The Sun. — London, England, 1870-09-15 00:00:00

qj VHF, UN, LONDON SEPTEIVIB . , :87U move r , nee less, ciose o ls bound up with that of the nafosted organism. Yon atm familiar with whet happens in vaccination. A minute cut is made in the skin, and an infinitesimal quantity of vaccine mat ter is inserted into the wound:* Within a certain time a vesicle appears in the place of the wound, and the fluid which distends this vesicle is vaccine matter, in quantity a hundred or a thousandfold that 'which which was origi nally inserted. Now what has taken place in the course of this operation? Has the vaccine matter by its irritative property produced a mere blister, the fluid of which has the same irritative property ? Or does the vaccine matter contain living particles, which have grown and multiplied where they have been planted? -The observations of M. Chauveau, extended and confirmed by Dr. Sanderson himself, appear to leave no doubt upon this head. Experi ments, similar in principle to those of Helmholtz on fer mentation and putrefaction, have proved that the active element in the vaccine lymph is non-diffusable, and con • sists of minute particles not exceeding 1-20,000 th of an , inch in diameter, which are made visible in the , lymph by the microscope. Similar experiments have proved that two of the most destructive of epizootic diseases, sheep-pox and glanders, are also depen . - ' dent for their existence and their propagation upon extremely small living solid particles, to which the title of micros/dozes is applied, In both cases it is the solid living particles which are efficient ; the liquid iu which they float, avid . at the expense of which they live, being /alto gether passive. Now arises the question, are these microzymes the results of Homegenesi.g, or of Xelogenesis ; are they capable, like the Porulee of yeast, of arising only by the development of pre-existing germs; or may they be, like the constituents of a nut gall, the results of a 'modification and individualisation of the tisanes of the body in which they are found, result ing from the operation of certain conditions? Are they parasites in the zoological sense, or are they merely what Virchow has called heterologous growths ?" A parasite may be stamped out by destroying its germs, but a pathological product can only be annihilated by remov ing the conditions which give rise to it. It 'ap pears to me that this great problem will have to be solved for each zymotic disease separately, for analogy cuts two ways. I have dwelt upon the analogy of pathological modification, ..which is in favour of the xcnogenetic origin of microzymes ; but I must now speak of the equally strong analogies in favour of the origin of such pestiferous particles by the ordinary process of the !generation of like from like. It is at present a well-established fact that certain dis eases, both of plants and of animals, which have all the characters of contagious and infectious epidemics, are caused by minute organisms. Th e smu t o f wheat is a well-known instance of such a disease, and it cannot be doubted that the grape-disease and the potato-disease fall under the same categorii. 'Among animal', insects are ; wonderfully liable to the ravages of contagious and infec tious diseases caused by microscopic Fungi. It has been ascertained that when a spores falls upon the body of a fly, it begins to germinate and sends out a process which bores its way through the fly's skin ; this, having reached the interior cavities-of its body, gives off the minute floating corpuscles which are the earliest stage of the Empusa. The disease is " contagious," because a healthy fly coming in contact with a diseased one, from which the sporebearing filaments protrude, is pretty sure to carry off a spore or, two. It is " infectious. ' because the spores become scattered about all sorts of matter in the neighbourhood of the slain flies. The silkworm has long been known -to be subject to a very fatal contagious and infectious disease called the mus cardine. Audouin. transmitted it by inoculation. This disease is entirely due to the development of a fungus Botrytis Bassaina, in the body of the caterpillar ; and its contagiousness and infectiousness are accounted for in the same way as those of the fly-disease. But of late years a more serious epizootic has appeared among the silkworms; and I may mention a few facts which will give you some conception of the gravity of the injury which it has inflicted on France alone. The 'production of silk has been for centuries 'an important branch of industry in Southern France, and'in the year 1853 it had attained such a magnitude, that the annual produce of the French sericulture was estimated to amount to a tenth of that of the whole world, and represented a money value of 117,000,000 of francs, or nearly five millions sterling. What may be the sum which would represent the money-value of all the industries connected with the working up of the raw silk thus produced is more than I can pretend to estimate. Suffice it to say, that the city of Lyons is built upon French silk, as much as Manchester was,upon American cotton before the civil war. The new disease of the silk worm-. is, in' every respect, comparable •to the cholera among mankind. But it differs from the cholera, and, so far, •is a more formidable disease, hi being beriditary, and in being, under some cir cunistaneee, contagions, as well as infectious. There can be no reason, then, for doubting that, among insects, contagious and infectious diseases, of great mali , - nity, aro-caused by minute organisms which are produced from pre-existing germs , or by Homogenesis ; and ther e is no reason, that I know of, for believing that what happens in insects may . not take place in the highest animals. Indeed, there is already strong evidence that some diseases of an extremely malignant and fatal cha racter to which man is subject, ar© as much the work of minute organisms as is the rebrine, or last silk-worm disease. It seems to me impossible to dis believe that the lamentable mortality which so frequently dogs the* footsteps of the most skilful operator, and those deadly consequences of wounds and injuries which seem to haunt the very walls of great hospitals, and are, even now, destroying more men than die or bullet or bayonet, are due to the importation of minute organisms into wounds, and their increase and 'multiplication: and that the surgeon who saves most lives, will be he who best works out the practical consequences of the hypothesis of Redi At the conclusion of the address Earl Derly, proposed a vote of tbanks to the new president. This was seconded by the Mayor, and carried with great enthu- - • - - THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION, 1 which, any which reaches the diameter of a human red- The fortieth annual meeting of the British Association :blood-corpuscle ' or about 1.3200 th of an inch, is a giant commenced at Live r p oo l yesterday., when Professor Stokes It is only by bearing these facts in mind, that we can vacated the presidential chair in favour of Professor deal fairly with the remarkable statements and specula, . Huxley, whose inaugural address was anticipated With Jetfoils put forward by Buffon and Needham in the middle of the eighteenth century. Led by various theoretical great interest, Prep ara ti ons f or th e com f ort an d con venience of the numerous visitors had been devised -on a considerations , which I cannot now discuss, but liberal scale by the authorities and inhabitants of the which looked promising enough in the lights of that day, hospitable town. The arrangements, too, for the business . Buffon and Needham doubted the applicability of Redi's portion of the proceedings had - been carefully hypothesis to the infusinial animalcules, and N ee dh am very properly endeavoured to put the questi on t o an ex associates' tickets had b een b r i s k, organised. Though th e sa l e o f mem b ers ' an d perimental test. • In _much .of ' his work Needh a m was it was not thought associated with Buffon, and the results o f th e i r experi that the gathering wo u ld b e a ver y l arge one. The first meeting of the G enera l C omm itt ee was h e ld at ments fitted in admirably with the great F re n c h na t ura li s t' s hypothesis of " organic molecules," aecordin to which, one o'clock, under the pre s id enc y o f P ro f essor S to k es. e life.is the indefeasible property of certain indestructible There was a considerable attend ance o f mem b ers, amongst them being Professor Huxley, P ro f essor Philli ps, P ro - molecules of matter, which exist in all li v i ng thi ngs, an d fessor Rankin, Sir John B owr i ng , Professor Tdal Mr, have inherent activities by which th e y are di s ti nguis h e d Bateman; C.E., Sir R o d er i c k Murchison Professor from not living matter. It will b e p erce i ve d th a t t hi s Roscoe, Mr. Gassiot Mr. Glaisher yn ex-Con- doctrine is by no means identi ca l - w ith Abi ogenes i s, w i t h structor Royal Navy. The la Mr. Reedssistant Secretary which it is often confound e d. O n thi s h ypot h es i s, a p i ece ' of beef,- or a handful of hay, i s d ea d on l y i n a li m i te d read the minutes of th e l as t mee ti ng h e ld a t sense. The beef is dead ox, and the hay is dead grass; Exeter, which were duly aproved and confirmed • but the " organic molecules" of the beef or the hay are and in reply to one of the members who complained of not dead, but are ready to manifest their vitality as soon the course pursued ;at Exeter, it ,was stated that ample provision had this year been made for the. use of the use as the bovine or herbaceous shrouds lu which they e of anthropol og i s t s h o ldi ng a separate section, The. report are imprisoned are ren t by th e Macera ti ng of the council was read by th e secre t ar y. A mongs t It s action of watet , Tice hypothesis therefore mast suggestions was one to the e ffe c t th a t th e pl ace wh ere the he elasaffied un d er X enogenes i a rat h er t h an Association meets should be decided upon a year earlier under Abiogen es is, fi nc h as i t was, I t hi n k than at resent. It is propos4 th e r e fore that two of the it will appear, to those wh o w ill b e j us t enoug h t o remem invitation ps to be received at the present , meeting be ac. her that it was propounded before the birth o f mod e r n cepted, one for 1871 and another for 1872. The chemistry and of modern optical arts, to be a most inge report also recommended that th e assoc i a ti on nious and suggestive speculati o n. O nce more , an It a li an , should obtain (if its relations with the Observatory at the Abb6 Spallanzani, a worthy successor and represen tative of Redi in his acutene s s, hi s i ngenu ity,' and his Kew be discontinued as proposed a t th e en d o f 1872 ) a central office in London. This pr o p osa l was l ou dl y learning, subjected the exp er i men t s a n d th e conc l us i ons cheered by the members pre s ent. P re f essor Phillips p that ro- of Needham to a searching c r iti c i sm . It m i g ht b e t rue Needh posed the adoption of the r e p or t, an d hi s resoluton being as he hadam's experiments yielded results such described, but did they bear out seconded by Mr. Galion, was carr i e d, su bj ec t t o a his arguments ? It must be ad m itt e d th a t th e slight amendment affecting one o f th e ru l es . The treasurer's acc oun t was th en presente d , experiments and arguments of Spallanzani furnish a and the report of th e K ew comm itt ee rea d. complete and a crushing reply to thos e o f N ee dh am . B u t the advance of science soon shew e d th a t th oug h N ee dh am large number of the m e mb ers p rocee d e d t o St. George's At the conclusion of th e G enera l C omm itt ee meeting might be quite wrong, it did no t f o ll ow th a t S pa ll anzan i was quite right. Moder n c h em i s t r y, th e bi r th o f th e Hall, where the statue of Mr. Gladstone, erected by sub- latter half of the eightee n th cen t ur y, grew apace, an d scription, was unveiled by the Mayor. Opinions differ as soon found herself face to f ace w ith th e grea t p ro bl ems to the success of the artist, M r . W. Adams, in catching which biology had vainly tried to att ac k wi th ou t h er h e lp, the happiest''likeness of the P rem i er , b u t t a k en as The presence of free oxygen app eare d t o b e one o f th e whole, there is no doubt th a t th e s t a t ue i s. one The that will be generally a pp rec i a t e d b y. th e pu bli c , conditions of the. existence of lif e , and of those singular changes in organic matters whi c h • are known as It pourtrays the Premierln the robes of the Chancellor of fermentation and put re f ac ti on . Th e ques ti on o f the Exchequer and it i s placed in close proximity, to the late Earl of Derby, Sir Robert Peel, and Mr. Robert the generation of infusory animalcules assented to Stephenson, The mayor, in performing the ceremony of b Needham thus p asse d i n t o a new ph ase . uncovering the statue, . paid a warm tribute t o A The battle had to be fought again. It w as nee df u l t o Gladstone and referred with prid e to hi s connexinr l , repeat the experiments under condition s w hi c h wou ld o with Lancashire, He was f o ll owe d w ith speec h es f rom make sure that neither the oxygen of th e a i r , nor the Professor Huxley and other vi s it o r s an d i n h a bit an t s o f th e i composition of the organic, matter wa s a lt ere d n such a borough. - - matter as to interfere with the existence of life. Schulze Colonel and Schwann took up the qu es ti on f rom thi s p o i n t o f v i ew Wilson Patten, M. P and Sir Stafford Northcote in 1836 and 1837. C on t em p oraneous l y w ith th ese Sir John Lubbock, Mr, Sackvi . lle Russell, and other ;dies: investigations - a remarkable discovery was made tinguished visitors are iu Liverpool, f or th e p ur p ose of by Cagniard de la Tour. He found that comm on attending the Congress. A pl e a s i ng indication-of the yeast is composed of a vas t accumu l a ti on o f m i nute success of the meeting is afforded by th e f ac t th a t upWards plants. The f e rme n t a ti on o f mus t , or o f wort, of 2,000 tickets had been s o ld on Tuesday evening. Last evening the new President deliv ere d th e annual address in the fabrication of wine and of beer, is always accom panied by the rapid growth a n d multiplication of these in the Philharmonic Hall, to a brilliant audience. Amongst those on the platform and in the room were Torulce. Thus fermentation, in so far as it was acCom- Earl Derby, Earl Stanhope, Sir J. Colonel panied by the development of miscroscopical organisms in. Wilson Patten, M.P., Mr. Cross, M.P., Sir Lubbock,R. Murchi- enormous numbers, became assimilated to the decomposi tion of an infusion of ordinary animal or vegetable son, Dr. Hooker, Professor Phillips, Sir Stafford North cote, and Sir J. Bowri ng . matter; and it was an obvious suggestion that the organisms were, in some way or other, the causes both of Professor HUXLEY received an exceedingly warm recep- fermentation and of putrefaction. The chemists, - with tion when, Professor Stokes having vacated the chair,' he Berzelius and Liebig at their head, at first laughed rose to commence his address. He said :—My Lords, this idea to scorn ; but in 1843, a man • then Ladies, and Gentlemen,—lt has long been the cue- very young, who has since performed the un torn for the newly installed President of the British exampled feat of attaining to high eminence alike in Association for the Adva ncemee d of Science to take ad-, M a th ema ti cs, Physics, and'Physiology,—l speak of the vantage of the elevation of the position in which the stiff- illustrious Helmholtz—reduced the matter to the test of rages of his colleagues had, for the time, placed him, and, experiment by a method alike elegant and conclusive." casting his eyes around the horizon of the scientific world, Helmholtz separated a putrefying, or a fermenting liquid. to report to them what could be seen from his watch- from one which was simply putreacible, or fermentable, by tower. I propose to endeavour to follow this ancient pre- a membrane, which allowed the fluids to pass through and cedent, in a manner suited to the . limitations of my become intermixed, but stopped the passage of solids, knowledge and of my capacity. I shall Helmholtz's experiments narrowed the issue to this :: that not presume to a tt em pt a panoramic, survey which excites f ermen t a ti on an d p u t re f ac ti on , an d a t t h e of the -wer:-I of science, nor even to give a sketch same time gives rise to living forms in a fermentable, of what is-doing i n th e one great prov i nce of biology, or putrescibie, fluid, is not a gas and is not a diffusible with some portions of which my ordinary occupations fluid ; therefore it is either a colloid, or it is matter divided render - me familiar. But I shall endeavour to put before ' into very minute solid particles. The researches of • ou the history of the rise and progress of a s i ng l e bi o - Schroeder and Dusch in 1854, and of Schroeder alone, in logical doctrine ; and I'shall try to give some notion of the 1859 cleared up this point by ex p er i men t s w hi c h a r e fruits, both intellectu a l a n d p rac ti ca l, which we owe, simply refinements upon those of Redi. It has been a directly or indirectly, to the working out, by seven gene- common objection of Abiogenists that, if the doctrine of rations of patient and laborious investigators, of the Biogeny is true, the air must be thick with germs; thought which arose, more than two centuries ago, in th e and they regard this as the height of absur . uund of a sagacious and observant Italian dity. lint Nature • occasionally is exceedingly naturalist. It is a matter of every day experience unreasonable, and Professor Tyndall has proved that it is difficult to prevent many articles of food from that this particular absurdity may nevertheless lie/ea:nine covered with mould e that fruit, mend be• a reality. . Gls has demonstrated that ordinary,air is enough to all appea,rance, often contains grubs at the no better than a sort of stirabout of excessively minute oore; that meat, left to itself in the air, is apt to putrify ; solid. particles i that these particles are almost wholly and swarm with magyote. The philosophers of Wig/say, , indestructible try heat ; and that they are strained off, interrogated sin to the ianee of these phenomena, were and the air rendered optically pure, by being passed provided with a ready end a plausible aasiver, The through cotton-wool. But -it remains yet in the order of axiom of ancient science, "that the corruption of one logic, though not of history, to show that among these thing is the birth of another," hail its popular emb o di- - so lid destructible particles, there really do exist berms tne.nt in the notion that a seed dies before the young pleat : capable of giving rise to the development of living forms springs from it ; a belief so widespread and so fixed, that in suitable menstrua. This piece of work Saint Paul appeals to it in one of the most splendid out- was done by AL Pasteur in those beautiful bursts of his fervid eloquence t— researches which will ever render his name' famous. 4 Thou fool, that which thou sowest is not quickened, He strained air through cotton-wool, a n d f oun d, as except it die." Schroeder and Dusch had done, that it contained nothing, The proposition that life may, and does, proceed competent to give rise to the development of life in - fluids from that - which - has no life, then, was held highly fitted for that purpose. But the important further alike by the philosophers, the poets, and the people, of the links in the chain of evidence added by Pasteur are three. most: enlightened nations, eighteen hundred years a go ; In the first place, he subjected to miscroscopic examine and it remained the accepted doctrine of learned and un- Unit the cotton-wool which had served as :trainer, learned Europe, through the Middle Ages, down even to and found that sundry bodies, clearly recoani the seventeenth century. It is commonly counted among sable as germs, were among the solid parti the many Merits of our great countryman, Harvey, that cues strained off. Secondly, he proved that- these germs he was the first to declare the opposition of fact to vene- were competent to give rise to living forms by simply rable authority in this; as in otner matters ; but I can sowing them in a solution fitted for their development, discover no ;notification for this wide spread maim. And, thirdly, he shewed, that the incapacity of air strained The main concern of Harvey's wonderful little treatise is through cotton-wool to give rise to life, was not due to any not, with generation, iii the physiological sense, at a ll, occult change effected in constituents o f th e a i r by the but with developnient ; and his great object is the es t a b- wool, by proving that the cotton wool might be die - ment' of the doctrine of epiaenesio. Redi did not trouble reused with altogether, and perfectly free access left himself much with speculative consideration; but at- between the exterior air and that in the experimental flask. tacked particular cases of what was supposed to be To sum up, the effect of the lohg chain of evidence afforded :" - spontaneous generation " experimentally. , Here a re by souse experiments of Pasteur may be stated as follOwS : dead animals, or pieces of meat, says he ; I exposethem It is demonstrable, . that a fluid eminently fit for the de to the air in hot weather, and in a few days they swarm velopment of the lowest forms of life, but which contains with maggots, You tell me that these are generated in neither germs, nor any protein compound, gives rise to the dead flesh ; but if I put similar bodies, while quite living things in great abundance, if it is exposed., to fresh, into a jar, and tie some fine gauze over the top of ordinary air; while no such development takes plaee, if the jar, not a maggot makes-its appearance, while the dead the air with which it is in contact is mechanically leeed substances, nevertheless, putrifyjustin the same way as be- from the solid particles, which ordinarily float in it, .and fore. It is obvious, therefore, that the maggots are sot gene- which may be made visible by appropriate means. It is rated by the corruption of the meat; and that the cause demonstrable that the great majority of these particles -•: of their formation must be a some thi ng w hi c h i s k ept are d es tructible by hat, and that some of them away by gauze. But gauze will not keep away aeriform are germs, or living particles, capable of giving rise to bodies, or-fluids. This something must, therefore, exist the same forms of life as those which appear when in the form of solid particles too big to get through the the fluid is exposed to unpurified air. It is demonstrable, gauze. Nor is one long left in doubt what these solid that inoculation of the experimehtal fluid with a dvq,P,of particles are ; for the blowflies, attracted by the odour of liquid known to contain living particles, gives rise to the tho meat, swarm round the vessel, and, urged by same phenomena as exposure to unpurified air. And it is a powerful but, in this - case misleading instinct, further certain that these living particles are so minute lay eggs, out of which maggots are immediately that the assumption of their suspension in ordinary 'air hatched, upon the gauze. The conclusion, therefore, presents not the slightest difficulty. On the contrary, is unavoidable; the maggots are not generated by the considering their lightness and the wide diffusion of the Meat, but the eggs which give rise to them are brought organisms which produce them, it is impossible to con through the air by the flies. These experiments seem ceive that they should not be suspended in the atmosphere almost childishly simple, and one wonders how it was in myriads. Thus, the evidence, direct and indirect, in that no one ever thought of them before. Simple as they favour of Biogenesis for all known forms of :life are, however, they are worthy of the most careful study, must, I think, be admitted to be of great weight. for every piece of experimental work since done, in regard On the other side, the sole assertions worthy of attention to this subject, has been shaped upon the model furnished are, that hermetically sealed fluids, which have been ex by the Italian philosopher. As the results of his experi- posed to g reat and long-continued heat, have sometime s meats were the same, howev er var i e d th e na t ure o f t h e exhibited living forms of low organization when they have materials lie used, it is not wonderful that thei r ar ose i n been opened. The first reply that suggests itself is the Redi's mind a presumption, that in all such cases' of the probability that there must be some error about seeming production of fife from dead matter,. the real these experiments, because they are performed on an explanation was the introduction of living germs from enormous scale every day, with quite contrary ' results. without into that dead matter. And thus the hypothesis I must carefully guard myself against the supposition that living matter always arises by the agency of pre-ex- that I intend to suggest that no such thing, .as abiogensis isting living . matter, took definite shape; and had, hence- ever has taken place in the past, or ever will take place in forward, a right to be considered and a claim to be refuted , the future. With organic chemistry, molecular physi cs , in each particular case, before the pr o d uc ti on - o f fryi ng ' r and physiology yet in tileirinfAnCyr, and every daymaking matter in any other way could be admitted by fearful Prodigious strides, I think it would be the height of pre reasoners. It will be necessary for me to refer t i c, thi s „gumption for any...lean -to; say -that the conditions under hypothesis so frequently, that, to save circumlocution, 1 which matter assumes the properties we call " vital' may shall call it the hypothesis of Biogenesis ; and I phan not some day be artificially brought together. 'All I f ee l term the contrary doctrine—that li v i ng ma tt er may let4proa justified in affirming is, that I see -no reason for believing diced by not living matter—the hypothesis of Abiogenesis. that the feat has been.perforined yet. And, looking back In the seventeenth century, as I have said, the latter was thrOuglathe piodigious vista of the past, I find no record the dominant view, sanctioned alike by antiquity and of the 'commencemnt of life, and therefore lam devoid by authority ; and it is interesting to observe that'Redi of any means of- forming a definite conclusion as to the did not escape the customary tax upon a discoverer of conditions of its appearance. Belief,' in the scientific having to defend himself against the charge of impugning sense of the word, is a serious matter, and needs strong the authority of the Scriptures ; for his adversa r i es d e - foundations. To say, therefore, in the admitted absence dared that the generati on of b ees f rom t h e carcass of A o f ev id ence, th at I have anybelief as to the mode in dead lion is affirmed, in the book of Judges, to have been which the existing forms of life have originated, the origin of the famous riddle with which Samsou per- would be using , words in a wrong sense. But plexed the Philistines : expectation is permissible where belief is not ; " Out of the eater came f or th mea t and if it were given me to look beyond the , abyss of geologically recorded time to the still more And out o f th e s t rong came f ort h sweetnegn, " Against all odds, however, Redi, strong with the strength remote period when the earth was passing through of demonstrabl e fact, did plend'id battle for Biogenesis • physical and chemical condition, whi c h it can no more see but it is remar k a b le that he held the doctrine' a g ain than a man can recall his infancy, I- should expect in a sense w hi ch, if he had lived in the to be a witness of the evolution of living protoplasm from would have c ause d him to he claasease atmilnoensg, ' n fo o r t ni li s v o ing fgr eat simplicity, endowed, like existing Fungi, with matter. I should expect to see it appear under the defenders of " spontaneotte generation." Redi also thought that there were two But the power of determining the formation of new protoplasm Biogenesis. By the one method, which iswtoh modesi e- from such matters as ammonium carbonates, oxalates and 6 at o com mon and ordinary occurrence, the livinetartrates, alkaline and earthy phosphates, and water, t gives rise to offspring which passes through the eaireeParc cycle changes . without the aid of light. That is the expectation to which as itself—like gives rise to like • and tigis has l' been termed 4 analogical reasoning leads me ; but I beg you Aomogowia By the other anode, the living once more to recollect that I have no right to call my supposed to give rise to offspring which p.ssieelreetteensh opinion anything but an act of philosophical, faith. ae totally different series of states front those exhibitigeii ' So much for the history of the progress of Itedi's great ! doctrine of Biogeuesie, which appears - to me, with the by the parent, and did not return into the' cycle -of ti limitations T have expressed, to lee victurirms along the parent : this is what ought to be added Heteegeeese,, tine t(' ; offspring twine altogether, and permanently, unlike the' whole lase at the present day. As re g ards th e s econ d problem offered to us by Redi wheth e r ,X e n ogeees i s o b- Parent. The 'term Ileterogenesis, however, h as un f or : Innately been used in- a. d:lferent sense, and M. aillae_ tains, side by side with Homogenesis i wheth e r, th a t i s , there exist not only the ordinary living things, giving Edwards has therefore substituted for it ..YcnorieT teB i s, t rte to offspring which run through the same cycle as which means the generation of something foreign. at emselyes, but also others, 'traducing offspring which The progress of the hypothesis of Bioeenesis was .triiim- researches h a totally different character from, themselves, the )hart and unchecked for nearly a century. The applica es of two centuries have led to a different result. Con of the microscope to anatomy in the hands aoifisCriirieeilivi: But i r f e e approxi v in e a t t l i tf , n to pathology, it offers us some remarkable Leeuwexthoek, Swammerdarn, Lyonet, . lleammtr, and other illustrion's investigators of -nature! ns to true Xenozenesia As I have already mentioned, it has been known since the time of Vallis of that day, disThy e d suc h a . • I , -, 0 • . a ti mi • • meri and of Iteatunur that galls in plants; end tumours in coin eaece,y of or h anis in the lowest 11 '' an ininutest forms and everywhere are by insect ~ . revealed Ruch . a wodie Vi f ' '• . - ' ' cattle, caused which lay their e( , gs in those ot y u provision for their parts of the animal or vegetable frame of which these multiplicatio n b e e l , • of one sort or another, that morbid structure's are outgrowths. Under the influence the hypothesis of ~edits )4enesis began to • appear nut only of certain external otnelitions, elements of the body, which untrue, b l i i it he a i b i st N ird ee : ai li t t n . d i , i a ii: l t d iee p nliddle of ' the eighteenth century,should have developed in due subordination to its general Lion, it was almoqi,iilt,i,v.erTst,t,l_.y, Mutton tools up the ques- plait, set up for themselves and apply the nourishment aisel . ee i t e e. B u t th e skill ivilic'll ti,ey receive to their own pm-wises. From such century ;:oott innocent productions as Corte) and warts, there are all t o •e f a t di e ef i l it i l t7ii 1 .,‘ nii , -;•,,5 i ,',. t .:'., e .: ; ' 14 -' ee '' Ll ' 41X) diameter , wa's a c:cci ,1 . ,:.! , i-'l.f.' Of tho opticia . t; l f li t Si l i i day ; and, at gradations to the setious tumours . ivhiell, by their mere size and the mechanical obstruction they cause, destroy the .93n1 , ,' time, by no means trustwo r th lie are developed;- • fyino.-power of 4.)0 diameters, ev ,„,Y . ',.. R ut a r u." l :.tili- , the . organism out of which t y -iN hile, de ur len rution . finally, in those terrible structures known ai cancers, the i reaches the exquisite per - feel:ion of our 'no louse', hardly suffices for the mere diseernurnace;init}lt :tbno'rmal growth has acquired powers of reproduction and' smallest forms of life. A filtered infusion of hay, allowed to multiplicatiou, and is only morphologically distieguishable stand for two days, will swarm with living things, among, from the parasitic worm, the life of which is neither siasni It was announced that the number of tickets sold were 2,469. The last time the association met at Liverpool the numbers were 1,820. During the afternoon, yesterday, the eta tne of Mr. Gladstone, at St. George's Hall s was " unveiled by th e Mayor of hiverpool. T4E PRIMATE OF ENGLAND AND THE PATRIARCH OF CONSTANTINOPLE. The Archbishop of Canterbury has addressed a long .letter to the Patriarch of Constantinople, who had written expreSsing friendship for his Grace. The following pas. sages occur in the Archbishop's communication In that desire for fellowship which has lately sprung up into more active life within the hearts of Christians, we cannot hut di: tern an omen that a new era of high import and bright pi omise, by God's providence, may soon open upon Christendom. - Christians, we trust, are awakening to more correct notions of the spirituality, the Catholicity, and true unity of that kingdom which our Divine Lord and Saviour came from heaven to establish. Your -Holiness speaks of the persecutiohs which your branch of the Church especially has been called to endure. But-it seems to us that the Church, both of the East and of the West, has passed through even greater perils than the persecutions which Christians from time to time have suffered .at the hands of the heathen. Gross ignorance haS'overspread even Christian nations, and men bearing the name of Christ in dark times have confounded truth with error, and have been forgetful of the purity of the Gospel of Christ .alike in doctrine and in practice, and of their allegiance to the only one uner rip,'o Head of the Church, the Lord in he aven. We rejoice, therefore, that now by the spread of the Holy Scriptures among all nations the thoughts of men should be brought more distinctly back from all merely human systems to the teaching of Christ and His Apostles. We in England thankfully remember how much we owe to the Churches of the East for preserving to us in their purity, the ancient records of the Apostolic Itith. Your Holiness, doubtless, feels with ourselves, and with the Church over which God has called us to preside, that the benefits which th e Church Catholic can confer on mankind are not connected with the past alone, but that it has a great place assigned it both in the present and in the future. While it holds fast to the central truths of the Gospel, it must adapt itself, in the spirit of the Apostle of the Gentiles; to the wants of a changing age, by meeting the demands of growing thought, by promoting education, by preaching peace in the midst of discord, by allying itself with pro gress, by travelling in company with euligtenment, free dom, and civilisation. • THE HERTFORD ESTATE. This magnificent property, which for nearly two cen turies was owned by successive peers connected with the Seymour family, has at length fallen into the hands of a commoner; Mr. Richard Wallace, as this son of the late Marquis of Hertford is called by his English friends, is said to be highly educated, and to have been hardly less respected at the Imperial Court than was his father. He is upwards of 40 years of age, connected by marriage with a high family, and has several children. Much specula tion is abroad among the tenantry as to whether the new owner of the property will be even an occasional resident among them. The income of the estate averages pretty close up to £1 an acre, or a uet rental of sixty thousand a year, and it is hoped that the inheritor of such a princely fortune will be led to think that some respon sibility is attached • to his position; and that if ho is legally entitled to draw that amount from the people' who till his land, he will learn that he is morally bound to spend a portion of his time among those from the fruits of whose toil he derives that income. The per sonal property of the late marquis in cash alone, invested in the funds and lying at his bankers', is said to have exceeded £1,000,003. Thirty-four years , ago, when known as Lord Yarmouth, he purchased ie very hand some residence of Bagatelle at a cost of 320,000f,......11e subsequently made so much improvement on tilt:Amuse and grounds that its value has been more than doubled, His othet creased. house property in Paris .hadequally His pictures form one of the finest collections possessed by any peer of thew realm ; but it is still unknown to whom Bagatelle and the paintings have been left. The Prince Im perial was said to have been the heir of the property in Paris, as well as of the Fine Arts Gallery ; but we are in ehned to think .that Mr. Wallace will have these as well as the Irish estate. The English property that goes with the inarquisite brings in a .net rental of .E 5,000 a year. This is small as compared with what the present marquis had been led to look for at the death of his relative; but to one who had never had the tenth of that income it should be a. pretty fair share of the world's good things. There is the greatest speculation among the Hertford tenantry as to the possible results of the change of owners —the religious denomination to which the new landlord belongs forming no slight element in the curiosity which is felt as to the future regulations of the estate.—Yorthei.n ir'lciJ. The death is annowice.l ul the Rev. Charles king-tdn, 8.0. L., oue of the canons of Cl).iehe:Atou Cathedral. THE .WAR, PARIS, TUESDAY. Peace, says the Figaro, has for the last eight days . resembled a wandering fire which alternately approaches us and eludes ou<grasp. In any case, since the Parisians I are resolved to resist an attack, they do wisely to prepare for the struggle. The grand review of the National Guard of the Seine and of the Garde Mobile, which took place to-day, shewed that Paris does not lack defenders, and that the spirit of her people is thoroughly roused. Before eleven o'clock the 135 batta lions were massed on the Places de la Bas• tile and du Chateau d'Eau. The boulevards, were lined with troops, from the Bastile to the'Arc de Triomphe. Several battalions were in plain clothes, with rifles, but neither pouch, belts, nor side arms. There were 200,000 men under aims, The want of police to regulate the traffic was much felt. As soon os the general . and Ids stall had passed the streets became blocked with curbs and troops returning from the review. In front of the New Opera .H.ouSe a National Guardsman was crushed between two carts. Several battalions marched to the Statue of Strasburg on the Place de la Concorde, and de posited bouquets of flowers amidst shouts of "Vive la Republique!" " Vive Strasbourg !" and the singing of the " Marseillaise." The popular enthusiasm was 'immense. The windows in all directions which could command a view were put in requisition, and , when General Trochu and his staff, preceded and followed by mounted gendarmes, passed down the ranks a universal shout of " Viva la Repub lique ! Vive Trochu ! " was raised. The Cosetitutionnel in its account cills this acclamation a solemn and fervent oath, which each one made' to defend Paris and France. , The scene was a brilliant one, notwithstanding the anxiety which depresses the great city, and many of the Gardes had their gnus ornamented with little flags and flowers. Some of them had not yet obtained their uniforms, and were clad in the ordinary cap and blouse of the civilian. The General passed along the Champs Elysees and the quays on either side of the river. He returned by the Rue de Rivoli, where three other battalions awaited him. The whole course took just three hours, and the good order observed, notwithstanding the excitement of the people and the number of armed men, was something surprising. The chief source of diecomfurt was the dust, for the days of public watering are over, and every street and avenue was clouded with it. A besieged city has not much time for the refinements of civilised life, but the Journal Officiel tells us that the Government has just taken a wise and necessary measure in instituting a hygienic commission to take charge of n utters affecting the public health. Two other decrees just issued are likely to prove beneficial. One of them abolishes the commissaires of the cantons, who acted for the most part as official spies, persecuting every one who opposed the Government, however well disposed morally, and taking 'no trouble about real offenders. The other decree pro claims the complete freedom of the printer and bookseller. The Sieele while rejoicing over this concession to the press demands that the printer should no longer be held responsible for the works he prints. The armourer, it argues, is not respon sible for the persons who buy his arms, and break the limiting laws by using them. The colporteur should also be allowed free scope as he carries intellectual life into the provinces. Several decrees connected with the arrangements for the defence of the capital appear almost daily. The important and long-looked for notice that on Thursday the gates would be closed, and no one allowed to pass in or out without special permission has been affield, and has seemed to bring the end nearer. The Ministers of England and Italy have declared they will not leave until the last mornent, though Lord Lyons has despatched the married members of his Embassy homewards. Tours is to be the diplomatic place of resort, and the Government will be represented there by M. Crdnaieux, Minister of Justice, during whose absence M. Lehmann, one of the advocates of the Court of Cassation, will discharge his duties in Paris. The Criminal Chamber of the Court of Cassation having bee consulted by M. Crdmieux respecting the proposed re moval; declared their willingness to serve the Government in any place, but said they did not think the necessities of their office required the removal, and they considered it more worthy the dignity of the first judicial body of the country to share the perils of the capital. The new Garde des Sceaux having consented to this, the criminal conrt will continue to sit in Paris. What is more important, we are informed that the Provisional Government has made arrangements by which it can communicate with the rest of France during the siege of Paris. The Minister of War will remain in the capital, and pro vide for the wants of ti.e service, but General Lefort, with twelve employes, will go to Tours as representative of tie Ministry, and will decide on necessary points, his decisions receiving the signature of M. Cremieux. The archives of the Ministry of War and of the Ministry of Marine, which include some very valuable historical documents, have been removed from Paris, and taken to a place of safety. Other national treasures of the same kind will probably follow them. Portugal has recognised the Republic, and Senor Lan caster, the Charge d'Affaires of the Lisbon Government, has addressed a complimentary letter to M. Jules Favre, who has, of course, returned a suitable answer. These daily adhesions of foreign governments to the new regime are of great importance. but France would gladly see England, Russia, and Austria follow the examples of America, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Belgium, and Portu- gal. There has been some disappointment occasioned by the exaggerated accounts of the interference of the Washington Cabinet on behalf of France. Some persons went so far as to say that the United States had threatened an armed intervention Prussia did not immediately withdraw her troops from the soil of the new Republic. However, the population of Paris are very sensible of the moral support given by the States, and everything American is at the height of popularity. A grand demonstration was made yesterday before the American Legation, which took its origin,it seems, in a visit paid by Mr. Washburn to the central telegraphic office. While the Minister was sending his message, he was, it seems, recognised by some of the employo, and the word soon ran through the establish- went. So spontaneony awlenthusiastic was the ovation he received that , Mr. Washburn was deeply moved. As soon as he left the building the employ& clubbed together to purchase two mag nificent flags, one French the other American, and being reinforced from tlxe suburban offices they started for the American Legation. There were about 400 of them, but long , before . they reached their destination they Were joined by G-ardes Mobiles and National Guards, so that more than a thousand per- cons presented the flags to Mri Washburn. He crossed them in token of the alliance of the peoples and em braced then) several times. His address has been already printed. In the course of it he said the young Republic has united undissolubly with the elder, and declared he had confidence in the destinies of France/anti of humanitY. The employ& of the telegraph office, before returning, marched in good order to the Place4leia Concorde, and laid at the foot of the Strasburg statue a splendid crown. On returning to the office the employ i 43 were received by the chief superin tendent, and ex.Kessed their desire of placing themselves at the service of the Government f s qr the ziationad defences. The snperintendeut promised them that he wouln only keep those indispensable to the work of the office, and that the others shonld'he immediately armed. A grand mani• festation was also made yesterday before the Swiss Embassy, and an enthusistic address was made to M' Kern, to which he replied In cordial and well-chosen lan- ' • • nudge. rprotest has'been sent to the King of Prussia by the Society of Political Economy and the President of the Presbyterian Consistory. In this the King is warned as to the course which he is pursuing, and adjured to stop the war he is s) ruthlessly waging. The scarcity of paper in Paris causes great inconvenience to journalists. The Hiitoire has suspended its publication in oonseqUonce, and the Libertg is printed on two pages with a notice, explaining the necessity that compels them to resort to the expediency of printing in small type, and compressing into two pages the amount of matter that is contained in fourpages of the old size. A notice is affixed to the Ft;garo, which states that M. de Villemessant is ill and a,b;ent from Paris ; he therefore withdraws his name from the journal. THE FRENCH PRESS ON THE CRISIS. The Soir maintains, in spite of contrary announcements, that negotiations respecting an armistice are being con tinued, but not the less it would counsel the people not to be deceived by any illusory hopes of their issue. Bismarck' is intoxicated with success; and his demands from hence forth will have no limits. All these attempts will resnit -In nothing. The diplomatic world may persevere in its task if it will, but we will continue our works of defence without drawing breath, for safety depends on the adop, Lion of this course,. It is absolutely decided that the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Ambassadors shall remain in Paris. but will their presenos in Paris preserve the capital from the horrors of a bombardment If we ' had before us a humane and civilised enemy there would be no doubt that it would, but the conqueror Bismarck, he who has sworn to carry out the unity of Germany by blood and iron ; he who has burned the town of Stras burg ; is not the man to draw back for such things. The Journal des Debats cannot speak in terms of too much praise respecting the conduct of that illustrious statesman M. Thiers. It trusts that all will imitate his example, and give a cordial support to the men who are charged with the defence of tne country. The Gazette de la France speaks in the most eulogistic manner of the course pursued by M. Thiers, and says that' he Is the statesman who spoke the most energetically against the warlike policy of Napoleon, and that the pre cedent of his famous speech will tend greatly to strengthen his influence with the foreign rowers, to whom his mis sion is accredited. The France, while it approves of the mission, repeats its warning that the, success of the venture must depend on the resistance that is made by Paris. The Figaro says that the notion of peace during the last few days resembles one of the will of the wisps which alternately comes near and goes off in the night. Hopes had been entertained that Prussia, in the face of a Revolution which had made an example of the author of the war, would not desire to prolong the effusion of blood among the two nations, but this philantrophio illusion has been dispelled. The Temps declares that if the misfortunes of France have excited a lively sympathy throughout the world, if foreign Governments are suspicious of the increasing power of Prussia, no sign has yet been visible of a deter mination to act in an effective manner in favour of France, The great Powers of Europe are not in a hurry to follow the example of those States which have recognised the French Republic. Not only have they come to no decision respecting the intervention, but they do not seem to think the moment has come for them to offer their mediation. The Reveil maintains that it is a mockery to put any faith in diplomacy, and to count upon interesting kings as to the safety of France and the preservation of her in tegrity. "If imbeciles and cowards talk of armistices and arrangements," it exclaims, " let us give them up to martial law as traitors." There can be no peace and no treaty for a Republic while the country is invaded, until victory has effaced the traces of defeat, and the debt of blood has been paid. The Journal de Paris calls attention to threats which are used by the press of Germany which has declared that Germany waged war against the French people and not against the Empire. The guarantees upon which they insist are, the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine to Prussia. Prussia requires, in fact, that France should be humiliated, and that Germany should be the predominant power in Europe. • The Departmental Press also considers the state of affairs with respect to mediation. The Phare de la Loire thinks that the Diplomatic inter vention of the United States will be of considerable im portance. The Phare believes that on the question of peace the Government should consult the nation. A short truce might be made and a national assembly be called together whith might sanction, in the name of the nation, the debating of the Treaty of Peace in a Congress. The journal de .Rouen is hopeful as to the establishment of peace, and the Memorial d'Amiens augurs well from the mission of M. Thiers. With regard to the goodwill which is more or less dis played by the Foreign Powers towards the intervention, the .316morial de Lille observes that the greatest obstacle to the establishment of a Conference and the discussion of peace proposals is the Queen of England. It adds that it is strange to see such an influence exerted in a country like England, which boasts of its political regime and of the effete power of royalty at the present day, The Courrier de Lyon says that, happier than Lyons, Paris, Marseilles, Bordeaux, and St. Etienne have preserved the tricolour flag, which is the symbol of order and liberty, and of so many glorious associations. The Gironde inquires what are the German people about, and replies that the perversion of the sense of moral right is a judgment which falls on a nation that re signs itself to the Government of a despot. Affer having been the dupe of Bismarck it has become his accomplice. This soldier people have become so infatuated with their arrogance that they have burned libraries, and fired on one of the chefs d'oeuvres of Christian art. If civilisation which they profess to spread received such men as its apostles, she might hide her head in shame, for the world would no longer belong to her. THE SIEGE OF PARIS. A writer in a Paris journal gives a sad account of the . havoc which has been wrought by the preparations for the siege of Paris. He made an examination of the works of defence on the west of the city. Along the avenue of the Grande Arm& there are traces of the recent encampment. A formidable redan in masonry, with a revetement of earth, has been constructed at the Gate of Neuilly. It is covered with cheveaux-de-frise and im pediments of all kinds.' It does not seem likely that any living being would seek to pass over such ramparts. From this point to the Porte Maillot the desolation is complete. Everywhere houses are falling before the hammer of the devastators. The wood is closed, and through the railing one can see the glacis. Those pleasing bowers of acacias, once filled with crowds of happy people, who came to seek fresh air and shade, enlivened by the dances of young girls and the mirth of children, are no longer in existence. The place is bristling with cannon. But it is idle to regret all this, for it is necessary. In the isles of Neuilly, through the fine trees which abound there, a cannon may here and there be seen. From Courtevoie the writer passed along the Seine to Asnieres. There, again, all proclaimed the approach of war. Asnieres, the joyous shore of the boatmen, is nothing but a camp. The quays are covered with tents and soldiers. .On the Paris side, batteries defend the passage. The bridge is mined, like that of Courtevoie. At this point are places from whence the enemy can easily fire on Montmartre ; these places seem weak, but it is to be presumed that the military sur veyor has noticed them. THE SURD. NDER OF NAPOLEON HI: The Nord Deutsche Allgen - deine Zettung, the organ of Count Bismarck, gives a report of the surrender of the Emperor, quite different from that hitherto published. It states thatnn the request of the Emperor, Count Bismarck rode down to Sedan and met Napoleon on the road near Fr6nois. The Chancellor immediately dismounted, and asked what his Majesty desired. Napoleon 111. asked if he could see the King, and was told that that was not immediately possible, because the King was at Vendresse. He then said that he did not wish to return to Sedan, because he feared an unpleasant reception from the French soldiers, who were angry at the capitulation. The Count then offered his quarters at Donchery, saying that he would at once quit them, The Emperor accepted but after going 200 paces, he asked if he might not rest in a yellow house they saw on the left side of the wood. The Chancellor said it was a very miserable place, to which the Emperor replied that was no matter. He and Count Bismarck then entered a little room, which had but one window, and for furnitureonly a wooden table and two straw chairs, and there the Emperor and Count Bismarck talked for an hour. Then the Count sent for Von Moltke, and the Emperor was removed to the Chateau of Frdnois. in which the capitulation was signed, and where the Em- . peror afterwards met King William. galloons are being called into requisition for the de- fence, and are sent up to survey the enemy. An im mense balloon has ascended from the hill of Mont. tartre. A letter from Vienna to the North-East correspondent says that accounts from Berlin shew that the capture of the Emperor Napoleon is considered in official Prussian circles to be rather an embarrassment than a success. The Prussians are anxious for the immediate end of the disas trous war which is exhauSting all the resources of the country, and keeps all the useful members of the popula tion under arms. The capture of Napoleon, far from hastening the desired end, appears likely to retard the conclusion of the war, because the Republican . Government will in all probability succeed in exciting the enthusiasm of the French people, and will thus provoke a popular war. The official and independent press of Prussia unite in de claring the German people have not declared war against a particular form of Government, but against the French nation ; that the fall of the Empire has not changed the situation ; and that peace cannot be made until after the fall of Paris, and then with a power that has been , regularly. constituted. The conditions of peace must be !tile cession of Alsace and Lorraine, with Metz and Nancy, the fragment of a war cantribution of two thousand' . million, and a disarmanient imposed on France. The. Pope has expressed his_intention to retire to Sals' burg or lusbruck, The Times' correspondent says the principal German Cabinets are making preparations for establishing a co' mon Government and Parliament for all Germany. The French Government has purchased four steam fire engines in England, to be employed in extinguishing fire . that may be caused by a bombardment. A letter from• Captain De Kouveray, in a Nana ° paper, denies the report of the death of General Fai ll Y , as he saw him on the 7th walking near Sedan. The Vossische Zeituog states that Madame Mathilde Heine, the widow of Heinrich Heine, has placed he r house in the Rue de la Courcelle, Paris, at the disposal of the Society for the Aid of the Sick and Wounded- Madame Heine, as is well known, is by birth a French woman. A letter from' Paris, published in the Nord, states that the French General Legrand, who fell at Grave' lotte, has left eleven daughters behind him—unprovid es for. A national subscription has been set on foot for the purpose of obtaining means for their education, and for their marriage portions. The Constitutionnet mentions a rumour which ha s reached it from its English correspondent, that a Prussian corps d'armde has been detached from headquarters t° occupy Havre and Cherbourg, and cut off the French cola * munications by sea. The Messager du Midi states that on the Bth of Septenr ber an alarm was given at Toulon that the convicts ha d broken loose and were in a state of insurrection. The military authorities immediately directed troops towards the prison, but it wrs found the disorder extended only one floating bagne, and even there all resistance was very speedily overcome. Figaro tells a singular..anecdote. One of the Gard e Mobile having fired a shot to test the range of his weapon , saw the dust rise up before him at a few paces distant from him. He advanced and picked up the ball, which proved to be hollow, and consequently had no projectile force. The ball was taken to M. de Keratry, who ga ve orders to arrest the contractor, and appointed officers t° inspect the cartridges distributed to all soldiers. The nearer the approach of the enemy to Paris th e greater the number of families who arrive there with their cattle, their provisions, an d th e i r p ersona l e ff ec t s . t each entry there is an interminable procession of carts with furhiture, forage, and grain. Here and there, in the midst of these vehicles, are poor families, who come on foot carrying in their baskets and in packages household utensils, and leading little children by the hand, altogether affording a most touching spectacle. According to the Cologne Gazette the miscarriage o f the negotiations with Luxemburg and Belgium for the eca . veyance of trains of wounded through neutral territory. has already led to lamentabl e r esu lt s . M an y w ounde d soldiers whose recovery would have been possible, hav e died in consequence of the long transport. It is 111 contemplation, in the interest of humanity, to rale ° these negotiations, especially as a rapid clearance of th e hospitals in the neighbourhood of the fields of battle is urgently necessary. Gustave Flourens, chief of the 63rd Battalion o f the .National Guard of Paris, has published a proclamati on which calls upon the citizens to conquer or die. They are not fighting for France alone, but for the whole of th e , human race, and for R e p u bli can P russ i a i tse lf . Pas: must triumph or become a second Saragossa, burYl n ' itself under its ruin s ra th er th an surren d er i ng it se lf. ‘`", e shall conquer if we have faith in the future a nd uni on among ourselves. To-day we are all French and n othing more, all Republicans and nothing less. Under the title of " Intervention " the Cloche publishea the following rote :—" We call the attention of our reader s to the following news, which we have received frorn source that is almost official : A great personage of Austro was interrogated by a friend concerning the events o f O° day, and said that Austria wa it e d t o i n t ervene un til Russia should declare herself, and that Rnssia is perfect i l prepared to oppose the ag gran di semen t o f P russ i a a nd 0 0 dismemberment of France. She is now ready to enter o n a campaign with eight h un d re d th ousan d men . Gres V events may shortly be expected. The German professor of jurisprudence at Berlin Doe written a letter to the Spenersehe Gazette claiming an demrity from France :—I. Payment of all German via' loans. 2. Pecuniary reparation to the families of soldiers killed or permanently disabled in the war. 3. ConaPe iv sation for all ships captured. 4. Comp en sation f °r damage sustained by acts contrary to the usages of `O' and for the expulsion of German.; t rom France. 5. "' a l; ment for crimes com m itt e d durin; the war, such as murder and ill-treatment of German wounded. 6. Cola'.: pensation for parochial burd ens ca ll e d by th e war , s uch . the support of soldiers and the supplying of horses. The Central Committee of Switzerland has ad • dressed a manifesto to the sections of the 1 - 11 ' ternational, which says that the King of Pruss ia is making war against, the independence of France' Republican France represents liberty in Euroneci while monarchial Germany is the type of despotism an reaction. Republicans from all parts must march to the e defence of the French Republic, The Internationals °I Germany are invited to oppose the military po wer ci f Prussia. The Internation a l sectio n s o f S w it ze rland a s d e requested immediately to convoke popular assemblies, an to proclaim their principles. A letter from before Metz, dated the sth, says " Marshal Bazaine, after being informed of the caPt a , r ; of Napoleon, peremptorily refused a f res h su mmons ' surrender, with the remark that the Empe r o r did n °t concern him in the least, and that he alone had the cola' mand in Metz. The bombardment of th e town With sixty heavy Pru Nan cannon should have begun Yea ter : day, but by the King's special orders it has been sa' . pended, in order not unnecessarily to destroy the tol and destroy life. Bazaine is closely invested by us on e relief is impossible, for there is no army i n all Fraav; which can extricate him, and hunger and privation Inn s therefore, very soon force him to surrender at discretion' We do not wish needlessly to destroy Metz. which, it to be hoped,. will become a German frontier stro ng hold' , f The Prussian Cross Gazette st a t es th a t th e King e a Prussia, on receiving the articles of capitulation, li a j them read out to the Princ es an d St a ff w h o surro unde him, and whom h e th en a dd r9sse d t h us :—" Y ou 11° " , know, gentlemen, what a great historical event has h al ; pened. lam i n d e bt e d f or thi s t o th e di s ti ngu i s h e d fea ts of the allied armies, to whom I feel bound on this oeca . sion to express my kingly thanks ; the more so as t hes e great successes are well adapted mo re c l ose ly to knit " 0 bond which unites the provinces of the North Gerra o Confederation and my other allies, whose nurncr e e. princely representatives I s ee a s sem bl e d rou nd ta i , , We may thus hope for a happy f u t ure . Our ta s however, is not completed with what has occur te o f under our eyes, for we do not know how th e rest France will accept and estimate it. We must, therefore' remain ready to fight, but meanwhile I present lae thanks to every one who has contributed a leaf to tb laurel crown of fame of our Fatherland." The King , speaking these la s t wor d s , res t e d hi s eye spec i a ll y on Fri ll ', Leopold of Bavari a an d P r i nce William of Wiirternberilos to whom he afterwards extended his hand. He a ftersv7 o rode down into the vall e y t o v i s it th e camp o f th e vsr i° 64 army corps, by whom he was enth us i as ti ca lly reeelvva Ou his way, passingthe q u a r t er s o f th e E m p eror ,he him, in order to console him i n his p a i n f u l p os ition. N - i ' ls half an hour's private c onversa ti on th e Ki ng res umed ld ride, and it was then ascertained that the Emperor 14 10 %, be located at Wilhelmshohe, in s t ea d o f, as h a d been pected, at Briihl, near Cologne. [ADVERTISEMENT.—HoIIoway's Ointment and Pill s.'rs One chance of restoration yet remains if the sou ,e,e iful from disease have not yet made trial of these wond e v ia medicaments. This Oi n t men t rare l y f a il s i n renl ° t external ailments ; while th e Pill s are equally efficie ll o r internal complaints. H o ll owa y' s p re p ara ti ons are c c „ 9 ,l posed of the finest balsams, whose action is so reeiPr . : e r. that few diseases can resist their combined curative P" ti st However severe or long-continued the malady, hope l a ir not be abandoned till these noble remedies have bad 3 „ r eet trial, the issue of which will be successful. In s ".. s eo, ulcers, tumours, glandular swellings, and similar dis c ; 11 the application of Holloway's Ointment is followe, t ite the happiest effects, whilst his Pills maintain the aPP' and digestion unimpaired. BIRTHS. AT On the 12th inst., at 19, St. G eorge ' s - s q uare , S.l' •' tll Hon. Mrs. H. Maude, of a daughter. t he On the 12th inst., at 5, Stafford-terrace, Kensingto,%, of wife of Francis W. Maclean, Esq., barrister-at 4s a son. MARRIAGES.I L o u o On the 10th inst., at Palermo, Bray, the Hon. s C. C. Plunket, younger son of Lord Pbmket, to I-J Frances, only child of the late James Hewitt,... „ Es c li or d l On the 13th inst., at Huntington Chapel, near 13-„,er e Charles, youngest son of the late John Darrell, -r 4B „Vest West. Ayton, 'Yorkshire, to Emily Elizabeth, daughter of Charles Harries Jones, Esq., RN. DEATHS. On the 11th inst., at 3, Egremont Villas, Devonsbire' road, Forest-hill, Mrs. Anneam Bridges, aged 64. On the 11th inst., at Lington, the Hon. v• --- Thomas Clifford, aged 74. of London :Printed by GIDEON ACLAND 80 - Y .-G ut fit No. 112, Strand, Printer, and Published by ye THE SUN Office, No. 112 Strand, in the Precinct () Savoy, n the County of Middlesex. Thursday, September 15, 18T0. ~~- 1~ z the Pat 5 -To hat too tteli ehe Poe as NV. Th( thi s th e as adai t th -3,38. Ira, Qik ] /8 . , 401 eft e t ta c i ag. 1141 the 71 °' o 1