The Sun. — London, England, 1841-06-15 00:00:00

MORNING EDITION the 1'471 of the c ur t a i n, and was led on by Wilson ani 44flier, and loudly bra chd ; and Wilson annuncera for repetition every eere evening amidst the o unlni d a.o the us t 4 14 31 114e of one of the most crowded houses we have ever Sttll. This is a fresh musical .triumph for the Surrey. wag that Donizetti' s b est com i c opera; Me Love kpelj fi rst Was hpre`sented in an English dress, and we coofideatlyprediet Or t A Queen for a Day will have even a greater run tha.4 fie Love Spell. SPORTING INTELLIGENCE. P The TATTERSALL'S—YESTEIMA Y. ,T, eater part of the day was occied in the settle oat et t h e Ascot accounts, and with a i l iscussion arising out of the resolution of the Jockey Club referred to by 1111 Yesterday which resolution was posted in the " Sub .' L o seri m Pt h o was a lose r t o t h e d efaulter, he refused to pay Roem" this day. On application to a, Noble ii Mt principle. The proceeding, he said, was without Pr let, and unaccompanied- by those assurances which I°°lll,ljust'f, • of the defaulter i J P a belief that the account l . l°ll ltl, in reality, be settled either now or at any future Z n e e , and if the defaulter would come forward personally in'Vsa_settle his account, and pay and receive, plri pa ssu, b iro the whichy and Willing at once to pay over e , ° nun the sum he had lost, but he could not 'wog .7 1 e ze the justice of a one-sided settlement in which all who zvw4hdroetlebetreeddsilti o o rs ulcile called on to payat once, - while those might have to wait an indefinite period a r lePend on circurnszan Q e s which might or mightnet hav d o e:loorable issue. It had been said of him that he ha dn'rleinally refused to pay the defaulter, and had thereby tiet, e l, ll . I , r n 1%.:0in the yard,ea ' the yard whereas, in fact, no apph I,,,j,'!,ant.„.beea made to him, nor did he arrive in de a l l o ll s after the' defaulter had retired. After a good th at his l argument, in which the Noble Lord contended rna_ t r o 4 i t i t refusal to pay did not arise from any dismc 1 .. te ° meet the demand against him, but from a desire a--bisetaia the wh olesome rule, " that those who were u tn hn,ed° pay sh ould not b e p erm i tted to receive ;' , he de instanter la se l tlnse lf Willing to h an d over t h e amount o f h is , gilar,, provided the assignees would give . a teellis",4 that all the creditors bilould 'be paid in full. the P 3 at first resisted, but finally the assigi '<wowing undertaldng :—. lees signed , .• Ntr " We the undersigned guarantee that the account of kee't7-----„shall be paid in full by the end of Houghton haed,,lig' -Pon this document being placed in the ee obi . r of one, tir the Stewards of the Jockey Club, the '''''• of him"L'ord referred to fiirthwith paid - the sum claimed ers on ; .and publicly expressed • a hope that all other f o ll ow , .Indebted to the defaulter would immediately vuot tho4is examPle' All he desired, he said, was to pre : ttftei. Fstablishment of a recedenhich might here- Th: 4o to mischievous consequences ''' oanfu s i .• • terf ei „, . on arising out of this unpleasant affair, ia feat the u e so natch with speculations on " coming events," wer "IY bLti whi-h came under our observation e the followi ee • :___ ' 6 t o i T113..1 (10 :DNVOOD CUP. itgBt Mr . li` O L. ost—taken 2() te 1 amsa. s anerc an agst Lord Eglinton's Galen—taken 2 6 to I as Duke Of Orlean's . 14) 1 agst Lord H. Seymour's Cpakstick—ta.cen Nautilus—take n , 4 t 1 agSt L ST. LEGEM to 1 ord 'Westminster's Van Amburgh ageit lir. Jaques's Osberton—taken ao to DERBY 1842. 3 5 to 1 agsgst a Lord Verula ' m's eolt—taken t L or d Verulam'S Curator—taken -4411tES ENTAT lON OF 111A.R V LE , Last e „ : BONE. Last -,,elbrig a meeting of the dean.; resi lent in the Car e l; ;''' West Panera's was held at the li:ng's Head, Coauzeir'and Market, for_ the purs.. of appointing a LY whi t tee to carry into effect th baliot of Reforme . rs, er k r• which is to be decided whether Sir Charles t N e ap a ier - Proa e h in °ll ,eg is to retire from the contest at h p Mr..bg eiect:on. Chair 13AIL LIE having been unanimously voted to the e t 'stated that notwithstanding the almost univers . ... l ti:e cf4vis:tnr!ceitf sentiment by the Reformers of the borough roils t p ur . ef Commodore Napier, at the nume !sh e trerosLtteen7tings which had ' been already held, the Gallant Commodore had agreed to to Prevce.: -se of the electors at a general meeting, so as the f ure - ' til: defeat of the Liberal party by a division of Thad 01 ..:-....(Cheers.) Mr. Co .per, a profs doilal gentle: Ma use)Lig.ll character, well known in the district—(P mai Present, andoid exlain to the meeting 'Ali% anger in which the "ballot" was to be conducted. r i tnitt o Z 4 (who was much cheered) said that both ball cng had that of Hall and Napier,. and that of . ot * e a 'rc'ed as to the mode in which the 1.;1 of bbe taken. A meeting of the Reform e clos s . '„ w as to be held in the Theatre of , the ver e t. :1; 11 on ' Wednesday next, at two o'clock. There bor e , hs e bine ballot -boxes, one for each . district o t f .n . - card, and a letter of invitation, inclosing a . ballu 1 r g l l'al eitr be en sent to every registered inhabitant, NI ho Itilsite.erjoted for a Reformer or who had not voted y at ~ 4 r tr.i - h is name was put Upon the registry.—(lie%r e . " t oo : rs l ,,,,T: i et'Y person who presented himself at ,. _t. '", , ta, itt A" be rtquired to'show the letter toaddres4ed 4 "elilit e the greatest care had been taken that no person . , the "e addressed who. did not come strictly witOn i_leacronditi , Bear °Tis agreed upon by the two Committees. — tos s .) At two o'clock the rival canidates would It w,„. 11 P" for the " first talk."—(Great laughter.) } t w,„. that the winner should have only half an 'et the `;4llghter, and cries of " That's good"- - Find thP, ll -ti_lcser talk ever so largely, he must go no further ter,) 11,,,e next half hour.—(Much applause and laugh ialfter I , iii t i b eh e ball,ot would theii, go on for three hours, 'lv, , tne candidates were to be allowed half an t ta ri i S th'etal,, each.—( Great laughter.) That would "hall' uot basinisess down to sewn o'clock, Filen the sh ould be resumal for other three hours, and bp()4'h close. That was the procedure agre t Tl ,sir o j both parties.—(Hear, hear.) He was earnestly himself Is tioul t ri: that the sense of the Liberal cons i i i. h . y i lil 'lselr„ fully and fairly taken.— . (Hear, hear.) . e ad :N ee "e doubt whatever that it was decidedly in pre ;tilt h i . R Zt Sir Charles Napier—(Cheers)-butas_tth—e , \ ,, q- ' - j " e ,ell agreed to, he was willing to abide by i ,„ . .""' 4 ;e 4t* ', l lle oily h d that his brother electors se wo;ild aS . io vr ever t i l t 7 ' ll time and express their sentiment), ( Ile a , la mischievous division of the Reform . interest„— th„ ',;, uear ) - i er i ' Xothing , but such a division could give 11,5 70 ehe least chance. There were no more than 11 nrah e restered voters in the borough, and out of that ite f 4 riu r e B ' 7° ° had been written to, either as recorded :i i i n t, e , e t ir - I : rne l i i t ' l tee t bc polhhooks, or as electors registered ~‘ ~0e ‘ last Oecti on.—(Vehement cheering.) was then appointed to carry the ballot w•it, me t i _ in this district - ti thanks having been voted c ' h4 ir - t l l len " 1)1411 se to Air al ßaillie for having taken tht. h ..le Meeting separated. i ll '3'tl):l:rar meeting v lVa li : . :a:t arit%nridetsrat:vere held at the Camden Head and which it . seemed that , all animosity Kr I p pear .4 'tn(i th iss u e _, ,„; i ,, e minority against Commodoz - `-a th e *" ""bg to resign themselves to pron,,ea ordeal. ...., . 4. .... , -• ...L ----- .sin n , )17 '9R OF tormop' oii:: "e77llaEte Ea l l. %re - coalition TH be E twe S e . rth r e Tory :str us i t • 8 a nd the Chartists, seems to me such a n l it t . i_n ; Prin,..,i,ln Pli ties. and so great a deviation from al `.._ tie o o l i - ‘l,B of ennundn sense and self-preservation, thatl : ITcllBllla, "ePitl)trye.ssin.• mascot ishment etud,' , y at the folly of Through your honest an - .1 deservedly the,• r Mg) " I - ld -askthem th • following ques tions ,v, um' „,___-(4- i---When a report lately went the round of 14,11""talopolist press of a slight mitigation in the pu _i h t tb,, b chr Frost, Williams, and Jones, lip:Penal settlement, did not the entire Tory press rise on their arrival . a 'verna4l:ll‘e man, in gross and violent abuse of the Go te . 44 , as the instruments of this leniency ? Were . tical3?aciteliarged it's instigators and encouragers of sedi tate, , ju ld not Tory Members in both Houses of Par `t „. s l4 s tand up in their places, and call the Ministers "ere account as the " originators of a foul con nived;aq,ai the peace and welfare of the country? trot th e G .u. .Government also charged as having con .: i ngs . , if not planned, the flaw in the legal proceed And at Monmouth, by which their lives were saved? fo rwa zt this hood-winked and misled men now Foine_. I;:)..N.fttl,orttlttiliti;atothr,isuPport that party who would not be sat fed th ins less the blood or the torture cf their `S'io i ~ n(liag these strong circumstances noticed in lih er ' t -1. :Ily other of the people's papers, takel t. Th tht e : sh oni ili °F addressing you on the subject---t,r)ofsirs,eg.;tpont, You wii!: )l2 ( I ,eera . these remarks wort] 3t ) , ~. put teem in a stronger and morn efficient form Patme view. AN , I am, Sir, &c. (I NSTALMENT) CHARTIST AND COUr ANTI-MONOPOLIsT. 0 „ n . —e re; ~,„,„ rondent is mistaken. The subject has be%rins", In Tbe Sun, but it is rrool to bring it again e the publi:. 6 .] . E 14.•-• 13 far,l ) . "'LLYDROPHOBIA.-0 miles from this . t0w1171%, reliiding nut more than three n Saturday last a n a ,, ce ,as called upon by a neighbour, whose counte i,,ifivi:e2iiet. ed the utmost horror a . e h road clos . b y 11. min that a mad dog was lying in t e -.. .. despair, and who cettearaiv'!id which lie had been Obliged to make a circuit til r ,,, , i, _ . 3' two miles. The farmer, having asporti : ng , ar,,, ~.sta.ntly provided. an engine of destruction, and te h r i 'l°lthly loading, it fur this dangerous occasion, ca . ll rt 1)1 4.11 s :.ssistance several neighbours, among whom wc . i,s a i °I t he mune of Keay, who, after much deliberatioi?, ti"rpauteered to despatch 'the enrantd brute, who all this 1-4„ienr!ay basking in the turnpike -road. The party, th e b at length mustered coura!_:,.e sufficient for the entrprise, commenced the pursuit ; some p,.,.,,11e; the distance of a quarter of a mile, thai l ie t' at the, animal foamed, and others lomuctitetotal?):), iin , "e patted excessively ; but poor Tic ay, who had thrieothuinupgleasant task (for such it turned daunted, approached within ten hi e '!•' ad discharged the whole contents of his friend's feo,.ll,erbuss in the creature's head, with the desired ef .., -, as he immediately turned over and died, to the great ~ ',A of aliessl thosencou hne wo had kept a t a respectful distance to t4fn.i. the ter. But great was the consternation I,_t_he onoher vvho had accomplished this bold undertaking, o,'_eil, approaching the object of his venntance, he at Bi.;_''e recognized it as one of his neighboUr Alorgan's " e l ) , for killing which he was instantly compelled to r t - 158 , and to endure the laughter and taunts of his sa y compeers.—Bri;tel Mercury. IextVeIENNA. JUNE 4.—An English courier, who ye,,t Qu'untinople on the 23d of May pasaed through this city set erd "' W ' learn that the Porte has now really issued, and nt:...e. to Alexandria, its firman containing its last concession s to 11:ternet Ali. The tribute to be paid by Mehemet Ali is said . t x " 1 " a y moderate scale. 'ititt LFRCONIEE, JUNE 12.--This morning, " ye a n'e lot , k, his Excellency the Lord• Lieutenant of I nla nd left this port tsie Ireland. • foote day on 'which parliament will be dissolved yet settled, trid must be dependent on the despatch business yet before it. It will, possibly, be Tuesday, th e 0 --24 • not carli •.T. toMs e iu Ils e 6CI leronnell arriv e d on Saturday at Dublin, at Isis ion-square. E sUN, LONDON, TUESDAY, JUNE 15, 1841. CHEMISTRY CONSIDERED AS A BRANCH OF GENERAL EDUCATION. CONCLUSION OF DR. REID'S LECTURES. On Saturday Dr. Reid gave his concluding Lecture at Willis's Rooms, when he explained the system adopted in the ventilation of the present Houses of Parliament, in the ventilation of the Niger steam ships, the state of Cie atmosphere generally on board ships, and the means by which it might be remedied. He then entered upon the general nature of the action of the air upon organic products, explaining the movement that had been traced in the decay and decomposition of animal and vegetable substances, and the connexion that subsisted between the human frame and the materials with which it is surrounded. The action of oxygen next engaged attention, when it was shown that it tended to de compose all animal and vegetable substances, and ulti mately to produce carbonic acid and water, which became the source of nourishment and support to a new genera tion. In illustrating these positions, allusion was made to different processes of art, instituted for prevent ing the decomposition of productions of the animal and vegetable kingdoms ; and numerous specimens were shown where this tendency had been counteracted by the addition of chemicals to the materials it was required to preserve, and in other cases by the entire exclusion of oxygen. The first series of kpecimens consisted of wood, canvas, cloth, ropes, yarn, and other materials, one.half of which had been protected by Sir W. Burnett's patent, while the other half, which had not been protected, and had been exposed, under similar circumstances, exhi bited extreme indications of decomposition and decay. The second series were specimens of various articles of food, in tin cases, prepared by Mr. Goldner, which had been kept there upwards of a year, and which were per fectly fresh and wholesome, exhibiting in a very marked manner the importance of a complete exclusion of oxygen. - - Previous to the lecture a number of young persons, from different schools and academies, who had received a few lessons in practical chemistry, performed a series of experiments according to the system recommended by 1)r. Reid, for the general introduction of chemistry in all schools and academies. They performed experi ments with air and water, with combustibles, and with various materials which were tested on slips of glass and on paper. During the short period, •when they were engaged in these exercises, each of the young pupils performed sixteen experiments, the great object in Dr. Reid's system being to combine the study of the theory and the practice from the very commencement. The boys who operated appeared to belong to all classes of society, and we saw at different times, at the same table, the son of a British Peer, and boys from the British and Foreign School, among whom a Chinese boy attracted particular attention, who returns to his native country in a few months. Twelve boys from the National Schools also engaged in the experi ments. The age of the b:iys was from eight to sixteen. It will give a snore precise idea of the mode in which the experimental course has been conducted, if we now ad vert to this more particularly than we have hitherto done. The boys being arranged around a temporary table, any material is presented to them, and they are desired to ascertain all they can as to its sensible properties. They are desired to describe • its appearance in the first place, and then its mechanical properties, after which they begin to experiment, examining the material with heat, water, test papers, acids, alkalis, carbon, and nitre. It may here be proper to mention that the nature of the general action of these forces is taught in the preliminary lessons, and that the pupils are particularly guided by the following rules in their general experiments. 1. Heat.—On the application of heat they ascertain if the matter made the subject of experiment be changed in its appearance, and more particularly if it be fusible, vo latile, or inflammable. The pupils are also instructed in indications produced by heat, which enable them to give an opinion as to the matter being animal, vegetable, or mineral. 2. Water.—With this agent the young experimenter examines if the matter be soluble or insoluble ( and also' if any other change be produced. 3. Test papers—These are coloured paperiaVith which all substances are tested by applying them along With a small portion of water. They indicate by the changes of colour which they exhibit whether the matter used be acid, alkaline, or neutral (neither acid nor alkaline). 4 and 5. Acids and Alkalis—These bodies are used to indicate particular properties in the materials tested, but they are rarely employed till the pupil is well grounded in a knowledge of the general properties of matter. a 6. Nitre—This substance is much employed to indi cate the presence of inflammable matters, and more par ticularly carbon, communicating oxygen rapidly to it, and promoting its combustion. 7. Carbon—This substance is equally useful in indi cating the presence of oxygen in such bodies as nitre, a rapid deflagration ensuing when they are heated together. When the experiments commence each pupil is called upon to state in a loud and distinct voice every succes sive change he observes during their progress, and the first who succeeds in noticing any change shows it to his neighbours, who then strive to produce a similar effect. In this manner the powers of observation are quickened. Mental activity and manual dexterity go hand in hand. The knowledge that is acquired is, in reality, the knowledge of actual experience—and no thing being taught that is not thoroughly tatii,ht, each succeeding demonstration affords convincing evi dence of its own truth, and o therefore finds a ready access to the understanding. But, while general rules are , given in the manner described, that the pupils may he trained to habits of accurate observation, the experi ments.performed are selected so as to present a precise knowledge of the leading phoirenn of nature and of art, and in these performed during the few practical lessons that were given, the nature of air and water, the theory and practice of combustion, and the impurities communicated by various processes to atmospheric air, were the great objects of attention. In explaining the various changes that were shown by the experiments, Dr. Reid constantly referred to a small instrument, one of which was presented to all the young persons attending the course ; it is termed a " chemical abacus," and with this representations are made of the principal combinations and decompositions that engage attention, .by placing glass beads, representing the elements, or compounds used in different positions, on the wires upon which they are strung. DR. REID'S CONCLUDING ADDRESS. When various subjects had been discussed that formed the more specific object of attention in the last lecture, Dr. Reid addressed the audience as to the im portance of introducing, on an extended scale, instsuc dons in the elements of science in all schools and aca demies. Next to a proper attention to the revealed word of the Creator, there was nothing that so deeply inte rested the progress of society generally, or the welfare and comfort or each individual man in particular, as a knowledge of the works of that Creator as manifested in the materials of which the human frame is com posed, and the external agents by which it is sur rounded. An endless variety of comfort or discomfort is produced, according to the extent that he is enabled to control their action and render them subservient to his own purposes, or as he becomes the victim of their violent or insidious influence, whether he perishes sud denly in their tempestneus action, or is consumed silently by a movement so slow and gentle as to be imperceptible at first, though death itself might be the bitter portion to which it ultimately leads. There were few, except me dical men, who had any idea of the vast amount of mi sery, discomfort, and loss of life, even in this country,. that could be distinctly traced to the neglect of external agents upon the human frame. In a .work lately pub lished—(he alluded to the third edition of Sir James Clarke's work on the " Sanative Influence of Climate") —the following passage occurred, referring more particu larly to the defective construction of dwelling houses and the inefficient means usually provided for ventila tion :—" The consequence is that the occupants sire breathing vitiated air during the greater part of the night, that is, during almost one-half of their lives." This expressed the opinion universally entertained by medical men, and he was assured that thoSe who had such opinions were equally satisfied as to the extreme importance of providing, a pure atmosphere in every case for the purposes of respiration, but unless people generally were informed on this point—unless they not only entertained clear and distinct views as to the sana tive influence of climate, but endeavoured also to make that climate as agreeable to them as possible, when they were nut in circumstances to take advantage of another such as might be more congenial to their constitution, they would be continually subjected to evils which might be More or less avoided. Look to the weekly bills of mortality in this metropolis ; observe the larg e amount ' of deaths from diseases of the organs of respiration. How many of these might be avoided were a knowledge of the relations of external agents to our own frame more generally understood ; and even where they could not be averted, still how much might human misery be at times alleviated were those who are the immediate attendants upon the sick more conversantwith the nature of that air which acts incessantly upon the system, and which from the moment of birth till life becomes extinct neVer ceases to exert the most powerful influence upon the health ; and so intimately is our own existence in this terrestrial globe entwined with its action, that, day and night, we draw upon it incessant l y upwards of a thou sand times an hour. Some imagined stall that chemistry was only intended for medical men, manufacturers, engineers, and men of science. But who was there that was not personally and practically interested in the air that we breathe, in the water that we drink, or in the nature of the earth anon which we tread. The study, then, of the nature of these external agents., and of the production and influence of heat, ought not to be restricted. There was no situation in which they did not operate, and whether we look to the rich or to the poor, to those at home or to those abroad, to those that labo ur o r to those that look on, still the human frame was composed of the same materials and subject to the same laws,.and it was impossible to turn in any direction without tracing their agency. But many who admitted the importance of the general Introduction of the study of sciences differed much as to the proper period when it ought ,to engage attention. It would be sufficient to refer to the illustrations given in the practical exercises performed by the young persons who had operated before them, as demonstrative of the fact that science might be taught at a much earlier age than was generally con sidered practicable. The boys who had experimented before the audiences afforded a degree of proof on this point that rendered all speculation unnecessary. They had not only comprehended the explanations brought before them, but had entered upon the various subjects brought before their attention with an alacrity and zeal that proved the interest they took in them—no exhorta tion was required to urge them on, no rewards were pro mised as an artificial stimulus to fix their attention, the studies to which they devoted themselves were evidently suited to their capabilities, and he would be at a loss to know what farther proof could be devised on this point. It was, indeed, the undoubted experience of all who had examined practically the details of education, that in early life the observing faculties are more quick, more prone to receive impressions, and much more continuously attracted by external agents than in inaturer years, and the teaching of the elements of science in early life was only following out the course that nature pointed out, and that which in the long ran told most effectually in future life. Till comparatively modern times, reading, writing, arithmetic, and the dead languages, formed the great and staple commodities of education ; and certainly nothing could be more im portant than training the mind to intellectual exertion and a capacity for action in whatever field it might be afterwards engaged, but it was rather strange that throughout se long a course, the things themselveS that were to form the business and occupation of the great bulk of mankind were excluded from their view—young persons were taught to read, to write, to weigh, and to measure, and to speak in different languages ; but the things about which they were afterwards, in their seve ral occupations, to be engaged in reading, writing, weighing, and measuring, were forbidden ground ; they were not to be touched—they were not to be handled—they were not to be looked at. Though the hand of Providence had caused the light of day to shine upon them all that man might see them, study their nature, and rejoice in the blessings that an all-wise Creator had thus provided so bountifully for his enjoy ment, still he was to be kept in ignorance of the laws of the material world ; and the opportunity of entering upon the study of such subjects was to be withheld till he should be so involved in the business of life that it was difficult or impossible to find either the time or the opportunity to give any at tention to them. What was the cause of such apparently anomalous proceedings ? He believed that many causes contributed to this result. In particular a vast mass of society had never directed any precise attentjsm to the means by which science could be taught effectively in early life, and were therefore equally ignorant of the capa bilities which it presented, and of the advantages that would necessarily attend its general introduction. Again, many lapsed into the fatal error that it would be time to begin at sixteen or eighteen, utterly overlooking the fact that from the multitude of labourers in the field, science in all its departments has become vast and extended, and that it is impossible to enable any one to acquire a proper knowledge of its details who does not embrace aft early oppoStunity of entering upon the study of its more important branches. Again, in the various walks of professional life, holy numerous are the occasions when a knowledge of the de tails of science are of the utmost practical importance. In such cases the question of the early introduction of practical science assumes a still more tangible and spe cific form, as the demands made upon professional men daily bring increasing evidence that the wants of scciet in matters of science are beyond the capabilities for which a proper educational basis is laid in early life. Dr. Reid then alluded to a number of facts connected with the time usually devoted to different branches of science by professional students, and stated as a general result that they were hurried through the details to an extent quite incompatible with efficient progress, and that in consequence of the general want of previous preparation, even college and university courses, instead of leading the student to high attainments in science, frequently did nothing more than give what could not be consi dered more than the mere elements of science. But what could teachers and professors do when their pupils had rSceiVed no previous instruction ? What kind of a scholar or mathematician would be expected at Oxford and Cambridge, if none were to study classics nor any branch of mathematics (including arithmetic) before they went there. The investigations of science were not less extensive, nor did they require less care or preparation, but it was notorious that the time devoted to them was incomparably more limited, and far below the standard that was required for the ordinary purposps of life. And if they looked to that branch .of science which gave a clearer knowledge of the consti tution and properties of matter than any other, 'viz. che mistry, and might therefrom be considered as the root and basis of others, it would soon be perceived how inti mately it was connected with all the various occupations of life. To the Medical Man it was indispensable, but the share he received was miserably deficient in conse quence of the want of training in primary schools, and the urgent claims of other professional studies when they were commenced. To the architect it was highly essential ; without a knowledge of air and water, and their chemical relations to each other and external matters, and a precise understanding of the nature of fuel, of the process of combustion, &c., great mistakes must necessarily be cernmitted in architec tural structures, and buildings would still continue to be erected with those permanent stains on science and ar chitecture, which would still be perpetuated in the mise • ries of the . chimney-sweep, though these must be greatly lessened by recent enactments. The engineer could not proceed without chemistry ; he was called upon at all times to prove, examine, and test the nature of different materials which he used; the manufacturer was placed in a similar ,position, and the merchant also found it ne cessary at times to direct chemical analyses to be made, or to enter-upon them himself. The student of divinity is not called to attend specifically to such a sub ject ; but how often have the ministers of religion, who have had a knowledge of such subjects, relieved the suf ferings of the distressed ; and, even in another point of view, chemistry has become highly interesting to him, as missionaries, in some places, have of late years been instructed in this science on the principle that they will be assisted in their preliminary communications with all newly-discovered nations, and, indeed, in all places where the light of science has never travelled, showing their power over the material world, and pointing out, when a fit opportunity occurs, the valuable applications that may be made of materials which, in a savage state, man tramples carelessly under foot. But the minister of religion has not to travel out of his own country to see the importance of a knowledge of science. How often does he conduct the sacred duties of his service in an atmosphere incompatible with that calm and clear exercise of the intellectual functions that are proper and becoming in such a place? How often is lie called upon to address his own congregation when he can neither account for the oppression under which he labours personally, nor the apparent apathy of his auditors? A few . experiments would soon demonstrate the cause of such effects in particular localities ; lie would then see distinctly how often he had been addressing his congregation in an atmosphere loaded with impurities ; and were he also to attend to those lofty galleries that are erected in so many churches in London, he would there perceive the children 'respiring air that was still worse, and equally injuring their physical constitution, and preVenting them from sustaining any continuous . at tention to the service in Which they are engaged. But let him look to the schools erected for the training of youth, and there he would often trace the same effects, While in particular places the severity of the poison occasionally attains such a force that the general character . of the school is affected by the vitiated atmosphere respired, and cases are pointed out, where even for successive generations the same cause has continued to affect the faculties of a whole school. But let him pass to the chamber of the sick, the disconsolate, the oppressed, and the dying, and there he will trace, too frequently, both mental and bodily suffering sometimes produced, and often aggrava ted, by a vitiated atmosphere. In Sir James Clarke's work, which he had already quoted, a passage occurs in which, when alluding to persons living in low, confined, and damp situations, the author states " without suffering from any formal disease, they are subject to various complaints which often embitter their life, and render them much less capable of bodily and mental exertion than they would be if placed in a situation more congenial to their constitution." For his part, he (Dr. Reid) not Only fully concurred in these remarks, but felt satisfied that even suicide itself might occasionally be produced by the oppression that so often attends the undermining influence of a noxious atmosphere. Dr. Reid then adverted to the advantages that would re sult to the military and naval service were all officers to obtain opportunities of becoming practically acquainted with the influences of external agents, that might be mo dified in their actions on the human frame. In many cases in distant countries this was no trifling matter; cases might occur where it might be a matter of life or death to those under their charge, when no medical officer accompanied them. But it was unnecessary to 'enter into farther de tails. To any who would attentively consider the pre sent state of society, and the progress of science, it was evident that the business of education could not be con- • tinued longer without associating the study of science along with it, even in the humblest schools, and some experience would be required to show the extent to which it ought to be cultivated. He trusted that the illustrations he had given, would assist, however humbly, in this great cause, which he considered one of the noblest that could engage the attention of mankind, as it was replete on every side with application that tended to increase the comfort and to diminish part of the misery to which mankind is. exposed, while it appeared equally to form the basis of those means by which the power of the press, and of the steam-engine, had 'already been extracted from the materials with which we are sur . sounded, and wielded as the most powerful agen t s in vented by man, in affecting all the higher destinies of his nature. Nor was any limit apparent to the 'forces which man might yet be permitted to employ is facilitating the progress of society by the investi gations of science, and the application of art. Even the rays of light had been used of late years as a mechanical power in that daguerreotypie proce ss th at deservedly occupied so m uch attention; and while society had scarcely recovered from the excitement produced by so interesting a discovery, the electric fluid, h a d b een applied to a new series of processes which had ren d ere d the atoms of mat ter as obedient in the hands of the artist as they were formerly in the laboratory of Davy, when he devoted his gir antic energies to the study of chemical philosophy. Dr. Reid then concluded b y thanking the audience for the patient attention which th ey h a d given to his illustrations , stating that he would take an early opportunity of resuming them again, and ex- Veess - • ing a hope that the i tune would not be lons. delayed when instru ction n sciences wor ld be 'introduced in all elementary schools, where time Iprogress of science could not fail to a d vance w i t h an accelerated pace in proportion to the number who de rot .! their attention to it, and perhaps develope new powers as intercs'ing as tho3c that had marked the introduction of gas, steam, the daguerreotype, the electrotype, and that Innumerable host of discoveries that had characterised the present• times. ought not, we conceive, to be allowed to discharge him self Merely by di3e`osing the name, and furnishmg the means of convicting an ostensible author of the libel ; there would be danger of collusion, and a publisher ac tuated by malicious motives in propagating the calumny suggested by another, ought, we think, to be dealt with as a principal in effecting the injury. - It will be - observed that the above suggestions are con fined to personal libels. To what extent the truth is material upon a charge of a political libel on the admi nistration of the Government, reflecting on the. conduct or measures of public functionaries, •is a question of . importance, which properly belongs to the class of offences • against the State. Such libels con sist more usually in intemperate and inflamma tory comments than on any false allegation of facts. Mere assertions as to public measures which are false in point of fact can seldom be of any real importance ; all such acts are usually of public notoriety, and false statements are easily contradicted and confuted by means of the public press. It appears to us, however, that, in dependently of any considerations of this nature proof of the truth o:•:* any such allegation ought not to be allowed to operate in bar of any charge of such an offence ; for, although the fact be true, the publisher may still be guilty of a malevolent intention to injure society by defaming the Government. The truth, we think, ought no more to be allowed to operate as a complete defence in such a case than when a personal libel is published with intent to provoke the party reflected on to a breach of the peace. The question however, whether on a charge for a political libel evidence of the truth ought to be admitted, with a view to negative a material fact of the charge—viz., the intention to bring the Government into hatred or contempt, is one of a different nature ; the truth ought, we think, for that purpose, and that only, to be admitted. Prosecutions, however, for such libels are, as we have observed, more usually founded on violent language and comments than upon • any mistatements of facts. The question whether such remarks are made in a seditious and malicious spirit for the purrse of defaming the Government, or are made bona tide in the exercise of that right ti discuss , and criticise the conduct and measures of public functionaries, which is the undoubted privilege o the subject, does not admit of proof by evidence as Lf .matter of fact. We may further observe in this place, that the question whether the truth in such cases shall be admitted to the limited extent stated in proof of the an:- hius does not alter or qualify the definition of the offence, but is more properly a question of evidence to be con sidered under the head of " Procedure."* The subject of proceeding by criminal information will more properly fall under the head of " Process." We may here, however, .observe that this course of proceedL in;; seems at all events to call for some modification. We think that if theTrosecutor be allowed to state the falsity of the imputation as a ground for the application, the de, fendant ought t. 9. be allowed to give evidence upon the trial of the truth of the alleged defamation. We think also, that if this mode of proceeding be productive of peculiar advantages, it ought to be rendered more gene rally available. _ - • It is highly probable that by the ancient law of this coun try the falsehood of a libel was es,:ential to its criminality. We should not deem ourselves to be justified in entering, on this occasion, upon any historical statement in support of this opinion. t The law of France (as stated by ill. Dupin) distinguishes between libel on a private person and one on a public function ary. In the former case evidence of the truth is excluded ;in the latter it is always admitted. FACTSF6R7VARTVIERS, &c BY OWEN OWEN ROBERTS: Mr. Roberts has brought together in this little pamphlet of 50 pages a great deal of useful in formation. The main idea is to consider the farmer as a consumer, while the Corn-law advo cates consider him only as a producer, and point out the effects of the law on him in that charac ter. After some-very judicious observations on keeping accounts carefully, and on the main points which a farmer should take into consider a. tion on taking a farm, Mr. Roberts observes: — The only amount of rent which any land can afford to pay will be the value of the overplus produce after de ducting the cost of cultivation, including taxes, wages, tithes, the interest of capital, as well as a fair allowance towards the wear and tear of implements, the deteriora tion in value, and the casualties to which every kind of live stock is liable, together with the injury and the ex tra-expense which inauspicious seasons bring upon the farmer. The agriculturist should also recollect that in the cost of production, his own labour, and that of his family, ought to be charged at what they would be fairly worth in the service of another. • We presume that the agriculturist considers all these circumstances, but Mr. Roberts, by the warning which lie gives, implies that the agricul turist very often sacrifices his own interest, and toils to put into the rent-owner's pocket money which the tenant ought to keep in his own. We shall quote, not only because they are curious,' and place the Corn-law question in a new light, but because they ought to be studied by firmers, several passages, principally showing in detail how the Cora-law injures the farmer. In the preface there is this general statement : In average years, with eight returns, out of the 63,000,000 quarters of wheat, barley, and oats produced, the agriculturists awl their dependents consume directly 45,503,018 quarters, whilst the surplus available for sale amounts to only 17,496,982 quarters. Agriculturists may also be said to consume indirectly, in the shape of manufactured goods of various descrip tions, a proportionate share of the bread clnsumed by those rho were employed in manufacturing those goods. The agriculturists have therefore to purchase as it were again from the manufacturer a large portion of what they ha,l previously sold to him in the mark . et. EXTRA EXPENSE FOIL SEED CORN,—ACCOrding to the " Statistics of the British Empire," by James M‘Queen, Esq., an author considered to be perfectly orthodox by, the supporters of Corn-laws, there are annually in the United Kingdom 5,000,000 of acres under wheat, 2,000,000 under barley, and under oats 8,000,000, which, calculat ing the returns at eight in ordinary years, will yield of produce 15,000,000 quarters of wheat, 8,009,000 of bar ley, and 40,000,000 of oats; making a total of 63,000,000 quarters, which, enormous as the amount appears, is barely sufficient to meet the home consumption. A's advance of ten shillings a quarter, if produced by any means independent of a deficient supply, would be a di- rect tax upon the consumers of no less than 31,550,000 pounds sterling ; an amount exceeding by 3,500,003 the interest of the National Debt, and equivalent to nearly thirteen shillings per acre, good, bad, and indifferent, of - all the arable land in the United Kingdom of Great Bri tain and Ireland. Out of this amount, the agriculturists would have to pay, merely as producers, in seed core alone, within a trifle of 4,090,000 of pounds. To this amount, even should the succeeding harvest prove abun dant, they would be losers, it being an extra item in the cost of production ; for if the succeeding crops be more than an average return, the prices would be propor tionably reduced. But, supposing that in two succeeding years, such, for example, as in 1838 and in 1839, the re turns should prove to be very much below the average, what would be the situation of the agriculturist ? Why, in many districts, his seed corn would amount t. one fourth of the whole quantity produced on his land, so that it would, under any circumstances, render it impos sible for him to obtain-in •money value more than four returns upon-the seed'sown. The harvests of 1838 and 1839, in many localities, did not average four returns, and even those returns made up of grain of such inferior quality, as to render it hardly saleable at any price. The agriculturist would have to put in the ground, in conse quence of the scarcity that caused the prices, two pounds' worth of seed instead of one ; and though the following harvest might prove, abundant, still the reduction .of prices necessarily attendant upon an increased supply, would leave him, even as a producer, comparatively a loser of one pound in every eight, or 12-i- per cent. This would arise from the expense of production having been increased by the extra cost of his seed corn. CONSUMPTION OF TILE AGRICULTURAL POPULATION. —Corn is by far the most important article, and the heaviest item, in the list of agricultural charges. The quantity of corn consumed by those employed in agricul ture, and directly dependent upon it, is so enormously great, that one cannot but feel surprised that its gigantic magnitude should have been so completely overlooked. Tha edvocates of the Corn-laws seem to have viewed the agriculturist solely as a producer. According to M'Queen's " Statistics of the British Ern-, pire," a w irk deemed perfectly. orthodox by the Corn law advocates, the relative numerical proportion borne by the families of the agricultural population to the fami lies of the rest of the community is thus stated (p. 85): " Agricultural, 1,845,463 ; trade and manufactures, 1,684,232 ; all other families, 1,269,536." In. page 84 of M'Queen's work, is the following re mark relative to the population returns :—" Those selec tions relating to the male portion of the population of the United Kingdom, together with the preceding - quarks taken from the population returns, will show how the population has been classed, and how unfairl), too, for the agricultural interest. The vast proceeds from the labour of that interest, and the power and the capital employed by it, will show the considerate reader that a proportionate number of every one of the remaining classes are connected with, work for, and are dependent upon, that interest alone ; were we to take this at nearly two-thirds, or, say three-fifths of the whole, we should not miscalculate greatly either way. Allowing this estimate to be correct, but without going to the full extent of .the proposition, and taking only three-fifths of the families that are not classed in the table as belonging either to agriculture or to trades and manufactures to be connected with, working for, or bring dependent upon , agricu lture alone, and giving the re maining two-fifths to, trade and manufactures, the rela tive number of the population will stand thus : Agriculture. Trade and Manufactures. Families... 2,607,184 . 2,192,046 Population 13,349,369 10,922,211 giving a numerical advantage in favour of those " con nected with, workh b er for, or being dependent upon, agriculture alone , " of 2,427,158 souls, or, in other words, making those employed in and directly dependent upon agricultural. pursuits, in round numbers as 11 to 9 of those employed in trade or manufactures, and conse quently showing that those "connected with, working fir, or directly dependent upon, agriculture alone " con sume, or ought to consume, 111. worth of bread corn for every 91. worth consumed by those connected with, work ing fur, or dependent upon, trade and manufactures alone. WHEAT.—Agriculturists, and those dependent upon tin m alone, will therefore require for cons um pti on, ex c-usively of seed, 7,218,750 out of the 13,1 9 5,000 quar ters of wheat available as human food, making the con sumption of the agriculturists and those dependent upon sseni a p s l u o r y l e A d us in av m a an ila u b f l u e t f u o r r e t s h in e i d na t r r l a i d et e , , be used t h e m alone, including seed corn, 9 ,093,750 quarters, and leaving by those Quarters , which, at 565., will produce 16,537,4991., whilst l e q uantity consumed by farmers and thos e dependent upon them alone, will produce, at the same rate, 25,462, 499 /. DABLET.—Regarding Only the relative n • • =MC— pro, STATE OF THE LIBEL LAW. SIXTH REPORT OF HER MAJESTY'S COM MISSIONERS ON CRIMINAL LAW, DATED MAY 3, 1841. (Presented to both Houses of Parliameitt by command of her Majesty.) TO TIIE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY, IN HER UMW COURT OF CHANCERY. We, your Majesty's Commissioners, appointed by your Majesty's Commission, bearing date the 26th day of October, in the first year of her Ma:esty's zetn, whose hands are hereunto set, do humbly submit to your Majesty, in our present Report, the consolidation of the law of England respecting the following offences.:— 1. Treason and other offences against the State. 2. Offences against the Protestant Establishment de clared to be treasons and misprisons of treasons. 3. Libel. 4. Offences against religion. 5. Offences relating to the:coin. G. ()Nonce relating to the public revenue. And, according to, the method which we have adopted on the previous weasion, we have prefixed to the several parts of the digest now submitted to your Majesty such prefatory remarks as have appeared to us to be necessary for the purpose of explaining the_principles upon which the law is founded, and also the reasons for the course which we have adopted in its consolidation. EXTRACTS. A remarkable instanoe to showthe..injustice of reject ing evidence of the truth of the statement contained in an alleged libel on a prosecutionovi' 'a. view to repel the presumption of malice, is understood to have been mentioned by the Lord Chancellor, (Lord Brougham) in his evidence before a select committee of the Hciuse of Commons on the law of libel, in which his Lordship (be fore he left the bar) had been counsel. The publisher of a newspaper was prosecuted by indictment for having stated a fact, namely, that a p erson teaching-. in EL li pubc institution had been convi c t e d o f f orger y in'France, end sent to work in irons. The learned counsel rested his case on negativing malice, and for this purpose offered to prove that the statement was merely a reference 'to a known fact. He produced with that 'flew the most satis factory evidence that could be given, a n exemplification under the seal of the court of the record of the convic tion, by which it appeared that the prosecutor. had been tried - for forgery - , convicted, and sentaneed to work in the galleys, or in the streets, with. a chain round his leg. The learned judge who presided at the trial re jected this evidence, which by the law he wa . 4 undoubt ediy bound to do, and the defendant was convicted, just as if he had been the author of a•false, scandalous, and malicious libel. Whilst the exclusion of the distinction between truth and falsehood is, with the exception alluded to, and subject to the condition which has been. noticed, :con sistent with - the operation of the limited' principle avowe i by the law of En4lancl, such exclusion would obviously be inconsiste n t with the adoption of a larger principle, viz., the protection of the private individual in his private capacity, in the enjoyment of his reputa-. tion ; for there the very nature and character of the injury itself depend on the truth or falsehood of the charge, and the truth of the charge must either. be a conclusive answer to the complaint of injury to repu tation, or must at all events greatly diminish the extent of the offence and mitigate the guilt of the offender. Re garding the offence simply as it concerns injury to the individual, it i. difficult to say that any one ought to be protected in the enjoyment of that reputation which exists only through .i g norance of the truth, and which is therefore in itself false c and deceptive. In such a case a guilty individual may Suffer privation, but it is impossible to say that he suffers injury from pub licity, unless ignorance of the characters ot individuals, which cannot possibly be of advantage to the 'public, can constitute a private right. The laW of England, so far from acknowledging the existence of-any such right, positively disclaims it, in making the • truth of the alleged libel to constitute an absolute and peremptory bar to a civil action to recover a remedy for the defy-' illation in damages. Were the principle of rejecting evidence of the truth of an alleged libel to be ever so well preserved, and which is more difficult to suppose, to be ever so well appreciated by the generality of people, the law would still be defective in moral effect, as making no distinction between a statement of the truth and the publication of a false and wicked invention. This, how ever, is a distinction which the law of England recog nises, although at the expense of some - inconsistency for it is tkie practice of the Court of Queen's Bench to refuse a criminal information in respect of a personal libel, unless the applicant deny its truth by affidavit.— p. 57. Acting upon the grounds we have above suggested, we now proceed to submit the following recommenda- ions : We recommend that, in respect of personal libels, two distinct classes of offences should be constituted,—that one of those should be founded on the general principle of protection to private reputation against such defama tory imputations as are false as well as malicious ; that the second should be founded on the principle already es tablished, of protection to the public peace by preventing the publication of libels on private, persons, tending to the disturbance of the peace. That in respect of the former class, the truth of the matterpublished, when it either directly or by implica tion contained a charge of miscondnet, should be a bar to the prosecution ; that in cases within the latter class, the truth of the niattei published 'should in no ease be avail able by way of defence to the publisher of the libel. But that in either case, and generally, evidence of the truth or falsity of the matter published should be admis sible where the_occasion of the publication was a privi leged ortt, - dui as legally to raise the question as to the actual intention of the defendant, whether he acted bona, fide in reference to the 'particular occasion, or•with .an actually malicious intention independently of the occasion. That none but a party defamed, or some other person with his consent, should be allowed to prosecute for the publication of a libel alleged to be false. The grounds for these suggestions have already been adverted to. As regards the first, it has already been observed that the present avowed foundation of the cri minal law in the case of personal libels is too narrow, as being confined in its object, principally if not solely, to the protection of the public peace ; we think that Ct ought to be extended to the protection of reputation -as a valu able private possession, against a malicious injury, the remedy afforded by a civil action to recover damages being wholly inadequate to afford the protection which is necessary. We see no objection in such cases, and so far as con cerns personal libels, to allow the truth to be a bar, as in the case of a civil action. Where the contents of the libel are not alleged to be false, but it is written with intent to provoke another to commit a breach of the peace, or where its terms are such as naturally and 'immediately tend to a breach of the public peace, it seems to us that the truth of the con tents of the libel ought not to constitute a bar to the in dictment. This stands on the principle recognised by the present law—it is essential to the public peace and tranquillity to prevent their disturbance by the unne cessary publication even of that which is true ; truth itself ought not to be .made use of as a colour and pre tence for wreaking private malice and producing public discord. . • Again, it seems to us that in all cases where, on its being admitted or proved`` that the party published the alleged libel on some occasion or unier cir cumstances recognised by the law as afforditig a qualified justification, dependent on the question whether he acted honestly and bona fide, in reference to the occasion, or main tide, and out of mere malice,. the truth or falsity of the alleged libel ought to be ad mitted in evidence, the better to enable the jury to de cide on the real motives and intention of the party. It is, we think, plainly inconsistent that in the first place the innocence or guilt of the party charged with libel should be made to depend on the actual disposition of mind and intention at the time of publication, and yet that one of the best and surest tests for deciding that fact should be - withheld from the consideration of the jury. It is obvious that to exclude such evidence must often occasion the conviction of the innocent, and still more frequently the acquittal of the guilty ; no evidence can possibly be mere cogent to show that the party was acting mala tide than the fact that he knew that the inju rious matter published was false. These provisions, we may observe, seem to unite, so far as union is practicable, the ancient ivith the modern law in respect to personal libels, and at the same time remove an unseemly anomaly to the general rules and principles of the law of evidence. We further recommend that it should be competent to any person responsible as editor, publisher, or otherwise, of any newspaper or otherperiochcal work, either before or after any prosecution commenced against him in re spect of auy personal libel contained . in such work, to disclose to the party libelled the name of .the author of the libel, and to supply him with such evidence as may be sufficient to prove ,the fact, and in case such disclosure shall be made and proof be given after such prosecution commenced, then to pay or tender to the prosecutor the costs of the prosecution then incurred ; and that if such prosecutor shall, after such disclosure made and evidence supplied, and incase such disclosure be not made and evi dence supplied before the commenecment of the prosecu tion, also after tender of such exepnses, proceedwith the pro secutitin, the defendant, on proof of those facts, shall be entitlecUto-an acquittal, unless the prosecutor shall prove that the defendant published out of actual malice ; and that in case the prosecution - shall be forborne or sus pended by such prosecutor, and he shall by the means of the evidence supplied prosecute the author, whose name shall have been disclosed, the party so having disclosed the author's name shall not be liable to. any prosecution, none having been commenced at the time of such dis closure or information, or to any further prosecution, in case of a prosecution suspended as aforesaid, unless the disclosure made and evidence supplied shall be insufficient to oecasion the c onviction .o an f the party whose n ame s h a ll have been so disclosed ; d that, n ease of failure from the insufficiency of the evidence .so supplied,. the prose cutor shall be entitled to commence a prosecution, or to ,continue a prosecution already commenced, against such original publisher, and to recover 'from him the costs of such ineffectual prosecuti on. • We found this recomm endati o n upon the following grounds : I tvry freq p i t t i e b n lishe tlyhqpens that a party re s p ons ibl e , or theeditorr of a newspaper or periodi ca l wor k containing ma y, through inadvertence, with ou t an y malicious motive, publish libellous m at ter. The injurious or news, quality of the libel may frequently depe el on circumstances charge furtherg e s responsible sible to which he is an entire stranger. In such cases it is obviously politic that the real author of the calumny should be made per son al ill-will or responsible for his miscptiduct, and that the instrument of amenable. 'On the was himself oiut,publication,le.eh is a aN g ldi a te n rs s eh t ot w hu l l l ed o: nao lo b, actuated by malicious feeling in publishing the Übe', he portion of those employed iii agriculture, as es imated by.lll'Queen, the consumption of barley will stand thus : by the agricultural class, 4,850,000 quarters, and by / the other classes of the community, 3,150,000, showing an exec 53 of consumption by the agricultural over all the other classes of the community of 1,700,000 quarters. The firmer, it is true, in most cases', disposes of his barley to the maltster in the first instance, but although he then receives the money for it, still he should keep in mind the fact that agriculturists, and those directly de pendant upon agriculture alone, consume their propr tionate quota, and have to pay for it to the maltster, brewer, or distiller. Nor should he ever lose sight of the fact, that his class consumes 4,850,000 out of the whole 8,000,000 produced ; thus making, at 325. per quarter, his own consumption 7,760,000/., and the quantity avail able for the market, 5,040,000/. OATS.—The quantity of oats therefore consumed by the agriculturists as seed corn, as a portion of their food, in rearing young stock, keeping horsrs, working oxen, pigs, poultry, and cattle, and in fattening them for the market, will amount in money value at 245. the quarter t • 37,991,121/. whilst the portion avail able for tl e market will make only 10,008,8781. The consumption of the different classes is brought distinctly before the reader by the fol io-Ai:lg table : Consumption. Produce. 15,000,000 Wheat By Agriculturists, ex.... 9,093,750 By Trades, 5,906,250 Barley By Agriettlturits, 3,e By Trades, &c. Omits 8,000,000 _4,850,000 ...3,150,000 ... 40,000,000 • - By Agriculturists, &c 31,659,268 By Trades, &c 8,340,732 From these data it appears that out of the 63,000,000 quarters of wheat and Lirley and oats grown upon an average in the United Kingdom, agriculturists and those directly dependant upon agriculture alone, as Mr. M`Queen would sa y , consume 45,603,018 quarters, whilst those employed in trades and manufactures consume only 17,196,982 quarters. The tixit table we shall quote states the value of the produce In average years the money value of the grain that the agriculturists can dispose of as a surplus with justice to their class is as tbllows:— Quarters. Wheat, 5,906,250 value at 565. 16,537,500 Barley, 3,150,000 „ 325. 5,040,000 Oats, 8,340,000 „ 245. 10,008,878 Total £31,586,378 The money value of the portion consumed bY them selves ai:d their dependents amounts to Wheat £25,462,500 Barley 7,762,500 Oats Total £71,216,121 Mr. Roberts subsequently shows that when the return is sevenfold, instead of the average eight, the deficiency in value is 10,507,953/. ; at six returns is 21,739,503/.; at five returns the agriculturists will have to purchase oats for their cattle to the extent of 1,132,0751.; and at fbur returns there will be an insufficiency of all kinds of grain for their own consumption, supposing all other persons were left to starve. These cal culations, he 'concludes, show that the agri cultural portion of the community is in reality the most serious sufferer whenever the supply of grain becomes inadequate to the demand. With an increased production the reverse is the case, and with an improved husbandry, promoted by the compeition of free trade, the returns might be latterly taken at twt 1 ie , and the agriculturists would benefit to the extent 0f23,631,671/. " It cannot," says Mr. Roberts, "be too often repeated, that under the present general system of agriculture, the 13 1-sth individuals located upon these 73 acres of land, or upon this farm, will require the same quantity of bread to satisfy the cravings of hunger, and to keep them in working order ; and the same quantity will also be requirerl for seed in one year as in another, without any reference to the high or low price of grain. The live stock, also, whether working. rearing, or fattening, will require the same quantity of corn, be the price in the market; 20s. or 40s. the quarter. In a stale of pros perity, therefore, the consumption of corn by the farmer and by his dependents, as well as by the live stock upon the 73 acres, ought, as to quantity, to be the same in one year as in another." The character and condition of farmers is in dicated in the two following paragraphs, which confirm some remarks we have more than once laid before our readers : Under the system, if it can be so called, of agriculture, now generally followed upon nine-tenths of the land in the kingdom, agriculture can by no means be fairly deemed a profitable occuoation. In the majority of in stances farmers can barely make both ends meet, and if here and there one can be found who has saved money, as it is called, it will turn out in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred that the sum saved amounts to barely live per cent. upon the value of his stock without any idlowance whatever being made for the time, skill, and labour of the farmer, and the different members of his family. In fact, insteadC of the fanner having made money, it will appear on a strict examination that he and la; family have exi ended their time, skill, and labour for a series of years without any other return than food awl raiment of the coarsest kind, the money saved amounting to barely four or five per cent. upon the value of the stock. This amount they might easily have obtained free from risk upon a mortgage security. They mit ht have had from an employer as wages for their skill and labour be yond fioll and clothing, and independently of such in terest, a far larger amount. A free trade in Corn is -.1:7 disperwable to the prosperity of the British.,• absolutely required to rouse lfini from tlie is r by which he has long been distinguished. In co son with other productive classes, the land-occupiers, with some exceptions, indeed, but with exceptions like angel visits, " few and far between," are absolutely stationary, mak ing no progress, and availing themselves but seldom and with evLdent reluctance of the improvements which are made, from yea: .to year, in every scientific pursuit. ey rarely manifest a sufficient, degree either of skill or of energy to meet the increasing demands of an increas ing pc pulation, and thus to augment their own wealth ' and a c ire their own prosperity. They resemble the waggoner, and begin to. pray to some Parliamentary Jupiter fir assistance, instead of manfully putting their shoulders to the wheel, and by the vigorous exercise of their ow n powers, rescuing themselves from their dilemma. Agricilturists look .to the Legislature for that pros perity, which their own resources and their own industry can alone ensure ; and in hunting that phantom, they become the dupes of necessitous or of crafty men, who, under the disguise of aiding them in the attainment of their object, swindle them out of their cash and their civil rights. making them in the one case beggars, and in the other slaves. _ _ _ _ _ In this little work there is a good deal of sound sense, worthy the consideration of the working agriculturists. We will add to these remarks a short extract from a letter published in the Chebnsford Chro nicle, which displays some of the errors com mitted by landlords. Lord Western had written— Suppose a farm of two hundred acres of arable land, at 255. an acre, farmed on the four-course husbandry, which will give fifty acres of wheat, fifty of barley, twenty-five of beaus and peas, and twenty-hve of clover. Acres. Qrs. Qrs. 50 of Wheat 50 of Barley 5 25 of Beans 25 of Clover 50 of Fallow 200 500 Suppose the reduction in the market price to amount to ten shillings a quarter on an average, one sort of grain with • another, and the thfi.:it in th: farm er's r,ce pt, for the year will be exactly the whole amount of his rent. To this an occupier, aware of the facts and writing in the same sense as Mr. Roberts, re plies:— Upon his illustration of 200 acres, I find the tenant requires the following quantity of seed corn, &c.:-- Bush. Qrs. Bush. For the 50 acres of Wheat, 21 per acre... 15 5 50 Barley, 4 ditt0....... 25 0 25 Beans, 3 ditto - 9 3 *Six plough horses and one market horse will consume 2 bushels of corn ea,ch per week during the ye ar , namely. 91 0 Ten quarters of barley sent to maltsters during the year, consumed on the farm 10 0 Making a total of.. 151 0 X s. d. This must be a set-off at 103. per quarter reduc tion in price, making a saying of 75 10 0 This item his Lordship has omitted. Now let us go through with a few of the ex penses on the 200 acres ; suppose the rent charge to be at 6s. per acre, and to vary with the price of corn—deduct one-fourth—we have a reducti on o f I s . 6d. per acre, amount ing to l3 0 0 Take the present capital at £2,0001 With the proposed reduc tion of stock and crops, &e. 5001. less will be } 5 per cent. ' 25 0 0 sufficient 1,500 500 At present assesse at 2201 1 Four 9d. rates, 3s £33 0 0 At reduced rent, say 16 10 0 less \\ Saving £l6 10 0 16 10 0 Total Here we have a saving entirely unaccounted for in his Lordship's calculation of 132/.. which is the actual rent that his Lordship contended was entirely lost. We' here see the point on which the whol9 question turns between real and artificial rent, leaving 1181. as as "ade quate reduction to be made by the landlord." In the above calculations I make no reduction of the farmer's income, on the 200 acres of land, nor any re duction in the labourers' wages, so that each party will have the full benefit arising out of the reduction in the necessaries of life, in consequence of the reduction on corn, viz. bread, meat, pork, butter, cheese, poultry, &c. &c. which I estimate at 25 per cent ; but that his Lord ship should not be alarmed at the gain which the " new MORNING EDIT i:1 give the agriculturist, I will take it at 20 per cent. s. d. i. Suppose the tenant's profit 300 0 oat 20 per cent. 60 Eight labourers, at 12s. per week 249 12 0 Extra wages, such as har vest,haying,thatching,&c. 40 8 0 £290 0 oat 20per cent. :).S Annual saving £llB Being 71. ss. per annum clear gain to each labourer. The account between Lord Western and the "View Lights" will stand thus : Dr. Deficiency of receipts' on 500 qrs. of corn, at 10s. per qr Saving on farm account by reduction of price and expedition Adequate reduction of rent by landlord llB Saving on farm, &c. ... 230 Ditto on Tenant... £6O Ditto to Labourers 58 - 118 £2soi £368 Is a:i, I would ask, "loss and ruin to the agriculturist," miter, after paying rent, tithes, and taxes, to have saved 1181. in amount exactly the 'same as shown from Lord Wes:ern's illustration is under the present . scale of `• sli( ine duties," and by its mysterious working, taken from the pockets of the farmer and his labourers, and put ie to the landowner's ? LEITH.---TAKING THE CENSCS.—In seceral of the localities in a town like Leith, it was expected that (onsiderable opposition would be offered to the man( raters in taking up the census. This has turned out the reverse ; every facility, as far as we observed, or have learned, has been given, although some strange notions were entertained as to the meaning or object of the returns. "F.h ! sir," exclaimed a douce-loolting David Deans, " what did David mak' by numbering the people ?—and didna :re bring the cholera on us the last time it was done among ourselves ?" "'Phis will be some of the Queen's nonsense, nae," said an old woman, herself well numbered in years ; " thought that, now that she has got a bairn to nurse, she wad hae had something else to do than read ower folks' names wi' their ages ! but seine folk has an unco deal o' curiosity !" "Is this about the Corn Bill ?" inquired a third ; "if it will only gie us cheap meal, I'se no only gie my ain name and ay, but that o' my cousin and a' her family that's awn to One Demon's Land, as weil as that o' our Jock that's awn to the West Ingies ! ' "An other," unconscious of the pun, " declared that this po pulation .business was enough to put folk out 0' their senses !" It will naturally be supposed that unmarried females of a certain age would wish to take advantage of the " five years'" dis count allowed—but human nature is the same at all stages of life—many a wrinkled dame appeared not only pleased to be supposed younger than she really was, but actually pigged a few years under ' • as if the fact of being put down so would cheat the fell tyrant, that in a few years, at most, will number them with the clods of the valley. Poor frail huManity ! It is pardonable after all to sometimes not look the enemy in the face ; for no one, as Charles Lamb says, likes to dwell much upon the time when they shall be no more. Oh ! this were a bright world, Most pkasant and gay, Did love never languish, Nor friendship decay. —Scotsman. HOME CIRCUIT.—The Learned Judges Lord Chief Justice indal and Mr. -Justice Bosanquet, have appointed the following days for disposing of the busi e ness of the Home Circuit. The Commission will be opened on Wednesday, July 14, at Hertford, on Monday, July 19, at Chelmsford, on Monday, July 26, at Maid stone, on Monday, August 2, at Lewes, and on Monday, August 9, at Croydon. The business of the Circuit is unusually light. NOVEL EXCUSE.—Upon the names of the Petty Jurors being called over at the Central Criminal Court yesterday, one individual claimed an exemption from serving on the ground that he was a baker. The Recorder said he was not aware of any Act of Parlia ment under which he could claim the exemption. The applicant said that bakers were exempt by a Charter of Queen Elizabeth. The Recorder requested him to pro duce the charter, and as he was unable to do so, lie was ordered, amid the laughter of the Court, to take his seat in the bar with the rest of the Jury. PRESTON ELECTION.—No doubt any longer remains as to a second candidate on the Reform interest in this borough. Sir George Strickland, Bart., M.P., has signified Iris intention to stand for Preston. BAD LAW.—II is strictly demonstrable that the causes which have continually crushed tile energies of industry have been legislation. The sacrifice of human labour entailed upon this country by the corn and colonial monopolies, and on restrictive commercial law, amount to nearly one-third of the value of all the ex changeable commodities produced annually in the United Kingdom. Remember that more than 1,200,000,0001. of the produce of this country went to purchase human betes to fertilize the soil of Europe during the conti nental war ; and though the actual amount was never paid, three-fourths of it was poeitively consumed—and• posterity has been made debtors for the remainder.— Paulton's Lectures. COMPETITION.—Human labour has not a fair chance. The iron machine has its food—coal and water—produced on the spot, untaxed as cheap as nature can give it. The flesh and blood machine has to be supported by food 40 per cent. higher in price than nature !elves it. No wonder -that machinery should sup plant hand labour, and that the poor hand loom weaver should be competing at such terrible odds.—Alarm. The Tories have taken a mortgage of eight hundred millions on the national estate--have applied it to themselves ; nod now they blame the Whigs for fail ing to meet the Is hole interest of " the Debt." They blame their opponents for not paying debts which they did not incur. However a country may be blinded for a moment by the specious display of liberality, and scat tering, of plundered wealth. on the part of the Tories, there would soon be a reaction when in office, and the dupe of to-day world become to-morrow's enraged anta gonist. They were fairly driven from office in 1830 — from no other cause than national dislike of the party. The same is to be said of 1835—and the same would happen, if required, in 1842. Never will the Tories be come a popular party In England ! They understand, this, and seek a foundation in the " Conservative princi ples" of strong enough abuses and aristocratical in fluence. Bribery is, with them, a weapon suited to their necessities in these times of popular agitation. They were first driven from office, after having begun to amend and reform : they were driven a second time un der large promises of " doin g gockl ;" and, promise what they may, they will be driven a third time, if they again take place.—Durham Chronicle: NOVEL RECIPE.—It was stated at a late meet. ing bete that one of our publicans, suffering from excessive drinking, called on the doctor. The doctor ordered him gravely not to drink more than two bottles of gin a day ; that he should put a bean into them every morning, and if he always used the same bottles, would certainly 'recover when they were full of beans, The publican acted accordingly and was restored—Suffolk Chronicle. IRISHMEN IN CHINA.—ADMIRAL QUAN.— Another Irishman—a Lear relation of Mr. Quan, of Marlborough-green, coachmaker—has fallen under the British fire. 'We regret to see Irishmen in foreign ser vice ; but it will be great consolation to his relations here, that the Chinese Admiral died on the field (..7 waters ?) of glory, and that his obsequies were saluted by twenty one guns from her Majesty's vessels of war. We should mention that the - British interpreters have made a strange mistake in spelling the name Ktvan, whereas it should be as we have written it, Quan ; but as the Chinese ha ve no letters, but wr i te in a certain phonetic character, we are not. so much surprised at the mistake, and particularly as the letters in either combination are omophenous. It is not a little remarkable that Quan has been succeeded by Quin—a blood relation, we understand, of Lord Dur,- George Saville, raven, of Li mer i c k —D u bli n E ven i n g Post. The Brighton theatre has been taken by M r. metropo litan and provincial st a ge. Ile brings down bliss Tree and Charles Kean to commence the season with. and will make a gentleman well known both on the great improvements in the fitting up of the house. of the No less than nineteen C House of Lords sat.forward private yesterday to C om mittees House ap .bills. The House also sat to hear appeals. peal of Flight v. 'Thomas, .freen chequer, which has been argued at greatt-m h, was de cided yesterday. Their Lordships atiled judgment of the Court below with costs. ath lengteealC3. The ou rt of Ex - '. ,ressed state. papers, trade still continues in a very ferocious ass, at Chelsea, On Saturday afternoon a feroci According to the Manchester and other north-country er, a poor hawker, and turned suddenly round on its bit his hand, right across asses - than this t h . e °‘vil fleshy ' part to the bone. There are many more ferocioustheto be House of Com mons at the Philosophical Hall, On Thursday evening Mr. Buckingham delivered au m fo o u n n s d l on the Opposition bench in in opening public-houses JEDEURGII.— e h l i o i y u e d n d t e a rs n fi ti c - i i d n . onoi L io a l y s t week we made allusion, in condemnatory terms, of the practice adopted by the for the free distribution of intoxicating liquors. For several days during* the end of fast week, scenes of the roost revolting description were wit- Tory party of this place, wit nessed. It was impossible to contemplate without pain the sad corollary of demoralization and domestic distress, which must inevitably attend this state of things. Many men of weak principle, but of comparatively in diatrions habits, were seduced front their ordinary avocations, and precipitated into the slough of in toxication. The father (and in one instance the mother), and the son, the husband, too, of a nu merous family, were seen rolling from the cesspools of immorality, in a state of the most abect physical anOeenental prostration. One individual was seen in - t'ee\ act of haw wheeled to his hou.e in a barrow by sonic humane friend, while others, less fortunate. but in a similar state of drunkenness, might have been found stretched like unanimated lumps of clay, in several dif ferent alleys, within these few days. However, a check has been put upon the recurrence of these loathsome spectacles, through the interference of several respect aole inhabitants. It is gratifying to state that the sub stantial portion of the working men in the burgh stood h aloof in detestation of this systematic inroad up on m Itra 1 4. :i . t s y )a a ck nd n do ewie een d e g y e . — d Kb by decency.—Kelso o h eekorlodneics/tr. inhab ants in Breconshire that they never sa w suc h a • quantity of . grass on the at thi s period f o t h e year.— Welshman. t ~~