thirty-eight shillings; and at the seaport of Dentate, in Prussia, where the corn from Poland is brought down for sale, the price of a quar ter of fine white evheat, was, on the same day, forty shil lings per quarter, whilst the current price in the Corn Exchange of the London Markets, was, at the sameperiod, sixty-five shillings per quarter for the Hamburgh red wheat, and seventy-five shillings per quarter for the „rm Dant zic white wheat. The expense of bringing wheadt threero Hamburgh to this country does not usually shilli gs per quarter; and the expense from Dint great not usually exceed five shillings per quarter, buteas and in disproportion between the prices in thos a e x I exceed does England is occasioned by the Bread T time to time, owners. This is a tax which fluctuates from of the seasons, but P of the land ., and varies, not only from the n atur o e by those who carry from stratagems which are resorted e, than thirty shillir ga per on the trade. Sometimes,. point, but it never remai 's at i t is suddenly brought down for a quarter, at other times it is t i Tadmit more than very slight ' week or a fortnight, to a low the low point long enough has for several years past, and temporary relief. levied ' by the landowners, tv and thirty shillings per quarter averaged between twen ; foregoing pri c es are stat•sd nart and on the day the of shillings and b e e tax ta x quarter of wheat, on ever y •ln the art'c'e w" nineteenth of February, eightpence. at oats—from 'which the i bread of so largo a proportion of the inhabitants of Lanes. I s bi.e and Yorkshire is made, and the porridge of the Scotzh—the disproportion in price, and the landlord's tax, are still more enormous. The current price of a quarter, or eight bushels of oats, on the days before-mentioned, was, at the various seaports on the conth.ent of Europe, from which oats are shipped, from ten to twelve shillings or quart r; and the price on the London Corn Exchange was from twerty-two to twenty-four shillings per quarter ; the tax levied by the landowners, on the same day, fil.een EV 14,-1 ING EDITION. the effe c t b e i ng , p . m . ! , to a ft",; . rd heuten br ea d end sent shillings and threepertte, per qua:' ,e7 ; that if t'e working man, too for his family, endeivoured to obtain ostcn mess!. ehoVen shillings to puichase a quar:er of co .ti, he could not be allAsei to use them, without paying a farther fifteen shillings and threepence, for the landlord's tax !I It is proposed, then, that as soon as the gentlemen sp. poit.tei to be at the head of the Dri.;y Bi old SJcietY shall ha a enrel:cd a sufficient number of Members', and received a sufficient nurnier of pence, they shall purchase corn in those Countries where it is cheap, whether in Germany or Poland, and send over ships from England te bring it to thie country, for the Members cf tho Daily Bread Society. Dur ing the tine that the ship cr ships are gone to Germany or Poland, to bring, the corn, every possible means should be tzhea to explain the mAter to the Members of the So cieous.try ; and they should be taught t repeat ti.c motto of - t . o, and the inhabiianis generelly t h roolt b, :ol: tie St.e;ety, " Gire us this day Our Daily Bread:. TIW men shcoild chalk it on !i,e Vs - bits cf our stteets ; the little boo shcoild write it in it copy books ; the little girls should work it on their samplers; and the women shoul.! in. scribe it on the fl,:gs and banners of the people ;—so that, by te time of the rr.is',l of the cirri of the people, th e y may thormghly understind the busine's. If only one ship ho sent, it is propofei that siv! should come to the seaport cf Goole, in York, , ltive, that being the nearest point to Le !ds, and the manuf,cturipg town in the West Riding f Yorlothire ; but there is no reaeon why more t' an one shi ; ) should eat he employed, and then they neigh' came to Liverpool, Glasgow, Newcastle, London, or other ports. Now the way the Americans obtained the suffrage, and exemption from heavy taxation, fur nishes us with an example wor:hy of imitative. The English landlords said to the Americans, " We impose a tax on your tea."—" No," said the Americans, " sve shall out be imposed, upon ; we a - e not represented, and we deny your rght to tax w." A cargo of tea was sent to one of their !el-ports (Boston), and an exciseman was sent to c.illeet the tax ; the exciseman was tarred and feathered by tke Americans, and the tea emptied into the tic , .2ao, rather than they would submit to pay a tax upon it. Here, then, we see a practical way of abolishing C Laws, and obtainieg the suffrage. When the ship arrives at the destined port—or a few days before _—let meetings of the Society he held in every town and city in the kirglom, and let her Majesty be memorialised to give an order in council for the abolition of the Bread Tax;—perhaps she may hear and regard the cries of • famishing people, wanting food. The fruit of 66; own labour has been sent to purchase it, and who shall stand hi* txcen s famishing people and their food ? If her Majesty shall yield the just right; of the people—well; -but if she slo,uld be ill-athiaed, and reftic it, a largo number of the Members of the Secicty, say ten cr twenty thousand, should down to thee! id.—norzhiog orderly, each with an empty calculated :o hold .bout two pecks or half a bushel_ to precure samples of the e non which belongs to the mernserr of the Society. It may, perhaps, not he' nem'. nary, or judicious, to follow the example of the Americans, ty tarring a,d feathering the Custom-house offsets, tt tinned on board the vessel ; they will probably offer no impediment to the pence obtaining samples of their own corn ; but, if impediments are thrown in the way of this, and if those irri clime:As rrt of a nature which it is judged he; ter not to remove, then the course is to refuse to pay the tax, and to coil ty the corn into the sea. All this is petfecfly legal, the re Tie have as much right to sand their pence to buy food, and to send ships to bring it to England, as the large merchants have to send their.. They have a , much right to send their agents to receive the cargo and take samples, as the large merchants have to scad their clerks and w a ermen t) receive their ships aul draw their samples; and sotre.irnes n erchants, rather than pay the tax, lock it up for st a eral years, until it be comes much injured, and not worth the (men et of ware housing; in such cases the merchant; weeu!d hay, seen gainers had they emptied it int) the set in the first in. stat7c., inste id of Lcurring tic granary charges. The Doily Bread Society will have a right to throw theirs into the sea at once, if they choose ; and they will avail them selves of the right, if they arc denied the food earned by their own labour. We confess we pref,rr the American plan to the concluding part of our author's scheme. If the Go vernment, the aristocracy, and the Custom-house should be so ill advised as to resist the just claims of the Daily Bread Society, to bring in and cat their own bread—if they should be so monstrously unjust no openly to iwi e.le men from feeding themselerf.i. fancy ing that a iaw can haiiow their idquity, the Americin remedy applied to relieve the restraint on the importation of a luxury would be too mild for them, and they must take the consequence of their own in justice. The time is gone by whe❑ the decree of the law-giver was pronounced like the fiat of Omnipotence, PAYMENTS FOR NEW CHURCHES. (FROM A CORRSSPJNDRNT.) As glaring abnEcs are frequently remedied by public attention being called to them, 1 have to solicit the insertion of the following hardship in your valuable jour. nal :—I am residing in a parish in which some eight years since, a church was built, partly by voluntal gifts and partly by funds found by the nation at large. A stipend for the Minister and Clerk, out of the few rents, was appropriated by the Church Commissioners, and after "other expenses" (for these are the very words of the Act) hare been prcvided for out of the remaining pew rents, the surplus, if any, is to g.) towards the purchasing a house for the Minister. So far there is no objection, and it was with such an understanding the ii hsbitants sub. scribei their money towards the erection of the chords, thinking dist two objects would be gained —one, that the church would maintain itself without the imposing oa the needy Church -rates, and thereby avoiding that obnoxious impost, and the other that the less weslthy should be pro vided with seats free of expense. Such has hitherto bees the nndcrstanding acted up to since the consecration of the edifice ; but lately the minister either wishing to ren der himself obnoxious, or being Ici on by the advice of those who never lose sight of an opportunity to fill their pockets by litigation, has taken upon himself to demand the whole of the surplus money over and above his stipend and tho clerk's ; thus thinking to appropriate to himself that which the Legislature intended should, by the term other expenses, go towards the expenses which arc abso lutely nece*ary to provide for, in order that the service of The churc'i may be decently proceeded with; that was and is, no doubt, the intention of the framers of the Act ; and that the parishioners should not be taxed more than was actually necessary. If this is not the meaning, we should like to know what " other expenses "do mean ? Then se have -been most egregiously deceived and i npesed upon, as wet as the free-sire s being compelled virtually to . pay for their se a t* by enforcing a rate from them to maintain the cburcb, from which it was the anxious desire of their richer brethren to release th;em. A vestry of the parish has beet coavened, and the effect of that will be that in consequence of the ahcvc claim being made, that vvhiltt it is being Tigated, we are to be dedrived of fire, the choir, and lights for our evening service, because the parish, and l think very reasonably, will not have imposed upon them' more than the law anticipate 4. I have troubled you with these few remarks, tl o in all future subscriptions towards building a church a perfect understanding should be come to between the inh , .Vtants and those having control over them. THE WEATIIER. ROYAL GALLERY OF - SCIE STREET. NCE, ADELAIDE- Noon MARCH 26. Blrometer 29.72 Li. Thermometer Highest 67 Loweit Wind S. W.—Freezing Point 32 Deg. TILE GUIANA EXPEDITION. —Letters were received on Wednesday, announcing the arrival at Demerara of the Guiana( xpedilion, ant c int sinirg some interesting p.,rt:cula,'s of iti future route a-id destiny. TOe Cleopatra, i i which the expodition sailed, reached there in 2S days with a fair passage from the f..,;zird. On their arrival the party. c resisting of five persons, were severely introduced to Co lone' Light, he Governor, who expressed his desire to for ward th,-;r• co ,- :ternplated operations to the utmost of bis power, and piovidat-them with a house in the best part o f George T own , to v,hich they had removed the whole of the i r instruments, having had two tents erected intheillt h a e rden M. Schomburack was endeavouring. procure Pa rade-ground,position from erect a t...mporary observatory, forint the observations he which, as the centre of the colony, allconnected. The Maser and may hereafter make will b? ',Trianon, although Town Co ineil were against this p a a l P had given their con_ a fire , open, and commandingt,o a tract o n which to the Governor and Attnrncy who was attended c)me. Mr. Richard Schora t h h u e gservice of the Prussian sent, but it was thought theG!recroechrjke,ctions might be over. by Mr. Hancock, both in to the .exiedition, had Government as naturalis ts country, when the former made a short tour in t pepidemic of tie colony, and start d i ng up the coast as far as the Parima, was seized wi th t _ h- lif e was despaired of. The ex. fer some time 3 hi i n six or eight weeks time for i c a boundary rcalr to distinguish the where it would Pal . . territories ; from P tte di i t u k te n rit w r m the British hence it would Spanish fro t owards the Cuyunuimyand , sailing down make a detour at : t - ju nction • i E. it arri ves i . with the .c.ssequibo t this river till Gecrge Town, thus leaving , the more disputed turn to re „ t boundary until they have summed b cr suuth-cv and up o - recruited themselves. In concur rencescrvations. ,asprotocee . w ith the views of the expedition, the Governor had just - de patched t o ' Ds rata (on th e P o rtuguese b oun dary line) the I nspeetor.General of Po li ce f or the colony, toge,,lier wi t h two officers of regi ments, to show the claim Mich Great Ehitain had to 50 distant a spot, and to sec that no more encroachment should be made, nor atrocities committed upon the natives. our subjects, It is feared that when they arrive at this spo', the expedition may meet a skirmish with the Brazi. Hans, for which purpose they and their .,. 1 attendants are well armed, and are to be placed under military law. The officers of the ex p e di t i on are ve ry sanguine as to their ul. timate silecess. TILE Two UNCLES. —A person applied on Wednesday, to the sitting Magistrate rt to Hatton-gards . n, rests re to bun for a summons to compel a pa wnbroker .. eces which be lied pledged. the identical 540 fourpcnny pi Athat the fiurl . enny pieces had berg The applicant state.. , by an 'ILL ~ 1- end that"intended he to lx.queathed to him posterity." The oledire t k . band them down to . - - a Ing uncle having no respec t to the memcry of the mass's own unc l e , of the pieces in d with the whole bad ha te i t was impossibl e fur him to return them. • bTuh tness , and e summons was refused. EXTINCTION OF FIRE BY STEAM.—A gen. denial-11f Manehes:er meetly in..ftutid a series of expe riments to ascertain how far the ar , ency of steam could be made available for the extinction of fi , cs. It results from these that steam, if applied its large quantities, will exiin gui4l a coal •g,•,:tion of any rucgnitude, in an opan or close a partment, in a few mit:toes ; but that when only a small current . sf steam is directed against fire, it rather increases than diminil:el the combusfon. la the former cam, however, ignition is not absolutely destroyed, for though there is an end of flame, a low charring ttill goes on. .......... g.* ion , ) CE' 1 II