The Sun. — London, England, 1870-09-24 00:00:00

THE BRIXTON BABY-FARMING CASE. LONDON, FRIDAY. The trial of Margaret Waters, 35, widow, for the murder of an infant child named Cowen, at the Brixton " baby farm," was resumed before Lord Chief Baron -Kelly. Another woman, named Ellis, was included in the indictment; but she was acquitted yesterday for want of evidence. Sergeant Ballantine, Mr. Poland, and Mr. Beasley were for the Crown ; Mr. Ribton, Mr. Pater, and Mr. Chitty defended the prisoner. The evidence for the defence was resumed : Mr. Ribton summed up his evidence for the defence, and said that, after careful consideration, he d,id not see that there must of necessity be a verdict of manslaughter even. He thought that the evidence of the girl O'Connor—who was previously one of the wit nesses for the prosecution, and who ought to have been called by thcm now, was very satisfactory. The case now simply resolved itself into obtaining money by false pretences. The girl spoke generally as to Mrs. Waters's kindness to the children, and her fondness for this particular child, Cowen. He asked the jury to say, for the sake of our common humanity, that there was no such horrible system as had been suggested by the prose cution. Mr. Serjeant Ballantine replied on behalf of the Crown., characterisiiag the case at Ei one of the most solemn and serious that a jury had ever been called upon to consider. It had been urged for the defence that there was no or ganised system of murder, but the fact of the woman living in this particular house, advertising extensively, and obtaining possession of a number of children, who even tually died, together with the evidence of their treatment, shelved conclusively that there was such a system. He commented upon the fact that Mrs. Ellis had not been called for the defence, although no one within the pre cincts of the court was better able to say whether the children had received motherly treatment. Although he had promised to call this woman, his learned friend had exercised a wise discretion in refraining from doing so. It was possible that the prisoners only speculated upon the probability of the children dying through want of natural food ; but it was an unfortunate speculation, fraught with the most dangerous consequences to society. Even taking the theory of the defence, that neglect contributed to the death of the children, in law that was murder, and not manslaughter. They found the children huddled together, without fresh air, no cleanliness, no sufficient food, and a wretched little child, the only servant to attend to the house, and the children and all these were steps towards death. Then there was the application of opium, which the medical man called for the defence s a id killed children almost like a shot. When they considered the mode in which the establish ment was conducted by persons having experience in the care of children, there was but one end likely—death. At the time they agreed to take deceased, the child was not born, and no motive could be suggested but self interest for taking possession of it, notwithstanding the prisoner's apparent reluctance to take any money with His Lordship said the case was of the greatest import ance, not only to the prisoner at the bar, but also to the inhabitants of the great metropolis and the country at large. He therefore begged the jury to dismiss from their minds any impressions made by reading abgut the case, or observations made by counse l, except ii& so far as the latter were supported by evidence on oath. The questions to be submitted for their consideration were in themselves clear and simple in the extreme. Unless they were satisfied that the death of this particu lar child, John Walter Cowen, was occasioned by one, or other, or all of the causes mentioned, they must dismiss the evidence on the other cases, and return a verdict of acquittal. But if they were satisfied that its death was so caused, they must next consider whether the prisoner did all intentionally for the purpose of causing death, or with a full knowledge of the conse quences. If so, they would find her guilty of murder. Happily, it was a new case in courts of justice • and they had to inquire whether the prisoner knew or believed that the course of treatment or line of conduct pursued towards this luckless child would probably end in, or accelerate, its death. She appeared, from the advertisements and pledging much children's clothing, to be experienced in the care of children. They must, therefore, look at her object in getting possL.,.ion of the child in question. She began the transaction with a number of un t ru th s , contained in the advertisement and amplified in the correspondence. Looking at the ultimate consequences, they must consider what was her intention at the time in ob taining possession of the child, and say whether or not it waB consistent with her innocence. One point of difficulty in his mind was the refusal of the prisoner to accept money with the deceased, although she had mentioned a premium of £4 in the advertisement. They must draw their own conclusions from that ; and if favourable to the prisoner, give her the benefit of it. It would appear that if she had wished the child to die, she would not have sent for a medical man ; and if that raised a substantial doubt she was also entitled to the benefit of it. In addition, she had sent for a wet-nurse to take care of it on th e 10th of June. That may have been because Mrs. Ellis came home intoxicated after her interview with Relph; somebody was seen walk ing up and down, and prisoner said " You cat, you have ruined me," and suspected some inquiry was about to be made and sent for the wet-nurse to avert the consequences. He should not express his own opinion, as they were the sole constitutional judges. [His lordship's summing up occupied an hour and thirty-five minutes.] The jury retired, and after an absence of about an hour returned into court with a verdict of Guilty of Wilful Murder. On being asked if she had anything to say why sentence should not be pronounced, The prisoner complained of the exaggerated statements that had been made as to the condition of the children. In the first place there were not five of:them on the sofa, but two—one aged three weeks and another five. Two other children were on the chairs and bassanette. Their bottles had not been changed, as it was very early in the morning. Little Cowen was certainly a very fine and beautiful child—a finer she never saw. She was much pleased with him, and took every care of him. However, he did not .seem to thrive , whatever she did. Thrush and di arr h cea —tame on and she used borax and honey f or hi s mou th. On the Sunday she sent for 6d. worth of brandy, and put 12 drops of laudanum into it. She soaked a flannel bandage in it, and put it round the child's stomach three times in the course of the day to mitigate its sufferings, as it moaned a great deal. On the Derby Day she sent for Dr. Harris, who prescribed for it. It was the practice of homceopa thists to leave the medicines for a few days, to see the effect. The child did not get worse, but continued in the same state. He saw the child three times, and on the Saturday morning before her apprehension he said she had better pay him. His charge was £2 for attending her sister and child, young Cowen, and Willie. He asked if the latter's parents had money, and why he should - not send in a bill to them. He - then sat down and made out a - bill — lc; 17s, which the police would have. He said he would like to see the other children, and advised her to have plenty of air in the place. He also advised her to give up the adoption of children, as she might get into trouble; but he said he could find no fault with her children. He got his money and went away. While in gaol she wrote to him, asking him to send a receipt for the £2, and an account for the parents of the child, but not to put their name upon it. The name was Samuels, of Liverpool. He sent a very rude note in reply ; and the first thing he did at Lambeth Police-court was to give the name of the parents. She acknowledged she had been guilty of deceit and falsehood, for which, although they might not believe her, she was very sorry. She was willing to sub mit to punishment for that, but she was not guilty of murder. With death and eternity staring her in the face, she could assert that she was as innocent as a baby of what she was chArged with. Cowen's child was intended for a purpose. A couple in affluent circumstances wanted a male child, and promised to lavish every comfort upon it. The loss of this child, therefore, would have been a great loss to her, in a pecuniary point of view, if she had been at liberty. She did all in her power for it. In reference to those who died at the workhouse, they were taken from home early in the morning to the Lambeth police-court, in wet clothes ; they were kept there until late in the afternoon, and then taken to the workhouse. Yet she was held responsible for their deaths ! In conclusion she said, " I am as innocent of this foul crime as any of these little babies who perished." His Lordship, addressing the prisoner, said . she had been convicted of the greatest crime which could be com mitted by a human being. Nothing now remained for him but to pronounce the sentence of the law upon her. If she had any hope of relief in appealing to another tri bunal he hoped her appeal would be heard, and that she might obtain that mercy which he had not the power to shew. His lordship then assumed the black cap, and passed sentence of death in the usual form, adding, " and may the Lord have mercy upon your souL" The prisoner then bowed to the bench, and was led away by the warders. She was called back, however, and his lordship added to the sentence : " Your body shall be buried within the precincts of the prison where you were last detained.," His lordship then burst into tears, and the prisoner, who had manifested the greatest fortitude, was led from the dock. Sarah Ellis, who had been acquitted of the capital charge, was then indicted for conspiring, with Waters, to obtain money from the parents of the children by the false pretence of furnishing the infants with sufficient food, clothing, and other necessaries. Acting upon the advice of Mr. Ribton, she pleaded guilty. Mr. Sergeant Ballantine said he should not proceed with any of the other charges against her. His Lordship said she must have known at the time that in pretending to take into keeping the children of other people, it was her intention so to deal with them as to cause the effect which had led to her sister being sentenced to death. She had assisted in those crimes, but the sentence would probably put a stop to the nefarious proceedings. He would not sentence her to penal servitude, in the hope that she would repent and lead a better life ; but the sentence would still be a warning ; It was that she be imprisoned and kept to hard labour for eighteen months. Sergeant Ballantine having expressed the satisfaction of the Crown with the services rendered by Police-sergeant Relph, His Lordship said he entirely agreed that the public were greatly indebted to that officer, and he had much satisfaction in awarding him £2O. Tint AINIERICAN MINISTER IN ENGLAND.—AC— cording to the New York Herald, senator Morton, of Indiana, will succeed Mr. Motley as the representative of the MI teal States at the English court. • DUNvILLE and Co., Belfast, are the largest holder., of whisky in the world. Their Old Irish Whisky is recommethicli by the medical profession in preferunee to French brand . su plied in casks and cases for home use or exportation. Quotatiol... on application to Messrs DUNVILLE & 0., Royal Irish Dis Benin ; or at thei London OfEcee,A. Beaufort Buildings Strand, W.O. THE WAR. THE PRUSSIAN ARMY OF OCCUPATION. The Thnes correspondent writes from Darburgh as follows:—" The Prussians in this part of France are endeavouring to reconcile the inhabitants to the army of 'occupation. The " Conamandeur de la For teresse " has thought it necessary to issue a short ad dress to the people, with the view of removing their apprehensions. In this address he says he understands some measures taken by him have hard the effect of raising fears which he assures the citizens are groundless. These measures were adopted in the interest of the civilian inhabitants of Sedan, as well as in that of the garrison. He invites the people to assume their ordinary avoca tions, and says well-disposed citizens have nothing what ever to fear. Firing may be heard every day, but it will only be from arms found undischarged on the field of battle, and which will be discharged into the fosse sur rounding the citadel. By the side of the address of the commandeur is posted an order from the " Commandant de la Place." It directs the inhabitants of each commune in Sedan, and within a distance of two leagues all round it to deposit at their respective 11Iairies before the expira tion of two days all arms which may be yet lying on the battle field, or which may have been removed thence to the houses. The Maires of the several communes are to send to the Maine at Sedan all arms so deposited. For the collection of all such arms the Maires are to be held personally responsible. For each fusil found in any commune after the expiration of two days from the date of this order, the Maire of that commune will be fined 500 f., and for each sword or bayonet 200 f. The order extends to cartouche-boxes, but in a milder form. For every hundred cartouche-boxes found in any commune after the two days the Maire is to be fined 200 f. The work of collecting the arms and cartouche boxes will be an onerous one. The latter are lying about in thousands on the roads, and on the woody heights they are even more numerous. As for the arms, it was time for some authority to look after them. Tourists were carrying them away by the score as souvenirs of the great battle, and a brisk traffic had been established in chassepots, carried over the Belgian frontier despite the vigilance of the douaniers, who kept a tolerably sharp lookout after them. The Prussian garrison at Sedan have set an example in commencing the work of collecting the arms. They are dragging the moats sur rounding. the fortifications, and that part of the Meuse which runs close by the walls of the town. The " take " is wonderful. When the capitulation was effected the unwounded troops of MacMahon's army were collected as prisoners in a large field near the Sous-prefecture. While there they seem to have. thrown away as much of their arms and accoutrements as they could possibly get rid of. The field itself is pretty well covered with shakoes, helmets, cuirass es, cavalry valises, knap sacks, and cartouche boxes, with here and there a smashed chassepot ; but most of the discarded swords and chasse pots were consigned to the bottom of the river or to that of the moat,. Prussian soldiers are fishing them up in great numbers and piling them in huge heaps on the Don chery Road. A little further on is a field of about three acres. Here the French cannon and the French mitrail lenses are parked. What a sight for a Frenchman to look -at I Over 200 connon and mitrailleuses with ammu nition waggons, and the other accessories all complete and ready for use by the Prussians. The 'mitrail leuses here are of the larger kind. Until you come close to them they have the appearance of an 18 pounder brass gun mounted on four high wheels, but on a near exami nation you find that the muzzle, instead of having one round opening; consists of 20 distinct apertures in rows of five, each aperture being of the size of the bore in a rifle. Prussian artillerymen are engaged in oiling and polishing up these mitrailleuses; a in seeing that the metal boxes in which the charges are inserted drop into their places pro perly, and that the screw by which the instrument is dis , charged is in proper working order." ti NEWS FROM BELEAGURED PARIS. The Daily News has a letter from Paris dated Tuesday. As all communication with the capital has been cut off since Sunday, this epistle is interesting and its trans mission to the Daily News an interesting feat. One of the most noteworthy portions runs thus ;—As for meat, the Government, to whom all the cattle and sheep belong, have fixed the price at which the butchers are to sell it. Paris meat will not bear comparison with London meat, but as far as price goes we are better off here in the midst of siege than you are in London. It is ordered that for the present beef shall be sold as follows— namely, all the prime joints at 2 francs 10 centimes the kilogramme ; all the secondary joints at 1 franc 70 cen times; and other pteeces at 1 franc 30 centimes. For the filet, however, and what is here called the false filet—that is, the rump-steak—the butchers are allowed to charge what they please, Then fcpt mat - on—joints of the first close, 44162 as 4 3 0 atia 4addlee, are to be sold, and are geld, .0 l franb mutinies the kilogramme ; joints dt the second cfrag§ ishoulders), g 1 franc 30 centimes ; and those of the third class, as the bseast, the neck, and the trimmings, at 1 franc 10 centimes the kilogramme, in studying this list of prices, let me remind you that the kilogramme is not merely, as we roughly reckon, the equivalent of two English pounds, it is three ounces and a fiaction more. Also, in making the comparison with English prices, it may be well to remember that a franc is not worth tenpence = it is not worth more than ninepence-halfpenny. The result you will find to be this—that the best beef is nine pence a pound, and the best mutton eightpence. How long these prices are to rule of course no one knows. They may be raised in a few days. In the meantime there is no lack of animal food, and the supply of bread is unlimited. For wine the Prussians outside may envy us ; the water runs free ; and, altogether, Paris seems to be unusually healthy. When I came here first the death rate by small-pox alone was 300 a week, and I knew friends in London who would gladly have come to see Paris in this its great crisis, but they were afraid of the terrible disease. Either the small-pox has disappeared, or we hear nothing of it. People forget of be ill in this war. The small-pox has taken fright, and apparently has fled with the emigrants to other lands. Would that other diseases would flee in like manner, but most of all the disease of inveterate mis government. The Parisians are this morning in great expectation, waitin for the return of Jules Favre from the Prussian headquarters, and bringing with him, as they imagine, the assurance of an armistice. Another illusion. M. Favre and the Parisians may depend on it that the Prussians have not come here for nothing. Whatever may be the expectations of the success of diplomacy at the headquarters of the King of Prussia, they are not supported by any success of arms. The fight of yesterday at Chatillon is anything but satisfactory. It appears that originally General Trochu, having reviewed his forces, determined to defend Paris without the help of an army outside. He made up his mind to give up all the strong places beyond,the line of the forts. Suddenly came Ducrot from Sedan in the guise of a peasant. Here was a general - fit to be trusted with a command outside of Paris. Ducrot should have an army of 50,000 men to defend certain heights. They came to a trial yesterday, and the most important incident of the day is the flight of the Zouaves—the boasted Zouaves—without firing a shot. They ran into Paris amid execrations and hootings. They have been arrested in great numbers, and it is proposed to shoot them— at least to make a good example of them—in the Champ de Mars. The young Moblots did better, they stood their ground ; but the result of all is, that the army of Ducrot has retired behind the forts, an& General Trochu falls back upon his original idea of defending Paris by itself. Talking of the young troops who have stood so well in comparison with the Zouaves, let me say that the most despised class in Paris has commanded the greatest admiration in this war. I think we shall hear no more ridicule of the Cocodes and the Petits Ordv4s. Just as in our Crimean war we ex pected nothing of the effeminate Guardsman, and in actual trial he turned out to be the bravest of the brave, and every inch a sound-hearted Englishman —so of the young Parisian swells, who were contemptuously called Petits Creves, who had sCarcely energy enough to drive themselves to the Bois, whose highest am bition wail to be ruined by some Wallachian or Slavonic beauty, who ruined their constitutions with absinthe and cigarettes, and who knew of no amusement equal to Baccarat—they have won golden opinions in this war, they have fought like men, they have shewn all that we understand by that most mysterious word—pluck. No more are our Guardsmen laughed at by comic writers, and I doubt if the is` swell will be laughed at again. However, it is pretty certain that with the disappearance of the Empire the true Parisian swell will no more exist. S , DIEN , SAT URDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 1 7ti. THE SPEECH OF HERR JACOBY. The following are the principal points of the spee-ch delivered by Herr Jacoby, Deputy of Berlin, at a recent meeting at Koeingsberg, for which he has been arrested : —" The chief question. the only one whose solution is in discussion, is this : Has Prussia or Germany the right to ' appropriate Alsace and Lorraine? We are told that Alsace and Lorraine were formerly part of the German Empire. France became possessed of them by perfidy and treason. Now that we have conquered the French it is only just and equitable that we should retake our own property, which is their prey. Gentlemen, do not allow yourselves to be misled by such words. If all the empires of the world were offered to you do not let yourselves be seduced into adoring the idol Force. Analyse these phrases, and you will find that they are nothing more than a disguised apology of the old right of the cannon ! Alsace and Loriaine, they say, were German property, and must be again German. But we ask, have they not inhabitants, and have these inhabi tants no voice in the matter. The most obstinate annexa tionist must, however, confess that the Alsatians and inhabitants of Lorraine are French' in heart and soul, and wish to remain French. Whatever. their errors in respect to us it would be an act opposed to all human laws to make them Germans by force, and to incorporate them in spite of themselves with Prussia or any other German State. An old German proverb, which by its' truth deserves to be universally accepted as a moral law, says, ' That which you would not others should do to you, do not do to them.' What would our national Liberals say if Poland one day should be victorious, and claim to annex in right of cannon Eastern Prussia and 'Posen? Nevertheless, much more conclusive arguments could be brought for ward to justify this annexation than those in favour of annexing Alsace and Lorraine. No, gentlemen, it is our duty to oppose these tendencies cf national egotism. Let us remain faithful to right principles in public as in private life. Let "us' proclaim loudly our conviction that any incorporation of foreign territories against the will of their inhabitants, is an attack upon the rights of nations to dispose of themselves, and, con sequently such an act is to be condemned, and is fatal to its authors. Let us not be led away by the intoxication of triumph, and let us protest against all violence towards the population of Alsace and Lorraine." The following resolution was adopted by the meeting : —" The members of the popular party (volksparteis) here assembled express their conviction that neither the declaration of war by Napoleon, nor the feats of arms of the German armies, have given the conqueror the right of disposing of the political destinies of the inhabitants of Alsace and Lor raine. In virtue of the right of populations to dispose of themselves, and in the interests of liberty and peace, we protest against all forcible annexation of French territory." A RUN THROUGH FRANCE A correspondent of the Daily News, who has made a journey through Franco, from Lyons to Calais, gives some interesting particulars of the state of affairs at the former town :—The German, and to some extent the English English, papers, kayo attempted to make nut that Lyons is in a state of insurrection against the Government at Paris. This is not the case. I left . Lyons on Sunday morning having spent several days in the town. On Thursday (this day last week) the municipal elections were held, and the result was the return of most 'or the members of the " Commune," or committee which had been directing the government of the town. They obtained, indeed, a majority upon the Council. It is true that these persons are members of the Interna tional Working Men's Association, that they prefer the red flag to the tricolour, and that they have not much confidence in the politics of Trochu or Jules Favre ; but it is not true that they reject the authority of the Govern ment of National Defence. The town was quiet, except for the noise of the cannon in the forts which were firing for practice without inter mission The whole of the male population was under a ms, although the greater number were provided only with muzzle-loading smooth-bore guns. Most of the battalions carried the red flag, and only a few the tri colour, but there did not appear the slightest jealousy between the partisans of the two flags ; 5,000 men were engaged in the Valley of the Rhone at "throwing up earth-lines, and the city was fully determined to resist, in the event of a corps d'arm4e being sent against it. About 40,000 regulars were in the town, but the whole of these were either young engages volon taires, or old soldiers who had returned to the flag. The former predominated, and it will probably be some weeks before they can be looked upon as soldiers. I shall ho giving your readers " news " when I tell them that for the last month Lyons has been in Africa. The explana tion is that it counts as Africa for military service in order that the Algerian depots may be concen trated there. The only troops who were leaving Lyons were those who were being sent to Belfort, a place of which I think you will hear more before the war is over. On leaving Lyons I came, with much delay, by way of Moulins, Nevers, and Bourges, to Tours. In each of these four towns, as in Avignon, Blois, and pos sibly some others, there are about 10,000 men of the same character as the 40,000 whom I left at Lyons. I travelled a portion of the way with a general officer who \Vas coming from Oran. He assured me that matters were serious in Algeria. In Oran itself there had been a rising of the Spanish and Italian colo nists, which had been put down with but little loss. He said, however, that papers had been found which showed that Prussia had a hand in the affair. The Foreign Legion, which contains a good many Germans were in a state of mutiny, and upon the frontier the Arabs were blockading the towns, and had cut off some convoys of powder, flour, and oats. THE BESIEGED FORTRESSES. With regard to Strasburg a French official telegram asserts that on the night of the 17th-18th the Germans attempted an assault, which was repulsed with enormous loss to the assailants. We doubt this, for, as we announced in yesterday's "Diary," we had news from the camp of the besiegers, which was to the effect that a breach had been made, and a lunette captured, and made no mention of an assault. On the other hand we are inclined to view the following Lombard-street telegram as equally untrue. It is dated Cologne, 22nd September, and asserts that_" the commandant of Strasburg is confined to the citadel, the only place of refuge now remaining," and adds that "the surrender of the town is hourly expected." How can the commandant, by which is, we suppose, meant also the garrison, to be shut up in the citadel if the town has not been taken ? The attack, moreover, seems to be directed against the citadel, so that portion of the fortifications would fall first. The French flag has, notwithstanding, to all appearances, very few days more to wave over Strasbourg. The besiegers- are looking forward with great interest to the employment of the monster balloons which are to be used to drop shells filled with nitro-glycerine on the magazines. We suppose, hewever, that they have either proved a failure, or are not yet ready, for they were to have been tried a day or two ago, and we should have heard .of the results had they been im portant. The fire of the garrison is reported to be spasmodic, which is attributed to the want of trained gunners. Some marine artilleristi belonging to the Rhine gunboats are, however, in the fortress to the number of 300, so the probability is that the fire is intermittent because General Ulrich wishes to husband his ammunition. The mud in the trenches appears to have been terrible, inflicting great suffering on the besiegers, and impeding the progress of the works. The information from the be siegers' camp before Metz states that the German soldiers are badly off for provisions, and that there is a great deal of fever, cholera, and dysentery. There seems to be no immediate prospect of Marshal Bazaine's capitu lation, and in spite of all that has been said he does not appear to be reduced to extremities. Prince Radziwill, a chaplain in the German army, who was taken prisoner about the time of the battle of Gravelotte, declares that there was an ample supply of everything in Metz except sugar, of which two lumps only were given. It was said in the town, he informs us, that there were provisions enough for a long time. Since then the army has been greatly diminished, and even allowing for considerable exagge ration, we can well believe that a town which was the principal depot of the army contained enough food to last a three months' siege. As for ammunition they seem to have plenty, for the latest telegrams assert that they keep up a fire' all day. The Prussians are threatening Orleans. They have occupied Pithiviers, and as they appear to contemplate an advance, all neighbouring de tachments of soldiers have been summoned to Orleans. At all events the railway traffic beyond Blois has been suspended. Pithiviers, we may mention, is twenty three miles north-east of Orleans. Toul still caused the Prussians great annoyance on account of its obstructing the railway traffic. We have received a confirmation of the intelligence that the assaul,t made on it on the nights of Sunday and Monday last were repulsed with great loss to the assailants.—Standard. GUARANTEES OF PEACE. Le Salut Public, a Lyons paper, thinks it is not impos sible that the King of Prussia may agree to an armis tice which will result in a peace, only he will exact gua rantees for the execution of the conditions of the treaty to be made. In examining these .conditions and guaran tees it believes that for the present all tends to shew that the King of Prussia has renounced the idea of annexing Alsace and Lorraine. In fact these unfortunate pro vinces are treated by his officers as if they were conquered countries, and there are no acts of violence or exaction to which they are not subjected. It is well known that Sovereigns do not pave the way for annexation by devastation and by committing acts calculated to produce feelings of hatred and vengeance in the minds of the population. From all this it may be inferred that the Prussians have at last realised that annexation can only be the result of a coup de force, whose effects would not last very long. The chief thing to consider, therefore, will be the war contribution whose figure must be discussed, and to which France will in all probability submit with a good grace. As for the guarantees, it is possible that King William may not consider the Government of the National Defence suffi ciently strong to guarantee a treaty, but a Constituent Assembly will shortly be convoked, and after the prece dents of 1848 this assembly can in some fashion improvise a strong Government, asit will be founded on universal suffrage. If King William is really desirous to come to a pacific settlement, he will accord an armistice of suffi cient duration to permit the formation of a definitive Government. M. Jules Favre's recent circular is well calculated to inspire confidence, and if the Foreign Cabinets and the King of Prussia resist such an appeal, there will be nothing to look for but a desperate re sistance. PRUSSIAN ARTILLERY. A Lyons journal gives some accounts of the Prussian artillery, taken from the work of Captain Schott, Profes sor at the military school of Erfurt. It advises the General, officers, and others who occupy important places in the army of Paris to read the translation of the work, for they will gain most important information with respect to the enemy's movements. French publications respecting portable arms and the Prussian artillery, have generally treated almost exclusively of the needle gun and the cannons used in campaigns, but all must ad mit that the time has come for paying particular atten tion to the German materials for siege, hitherto little known. Steel, bronze, and cast iron are the metals em ployed in the fabrication of the Prussian pieces of ordnance in campaign and in siege. Steel, by its tenacity, admits of a reductiOn in the size, and consequently in the weight of the pieces ; while, by its hardness, it pre , serves the chamber of the gun frOm deterioration. It has been chosen for these reasons, to the exclusion of all other metal, for the cannons used in campaign. The Prussians likewise employ steel in the manufacture of new pieces of ordnance for siege, but from motives of economy they still keep in use and manufacture bronze ordnance with the metal found in the material that is cast aside. All the smooth-bore pieces of ordnance are muzzle-loaders, and all the rifled pieces of ordnance are breech-loaders. The field artillery consists of steel cannon, which *ow cylindrical shells of from four to six kilogrammes. The siege artillery consists of steel, bronze, and cast-iron rifled cannon, of smoothbore howitzers, and cannon in cast-iron, of shell mortars in bronze and cast-iron. Some of the rifled siegeannon throw cylindrical shells of 28 kilogrammes. SWISS FEELING TOWARDS FRANCE. The special correspondent of the Independanee Belge, writing from Berne, on September 16, says that more than 20,000 Germans expelled from France, who had during the preceding week passed into SWitzerland, had not only been very well received by the people, but had been cared for at the expense of the Confederation. The greater part of them passed by Neuchatel, and among these was an old woman 106 years old, who had lived in Paris since the age of 25. All the emigrants were not entirely Ger man. There were Hungarians, Austrians, and German- Swiss, among them. One of my friends who had lived in France for nearly twenty years, being concerned in a large commercial establishment, and though he had married a Frenchwoman he was expelled, first from Strasbourg, and then from St. Etienne, where he had business, his life being in danger ; and yet he had always lived on the best terms with his French neighbours. Such facts as these, which have unhappily occurred all over France, have produced a painful impression in Switzerland. As for the struggle itself, opinions are pretty equally divided. In Tessin, owing to St. Gothard, in East, and Central Switzerland, on account of the iniquitous origin of the war, the sympathies are ivith the Germans. In West Switzer land, on the other hand, all wishes are for the French Owing to identity of language and ideas. But since the proclamation of the Republic there has been a change in the feelings of German Switzerland, and it may even be said that to-day the Confederation is unanimous in its goodwill towards France. It is only natural that the new Republic should be welcomed by her elder sister. People here are apprehensive of a too great development of the power of Germany, and, above all, of monarchical Ger many. In this respect the annexation of _Alsace and Lorraine would be looked on with disfavour. If too strong, Germany would become arrogant and domi neering, as France was, and the Swiss would pass from Charybdis to Scylla. For my own part I believe these fears are groundless, as the Germans are pacific by temperament, and more modest than France ever was, but this opinion is not general. Pell mell among the Germans expelled from France thousands of Frenchmen also took refuge in Switzerland after the Republic was proclaimed, some flying from the war and the others from the Redp. To-day a first detachment of 800 Strasburghers arrive in Switzerland. Our town has undertaken to lodge 500 of these unfortunates. GERMANY AND THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON COLOGNE, WEDNESDAY. The attitude of the German press has been so remark able during the last few days as to lead almost to the conclusion that the diplomatic leaders, who have great control over the press, are .- in doubt as to the proper course to take after their suc cesses. One day the newspapers inform us that the Emperor will be restored; the next day they declare that Germany will never attempt such an enterprise. Yesterday they assured the world that Germany can have no dealings with a Republic ; to-day they are equally precise in affirming that it matters not whether France be ruled by one set of men or another so long as the Fatherland gets what she requires. In short on one point only are they at one—and that is, territory, territory must be given up. Even on this point there is some quarrelling about the item of Metz, some organs urging that a town so purely French ought not to be annexed, but only dismantled; otheys urging that without Metz Germany would never be safe. It seems quite certain that the Prussian diplomatists axe much embarrassed by the establishment of a Repubilc, and would willingly bring about a different result, if they could, though they may not be disposed to go the length of restoring, or trying to restore, the Emperor. Indeed, the papers are very hostile to the ex-sovereign just now ; so far from treating him as still the ruler of France, they seem to have received an order to counteract the decidedly bad effect of certain declarations that the Emperor will be restored, and they are accordingly writing away with much vigour about the wickedness of the man who played for such a'very high stake and lost it. The Nogne Gazette, for in stance, improves the occasion by declaring its belief • that France will never accept the Napbleons again in 1870 as she did the Bourbons in 1814. It appears to us im possible, on account both of the German and of the French nation. True, if the French have not had enough of the troubles which the despotic Government of Napoleon 111. has brought upon them, if they have determined to give the throne either to him, or to little Louis baptised with fire at Saarbruck, we must let it be. We will not mix our selves up in the internal affairs of France. But we regard such an event as altogether impossible. No Government in France has fallen so disgracefully as that of the Second Empire. Napoleon 111. had ceased to reign before he was deposed. As soon as he was taken, the first and best politicians of Paris constituted themselves as a Provisional Ministry, or as a GoVernment of National Defence, and no hand was raised, no shot was fired, not even a good word was said for the dynasty. It is to be regarded as a moral impossi bility, that the man to whose military incapacity the French ascribe their defeats, can ever, or at least at the present time, return to the Tuileries. And equally impossible is it that we, whose country has been filled with blood and tears through these senseless adventures, can lift a finger 'to set him or his race on the throne of France." The article, which looks much like a regular manifesto, proceeds to speak of the position of the Provisional Government, and insists that, not being recognised all over France, it cannot be accepted as the exponent of the national will. It adds that Count Bis marck, with perfect justice, refused to receive M. Jules Favre at headquarters as the fully endowed Foreign Minister of the country. If this statement be correct; there is at once an end of all hope from the negotiations now going on. The war must proceed until France can find a Foreign Minister whom Count Bismaick is willink to receive. -It would be interesting to know why M. Favre, in such a case; was received at all. It seems to be a lamentable waste of time. The Cologne Gazette then proceeds to speak of the terms, remarking that Germany will have all German soil, all that is really such, but not one foot more. The Westphalian Gazette speaks to much the same purpose. It remarks that Germany will have Alsace, and that strip of Lorraine which speaks German. Meta must be dis mantled, and then the city will be restored to the Freneh, to whom, it undoubtedly belongs. "Metz would never become German ; it would als;vays remain a thorn in Ger man flesh." THE BATTLE BEFORE PARIS, (FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.) PARIS, SEPT. 20TH, 1870. General Ducrot, with three divisions, attacked the Prussians yesterday, in the woods of Clamart, Verribres, and Meudon. The enemy opened an overwhelming artil lery fire, The Gardes Mobiles mistook the 16th Regiment of the line, who were thrown out as skirmishers, for Prussians, and fired into them, when a retreat was ordered. The enemy gained the heights of Meudon and Saint Cloud, and his artillery opened on the French, who were composed chiefly of Gardes Mobiles and reserves, whose retreat became un manageable, though it was protected by the guns of Fort Montrouge. The Gardes Mobiles who arrived in Paris declare that the Zouaves ran away. The Prus sians are on the heights of Meudon. The troops of ' Generals D'Hagues and Caussade, who were with Ducrot, behaved badly under fire. Those of General Ducrot behaved well. There has been no communication from Paris to the outside by telegraph, or railway since one o'clock yesterday. I shall try to send this by private hand. Jules Favre left on Sunday for the headquarters of the King of Prussia, and has not yet returned. [The above letter is of as late date as anything that has yet been smuggled out of' Paris. A previously written epistle is also enclosed in the same parcel. It is dated Sunday, and says that the Mobile Guards were about to elect their own officers, the complaints of the inefficiency of those already appointed being just. General Baron Ambert, a chief of section for the defence of the capital refused to say " Vivo la Rdpublique !" alleging that the Republic had not been confirmed by the nation. He was arrested by National Guards and taken to the Ministry of the Interior. When our correspondent wrote the General was still there. M. de Keratry, the Prefect of Police, was likewise arrested on sus picion by some persons who did not know him. It was some time before he was able to prove his identity. The Prussians were concentrating 100,000 men at Versailles. The palace will be turned into barracks. The English, Russian, and Austrian Ministers have left for Tours; but the others remain in Paris, and have informed the Government that they will continue to do so. Strasbourg is resolved to hold out whilst man or cartridge is left. General Uhrich has been wounded. In. a postscript our correspondent adds that General Ambert has been dismissed, to be replaced by a Republican.] THE STATE OF LYONS. The Salutation Public. of Lyons, of the 18th, publishes an article on the state of the town, from which it appears that the newly-elected municipal council entered on their functions on September 16, and very soon discovered their office was no sinecure, for they assembled at three in the afternoon, and did not break up until midnight! They began their discussion by the question of substituting the tri colour for the drapeau rouge which has floated over the town since the overthrow of the Empire, partly from the ex cessive tolerance of the National Guard and partly from the desire to avoid a conflict which might lead to disas trous consequences. The Salut Public declares that as soon as a regular administration' was installed at the Hotel de Ville it had full confidence in universal suffrage, and believed that it would establish institutions secure alike from a coup d'etat from above and surprises from be low. The fear of extreme measures has, says this journal, wrought great mischief. At the time of the Plebiscite, in last May, the terror of social disorganization and a despotic, perhaps even sanguinary Republic, threw back to the side of the Empire seven million electors, of whom the greater part regretted having no other choice. Terrible disasters have followed, in which the overthrow of the Empire and the establishment of the Republic has nowhere been marked by disorder, excepting at Lyons, where the muni cipal council will soon put an end to the tumult, which had its headquarters at the Hatel de Ville. Everywhere else throughout France the people have remained calm, and we can face these interior questions with confidence. - Formerly too much was thought of etiquette and external appearances. Now we are face to face with the reality. Let us accept the new regime without, any arriere pewee'. We wish to encourage no reactionary policy, but only to see Paris follow the exam ple of other towns in order and intelligent patriotism. Another account a day or two later says that the Muni cipal Council has met twice every day since the election, but they have not yet taken any active steps, contenting themselves with general discussions, whilst waiting till their number was completed by the elections now pending. THE PEACE NEGOTIATIONS, The London correspondent of the Birmingham Post telegraphs :—" M. Jules Favre has satisfied the King and Bismarck that the conditions of peace ac cepted by the present Ministry would be recommended by them, and ratified by the Constituent Assem bly. The conditions of the prescribed armistice are unfavourable to France. The German troops will go into quarters in the villages around Paris, and are neither to be attacked by French troops nor harassed by Franc-tireurs. In order that Prussia may not be placed in a worse position by the armistice, she will employ the interval in bringing to Paris, Metz, and other besieged places heavy siege guns, tents, huts, and material of war, She will not prosecute the siege of Paris, in order that the French Government may com municate freely with the electoral bodies. Nor will she continue to bombard Metz or Strasbourg; but she will not relax her grip of those cities, and the French Government will use its influence with the commandants to suspend hostilities and sorties during the armistice. Count Bismarck insists on the line of the Vosges, the whole of Alsace and German Lorraine. Metz and Stras burg, more strongly fortified, would be held by Germany as fortresses of the first class,and as material securities against future aggressiveness on the part of France. The French Minister is willing that Metz, Strasbourg, Thionville, and one or two other frontier fortresses should be dismantled, but declares that France would rather continue the war than suffer herself to be humiliated by the cession of so much territory. So little importance is attached, at Ferrieres, to the amount of the indemnity, that it is be lieved the King and Count Bismarck would forego it al together if the material guarantees demanded by Germany are conceded. A correspondent of the Manchester Guardian writes : Count Bismarck received M. Jules Favre most cour teously. He told him that Germany did not seek to humiliate France, but must demand a material guarantee against future war. No definite basis of peace was agreed on. In case France should accept terms, Bismarck will treat with the Republican Government when he is satisfied it is stable for treaty. The Journal du Havre says that General Uhrich has been wounded in the shoulder and in the foot. It is announced that the armament of the Lille fortifi cations is completed. There is an enormous stock of cartridges in the place. Herr Wickede, writing to the Oo logic Gazette, mentions that the Post Office officials in Lorraine have refused to resume their functions, which they were directed to do by the German authorities, for fear that this might prejudice them hereafter. Prussian officials have, therefore had to be introduced. The Prussian Government has made inquiries in all the German towns which possess picture galleries in order to ascertain what objects of art were taken from them at the time of the French invasion, with a view of restitu tion being made at the approaching peace. The town of Frankfort has already made answer that, in 1796, the French took from one of its churches a work of Piazzetta which the inspector of- the museums of Frankfort found afterwards at Lille. The Eleeteur Libre says that a person who left Metz on the sth gives an excellent account of the state of affairs in that town. The shops are open, and the citizens who have enough leisure from the defence works attend to their business as usual. The troops have the greatest confi dence in their Marshal, who continues to attack the Prus. glans. Provisions are plentiful, and munitions are abun dant. It is not impossible that Marshal Bazaine may soon be able to effect a diversion from the siege of Paris. One of the Germans expelled from Paris was the archi tect Jenck, who is well known at Brussels and Cologne by his numerous works. He has joined the head quarters of the Crown Prince, where he has been of great service, both by his technical knowledge and his acquaint ance with the customs of the people. By his advice many edifices have been saved from destruction, or, at least, sustained only partial injury. In this respect M. Jenck found the greatest support from the Crown Prince. The Paris correspondent of the Salut Public, of Lyons, who is now at Tours, says that great spirit and activity are being shewn in the provinces, and the whole west of France is one vast camp. Toulouse, Nantes, Angers, Rochefort, and la Rochelle, in particular, are manifesting great ardour. The same correspondent, in alluding to the state of opinion abroad, says that in England there is a marked reaction from the policy favoured by the Queen, who does not conceal her Prussian sympathies. She is governed by one fixed idea—" Albert would have been in favour of the Prussians." Mr. Gladstone is acting vigorously on behalf of peace, while Lord Granville,Jvho Was at first undecided, is : now equally energetic in the same cause. published The Mayor of Paris, M. Etienne Arago, has Pu"' is a decree which orders that the Place Royale should hence forth be called the Place des Vosges. A person who l e ft M e t z on th e fifth of Septembe r say that the town i s i n an exce ll en t condition, and troops continue to display the greatest confidence their commander. There are plenty of provisions an t, war ammunition, and M ars h a l Bazaine will in P r° f ability be abl e s h or tl y t o ma k e a di vers i o n in the sieg e ° Paris. So many detachments of troops have reached Ly?tu.! from MacMaho n ' s army that people are convinced ue . number of those esca p e d f rom th e powe r of the ene nlY greater than they had supposed, and that 40,000 Pris e l lets will be too high an es ti ma ti on t o ma k e , f a r from doubun,. that amount. Those who h ave r eturned declare tb st . when the first surprise was over, the men kept UP a con stant flitting from the ranks of the prisoners. The ambulance of the French press has reached Br un sels, and stayed at th e Abb e y o f C am b ra y. This a w n lance has rendered important services. It is conduatehe by the learned Professor Saze. The chaplain is former confessor of Princess Charlotte, Abbe Dorareen e t l e This ambulance of the press was made prisoner on battlefield at Pont-h-Mousson, and conducted to the frontier by the Prussians. It is new about to return 0 : the field of honour. Th ese gen tlemen came fr t b e Macoya. In consequ ence o f th e transportation a fur wounded to 4, foreign land there is n° to ther occasion for their services. They return h Paris, where they will unfortunately find only too inucd opportunity for the exercise of their intelligence 3n devotion.' The French plan of national defence is said to b e t d ° concentrate the Mobiles and young regulars now sca tte l, e , over the southern tow ns . Thi s f orce will wa it until : 1 1 j ' , latest possible moment, in o r d er t o ga i n time for but when one of the great outer forts of Paris has bee n taken, and the bombardment o f th e t own begins , army will march north against the Prussians. One of Count Bismarck's sons, who was wounde d ' io L4 staying at Nanheim, a f avour it e wa t er i ng place n i e .be Frankfort, where, un d er th e care f u l nurs ing ef s s Countess and his sister, he i s ma ki ng favourable progrfeeiv towards recovery. The King surprised him 3 es days ago by sending th e y ou thf u l h ero his li e utenan t commission, which he had mad e ou t f or him as a re ad for his gallant and intrepid conduct. A Paris innkeeper, hoping to turn the calamity to O a profit, advertises in a F renc h p a p er . "To trave llers desirous of witnessing the bombardment of Paris, C ri °M. fortable apartments, protected from hostile shots. u s i: riages for visiting the fortifications always at disPe sa a The situation of the hotel is extremely favourable an secures entire safety from shot o r shell. Underg round (sous so/) rooms for vi s it ors p ar ti cu l ar l y sens itive to „ ward impressions." The Frankfurter . Zeitung says that a few days g i n , il Napoleon paid a visit in g rea t p om p to Wilhelm sth which, under the r u l e o f hi s unc l e Je rome , was nam eja .a Catherine's Valley. He rode with eight of his officers a char-h-banc, d rawn by f our h orses . Th ree officers , i n full uniform, followed the carriage, and beside it rode °lleo of the high officials. The carriage was driven bY ttle postillions, and preceded by an outrider. The cortege passed on slowly, in order to gratify the sig': a i ssers on the route with a good view of his Ira Peri Majesty. The Potpie Francais points out that the resources do France are yet far f r o m ex h aus t e d. "W e ar e about tf have under arms the class of 1870. The 150,00 0 Me n c . which it is composed are to be assem bl e d i n their resP e b, tive depots. From the sth t o th e 25th o f this ro nt ,„ t from Algiers and severa l o th er p o i n t s, we s h a ll see bout 50,000 disciplined t roo p s arr i v i ng . H ere a re 2 00 r" men, who will form an army b e l ow th e L o ire. Ad d t iT ° these figures 200,000 G ar d es M o bil es w h o are still in en gaged, the 300,000 t roo p s , N a ti ona l an d M o bile erna o occupied in the defence of Paris, and all together inT"' up an effective . force of 700,000 men . H ere is a forc e re ; spectable enough to allow us to await the issue of ev ent without disquietude." t Mr. S. J. Capp er wr it es f rom N a ncy 61 , 1 a y although the people of Al sace ar e e vident' s ; attached to France, a n d wou ld no t make ! I lia effort to reunite their country with Germany, h e not find a trace of that indignation against GerinsAl and that determi na ti on t o rema i n a portion e . France, of which we h ave h ear d so muc h. One old rest. dent at Hundsbach expressed his opinion very concisely' " Whoever has Hundsbach has me ; whether the Fre ne or the Prussians have Al s ac e , all is one to me; wh ees ' r a re has it, the peasant will h ave t o p a y th e t axes , which °— heavy enough." And so they leave the Governme nt tr° settle the matter.—Daily News. The 84c/deutsche Presse draws a comparison between the income of the e x -E m p eror o f t h e F renc h a nd th at ~ enjoyed by divers c l asses o f hi s su bj ects. A wo rkwoni°' t of the lowest class earns about fourpence a day, a pea 5311. two and a-half francs ; a wor k man (t own ), three fran cs ; a Deputy, 40 ; a Bi s h o p, 65 ; a S ena t or , 80 ; a Arm iste a d 410 ; a Marshal of Fr a nc e , 500 ; an d th e Emperor b . /1 for his pay 154,383 francs a day I A comparison the German States, says this journal, would reveal i a n gn astonishing contrast to these ineq ua liti es . Even n f land there is no such differen ce b e t ween th e earningT:l the lowest and the highest mem b ers o f th e State, `. England is always looked up on as th e El D ora do of so cial inequality. " Without a doubt," says a Prussian writer in ~,t , i r. b B P Cologne Gazette, "we are l oo k e d upon as savage s and " - d a barians ! and th e f ew F renc h peop l e w h o h ave r emain ' e in their houses are rejoiced at finding how harmless Wr are in our communications with them. The whole of on troops rem ar k th e bitt er enm i ty an d h a t re d sli evio po them by all th e f ema l e sex . B u t on ly th e o ld W ill ; have remained b e hi n d ; a ll the young ones have been fully hidden away. Thus, for instance a few days ag° w- T ,„ officer's servant came to his master—a member of tu" general staff—and, putting on a comical look, said, `L iell i tenant, when I went up into the loft t o ge t so me stra w found two pretty girls hidden away amongst it, who cc° menced to cry most bitterly when they saw they wer e clis T , covered. Would you lik e t o see th em ?" Cover them again with straw and leave them alone,' was the r eply' ° the lieutenant. It is, however, astonishing where all b : people can have go t t o. M any, as before said, ay ; hidden themsel ves i n th e woo d s, b ut a ll o f t h em c ould n°,,, have sheltered th ere , an d if they have gone on to Pd:," they will largely increase the consumption of provisions. M. de Villemessant, the editor of the Figaro, has t 131 ,,„ e t i with an unpleasant adventure at Grenoble. He alig ht at the Hotel Monnet, followed, like th e ex - em p e ror, hY a numerous retinue. In the salle of the restaurant tOt young men, speaking of people who w ere l eav i n g pare s this time, cast great blame on the fugitives. It is n' d known if the name of M. de Villemessant was p r onounc e ° . or not, but the next day he me t one o f the Y° llll 7, men and demanded an explanation. " Monsieur, replied the other, "it was not I who made t h e assertion in question, but I am quite ready to take responsibility of it. M. de Villemessant said he did n° desire to have an affair of honour, but to meet with an explanation. At that time he could not fight a duel, f or he had received, the other day at Nice, a blow from * cane, which dep r i ve d hi m o f f ree d om o f action. W hat be wanted to say was that he did not fly from danger, for," % e i intended to start the same evening for Paris. It is a d % that M. de Villem e s san t' s j ourne y did no t, in all Pr bability, t a k e p l ace, f or hi s name has d i sappear ed n,- the Figaro as its editor. Neither has he been seen again at Grenoble, although report sa id h e cou ld b e found in i ts environs. [ADVERTISEMENT.]—HoIIoway's Pills and Ointmen t : e s Flatulency, Nausea, and Indigestion.—Nothing dep the mind more rapidly or wears ou t th e b o dy much fo o d. than a stomach incapable of fully digesting its L e _." Indigestion renders life so mi sera bl e th a t f ro m it WV most of the suicides which daily shock our nerves., h is Holloway's pills be taken regularlyr the digestive org*ii-t.: these melancholy symptoms will soon cease andgPenl ere and able thoughts succeed the dismal forebodings en by 'dyspepsia, which drive the sufferer to miser.Y. s ibr despair. Holloway's priceless preparations, by hi l o ng acting on the liver and other internal organs, hav e bey stood prominently forward for the w on d e rful cures t have effected. L TH im. S s, Ealing, Mrs. wr.3 1 7 . On 0n the tri theheilila 2lst u27Eihos is qf a inst.o f . a , aatt son. H the daughter. B e I c ß kfield, the wife of John I‘,-1.- MARRIAGES. On the 21st inst., at Powyke, Wo rces tershire, Wil lia c il 33 o ! eldest son of Peter INclaren, Esq., Highfid, e° f bury, Manchester, tb Frances Major-General Hinde, C.B. t hird Op. the 20th inst., at Giggleswick, Francis Henry, t son of N. Atherton, Esq., Portland-place, Br i g hto, Anne Elizabeth, the second daughter of the late gel" Robinson, Esq., The Terrace, Settle, Yorkshire. • DEATHS. elds - On 5 t 9 .,. Mr. Robert Arnold, of Sp italfi • On the 21st inst., at 28, Kentish-town-road, Mr. John Budden, aged 84. . of London : Printed by GIDEON ACLAND BOYCE, t No. 112, Strand, Printer, and Published by bn2 Tax SUN Office, No. 112, Strand, in the Precin ct of the Savoy, n the County of Middlesex. Saturday, September 24, 1870. .......... -----..... •••,.... .....s_ C' " Yea Terra ( Aar G. I to Gre, Galler C R %ell 4 RA (110xa NI Tli L_ I 1I `1