The Sun. — London, England, 1867-10-10 00:00:00

THE SUN. LONDO/ 4 ), THURSDAY EVENI.N.G, OCTOBER 10, 1867 ARCHBISHOP MANNING ON THE PAN ANGLICAN PROTEST AND ROME. The following is the substance of a sermon preached by the Archbishop of Westminster in the Pro-Cathedral, Moorfields, on Sunday last : "If the world hato you, know ye that it hated M© before you."—ST. JOHN, ay., 18. if the first Sunday in October were not set apart by the solemn usage of the Church for the festival of the Holy Rosary, it might be thought that we had appointed it this year for a special design. The ink is hardly dry upon a document, which for its solemnity and its signatures exceeds in public im portance any that has ever, perhaps, emanated from the Anglican Communion. It contains a protest against the claim of universal sovereignty for the Vicar of Jesus Christ, and the intercession of the Blessed Mother of God. We are met to-day to ask her prayers in behalf of the Sovereign Pontiff. What we do protests against this protest ; and at first sight, indeed, it would appear as if our act to day and that declaration were in irreconcileable contradiction. I would fain hope not ; and it is my purpose not to place them in discord, but, if I can, to bring them into harmony. It may seetia hardly credible, but it is true that the protest as it stands, and interpreted by the letter, any Catholic might sign. It is indeed a strange result that this authoritative document, so formidable and hostile in expression, should contain, when analysed, nothing which any Catholic would hesitate to affirm. I do not say what was the intention of the framers, nor whether this interpretation be such as the Catholic Church would warrant. But let us hope the best. Certainly it is not the work of charity to exagge rate discrepancies, nor to elevate what can be swept away into mountains of separation. The chief teachers of the Anglican Communion have protested against the " pretension of universal sovereignty over God's heritage asserted for the See of Rome." But who asserts this universal sovereignty? Primacy of honour and supremacy of jurisdic tion over the universal Church, in virtue of the power of the keys given to Peter and his successors, is indeed a truth, for which all Catholics would lay down their lives. Sovereignty over the patrimony of St. Peter, this, too, we know and understand. But sovereignty over the universal Church no council, pontiff, or theologian has ever claimed. Here, then, we are in accordance. Next, the protest denounces those who practically exalt " the Blessed Virgin Mary as mediator in the place of her Divine Son." To this also we say, if any man put the Mother of God in the place of her Divine Son, let him be ana thema. The protest does not say that the Catholic Church, dogmatically or doctrinally, sets the Blessed Virgin in the place of her Son— thus far, at least, is gain—but that it practically does so. You can best answer this imagination. Is there one of you so unsound in mind, is there any little Catholic child so unintelligent, as to con found the creature with the Creator, and to mis take the Mother of Jesus for the infinite, eternal, incomprehensible, uncreated God? Here again, then, we are in agreement. And, lastly, we are warned against " addressing prayers to her as the Intercessor between God and man." But here, once more, we have no difference. " The Inter cessor" here must mean, if it mean anything, " the Intercessor" of redemption. The Catholic Church does not believe the Blessed Mother of God to be the Intercessor between God and man. She did not shed her blood for the redemption of the world. Against such a portent of heresy we pro test even more intensely than the protestors. We are, therefore, in full accordance on this point also; unless it be meant that the Blessed Virgin is not an Intercessor at all. If this be so, these high autho rities have need to look to their faith. And how far this denunciation of asking the prayers of the Blessed Mother of God will promote the union which the Anglican Church is so ardently seeking with the Churches of the East, it is not for me to say. I am afraid the Oriental Christians will not stay to analyse the proposition as we have done, hoping to make the best of it, bat will take it as it sounds, and treat it promptly, with no favour. But, for ourselves, let us take the benefit of such rules of interpretation as arc current in these days ; and so interpreted, this solemn protest is altogether an innocent proclamation. I am not sure that I have attained its meaning or the intentions of its framers; but, like a nebula half luminous, half ob scure, it passes harmless over our heads, and the Festival of the Holy Rosary will wipe it out of the sky. Last year, on this day, we made inter cession before our Divine Lord, in the Blessed Sacrament, through the prayers of His Blessed Mother, in behalf of the person and authority of the Sovereign Pontiff. It was then a moment of great anxiety. On the twelfth of the following December the protection of France was to be withdrawn. It was prophesied that when " the foreign bayonets" were gone, in twenty-four hours the Romans would rise, and the power of the Pontiff would be dissolved. They were with drawn, and where are the prophets ? Pius IX. reigns calmly still. In the month of June last, half the Bishops of the world were gathered around the throne which ought to have been in dust. And now, again, before Rosary Sunday has returned, the chief antagonist of the Holy Father, the man who has earned his fame by bravado against the Vicar of Jesus Christ, has, by the just authority of his King, been rendered harmless. Such are the events of this twelvemonth past. We are enter ing on another year. I cannot foretell what it may bring forth. It is full of menace, and of peril, and all things seem tending to a crisis. But the events of the year gone by are an encouragement for the year to come. We may be told that they were but political and human agencies which pro tected the Holy Father. Be it so. God works through the politics and actions of men. They are iustruinents in I lie hands, and over all their powers there is a will and a control which directs and re strains them. God works through the combinations of Rulers, whether they will or no, and brings about His ends by the most adverse and unlikely means. There is nothing in the present danger of the Holy See which has not often been before. Its existence in the world is a perpetual miracle : divinely founded, it has been divinely preserved. The power of the Pontiffs forms an exception in the history of the world. His spiritual power needs no human aid. Neither Kings nor Emperors have been able to arrest nor have presumed to patronize it. His tem poral power has subsisted for a thousand years by a continuous intervention of Divine Providence. It has never possessed a military force able to cope with the weakest temporal prince. It has existed in the midst of mighty antagonists, any one of which might have crushed it ; and, by some strange gift of per petual stability, it has survived all shocks. Always threatened, but always safe—as the Apostle says : " We suffer persecution, but are not forsaken ; we are cast down, but we perish not : always bearing about in our body the mortification of Jesus, that the life also of Jesus may be made manifest in our bodies. For we who live are always delivered unto death for Jesus' sake : that the life also of Jesus may be made manifest in our mortal flesh." (2 Cor. iv. 9- 11.) The Pontiffs have thereby represented to the world the union of weakness and power. Five-and forty times they have been driven out of Rome, or have never entered it. Expulsion, banishment, dethrone ment, this has been their history. No line of Kings ha ever survived such vicissitudes—their lines have been broken, and their dynasties have passed away. But the line-of the Pontiffs is indcfec ible, and their throne has always been restored. To be protected by the power of Christian nations—first by one, then by another have always been their providential lot. It could not be other wise. The Divine Founder of the Church has so disposed it that His Kingdom should not be numbered among the nations ; nor its Head, though supreme over all Princes, hold its own by temporal might or military power. Vicissitudes which would have destroyed all other dynasties fall lightly upon the throne of the Pontiffs. Subverted again and again, it is as often restored in undi minished authority. It does not, therefore, make us afraid to see the armed bands of revolution closing round the remnant of the territory, and aiming at the seizure of Rome. What has been often may be again but wo pray on in confidence, knowing that so long as there is a Christian world, so long the temporal power will survive. It is not the might of any nation which sustains it, but the instinct of faith and the dictate of justice which pervade and govern the Christian nations of the world. When these are extinguished or enfeebled the anti-Christian revolu tion may prevail against the temporal power of the Vicar of Jesus Christ : but till then, never. It may be menaced and persecuted, but it will endure. If it be now again overthrown, we believe that it will be again set up. Such is our confidence, and for this we pray. As I said last year, we go out to battle with not so much as a sling and a stone, but with a string of beads, a superstitious multitude. But there are still other thoughts which press upon me to-day. Our Lord has prepared us for the hostility which is everywhere about us—"lf the world hate you, know ye that it hated Me before you"— and that, in proportion to our separation from the world. " If you had been of the world, the world would love its own ; but because you are not of the world, but I have chosen you out of the world, therefore the world hateth you." Now, of this we have a signal example. There are two persons whose names are in almost daily contrast. Is there any one on whom such a continuous stream of contempt and bitterness is poured as Pius IX. ? There seems to be a delight in recounting his dangers and humi liations, in predicting his downfall, in encouraging his enemies, in justifying their actions, and bidding God speed to their conspiracies, in glorying over their violence. If things turn in his favour, there is disappointment and irritation ; if they go against him, there is exultation and joy. Why ? Not for any known reason, but because he is Pope ; and, as such, most like his Master. Such, for the most part, is the tone of our journals. Nevertheless, I must here openly bear witness that my words do not apply to certain public writers who in the last year have shown much restraint and justice in their language. On the other hand, there is a man whose name I will not utter, whose antecedents and impieties I will not recite. He has made himself conspicuous by enmity against the Church and the Vicar of Jesus Christ. Within the last three weeks this man has been twice described by those who guide the public opinion of this country in the words which follow : as a man of " almost Godlike self-denial," aud, again, " of a boundless goodness." I had thought that there was but One Infinite, " that none is good but God alone." What comes next is still more portentous—his " goodness passeth all under standing," which would appear to be an attribute of our Divine Redeemer borrowed from the language of St. Paul. We have here the two standing face to face before us. The one the object of the world's enmity, the other the object of the world's admira tion, or rather of the world's apotheosis or deifica tion. Now, these two persons represent two systems, two principles, two spirits. They are the legitimate heads of " the mystery of piety," and " the mystery of impiety," as the Apostle describes them. On the one side is the Vicar of Christ, and all that are united to him by the laws of super natural justice. On the other the antagonist of Christ and all who are banded together against His Church on earth. Between these there can be no reconciliation or compromise. There is an intrinsic enmity, an essential variance, derived from their very nature. "If the world hate you," we have not far to seek for the reasons of this enmity. First, it is directed against the revelation of Chris tianity, as such, which, by making known the truth, has limited the licence of the human reason. The revelation that there is one God has narrowed the liberty of the human intelligence. No man is at liberty to think that there are many- Gods, or that there is no God. Polytheism and Atheism are not only follies, but sins. In like manner by reveal ing the incarnation of His Son, God has imposed another limit on the freedom of the human reason. No man is at liberty to say that God has not been incarnate. And so of every revealed truth of the Church, of the Seven Sacraments, as also of every known truth of every kind, the liberty of the human reason to dispute at will is restrained by being elevated to the light of knowledge. Never theless men resent this as a bondage. So, if pos sible, still more in the revealed law of God. The Divine Commandments which require obedience, justice, truth, and purity, are so far limitations of human freedom. Men are not at liberty to violate these laws. They have no right to be disobedient, unjust, untruthful, impure. The will has no right of liberty to infringe these laws at choice. It is this yoke of faith and law imposed upon the intelli gence and the will that galls and irritates the world. So, again, the Church is a more explicit object of their enmity, because it is to the Church that God has committed the custody and the execu tion of His truth and law. The Church—as witness, teacher, and judge—contradicts and offends the spirit of license to the quick. It will not compromise, it will not be silent, it will not connive, it will not accommodate its doctrines to modern progress, or to the new developments of religious or secular thought. Immutably, inflexibly, it witnesses and teaches, judges, and condemns. And this va riance is rendered still more intense by its moral teaching. It assumes to pronounce upon the right and the wrong of public legislation, of domestic authority, of personal conduct. It will not indulge either tyranny or rebellion, oppression or sedition. It will not sanction the despotism of parents nor the disobedience of children. It will not suffer un rebuked the scandals of public immorality or the license of private vice. It is a censor of our lives, and an inexorable judge not only of what we do, but even of what we are. And this is all the more galling, because of the standard of morals it holds up before the world. It is not content to teach the bare letter of the Ten Commandments. It requires of men obedience to a discipline, and to precepts which exact interior conformity of the heart and will. And even more than this. It holds up as a standard to be honoured, if not to be imitated, by all, a life of counsels, aud a state of perfection, the most contrary and mortifying to the world and to the flesh ; obedience, poverty, and chastity : extinct virtues which are still so vigorous in the members of the Church and in religious orders throughout the Christian world, that they must needs be cut down and rooted out by spolia tion, prohibition, dissolution, and endless railing. But there is yet another object of the world's enmity more visible and more within its reach. The faith is impalpable, the Church is too vast to be controlled, its morality can only be derided, but the priesthood may be grasped. It is a tangible enemy, and men may lay hands upon it. Moreover, to the priesthood is committed the office of making the revelation of God an authoritative reality among men. They are teachers, guides, and judges ; they are iu constant contact and in perpetual conflict with the world. The more like they are to their Master, the more hated they must be ; the more faithfully they bear witness against the world which crucified Him, the more they inherit the scandal and the enmity of the Cross. It is inevitable. A. holy priesthood must be hated by the world. It is false to s ►y that the priesthood is hated for the sins of priests. The world would not hate them if they were like itself. It hates them because they are unlike it, and because they remind it of their Master. But last of all, and above all, there is one on whose sole head all those enmities descend at once. They are concentrated upon the Vicar of Jesus Christ, who most nearly represents Him to the world. All the enmities against the Divine truth and the Divine law, against the Church and its morality, against religious orders and the priesthood, fall at once upon the chief witness for the revelation of Christianity, the Head of the Church, the guardian of morality, and the protec tor of the priesthood. All these things meet emi nently in his person, and all the hatred of the world against these things he bears in an eminent degree, and that in our behalf. There is an instinct in the world which tells it that if the shepherd be smitten the sheep of the flock would be scattered ; that if the head of the Christian superstition could be over thrown, the battle would be half won. Therefore it is that all the conspiracies of men are attracted to one point. Their whole array of heresy and schism, of infidelity and impiety, of sedition and revolution, is directed against the person who in himself sums up and represents to the world the rights of God and of His Church, You see then before you the two persons, :and the two systems. The conflict is perpetual, and their enmity is irreconcilable. They may be called two Churches, and two Gospels. On the one side is the Church of " men of good will," one, holy, visible, and universal; on [the other, the ecclesia malignantium, as the Scriptures call it, the Church of men of evil will ; one in enmity against the Church of god, though manifold as the multiplicity of evil, un holy in thought, word, deed, intention, and will ; invisible, because secret, stealthy, subterraneous, -working out of sight, and in darkness undermining the private purities of home, the public order of States, the thrones of princes, above all the throne of the Sovereign Pontiff, in whom both spiritual and civil powers unite. It is not more certain that the Catholic Church spreads visibly over the earth than that an anti-Christian conspiracy of infidelity and revolu tion spreads in secret under the Christian world. These two systems are in presence of each other. Hitherto the Christian order has maintained its supremacy. How i long it shall ensure, God only knows. So long as there is a Christian world, the temporal power of the Pontiffs will be sustained by its conscience and its instincts ; when the temporal power is dissolved the Christian world will be dis solved with it. Therefore, all the storm is pointed at the Vicar of Christ. He holds the key of the posi tion, or rather, his own sacred person is its strength. And these two Churches have their two Gospels. The one is contained in the Encyclical and Syllabus of Pius IX. in 1864. In it are condemned the chief errors which are now menacing the Christian society of the world; the other was preached the other day at Geneva. In the former are promul gated the great truths and laws on which the Church, the State, and the family repose. It de clares the obligations and authority of reason and revelation, of the Christian and civil law, of the Church, and of the State. It confirms the lawful authority of rulers, and the duty of obedienze in subjects. It is the Gospel of order, peace, and purity to all mankind. The other was proclaimed by the "goodness which passeth all understand ing:" incomprehensible, indeed, but happily not divine. Its chief dogmas are " that the Papacy must be destroyed," and " that the re ligion of God must be propagated throughout the world." At tha sound of a religion to be propagated, the indevout and indocile disciples cried, " No, no." But the religion of God was soon so explained as to allay their fears. It is the religion of science, of reason, and of genius, the apostles of which I will not name. I had thought that the religion of reason had hardly survived its last great festival, when that deity was worshipped on the high altar in Notre Dame, impersonated in a form I will not describe. The religion of science is at this day somewhat capricious. It traces mankind to a pro genitor among the least graceful and most grotesque of creatures, and affirms that thought is phosporus, the soul a name for the complex of nerves, and, if I rightly understand its mysteries, that our moral sense is a secretion of sugar. From want of light my exposition may be heterodox, but of one thing I am certain, that this religion of God js founded in the denial and destruction of Christianity and the Vicar of Christ. But in all this there is nothing new. It is the same stupidity of unbelief, the same persecuting bigotry of the infidel revolution which from age to ago has periodically tormented the Chris tian world. This same delirious impiety was preached more than half a century ago, only it was then not by an Italian, but by a Frenchman. France was then the "first of nations" which was to send forth its spirit and to renew the face of the earth. Now it is Italy. Only the other day I read a rhapsody on the mission of Italy among the nations. It was the utterance of the prophet of the Italia❑ revolu tion. Italy is to teach the nations how to live, by abolishing Christianity. Let us hear, then, how this Gospel was preached some seventy years ago. In the Moiziteur of June, 1793, appeared certain letters of ghostly counsel to the Pope. The admoni tions begin as follows :—" You, Holy Father, who trample under foot the ashes of the Camilluses and the Cincinnatuses ; you who gravely play your ridi culous farces on the superb theatre where the Scipios and the Paulus Amiliuses dragged in triumph kings bound to their chariots, do you really think that liberty is so easily snatched from a people ardent to preserve it ? The Declaration of the Rights of Man contains in itself a force absolutely invincible, because it is the force of nature. Never did Zoroaster and Confucius, Solon and Lycurgus, Numa, or Jesus ; never did any sage of antiquity present a code of morals more simple, more natural, more attractive. What a majestic spectacle to see the first nation of Europe rise up altogether, and, with one only voice, say, lam free, and I will that the whole human race be free together with me. People of all climes, arise I shake off the chains of credulity, of error, of superstition, and of despotism ! Let us no longer suffer a barbarous caste to lead us astray in seeking a chimerical salvation. Perish the priesthood ! It is with our earthly happiness that we ought to occupy ourselves. Assembleyour people, Holy Father; arise in the midst of them, and say, Descendants of the grandest people of the world, too long imposture has desecrated your country ; the day of truth is come. Cast off all ridiculous fables. Enter again into the enjoyment of your natural rights. Be free and sovereign. Be you the only legislators. Restore the republic of Rome But to save you from the vices and the abuses which destroyed the ancient republic, do not suffer among you patricians, nor knights, nor cardinals, nor prelates, nor bishops, nor priests, nor monks, nor vestals. Be you all citizens. I place my tiara in your hands; I hope my clergy will follow my example.' " On the 13th Ventose, be it when and what it may, the President Merlin announced to the Council of Ancients the great news (of the fall of the Temporal Power and restoration of the Roman Republic) in a message as follows :—" Citizen re presentatives, after 1,400 years humanity demands the destruction of an anti-social power ; the cradle of which seems to have been placed under the reign of Tiberius, only to appropriate to itself the dupli city, the ferocious tyranny, the gloomy policy, the thirst for blood of the father of Nero."* Where now is this fabric of impiety ? And where in a little while will be the stolid blasphemies of this hour? The Christian world must perish before this godless anarchy can destroy the source of its peace and order. And here I would fain break off. But there are thoughts nearer home which compel me to go on. The influence of this country for good or for evil, for order or for disorder, is great. As a Christian and an Englishman I deplore the license of nameless writing and irresponsible speech, which, for the last twenty years, throughout the whole Pontificate of Pius IX., has en couraged and stimulated the anti- Christian revolu tions of the Continent. We have among us public voices which make themselves heard far and wide. And they, too, have preached the gospel of sedition. They would not have proclaimed the same maxims for the guidance of our own colonies or for the three kingdoms of our own country. But against the Pope anything is lawful. I will not quote chapter and verse, nor name the evangelists of these fatal doctrines. It is enough to recite a few axioms of their political morality. We are told that a people may lawfully at any time, and for any cause, overthrow its Government : that the will of the people is a sufficient justifying reason: that national aspirations are legitimate and supreme motives for the dissolution of a Government, even though con firmed by possession, prescription, and immemorial right: that a discontented minority may lawfully call in the aid of foreign sedition and foreign arms to overthrow its Government: that the principle of non intervention binds Governments but not individuals : thateven Governments bound not to interfere openly may do so secretly, that they may do by moral countenance and encouragement in words what they may not do by arms : that they may look on approvingly when their subjects sow sedition in the peaceful provinces of neighbouring states, organise conspiracies in their capitals, and send arms and money to the conspirators. All these things have been publicly preached among us, and these evil seeds wafted all over the three king doms, all over the empire, have already fallen on a prepared soil and are bearing bitter fruit. * Moniteur, tom. 39, p. 165. Gaume : La Revolution, YQL 1, Fremdo Liyraigo, pages 119-12. We designed them only for our neighbours, or only for the Pope ; but they have struck root in our own land, and we shall reap as we have sown. As a Christian and an Englishman I protest against this gospel of sedition ; and I pray God that my country may not, by the remotest influence or by a passing word, be partaker in its diffusion ; that its public opinion, and loud public voice, and the power of its Legislature, may be restrained by Christian order and by international justice, and that we may not be guilty before God of abetting, by the lightest act, the infidel revolution which now threatens the Vicar of Jesus Christ. If through our pride or blindness we do so, God will not be mocked. We have been sowing the wind, and shall reap the whirlwind. When we have preached the gospel of sedition to all nations, then shall the end come. Already the warnings are upon us. There are forerunners on the horizon, and storms below it. There are agencies which elude control and discovery ; secret and sudden combinations which threaten us where we seem strongest and safest. We have dallied with the evils which only threatened others, and they have now recoiled upon ourselves. I trust in God that in the day when we shall be visited for this sin, we at least, who have protested against it, may be guiltless of the great offence. RAILWAY INTELLIGENCE. CARNARVONSHIRE. The half-yearly meeting of this company was held on Tuesday at the offices, Bank-buildings, Captain Johns in the chair. The report stated that the railway was opened for public traffic on the 2d of September last and that the receipts are already about per mile per week. The Cambrian Railway had not yet been opened further than Barmouth, but the opening of the remainder of that line was daily expected, and when this took place the traffic receipts would be materially increased, by reason of the unbroken communication that would then be formed between North and South \Vales, and also between Carnarvon and the mid land counties and London. An act amalgamating the Nantile with this undertaking received the Royal assent last session, and the directors antici pated that beneficial results were likely to arise from it. The CHAIRMAN, in moving the adoption of the report, said the receipts on the line had been much greater than they had anticipated in so short a time. They might also look forward to the completion of the Cambrian line for additional traffic. Resolutions were passed adopting the report, limiting the number of the directors to four, and a vote of thanks to the chairman concluded the pro. ceedings. They had, by means of the narrow gauge, saved the expense of frequent trans-shipments, and the car ferry boat was in perfect order. The cost of freight in the last half-year for 296,728 tons had been $64,159, against 256,106 tons in the corresponding period, the cost of which for handling, &c., was $64,471. Then, looking at the rate per ton, it was 21c. against 25c. in the same half of 1866, saving about $10,641 in the quantity carried. The pro portion of receipts for local traffic was 371 per cent., and for through traffic 62.88 per cent. ; so they would readily see the importance of the latter. The through freight extended from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, and the cars on this route were painted blue. They were led to believe that when the line was renewed properly that the future expenses of maintenance would be less than formerly, but that did not now appear to be borne out ; they had called the attention of Mr. Reid to this matter,and he said in his report that the £42,773 charged in the past half year for maintenance and renewal of per manent way included £1,328 for the renewal of a wooden bridge with stone at Jordan, but after that deduction the cost of maintenance and renewal still continued to be considerably higher than was anticipated after the thorough renewal of the main line carried out during the fire and a half years from 1861 to 1866. The expenditure upon main tenance and renewals for the corresponding half of 1866 was £47,514, and for the half year ending January last £39,682. The principal causes to prevent any Large reduction under this head were an increase in the rate of wages, averaging about 25 per cent. above the rate that prevailed three years ago, and an advance in the cost of timber, &c., of about 30 per cent. Mr. Reid explained that the heavy renewals executed between 1861 and 1866 were limited to the track and bridges of the main line, and to the track of the Toronto and Galt branches, and did not include the timber bridges of the Toronto branch, all of which were perfectly sound in 1861; but now those were all being renewed, and would hereafter require a considerable outlay. It was also found that those portions of the main line relaid prior to 1861-2 now required large renew als of rails. The light rails in general use on that continent, coupled with the excessive stress to which their severe winter exposed them, rendered the per manent way of Canadian railways much less durable than those of English railways, and therefore the very best material ought alone to be used in the manufacture of rails sent to Canada ; but instead of that being the case it had been the unfortunate ex perience of all the railways on that continent to re ceive from England during the past eight or ten years the rails of a decidedly inferior quality, and a similar experience attended them in the re-rolling of their old rails in former years in the rolling mills of Canada and the Northern States. The result of this had, of course, been that the duration of Canadian and American railway tracks had universally fallen far below the standard of England, and of the American Continent itself in bygone years, when sounder rails were furnished by the English manu facturers. But they were now independent of foreign markets by their own rail-rolling mill ; and Mr. Reid stated that he had recently effected a great improvement in the quality of their rails by intro ducing an increased percentage of good, hard puddled iron in the heads of the new rails, stating that if the quality of a rail could only be improved by 25 per cent., it was worth accomplishing at a cost of £1 4s. Bd. per ton. He also reminded the directors that the recent addition of a third rail to their main track, together with 20 miles of narrow gauge sid ings, would, of course, augment the cost of repairs and renewals of permanent way. That was the ex planation they had received from Mr. Reid on that subject. He might mention that Mr. Hoyes's son had recently visited Canada, travelled over the Great Westernline,and said he found it smoother to travel over than any line in England. The Chairman then alluded to the proposed engagement with the Grand Trunk Railway Company, which was for the purpose of avoiding competition between cer tain places ou their lines chiefly affecting the local traffic. They were to divide the gross traffic between certain points in certain proportions, to be agreed upon or settled, in case of dispute, by arbitration. l'he advantages were obvious, as they would be enabled to secure fair and remunerative rates. As an instance of the competition, he mentioned that :3 were charged in one case for a distance of 230 miles, instead of the former rate of $7. Fair rates could be charged under the proposed agreement with a view to protect the interests of all parties. The length of railway of the Great Western included by this arrangement would be 315 miles, and of the Grand Trunk 423 miles. They believed it was a fair and proper agreement, and the proprietors had sent a larger amount of proxies than ever they did at atif former period in favour of the proposed agreement. There was only one dissentient—a Glasgow share- holder, who would doubtless alter his mind on the matter being explained to him. They had completely and amicably settled all their differences in Canada with the Commercial Bank and others. The traffic on the Detroit and Milwaukie Railway was progres sing satisfactorily. It amounted for the half-year ending the 30th of June last to £158,509, and the expenses to £96,852, leaving a surplus of £61,657, of which £41,299 was required to pay interest on bonds, leaving a balance of £20,357 against £3,805 for the corresponding half of last year, showing an increase of £16,552, which would be applied to capital purposes. The Great Western settlement in respect of the Milwaukie line gave them $2,000,000 or about £400,000, in recognition of the debt due to them in 10 per cent. preference shares. They were the only shareholders in the company, and had the control of the property; that was the price they had received for the large advance they had made years ago to that company. There was a capital of $300,000 to be created for the equipment of the line that would come in before their claim. The increase in the traffic of the Great Western for the first seven weeks of the current half-year was £20,000, or 221 per cent. as compared with the receipts in cor responding seven weeks of last year. The harvest in America was plentiful and bounteous, and they were greatly indebted to the exertions of Mr. Swin yard, the general manager, to Mr. Reid, the en gineer, and to other officers of the company, and also to the Canadian directors for the satisfactory state of things that existed there. He concluded by moving the adoption of the report, and that a dividend at the rate of 4 per cent. per annum be payable on the 24th inst. Mr. HOYES, deputy chairman, seconded the motion. Mr. H. H. CANNAN moved an amendment to the effect that the paragraph in the report relating to the agreement with the Grand Trunk Railway Com pany be omitted, and that the proposed agreement be not adopted, as it would only lead to the expen diture of further capital and deprive the company of the right to charge such fares as they thought proper. Mr. SUTHERLAND seconded the amendment. The CHAIRMAN explained that the object of the agreement was to prevent the making of unneces sary or duplicate lines, and to enable them to charge equal and remunerative rates for local traffic. The agreement was for seven years if mutually beneficial to both companies ; if not, it could be determined at any time during that term by either side giving three months' notice. Mr. HARTRIDGE hoped the proprietors would adopt the agreement when it came before them for their approval, because he believed it would be mutually beneficial to both companies. They had expended a vast amount of capital to benefit Canada, and the least Canada could do was to pay a fair re muneration for the services rendered. It was quite certain that the proprietors of both companies were entitled to a much better result for the money they had expended. (hear, hear.) Colonel EVELYN thought it better to keep the two companies separate. The Great Western had the shorter route and would be sure to get the greater portion of the traffic between the two points men tioned in the agreement. He would therefore vote against the motion and in favour of the amendment. The amendment on a show of hands was lost, there being only seven in favour of it ; and the ori ginal resolution was adopted. On the motion of Mr. HARTRIDGE, the eleven re tiring directors and two auditors were unanimously re-elected. The meeting was then made special, and the pro vi4iolial agreement entered into between the Great Western and Grand Trunk Railway Companies was carried, there being three dissentients; and the pro ceedings concluded with a vote of thanks to the chairman. GREAT WESTERN OF CANADA. The half yearly general meeting of this company was held yesterday at the London Tavern. Mr. Alderman Dakin, the chairman, presided. Mr. B. Baker, the secretary, having read the minutes of the last meeting, which were confirmed, the report, an abstract of which has appeared in 77te Sun, was taken as read. The CHAIRMAN, in moving that the report and statement of accounts be received and adopted, said he thought the shareholders would consider it very flourishing, and as the directors were well satisfied with the result of the operations during the half year, they would both be of the same mind in that respect. The receipts on capital account during the past half year amounted to £13,703 from calls in arrear, which reduced the arrears of calls at the end of the half year to between £6,000 and £7,000, and they had since been reduced to £3,000. The expen diture on capital account during the half year was £18,758. This was for useful and additional works, and very moderate outlay. It was the object of the directors to put to expenditure on capital account as little as possible, and that what they did put to it should be for useful and productive purposes. In making any addition of that kind they would al ways take the opinion of the shareholders. The largest item in that expenditure was £5,058, the cost of new sidings for the narrow gauge or blue line, and he would presently make a few remarks to jus tify that expenditure. They had expended £904 on the erection of a new heating furnace and two addi tional boilers for the rolling mill, which was now in a perfect state of efficiency, and he believed it was quite equal to anything they might hereafter require. They would thus have the means of controlling the quality of the iron rails by means of the rolling mill. They had expended £5Ol for completing buildings and platform on the Petrolia branch ; the £lO,OOO voted for making that branch was not yet quite expended, and he thought they were fully justified in that outlay when he told them that the traffic carried over that line during the past half year amounted to £8,451. (Hea r , h ear. ) Th at was a very wise and prudent expenditure. The gross traffic receipts in the past half-year were the largest they ever had in any previous half-year ; they amounted to £365,704 ; and for the same half of 1866 they were £343,162; for the same half of 1865, £284,565 ; same half of 1864, £314,940 ; and for the same half of 1863, £293,067. There was, therefore, a marked improvement in the gross traffic receipts of the past half-year, although there had been a falling off in the local traffic of £15,157, while in the American, or through traffic, there had been an increase of £37,436, so that the increased traffic was entirely due to laying the third rail for the narrow gauge, or blue line, as it was called, for accommodating American through traffic. The working expenses during the half-year amounted to £182,768, or 4098 per cent., and for the same half of 1866 to £175,747, or 51.21 per cent. of the re ceipts. The interest on the Government bonds was £51,717, or about the same as last year, but the loss on conversion of American currency was £52,820, against £39,8 06 for the corresponding half of last year, being an inc rease o f £13 , 014 against revenue, over which the directors had no control whatever. The cotton and corn crops being abundant would perhaps have a tendency to lessen the loss on the conversion in the current half year. If things were in a normal state they would be able to pay as good dividends as any other line he knew of ; the only thing they eould do was to keep up the rates as well as they could so as to compensate them as much as possible for the loss on the cur rency. He might state that the total loss on the conversion of American currency since 1862 was £584,843, making together with the charges for re newals about £1,000,000, all which had been paid out of their revenue ; and in spite of this they were enabled to pay a fair average dividend, and so far he thought their prospects were most satisfactory. With regard to the laying down the third rail on a portion of their line to form the narrow gauge through line £150,000 had been voted by the proprietors for that object. Some of the shareholders at the time it was proposed were disinclined to incur that expenditure, although the advantage of such a line was strongly recommended to them by the directors who had visited Canada and America, and had been convinced of its importance. It was quite clear that it would not have answered their purpose to take eight days as formerly in conveying through traffic from Chi cago to New York, while the American lines could do it in five days. They could not have got their share of the through traffic if they had not laid down the third rail to accommodate it. One argument against the third rail was that engineers' estimates were not reliable, and that it would cost double the estimated amount ; but he ventured at that time to say that he had every confidence that Mr. Reid, their engineer, would not be far out in his estimate, as he had always been so correct. The fact was that Mr. Reid's estimate for laying down the third rail was £152,157, and the expenditure had been £150,875, leaving £1,282 to be expended on that undertaking. The Michigan Central and New York Central Railway Company agreed to guarantee three-fifths of the interest on the outlay for a certain time, and had already paid to the Great Western Company £19,479 on that account, leaving about X 9,000 to be paid, and those amounts would have to be deducted from their expenditure. He was bound to say that there would be some excess on that esti mate for additional sidings to complete the enter prise. The effect of the third rail had been very bene ficial, the increase in through traffic alone being 59 per cent. He might say they carried during the past half-year the largest amount of through freight ever carried in the same time him the line was opened. GREAT LUXEMBOURG. The half-yearly meeting of this company was held yesterday at the London Tavern ; the 'lon. F. Scott in the chair. The report, an abstract of which has appeared in The Sun, was taken as read. The CHAIRMAN, in moving the adoption of the report, regretted the falling off in the receipts, which he attributed to the fact that since 1863 the rates of the company had been gradually reduced to an unremunerative point. They were carrying the main portion of their traffic at rather less than id. per ton per mile. This was owing to the Go verment having reduced its rates on the State lines, and, while professing to leave all the conceded com panies free, taking care to give the traffic to those lines only having rates uniform with those of the State lines, so that to save their legitimate traffic from being diverted to other companies, they bad to reduce their rates. Strong representations had been made, and would still be made, to the Minister of Finance upon the subject, which he hoped the share holders would support. Mr. FENTON seconded the motion for the adop tion of the report. Mr. FILDES, M.P., said the directors might rely upon the shareholders supporting them in any mea sure, however strong, for putting the line right with the Government. His only wonder was that the board had not taken the strongest possible course and raised the fares without at all consulting the shareholders. At the same time he thought that some notice should have been taken both in the report and iu the chairman's speech of the com mittee of consultation mooted at the last meeting, and the causes of the retirement of one of the most active members of the board, .Mr. Holland, of Liverpool. He thought the letter addressed to the Minister ought to have been followed by prompt action on the part of the board. Mr. NIELD, as one of the committee of consulta. tion, could say the only question to be - considered was whether the railway could be better managed by a resident manager sent over from England, and at the conference the committee found that the management of affairs in Brussels was as satisfac tory as could be wished, and that it would be next to impossible to improve it to any great extent. After some further discussion the report was adopted. The CHAIRMAN, in moving that the dividend of 12f. 15c. on the preference shares be recommended for adoption at the meeting in Brussels, replied to the observations of Mr. Fildes, remarking that it was impossible that the deductions from revenue could keep pace with renewals. They were doubling the line and making more station accom modation, but not more than they were obliged to. The only thing the board could do was to make the renewals and additions as cheaply as possible and work the line as economically as possible. Mr. FENTON seconded the motion, which was adopted, and a vote of thanks to the chair man concluded the proceedings. IHE 111E7ROPOL1TAN AND PROVINCIAL LAW A,SSOCIA 2 lON. - The annual provincial meeting of the members and friends of this association was held yesterday at the Manchester Town-hall. Mr. H. S. Wash brough, of Bristol, the chairman of the association, presided. There was a numerous attendance. The CHAIRMAN, in opening the proceedings, said it was now ten years since the association held a meeting in this city. Their last meeting was per haps the most successful on the list of the annual gatherings, and it was impossible to recur to it without feelings of gratification and pleasure. Meet ing again in the birthplace of the association, after 20 years' existence, the question naturally arose whether the association had answered the expecta tion of its promoters, and whether its aims and ob jects had been realised. He was happy to believe that, although the association might not have ac complished all that it aimed at, yet those questions might be in the main unhesitatingly answered in the affirmative. The measures taken by the society with respect to legal education had been highly bene ficial, and it was gratifying to observe the increas ing number of graduates of Oxford and Cambridge who entered the profession. While the interests of the profession had been carefully watched and pro moted by the society, the public had in an equal degree been considered by the profession. This was particularly the case with respect to the transfer of land, and that the public had not been aggrieved by the present system of conveyancing was shown by the increasing value of land and the avidity with which it was bought up. A gradual reform, however, had been for years making its way, for which the public were indebted solely to the profes sion ; he referred to the practice of commencing titles at the most recent period consistent with safety, and of framing conditions of sale and contract with such restrictions and guards as to throw the least possible expense on both vendors and purchasers. The Bankruptcy Bill which was brought before Parliament last session was highly approved by the committee, who, after mature consideration, and after communication with the various provincial law societies, prepared a petition to Parliament praying for certain amendments. The all-engross ing claims of the Reform Bill caused the withdrawal of the Bankruptcy Bill ; but he believed that that would not prove disadvantageous, as it was impor tant that the utmost consideration should be given to the whole subject ; and he trusted that the result would be a measure of a more permanent character than the existing law, and more acceptable to the public. Whilst the really unfortunate bankrupt should be relieved and protected, the fraudulent and unscrupulous trader should be prevented from get ting rid of his responsibilities as easily as the present state of the law enabled him to do, It was hoped that in future legislation on this subject that prin ciple would be kept in view. The subject of the proposed new law courts in London had been care fully considered by the committee. Up to the pre sent time none of the plans of the competing archi tects had been adopted, although it had been stated that the ground plans of one architect and the ele vation of another had been selected by the Commis sion, and that the authors of those designs were to be employed in the erection of the buildings. Com promises were seldom satisfactory ; and he trusted, in a work of such magnitude and national import ance, no compromise of that kind would be allowed. Although Mr. Barry's design might afford the best ground plan,it was understood to be by no means per fect; and it was to be hoped that no design would be adopted until a general ground plan showing all the requirements of the building, and perfect in all its details as far as it was possible to make it, was settled and approved. A convenient and well considered arrangement was of the first import ance ; and when that was effected the rest would be comparatively easy ; for no one who had seen the masterly production of some of the competing architects could doubt their ability to de sign a structure worthy of the dignity of the nation and of the objects to which it would be devoted. An important change relative to the appellate Court of Chancery demanded the attention of the profes sion, viz., the act which gave the Lords Justices the power to sit singly as appellate judges. He ventured to express a doubt as to the advantage of this change. The whole subject of appellate jurisdiction must soon force itself on the attention of Parliament, and it was to be hoped that the subject of this Appeal Court would be re-considered. llaving regard to the vast mass of property involved in the decisions of the Courts, no greater mistake could be made than an attempt to save money by keeping down the number of judges required to transact the busi ness of the country efficiently. There was little doubt that by keeping pace with the increased in telligence of the age, and the gradual introduction into the examinations of a still higher standard of education, the branch of the profession to which they belonged would take equal rank with the other learned professional bodies of England. In the course of the discussion which followed, Mr. SHAEN (London) said that the time was coin ing when, amidst the inquiries into 444 unions, the law would have to stand inquiry ; for he thought that the public would not long remain satisfied with a system which was enforced by rules which, although not of so rough a nature as those which had re cently been brought to light in this city, had ex actly the same object, viz., to increase the pay given for a certain amount of work, quite irrespective either of the laws of supply and demand, or the value of the work itself. They would do no good by avoiding going fully and frankly into the subject. if the public called for a radical reform in the organis ttion of the profession, his conviction was that the result must be something more like a re volution than any other thing which could be looked forward to in this country. They would find that the artificial division of the profession to the two branches of advocate and solicitor was unnecessary, and mischievous both to the pocket of the client and the administration of justice. The question as to division of labour which was the only ground on which the distinction could be at all justified, was best left to itself to find its own level. He believed that questions of law would be argued as well by an attorney who had seen his brief grow up in his own office, as by a barrister who had spent only one or two nights in reading it. Mr. J. BULMER (Leeds) said that the opinions which he had expressed to the Society fifteen years ago had undergone no change. He looked upon the division as having a very bad effect. It was most desirable that in their branch of the profes sion they should have men of a high cast of cha racter and conduct, and they could not expect such men to enter a profession which was deprived of all honours. Mr. C. A. SMITH (Greenwich) said he could not concur in the remarks which had just been made. (Hear, hear.) He looked upon the functions of the barrister as totally distinct from those of the attor ney; they had been so for time out of mind, and there were many reasons why they should continue to be so. The barrister ought not to be implicated in getting up the facts of a case. It was highly important that the status of the bench should be preserved, and he did not think it would be im proved by the infusion of men of a minor character of mind and position. As to matters of etiquette, they naturally followed .from the division which existed. One could not be abolished without the other. Mr. S. HEEL'S read a paper on the best mode of investing funds for the endowment of charities. He recommended that such money should be invested in land. Mr. WADHAM (Bristol) opposed Mr. Heelis's suggestion, which he said he thought would give strength to the Radical proposition for a subdivision of land, on the continental system. Mr. BUNTING (Manchester) said this was a pet subject with the Social Science Association, and both at the Manchester meeting and former ones discussions took place on it. The opinions of the people who talked most -in this age were against investments in land. Mr. MARSHALL (Leeds) protested against the consideration of a pure matter of law being mixed up with politics. Mr. RYLAND (Birmingham) said that a striking instance of the result of investments was afforded by the Grammar Schools at Birmingham and King's Norton, to each of which was given an equal sum of money in the reign of King Edward VI. The money which was invested in land was now yield ing more than £20,000 per annum, owing to the increased value of land. The money invest ment was still producing a miserable income, not sufficient to keep together anything more than a village school, whereas the other was growing to the proportions of a college. This matter should be considered in regard to its effect upon the produc tiveness of the land, and it was found that when landlords were unfettered by settlements there were greater facilities for getting improvements. Mr. SANKEY (Leeds) said they could not help con sidering the political view, as otherwise they would not be able to take both sides of the question into consideration. His opinion was that by the con tinual tying-up of land they prevented it becoming a marketable commodity, and therefore prevented its increase in value and affected the general pros perity of the country. Mr. S. HEELIS said he was not prepared to dis cuss the general policy of the country as to land under the text which he had given them. Looking to the interest which they were asked to advise upon, he submitted that land was the best investment. The discussion then adjourned. COUNTRY MARKETS. SALISBURY.-TUESDAY. At market this morning there was a numerous at tendance of farmers, millers, and dealers. A moderate supply of both new and old wheat, and a fair business was done, previous prices generally advancing 2s to 3s per qr. Barley in active demand for malting purposes, and is to 2s dearer. In oats there was an average business, at higher figures than last week. I n beans and peas there was a fair quantity offered, at rather over former quota tions. Flour met a moderate inquiry. The following are the quotations :—Wheat realised from 44s to 79s ; barley, 38s to 47s ; oats, 25s to 30s ; beans, 463 to 58s; and peas, 40s to 48s per qr. Tares, from 5s Od to 6, Od per bushel ; Best bread, 16d ; household ditto, 15d per 81b loaf. Flour, 48s to 52s per sack. HTJL L.—TUESDAY. At our market to-day there was a fair show of English wheat offered, and a ready business was transacted at about 4s advance on last week's prices; foreign in moderate de mand at fully 2s more money. For English barley the demand was of a fair character, and prices advanced is. The quotations at the close of the market were fully 3s per qr higher than at any time during the past two or three years. English white wheat, 70s to 768; red, 65s to 708 ; Dant sic and Konigsberg, 70s to 78s ; Baltic red, 67s to 72s ; Danish and Hamburg, 65s to 68s ; Russian, 63s to 675. Barley, English, 40e to 45s ; grinding, Mediterranean, 34s to 35s 6d. Oats, new English, 26s to 28s; Russian, 26s to 275. Beans, old English, 45s to 465; oreign, 42s to 435. Peas, English blue, 44s to 46s Od ; foreign white, 43s to 445; grinding, 42s to 43s Od per qr. MONMOUTHSHIRE-TUESDAY. The inquiry for wheat at all the local markets has been good, and the advanced prices of a week ago have again risen from 2s to 3s per qr. The barley trade was active, and best malting descriptions had an upward tendency. The trade in oats also active, and prices firm Beans met a good sale. The following aro the average quotations:—Wheat, red, 7s 9d to 8s 6d per bushel; white, 7s 9d to 9s Od;; inferior, 6s 3d to 65 9d ; malting barley, 40s to 44s:per qr ; grind ing ditto, 36s to 38s Od; beans, 43s to 45s ; white oats, 27s Od to 30s Od ; black ditto, 26s Od to 27s Od. L YNN—T UESDAY. At to-day's market we had a moderate supply of wheat, with a dull sale, and brought 3s to 4s per qr. more than last week's quotations. There was a tolerable supply of barley, and malting samples were in demand at is p e r qr more money ; grinding sorts also dearer. Beans and peas is to 2s dearer. New wheat, 74s to 78s ; new red, 60s to 708; old white, 70s to 745; old red, —s to —s per 36 stone. Barley for malting, 41s to 45s ; secondary, 39s to 41s. Oats, new, 24s to 27s per 21 stone. Beans, small, 43s to 48s Peas, 40s to 42s per 28 stone. Births. BUCHANAN—On the 7th inst., at 21, Granville-place, Port man-square, W., the Lady Katherine Buchanan, of e daughter. JONES -On the Bth inst., at 8, Leinster-gardens, Hyde park, the wife of W. S. Jones, Esq., barrister-at-law, of a daughter. NELSON—On the 4th inst., at Landford, Salisbury, the wife of Captain the Hon. M. H. Nelson, R.N., of a son. Marriages. BRODlE—Simmoxs—On the 9thinst., at St. Mary's, Beth wick, Bath, John Lamont Brodie, Esq., of Devonshire street, Portland-place, London, to Julia, younger daugh ter of the We William Simmons, Esq., of the Inner Temple, London. FARR—WESTON—On the Bth inst., at St. Andrew's, Hol born, John Evan Farr, Esq., Assistant-Surgeon It.N•+ Haslar Hospital, to Emily, second surviving daughter of the late Charles Weston, Esq., of Fletton, Hunting donshire. Deaths. AusTEN---On the 7th inst., Mr. J. Austen, late of Thayer street, Manchester-square, aged 70. GYER —Ou the 7th inst., at Cheltenham, Wm. Gyer, Escli aged 89. HARVEY—OD the 7th inst., at Carnousie, Banffshire, W. 3- • Harvey, of Carnousie, Esq., aged 63. KINGSDOWN —On the 7th inst., at Torry Hill, Thomatill Lord Kingsdown, aged 74. Moony--On the 9th inst., at 38, Onslow-square, Williams Moody, Esq., late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, aged 74. SMITH—On the 7th inst., at Mortimer House, near Read" ing, R. Pritchard Smith, Esq., M.D., aged 72. WAILING—On the 7th inst., at Haworth Hall, near Rother ham, John Waring, Esq., aged 71. WHITTELL—On the 7th inst., Joshua F. Whittell, Esq, Upper Helmsley and Westow, J.P. for North and If 4 '' S Ridings of Yorkshire, aged 62. YARROW—On the 7th inst., at 27, Arundel-square ; Barns . bury, Mr. E. W. Yarrow, aged (34. London : Printed and Published by Wl] LIA.III ANDREWS' of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at Tll.ll SUN Caleo, No. 1/1• Strand, in the Precinct of the Savoy, the county AliddlegeX..-Thuridith October 10, 1807. APTI After London 8 R . 11N Dublin P It is s )me. Sold in b 7 the / WholAsal, GRI Ohsery Kinaha TEUT I 14, Ru gg A IiVAN( Freehold repayable discount& _, 4A.( EVERY Eight —i t and Vent BEGO/ii Stalls, at Mr. Austin's of tho Ita Sutton. T LE pk Concerts, Tllis Xnzu sh a sell, and De kiss By Brew RieCNIEI O RAU CAALE. Japaneze NOTICE OPERA, Private kenade After Attot Alter After After After After . WE ° REA IJnprecc The G Care) E W EST (fr om bnu xt battalion the Lieu s uperb Rtalla 6(1., Can Past 7. -,_______ -IVI-Au Or added costu; britieseeBr Adie a Open fro n ARG' This m h a Atali an ar 11° W0P r,"l2;nor 11-ciE / AVe(inesi on SIINF, minute a eorara eae , Course o livered o October t Nit. 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