The Sun. — London, England, 1828-08-28 00:00:00

let them rainy determine what portion.of the true Southdown sheep, neat and small iii size, close in body and fleece, and comparatively good in wool, bear to those of the mixed breed. I have dwelt thus much on this head with the humble hope, if possible, to reconcile those dit 7 ferent opinions which exist on the subject, and to elicit the real state of the coun tr y as to its growth of fine wool. Not, however, that lam of opinion, if all the flocks under the denomina 7 tion of Southdowns, possessed the full cha racter in wool of the best of those sheep, that such wool could at present hold its former station as clothing wool,since whilst this tOtlntry, during the last twenty years, has neglected to improve in, wool, others have , profited by the apathy, and gained, I hope, only a temporary ascendancy. 'What fostering hand, or legislative measure it may now be needful to adept, I leave to others to determine; but, unless the wool itself be comes improved, I freely assert. the country will cease to grow clothing wool. The first step to wards recovery of the past errors, must be by the breeders themselves, at,a I would remind them of the excellent fable of the Countrymae and Hercules, and say, that whilst asking for aid, they must put their shoulders to the wheel. The manufacturers have said that South Down wool may be advantageously ml ed with softer 'oreign wool, but though a -finer face than the body of the cloth may thus be produced. The manufacture must resemble plated ware ; but if the fleece itself is softened, the whole will be like a manufacture of intrinsic metal. The improve ment, I repeat, must commence with the breeders themselves. The mere graziers who purchase and sell from year to year, are governed in the choice by that only which will yield the most profit, and if a variety of sheep, in consequence of defect in its wool, can be purchased at so reduced a rate as still to yield them a profit, their temporary interests may be served whilst the breeders from that reduction in price must suffer, Their true interest is to look beyond the immediate moment, and possess a flock inheriting such a combina tion of good properties as may render it in the end of sterling value. • The different soils and various breeds of sheep in this country, with proper attention and im provement, are happily suited to the wants of l o an in food and clothing. The rich grazing ,founds to feed the large loug-wooled breeds of eheep for a supply of the coarser and heavier mutton and wool, whilst the middle and upland soils, which constitute by far the greatest portion of the lands, arc adapted to the growth of short wools and fine-grained mutton, and the best state of agriculture can only be sustained on such lands by the use of the sheep fold. A great quantity of short wool must thus necessarily be grown, and, as it is in vain to strive against the stream, anti unprofitably to produce that for which there is no demand, it is important that this wool should be of a quality to meet the pur pose for which there is the greatest - consumption. If the breeders in general of Southdown sheep, were to endeavour to restore the degenerate flocks merely by the use of rams of the best of that kind, the progress would not only be extremely slow, but they would, perhaps, scarcely ever ar rive at the point from which they had descended., The quickest and only means of accomplishing improvement, even very much beyond that given point, is by the use of such rams as inherit a very superior wed the highest quality of wool, if that wool be produced without artificial means, and I have before shown that the greatest advantages, which have taken place in fine wool, have origineted in the Merino sheep, and that those in an improv ed state are well adapted far the growth of mutton and use in the fold. I can now neither expect soace to be allotted to so protracted an article as it would make, nor would I 'encumber this ad dress with all the calculations relative to the ad vantages incident to the use of them in British flocks; but, if needful, as I probably shall find it, I will make it the subject of a future article. I will, however, here answer one prejudice existing among Southdown breeders against. the use of Merinos, which is the dread that the former will thus lose the character of black faces and legs. This, in itself, would be a great advantage, since I never yet coeversed with an intelligent manufacturer who did not say that the body of the fleece, in some degree, partook of t lose black hairs, which lessened the value of the wool for the manufacture of articles of light colour, as such black hairs will not take the dye in the same manner as white wool does. The question, in my opinion, now is within very nar row compass. Whatever aid the Legislature may or may not deem it right to afford in the matter, that must remain for determination to another year ; but the breeding season is now at 'hand, and it is for the flock-masters promptly to determine whether they will, or will not, without loss of another year, begin improvement in the wool. That those who do first and vigorously set about it will be the greatest gainers, I feel the most confident assurance, and if none do, the growing of clothing wool in this country, .as I have already said, will become extinct. I have heard and read much of speculative advan tages likely to arise fium deriving it elsewhere ; but I have never yet met with anything in the least convincing to me,' that, in every. point of view, it is not most profitable, and of th e gre a test national advantage, that the British isles should, - as heretofore, grow as much as possible of cloth ing wool, rather than depend on a foreign su pp l y of it from any country whatever. If, without the charge of egotism, I tray be allowed once more to refer to the successful im provement which has taken place in my own flock, I will state two circumstances which have occurred since I last offered some observations on the subject, and I trust that I may so refer to it with confidence, since on reading the reported evidence, I find how very great a difference of price the wool of it has supported above that of any other British Merino wool. One of the incidents which I allude to is, that the fleeces of a select flock of Saxon sheep have recently been sold by public, auction, and tinder circumstances which excited consider able interest, and after every abatement necessary for some difference:in the deficiency of clearness, t hose fleeces, which only weighed half the weight of mine, sold at a rateecorisiderably below them. The other .circumstance . is, that. the Van Diemen's Land Company e not from any sugges tion of mine (for I was ignorant of any such in tention till the matter was concluded), but after the most full inquiry and consideration, and at the recommendation and ample investigation of competent persons, wh o were well acquai n t e d with the Saxon flocks and mineelse, have des termined on the use of some of my rams for their Saxon sheep. In now looking back to my past labours in this cause, I feel, if I may be Mowed to express it, a satisfaction and glow of patriotism that, through good times and through evil times, by persevering to preserve and improve this flock, a nucleus is kept and a scion is preserved in this country at once capable of greatly extending un- provement. It is not for me a an humble in• dividual to eudeaVoUr to overcome prejudices funfier than by reasoning and a very limited ex emple, or to stem the torrent Of interest opposed . in this cause but if any large landed proprietor, possessed of influence and spirit, will Meet me in a likr - ,11 manner respecting the use of this flock I will place it on equitable terms 7, r,o that whilst a.suitable May arise to each, such immediate end extensive improvement may be dialsed by the means of it, as the state of the country in this case, and at this.moment, se im peratively calls . for, I can truly say that, in offering the foregoing elzervations, I have adduced no reasoning but what I firmly believe to he just, nor asserted any things as facts, but what, as I said in a former address, I am ready to t=ame to the proof of. I deeply lament to see the degree of irritation which 'unhappily exists on the subject, and abOVe all, the obloquy and ridicule ptzt forth in the present day against the interests of agriculture. I know and feel of what vital importance this branch of it is to some of the best interests of the nation, and I do not hesitate to say that whoever suffers his evidence to be biassed by self-interest, his calm and better judgement to be warped by prejudice, or his decision in any way influenced contrary to the conviction of his own mind, is no friend to his country. SOS. K. TRIMMER. Strand on the. Green, Kew ilritige, August 23, ).82S. FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE, FRENCH PAPERS. (From the. Oazeti*c de France, Aug. 26.) PARIS, JAAR_4,I letter which we . have re ceived ihslll Corfu, dated the 20th of July, confirms tht precipitate departure of the Asia and the Couple rant, with Admirals Codrington tild de Rigny, the French brig the Altwun i t'wo English cutters, the Hind and Race-, ()lid the French frigate the Syrene. All the ships have sailed towards the south to Narain. This unexpected movement given vise to various conjectures. Accounts from Bucharest of the 4th .of August brig► no news from the Russian army before Chumla later than the te7th of July. It appears that no gene ral attack will be made upon that position till the corps of General Rothhas joined the army ; for the Turkish forces assembled at Chumla appear to be much more considerable than was at first sup- posed. The Grand Duke Michael was expected at Bucharest, coming from Silistria. We have a letter from Trieste of the 13th ,of August, which says—" No further particulars have been received here respecting' what has been an nounced of tht occupation of Coron and Modon by the Inglish troops, and it is believed that this report will not be confirmed." (From the Moniteur..—Non-official part.) [PRIVATE CORIUSPONDENCE.] IVIADMD, A liG. 14.—Recent and official accounts Lave informed the Minister of Marine, that the Re stor•ulion frigate, which convoyed the transports that had on boards the troops lately embarked on the coast of Andalusia, and the detachment taken on board in the Canary Islands, arrived at Porto Rico on the :30th of June. Its going to that island con firms what has been said of the negotiations carry- ing on between our Government the President of Hayti. This expedition, the destination of which was the Havannah, had no need whatever to put into Porto Rico. There is no dmibt that it is destined to take possession of the former Spanish part of St. Domingo. It is even affirmed that General Barrados, who is at the head of the expedition, and was for merly a merchant of Terra Firma, is appointed Governor-General of it. When Mr. Barrados is once settled in our ancient territory of St. Domingo, he will receive from the Havannah and Porto Rico, by the squadron of Admiral Laborde; all the sup port which he wilt require to maintain himself there and to restore that colony to its ancient splendour. (From the Journal des Debats.) " TO THE EDITOR. " London, Aug. 20 I admired the policy of Prince Metternich, be cause I am attached to absolute power, and I find that constitutional governments are of no use but to levy taxes.. " I admired the Duke of Wellington, because he overthrew Napoleon ; because he crushed the spirit of Jacobinism which infected Europe, and because I am a staunch Tory. " The unpardonable faults of these two Ministers deserve the most severe reproaches, -because they• have totally destroyed the balance of power in Etulope, and because it is to their erroneous policy, alone that we owe the changes which have taken, and which are about to take place. " I look upon the restoration of Greece, the de struction of the Ottoman empire, and the aggran dizement of Russia, as the greatest misfatunes; yet for these we shall be indebted solely to M. de Metternich and the Duke of Wellington. " M. de Metternicb, by his talents, has succeeded in restoring stability to Princes, from the fall of Napoleon to the commencement of the Greek insur- •: rection : he held the reins of the world—every thing went on well. The unanimity of the Sovereigns • restrained the ephemeral revolutions of Naples and Piedmontr-it even destroyed the more serious one . of Spain, but M. de Metternich had the blindness to confound the.events in Greece with the other revo lutions : he did not : see that it was the effort of a people oppressed by the barbarity of their masters-- that it was the attempt of men who sought to de liver themselvesfrom slavery—of fathers who wished to prevent the apostacy and prostitution of their children: he confounded a natural feeling with a revolutionary spirit, and terrified the magnanimous heart of Alexander, whom religion and humanity disposed to assist his unfortunate co-religionists. Alexander, instead of giving that aid, sacrificed his own private feelings to the solicitations of M. de Metternich, and the Greeks were abandoned to the vengeance of their oppressors, whilst it would have .been so easy, in making energetic. _representations to the Porte, to have obtained a little more humanity : one word would have settled all. Instead of this, the Porte was encouraged to put down the rebels. In taking this course it would have been proper openly to have aided Ttirkey—to follow the same system which had been ad o pted towards Naples, and to haVe sent troopi-against the- Greeks. Their suffer ings would not, in 'that case, have been so pro tracted, and robbery and piracy - would not have continued • for so many years to Wye harrassed the commerce of all nations.—The first error of M. de _Metternich. 4( The sanguinary contest having been carried on for so many years, humanity revolted throughout Europe against the barbarity of the Turks : the re eitals of the miseries of the unhappy Greeks touched the hearts of all ;—Ultras and Liberals alike sent as sistance. This general movement in their favour, which was manifested throughout all classe s , and amongst all parties, should have con vinced IV. de Metternich that the benefactors of the Greeks were not, animated by any revolutionary views : it was an indication of the general opinion that Greece should be saved. A little skilful management might have prevented, this general feeling from becoming so powerful—might .have hindered that association of. individuals at all times so injurious to power. There. was yet sufficient time ,to save the Greeks—the slightest energetic movement made in concert with all the powers would have obtained an amelioration' of their condition; but so far frOm this, the Porte Was still encouraged to chastise them.—Error the second,. and much ,greater than the first : " The weakness of the Ottoman' Government, and its want of tact, prevented it from taking ad vantage of the abandonment of Greece for the pur pose of conquering her. Many individual acts of barbarity took place ; massacre, pillage, conflagra- .T' wu , •v• ~,,, • ••••••11r OT I COilStltUttOnla_jr.aLlaLriiiiVV ilatNi-Jl ll s PO LIC Y :US a private way, WltliOut taxing Lite rout/ au ...cy nn •e• T nnoltill I tions, enslaving, but nothing in the way or subject ing. The years 1895 and 1826 were remarkable for the erudty of the Turks, the resistance of the Greeks; and the perseverance with which private charity ardraneed to their succour. The policy hi therto followed by Russia began to change. The Russia.' people manifested an interest in favour of their co-religionists. The Emperor Alexander wished to aid them ; but his . word was pledged for the maintenance of tranquillity in, Europe, and Prince Metternieh; who V:ould still direct that po Hey according to his hiclination, refused to give way : he knew not how to take advantage of the favour able moment to arrange the affairs of Greece in a manner which could prejudice none, and persisted in treating her as revolutionary. He was not sensible that in suffering the continuance of the massacre of a Christian people, he would end in making the re volt an object of interest, and that it would soon be regarded as holy by, all religiong alid humane per sons.-771/.t kas ii third error, greater than the first and second. " The horrors of the siege of Missolonghi took place. The Emperor Alexander died of grief at the perplexities into which the policy of Prince Metter nich had thrown him. A new sov erei g n ascended the throne of Russia. M. de Metternich, constantly blinded by 'his false system, would yield nothing ; he could not seize the advantageous opportunity to pro pose to the young monarch an alliance with Austria, and to make repreitntations to the Porte ; so far from that, he blamed the policy of Mr. Canning, who, being anxious to fetter the Russian power, endeavoured to form a treaty with her, in order to oblige the Porte to agree to an arrangement with the Greeks. M. de Metternich, in refusing to unite with the t;vo Powers, and in perhaps withholding France, thereby rendered null all the representations made at Constantinople. The Grand Seignior and the Divan, supported and countenanced by Austria, resisted all demands; ignorance, joined with arro gance, forbade all concession; and the fury let loose against Greece augmented daily. It was obvious that the intention of the Porte was to subject or de stroy her, and Europe then perceived that the con duct of the Sultan was encouraged by Austria.-=- A fourth error of 111, dc illet(ernich, much greater than all the preceding; for those• who knew not this Minister intimately, ' had a right to accuse hint of his inhumanity. " At length the young Emperor, oppressed at the miseries of Greece, insisted that the treaty com menced by the English should be put in execution. It was proposed to France and Austria to join in this treaty. France frankly consented; Austria im prudently, and unskilfully, refused, and thereby de stroyed with the Porte the effect which this Chris tian league might have produced. Far from sup porting it, Austria counteracted it by her half measures with the Porte ; the latter always ignorant and credulous, saw in this treaty nothing more than a mere matter of form, which would be attended with no result. It was constantly suggested that disunion must occur between the Powers, and the Porte was, as it were, encouraged by Austria to resist : hence, far from making concessions, it replied with inso lence. At this period it was evident, that if Austria had joined the three Powers, and explained herself with energy and sincerity, the Porte would have given way, and Greece then would have become a province tributary to the Turks, with a semi-eman cipation, which would riot have deranged the equi librium of Europe.—A fifth error of M. de Met ternich. These errors begin to proceed in geome trical proportion. " The Porte was deaf to all observations: fleets were thereupon fitted out for the Archipelago, but their slowness afforded time for new efforts on the part of the 6uhan. Au Egyptian expedition sailed from Alexandria ; Athens fell into the power of the Turks. M. de Metternich was not aware that a young Emperor, of the Greek religion, could riot, under the eyes of his own people, stop short in the midst of this disastrous affair. He did not think that honour, religion, humanity, compelled the mo narch to pursue the work so tardily begun. M. de Metternich rejoiced at the efforts of the Porte; he had not the skill to take adVantage of the moment which was in his power to prevent the commence ment of hostilities; the Internuncio supported but feebly the representations of the three Powers. M. de Metternich seemed still to think that they would arrive too late, and that Greece must be at length subdued. The Porte, instead of being enlightened as to its true interest, was in some measure urged to resistance; she suffered the fleets to come, she re fused to retreat, and without paying any regard to remonstrances, ordered Ibrahim to continue his ra vages. . " Providence, weary of this timid policy, per mitted the victory of Navarin, which destroyed the Turkish-Egyptian fleets. It seemed as if this blow must open the eyes of M. de Metternich, that it must stop (for there was still time for it) the war which menaced the Ottoman empire. " M. de Metternich, had he acted with energy and vigour in returning to a wise policy suited to the interests of Austria and of the world, might have still avoided the blows which were suspended; by uniting cordially with the three Powers, oining ships and troops, he might have intimidated the Porte, which would no longer hare reckoned upon the discord with .which it had flattered itself; it would have seen the necessity of submitting to all Europe coalesced against it, and without the least doubt we should have seen the Sultan agree to the treaty of the 6th July. This treaty tied Russia; it rendered not Greece independent; it, in short, left Europe in its existing state. M. de Metternich, blinded, hurried on in his disastrous career, far from seizing the last minute which remained, altered not his system, so destructive to the tranquillity of Eu rope. Ile took fresh courage en learning the death of Mr. Canning ; he appeared to expect that mat ters would take a new turn under the Ministry of the Duke of Wellington, and instead of seeking to preserve harmony, he encouraged the new Ministry to disavow in some way what had been done, and to blame the treaty of the 6th July. The disapproba tion of the affair of Navarin, the expressions of amity lavished at the Porte, were - new encouragements given' to the Sultan to listen to no representation. " Far from rendering him more reasonable, every thing was done to blind. him. In reply to the de mands under the treaty of the 6th July, the Porte launched a manifesto arinst Russia ; it thus de tached this colossus from all the enthralinents of the 'treaty; it provoked her, and Obliged her to declare war. Some hope of peace might still, however, remain : the Russian troops advanced : their deli -berate march allowed tune to preVent the Ottoman empire from being torn to pieces; but nothing could clear the understanding of M. de Metternich; the obstinacy of his system prevailed ; half measures only were taken ; intrigues took place at London and Constantinople; hopes were entertained of dis union ; he flattered and menaced by halves; finally, the storm was suffered to burst, and the thunder is now growling on all sides to crush the empire of Constantinople, which Will owe its fall, if it does full, to M. dc Metternich alone, who might have saved it, yet who has done all he could to precipi tate it into the gulf. Without the smallest doubt, the greatest enemy to the Ottoman empire is M. de Metternich ; all his proceedings, all his policy, have been so unskilfully and so unseasonably combined (1 repeat), that he will have probably advanced by some years the epoch of the overthrow of this %rem-out empire. It is to M. de Metternich that the Greeks also owe their emancipation: The time seems hardly yet come when this people ought to recover their liberty ; 'but M. de Metternich, in wishing to rivet their fetters, has broke - them. This is a fit occasion, if ever, to say,--' Man prepares,.but-Ged disposes:' Two statues might be erected to M. de Metternich, one to the destroyer of the Ottoman empire, the other to the regenerator of Greece. " -It is.clear that Austria and .England, by their narrow •and illiberalypolierte-by their unfounded and Offensive distrust of Russia--have thrown Europe into the embarrassment in which -it is now placed. The only feeling that seems to have occupied the intriguers of London and Vienna was that of hinder- ing Russia from aggrandizing itself; and yet these diplomatists, in their short-sighted views of the case, have done every thing in their power to augment its preponderance; and to iegitamite its conquests. "At the present moihent the, least skilful politi cian may clearly perceive that the English afid Aus trian. Ministers,, after having exhausted all their efforts. in this miserable diplomacy, are obliged to• submit to events, and to place their chief reliance on the magnanimity of the young Emperor. • " France alone (t'vough perhaiiS 6014) baS acted a noble and generous part. She was the &Si to send pecuniary assistance to the. Greeks ; and now, in fitting • out a maritime expedition, she has taken an imposing attitude, and worthy of a great and ge nerons nation." FaEscut.FuNos.—P.Ams, AUG. !..,'s.—Five per Cents, 107 f. 2 Sc.;Three per Cents., 12f. 65c. ; Bank Stock , 1,860 f. ; r; aples Stock, 10f, 40c. ;. Royal Spanish Loan, - 74k; Llaytian Low, 622 f. 50c. Exchange oti Lotmdoh. Ono Month, 25f. 25c. ; Three Months, 25f. 15e.—Coors Authentique. riacrs or STOCKS Tilts t 3 ant: Ytock 3 pc: Cent. Bed. ; per Cent. Cons. SP,S% 3 , 4 per Cent. -- Ditto Bed. 1. per rent New • Ditto, 1826 Bank L. Ann. India stock Ditto Bonds lO2 104 pin. DAT AT ONE O'CLOCK. South Sea Stock Old Annuities New Ditto Ex. Bills, £l,OOO 21.73 74pm. Ditto 5OO W. '73 14 inn. Ditto Swill Ditto Cornrhetcial... , .... pm. Bank for Account .• India for Account Cons. for Ac. SPA ay PRICVEs OF FOREIGN FUNDS ' Austrian Bonds, 5 percent. Brazilian Bonds n 2 4 Buenos Ayres Bonds... l3' 4 Chilian Bonds, 6 pet ct. Colombian Bonds Ditto, 182-1 Danish, 3 per cent. .........62% Greek Bonds Ditto, 1925 Guatunala Mexican Bonds 2834 9% Do. 1621) 38 71 9 PRICES OF IRISH STOCI dank Stock Consols, per cent. Gov. Stock, 3y, por cenL 9SV, Ditto, New 95:ti t per Cent. • 1014, Gee. Deb. per cent Royal Canal Stock Grand Canal Stock ll y, City Deb. 4 per cent Ballast Office Deb. 4 o. cL Arrived. Due. O America.-- 0 O Brazil 0 O Buenos Ayres I Dublin I Flanders 0 I France O Gottenburgh I 1 Guernsey& Jersey 0 THIS DAY AT OWE O'CLOCK. Neapolitan, 1821 Peruvian 2.onds — Portuguese Bonds — Prussian, 5 per cent. ...... Ditto, New — Russian. New 91 P,7 4 Spanish, 1/P2l — 18`43 _ French Reutcs, Sp. c —f ....c. 1.-.----••• Exchange —t. —c. i ----- 3 per cent —l. —c. , I ----- Exchange --f. —.e. AUG. 25. St. Patrick Incur. (per sh.) Royal Irish Ditto National Ditto Patriotic Ditto Hibernian Bank Provincial Ditto Royal Irish Mine Imperial Mine Mining Co. of Ireland Commercial Buildings .ATririverd. Due, 0 Ilamburgh... ...... 1 I Holland 0 Jamaica 0 r 0 Leeward Wanda O LiEhen 0 O Malta 0 O Mexico 0 1 Waterford 0 NIGH WATER. AT LONDON BRIDGE TO-MORROW. Morning...l3 minutes after 4. I Evening.... 5 minutes after 5 PA,e--Lecztc r QAtt LONDON. THURSDAY EVENING, AUGUST 2S, 1828. The French Papers contain no news from the East of Europe of any importance. Every thing seems now at a stand still for the expected attack of Chumla, which has been delayed, in order to concentrate the main strength of the army on a place of such imposing defence. The Turks are found to be much more numerous than was at fiat supposed, the Russians, therefore, wait for the arrival of General ROT ifs division Of equrse, the Turks must increase in strengtl every day that the Russians delay their at ;ael<, for the . levies in the interior are urged towards Chumla and the other fortresses with al: expedition. It will he perceived that the pro, press of the Russians has not been by any means so rapid as their mighty preparations would seem at first to warrant ; but then it should not be forgotten that while the Russians were arming, the Turks were not idle in preparing to give them a warm reception. There can be no doubt that, if the Russians had so determined, they might have proceeded along the sea-coast, to wards Constantinople, first carrying Varna by storm, or at least besieging it so as to pre- vent any communication by sea or land ; but that plan was not considered adviseable, as leaving ;oo many strong fortresses in their rear. Private letters from Vienna state, that the Russians were forming lines of circumvallation at Chumla with great alacrity, in order to cut off all communication with the Balkan passes, and thereby prevent the arrival of any more reinforce ments. These letters add, that the Russians intend to reduce all the fortresses, in order to give the Turks time to send Commissionerg to the tussian head-quarters to arrange a final settle- ment. This may be true but we doubt it : besides lese letters bear no date—and it seems rather an odd way for the Russians to consult the convenience of those whom they are using every means to defeat. It is said that the Emperor of RUSSIA is to leave the army on the nth, and proceed to Odessa, there to meet Lord HEYTESBURY and other diplomatic characters front the several Courts, who will all form a Congress upon the fate of Turkey, or in other words endeavour, by remonstrance and persuasion, to induce INlrcuo -1, As to relax in his purpose of destroying the Turkish power in Europe. We have little doubt that the EMPEROR maygo to Odessa acting in the spirit of moderation, which he has hitherto pro fessed with such consummate hypocrisy and success—but then, while NICHOLAS is listen ing to the idle debate of the Congress, his armies are perhaps storming Shumla, or scaling the passes of the Balkan. He may condescend to hear, and affect to be convinced, but his heart will palpitate to 'news from the army—while his fancy will be constantly weighing in the balance the conquest of Constantinople, and the glory of the campaign, against the cold-blooded di plomacy of his jealous advisers, and the folly of relinquishing to moderation what- he had de voted to ambition. In this manner the Con gress may protract his stay, but 'not divert his purpose. He may concede to policy what he will resume with increased advantage at a more seasonable opportunity. if "E u llnd and France understand each' other, and act with a sincerity beco*g their conjoint intereso, then indeed the Mardi' of invader may be stayed, by the knowledge that the union of two such powers can undo whatever his arms have accom plished ; but this we very much doubt. The sailing of the French expedition to the Moica, •••tothil be an answer to the liberation of Greece by Russia--or• if Russia, as indeed she has asserted, be fighting fO4 herself, then the appearance of the French expedition at Constantinople would settle the question of its safety, provided the English and French Am bassadors made it a stipulation that the Russians should not proceed further without incurring the responsibility of forcing England and name to make common cause with Turkey. But this is not very likely, because the Government of France is liberal—that of England most illi beral; as Portugal and Navarin can testify, and there can never be a hearty co-operation be tween discordant elements. A community of feeling must always precede a uniformity of pur pose. The Duke of WELLINGTON is averse even to the appearance of being prepared for war, because he cannot preside in Council and direct in the field. He is so nervous at the idea of a battle being gained by kindred valour, that he prefers the slumber of na tional repose to the acclamation of victories which would not echo the name of N/VELLING TON. Iltit lie can shun war with safety, for the measure ,of his glory is full. War is a game which no wise man should covet, but he ought nevertheless to be prepared to avert its ca lamity—not wait to provoke its necessity. A commanding attitude, such as England night take with WELLINGTON directing her Councils, would ensure the repose of Europe, and possibly save our National character much bitter humiliation and unavailing regret. By the arrival of the Hamburgh steam-packet the report of the defeat of the Russians before Chumla is again revived. A Russian division is said to have been blown up by the springing of a mine. It is reported in the City that Lord ABER DEEN is going out of office and Lord LANS DOWNE coming in,—this would, indeed, be a change for the better. The Allgemeine Zeitung of the 21st inst. says, on the authority of a traveller, that, the Russians had taken Erzeruin after a most say 'guinary battle, and put the garrison to the sword :- AUGSBURG. AUG. 20. The Courier de ,Smyrna of the 'Mtli of July says-- " Hassan Paella (Governer of Smyrna), at the request of the Council of the Netherlands - , allowed a Russian ship to enter the port of Smyrna in the beginning of July, to land is cargo, and take in goods in return. The Courier affirms that in general the Russian merchantmen have free access to the ports of the Ottoman Empire, and Russian subjects are nut in any way molested. The Courier status that Jussuf Pacha had sent all the women and children in Seio to the Continent, .and was preparing to defend him self in case of an attack, having heard that Admiral Heyden would make an attempt on Scio, This report arose from the appearance of the Russian Admiral near Samos, but it is considered as improbable. A traveller, who left Evzerum on the 2d June, reported in Smyrna, that a few days before his departure a Russian corps had appeared before the gates of that city ; that the enemy's General had taken possession of the surrounding eminences, and erected batteries on them, and the Richa of F.rzerum had sent all the Greeks and Armenians out of the city, where he had collected his whole force. It is added, that after a most satiginary battle the city has been taken by them, and the garrison put to the sword. The rapid progress of the Russians in the East, in their invasion of Turkey, is likely to turn the politics of Europe into a new channel, and to give a new course to the anxieties and alarms of speculative politicians. For a long period, a jealousy of the power of France was a standing maxim of British policy ; but a new power has now arisen in the eastern horizon with vast re sourees, and whether as an object of political alarm, or merely of curious speculation, we can not look without deep interest on the future destinies of Russia. This great Empire is the only one in Europe which has any prospect of rising into a state of dangerous aggrandisement ; it is the only one which has not yet filled up the measure of its population and wealth, which has not arrived at the vigour of manhood. Yet, when we look at the exploits of the infant Hercules, we may easily conceive how formidable it will become on the full developement of its gigantic strength. Russia has vast tracts of uncultivated territory and a semi-barbarous people ; but the country is improving, and her population is keep ing pace, as it must do, with the progress of cul tivation. At present, her ruler has far greater warlike resources at his command than any other power. In the improved and wealthy countries of Europe, commerce operates as a most salutary obstruction to war. We cannot raise armies, nor draw from the people, by heavy conscriptions, fuel to feed the flame of war without deranging industry, and giving a, shock to the whole frame of the community. The French are the only people in modern , times who have assumed a true military attitude, and they were only driven into this unnatural state by the threatened calamity of foreign conquest. The scheme of the conscriptions ,created in s elf-defence by the entire derangement of all peaceful relations was con vetted by BUONAPARTE into an instrument . oi foreign conquest, and other nations were after wards forced to fight him with his own weapons, ,and to rouse the people in their own defence. CATTLE. But this was effected , -by a dreadful sacrifice of most valuable interests, and the emergency being past, those commercial countries have already put off their armour, and have re lapsed into their former habits of peaceful in- - dustry and enjoyment. In Russia supplies of mon, to. almost any extent, can be drawn from the community withont, in any degree, derang ing it s established relations. The people a re not conmorcial, but agricultural ; they are rude in their habits, poor, and content with little; and o❑ such a community a conscription hnposes comparatively lit le - hardship. They are, brave and hardy ; and having little feeling and. reflec tion, they are the very best tools which a con queror can work with, as they have no rule of conduct but the ortters•of their superiors. As a military power, thereft..‘.re, Russia is, in the pre sent state of Europe, without a rival. The war like habits of the other European powers, formed by a long war, are declining under the benumbing influence of industry and peace. But throug* the wide precincts of the Russian empire mili tary habits are still cherished. The peaceful em ployments which chain down the population of the other States to constant industry, are little knoWn among the agricultural hordes of Russia ; and this great country is just as ready to take to field, as is indeed evident from her opera ,ons against the Turks, as on. the first tiay after e peace. In these circumstances an important question occurs : what is to be the consequence of the present contest ? If the Russians advance to Constantinople, will they be allowed to partition the Turkish Empire ? • Will Austria stand by a quiet spectator of this act of plunder ?or can - this Povhr, even 'if disposed, stand out single handed against • the vast influence of Russia Will new alliances then be formed now against the overgrown dominions of Russia, as they were in past times formed against the dreaded preponderance of France ? The rise of the Russian power leads, in short, to a new era of European politics. It furnishes an en tirely new object of anxiety to Statesmen, awl gives a new direction to their cares.— Yet : what can be done to resist the too visible progress of this colossal power ? if Russia turns her attention to the cultivation of her half desert territories, and to the instruction of her people in art, in knowledge, and in industry; if she grows great by domestic improvement (and there .are many that think this is her ,rue, and is even a surer road to greatness than by the paths of ambition and blood), what can he said ? We cannot complain of this her natural growth by such laudable means. But when this vast power, relinquishing the path of domestic iml,rovemen4 grasps at • territofia ) aggrandisement at the e`xpence . of her 'neigh-. hours ; when we see her enlarging her already overgrown dominions by new additions froro weaker powers, foreign States have no doubt $ right to interfere—and to mark out the'boundal beyond which she cannot be allowed to pass' They have a right to do this as a precaution fair their own safety, for it would be contrary to ever,' principle of policy that they should quietly stana still, and see themselves gradually encroaches upon by a more powerful neighbour, on whose mercy - they would have then to depend for the existence. No State is bound to wait until it i 5 in this manner completely circumvented by the toils of ambition. But the time of interference is a delicate question, and turns on considers' tious of expediency, and on the particular cif• cumstances of the case, which ought tobe weighe i deeply and anxiously before steps be taken tc" commit a nation immediately to the alternativ e of war. We ought to be slow to pass tha t ' boundary from which there is no retreating witll honour—when we must advance, and encount er all the sure evils, and all the uncertain hazards, Q f an arduous contest with a powerful enemy. Brussels Papers say, that the Russians 10 c sent an 84 gun-ship, and a brig of 14 guns, t (7 reinforce the fleet in the Black Sea : IT.USSULS, AUG. 15. A British Cabinet 3lessenger from Vienna, with de s .' patches for London, passed through this city last isigbt• The navigation of the Sound, and the Holstein Ci d :c Canal, has much increased during the first few mont hs the present year, whilst that of England has decreased. The number of ships belonging to the Netherlands br have passed the canal in this period amounts to 640; - ' ai d the exception of a very small number, they were al l ballast ; almost all have returned to the ports of the Nevi lands with cargoes of wheat, rye, barley, timber, ashes, and linseed. , ST. PETEitesili tGli. The St. Petersburgh Journals to the 10th August CO ll ' tain more detailed bulletins of the operations of the 111 199 i att army in Turkey ; but only to the evening of July 20. AeG. 6.—ln the beginning of July the Tschtena, 5 ship of the line of 84 guns, and the Mingrelia brig of 1 4 guns, were launched from the Imperial Dock-yard as Nicoiajeff, and were to go down the Bug and the Leman t° Oczakoff in the Euxine, where they are to be fitted out' The River Input, has now been deepened, so that ell largest ships can navigate it. We are i n debted to Admirsi Greig for this improvement. tip to 6th August, 827 vessels have arrived at Cronst o the number that had sailed was 578. GnEssA, Auc. -.ri• .0 Since the spring there liar been pretty frequent esia : it , I the Crimea; the :wheat is fine, and the harvest JO ° 1 ,, 4ommenced about Nicolajeff in the middle of July.' Vs sf's u sto tunately the rigorous winter has not destroyed the lc': iy i as we hoped it would; they have Alone great mischief s ° - 0 ' 1 r r ships, all in ballast, have arrived here from Constann c ,: r fo o nt p hs s iedl i en n i ifisnyitgmetipi past;eliarc hitherto eve settswteeivulervye n u mbers.r!b a e y 1 , part of the country, as they have done us little datino The'Prussion State Gazette to the 21st August i° o 4 sive, has no accounts from the, only tubsequent t° bulletin of 29th July. .veeT7Yhreilueacskitis:ooil On the Zata I .. Aoliolbtar nf 1%1 r_ A R. 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