The Sun. — London, England, 1870-01-20 00:00:00

SPIRIT_OF TEE PUBLIC JOtratiAt9. FOREIGN NOTES. PARTIES IN THE' 'UNITED STATES. The last scene of a dreadful trageay says the nem a ccor ding to the Washington correspondent of the New has been enacted at Paris. Troppman, the murderer York Times, Mr. Wells's report has given so much offence paid with his life for his monstrous crimes, and this to some of the extreme Protectionists in Con marvellous story of wickedness is thus brought to an end gress that they are anxious to remove him from In France, the execution as well as the trial of criminal' the Government. Mr. Wells is the Special Commissioner is regulated on principles peculiar to the country. The da3 of the Revenue, and it will be remembered that his of execution is always left in uncertainty until the las, report was strongly in favour of a free trade moment, and is never, indeed, announced to the public a, commercial policy being adopted in the States. This all. When sentence of death has been pronounced time i is not the first time that Mr. Wells has combated left for appeal, and then, if the appeal is rejected the cleatl the arguments of the Protectionists, and she wn warrant is despatched to the prison on the nigh) the mischief wrought by the prohibitory tariffs, but he preceding the execution. Even then the criminal is not seems to have excited especial indignation on this occa apprised of the fact. He learns it only by the summons lion. So strong indeed is the feeling that the to the scaffold itself, and with such expedition are the opponents of free trade wish to expel Mr. Wells from proce edings then conducted th at three- q uarters of the Republican party altogether. The correspondent of the minute only are found to elapse between the appearance New York: limes thinks that if Mr. Wells's opinions of the victim on the steps of the guillotine and the fall of are made the test of party, his supporters have no need his head into the basket. Everything is done to bring to fear the result. The most influential organs suffering within the narrowest possible compass, though of the Republicans at the great commercial some horrible speculations have been ventured centres have declared in favour of the Special Commie upon the the success of the system. Illost sioner's doctrines. The press of the west of Illinois, readers will be aware that the guillotine was in " Wisconsin, and Minnesota, as well as that of vented in the days of the great French Revolution ex pressly with the object of depriving death of its pains. If Missouri and Indiana, are also on the same side. The d ea th—or the annihilation of all sense and feeling—does Democratic press throughout the country has, generally ac t u ally follow the separation of the head from the body, speaking, endorsed the recommendations of the report. "The best writers and thinkers," adds the correspondent , then no death could be more instantaneous than that by "as well as nearly all the young blood of the country , are th e guillotine. As we have said, nothing can exceed the rapidity of the process, which is past and gone almost on the side of the Special Commissioner; and to provoke before it can be witnessed. But is that single the active political opposition of this section of the party flash of the knife really sufficient to extineuish would, no doubt, entirely change the complexion of the all sensation? Is there no vitality of any kind next House of Representatives." surviving for a minute, or any number of minutes, in the hee l or the trunk? These are questions which have beef.: argued and discussed by modern physiologists with very different conclusions, and which it would be very ve ry hard to resolve. But it is at least plain that the sub sti Ilion of the infallible action of a machine for the lul u rtatn agency of the human arm was so much gain. What ever may be the incidents of decapitation, it is better, at any rate, that it should be sure and speedy than doubtful or difficult. In the operation of the guillotine there is no room for the effect of nervousness or inexperience—no need even for the infliction of a second blow. THE SPEECH OF THE KING OF BAVARIA. The Bavarian Chambers were opened by the King in person. His Majesty said that the conflict of opinions had attained an extraordinary height, but he was confident the example of moderation shewn by the popular representatives, would tend to restore calmness. With respect to the national question, he said that many minds had been troubled by the apprehension that the independence and autonomy of Bavaria were threatened. This apprehension was groundless. " All the treaties," said his Majesty, " that I have concluded with Prussia and the North German Confederation are known to the country. Faithful to the Treaty of Alliance to which I have pledged my royal word, I shall endeavour, with the aid of my powerful confederate, to accomplish all that the honour of Germany, and of Bavaria in particular, requires. If, on the one hand, I desire to establish a national union of the German States, I shall only give my support to such a German Constitution as shall not compromise independence and autonomy in Bavaria. In guaranteeing to the Crown and the country the freedom of choice, I fulfil a duty not only towards Bavaria, but towards Germany. It is only on the condi tion that the several members of the German family do not abandon themselves that the possibility of a prosperous development of the whole country can be secured." In conclusion, the royal speech mentioned the new features of the Budget. Additional taxation would be necessary on account of increased expenses. The King promised that a new electoral law, based on direct universal suf frage, should be presented to the Chamber, and that new laws on criminal procedure, on the stamp duty, and on the eorganisation of the National Guard were forthcoming. The passages delivered with most emphasis were those referring to the national policy, the new electoral law, and the National Guard. The announcement of the electoral law was very loudly applauded. The Standard remarks that the intemperate zeal of the anti-Ritualists has brought down upon them a series of episcopal rebukes which, it is to be hoped, will teach them to be a little more charitable and a little less intolerant for the future. They have gone to the bishops with a string of frivolous complaints, and have been sent about their business with a sharp rebuff. The attempt to pro cure a kind of quasi-episcopal condemnation of the Twelve Days' Mission was especially in bad taste. It is satisfactory to find from the replies of the bishops of London, Rochester, and Winchester, the three prelates within whose dioceses the mission was carried on, that these ungenerous critics have taken absolutely nothing by their motion. The carping spirit which lies at the bottom of such unworthy cavillings has been strikingly illustrated in two more recent instances in the dioceses of Winchester and Lichfield. Still, we are far from denying that there is a laudable motive at the bottom of some minute objections. The dislike to change is itself a healthy instinct, and the repugnance to anything like a Romeward tendency on the part of the clergy, whether in their ministrations in the pulpit, or in the details of their services, is an impulse which we should be the last to condemn. But we must not start with the assumption that the normal type of English services is absolutely faultless and incapable of improvement, or that it is a faithful representation of the kind of worship which the Prayer-bool: contemplates and 'enjoins, or that every attempt to raise it to the standard of the rubrics is necessarily an attempt to Romanise our worship. The reason and the nature of the changes that are proposed should be fully stated before hand, and the wishes of the congregation should be amply consulted. The result of the contrary mode of procedure is not unfrequently wit nessed in the establisbment of " full choral service " for the benefit of the pew openers and half-a-dozen old women while the " aggrieved " go to swell the congregation of Bethesda Chapel round the corner. We have seen too much of this kind of impracticability and obstinacy on the part of the reforming clergy, and the instances we have quoted above show that there are faults on both sides, and that if ministers can be autocratic and imprudent, congre gations can be excessively unreasonable. The Daily News thinks that the two volumes which Lord Russell has just published are a timely reminder of the trials and exertions of the men who sowed the seed of which the present generation is reaping the harvest. Lord Russell's Parliamentary career has extended over a period nearly equalling the natural life of the illustrious states man who now presides over her Majesty's Government and of the moat distinguished of his colleagues, and it has been fruitful of benefits to his country. In the modest concluding passage of the introduc tion to his speeches and despatches which forms the most interesting portion of the two volumes. the noble lord writes as follows :—" Like my betters, I have been misrepresented and slandered by those who know nothing of me : but I have been more than compere iated by the confidence and the friendship of the best men sf my own political connection, and by the regard and favourable interpretation of my motives which have been expressed by my generous opponents, from the days of t,ord Castlereagh to those of Mr. Disraeli." The tribute which Lord Russell pays to the motives of others may be returned to himself." Who the great statesmen of the past may be with whom he disclaims equality, we need not inquire; nor whom the statesmen of the present to whom he, by implication, denies any superiority. In either cats eery there is no one who, aided by birth and rank, party connection, and social opportunity, has rendered greater services to his country than Lord Russell. If ho has had ampler adventitious advantages than some, he has known now to turn those advantages to account. The present is sot the time to review his career. It may be hoped that he moment for doing so is yet distant. \Vhen it comes, the volumes which he has just published will afford materials for a calm and deliberate judgment. If we have anything to regret in the introduction which, as we have said, forms the most interesting portion, it is that so large a part of it is devoted to a historic narrative of notorious events, and to the discussion of contemporary political t uestions. The anecdotes and fragments of personal biography which are scatterec) too rarely up and down form its chief attraction, The Pall Mall Gazette states that under the new regula tions relating to foreign animals arriving at ports in Great Britain, each kind of foreign animal landed at a landing-place for slaughter (except sheep and swine landed within a defined part of the port of London) are to be marked as follows, viz. :—Cattle : By clipping the hair oil the end of the tail, and by clipping a broad arrow, about five inches long, on the left quarter. Sheep and goats : By clipping a broad arrow, about four Inches long, on the forehead. Swine: By printing a broad arrow, about three inches long, on the left side , with a compound of the following ingredients :- Resin, 5 parts ; oil of turpentine, 2 parts ; and red ochre I part, to be melted and used warm. These regulations ire doubtless necessary, but will they not cause a feeling of profound jealousy to arise between native animals unadorned after this fashion and imported beasts ? Again, we know how eagerly in this country the example of our continental neighbours in these matters i.' followed with an almost servile obedience ' and is there not too much reason to fear that the younger members of our flocks may think it right to appear with similar distinctions? At the same time we can not withhold our admiration of the good taste combined with simplicity which marks these new fashions. The compound of resin, oil of turpentine, and red ochre seem a most admirable mixture, and there will. we conceive, be no objection raised by the authorities to the grace which it is calculated to confer being shared by those members of society who, in the absence of recipes, have had no alternative but to repair to such establish ments as that of poor Madame Rachel, where they be daubed themselves with mysterious compositions, doubtless valuable in their way, but not to be compared for a moment with that which is intended to make our beasts beautiful for ever. ADDRESSES TO THE POPE. Two contradictory statements have been made concern ing the peiLions addressed to the Pope on the doctrine of Infallibility. In reproducing the address of the partisans of Infallibility, the Univers states that the docu ment contains already 400 signatures ; while a despatch from Rome says that 300 bishops have refused to sign the petition in favour of the Pope's Infallibility, and that they have likewise resolved to present a counter address to the Council. Both statements stand in need of confirmation. A sisorLmt CONTRADICTION. A singular story reaches us from Italy. A " Garibal dian Society" has been formed at San Francisco, Cali fornia, which makes the extraordinary condition in its pro gramme that no Republicans can be members. It is not surprising that a request to Garibaldi to allow himself to be nominated honorary president, has elicited the follow ing reply : Caprera, Ist November, 1869. My dear friends,—Thanks for your kind letter of October 3rd. I cannot give my adhesion to a society from which Republicans are excluded, for I hold myself honoured to belong to the purest and the best of institutions—the Republic.—l salute you affectionately, G. GARIBALDI. A POLISH PRIEST IN ROSE. The Cracow correspondent of the Eastern Budget says that the only member of the (Ecumenical Council who is not a bishop at least, is a Pole, Monsignor Sos novski, late of the diocese of Lublin, in Russian Poland. He was threatened with banishment to Siberia, and left his diocese. He has lately furnished some interesting particulars of his stay in Rome, and of a visit which he paid to the Pope. Referring to the state of Poland, his Holiness said :—" I have not the gift of prophecy, and cannot, therefore, foresee what destiny awaits the long tried Polish nation ; but I feel convinced that the plague which the Almighty has hung over her will soon be turned away." At the same time the Pope expressed a desire that Monsignor Sosnovski. though not a consecrated bishop, should take part in the proceedings of the MINISTERIAL CRISIS IN ArSTRIA.. The Eastern Budget contains information from Vienna dated the 18th of January, which states that no decision has yet been come to with respect to the new Ministerial appointments. It is probable that the- whole of the Cabinet will be reconstituted, the President being Prince Adolphus Auersperg or Herr von Hasuer. The Vienna Press states that the municipal council of Prague has unanimously resolved to send a deputation to the Emperor, thanking him for having ordered the publication of the two Ministerial manifestoes. This publication has enabled the people to understand the views of the two fractions of the Cabinet, and is proof of the Emperor's desire for a compromise. This is held to be the first symptom of a conciliatory spirit in the Czech party. TILE EIIPEROR OF RUSSIA. The Patrie contradicts the statements which have been made respecting the health of the Emperor of Russia. It declares on good authority that there is no founda tion for the unfavourable rumours which have been circulated to the effect that he is compelled to lead a retired life, and that well-informed persons who have lately been at St. Petersburg are sur prised to find such reports in circulation. The Empress of Russia is also in possession of good health. It was never deemed desirable for her Majesty to pass the winter in Italy, or at Nice. BRAZIL. The Buenos Ayres Standard of the 14th ult. states that the Argentine troops are expected in a few days from Paraguay, and that preparations are making for their reception. The greater part of the Brazilian forces at Paraguay are about to embark for Brazil, and the Paraguayan war may to all intents and purposes be con sidered as finished. "No importance is be attached to the flying rumours concerning Lopez and his alliance with Indians ; they amount to nothing. Lopez may possibly carry on a desultory guerilla warfare, but this 'can have no importance for the allies : his power is completely and for ever crushed." The Anglo Brazilian Times of December 23rd, mentions as the only news from Paraguay that General Camara's troops had dispersed 1,000 Para guayans who made a raid on the cattle de posit of the Brazilian forces. The reported alliance of Lopez with the Brazilian forces is confirmed by the statements of two deserters who said that the Indians were closing the defiles of their position. This journal contradicts the report that the Brazilian troops will shortly be sent back from Paraguay. The Post observes that an attempt to supply the West Riding of Yorkshire with middle-class schools in connec tion with the Church of England has been set on foot in a conference of clergymen and laity held, under the presi dency of Lord Wharncliffe, at Leeds. Parents who can afford to send their sons to a public school have reason to believe that they will at least have every means of ma king progress if they choose to avail themselves of it. But the lower section of middle-class parents have not this advantage in selecting the private school to which they will send their sons. Something more than knowledge is requisite to constitute a teacher. Bat schools have often been opened without this qualifica- 1 tion, and parents of the class we are considering do not ' discover their inefficiency till they have w as t e d th e i r own money and their children's time. In the South of England something has been done by , opening public schools to correct this evil, and wherever they have been opened their utility has been yo e r r e f h e i s r s e e , dby the support they have received,. with all its energy, and with its greaterfrom the wealth, has as yet done nothing to relieve parents . nee. ,,_ THE RED RIVER REBELLION. sit -of of trusting to their own judgment in the selection As always happens in the case of territories which of a school. It is much the same in the North of England as in the South. From the report of the Rev. Mr. aro difficult of access, the doings of the " Winni- Fitch, who has inspected all the schools of the at We_s o t peggers," as the Americans call them, have been Riding, Lord Wharncliffe quoted the statement_ t i. h i ,.. ,o3 th of much exaggerated. The directors of the Hudson's majority of parents cannot be said to be good j d . Bay Company state that they have received no infor , oration respecting the p di, education and that, of the best means for training the minds and strengthening the faculties of their children, . Sioux Indians..re orted advance of a band of , sum of money had been taken from the company's It was also rumoured that a large they yro no judges at all. There is no reason to doubt that I what'has been done successfully at Framlingham can be done at Doncaster or Leeds ; and there is an earnest of , treasury. The fact is that the company . have no success in the sums which were subscribed before the money at fled River. the company's officers, According dated Fort to a G d li n e e y s , from e Leeds meeting terminated. If the education of the mi ddle classes is to be conducted successfully,the more it is wi th- 14th December,the only d e p re d a ti ons by th e drawn from the hands of private speculators the better. French half-breeds consisted of th e i r h av i ng Cordially, therefore, do we wish success to the educe ,- ti o nal movement which has just been inaugurated at taken . a quantity of provisions and a few Leeds under the auspices of Lord Wharncliffe. In expand- Indian guns. It seems likewise pretty cor ing the area of education it will not only make it more "American Annexation League," efficient, but will give it a dignity which cannot but taiu that the f which so much has been said, consists merely of it exercise a __ beneficial influe;icg upon agyilze QOM within its : gang of those New York reprobates who are alway s _ _.. , , range r . ready to go order° or do anything for mow or THE GREAT EASTERN. Just a shade of uneasiness has been felt about the Great Eastern, which is now on her way round the Cape to lay the Indo-European Cable. She left St. Vincent on the 25th of November, and has not been heard of since. Captain Sherard Osborne explains this lack of intelligence on the around that the route taken by the great vessel is entirely out of the direc tion pursued by homeward-hound ships. Five guineas premium have, however, been paid to effect fresh insurances. Still, there is yet no real cause fcr anxiety. THE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY: A. "SEOTTLA.R" SUNDAY EVtNING. A correspondent of the Pall Mall Gasette gives an account of a Sunday evening with the Secularists : " Curious," he remarks, " to ascertain the exact doctrines of the Secularists, on Sunday evening last we made our way to that dreariest and most wretched of London throroughfares, Old-street-road, in which salubrious locality is situated the temple of which Mr. Bradlaugh is the high priest. Admission is only obtained on the payment of 4d. to the reserved seats, and 2d. to the body of the hall and galleries. The ' hall' is calculated to hold 1,400 person; and on the occasion of our visit was full in every part. The audience in the main consisted of decently-dressed and respectable-looking persons, with a slight admixture of a rougher element. Nor was Mr. Bradlaugh's audience confined to the male sex. Several ladies mounted the platform, and testified their sympathy with him by `nods, and becks, and wreathed smiles;' while in the lower part of the hall were many well dressed women. On Mr. Bradlaugh's appearance he was greeted with several rounds of very hearty applause, and, judging from his self-satisfied smirk as he looked around him, was evidently en rapport with his audience. The lecture was on The Origin of All Religions, which, the lecturer said, took their rise in the' ignorance of mankind and in the attempt to account by supernatural agency for natural phenomena which they could not understand, and that as science ad vanced religion retreated. These opinions were enforced by arguments which Volnoy long ago made familiar. ➢lr. Bradlaugh did not deny that there "might have been a man named Jesus, perhaps hundreds, as Jesus was a very common name,' but the existence of the Christ of the Bible he totally denied. Amidst loud laughter and cheers he illustrated the doc trine of the Trinity by a water-bottle, an orange, and a box, the water-bottle representing the First Person of the Trinity, this legerdemain being accompanied with lan guage which made some at least of the audience shudder. For an hour and a half did this stream of blasphemy flow on, with the accompaniment of continuous cheering. It may be noticed that the lecturer's references to recent proceedings in the Church, as sheaving how these Chris tians love one another, were eagerly responded to by the andience. At the conclusio nof the lecture, boxes were handed round for subscriptions to the " building fund." LAW AND POLICE. A CASE OF DOMESTIC INTEREST.—The Court of Queen's Bench on Wednesday affi rrned the doctrine that magistrates can compel a husband to maintain his wife, notwithstand ing that she refuses to return b his house, if she has been driven from it by his illtreatment. The question was raised in the ease of the guardians of Newton Abbott v. Thomas. The defendant appealed against the decision of the jus tices, making him liable to support his wife. She refused to return to him, though he promised not to ill-treat her. The court decided that the justices' decision was quite right, and affirmed it. THE Bommi ELucwrloN.—ln the Bail Court, on Wednes day, the action Dimond v. Wyld was concluded before Mr. Justice Blackburn and a common jury. The plaintiff was a colour-sergeant in the Cornwall Rangers, and the de fendant was the well-known mapseller in the Strand, forme - Ay M.P. for Bodmin. The action, which was originally brought in the County Court of Bodmin, and removed into this court by defendant, was to recover the expenses of collecting evidence for a petition against Mr. Gower, who was returned, on the ground of treating.—The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff, and assessed the damages at £25. A FIGHT rom A House.—A curious case has been heard at the Worship-street Police-court, where three men were tried for conspiring to enter a house at Ilomton, and to deprive Mr. Canton, a gentleman of Highbury, of the benefits of the same. The defendants had taken out cross summonses against a house agent and several other persons on a similar charge. Ir. Canton held a forty years lease of the house in question, with other premises con tiguous, from the year 1845. It was untenanted last October, and soon after it was found that one of the defendants had possession of it, and let it to the other. A dispute arose, and another man claimed to be the owner of the property. Pearce, the agent, succeeded in ejecting the intruders, but they after wards got in again, and refused to give up possession. Both parties were committed for trial, on the charges of forcibly entering a house, bail being accepted. ASSAULT BY GUARDSKE , N.—At the Petty Sessions at Slough, three privates in the 3rd Battalion Grenadier Guards were charged with wounding George Warner, a groom at Eton, on Sunday. They got into a dispute at a public-house, and the soldiers attacked the groom and injured him. The prisoners were committed for trial. A Sines CREW SENT TO PB.lSON.—Fifteen out of six teen seamen belonging to the Lord Canning have been sent to prison by the Stonehouse magistrates for refusing to do duty on board the ship. The Lord Canningis bound to Calcutta, and on her way down Channel, from London, she had to put into Plymouth from stress of weather, and then the able seamen in a body refused to work. The men stated that the captain had not been sober, and had abused them. The magistrates thought the men had no sufficient excuse, and as they refused to go to sea wit', Captain Bennison, they were sent to prison. Tull OFFICIAL INQUIRY AT EDINBURGH. — The commissioners who were making inquiry into the working of the Scotch boards have now left Edinburgh. No doubt, says the Scotsman, is entertained, or ever could have been entertained by any man knowing anything of the real state of matters, that the result of the inquiry will be to establish the facts that the accusers of our Scotch institu tions spoke in mere spite without knowledge, and that, almost without exception, the Scotch public offices are more economically paid and harder worked than such offices, or indeed any offices, elsewhere. MORE RIOTING- IN THE NORTH OF IRELAND. — The Northern. Whip reports a renewal of party rioting in Lurgan on Saturday night. An Orange drumming party en tered the town from one of the rural districts around, and after staying for some time in the Orange hall and the usual places of refreshment, proceeded homewards through the Ro man Catholic quarter, despite of earnest remonstrances. The result was a collision. They were attacked with stones, and returned the assault. Windows were smashed, heads broken, and one of the combatants had his eye literally knocked out on his cheek by the blow of a stone. The police with great difficulty interfered and arrested some of the rioters. THE COUNTESS OF DERWENTWATER'S CLAIMS. —The ..Vorthern Daily Express says the inhabitants of the Derwent Valley are still in considerable excitement consequent on the extraordinary proceedings during the past few days of the "Countess of Derwentwater " and her agents. The homestead of Newlands South Farm is still occupied by a number of policemen, who are apparently determined to permit no further seizures. The cash was to be paid to the Countess on Wednesday, and at the same time the future action of her ladyship and her bailff will be decided on. NOTTINGHAM POLITICS.—A memorial has peen signed by the friends of Colonel Wright to induce the hon, gentleman to retain his seat as M.P. for Nottingham, It has all along been understood that Colonel Wright pro mised to resign at no distant period after his return at the last general election, provided the petition against hip return should be abandoned. In the event of his doing so, the Liberal party will, it is said, bring forward Mr. It, B. Osborne ; the Independents probably Mr. Digby Seymour. EMIGRATION CENTRES. (From the AnglaAmertean Ttnzes) COUNTRY AROUND ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA. The third 'emigration cent re left for discussion is the City of Si. Paul, the chief town of Minnesota, and the head of the navigation of the Mississippi river. Here our block compris.,s the States of Wisconsin and Minnesota, the former with an area of 53,924 square miles, or 34,511,360 acres of which about ten million acres remained for disposal in 1867. The latter is 84,000 square miles, or 54,000,000 acres, of which 36,750,000 remained for disposal in 1867, but as no State has in the interval more quickly filled up much of this has been purchased.* The block ex tends from Lake Michigan on the east to the Territory of llacotah on the west, a dis tance of little less than 500 miles, and from the British possessions along the 49th parallel and Lake Superior on the north, down to lowa and Illinois on the south. These are essentially Northern States, having much the same climate as Upper Canada, and by some considered too cold for plea sant winter residence. The fact, however, is that the dry air of Minnesota during the winter prevents the sTverity of the climate being much felt. The cold freezes the damp out of the atmosphere, which bLc;:lno3 st II anal dry. Indeed the State derives its name from the clearness of the air— iiihtne, water, and rota, sky-tinted ; giving health to the sick and strength to the weak, at least so says Girart Hewitt * In response to a resolution ol the House of Represen tatives the Department of the Interior recently furnished the following farts. The estimated number of acres of public lands unsold and unappropriated, after deducting all disposa:s as far as reported, is thus given:—Florida, 17,32,496; Alabama, 6,495,874; Mississippi, 4,728,517 ; Louisiana, 6,486,903; Missouri, 1,131,752; Arkansas, 11,307.077—t0ta1, 47,479,619. In reference to the other States mentioned in the resolution, viz., Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, Ken tucky, and Tennessee, it is reported that there aro rLo pub lic lead§ withia their lireite. 7 EVENING, JANUARY 20, ,1870. of St. Paul, from whom we have just received the sixth edition of an excellent pamphlet on the State, and as that gentleman offers to post it free those who like this direction for emigration should send their names to him for a copy, making allowance, of course, for over-painting. In truth, he dwells so much on the salubrity and the advan tages of the climate to invalids, more especially for pulmonary diseases, giving such copious testimony that we are compelled to admit his conclusion. Min nesota is the land of the Dacotah (or Sioux), and those tribes have conferred their name on the great territory adjoining. Louis Hennepin explored the Upper Mississippi in 1680, and discovered and gave the name of St. Anthony, his patron saint, to the Falls. Ile was captured by the Indians and car ried to the present site of St. Paul, the capital, which was founded by Father Gualtier, who there built a log chapel dedicated to St. Paul, whence the name, though it previously had been called Pig's Eye. Up to 1848 St. Paul was but a poor place, with only 800 inhabitants, while its present number is considerably more than 20,000. This country was taken formal possession of by France in 1689, but it was only used for the establishment of fur trad ing depots. After Missouri had been admitted into the Union as a State, all the territory north of it and west of the Mississippi, including lowa and Minnesota, was left without a government. In 1834 it was attached to Michigan, and all the lands belonging to the Dacotahs were ceded by the Sioux and the Ojibbeways in 1838. Minnesota was organized as a Territory in 1849, at a time when it contained but 4,680 inhabitants. Alex ander Ramsay was the first Governor, and he be came a permanent settler, and is now Senator of the State. The Dacotahs in 1851 also ceded their title to the west side of the Mississippi, and the State began rapidly to fill up, perhaps too rapidly, for peo ple took to land speculation—most fascinating em ployment—one resembling the philosopher's stone, which enables the operator to live and become weal thy on nothing. Invariably, however, people who give themselves up to such delusions are brought to their senses by a rude shock, and such a shock was admi nistered to Minnesota in 1857, previously to which breadstuffs had been imported, the land up to that time being considered too valuable for growing corn and potatoes ! In 1854 there were but Ib,ooo acres cultivated. In 1860 there were 433,276 acres ; in 1866, 1,000,000 ; in 1868, 1,400,000 ; giving a large export of wheat in the latter year, and an aggregate yield of over 17,000,000 bushels. Al though a fiendish massacre was perpetrated by the Indians on the western frontier in 1862, which added an Indian war to the great rebellion then raging, Minnesota continued to rise with extra ordinary rapidity. The Indians were subdued, Little Crow their leader killed, and out of the cap tives 38 were tried and executed. We may here observe that Mr. Hewitt says that the remaining tribes were sent " clean out of the country to a reservation beyond the Missouri River," that is, well to the west of Dacotah. The condi- tion of being clean, must have been a novel one to the Dacotahs, and as long as they re mained so they must have been a marvel to the other tribes. From 1860-5 the increase in popu lation was little less than 50 per cent. ; the number in the latter year reaching 250,000, and at the close of 1868 it was estimated at 460,000. It is honourable to so sparsely peopled a district that during the war out of a population of 175,000, Minnesota furnished 24,000 men to the 1, nion army. The State Constitution provides that a citizen of the United States at 21, who bas resided four months in the State, can vote ; but if of foreign birth he must have been in the United States one year, and in Minnesota four months, and have signified his intention of becoming a citizen of the United States, before be can vote. Impartial suffrage is the law ; no man can be imprisoned for debt, and this is an extract from the Homestead Act :—" That a homestead consisting of any quan tity of land not exceeding eighty acres and the dwelling house thereon and its appurtenances, to be selected by the owner thereof, and not in cluded in any incorporated town, city or vil lage, or instead thereof, at the option of the owner, a quantity of land not exceeding in amount one lot, being within an incorporated town, city or village, and the dwelling house thereon and its appurtenances, owned and occupied by any re sident of this State, shall not be subject to attach ment, levy, or sale, upon any execution or any other process issuing out of any court within this State." Great fertility is claimed for Minnesota, and a larger yield of corn than from any other state, in the ag greate. Its most marked feature is innumerable lakes. Bordering it is Superior, the largest of all fresh water basins, but there are 10,000 others vary ing from a quarter of a mile in diameter to ten wiles, with pebbly bottoms, and transparent waters abounding with fish, with wooded shores, the haunt of innumerable wild fowl. Professor Morley says of Minnesota, that although far from the sea, it may be considered the best watered State in the Union, and it doubtless owes its abundance of summer rains to its lake system. The surface is generally even, but diversified with rolling prairie, and a considerable portion is forest. But the north west part is elevated, being termed the Highlands, though it covers only 16,000 square miles, and does not rise more than 500 feet above the general level of the country. It is covered with a dense growth of pine, fur, spruce, &c., and its principal value consists in its immense forests, its copper and iron, as well as the precious metals. The valley of the Red River ex tending 18,000 square miles, is of very rich soil ; but the Mississippi Valley, comprising three-fifths of the whole State, is said to be among the finest of agri cultural districts. It is a rolling prairie, resting on secondary rocks, well drained by the nature of its warm, dark calcareous, and sandy loam, as well as the network of lakes and streams over its surface, and is dotted with extensive groves and lined by belts of timber. For eight months the Mississippi is navig. able by steamer to St. Paul, where the river is inter rupted by the Falls of St. Anthony. Above themsmal ler boats can go 150 miles further. The Minnesota River, flowing from llacotah for 500 miles, enters the Mississippi five miles above St. Paul, and is navigable for 238 miles. The Red River forms the western boundary of the State from Big Stone Lake to the British Possessions 380 miles ; and is navigable a considerable distance. The forests cover 21,000 square miles, and in the pineries 3,000 men are now employed. The lumber cut and manufactured at the Falls of St. Anthony and of the St. Croix amounted to 400,000,000 feet in 1868. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER D. A. WELLS. Continued from The &m of yesterday.) SPECIE PAYMENTS. Mr. Wells holds that unless resumption of specie pay ment implies contraction of the currency, it would cure but few of our present evils. " Seven hundred millions of paper could not be kept redeemable with less than seven hundred millions of gold, because with such an amount of currency it would inevitably be depreciated, and hence gold would bear a premium which every holder of paper would be desirous to realise. With four hundred millions of paper, on the other band, a hundred millions of gold would probably be ample, because the currency, not being in excess of the wants of commerce, would not suffer de preciation, aud, gold and paper being on otherwise equal terms, paper would be preferred for its greater conve nience in use, just as in 1860 the banks were fully able to redeem all of their circulation which was presented for pay ment, although having butlB cents of specie on each dollar of immediate liabilities. It is not the ratio between gold endpaper that needs'to be regulated, but the ratio between the amount of paper in circulation and the volume of national production and exchange, of which it is the in. strumen'. Much criticism has been passed upon tho Trea sury for not adopting the policy of hoarding gold with a view to return to specie payments ; but if What has been stated above is true, such policy could lead to no gool re sults unless accompanied by a measure of contraction while contraction would obviate the necessity of any such policy, inasmuch as gold would then come to us, or be re tained by us—our currency being in a healthful condition —to just that extent to which it was needed, obeying the same laws as any other commodity. Equally untenable is it to suppose that any progress can be made toward re sumption by a reduction, through Government purchase and cancellation, of the principal of the funded debt. If we had no national debt, if the two thousand millions of public bonds were by some process to be transferred into an equal amount of private securities,' exchanged between citizens, the premium on gold would not bo appreciably affected. It is not at all the condition of the credit of the nation which causes gold to be a pre mium, as is proved by the fact that in Italy, Austria, and Russia—countries maintaining large standing armies, constantly threatened with war, whose debts are larger relatively to their resources, than our own, and are in no respect in the process of extinguishment, and whose annual expenditures, as a rule, are in excess of their or dinary revenues—in none of these three countries has the recent depreciation of the paper money been more than one-half as great- as in the United States; the reason being that this paper money ie not as much in excess as ours." that such reduction should be directed, first, to relieving industry as much as possible of unnecessary burdens, and allowing it to obtain its material at the minimum cost; and secondly, to the diminution of the cost of the elements of living to the great, mass of the people, in their capacity as consumers, irrespective of the consideration whether they are or are not also producers of wealth. This brings him to the consideration of the tariff and the income tax. In regard to the latter he suggests that the rate be reduced from 5 to 3 per cent., which he believes would not reduce the collections more than five millions. In connection with this reduction of the rate he recommends that, while the absolute exemption to all persons should be allowed to re main at $l,OOO, the exemption on accouut of rent should not be left indefinite, as at present, but should be strictly limited to an amount sufficient only to relieve from taxa tion the rentals of the labouring classes, for instance, $2OO. If the recommendation of the commissioner in regard to the exemption of rentals should be adopted, he is confident that, notwithstanding the reduction of the tax from 5 to 3 per cent., the amount that will accrue to the Treasury from this source will not be impaired ; and but for the unfavour able condition of industry during the past year there is great reason to believe that a very decided gain world be realized. But though the amount yielded would iu this case be equal or greater, the change would constitute a marked relief to the community, inasmuch as a larger pro portion than now would be contributed by the classes best able to afford it, and who owe most to the protection of the Government. The Commissioner thinks that the at tention of the country should b 3 called to the fact that this tax was paid during the year 1868 by so small a number as 250,000 persons out of the entire population, yet repre senting an aggregate income of not less than $800,000,000, exclusive of the amounts remitted by reason of rents and the minor exemptions. Allowing, then, for the families of these 250,000 contributors, it is evident that only about a million of the population are interested in having the tax removed, while the other 38 millions are interested in maintaining it. „, §OIiND DOCTRINES ON THE TARIFF. "However doctrinaires or extremists on either side I may declaim, it is unquestionably true that, in the condi tion of public feeling as it has been, and at any stage of political philosophy heretofore reached in this country, a tax imposed under the tariff which could be proved to be ne cessary to the maintenance of an industry already estab lished, which employs large numbers of workmen and distributes fairly among them a due proportion of the profits of manufacture, more especially if such manufac ture prepares an article for direct and immediate consump tion in sufficient quantity to meet the demands of the country, it is not to be denied that, whether wisely or not in the largest view of the case, the past temper of the American people has approved of such a tax. But it is furthermore equally tine, and will shortly be found so to the satisfaction of any sceptic, that the advance in senti ment and the diffusion of knowledge among the people on this subject within the last two years has been such that, when it can be proved that any tax thus laid upon the community is not necessary to maintain a protected in dustry in a moderate degree of prosperity ; if, more over, the industry be one which, whatever its absolute proportions, yet contributes to the general wealth and welfare less than it requires ; if it be one which yields its profits mainly to the capitalist, instead of dividing the re turns equitably among large classes of skilled or ordinary operatives; and especially it it be one whose product is to become in turn the raw material of other and still more extensive industries, so that the enhancement of price at the bottom is repeated through the several successive stages, and thus becomes a tax not only on the final consumer, but en each intermediate producer—in such cases the people of the United States will exercise their right to think and to speak of such a tax, whoever may seek to intimidate the official or unofficial organs of public sentiment; and will exercise an independent judgment without respect to the will of highly organised and aggressive associations of capitalists, as to the amount in which that tax shall be reduced, or the time in which it shall be wholly removed. "The experience of the last few years has been equiva lent to a demonstration that any attempt to reconstruct the tariff as a whole, on any basis of principle, is practically impossible ; the diverse interests of the different sections of industries being sufficiently powerful under almost any circumstances to engraft upon a bill during its passage such modifications as would effectually deprive it of any preten sions to consistency or harmony. There would, therefore, seem to be but one available method of tariff reform ; which is to adopt the same course that has been taken in respec to the reforms heretofore made in the internal revenue, and which furthermore finds a precedent in all the experience of Great Britain in legislating upon those subjects, viz., to make such modifications or removals of duties, year by year, as experience or the condition of the Treasury may in dicate as practicable and desirable ; and thus, by pruning, rather than by reconstruction, to gradually attain the greatest degree of simplicity and effectiveness with the least possible burden upon industry and the people. With the adoption of this method of reform as a matter of expedi ency, the following principle should also be insisted upon as fundamental, viz., that the maintenance of an average duty of 47 per cent., as under the existing tariff, upon all dutable imports, is excessive and unnecessary, and opposed alike to the highest interests of civilization and humanity as well as to the proper and healthy growth of all domestic commerce and industry ; and that under no circumstances except for the supplying of certain technical omissions in existing laws, or for the sole and avowed purpose of re venue, should any increase of rate be hereafter per mitted.” THE SURPLUS REVENUE. After showia that our surplus revenue for the last fiscal year was about, 619,000,000, Mr. Wells gives his reasons for supposing that it will amount this year to at least $124,000,000. The possession of a surplus su large invests with more than ordinary interest the question of its dis position. Shall the whole of this sum be applied to the reduction of the principal of the national debt, or shall a fair proportion of it be remitted to the people by the abate ment or removal of their taxes ? Of these two courses the commissioner declares that the latter is the more expedi ent - if indeed it is not absolutely imperative; demanded alike by the highest economical considerations and by the almost unanimous sentiment of the people. With this view he proposes that the sum of 50 millions be taken as ttio moeacre of the Wiwi to Do removed or adaced aud THE COPPER MONOPOLY. Among the many pertinent illustrations of the above principles, none is better than this about the notorious copper tariff of February last : By this bill the duty on all manufactures of which cop per constituted a chief component was uniformly increased to 45 per cent., and included in its provisions was an article known as Dutch metal, extensively used in the manufac ture of paper hangings as a substitute for gold-leaf, and on which a duty had formerly been levied of 10 per cent. The result which followed such legislation is briefly told in the following extract from a statement presented to the commissioner by leading representatives of the paper hangin3 industry of the country ; " the article of Dutch metal,' or 'Florence leaf,' is all imported—mostly from Germany. lt , is composed of an alloy of copper and zinc, and is beaten out by hand like gold leaf. It cannot pos sibly be made in this country, even if the present duty were increased, owing to the high price of labour, inas much as nearly the whole cost of the article represents the labour of beating it out, the cost of the material itself being a mere nothing. Heretofore the duty on this article has been 10 per cent., but under the provisions of the re cent bill increasing the duties on copper the rate has been increased to 45 per cent. When the duty was 10 per cent. we did not complain, but the increase to 45 per cent. has been too much for us, and we have all been obliged to in crease the price of our goods frem 5 to 25 cents per roll, according to the quantity of leaf used on each roll. The consequence is that the trade are all complaining of a falling off in the sales of our goods, owing to the high price, and the difficulty of making the consumer understand the reason why we charge more for them." PIG IRON PLUNDER. The average expenditure requisite to produce a ton of pig iron in the United States at the present time, includ ing a liberal interest upon the capital invested, and a fair allowance for repairs and incidentals, may be fairly esti mated at from $24 to $26, currency ; and as confirmatory of this estimate, the commissioner submits the following evidence :—ln a letter of September 2, 1869, George T. Lewis, of Clarksville, Tenn., one of the most experienced iron manufacturers of the south- west, says : —On the line of the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad pig iron can be made and delivered in Nashville at a cost of $l9 per ton, currency. In the city of Nashville itself, Mr. Lewis states the present cost, including interest on capital and incidentals, at $22.60, currency, per ton. At Carondelet, Missouri, Mr. S. Waterhouse, of St. Louis, in a letter under date of February 20, 1869, states the cost of making pig ircn, including an allowance of $1.50 per ton for in terest, taxes, and insurance, at $25, currency, per ton ; and adds, this "is not an estimate, but an exhibit copied from the books of the company." The distance of Caron delet from St. Louis, a central market, is six and a quar ter miles. An estimate furnished by one of the largest ironworkaat Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, gives $27.98 as the cost per ton when ore of sixty-six per cent. is used, and an allowance made of eighty cents per ton for interest, and twenty-five cents per ton for repairs and incidentals. In the valley of the Cumberland, and in the anthracite dis tricts of Pennsylvania, and at Scranton, the commissioner is informed by those conversant with the business that the average cost of manufacture in the case of furnaces favourably situated, under good management, and wi th coal at ordinary prices, is not in excess of from $24 to $26 per ton, and in some instances is much less than this figure. Those estimates include a liberal interest on the capital invested, which is turned on a n average from two to three times per annum. The mean market price of pig iron in Great Britain for the year 1867-68, taking Welch pig (the best quality) as a standard, was £4 Bs. 3d. ($20.39) or (with gold at 133) $27.12. The everage price of all the varieties of pig iron in the principal markets of the United States, for the past year, is estimated by the secretary of the Ameri can Iron and Steel Association at $35.25 per net ton. Other recognized authorities report a higher average to the Commissioner —viz., from $36 to $36.50, and $37.50 as a fair average in New York City. The average value at the furnaces of the Lehigh Valley, during the past year, has been about $3B for No. 1, $36 for No. 2, and $34 for No. 3. It is therefore obvious that, adopting the minimum market price, and allowing for the cost of one hundred miles of railroad transportation, the price of pig iron to the American consumers has been unnecessarily enhanced during the past year to an average of from eight to ten dollars per ton. ' SPECIFIC REDUCTIONS RECOMMENDED . The Commissioner renews the reco►rimendations of his previous Report for the übaten3ent of the duties on iron and salt, and the entire removal of the duties on coal and on manufactured lumber. He also advocates a removal of all duties on the importation of foreign wools and dye stuffs, and a general reduction of the whole duties on manufactured woollen fabrics of every description to 25 per cent. ad valorem. On this basis the most experienced woollen manufacturers of the country assure the Com- missioner that they can at once extend, diversify, and secure prosperity to their business. He would lay on pig iron a duty of $3 per ton; the present duty is $9, and the amount of revenue derived' from the same during the fiscal year 1867-68 was 1,011,109 dollars. On scrap iron a duty of $3 per ton ; present duty $8 per ton ; amount of revenue received in 1867-68, $640,294. On salt in bulk, 9 cents per 100 pounds ;on salt in bags, 12 cents per 100 pounds ; present duty, 18 and 24 cents respectively; amount of revenue received, 1867-68, on salt in bulk, $395,955 ; in bags, $740,270 ; total, $1,136,225. On firewood an entire removal of all duty; present duty, 20 per cent. ; revenue received in 1867-68, $42,605. The Commissioner is assured that the removal of the duty on this article of import would greatly fa vour the manufacture of salt in Michigan, and prove a great boon to consumers upon all the frontier states, where the consumption is rapidly increasing, while the local supply is rapidly diminishing. On copper ore, an en tire removal of all the duty; present duty, three cents per pound on each pound of pure copper contained therein. and the import at present, substantially pro hlbited. On hides and undressed skins of every descrip- tion--an eutiro removal of all duties ; present duty, ten per cent ; revenue received, 1867-68, 5977,325. On leather of all descriptions, except morocco, japanned and patent leather—au entire removal of all duties ; present duties, twenty-five and thirty-five per cent.; revenue received, 1867-68, 51,363,-181. On hemlock, oak, and all other barks used for the tanning of leather—an entire removal of all duties: present duty, ten per cent. lie also recommends a remission of duties on barley, crude sulphur, Dutch metal, and several other articles, and a reduction on gunny bags to a cent a pound. The abate ment or entire removal of the duties thus recommended would, as nearly as can be estimated, reduce the revenue derived from Customs to the extent of about 12 millions. On the other band, the direct relief experienced by the community through the abatement of prices whi!h would follow the removal or abatement of the taxes in qaestion would, in the opinion of the Commissioner, be not less than 60 million dollars ; while the indirect gain, and the value of the stimulus afforded thereby to domestic in dustry, must be represented by a much larger figure. He suggests other abatements to the amount of some $2,000,000 more, and then gives a schedule, showing in what manner a new tariff might be constructed, with the primary object of obtaining from the smallest number of articles, and without excessive duties, an annual revenue of one hundred and fifty millions, and which at the same time would not expose the branches of industry which have been stimulated by protectfon to any danger of col lapse ; it being sssumed that the relief to be experienced by manufacturers from the abatement of taxes upon their raw materials would, to a large extent, compensate for the reduction of duties upon their product; thus enabling them, through a reduction of cost, to extend their mar kets, increase consumption, and resume expoi•ts. MR. WELLS' PLAN FOR A TARIFF OF REVENUE AND PRO- TECTION. Class I.—Articles of food and drink. Revenue esti mated on the basis of re ceipts.lB6B'69 $250,000 100,000 Beer, ale, and porter ... Chocolate and cocoa ... ••• Dried fruits at 2 cents per pound, and green fruits at 10 por cent. ad valorem, with no allowance for damage ... 3,000,000 Cigars, at $2 per pound 5,90 0 , 000 Tobacco, unmanufactured, at 25 cents per ... 12;00000 pound ... Coffee and substitutes for coffee, Molasses and melado Sugars ... Tea Spirits, at $2 per proof gallon ... ... Wines, other than sparkling, at 50 cents per gallon ... Sparkling wines, at $6 per dozen Rice ... ... Sardines, meats, preserves, &c. Nuts Pickles, sauces; vermicelli, macaroni, sago, &e 1.250,000 Total 5,000,000 ... 33,000;000 10,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 1,000,000 2 000 , 000 1;15000 150,000 430,000 150,000 $82,500,000 Class 2.—Textile fabrics and wares. Duties to be in spe cific form as far as possible, but at the specific amount represented by the rates named in the following list : Silks, at 35 per cent., this being the highest rate which it is easy or possible to collect without great loss from smuggling... $10,000,000 Wool and worsted manufactures, 15 to 35 per cent., averaging 25 per cent., specific ... 10,000,000 Cotton manufactures, 15 . to 35 per cent., ave raging 25 per cent., specific... ... Flax manufactures, 15 to 30 per cent., averag ing 25 per cent., specific •.. Hemp and jute manufactures, 1 5 to 35 per cent., averaging 25 per cant., specific ... Gloves, hats, and bonnets . Paper and manufactures of paper, 10 per 5,000,000 5,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 500,000 500,000 cent. Furs and manufactures of furs •.• •• • Earthen, stone, china, and glass, 25 per cent., specific... ... 4,000,000 Total $88.000,000 Class 3.—Metals. Iron, steel, lead, tin, and manufactures of same, at such specific rates as shall amount to 25 per cent... 815,000,000 Class 4.—Fancy goods, at such specific rates as shall be equivalent to 35 per cent. ad valorem. Clocks, watches, embroideries, toys, musical instruments, pipes, perfumes, ornaments, feathers, fire- crackers, Sic. $4,000,000 Laces, braids, and fancy webbing ... 1,000,000 Class s.—Drugs and chemicals. Liquorice, opium, oils, preparations contain ing spirits, and patent medicines ... 81,500,000 Class 6.—Miscellaneous, at such specific rates as shall be equivalent-to from 15 to 35 per cent. ad valorem. Brooms, brushes, mats, millinery, manufac tures of Indiarubber, marble, cork, and hair, soap, hops, &c. $2,000,000 Grand total ... $144,000,000 To this may be added the sum accruing from fines, penaltiei, and forfeitures—say $1,000,000 —making a total of $145,000,000 ; still further also the amount which re presents tha elasticity of the customs revenue, arising from the rapid increase of the country in wealth and population, which cannot be fairly estimated at less than $5,000,000 per annum, on an average ; and this sum, it is to be remem bered, would also represent the amount which, after the first year, would be annually applicable for the reduction of the rates upon tea, coffee, sugar, or such other articles as might be deemed desirable. GENERAL SUMMARY OP THE' REPORT. In support of his recommendations Mr. Wells brings forward many strong arguments and much evidence, some of which we have already quoted. What he says of the strange effect of the high tariff on wool is most important. He shows conclusively that the wool-growers and wool manufacturers have been the greatest losers by their tariff of 1867, when they got exorbitant protection, and argues that they will be benefited by the admission of wool free of duty. In general it may be said that the author of this admi rable report shows, with plenty of figures to back him up, that the country, though now rich and fast gaining in wealth, is sadly hampered in its progress by three or four things—a redundant and irredeemable currency, an ex exorbitant rate of internal taxation, an excessive importa tion of foreign goods, and unequal and generally too one rous burdens in the shape of import duties. Ho regards these matters as first claiming the attention of Congress, and would have our currency contracted and our taxes cut down, before we take any further steps towards diminish ing the debt or resuming specie payments. In these par ticulars he goes much farther than the PreAdent in his message, and on a different line of argument from that pursued by the Secretary of the Treasury. The report is 'a mine of information, and in many of its pages a model of concise and convincing reasoning. Secretary Boutwell delivered his promised lewure at Boston iu the Music Ilall on the transition p3riod of the United States. The life of the nation was divided into decades, of which that now closing would prove the most important. It was at first supposed that slavery would die out, therefore it was not denounced but tole rated. Its destruction in a free country was inevitable ; and when the contest came the wealthy few in the South had the control of the Government, while the North, by its free industry and enterprise, had developed its industrial resources. Therefore the North was rich in material, but the South was not ; and had it to rely on its own resources only the war would not have out lasted two and a half years. The result was the destruc tion of slavery and the adoption of amendments to the Constitution, making all citizens equal. The lecturer de livered a eulogy on Mr. Stanton ; and he spoke of Mr. Pea body and the good effected by the schools he had opened in the South. The revolution of 1775 left a sub ject! class, the last revolution elevated all. Granting the loss of commerce, the creation of the debt, and a bur densome system of taxation created during the decade, there was still a large balance to the credit of the nation, and the final liquidation of the debt was not remote if the country remained at peace, as he thought it would. EA emphatically contradicted the assertion that Americans, as a nation, were grasping anxious for an extension of territory. The United States take nothing, as do other nations, by force of arms, but by force of ideas. England's American Colonies are yet to accept the American idea, which has conquered the worst and set up the bettor. "The disbandment of her armies when the war ended was an important proof of her stability, as was their as sembling when it first begun, and the world will soon learn that a Government by the people for the people is far preferable than a Government of the people against their wishes." Fifty million envelopes are sold annually, and stamped with the crest and address from upwards of 35,000 steel dies, at Parkins and Gotto's, who make no charge for stamping or cement ing, and, having only one price, undertake to supply the nobility and gentry with every description of writing paper and envelopes of the best and most fashionable kind, at extra,ordinarity low charges. Monograms, crest, or address dies cut at less than half price. Coloured stamping reduced from 2s. to ls. per 100. Arms, monograms, and crests emblazoned. 60 stampers, die sinkers, and engravers being kept upon the premises, a ll orders are exe cuted with great despatch. Dance progra mmes, invitations, at home notes, MSS. books, return thanks, bordered and overland papers, dish, dessert, and bouquet papers, and every description of fancy and household stationery. Parkins and Gotto, manu • OCtlgil4 atetipaers, 24 and 25, Oxfurcl-straet, W, COUR2 OF ALDERMEN. Yesterday a meeting of the city magistrates was held at Guildhall for the despatch of business—the Lord Mayor presiding. After the transaction of some routine work, on the motion of Mr. Alderman Wilson, seconded by Mr. Alderman Dakin, it was referred to the Gaol Committee to inquire into the operation of the Act of Parliament for the Aboli tion of Imprisonment for Debt, and to report to the Court any alterations that may be made in conse quence. It was also referred to the same conimi'tee to inquire as to the admission of persons to visit prisoners under sentence of death in Newgate prior to execution, and to give such directions therein as may appear desirable—Mr. Alderman Wilson stat ing that his motion was founded upon circum stances that had come to his knowledge as one of the visiting magistrates at I\l;wgate iu reference to the last convict who underwent the extreme penalty of the law there. It was likewise referred t:, the Committee for General Purposes to inquire into the appointment of ushers of the courts of law, particu larly into an appointment made at the last court ; the number of ushers, the dates of their appoint ments, their incenses. and from what sources paid. The Court next proceeded to consider the petition of Mr. W. 11. Bonuewell against the retur❑ of Mr. James Brewster as a Common Councilman for the Ward of Farringdon Without. In that Mr. Bonne well alleged that Mr. Brewster was not qualified for the office of a Common Councilman in accordance with the ancient customs and usages of the city of London, which required that a common councilman should be a householder and pay scot and lot in the ward for which he was elected. The contention eventually resolved itself into a question of rating, and Mr. Bonnewell argued in effect that Mr. Brewster was not a ratepayer in the ward for which he had been elected. It appeared that he occupies a shop, No. 70, in the New Meat Market, in Smith field, upon which he entered on the Ist of Decem ber, 1868 ; that afterwards a demand was made in ordinary course upon the salesmen in the market for the payment of rates in respect of their holdings there, but resisted, on the ground that their rates were included in the rent they paid to the Corpora tion, and so the matter seemed to have rested. Mr. Bonnewell contended that up to the present time Mr. Brewster had paid no rates in respect of his shop in the market, that be was in the position of a weekly tenant at a rent of so much per foot, and that his sole qualification consisted in his oc cupying a stall in the market, which was not a qualification within the meaning of the ancient usages and customs of the city in reference to the payment of scot and lot, and as to what constituted a householder as interpreted by learned commenta tors, such as Mildmay, Pulling, and Norton. As a matter of fact he also said that Mr. Brewster was not even a householder in the ward for which he had been elected. The Recorder told Mr. Bonne well he must prove that Mr. Brewster had been discharged from the payment of rates. Upon that the complainant called Mr. Scott, the Chamber- lain of Loudon, as a witness, who stated that the whole of the rates on the new market were paid in his office, the Chamber of Loudon, in a lump sum, by au order of the Court of Common Council. Re plying to Mr. Alderman Sidney, he added that the occupants were weekly tenants of the Markets Im provement Committee of the Corporation; that they paid no rates, and could be dismissed at a week's notice. For the defence Mr. Leffler ap peared as counsel, instructed by Mr. Pontifex, the vestry clerk of the Ward of Farringdou Without, and cited the Act 32 and 33 Viet., cap. 41, passed last year, the 7th section of which, he said, ex pressly provided that every payment of a rate by the occupier, notwithstanding the amount might be deducted from his rent, and every payment of a rate by the owner, whether he was himself rated instead of the occupier, or had agreed with the oc cupier or the overseers to pay such rates, and re gardless of any allowance or deduction the over seers were empowered to make from the rate, should be deemed a payment of the full rate by the occupier for the purpose of any qualification or franchise which, as regards rating, depended upon the pay ment of the poor rate. The court was cleared for a few minutes, and on the re-admission of strangers the Recorder intimated in effect that the comrlaint was not tenable and must fall to the ground. Mr. Bonne well thereupon wanted to reopen the question on another point, but the Recorder stopped him, stating that his petition had been clearly confined to the allegation as to non-payment of rates, and to that the Act of Parliament quoted for the defence was an answer. The petition was therefore dis missed. The lumber trade of Michigan for 1869, it is re ported, has reached the value of thirty-four millions of dollars. The lumber cut amounted to 2,029,372,255 feet, valued at $30,293,325 ; to this is added $3,500,000 worth of shingles, lath, and staves, making the sumlabove men tiosed. It is estimated that up to the close of 1869 there have been manufactured in Michigan seven thousand two hundred millions of feet of lumber, and that to obtain this quantity there have been shipped one million nine hun dred and twenty thousand acres, or three thousand square miles of pine land. It is calculated that four million acres of land still remain unstripped, which will yield fifteen or twenty market the trees thousand million feet of lumbe r. The total v i a s l p u l e ac o e f d th a e t 36 f , u e3 t ao u ro r s, e owo p oi r i3 o f duct 000, and required lumber, a in nd it osctuh s t h o i va n gn g hd l e t e , t send d a 4 t tt h ,o fifteeneece . now standing. The magnitude of the grain trade of Chicago can be understood from the figures of 1869. During last year that city received 27,000,000 bushels of wheat, 23,000,000 bushels of corn, and 12,000,000 bushels of other grains; 600,000 barrels of flour wore manufactured there. The city received, since January Ist, 1868, about one billion feet of lumber, over 600,000,000 shingles, and 121,000,000 laths. There were marketed during the same period 1,872,000 hogs and 400,000 cattle. The receipt of wool, salt, seeds, broom corn, tallow, coal, wood, &c., was also immense. - [ADVERTISEMENT. I —Holloway's Ointment.—Change able Weather. —The proverbial fickleness of the English climate sadly disturbs the state of the public health. Affections of the throat and chest are found in every household, for which the readiest means of cure are Hol loway's renowned remedies. They prevent congestion, inflammation, ulceration, bronchitis, hoarseness, and cough. This soothing ointment only requires to be we .l rubbed twice a day over the throat and chest, previously fomented with tepid salt aid water, and diligently dried, to effect an immediate and marked improvement in all the symptoms of disease, and quickly hereafter produce a ra dical cure. Both oinment and pills are devoid of danger, being compounds of the finest balsams combined by nature and accurately allied by art. [ADVERTISEMENT. ConSumptidn, and all nervous, bilious, stomach,. ani liver complaints' in every .ta4e are only aggravated and acc3larated by drugs of eve y description, but perfe tly curable by DU BARRY'S health-restoring Revalenta Arabica Food, as proved by thousands of, cases which had been considered hopeless; such as indigestion (dyspepsia), cough, asthma, consumption, h bitual constipation, diarrhoea, all gastric derangements, hemorrhoids, liver complaints, flatulency, ner vousness, biliousness, fevers, sore throat, diphtheria, catarrhs, colds, influenza, noises in the head and ears, rheumatism, gout, impurities, eruptions, hysteria, neuralgia, irritability, sleepless ness, acidity, palpitation, heartburn, headache, debility, cramps, spasms, nausea and sickness even in pregnancy or at sea, sink ing fits, bronchitis, scrofula, th.htness of the chest, pains at the pit of the stomach, and between the shoulders, &c. We quote a few: -The Pope's health restored by Du Barry's Food. Cure No. 68,413 "Rome, July 21, 1866. The health of the Holy Father is excellent, especially since, abandonin all other remedies, h e h as confined himself entirely to Du Barry's lievalenta Arabica Food, of which he consumes a plateful at every meal. It has produced a surprisingly beneficial effect on his health, and his Holiness cannot praise this excellent food too highly."—From the Gazette du Midi, July 2). Cure No. 4640. Mr. James Roberts, timber merchant, of Frimley, durrey, of thirty years' diseased lungs, spitting of blood, liver derangement, and partial deafce's. Cure N 0.1,77 . Lord Stuart de Decies, Lord-Lieutenant of IN eaerford, of many years' dyspepsia.-No. 49,83 . "Fifty years' indescrib able dyspepsia, nervousness, asthma, cough, con spasms, sickness, and vomiting. Maria Jolly Caution.—Beware of the many unsavoury . t b oi t 0%) flatulency, from Important and more than sloppy imitations to which, without authority; Baron Liebig's name is most audaciously attached. Nln tins, at is 10; Ilb 2s 9d; 2 lb 4s 6d; 51b 11s; ]2lb 228; 24 lbs OlL—Also uU BARRY'S RDNALENTA. ~EABICA CHOCOLATE POWDER is packed in tin canisters: for 12 cups at 2s, for 24 cups at 3s 6d, for 48 cups at 6s, for 268 cups at 30s, for 576 cups at 55s —being about one penny per cup. The 30s and 558 tins are sent free of carriage in England on receipt of Post Office Order.— BARRY Du BARRY and Co No. 77, Regent-street, London; and all Grocers and Chemists. BIRTHS. HART—On the 17th inst., at Wanstead, the wife of Lemon Hart, Esq., of a daughter. SCOTT —On the 19th inst., at Mill-hill, Hendon, the wife of (Aeries Scott, Esq., of a daughter. MARRIA GES. A On the 18th i ns t., a t H oly T r i n i ty, son of the l a t e Ch ar l es Ald er t on , i as nr ' rey, to Mar gare t, younges t daugh terjor-General Ni co l as P enny, C . B . W e On the 18th inst., a t H amm er s mith, r A L E T D s t o. s T f o ia o o t Nhf Pa ddi ngton, - lo P ao t Murdoch Paterson, C.E., Inverness, to Frances Mary, eldest daughter of Stephen Wiles, Esq., of Hammer smith. DEATHS. BULL —On the 19th ult., at Richmond, Benpunin Bull, aged 62. MURRAY-On the 17th inst., Henry Leigh Murray, aged WOLFE—On the 19th inst., the Lady Charlotte S Wolfe, of Forenaghts, co. Kildare, aged 70. London : Printed and Published by WILLIAM ANDREWS, of No. "12, Strand, Printer, at TUB Sus Office, 0. 112, Strand. in the Precinct of the Savoy, in the County of Middlesex.— Thttroday,.January 20, 1870. Th' Pr the 1, <>w 'old hl e Drn fessi weel bine eats' nisp , and Lad CRP