The Sun. — London, England, 1841-03-13 00:00:00

~~ MORNING EDITION. have • a child at the head of the Pachalic of Egypt, I as Rus- ass has a c hild at Constantinople. Mehemet Ali is compelled to disinherit Ibrahim, the right arm ~f his power ; for in the monarchies o f th e d esert i t i s the e l dest w h o i s regar d e d as th e t tue one amidst a multitude of brothers by different mothers. So much for what is called the hereditary government of Egypt. '%e will now take a view of the other conditions of the hatti scheriff. How was the Egyptian monarchy rendered great? Ily regular troops trained under French discipline. What says the hatti scheriff? The forces of Mehemet are limited to about one-fifth of their present number. What constituted his Bower is destroyed ; what might have given influence to France as annihil a t e d . A n d further, all those who have travelled recently in Egypt have spoken of the monopolies of the Pacha, and of those riches gained by the sweat of the people, but which nevertheless constituted an essential part of the strength of the Egyptian Government. Empires are some times founded by violent means, because despotism with strong and intelligent minds overcomes obstacles ; but when the des potism upon which a rising empire rests disappears, everything disappears with it. In depriving Mehemet Ali of his revenues, and causing a fourth of his geld to pats to the Porte, he is de prived of the means of organising Egypt. He will no longer have the son w h o became great under his sceptre, for, as Eng land could not succeed in arming him against his father, Lord Palmerston disinherits him. This is easily understood. The Egyptian monarchy existed only by the army, and the army was half French. Nothing remains, and Mehe ;ers. '"!tet Ali will he a Sovereign without money and without sol ll this shows that Englandhas attained her object. France had protected the Egyptian monarchy, and England prevents comme i cial development which was to result in favour of tr ench in. crest. The power of Mehemet Ali is now illusory, and he sees this so well that he protests even with the foot of oppresso r upon his neck. But how will he give force to 'us protest ? Will he refuse to accept the proffered condtions ? When he had all his forces he resisted, and what was the result? If, when he was standing erect in all his power, his enemies pursued th e i r course, will they stop now that he is half fallen ? Guizot, however, has told us in the Chamber that two things had been demanded for Mehemet Ali—hereditary go ll'vejntnent, and independence. A pretty independence, indeed, Fi lch consists i n h av i ng ne ither an army nor a treasury—a fine hereditary right, which compels him to surrender the Choice of his heir to the Sultan." 2. 4l;tsi rN T i h e o Q7tidicitne does injustice to Lord PAL - We are convinced his Lordship never gave his sanction to the clause in the Finnan, which claimed for the Porte the right of regu lating according to its pleasure the succession to the Pachalic. A variety of circumstances lead 118 to this conclusion. Lord PALMERSTON never wa s the enemy of the Paella. When the gallant ",PIER negotiated his Treaty with MEJIEMET AL I) Lord PONSONBY rejected it with insolent contempt. But what did L or d P ALMERSTO N ? Wi ny ~ he made it the very basis of the new Treaty, and entrusted its ratification to the gallant Com- Modore. L or d P ALMERSTON must know as well as we do, that to permit the Porte to nominate an y of MEHEMET ALI A S children it pleases to -eeed hi m, w th e would be to enable the eunuchs of Seraglio to kindle at any moment a civil war in EgyptMEHEMET Am's real enemy is Lord ro t ICsoNn-5,-, whose recall has now become essen tial to the maintenance of European tranquillity. It • is very far from the wish of Engla nd to p ress h eavily unon the PACHA, or to allow the Porte to tr eat him with harshness now that he is defence- England knows how to respect the sanctity faith a Weakness which looks for security to the of treaties. The very presence of Commo dorethaf I,, NAPIER at AleXandria is to us a guarantee the . I.IIEHEMET Am shall obtain that justice at hands of the SULTAN, the refusal of which lv °uld be more disgraceful to England than to the Porte itself. fo rt Was rumoured in Paris that the negotiations a new treaty, to include France, had been broken off, and that by another protocol signed b T, Y th e Pour Powers, Russia has relinquished the n : e aty of UnkiarSkelessi, and once more recog nised the uncontrolled sovereignty the SUL -1%1 over the Straits of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles. T h ere is very little general news in the French r'nrnals of W e dnesday. The following extracts ° M them include what little they contain of arp. Y i nterest to an English reader W ~e find in the Quotidienne the following passage t— eniv‘elnis is a year of disclosures. A letter which we have re- Pi Prn ne j rn ra our correspondent inDauphine announces q u : ng publication of a which will contain e very oa ( . Il t and very curious communications respecting a fact in re; °rlt emPoraiy political history, which has hitherto been th e ' r ,' l nPerfeetly known. The book in question is a history of n ate " ° ,,n,sP • iracy of Grenoble, in 1816, which cost the unfortu lishe,"idter his life. This work, says our correspondent, pub gs,„`` from inedited and authentic documents, will cause as p i ..' a sensation as the letter published by the Gazette de Itee and the Journal La France.—La Gazette de France. It Co IS said that the President of the Council having received he„7,..0f the hatti-scheriff, which grants to Mehemet Ali the and b i ltit'Y but nominal government of the Pachalic of Egypt, this tiring convinced that the Four Powers would not modify o:nlgular concession, has resolved to ask again from the WlZ,, t tee the 60,000 men, whom he gave up some time ago, ' ll Pposed that this question might be settled in a pa- Le Temps. Temps. ThTh e D uke , r foniteur has no official part this morning. wil T a he ' ktei National umale sets out to-morrow for Africa. says this morning that there is RO foundation of i t e rer for an assertion of the Univers, that a certain number of th eptea of the Reforming Societies, had come to the office „ e 2 Lvational to require that it should desist from its argu -4.:Z211 favour of the fortification of Paris.—Le Constitu _ Gan n i i-gnant's - Misenger announces that the French Govern= e r , 'flas been very disagreeably surprised at receiving from th 4l , s tantinople the news that, contrary to the instructions of n , s jr Gove, Lrd b was eavourin b Possible means rnment to embarroassPOnson more an y d more end the affairs g ofy East by rendering the positin of Mehemet Ali insuppor - ta ,te. It adds, that M. de Bou o rquenay is supposed to be in k r Ucted to as k an exp l ana tion on this subject from Lord Pal eraton,_„,7 Commerce. BOURSE. PARIS, WEDNESDAY, MARCH 10. first Highest Lowest Last Fre Price Price. Price. Price -01 5 per Ce nts lll „, 110 80 110 90 4 l Per ....• 4 Per Ranh 3 Per Cents B5 76 85 7 98 6 75 7 98 6 '75 Franc e asel gia ! sank 5000 f. Shares 5160 ...516 0 ...5160 ...5160 " sank 5 per Cents lOl% ... 101% ... 101% ... 101% 3 per Cents 69 70 ... 69 70 ... 69 '7O ... ( 9 70 3 Ds • New Loan lOl% 101% ... 101% e 41 th Act o qußuese 3 per Cents Active ...... 1 5 192 115 ••• ..... ....•• • RAILWAY 4HARES. 405 405 ... 400 ... 401 25 ' 3 lle a L.B. 3lO ... 310 ... 307 50 ... 3°" 50 ; t totn,, -- •s• ...... 4ont bu rg to Rale tt,tier.ltier to Cette 455 ... 460 ... 455 ... 4 6 0 DUTCH FUNDS.—AMSTERDAM, MARCH 9. Money. 1310 s. Ictual Debt 2 per Cent 5.04 50% ;;;!to • ditt o 5 3y per cent. t Syndic,4% per cent B n l4 88% Ditto, ditto, 3% per cent 72! ‘ I.,,!luriercial Company, 4!,., per cent 1613 !621,4 r,tul (18.35 and 1837) 5 per cent. ...... 100 100% 1,237, 5 per cent. 953 98 Ex change on London, One month l2 02% Two months ......., ll 923 Dutch Papers, March 10. BELoIAN i!UNDS—BRUIMELII, MARCH SO, ActUal Debt, 254, per Cent. Rothschild's Loan, 5 per Cent ii9 Lan of Thirty Millions, 4 per - Cent B9 3 per Cent. (1 ---41) 9:l Loan of City, 1832, 4 per Cent B, Society of CominPrce, 4 % per Cent lO2 Bank of Belgium, 5 per Cent ............ 873 4 National Society. EXchange on London (short) --Brussels Papers, March 10. 11 ,_ AUSTRIAN FUNDS.-..VIRPINS, MARCH 2.' F° Par Cents. Metalliques 71 ,:r Per Cents Batik pqr Cents ... ........ ....... . ....... - ou Ehares gemeine &Wu . ....... eh 8. and COMMERCIAL NEWS. CITY, FRIDAY EVENING. tirt'!'ehb° chief business done tc-day was in speculative or 0 4 a _ I. gairis, the bona fide, or money transactions, being the ve rY limited scale. Up to a la'c hour of the. day, of 1,.. 4:1 .rket wore a heavy appearance, but before the close e"Ftness a rally occurred. 1)11110"toettilhos8oelcia opened at 87i, but got up afterwards to 87,-1-, at 871 buyers, for money, on account of a re ran at the affairs of the East had been definitively ar -1114",: so as to admit France into the Convention with rr ",..t°ll Powers. For account the range of prices , 3 9• ;: t o 84- to 1 Exchequer Bills were at I Is. to h ' r .e l ann and Bonds at 20.. to 15.. discount. , to ge6"? Three-and-a• • Heal per Cents. brought only 116!. Thereto rid Was but a limited business done in the Foreign Act . . s ' which generally bore a very heavy value. Spa F n i t pe r C ' r anged from 23 to 23a; portuguese „ Ne t w o Rr a 4nts- from 301, to 31 • Mexican from er were 71, a trivial P rise on yesterday's prices; r ` ll l ; Dutch Teo-and-a- half per Cents. aOl to Th 7"'g.tin Bouds 991. lower e Shire Market was rather brisk-, but prices ruled the G reat West ern brought 21. ; the New 10} to ; S °Oth.. l \ t ‘ b . s ' London and Birmingham 74 to 75 ; the Pr erni esters 16i to i; and the Greenwich Scrip 1h ; Brighton Share; were VI to ; l kid'i"eater and Leeds 3 ; the N e w 2; and the , North Wer e 30 disc ount. L on d on Joint-stock Batikbhares T h 4 l to 2:4 premium 'Pt Foreign Exchanges . were steady this afternoon. lows.` rn h tt htlis' paper was most currently negotiated as fol tiro, . • 45 f• 62 2 1 C. to 65c. ; Amsterdam 12 3+ to ; t o — .Bl 3 13 7it0 8; Antwerp 12 to 3 ; Frankfurt I; on Trieste 10 1 to 10 2. tip r. to ti chard Julion, who was recently brought bl u , e 'n-squ are , an d was t h en l a b our i ng un d er t h e de goss,, in he was D u k e o f Cl arence, di e d a d ay or two Yoa n ; a he of insat,ity. He was a rema-kably fine t ern i n t. l lll l : l , l. l ) ossessi ri cr a highly cultivated mind, and was B.' a " Inall the relations life. inte r ,, t Benjamin Hall, who has . taken so much of the h.oat the building and decorations and fini.hing t ° place In Refo rm Cl u b h ouse, i n Pall-mall, has offered t i grand centre saloon a marble bust of her h Vh:st Y. ,,,, T he - work will Le executed by an artist of th e Lo minence. lee, th RI) GLENL EE .—Th e vener able Lord Glen thati six father of trio Scottish benc h , w h o h as f or more trtia,h m onths b een i nd i sposed at B ars ki mm i ng, was so take Inlptuvt.d health on Friday last as to be enabled i1i ae5,"2,..., 4 ! t i",," in his carriag e , f o r the first time since his oP u titas gow Cou r i er. Whea SSELS, MAR CH 10. The average price t l ast week was lt3f. 32e., an d t h a t o f Bye, 11f,45c. ERATURE. SOCIETY IN INDIA. 2 VoLs Colburn. London, 1841. The title of these volumes is strictly borne oui. by the contents, fur they really are what they profess to be,—namely a series of sketches illus trative °ldle present state of society in India, which in order, we presuine, that they may be rendered more attractive to the general reader—are thrown into the form of a tale. The second volume is the most entertaining, so far as wild, stirring incident is concerned; but, in a literary point of view, the first is the best, for the sketches of provincial society in the East are more highly finished, and the descriptions are more racy and graphic. We can easily imagine that the account of the voy age up The River Jumna in a crazy boat, is sketched from the Author's own personal expe rience, so lively and picturesque is his manner of narration, and so minute are his local details. BRITISH MISCELLANY. Hastings, London, 1841. This is one of those cheap monthly periodicals which are now so frequently issuing from the press, and ;he majority of which, alas, are so short-lived, that scarcely are they launched into existence, ere they " die, and make no sign." We do not, however, anticipate so sudden an ex tinction for the " British Miscellany," for we find among its contributors several of the most successful Magazine writers of the day ; and among them Dr. Maginn and Leigh Hunt, the last of whom contributes a lively critical essay to the Number before us, on the subject of Ho race Walpole, upon whose peculiar talents he is ♦ery well qualified to give a sound, discriminating opinion. SYRIA. THE TURKS, JEWS, AND CHRISTIANS, AT DAMASCUS. DAMASCUS, JAN. 15. Ever since the departure of Ibrahim from this city, the Christians are exposed to the fanaticism of the Turks and Jews, which is carried to such an extent that they will soon he obliged to emigrate, unless some energetic and powerful protection be afforded them. A. few days after the departure of the Egyptian General-in-Chief the provisional authorities proceeded to meet some of the definitive Magistrates appointed by the Porte. They had scarcely left the town when disorder commenced ; the Turks, incited by the Jews, began to attack the police-officers ; several persons were murdered and divers houses pillaged. This was done with the view of occasioning a general rise against the Christians, who were dreadfully beaten wherever they were found. A Greek, of the name of Lidaouni, having made some resistance, was murdered most atrociously, and expired beneath the blows of fifty as- sassins. On the evening of this day of blood and anarchy, the Turkish authorities made their entry into the town, went through the principal quarters, escorted by a de tachment of Turkish soldiers, and in the evening pub lished a proclamation, which gave some hope that dis order would be repressed ; but the persecution planned between the Jews and Mussulmans against the Chris tians, was soon to manifest itself in the very acts of the authorities themselves. Three days after the nomination of the members of the Divan took place, the same members were re-elected. At the very first sitting it was decreed that the Chris tians were no longer to be mounted, were to possess no slaves, and were not to wear a white turban. Mr. John Anhouri, a member of the Divan, and the representa tive of the Greek Catholics, begged that the execution of the decree should be delayed for a fortnight. A week's delay only was granted, and the decree was im mediately posted round the town. From this moment every species of insult was con sidered practicable against the Christians, and the white turban was pulled off the heads of several. Complaints were addressed to the Governor by a great many individuals. The Governor received very kindly all those who called on him ; he promised to see into the matter immediately, and, in fact, convoked all the members of the Divan, declaring that he did not recognise the measures which they bad adopted respecting the Christians, and informed them that he intended to forward a detailed account of the affair to the Government. On this the members of the Divan, who had been the foremost in proposing the aforesaid measures, began to remble for the consequences of their behaviour, pro posed leaving unexecuted what they had decreed against the Christians, and withdrew quite disconcerted. But in awaiting orders from Constantinople, the Christians remain under the weight of the reprobation that the de cisions of the Divan have excited against them in the minds of the people. Under such circumstances, the members of the different Christian worships have has tened to address to the Consuls residing at Damascus a circular which, although written with the reserve that their situation demands, is nevertheless sufficient to at tract public attention to the present situation of Chris tians in this country. " CIRCULAR ADDRESSED TO THE CONSULS AT DA MASCUS, BY THE PRELATES OF THE DIFFERENT CHRISTIAN cHURCHEt.. Messieurs les Consuls—We have the honour of in forming you, that on Thursday last some Jews took the liberty to insult and grossly outrage the Christians, by making them undergo every kind of humiliation. " Several Christians called on us to complain of the wicked conduct of the Jews, an abominable conduct, which humiliates the Christians in general. "In your quality of representatives of the great Christian powers, you will not allow, Messieurs les Consuls, religion to be further insulted by malefactors, which is contrary to the wishes and orders of his Ex cellency the Pacha and to those of the Government of the Sublime Porte, which tends, in harmony with the European Powers, to promote the improvement and civilisation of these countries, by extending its be nefits and justice to all its subjects. We address this letter to you in order that you may act conformably, and that you may support us with kind protection.— We have the honour to be, &c. (Signed) "The Vicar of the Greek Patriarch, the Vicar of the Holy Lard, the Vicar of the Catholic Patriarch, Joseph Marsani, a priest ; Bishop Jacob, a Syrian ; the Armenian Vartabiet, the Armenian Catholics. " Damascus, Jan. 4." Previous to receiving this circular, several of the Consuls had repaired to the Governor to demand justice for acts of violence committed on their proteges. The English Consul had succeeded in having a man punished for having pulled off the turban of Mr. Selina ; but all the efforts of the European representatk es have ob tained no real reparation for such revolting fact, and consequently have inspired no respect for the Christian name. Since the arrival of AU Pacha, who entered this city at the head of 6,000 men, the Christians have con tinued to suffer the most vexatious treatment, especially from the Jews. Bands of Jews from without have pa raded the town, and, under pretext of rejoicing, have fallen on the Christians and insulted them grievously, cursing aloud Christ, the cross, and the priests. These are the first fruits that have been reaped at Damascus from the departure of the Egyptian autho rities, that, during so many years, had maintained such excellent order, and had inspired respect for every kind of worship by extending their protection to all alike. THE WEATHER. ROYAL GALLERY OF SCIENCE, ADELAIDE- STREET. NOON. MARCH 12. Barometer 30.43 In. Thermometer Highest 6 4 .5 Lowest Wind S. W. —Freezing Point 32 Deg. SPORTING INTELLIGENCE. ALL ENGLAND COURSING MEETING, MAacit 9, 10, AND 11. The All England Cup of 640/. was won by Mr. Hunt's Ilarriet, beating Mr. Reade's Ruby. The Fleetwood Stakes of 114/. were won by Mr. A. Graham's Cacciatore, beating Mr. Slater's Echo. And the All England Purse of 401. by Mr. Easterly's Erico, beating Mr. Eden's Snap. HER MAJESTY'S STAG HOUNDS.—Monday, Riching's Park ; Wednesday, Ascot Heath. A GENERAL INVITATION.—The Boston Post ( America) tells a story of a down-cast Militia Cap tain, who, on receiving a note from a lady, requesting " th^ pleasure of his company," understood it as a com pliment to those under his command, and marched the whole of them to the lady's house. At Vienna, on the 25th ult., was celebrated, in the chapel of the English Embassy, the marriage of his Excel lency Lord Beauvale, her Britannic Majesty's Ambassador to the Court of Austria, with Mdlle..deMaltzahn, daughter of the Prussian Ambassador at Vienna. Prince Metternich and the whole of the resident foreign Ministers were present at the ceremony. MARRIAGE IN HIGH LIFE.—On Thursday, by special license at St. George's, Hanover-square, by the Rev. Horace Pechell, the Right Hon. the Earl of Abingdon, to the Lady Frederica Kerr, daughter of Lord Mark Kerr and the Countess of Antrim. One of the petitions presented by Mr. Hume from the National Charter Association, on Wednesday, was for the release of Robert Peddie, not Petty as given in the Report. BIRTH.—On the 9th inst., in Park-street, Bath, the lady of Walter Irvine, M.D., was safely delivered of a son and heir. DINNER PARTlES.—Viscount Beresford will give his third grand dinner on the 24th inst. ; the Duke of Cambridge will give a grand dinner on the 20th inst. Dinner parties were given yesterday by Mr. Abraham Robarts, in Hill street; the Bishop of London, in St. James's-square ; and. Mr. Baring Wall, in Berkeley-square. .YEW S DECLARATION BILL.—Of the twenty five bigots w h o f orme d t h e ta il o f Si r R o b er t Inglis, inopp os i ng this Bill on Wednesday, not fewer than ten were Scotch Alern hers, or of Scotch descent. To the honour of Ireland not one Irish Member voted against it. THE SUN, LONDON, SATURDAY, MARCH 13,1841 AFFECTING INCIDENT. A young man, w h ose pa l e an d h ag gard countenance re tained some traces of beauty and regularity, presented him self yesterday at the commissariat of police, to place him self at the disposal of the judicial authorities. He said that he had involuntarily outraged the laws of society, and that he now implored justice to release him from the tortures of remorse and the ceaseless torments of his tempestuous conscience. On being interrogated with kindness by the magistrate, the wretched -Dan, whose sobs and torrents of to irs bore but too ample evidence to the truth of his sad talc, spoke as follows :—. "My name is Claude B—. lam thirty.four years of age. I was formerly in the habit of contributing to several journals, and the success of several of my publications would entitle me to rank as a man of letters. About three years since I married a woman, good, virtuous, and beau. tiful ; and nlnough want and squalid misery sat with us at our board, love never deserted our humble dwelling. For two years we continued our hard struggles with adversity— my wife with her needle, I with my pen ; but finding it im possible to obtain my livelihood in Paris; we determined to seek for bread in the provinces. We left Paris tr. go we knew not whither. The world was all before us, and friendless, almost naked, and in misery, we went forth into the wide world to seek our fortunes. I had no resources, no calling, or profession, and what to do I knew not. Within a few miles of Paris, on the high road, we fell in with a band of strolling players; I joined them, and for a time prospered, at least 1 had learned to deem that prosperity which ensured food and raiment for myself al d wife. The band at length was dispersed, and we were again cast like a weed upon the ocean of wretchedness. Gaunt famine again stared us in the face, but my wife parried its attacks for a time by reigning herself to sing about the cafes in the evenings, as she was an accomplished musician. But even the few wretched sous which she obtained by her debasing calling sufficed not to preserve us from want and hunger. About a fortnight since W. were at Pont- Audemar, which we quitted without one far thing, intending to return to Paris, and relying upon the charity of travellers, to prevent our dying of cold and we were h n n g e r spurned the f ' y r on ym-sitdehe. t On hresh T o h ld uday, the s rs ofseve ral lBth, au. berges, where we had requested permission to sing for the entertainment of the company. We had not seen a fire or tasted a morsel of food, but providen tially we fell in with a poor labourer who procured us admission for the night, to a stable. The smiling morn ing at length came on, instilling freshness and joy into all, save the miserable wretch you see before you. Tramp, tramp, we arose from out out. straw and again travelled along the banks of the Eure,stowards Evreux; but our sufferings had been greater than we could boar. Strength and courage simultaneously f led us, and at length my beautiful beloved. wife, who • ' borne up like an angel against our harrowing vicisn des, turned her famished looks towards me and said that she would lay her down and die, for that she could no longer support the racking pains of hunger. I tried to encourage her, by pointing out the steeple of Evreux Cathedral, which was rising up out of the morning mists like a beacon of hope. I tried, by rubbing her quivering limbs, to invigorate her wasted frame ; but it was of no avail, despair had shut up all ac cess to hope or consolation ; she turned and thanked me for my efforts, and said, in a voice of angelic sweetness which I am for ever doomed to have ringing in my ears, ' My friend, were I even to survive this dreadful day, and arrive at Evreux, the same thing would occur again to-morrow or next week. We are destined to sorrow and misery in this world. If amidst the trials and degradations against which we have so manfully contended, you still cherish the love which presided at our union, do as lam resolved to do. The river rolls be neath us, let it be our tomb, and let it be our consolation that we have none to mourn over our loss.' She repelled all my exhortations and entreaties with stern resolve, and finding all my efforts useless, I agreed to plunge with her into the foaming torrent beneath us. With my handker chief I tied her feet and hands, and we embraced for the last time. Can I ever forget that long last kiss of blighted hopes and blasted affections? Ere yet I bad finished my harrowing task, my wife, eager to quit a world of suffering, sprang from the bank, and a few bubbles told me that all was over. The trees, hills, valleys, and river, whirled round me in mad confusion. I saw and felt no more, until the day after I found myself in the middle of a field, conscious that my misfortunes bad bereft me of my reason. I walked on, at times yelling like a madman gay, but dur ing my lucid intervals a prey to tortures, such as I hope no human being will ever suffer again. I have here, still before my eyes, my gentle, uncomplaining, angel wife springing from the bank, and I having the cowardice to assist in consummating the horrible sacrifice." A proces-verbal was then drawn up, and Claude B--- was placed at the disposal of the judicial authorities.—Ga. zette des Tribunaux. A PEEP AT THE NORTH POLE. A St. Petersburgh periodical, Le Journal Scientffique et Litteraire publishes a very extraordinary narrative of an expedition to the Arctic regions, under the command of M. Nidjnei Nitigoiwosnesenk. If the narrative be not exaggerated that traveller would appear to have reached within a few wersts of the pole. The occurrences he reports are of so marvellous a nature that we certanly cannot vouch for their veracity ; but they are too curious not to be laid before our readers, and we shall add that M. Nidjnei Nitigoiwos nesenk's memoire has been submitted by that traveller to the, academics of Moscow and St. Petersburgb. It is difficult to believe dud .anybedy would have ventured to call the attention of two such respectable bodies to facts not offering every guarantee of truth, and an addi tional proof that fiction has nothing to do with this won derful narrative is, that M. Nidjnei and his com panions, having arrived at St. Petersburgh on the 15th of December, a deputation from the Academy went out to receive them, and the Emperor was pleased to con fer the Order of St. Wladimir, of the 2d class, on the head of the expedition. " Embarked in the Catherine 11. frigate, we arrived on the sth of September, at the northernmost point of the Samoides' land. We were obliged to give up pass ing any further, owing to the enormous icebergs which began to obstruct our course. The frigate was moored l in a sort of creek, which we had the good fortune to discover as we followed the coast, and we immediately betook ourselves to preparations for continuing our ex plorations by other means. The sledge we bad got built with that view at St. Petersburgh was put together ca deck, and filled with the provisions and instruments indispensable for the hazardous enterprise we were about to venture upon. At about the eighty-eighth degree of latitude, all the dogs that had hitherto dragged our equipage were frozen, so that in order to advance we were compelled to use our long iron books, which was a dreadfully fa tiguing task. The cold made us suffer horribly, des pite of the seventeen bearskins which we had each of us taken the precaution to cover ourselves with. It was also in the same latitude, or thereabouts, that chance yielded us one of the most curious discoaeries that have enriched the physical sciences in latter times. It occurred thus : for some days we had made no fire for want of wood, when in searching our box of provi sions I found some Lyons chesnuts which Mr. Arego had sent me as a souvenir. I took it into my head to roast them. We put together some shavings which we still had, and kindled them. A bright flame forthwith arose, and we were anticipating the sweet sensations it it was about to yield us, when suddenly an incompre hensible phenomenon manifested itself. The flame at first so bright and crackling, seemed struck with iinnao bility, and was gradually covered with a solid crust. . . . it was congealed. " Our astonishment baffles description (a scientific description of the ice thus produced then follows). I broke a bit of it and put it into my mouth. Contrary to my expectation, the sensation which resulted was most agreeable; just fancy a little taste of barley-sugar extremely refreshing though accompanied by a light burnt smell. lam persuaded that when such ice shall be produced by artificial means, confectioners will turn it to great account. " A little further on another phenomenon, not less remarkable awaited us. We had for some time per• ceived an increased rapidity in the progress of our sledge though we used our iron hool,s but little. The phenomenon was soon explained ; one of us having dropped his hook, the moment he attempt e d t o pi c k it up we saw it gradually r emove from us, flee before us, and ultimately'whiz as it split the dense atmosphere around us. Though already accustomed to the wonders which those mysterious regions had presented to us, as it were, at eve7y step, we stood mute with astonish ment,towards a eata but were soon roused fro m our a i n n i i, a i z n e e m ib e l n e t p : ow o e u r r , sledge, was almost wholly m a d e o f i ron, seemed srpauuccstiir asds we that ahty,ehfi draws irresistible, alight boat nd trie._a , to stop it, but could not succeed, and the light of an aurora compelled to leave it to the mercy of heaven. were Ti4e magnetic power of the pole produced its effect, t h e so mb c p r i e i e v r i c a o t n!l e my b t s ) o ierious extremity of our r a c a g t a a p i , r n o s o g t f r various i e t s . s w m e_ blue. One would have fancied the b an o c r l e , al a is ft , er a'few hours of that h f u a pg n iee t c a e s ss t t g w l e o r b e e enabledt divided into mountains, probably vouchsafed us unhoped-for assist tsocience we had tempted beck of a gigantic zebra was rising before us. Alas! Nevertheless, thus isolated in that vast frozen soli tude, colours,f unless pure pl green o . a o d v s i a t o c o n t : e o : pa aslled sist ance, we must Heaven, and already did We feel its hand suspended to crush us. over our heads ready dragg,ed to destruction, we were calm b d e e dashed e o d f " Nev and resigned, so great is , the power of the grand mys tude, and fatally teries of nature over man . Some tears, only, flowed in silence, and I heard beloved names uttered, when, sud- In th u e st p7oU n d denlv, a sort of barrier of icebergs heaped over one another, made us deviate from our course, and at the same moment, and in a few seconds, a force as powerful as that which bad made us before devour space in front of us, made us ro ughly recede W e had just fallen into d negative magnetic current. We were saved, and saved carrying away with us the most awful secrets of nature. It was enough to run mad with joy. We raised our hands to Heaven." The Journal Seieofique et Lilleraire announces that the whole memoire of this marvellous expedition is to be shortly published.—GazTile dre Midi. MANCHESTER CHAMBER •OF COMMERCE A special general meeting of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce was convened on Thursday morniug, for the purpose of receiving a Report of the Directors, on the in jurious effects of restrictions on trek, and the necessity of immediate changes in our comrrercial policy, arising out of the Report and evidence of the Select Committee of the House of C ommons on Import Duties during the last Session of Parliament. The meeting was announced for eleven o'clock, at which time there was a good attendance of members. A. B. SMITH, Esq., President of the Chamber, occu pied the Chair. After reading the advertisement an nouncing the meeting, and the objects proposed by it, the Chairman said that the question of restrictions oa trade Was one of national importance. Hitherto the t. fruits of that Board had been neutralized by the war t of attehtn.n on the part of Parliament, which, during the list three or four years, had been engaged entirely in party struggles. The deficiency in the revenue, however, was likely to cause something to be done on the part of Par liament to remove those restriesions, as there was no other way of making up that deficiency but by encourag ing and extending trade. There was one point in the Re port which bad been omitted—the great encouragement which restrictions on tradegave to smuggling, by which. ho nest traders were often injured, and the revenue robbed of a large amount which would otherwise be obtainoJ. He did not know how,i under these circumstances, we, calling ourselves a Christ an country, couli maintain our present restrictions; and he did hope, that as there was a serious deficiency in the revenue, Parliament would be induced to take some steps by which these restrictions would be re moved. He would not detain them by any further obser vations, but would call on the Secretary to read the Report. Tho SECRETARY then read the following Report:— The growing importance of finding such new and enlarged markets for the sale of our productions "as shall give the means of subsistence to this industrious community, and sup ply a profitable field of employment for our capitalists," was adverted to in the Report to the Annual Meeting of the Cham ber last year. This question has since engaged a large share of the attention of the Board; and the publication in August last of the valuable report and evidence taken before the Com mittee of the House of Commons, on " Import Duties," pre sents such a body of facts confirming the views so frequently expressed by . this Chamber, and exhibiting, in so strong a light, the injurious effects of restrictions on trade, that the Board have deemed it to be their duty to call the special atten tion of the Chamber to a subject so deeply involving the future welfare of our commerce and manufactures. Before proceeding to the consideration of those reforms in our commercial system, which have now become essential to the full development of our national resources, it may be in teresting to the Chamber, and satisfactory to those who have doubts of the policy of further changes, briefly to review those which have been already made, in order to ascertain how far the partial adoption of free trade affords encouragement to carry it out to the fullest extent. The first step in the march of commercial reform was made to 1814, when the monopoly of the East India Company was partially relaxed, by permitting private individuals to trade with the Presidencies of Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay, and the port of Penang (the monopoly of the trade to China was continued to the Last India Company until 18341. The re sults of this partial opeein of the trade demonstrated the fal lacy of the fearful forebodings of ruin by the East India Com pany, as will be seen by the following comparative statement of the increase of exports from Great Britain to India and China : Total value in 1814 (during monopoly) ...£1,874,690 Ditto „ „ 1833 (after 19 years of partial free trade) 3,495,301 Ditto „ „ 1839 (5 years after the East India Corn pang trade monopoly was entirely abolished) 5,600,576 In 1815, the first inroad was made upon our famous naviga tion laws, which, for nearly 200 years, had been referred to as monuments of human wisdom, and the foundation of our naval and commercial greatness. By these laws, all foreign produce imported into Great Britain, except in a British ship manned by a majority of British seamen, was subjected to high discriminating duties imposed upon both the foreign ship and the cargo. The United States of America, equally anxious to foster American navigation, had adopted similar laws. The effect of these mutual restrictions upon the trade of the two countries as, that it became necessary to have two sets of ships employed ; that was to have British vessels to bring home American produce, and American ships to convey our produce o that country, each being:obliged to leave its own port in ballast. The loss attending such a system produced in both countries a desire to abandon these mischievous restrictions, and by a treaty in 1815 the ships of both countries were placed recipro cally upon an equal footing. Retaliation of our restrictive system, on the part of foreign countries, at length alarmed our Government ; and in 1823, the Reciprocity of Duties Bill, being an extension to all coun tries inclined to adopt it of the reciprocity treaty with the United States in 1815, was brought forward by Mr. Huskisson. This innovation was vigorously opposed by the shipowners, who predicted that it would throw the carrying trade into the hands of foreigners. The employment of British shipping in our fo reign trade, however, instead of being diminished by this mea sure, has already more than doubled, as will be seen by the following official statement of the tonnage of British vessels en tered and cleared from the ports of the United Kingdom. Inwards. Outwards. In the year 1815 1,372,108 tons 1,398,658 tons In the year 1839 3,101,650 3,096,611 ifn 1824 Mr. Huskisson brought forward a Bill for the alte ration of the laws relating to the silk trade, by which the abso lute prohibition of all articles of foreign manufactured silks, was removed, and an ad valorem duty of 30 per cent. on their im portation substituted. The duty on raw silk was reduced from ss. 6cl. to Id. per lb. ; and on thrown silk from 14s. Bd. to rates varying from Is. 6d. to 3s. 6d. per lb. The measure was strongly opposed by the majority of the silk manufacturers, and their organs in Parliament predicted that, " by the end of two years, which it was proposed to allow be fore the prohibition should finally cease, the silk trade would be destroyed." The groundlessness of these apprehensions is shown by the rapid progress of the silk trade since 1824. The average con sumption of raw and thrown silk, in the ten years preceding 1824, under the protective system, was 1,940,9021b5. per an num, while the average consumption of the twelve years fol lowing 1824, under the partial free trade system, was 4,164,444 lbs. per annum. The imports of raw and thrown silk had in creased, in 1839, to 5,020,034 lbs., and the exports of silk ma nufactures, in that year, amounted to 868,1181., in declared value, of which 56,0001. in value, were exported to France. Mr. Huskisson followed up the alteration in the silk trade, the next year (1825), by laying before Parliament his cele brated exposition of the colonial, commercial, and shipping policy of the country, and bringing forward three important measures. The first—relating to a further extension of free dom in the system of our commercial policy in respect to our colonies. Second—The substitution of duties for prohibition on foreign manufactures, and the reduction of duties payable on raw materials used iso our manufactures. Third—Relief to shipping interest and navigation. The extent of the alterations in the previous restrictive system may be estimated by a few of the leading items. The duty on per cent. Woollens of from 50 to 67i was reduced to 15 per cent. ad vnl. Cottons Linens 4O to 180 os Glass ...80 Earthenware ... 75 ......... 15 Iron Copper Olive 011 Gloves previously prohibited were admitted at a duty of 90 per cent. " The result of the alterations," said Mr. Huskisson, in bringing forward the above measures, "which I have now stated to the Committee, will bethis—that upon foreign manu factured articles generally where the duty is imposed to protect our own manufactures, and not for the purpose of collecting revenue, that duty will in no instance exceed 30 per cent. if the article be not manufactured much cheaper or better abroad than at home, such a duty is ample for protection. If it be manufactured so much cheaper Or so much better abroad as to render 30 per cent. insufficient, my answer is, first, that a greater protection is only a premium to the smuggler; and, secondly, that there is no wisdom in attempting to bolster up a competition which this degree of protection will not sustain." At the same time that the protective duties on manufac tures were reduced to the maximum of 30 per cent. the duties on all raw materials of manufacture were also reduced. The wisdom of these measures has been proved by the in crease in every branch of manufactures, the prosperity of which was previously supposed to depend upon the fostering care of bounties and protection. The Linen Trade is a remarkable example that the only real and effectual legislative encouragement which the manu facturer has received, has been the reduction of the import duties on flax and hemp, and the relinquishing the absurd at tempts to force the growth of these products at home. Previously to 1825 the Linen manufacture was protected by duties amounting from 40 to 180 per cent., and for upwards of a century bounties on the exportation of linen to foreign countries were granted, which only expired in 1830. In 1829 the bounty, although then very much reduced, amounted to about 300,0001. ,or to nearly one seventh part of the real or declared value of the linen exported that year. Although the bounty afforded the means of supplying foreign countries with linens for less than they cost, like all other monopolies, it rendered those en gaged in the manufacture indifferent to improvement, and the trade continued to languish. Mr. Huskisson reduced the duties, which on dressed flax was 101. 14s. 6d. per cwt., and on undressed flax sd. to 4d per cwt. upon beth, and this has been subsequently reduced to the nominal duty of I d. per cwt No sooner in as the trade unshackled than enterprise and skill were directed to it ; the increase of the Linen manufacture in Dundee has been even more rapid than the increase of the Cotton manufacture at Manchester ; and in 1833 the exports of linen from that port were as great as those from. all Ireland. The article of Wool affords one of the strongest arguments to prove the wisdom of Mr. Huskisson's policy. A duty of 6d. per pound upon foreign Wool was imposed by Mr. Vansittart in 1819, which amounted to about 50 per cent, upon the price of a considerable quantity of the Wool imported, the effect of which was to destroy a large portion of our manufactures, which required an admixture of British and foreign Wool, and to bring great distress and ruin upon the Woollen manufactur ers. It is a most remarkable fact, that the price of British Wool, instead of •advancing from the high and prohibitory duty imposed on foreign Wool, continued to' decline, until it reached a lower price than had been known for a century. The revival and snbsequent progress of the Woollen manu facture after the reduction of the duty on the raw material from 6d. to Id. per lb. by Mr. Huskisson in 1825, exceeded the most sanguine expectations. The imports of foreign Wool in 1820, the year after the duty of 6d. per lb. was imposed, were 9,775,6051b5. After the reduction of the duty to Id. per lb. in 1825, the imports gradually increased, and in 1839 they reached The benefits of the reduction of the duty on foreign Wool were not 'confined to the Woollen manufacturer, the British Wool grower equally shared the advantage. Notwithstanding this enormous increase in the imports of foreign Wool, the prices of British Wool recovered from their previous depression, and have since maintained higher rates than during 111 i. Van sittart's protective system. Whatever doubts and fears may have been originally enter tained of the results of the great changes effected by Mr. Hus kisson, in our restrictive commercial policy, the complete suc cess which, without a single exception, has attended his mea sures, is decisive of the wisdom of the course pursued. The fears of alarmists and monopolists have been dissipated by the falsification of all their predictions. Trade is proved beyond , the possibility of cont , oversy . to have declined in every case where protected, and to have increased and flourished, in pro portion to its approximation to perfect freedom. It is matter of astonishment, with such facts before us, and in an age of boasted intelligence, that there should remain on our statute book a single remnant of the monopoly system, which experience has proved to be so injurious to the national welfare ; yet protections still exist, which monopolists of the. present day maintain with equal tenacity, and with the sae prognostications of ruin from their abolition, that were utter ed by the, monopolists in the days of Mr. Huskisso unn. ded en no re- Our commercial legislation appears to be fo l cognized, general, or equitable principles. in regard to manufactures is, that the publicTlinetreu e laid doe n interest requires that in no case shall the duty on foreign manufactures exceed 30 per cent. for the ornate. of pr otection ( . th . e . duty on foreign w. cotton goods is 10 per ); the avowed Meet was to stis mulate native industry, by throwing it open to the rivalry of other nations—the sound and wholesome doctrine was dealt out to the manufacturers—" that if 30 per cent. duty will not suf ficiently protect you, there is no wisdom in bolstering your in dustry by higher duties. But the producers of Sugar, Coffee, Timber, and Corn, are exempted from the wholesome stimulus of foreign competition ; their productions are fenced round with prohibitory duties, =minting to from 100 to 450 per cent. The object and end of all just government being to place all on the same footing, it is inconsistent with this object that the Legislature should impose taxation for any other than purposes of revenue. It is obvious that the Corn, Sugar, Coffee, and Timber duties are imposed, not with the view to raise revenue for public purposes, but for the sole object of enabling particu lar interests to obtain for their commodities a price beyond their real value, equal to the amount of the duty imposed--a system of legislation opposed to every principle of equity, inas much as the increase of price operates as an indirect taxation upon consumers, and diminishes their means of paying the taxation required by the State. Mr. J. D. Hume says, "I have always considered the increase of price, in consequence of protection, amounts to a tax. If lam made to pay Is. 641. for an article, which. in the absence of the law, I could buy for I s , I consider the 6d. a tax, and I pay it with regret, because it does not go to ee revenue of the country." (1132)* The enormous amount levied upon the community by being obliged to pay for their Sugar, Coffee, Timber, and Corn, higher prices than the same articles may be purchased at in the markets of the world almost exceeds belief. By the evidence taken before the Committee of the House 1 of Commons on " Import Duties," (August, 1840) it appears that we could supply ourselves with foreign Sugar and Coffee at less than half the price we psy for these articles from our West India Colonies. Brazilian - Muscovado :•ugar could be purchased in bond at 20s. to 225. per cwt., whilst similar qua lities from the British possessions were worth 545. to 565. per cwt. Brazilian white Sugars were 245. to 265. equal in qua lity to British white Sugar at 625. to 665. per cwt. St. Do mingo Coffee in bond was worth 445. ; the same quality of West India Coffee 925. per cwt. The duty on British colonial Sugar is 245., and on Coffee 565. per cwt. • but the protecting duty on foreign Sugar is 625., and on doffee 140 s. per cwf.f The effect of this pro hibitory duty of 6.0. per lb. is entirely to exclude the use of foreign Sugar, and to give the monopoly of the supply to our Sugar colonies. The high monopoly price has also diminished the consumption. Mr. Porter, of the Board of Trade, in his evidence before the Committee on " Import Duties," says, "'ln 1831 the nett reversue on Sugar admitted for home con sumption into Great Britain, amounted to 4,219,049!., and in 1839 only to 4,183,2571., although the population of 1831 of 16,539,318 had increased in 1839 to 18,524,036." (2688 ) The monopoly of Sugar and Coffee, by raising enormously the prices, not only deprives a large portion of the working classes of the means of purchasing these articles, but it occa sions great loss to the revenue. If foreign Sugar und Coffee were admitted at the same rates of duty as British, there is little doubt the consumption and the revenue would both in a short time be doubled. The consumption of Coffee in 1824. when the duty was Is. per lb., was 7,993,0411b5., the following year Mr. Huskisson reduced the duty to 6d. per lb., and in 1831 the consumption had increlised to 22g704,6271b5., yield ing at the low rate of duty a greater revenue by 40 per cent. per annum than at the high rate of duty. The tax imposed upon the consumers, by being obliged to give above double the prices for Sugar and Coffee to our co lonies that these articles can be purchased at from other coun tries, amounts to upwards of 6,000,0001. per annum, levied for the exclusive benefit of the colonies, to whom a few years ago the British people paid 20,000,0001. for the abolition of slavery. t The total value of British and Irish produce and manufac tures exported to the . British West Indies in 1839 amounted to 3,986,598/. of which about one-fourth is re-exported to the South American and neighbouring States, so that at the pre sent time, including the interest on the slave compensation money, the British people are paying 7,000,0001. per annum to our West India Colonies for the privilege of selling them products to the value of 3,000,0001. a-year. The plea set up by the Colonies for claiming the monopoly Of the British market is that they are restricted from obtaining their supplies of food, timber, and other products from the cheapest markets, and that they also pay Imperial custom duties. It seems but reasonable, that at the same time that all protection is removed on the produce of the Colonies, that they should also be relieved from all restrictions to a free in tercourse with other countries. That they may be relieved from the payment of Imperial duties without loss to the ,colo nies or the mother country, appears from the astounding fact . that these duties are almost entirely absorbed in the expenses of collection. From the accounts laid before Parliament in 1832, it appears that the produce of the Imperial duties in the West Indies was 75,3401. and that the charges of manage ment, and the payment of Custom-houses, amounted to the suns of 68,0281. leaving only 7,3121. for the revenue. There is perhaps no monopoly which is calculated to excite so much surprise as that of timber. It would naturally be expected that the greatest maritime country in the world would take especial care to procure, at the cheapest rate, and of the best qualities, supplies of an article necessary in the highest degree to its welfare and security ; but a striking in stance of the manner in which the interests of the country have been sacrificed by the Legislature, is afforded by the existing law, which imposes a duty of 555. a load upon the Oak and superior Timber of foreign countries, whilst for the benefit of the Timber monopolists, and a certain class of shipowners, the inferior Timber of our North American Colonies only pays a duty of lOs. a load. Sir Robert Seppings, one of the Commissioners of his Majesty's navy, stated, in his evidence before a Committee of the House of Lords, " That Canada Timber is peculiarly subject to dry rot. That frigates built of Fir, the growth of North America, did not average half the durability of other Timber ; and that the Royal Navy had suffered so much from the use of Canada or North American Timber, that its use was now altogether discontinued, except for deals and masts." The evidence of eminent Timber Merchants, Builders, and Carpenters, is to a similar effect as to its purposes for build ' ing. "It is not allowed (says Mr. Copeland) to be used in Government buildings, nor is it ever used in the best buildings in London. It is only speculators that use it, from the price of it being much lower (in consequence of its exemption from duty) than the Baltic timber." Mr. Porter, in 1833, estimates the annual loss to the public, through adherence to the . present system, at 1,500,000/. which is the amount of the pecuniary sacrifice we consent to make, in order that our ships and houses may be inoculated with dry rot, whilst the whole declared value of British and Irish pro duce and manufactures exported to these colonies in 1838, amounted - only to 1,992,457/.§ The monopoly which star.ds at the head of all others, is the Food monopoly. Whilst the removal of restrictions on trade has been unattended by the removal of restrictions on corn and provisions, the working classes of this country have obviously a just ground of complaint, that they are thereby exposed to an unequal competition with foreign labour. To call upon our artisans to enter into rivalry with foreign manufactures in our home and in foreign markets, but at the same time to compel them to pay a monopoly price for their food, is so manifestly unfair, that this Chamber will stand excusedin the eyes of every reasonable and just mind, if it have evinced some impatience under the continuance of such a partial system of legislation. Their opinions on this question have however been so fre quently expressed, and are so well known, that the Board will only now refer, in confirmation of their views of the magnitude of the evils produced by our corn and provision laws, to the testimony of men of official station and great experience, who were examined before the Committee of the House of Com mons on import duties in July last. The evidence of these gentlemen, unbiassed by interest, having access to the best sources of information, and therefore the best means of forming a deliberate and correct judgment of this important question, is entitled to the highest respect. Mr. James Deacon Hume, who, for 38 years, held an official situation in the customs, and, for eleven years, was Se cretary of the Board of Trade (the gentleman whose assistance in preparing his free trade measures, Mr. Huskisson said en titled him to the " lasting gratitude of the country,") in his evidence before this Committee, says—" I consider myself that food is the last thing upon which 1 would attempt any protec tion, and is the first thing upon which I would remove the pro hibition and protective duties. We want more food than we can produce, the exclusion of supply, in such a ease, is cruel privation" (1192. 1193.) " I conceive every limitation in the importation of food, and every rise in the price of food, places us at the risk of being surpassed by the manufactures in other countries, and if ever the day should arrive that we should be put to a severe trial as to our manufacturing power, I can hardly doubt that the prosperity of this country will recede much faster than it has gone forward (1198.) 1 cannot help believing there can be no other cause for a decline in our prosperity than other countries baying cheaper food (1199. ) The Corn-laws cripple and limit the industry of the country (1230.) They have a tendency to throw the people out of work, and to diminish their employment (1217.) They di minish the revenue, because having paid the private taxes on food, the people are less able to pay the public taxes" (1229.) Speaking of the burden of the food monopoly, as computed in money, he says, " I conceive the actual money paid, and the evil effect computed in money, would be more than the whole revenue of the country." (1231. ) Mr. M'Gregor, the present Secretary of the Board of Trade, in his evidence before the same Committee, entirely coincides in, and expresses similar views regarding the Corn and Food monopoly with Mr. J. D. Hume. He says, " I consider that the taxation, imposed upon the country upon the production of wealth through labour and ingenuity, by our duties on corn and the provision duti e s and proibitions, are far greater, probably much more than double the amount of taxa tion paid to the treasury." (1014.) Mr. M'Gregor speaks in a warning voice to the makers and upholders of these unwise laws. "If (says he) the pre sent Corn-laws are continued, the inevitable consequence will be, that persons of capital and skill, in this country, will do what the landlords cannot do ; that is, they will remove, with their capital and industry, to other countries, whereas the lands cannot be removed. The rents of those panels, without manufactures, would decline, as in various parts of Germany, where rents are net one-tenth part of what they were one hun dred years ago, occasioned entirely by the removal of manu factures. In Augsburg, the landlords were, during the pros perity of trade and manufactures, led to build some of the finest palaces of Europe ; those palaces are now deserted, or turned into post-houses or inns, or barracks, or hospitals ; no body is living in them of the name or family of those who con structed them. The same may be said of every town where manufactures once flourished, and which bad laws and bad go vernments have been instrumental in destroing ;—desolation has been the consequence of the withdrawal of that flow ishing industry; and the same is to be found in every country in every period of the history of mankind under similar circum stances." (1045.) The great neglect of the Government and the Legislature, in not following up the commercial reforms commenced by Mr. Huskisson, has been fraught with evil consequences—capi tal has been diverted into unnatural channels, both in our own and foreign countries, and an indisposition created to yield up monopolies, attended with the most temporary inconvenience —manufactures have been forced in foreign "uniri'se have petitors have been raised up where we should y thmes"rleMsal to had customers—our trade has been crii take in exchange for our products the pr)Podieudctsbofother nations evi:le n nee e bef g o u r r e e t s he re " Import Duties." C fe o r imu to itt t eo he o n f utihnebeur oonfsteheofqucoesintioinnoinns t o h n e t By a curious fiction of the law, foreign Coffee , im p orted from the Cape of Good Hope. is construedthe produce of a British possession East of the Cape," and as such, is d ad into British ports at the reduced duty of 84s. per cwt. being 6d. per lb. less duty than if the Coffee were shipped from the foreign direct to a British port. Many cargoes of foreign Coffee have been taken out of bend in Liverpool, shipped to the Cape of Good Hope, landed, and then immediately re shipped on board the same vessel and brought back to Liver pool. By ibis process it is purified of its foreign origin, ar i d then pays only 9(1. instead of a duty of 15d. per lb. A Liver pool merchant s u gg ested to the President of the B oard of Trade, the easier expedient of purging Coffee of its foreign ople fin of ea th i i n s origin by sending it three times round Ireland ! Sugar, who t It is a singular anomaly that foreign bond in England, which the law prohibits tb at one half the re-imported Pfreortern country from using, is allowed to be sent to tt eg thus supply themselves with refined Sugrar price b o n f y th ro e fi m no o d th s e u r ga c r ou r n e t - r i y m . American Colonies, less price than they sell their raw says, "The Colo nies The exports to our North England at a much Sugar.'' ( .7 5 since this perioil, have increased; but this arises chi e fl y f rom th e in creased supplies of our milit ary It naval establishments during the inereast of exports will fall, It is mu c h to be feared that ex.penLiiture occasioned by much short of the increase of these disturbances. LORD PALMERSTON IN A NEW CHARACTER. An article on " Sand-drift," in the 52d number of the Quarterly Journal of Agriculture, just published, places Lord Palmerston in a new light, and shows that his Lordship does not allow his foreign policy to divert his attention from a sys tem of agricultural improvement alike calculated to benefit himself and the country. Saud-drift, it is well-known, causes great destruction of pro perty on many parts of our sea-coast, covering arable land sometimes for miles together, and even burying whole parishes. On the east coast of Aberdeenshire a deplorable event of this kind occurred some two hundred years ago; the sand swept over a space five miles in length by a mile and a half broad, along the coast, and nearly the whole parish still remains covered with enormous sand hills liable to be affected by every strong wind. On Lord Palmerston's estate in the wept of'lre land there formerly was a tract of similar sand hills which, by a very simple .process, has been reclaimed, and so well has the plan succeeded, that an extensive waste, which in 18:29 would scarcely have supported a goat, now grazes 112 . cattle and 200 sheep. This has been accomplished by planting tufts of bent (areedo arenaria), a species of grass, or reed, generally fbund in abundance in such localities. The plants are cut up into bunches of a pound and a half each, the roots being carefully preserved, then placed in holes in the sand, of a rectangular form, and firmly beaten down with the foot so as to resist the wind. They should be placed about three feet asunder, on the side of the sandy hillocks neXt to the point from which the wind blows most prevalently, so as to arrest its drifting power over the rest of the ground. When the bent spreads it effectually checks the sand-drift, and the na tural grasses, such as white clover, bird's-foot, and trefoil, come'up in great profusion. In this way has Mr. Lynch, his Lordship's resident factor at Cliffonz, reclaimed about 800 imperial acres. Lord Palmerston, however, proposes to carry the improvement still further, by planting belts in different places, with a particular kind of fir, im ported from the south of France. Along the Bay of Biscay, and particularly at the embouchure of the Garonne, sand-drift, like a pestilence, swallowed thousands of square miles of the coast lands of France, about the beginning of the last century. The calamity arrested the attention of Government, and was ultithately stayed by one of its most eminent engineers, who, with the aid of troops, succeeded in planting a great belt of this fir (Plaits maritima major), which has ever since checked the progress of the sand-drift, while it has clothed the desert with wood highly useful for many purposes. The Foreign Secretary, therefore, impressed with the importance of this subject, has imported a considerable quantity of the cones of the maritime pine from Bordeaux, which are ,now preparing in his nursery near Ballyshannon, and it is to be hoped, adds the writer, " that bar the patriotic exertions and ex ample of his Lordship, the extensive sand-drifts which are every where to be met with, may be exchanged for grass lands or thriving wood." In the same Number there are two interesting ar ticles on similar subjects, " The Importance of Agriculture," and Sir A. Fitzherbert's " Boke of Husbandrye" and the early English Farmers. IRON MANUFACTURE IN PBNN- SYLVANIA. (TROM A CORRESPONDENT.) The several Pennsylvania furnaces in' blast with an thracite coal have continued to answer the most san guine expectations of their owners, improving both in the quantity and quality of the metal. The first fur nace built at Pittsville, for the purpose of testing the experiment, has changed hands, and is now in success ful operation, using only the coal and ore of that region, and, which is exceedingly interest ing to me, she is real ising all the calculations as to the quantity of the raw material and the quality of the metal produced I havo hitherto made. Several puddling furnaces are also in operation, giving great satisfaction to their proprie tors, and particularly to the labourers who are em ployed to work them. The saving in the various processes of refinement is about 25 per cent., though an exact estimate cannot be made, in consequence of their recent construction. The fact, however, is, that wherever the coal can be procured the proprie tors are changing to the new plan ; and it is generally believed that the quality of the iron is much improved where the entire process is effected with anthracite coal. The state of our monetary affairs, and the excitement anterior to our Presidential election, have retarded the operations we anticipated in the beginning. The sus pension of our banks, the non-payment of dividends, with the necessary curtailment of all trades and pro. fessions, have so locked up our capitalists, that they are really unable or unwilling to look at any project, however brilliant or clear, until the vexed ques tion is settled, and the banks have again resumed their business. This event being now certain, we have every day strong evidences of realising our hopes : and, from the report of this morning, the belief is that the business has begun in earnest. By letters it ap pears that large purchases have been made in that re gion, where furnaces and rolling mills are to be imme diately commenced, and that the parties have all the experience and capital necessary to the prosecution of the work. This, if true, will turn all eyes to the spot ; and, as we have no business that presents so many ad vantages, we may look for immediate and large opera tions. The subject of iron already occupies the attention of a very large portion of our citizens ; and everyday some r.ew object to which it can be applied beneficially, or some new development, is presented to their notice. Yesterday I witnessed an experiment in casting butt hinges, in which the operator made two per minute, and in ap pearance and strength much superior to the imported article. The importance of this discovery may be in ferred from the fact that we import about one million and a half of dollars' worth per annum, and that the work man can produce fifteen to one over the old mode ofeasting in the sand. He also exhibited sash weights, waggon boxes, &c., which will interfere with if not drive out all that are made on the old plan. By a somewhat similar invention door-locks are made, which promise to supply a large portion of the demand in the United Stites. But this interference with the imported article is not equal to the many new objects to which iron, when re duced in price, will be applied ; and in renewing the subject 1 am strongly impressed with the belief that the recent developments in the iron trade of our country offer the safest and most sure objects for investment that have yet been presented. Philadelphia, Nov. 24. LIGHT READING, THE BITER BIT.—A good story is told of a chap in North CarolinA who went the entire figure in the way of marrying all the girls who would have him, without waiting for any of them to die off as the law dirocted. After having married the thirteenth, some of his first lovers came down upon him and had him lodged in gaol. But a person so fond of perfect liberty, and who could get into Hymen's noose with such ease, found little difficulty in getting out of the jug, and the next news of him he was running at large with a heavy reward offered for his apprehension. He was shortly recog nized by a gentleman, who, anxious; to get the reward, invited him to his house, desired him to sit down, called his wife to chat with him as an inducement to detain him there, while he made some excuse for leaving a few minutes and starting for a constable to arrest the run away. What was the poor man's astonishment on re turning with the constable, to find that the gay Lo thario, taking advantage of his short absence, had ab sconded with his wife! This makes the fellow's stock on hand fourteen! COGENT.—A country editor in the State of New York complains that !ales' bonnets now are so small that they will hold but one face at a time. ELOQUENCE.—The following touch of the sublime' was delivered before a Court of Justice in Pennsyl• vania Your Honour sits high upon the adorable seat of justice like the Asiatic Rock of Gibraltar, while the eternal streams of justice, like the cadaverous clods of the valley, flow meandering at your extended feet." CAUGHT IN HIS OWN TRAP.—The Portland Argus relates an amusing case, in which a beggar in that city received what he asked for, but not what he wished for : A few days ego, a full grown able-bodied man pre sented himself at the door of one of our citizens, and solicited the lady of the house to give him two cents. She remarked that she had none, and inquired what he wanted of them. 'To buy a dose of castor oil, unarm, (was the reply) for I am dreadful sick.' " The lady bad no cents. but she had plenty of oil ; and she prepared him a stiff dose. He tried hard to get excused from taking it ; but she was firm, he was a sick man, and it must go down. The loafer found he was caught in bis own trap : and where he meant to have a glass of liquor, he got a dose of physic ; but, making a virtue of necessity, and with sundry wry faces, be gulped it down and c!eared. He'll not cal at that house again, we dare say." IloantaLE.—A woman who has been residing in this city for the last year, was arrested on Wednesday even ing, charged with having committed three murders be fore her removal thither! The murders were com mitted some two years since, according to the evidence against her. We are acquainted with the circumstances, but as others arc implicated who are now at large, we arc requested not to make them public.—. Rochester Democrat. CHEAP T RAVELLING.—Since the opening of the Manchester and Leeds Railway, last week, passengers have been conveyed by that route the whole distance troni Maqehester to London for 21?. MORNING EDITION —and jealousy and unfriendly feelings have been excited by t. 1. exclusions, in the place of kindness.and good-will. The impolicy cf our restrictive laws is strikingly exemplf in the consequent diminution of our commerce with our 'mazes neighbours, the rich and civilized inhabitants of Europe. Net withstanding the great increase in wealth and population since the peace, " the average annual experts to the whole of Eu rope were less in value by nearly 20 per cent. in the five years from 1832 to 1636 than they were in the five years that followed the close of the war.' Another striking fact connected with our intercourse with Europe is the change which has taken place in the nature of our exports, viz., the constant diminution of manufactured articles and the increase of articles on which little labour has been bestowed.l Alr. Porter. in his evidence before the Com mittee on Import duties (July 31, 1840), enters into elaborate statements, showing the value of our exports, and the degree of labour bestowed on them, by which it appears that in our exports to Northern Europe, the most important part of the world as regards our foreign commerce, with the exception of the United States. the proportions were : 1827. 1838. Much Labour Little Labour 100.- 1 00. It will now be shown, from evidence of an official charac ter, that these disastrous consequences to our trade in Eu rope, as well as those which have attended our commerce with the United States of America, have 'been entirely owing to our own unwise and restrictive regulations._ The recent publication, by order of Parliament, of the cor respondence between the British and Prussian Governments, relating to commercial intercourse between the two countries, shows the wise and enlightened views entertained by the latter, and the desire they have alwa:‘s evinced to afford every possible facility for freedom of trade. In 1823, when urging us to con cede to Prussia a reciprocity treaty similar to that we had made with the United States, the principle laid down by the Prus.. sian Minister, in his note, was, "that reciprocal commercial restrictions were reciprocal nuisances, prejudicial to all nations having reciprocal interests, and particularly to those engaged in extensive commerce, and that the policy of Prussia to substitute, in the place of reciprocal prohibitions, reciprc., facilities." The rejection of all equitable overtures,—the determined cA.- elusion of the Corn and Timber of Prussia,—and the ad , p tion of the like policy towards the other nations of Europe— led to the prohibitory tariffs of Northern Europe, which have had the effect of prematurely forcing manufactifres in those countries, and of replacing the exports of our manufac tures by those of raw and partially manufactured materials. The testimony of Mr. M‘Gregor, Secretary of the Board of Trade, is conclusive on this point. " The argument (says I.e they made use of to me upon every occasion at Berlin, in Saxony, and in the Rhenish States, and particularly at the two Congresses held at Munich and Dresden, was this, you compelled us to become manufacturers; we have not► mutes of gold and silver. and you will not take what we have to give you ; but if you had taken what we have to give, we should have continued to produce it; but as you would not take it. our people were intelligent enough to turn their attention e - tensively to manufactures." (312.) Dr. Bowring's " Report to Lord Palmerston on the Prus sian Commercial Union," is to the same effect. "We have rejected (says he) the payments they have offered,—we have forced them to manufacture what they were unable to buy." " We should not have complained," says a distinguished Grr man writers " that all our markets were overflowing wi h English manufactures,—that Germany received in .British Cotton Goods alone more than the hundred millions of British subject‘ in the East Indies,—had not England, while she A. inundating us with her productions, insisted on closing markets to ours. The English Corn-law of 1815 had in fa e excluded our Corn from the ports of Great Britain : she told us we were to buy but not to sell. We were not willing to adopt:reprisals; we vainly hoped that a sense of her own interest would lead to reciprocity. But we were disappointed, and we were compelled to take care of ourselves."—( Dr. Bowring's Report.) With reference to the United States of America, we have equally strong evidence to prove that her hostile tariff was ,passed in retaliation of our prohibitory duties upon the Corn and Timber of that country. Mr. Addington the Britils Minister at Washington, in his dispatch to Mr. Canning on this subject says :—" I have only to add, that had ne restric tions on the importation of foreign Corn existed in Great Britain, the Tariff would never have passed through either House of Congress, since the agricultural States, and especially Pennsylvania, would have been opposed to its enactment." Will the Legislature learn wisdom by this experience, or will they still persevere in a system so unjust and impolitic— • so injurious to the best interests of the country ? Will they still pursue toward the United States and Brazil, the two largest consumers of our manufactures, the same course which has been pursued towards the nations of Europe, and by con tinuing to prohibit their staple productions, hazard the loss of our trade with them also? These are questions demanding the serious attention of the manufacturing and commercial com munity.. Already has this important question begun to be dis cussed in the United States, in the prospect of their tariff coming into operation in July, 1842, when the duty on foreign manufactures will be reduced to a maximum of 20 per cent. It can scarcely be expected that the Corn-growing States of America, which comprise three-fourths of the population, and seven-eighths of the wealth of the country, will submit to the continued exclusion of their produce from our markets, without retaliating by the prohibition, or the imposition of heavy duties on our manufactures ; but, like the Germans, they may further foster a manufacturing interest for the consumption of the food produced in their own country. Our commercial treaty with Brazil expires in 1844. Brazil admits - all British produce and manufactures at a duty of 15 per cent., whilst we impose on the staple products of Brazil, Sugar and Coffee, prohibitory duties amounting to 150 percent. more than the duties upon the same articles from the West Indies. Mr. M'Gregor says—" That the Brazilians arc anxice break up this treaty ; and on breaking it up to give us notice that they will prohibit all our manujitctures entirely, if tee do not receive their sugars." (645.) " Our exports to the Brazils amount to 5,000,000/. annually," (646.) and she at present takes the largest amount of Cotton manufactures from us of any nation in the world. Our trade with Brazil is capable of great extension. Mr. M‘Gregor Ek'S The general opinion expressed by the mercantile parties trading with the Brazils is this, that our trade during the la five years would have been more than doubled, both in navigate tion and in goods, if we had taken in return the produce that Brazil had to give us." (908.) It must be evident to every reflecting mind that a crisis is advancing, which unless prevented by wisdom and promptitude, May produce inextricable difficulties. Mr. Huskisson, with his accustomed sagacity, foresaw and predicted the con sequences of perseverance in our restrictive policy. Un happily for his country that great Trade Minister was not spared to carry out the enlightened measures of which he laid the foundations; but he has bequeathed, in his last speech on this subject, warning advice, which will be listened to with the respect commensurate with his talents and wisdom. Referring to the Corn-laws he declared, " It is my unalterable conviction that we cannot uphold the Corn-laws, together with the pre sent taxation, and at the same time increase national pros perity, and preserve public contentment." Referring to the growth of manufactures in foreign countries, he sa.:(l, "There is a rivalry every day growing more formidable, with which our capital, and industry, and skill 'have to contend. If we meet it under some advantages, we have also great and growing dis• advantages to encounter. Do not Ist us lose sight of the fear ful consequences which must ensue if we are distanced in the race. Ihe greatest of all follies, on such an occasion, would be to shut our eyes to difficulties, which, taken in time, we may perhaps overcome, but which, by procrastination, we cannot evade. " Speech, March, 1830. The time has arrived when these difficulties must be calmly and seriously met. Is it fitting that we should go on sacri ficing our greatest national interests of the practice of giving_ protection to the private interests to a c om p arativel y small portion of the community? Shall we look in silence and un concern on the singular anomaly of a country presenting the greatest natural advantages for commerce and manufactures— a boundless demand for its productions—the means of illimitable employment, with the most industrious, skilful, and enter prising population in the world sinking into pauperism ? The impossibility of finding profitable employment for the people. so long as the laws unjustly prohibit them from freely ex changing the products of their industry, for the products of all other countries, at once indicates a remedy for the evil. Mo nopolies can no longer be tolerated. By order, and on behalf of the Board of Directors, J. B. SMITH, President. sions C T lt h a e m t b: a r d o i e f Comm gef th e i r s e t e e , p A e l r a t n w ch e e s s f t e er, n,, A w l e a d r e 11 411,e express B p , r l e l. s of approhatiota on the part of the members of the Chamber. Mr. SMITH, having been called away to a tend the New in his capacity of a Msgittratc, the chair was a by HOLLAND HOOLF, Esq., who paid a high com pli ment ttßokatliehi Ba il ey, e talents Of Mr. Smith. and the valuable services which he had conferred on the Chamber and the public at large. Mr. Alderman SHUTTLEWORTH moved the adoption of the Report, which he said had his cordial approbation. It, indeed, entered so fully into the question of restrictive duties, that there was scarcely anything left for him to say. The only question was when and how these restric tions could be removed. The speaker then went over some of the statements and calculations of the report, and contended that by reducing the duties, the enjoyment, the comfort, and the happiness of the people would be greatly increased, while, at the same time, a sufficiency of mveaue would be secured.__( Hear, hear.) to go to any length into the subject; "h w h en our best con sidered that America and the Brawls, 1 seen wh-c and were customers, were alive to our restrhicttihoet,r, would all agree. deter mined to dpposo them, he- He was not p , r e epared in effecting a change.—( Hear , eartlat morning he had no posures which had been ma would soon be removed but with him in the opinion thatThthpeurgie,ewtera,sinyeom..t)nueStyo t b: e l e ps x. t. doubt that one class of ev ils hieh h e feared would not be so there was another cdla,saimw.ng. tluit class was our Corn-lavvs. easily got rid of, an f %Wel) we complained._( Heir, hear.) Wi th of the evils 0 . the motion, which was carried .1' this ' sort he mo‘ed that the Report be received feelings ~,„t h e minutes of the Chamber. They presented to us the broadest and the blackest feature secon ded moved that the Report he printed, and a f it sent to every member of the Chamber, with a v : a r nn ej i r w a Dd : cu rir tt ec7. o I° : u i a f f s il u E' s e n the information which it contained. Report was the entered on Esq. seconded the resolution, which he i li . c a u ble t . he I c n h d a e m ed b , er t the e ad ever produced. E v e e p ry ort ad w; best t very considered b • Porter's Progress of the Nation, chap. 9, page 101. t The decrease in the exp or t o f C otton manufactured go.ds, and the increase in the ex p ort o f Cotton Twist (a half manu factured article) to Northern Europe is remarkable, viz. VALUE OF EXPORTS OF COTTON MANUFACTURED 0001,s. Russia • £ 702 ,125 £59,8 37 1820. 1838. ..... Germ . any and Prussia ..... 2,960,493 ..... 887,2 9 .6 • 661.537 United Netherlands ...... 979,681 £4,651,299 £1,607,990 VALUE OF EXPORTS OF COTTON TWIST. 1838. 1820. Russia ..................... £494,306 £1,236,554 Germany and Prussia... 1,411,987 ..... United Netherlands 55,961 .............. 1,876.269 X 1,961, 554 £5,378,455 The quantity of Cotton Twist exported, if made into goods in this country, would give e mployment to nearly double the number of hand-loom, and double the number of power-loom weave.s at present engaged in making Cotton goods for expor- tation. The increase in the export of other raw materials is no less striking than that of Cotton Twist, viz.:— TOTAL EXPORTS FROM GREAT BRITAIN. 82°. Bar, Pig an d Cast Iron 58,74 7) tons ... 1838. 192,211 tons 438 „ ... 2,946 , Coals . 249,189 „ 1 , 31 3, 7 09 Linen Yarn Nil. „ 14,923.329 ~ Woollen Yarn 3,924 lbs. ... 3,085,892 lbs. Cot ton Twist ..... . 23,032,325 ~ —.114,596,602 , lllachinery and Mill-work value Nil. , z€ 6 97,430 Kanke't Hictorisch—politisChe Zeitserift. or )f a- in ly rd he al a- e er :11 U 1► (1 a