The Sun. — London, England, 1841-01-19 00:00:00

........... iold to- a e 1• rice. Id this tKET• ( Coin istock le Kati''l iinit the , led little ay. Brussels harlerob par.t ofhreatew dation the' wa ter. cs to th e ron oi l ; ap tion 0. lel fr°° k.ntrierP 0100 tO A' - , but 0 r.l), overt me dill' it of t he I brahlo i ecemb to L-road c at 1 4 ° the de' was ii u possib , ahhu Mchero e / sta te 0, , l ight of Ka151131 7 7?: 0 3 7 10 6 &‘ 104ri TS. 11 * keg? o to b e 111111 debt )nduct too Or? Ceakilei* I (that iP interf e ad to tio' Chs rll"l h a y bge: tal . "f evet tl i II su c , f d, for , n 't is pre 4 '. 11 , its f 1171 , e blig l3 ' e f r hat t" re, ,t, risrr. Ist Of f umber o f .0 n gh'. dor ifj. .11 on, whor l s o :c1 21/ EDI i lON WALSALL ELECTION. APro,weed i _ -..-..._._,.........----___ as —. meeting of th e e l ectors was h e ld , on ;41 anursday evening i n t h e D ragon Assembly•room, Na ai - , to meet Mr. Richard Cobden and other gentlemen t rrinta Manchester and Liverpool. Although the mee - e 4 : 1 ', 41 specially convened for electors, we observed a irr.erT,abl?..number. of non•electors present. i ; La. I‘ELLY stated they had been favoured with li ty v e - n a l t n,, fro .. rn a few friends who . would address them this Trad e ° u pon a vital and important question— Free rev I la - hop e d t h at t h e utmost h armony wou l d Pketai,l. tl iroughout the meeting, composed, as he ex . - ' sio ri N ~i t Was, of men of all shades of political °pi ' It c , ; It e had invited every elector to attend . this f a e c -n g, bY note, without regard to any party distinc tlie„, ' t:ieir sole intent and anxious wish was, to have I;," : erlt s of both candidates, the principles they re ; sfer—L'elY maintain, fairly and candidly brought be e the electors of Walsall, to know the difference, 4 1 : 11 ,,, d e ? t ake their choice: There was nothing would al I'm greater pleasure than that any friend of 14' Gladstone'should forward and defend that t ttnx ,_ n , s come the pleasure of seeing 4u ni ` e 7 . s principles, excepting • ;, vi. 6,, ,if le the arena, and he hoped that if any mei . aci a l e" i ding different opinions was present that inch sad .. 1 ' would that evening state his argument ent fairly resp ectful tL e 8 IY ; between the two flints he had no doubt „Park of truth would be elicited. savir. Watxae,rnerehant, Wolverhampton, then briefly t 'l l a u i r :, Bs ed the meeting, and entreated the electors to do eat) dui to themselves and their country. He earn sto:idil?ed. and trusted that at the hour of trial they atilt. sotmforreufozdt wanting. 810v :ia r the ro l ong . , as stepped forward. He would not he felt desirous that the friends of al esent from a distance should have an opportunity Sa dres 'ing them at length. But lie felt it necessary Iothji'?lnething concerning their position that night. dictated to by the said the electors of Walsall were those Nothing An ti - Corn-law League. He repudiated the Nothing was more groundless of truth, as 4 5 e prese nt, who were acquainted with the facts of 48icrase; co uld testify. I n d ee d , i t was much against his C oo c ( Ae ni eatne fo rwar d as a candidate for the representa- ste c , o t otl a r . g borough i n P arl i ament. He left his family pastur e n otice, nor did h e sa y th e cause o f his de th! • The first account they h ear d o f him was :ugh his first address to the electors, a copy of which Wiri t eet h °me. When he came to Walsall he had no hadeieaPectation of standing as a candidate than he i 10 4 1 : . ) : (I )ing to the moon ; but finding that Mr. Lytte - taem,a'ainflied, and no one in the locality would come for- . tl e ei "(1 being requested to stand by a number of didvt cetera, he did feel it his duty to appear as a can tata e t re r the support of the honest, humane, and lihera .t l W I P \Valsall. He placed himself in their hands ; I I- '() Il i ef th ern to do their duty. the m histor of the National Anti-Corn-law League,. of the ;, en ,who y composed it, the objects it had in view— % a ' el itton of all monopolies and free trade with all th t.- n ns ,of the earth, the means it adopted to obtain zi e i c ; eniects, its lectures, and the Anti-Corn-law Cir.c lZith . •• h. the of 300 Ass o ci a ti ons h a d b een f orme d Ali I .' "le last t wo years t h roug h t h e exert i ons of their It:l: l :Pries—se ven or eight . in number—in England, 44,1. ' and Scotland. Their tracts have been trans kohl it !to the Welch language for the instruction of the spar e d Wales on that important question. They had ti l i e 4130 labou r in disseminating a knowledge of these Ite tini „ t oo , i ___ 8, 4 W and they were now determined to go a tailly li'lltther--on the hustings. They perceived it was fromfrota!,°eb a step they could expect to free themselves the neartless tyranny of the law-making landowners, 4 sa e Y had decided to contest the election of every ttee v. -taxer They could not afford to lose any time, as saaitltbeelianergies of the country were being fastdestroyed,. I ,rna ra , an ved every man to assist in securing a speedy N en " to thisglorious cause. The electors of Walsall . °low - ! 1 the opportunity to give their opponents a fatal Is is ; it rested with them to strike. ki d itiettartia COBDEN, from Manchester, rose up 44, 4 t he Most enthusiastic cheers of the meeting. Our 14, e will not permit us to give more than a brief out ta:che' his speech. He came there that evening at kt presentinconvnience to himself and risk of health, being to indisposed, but could not allow either of these Slii i i )re vent him from performing a solemn duty, even e oul e d ugh it were tl e cause of his death ; he knew he be ar ni t die i n a more righteous cause. He came to ma te ' fri eviction 3 to the charact er o f Mr. Smith, hi s i nt i- tol vc end, and their candidat e , an d t h e pr i nc i ples he of t , ca tes. Il e had k nown him many years as a man ca ns er al int egr i ty, h i gh intellectual attainments, and a .„,..atit friend of the people. He recollected the time k,7 ll te ten years ago—when he stood almost alone in 11); Il ehester as the advocate of free trade ; and now, tt, kaple of that town having become acquainted with riliernonstrous nature of the bread. tax, and felt its ter ra \i " T eets, all are repeaters ; not a single newspaper ahester dare support the corn monopoly. Mr. Smith was Chairman of the Manchester Chamber of ittammere, and of the National Anti-Corn-law League ; tha w % as era=sed" of great wealth, if they cared a fig for Thctlind unisersally respected in his native town. N ano ' 4 ague had for its object the breaking up of all of the flies' more especially the unchristian monopoly le t nu e , of Man. When he opened the word of God, 1 T ic - vt. e . " .itt Gen., c, i., v. 29, " And God said, behold,. apee ~ given you every herb bearing seed, which zs ahi„, ` 1 !0 fac e of all the earth, and every tree, in the . th c rt , is the fruit of a tree yielding seed ; to you it t nea r°r meat.' Now, what is the case ? Have 1,, . not violated this righteous precept ? Have not the afti l ! ", at m's t' this coun try enacted that corn—the staff elide; P°°r--shall riot be admitted to England unless trahe° enormous duty tantamount to an almost total . l ated Itle ° ? . They have ;—and while they thus !no hilli th e l aw and will of God as revealed in the Holy Noti e n ' ri e t the same time they violated a law of nature. th cc ti g co wi uld b e plainer to the understanding of man O lt ne ll of th e C reator on this point. He could wri t e t Pe n e li ack n in indel i bl e characters ; he saw nothing in that ni k a:tt),°ot fluctuating duties ; or that the inhabitants Dtod i , i 'Llc spot called England should be confined to the 1ity,..:"00 that country. He found no such monstro- Ye t, ii ! such infliction on humanity but he found— is found that " he that witholdeth corn from the ll t i ll „ e h, all be cursed of God." The Bible was correct 4 eer, • thin ; it could not be wrong in this. He had la c - l a Pai est : n h . ' of the Holy Land, l i w atit L ei:,llo . n ° d ad seen the cities Iltr., iiy a fotlnd til and the waters of the Jordan ; and he 4 hid, b ook his . best . guide book. No mo ettipti excelled it in accuracy or beauty of And can °n ; be had never found it to fail in any case. titil ei x„it menuprosed to have failed in this? Impos htl t "° ever did or could Pay so. When we an ti). °the Bible d In t t o say our opponents are mute ; they have no ted, ',, : every page of it coodemns their unholy Isici''eti ""ImY may talk about culling passages or mis te t n i te !)lst . we don't cull passages nor misquote ; we say Rov e t , '3 eriptures, as a whole, and we will undertake to 4 ' 41 tergelt,the. Corn-laws are unscriptural, unchristian,. il,!' n asi a , IpY Iniquitous. He could hardly think of lelynioun°,rtn from so h i gh a tribunal—one which, of it as c quest: e i ndubitabl y settles the question—to consider ' theen of Tresfie and a balance of interests, as of • writ ten I the world "rd God, the physical constitution v ltsia st t , , l or any law of nature, could or did operate 4 4 1.41 crneei .nterest or happiness of any single indi , nage, Proves "f men. For any man to entertain such t ki IC his want of the spirit of Christianity Al- • Is tra q • • po migh tv....... in the 'goodness and wisdom . of the ! , : alati e t ,ne mercifol Father of all mankind. The e p - ro 'Mai ed to ,' the United Kingdom, at present, was is 'ed that al,out twenty-six millions, and it had been te ° c r,,,,1` ',he soil was not capable of raising p : 0 4 , tniiC 4 than was sufficient to support fif -07 ~'essii 40s• What was the duty of legislators, e'as4ak to What disciples of our Saviour, in such circurn ,... '4ll er e 10 Prohibit the admission of the surplus food teattd°_t_ln'trlies---to say to the people you mu, r t b b e e ki e a t l i ' cry w al lt ,a abort allowance ? N . o,noalnc—.eY tr ,)ccour th e " Let abundance be in the ll i Int -1,3% M ~ e Poor and needy, the naked and the lu s na k e Y ' r ends, do we ever hear our landowning law ttle the Go spel til ts P Never. Ltt no man, or Minister 1, 1 1. ale be I , l _et, Pro easing the religion of Jesus Christ, 4.s Py ruit.. 'a a_ Christian it ho votes for a bread•taxer. ,lir c i h / talk about Infidels and Socialists, but rest ii •T ti4t i i t. 4. 44 c e ll fit:e s n t o h t e a li C e h l r t i h sti an who supports a system t in , 'We p ros . a .., the comfort, the happiness, thr, e tray a p h erliu J of his fellow -men—sends to prema it Is every year by disease, engendered ItaNh %tarv. (l4!" the y . But :non cau se d by the landlords' food mono 1, fo o d _, , bile the landowning law-makers taxed jletta elves°l the poor industrious man—the article they 'at ~ proa n „, 1 , ki t ', this up,,---(4—oy preventing its importation no n th e .. e l ) "t*Y, unless it had reached a starvation ~ise of ~Y egi.lated 80 that few of the comforts, and ge htotile luxuries, should be under such restriction. 4h, u travelled IC ; 1 4d ,_ 0 over the greater part of the Conti ,a choicest c f n in Pranc e and Portugal ; there he saw Taet e th ' e n .... t. 0 wines tasked and shipped ; if he asked and pain ti ' o e were going„ To London," was the reply. ~e, ,ste(e)ly law/ boxes of the finest fruits, tastily packed tttri...,!itioyedecoratea. ; he inquired where they were t er r i n sea t to !London." From Italy and Russia he found kv m fOr a . butL,oll(ion likewise the richest of their silks si c '? seajeof'dmY friends, you never heard of a fluetu li. e ear l uty to any of these articles. The rich re coeProuiriehase Oleic luxurious productions, and they ti c ' r epeal Y exempted them from heavy taxation. 4 of °f the Corn-laws was not a ques- Politi c theh Par ty s- 01 Whig, Tory, or Radical—of e c ° ' of Justice 01 another party ; it was a clues -1,,1,try. t, the right to live by honest in h",nve h '11•1° contended that every man had a right slag Tt e 1 , 5 labour, b e it by his head or hands, or th' Bllppl,, ‘-'oro-10W8, by contracting the market and b St 1 . 411. . Y of fo od , deprived millions in this country of t rai ned ler, 'a l Much had been said about the home trade h h atistone and his friends, that it would be e h Y th e r feel tae trod ePeal of the bread -tax, &c. He was in than aatr e ,e, manufactured for that trade, and would pl Itle'Y obliged by any gentleman stepping u p on Witil 4 tfor la c ' '1 h ! tn : and showing him how the home trade thc °44 ea t i gl ned ; if he could, he would be the first to e th ,lis agitation. Ho was deeply interested in racia l on, TT xle employed about 600 people, paid upwards of 25,0001. yearly in wages, and turned over about 150,0001. in business in the same period. Thus the prosperity and permanency of the home trade was a matter of some importance to him, probably as much so as to any manufacturer in this borough. It was not his wish to boast, but merely to state facts. And whom did the manufacturers chiefly depend upon, even in the home trade ? Was it upon such as any of the Duke of Buckingham's petty agricultural villages ? No. It was upon such towns as London, Birmingham, Wolver hampton, Walsall, Leeds, &c. And what did he find was the case ? Why, that when our foreign commerce was depressed, the home trade was invariably bad ; that was a notorious fact, the consequence of which was, that those engaged in foreign trade were obliged to manufac ture for the home market to support existence, by which means the wages of labour, and profits of capital were re duced to the lowest scale, and would still keep gradually falling, and assuredly would continue to sink, so long as they were restricted to the present system and markets, and the population increased, as it would always do. Some of his men earned about two guineas weekly, a consider able number g ot as much as 255., who had been ap prentices—and a still larger number about 20s. ; boys and girls, from nine to twelve years of age, received from Ss. to 55., and unskilled labourers, men who had learned no particular occupation, from 12s. to 14s. He would respectfully ask if the mechanics in Walsall were receiving better wa,i es than those he had now stated ? (Cries of " No, no ; nothing like it.") Well, then, it was certain, that unless the food monopoly was speedily destroyed, he, nor no other man, could long give the present rate of wages. It was impossible, while the German was daily underselling them ►n most of their ma nufactures, as bad been already ably shewn that evening by their friend Mr. Walker. They must go down the social scale, how:far no man could tell. Much had been said about Irishmen immigrating to England ; he did not see what ought to prevent them ; they had a right to sell their labour at the best advantage—this was the great principle they were contending for ; yet lie could not help fearing the time might come when the English man would be reduced to the condition of the present Irish peasant ; this was certain, that unless our com mercial system were immediately revised, it would be ine vitable. He would not detain them any longer. He seriously entreated the electors to consider their position —the eyes of the country were upon them. He did not use that expression in the sense it was used in a petty election by party, where no one cared about it be yond its own precinct. If they did return an anti monopolist he would come back to congratulate the men of Walsall o❑ the victory they had achieved for themselves and their country; if not, he, as a private individual, would not wish to share the obloquy and scorn that awaited them. Mr. Muartal - , from Liverpool, having arrived since the meeting commenced, was introduced by Mr. Smith. He stated that last night a meeting of upwards of 2,000 people assembled in Liverpool to address the men of Walsall, and to petition Parliament for the repeal of the bread-tax. He had been sent by that meeting to induce them to do their duty in the present contest, and trusted they would. After Mr. Murray had done, Mr. COBDEN again rose and entreated discussion without calling any one forth. A few suggestions were then made by a gentleman as to the propriety of getting up a requisition to Mr. Glad stone, inviting him to appear with Mr. Smith before the electors ; after which the meeting quietly dispersed. The utmost enthusiasm prevailed throughout the pro ceedings, the different speakers being often interrupted by shouts of applause. FRlDAY.—Another large meeting was held this even ing. The Dragon Assembly Room was crowded to overflow. Eloquent addresses were delivered by Messrs. Aclaad, Kettle, Smith, and Cobden. (FROM A CORRESPONDENT.) PLAIN SPEAKING QUESTIONS PUT TO THE ELECTORS OF WALSALL. What is the reason that PEACE is of no advantage to the people?—Answ. The Corn Laws. What is the cause of the great scarcity, and the high price of provisions, for both man and beast ?—The Corn Laws. What is the reason that the waste lands and com mons are unanimously enclosed, and the people thereby deprived of their undoubted ancient rights and privi leges ?—The Anti-Christian Corn Laws. What is the reason that the best and most indus trious of the people are obliged to emigrate ?—The Corn Laws. What is the reason that the great and wealthy (families) reside in foreign lands where bread is cheap and abundant ?—The Anti-Christian Corn Laws. . _ What is the reason that the people scarcely ever aste meat unless they enter into her Majesty's service ? —The Corn Laws. What is the cause of the country being clouded over with poor-hou ses i n ti me o f P cace ?—Th e Anti-Chrts• tian Corn Laws. Men of Walsall, God and man command and " ex pect you to do your duty" to your friends, God, and THE PEOPLE! January 17th, 1841. P.S.—lVeahlry peop!e DOUBLE their incomes by liv ing with their families cn the Continent, enjoying cheap good bread, and paying no taxes. BANEFUL EFFECTS OF ALTER ING THE COURSE OF EXCHANGE, BY INCREASING OR DECREASING THE QUAN TITY OF MONEY. (From a Paper of Mr. Gilbart in the Westminster Review.) W e see, then, that an alteration in the quantity of currency will affect the foreign exchanges in two ways. An increase in the quantity will tend to advance the prices of commodities, and thus cheek exportation, and encourage importation ; and it will lower the rate of in terest, and thus cause a transfer of capital for invest ment in foreign securities. Seeing, then, that we have the power of thus influencing the exchanges, the ques tion arises, ought we, as a general principle of action, to make use of this power ?" It strikes us at once that this is an operation altoge ther at variance with the ordinary 'functions of money. The design of money is to effect the exchanges of com modities—to operate as a measure of value between different commodities, and thus to show their relative values. And it ought not only to show the relative value of different commodities at the same time, but also the value of the same commodity at different times. All writers on monetary science have held that the measure of value ought to be free from change ; and they state that the precious metals were originally se lected for this reason, because they possessed, more than any othey commodity, the quality of permanency. It seems as necessary to have a standard of value as a standard of weight or of measure. And were the yard measure or the bushel measure to be perpetually chang ing, it could not produce greater confusion or injustice than if the standard of value were perpetually changing. On this ground it has been contended that corn would be a very improper standard of value; for as, annually, the crops vary very much, an article that is worth one bushel of corn this year may be worth two bushels the next. But if the quantity of money were to be increased or diminished from year to year, with the view of in fluencing the exchanges, then it would become as im proper a standard of value as corn. Indeed, during the last few years, the quantity of gold in the Bank of Eng land has fluctuated more than the produce of the har vests. There are various circumstances that influence the prices of commodities; such as an increase or a diminution of the supply—a state of peace or war—the opening of new markets—the discovery of che Ter modes of production, or the substitution of a scarce commodity. Now it seems proper that these legitimate causes of an alteration of prices should not be counte racted by an artificial operation on the currency : the natural price of a commodity is an indication of the re lative quantity in the market ; and when the price ad vances, it is notice to the consumers to reduce their consumption. Suppose, for instance, we had a scanty harvest, the price of corn would of course advance ; this advance of price would induce many people, from motives of economy, to diminish their consumption, and to use instead cheaper kinds of food ; and thus the quantity on hand would be eked out to the next har vest. But suppose the quantity of money were to be forcibly contracted, and corn kept as cheap in this sea son of scarcity as it had been in the previous year, then consumption would not be diminished ; the whole stock might soon be exhausted, and, before the next harvest, the nation might starve. Thus, artificial operations on the currency might contract the effect of the natural causes of alteration in prices, and also, by operating unequally on different commodities, might derange their [ I relative values. Cu URCII-R A TES.--PUBLIC MEETING AT LEICESTER —A great public meeting, called by the Leicester Voluntary Church Society, will be held on Fri day next. John Biggs, Esq., Mayor of the borough, is to preside. Our respected members, John Easthope, Esq., and Wynn Ellis, Esq., with Daniel O'Connell, Esq., arc to be present, and the objects of the meeting are to seek the abolition of Church rates, the suppression of ecclesi astical courts, and the liberation of Mr. Baines. Such a meeting, called at such a juncture, for such purposes, and sustained by such men, will, we are persuaded, command the attention and awaken the enthusiasm of the town and county, and be ft& throughout the land. We have to thank the High Church party in St. Martin's parish for this treat, and to them will belong the honour of kindling a fire in England that prelacy will never be able to put out. --Lcicester.;hire Mercury. DAMP WALl.S.—Seeral months ago a corres spondect applied to us to know if we could advise him how to remedy the nuisance of damp walls. We were not at the time aware of any recipe for the purpose; but we hap pened to meet with a paragraph the other day in a re spectable work, which we shall here transcribe, in order to afford our correspondent the opportunity to put it to the teat A hall, of which the walls were constantly damp, though every means were employed to keep them dry, was about to be pulled down, when M. Scemithall re commended, es a last resource, that the walls should be washed with sulphuric acid (vitriol). It was done, and the deliquiescent salts being decomposed by the acid, the walls dried, and the hall was afterwards free from damp 4058."..—Recreations in Science. ENORMOUS WEALTH. (From the Liverpool Mercury.) DESULTORY OBSERVATIONS ON ENORMOUS INDIVIDUAL WEALTH-ITS TENDENCY-MEMORABLE INSTANCES 07 ITS UTTER INEFFICIENCY TO CONFER nAppi- NESS ON THE POSSESSOR. The wretch, concentred all in self, Despite his honours, power, and pelf, Living, shall forfeit fair renown, And, doubly dying, shall go down To the vile dust from whence he sprung, Unwept, unhonour'd, and unsung." " Les economistes ont fait de notre societe un grand corps sans ame, dans lesquel circule de Parithmetique au lieu de sang."—Anon. In the present dearth of political intelligence for cdi orial comment, we are about to volunteer a short chap er on a subject not often selected for newspaper specu ation, but by no means destitute of interest,—a subject well worthy of the consideration of all those who. profit ing by the lessons of experience, would learn properly to appreciate the intrinsic value of that object, in pur suit of which men too often peril their health, their peace of mind, and their reputation. That object, we need scarcely add, is IVealth, to the attainment of which all other considerations are too frequently re- garded as secondary or subsidiary. In choosing such a sub ject for comment, we may perhaps be reminded of the old maxim, " Vc sutor ultra crepidam ;" and the purse•proud, if such there should chance to be amongst our readers, may hint, with a supercilious sneer, that we should not meddle with matters beyond our limited comprehension, and of which we can havo had no per sonal experience. In excuse for the imputed presump tion, while we freely admit that practically we never had, nor probably ever shall have, much experience of the effects of wealth upon our habits, feelings, and cha- ratter, we must at the same time observe, that as the looker-on at a game frequently detects gross mistakes overlooked by engaged in the speculation—so even we fancy we have long ago discovered that the imaginary prize, which is so eagerly contended for, gc- 'wally turns out a blank—that as the French perti nently say, "Lc jeu sac vaut pas le chandelle." We do not absolutely deny that wealth, when attained, is sometimes a blessing to the possessor ; but the conclu sion at which we have long since arrived is, that it is only a blessing to the very small minority, who have dis covered the secret of its proper appropriation ; while the number of those who have made that discovery is. so infinitely small, compAred with the whole body of fortune-hunters, that it may be almost received as a moral axiom, that great wealth is almost invariably a great evil. The learned and philosophic reasoner, Bacon, treating on the subject, declared th:t " of great riches there is no real use, except it be in the distribution—the rest is but conceit." "As the baggage to an army, (ac cording to the same high authority,) so is excessive wealth to virtue ; it cannot be spared, but it hindreth the march,—yea, and the care of it sometimes loseth or disturbeth the victory." It is obvious from this profound remark, that Bacon regarded great riches as incompa- tible with the moral excellence of man ; and our opinion is, that the history of those who have acquired almost unbounded wealth would fully establish the justice of the conclusion. It has with many parsons been a question whether those individuals who have amassed enormous fortunes, can have uniformly adhered to the rigid maxims of honesty, and to the spirit of the Divine - precept, which enjoins us " to do unto others as we would they should ,o unto us." The humorous and satirical author of Crotchet Lodge, with a happy mixture of truth and irony, contends that strict honesty is not to be looked for amongst the money-changers : " As to honesty (says this humorist), he made his fortune, Sir, in the City of London, and if that com modity be of any value there, you will find it in the Prices Current." There is something so original and so whimsical in :he notion of classing honesty with cotton, coffee, and mercantile sundries, that w•e could not resist the tempta tion of quoting the passage, although it must be regarded as broad caricature. Before we proceed further, we shall here, by way of illlstrating what we deem inordinate individual wealth, call the attentio❑ of our readers to a few remarkable cases, taken indiscriminately from a much snore copious collection, with which our note books would furnish us, if we did not deem the specimens we have adduced suf ficient for our purpose. INORDINATE WEALTH.—He (Mr. Howitt) Says that Wolsey exceeded Xin-lenes, Richelieu, Maxerine, and De Retz, in wealth, &c. He did not much surpass Do Retz, but did he exceed Mazarine ? We have our doubts on the subject. Mazarine died worth nearly eight millions sterling, probably the largest pro perty possessed by any individual in modern times.*— Gentleman's Magazine for May, 1840, p. 435 ; Re view of Howitt's Visit to Remarkable Places. It is stated on good authority that Wolsey kept no fewer than five hundred servants in his establishment, of whom nine or ten were lords, fifteen knights, and forty were esquires. He was a Royal favourite, once regarded as the arbiter of Europe, whose yearly income equalled, if it did not exceed the revenues of the Crown. ON THE TREASURES OF THE KINGS OF PERSIA. —We see, by what is said in the text, the reason wby Alexander found such vast sums accumulated in the treasures of Persepolis, Susa, Pasagarda, &c. I doubt, notwithstanding, whether we should give credit to Justin, when he says, that after the conquest of Persia, Alexander annually drew three hundred thousand talents from his new subjects, which would make at out sixteen hundred and twenty millions of French boxes, or sixty-seven millions and a half sterling.—Note to Vol. I. of the Travels of Anacharsis. •' A RUSSIAN CRCESUS.—M. de Tiszkiewies, the richest landholder in Russian Lithuania, died a short time since. The St. Petetsburgh papers inform us, that he has left to his three sons 2,000 villages, con taining more than 60,000 serfs, and in ready money, 10,000,000 of crowns, and that it was this gentleman who was said to have refused the hand of his daughter to Duke Alexander of Wirtembcrg, who afterwards married the Princess Marie d'Orlcans. His daughter since married Prince Sapicha, and had 2,000,000 crowns for her dowry. A letter from St. Petersburg's says—' This gentleman's property comprised 46 exten sive domains, on which there are 20,000 families of peasantry, reckoning in them 60 000 males. In money, he possessed 56,000,000 Polish florins, equal, in French money, to 21,600,000 f. Ho had had six children, of whom three sons, beside his daughter, survive him. The eldest, according the laws of Lithuania, inherits the whole of this immense wealth. He, however, has as signed one-fourth to be equally divided between his two brothers. " We shall translate the following passage from " Une Annee in Espagne,"par Charles Didier : " IMMENSE POSSESSIONS OF THE DUKE DE ME DINA CELl.—There is not a town or village in which he (the Marquis de Medina Ccli) has not some Palace, and he might almost make the tour of Spain, as the Prince of Butera made the tour of Sicily, sleeping every night at home."—Vol, 1., p. 24. The Prince Esterhazy ought not to be overlooked in our enumeration of men of prodigious wealth. On the eve of the Coronation of our Queen, the following notice of this Prinee appeared in some of the continental papers ; " A letter from Vienna, of the 15th, says—' It is affirmed that the Hungarian dress, ordered by Prince Esterhazy for the Coronation of Queen Victoria, will cost half a million of Dutch florins. I can believe this, since the Brandebourgs alone, adorned with silver and diamonds, cost 80,000 florins." We believe it is related of this Prince that when he visited Mr. Coke, of Norfolk, or some of our great agriculturists, who had what is regarded in England an immense stock of sheep, he (the Prince) simply ob served that " he had on his estates as many shepherds as our countryman had sheep!" " PRIVATE FORTUNE OF SOME OF THE GREAT PER SONAGES OF ANCIENT TlMES.—Crcesus possessed, in landed property, a fortune equal to 1,700,000/., sides a large sum of money, slaves, and furniture, which amounted to an equal sum ; he used to sly that a citizen who had not a fortune sufficient to support an army or a legion, did not deserve the title of a rich man. The philosopher Seneca had a fortune of 3,500,000/. Len tullus, the soothsayer, had 3,500,000/. Ttberiusiat his death, left 23,625,0001., which Caligula spent in less than twelve months. Vespasian, on ascending the throne, estimated all the expenses of the state at 35,000,0001. The debts of Milo amounted to 600,0001. Comer, before he entered upon any office, owed 2,995 0001. He purchased the friendship of Curio for 500,0001., and that of Lucius Paulus for 300,0001. At the time of the. assassination of Julius Caesar, Antony was in debt to the amount of 300,0001. ; he owed this sum in the Ides of March, and it was paid before the Kalends of April ; he squandered 147,000,0001. of the public treasures. Appicius expended, in debauchery, 500,000/., and finding, on examination of the state of his affairs, he had no more than 80,000/. left, he poisoned himself, because he considered that sum insufficient for his maintenance. Julius Caesar gave Servilla, the soother of Brutus, a pearl of the value of 40,0001. Cleopatra, at an entertainment, gave to Antony, dissolved in vine gar, who swallowed it, a pearl worth 80,0001. Claudius, the son of Esopus, the comedian, swallowed one worth 8,000/. One single dish cost Esopus XO,OOOl. Cali• gula spent, for one supper, 80,0001, and Helion'abulus 20,000/. The usual cost of a repast for Lucullus was 20,000/. Missile gave 400,000/. for the house of Antony. The fish from Lucullus's fish-ponds were gold for 35,000/. Scaurus's country house was destroyed by fire, and his loss was estimated at 850,00)/. Otho, to fini,,h a part of Nero's palace, spent 487,5001." If the extraordinary instances of prodigious indivi- dual wealth which we have here noticed should excite the envy of any reader to whom fortune has been un propitious, we invite his attention to a few memorable instances which we shall adduce in proof of the utter • We confine our observations to Europe. What trea sures have been accumulated in Asia we cannot ascertain. After the sack of Delbi, Nadir Shah's spoils were calculated at seventy-eight THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY, JANUARY 19. 131 inefficiency of riches to insure for their possessors that contentment without which there is no real enjoyment in life. The melancholy fate of that ecclesiastical Crmsus, Wolsey, is too familiar not to suggest itself to the mind of the reader; nor was the fate of Cardinal Mazarin less humiliating and deplorable, as may be g - thered from the following passage in his history from Enfield's and Aikin's Gourd Biography:— " He was attacked by a disease which his system was unable to resist. When he became sensible of his dan ger, he felt some scruples concerning the wealth he had amassed, and his confessor plainly told him that resti tution was necessary for his salvation, and as it was not easy to separate his lawful from his fraudulent gains, he was advised to make a donation of the whole to the King, in the hope that, as was the case, his Majesty would restore it to him. And I must quit all this'?' was one of his latest reflections." The two following notable illustrations of the vanity of earthly possessions are too remarkable and too perti nent to be omitted on the present occasion. In the prefatory chapter of Florian's Gonsalve dc Cordova we find the following striking passage : " The renowned Ablertni, Prince of the true be lievers, put on record the following evidence of the vanity of ;mmense wealth and illustrious rank :—‘ Fifty years have elapsed since I became Caliph, during which time I have possessed and have been satiated with honours, riches, and pleasures. Rival Monarchs fear and envy me. Heaven has showered upon me ad that men can wish for. I have registered the number of days in which I enjoyed real h a ppi ness ; th e y amount only to fourteen I Mortals, learn hence duly to appre ciate grandeur, the world, and human life.'" Our next illustration of the insufficiency of wealth to give peace of mind, is derived from the Diary of a Lover of Literature, in the Gentleman's Magazine for November, 1839. The Nobleman who is the hero of the piece was the late Lord Lauderdale, and the fol lowing is an extract from the Diary : " His Lordship had been taking a ride about his extensive domain ; on reaching an eminence which commanded an immense and diversified prospect, Min gay was admiring the prodigious extent as well as the variety of the view, when his Lordship observed, And now, Mingay, of all you see I believe there is mot an acre of ground which is not my own.' Good God r said the barrister, you must be the happiest of men.' ' In the whole compass of this scene, r will venture to affirm (said his Lordship) that there is not one so mi serable.'" It can hardly be necessary for us here to observe, that our denunciation of excessive wealth is not intended to apply to that class of persons who rank high amongst us as wealthy merchants, but to persons of much more extensive pos,,eisions than we have ever heard attributed to the most affluent of our townsmen ; and the indivi dual instances which we have adduced in the course of this article, may serve as an illustration of the meaning we attach to inordinate possessions. We have much gratification in bearing testimony to the liberality of many of our townsmen, who have the reputation of being wealthy, and whose names are al ways to be found on the list of bountiful contributors to all our public charities. Of the late Mr. James Cropper we may now speak without re erve, as any compliments we may pay to his memory Ilk nnot be justly regarded as a partial or in• vidious attempt exalt one living member of the com munity by depre, g others of our townsmen. Mr. Cropper was one o - hose who seemed to consider the wealth which hr had honourably acquired only the means of doing good to his fellowman. To borrow a very signi ficant simile from a celebrated' French author, he ap peared to be elevated only to enable him to discover more clearly the human misery around him. When once assured that his bounty would not be misapplied, he dispensed it most cheerfully and most liberally. On one occasion, when funds were much wanted for the dissemination of anti-slavery tracts, we happened, by mere chance, to see his name with the sum of 500/. op posite to it ; while no other subscriber, although there were royal and noble titles in the list, contributed more than 1501. As one instance out of many that we could adduce of the promptitude with which he came forward to promote any scheme for the amelioration of the condi tion of his fellow-men, we avail ourselves of the present opportunity of stating, that when, in the year 1831, we published an " Outline of a Plan for the entire Sup press;on of Street Begging, " &e., which has been re printed in the Description of the Liverpool Night Asy lution, Mr. Cropper was so much p!eased with the proposition, that he made us a tender of 30/. as his contribution towards making the experiment. This liberal offer, of which we declined to avail ourselves, , . conscious that we could not acquit ourselves of the duty to our own satisfaction, on account of our other indispensable engagements, was conveyed to us in a note which, for the honour of the excellent man, whose lois can never be sufficiently deplored, we subjoin : Dingle Bank, 3 mo. 20,1830. ESTEEMED FIuEND,—Thy proposition of giving a ration of dry bread, to be eaten on the spot, to any person asking for it,as a means of suppressing that most distressing and perplexing nuisance of street begging, is so simple, and could so easily be tried, that I am very desirous the experiment should be made. If it should succeed, it might, very properly, form a branch of that most excellent institution, the Provident Dis trict Society, but there is yet too much of uncertainty about it to be undertaken by that Society. A novel experiment is best tried at the expense of a few in dividuals. Myself and my sons, and Robert Benson, will give 101. each, and my friend W, Rathbone, who is also desirous the experiment should be made, will give 51., and very likely I may meet with others wil ling to contribute. I think if we had 1501. or 200/. to begin with, it might be tried, in - the first place, simply with bread, because that would be attended with least trouble, though in ease o f a perma nent establish ment, by no means the cheapest. We know that a great portion of the population of Ireland live on pota toes only, and in many cases, when salt was subject to duty, they were deprived even of that. It would not cost more than a half-penny to supply a person with as many boiled potatoes as be could eat , w hil st man y would readily eat two pennyworth of bread ; but the giving of boiled potatoes, or any broken meat collected from the inha bitants, would require a very different establishment to that which would be needful for the simple supply of bread, and as this would be the more substantial food, it should have the preference as a trial. 'nacre can be no doubt that this plan would destroy the trade of begging, because many mendicants, much as they dis like work, would prefer it to such humble fare. I consider that the community is greatly indebted to thee for the establishment of the very important relief afforded to the suffering class by the Night Asylum. I wish the present plan, which is equally simple, may be equally successful, and I am thy sincero friend, To Egerton Smith. JAMES CllO£rER. The following extracts may MORAL REFLECTIONS ON WEALTH. appendix and cornme t _ form an appropriate n ary to our short chapter on riches MEDIOCRITY IS THE BEST STATE OF FORTUNE.— All I desire is, that my pov er ty may not be a burthen us s neitherso from of t m o f o others r directlytf cu; one w r a teh n n t that l va).necessitous,gewni its, gentleness e t c h nhn e eos ir b ss e t far ar o s af tsfmrot from nntoi myself,t will l fortuneAoprr e make mediocrityetarhkv a e et me i desirable condition, for no man wants power to do mis chief. We never consider the bl ess i ng o f cove ti ng n othing, and the glory of being full i n ourse l ves , w i t h out depend ing upon fortune. With parsim on y a littl e i s s uffi c ient ; and without it, nothing ; whereas frugality makes a poor man rich. If we lose an estate, we had better never have had it ; he that bas least to lose has least to fear, and those are better satisfied whom fortune never fa uoured, than whom she has forsaken. The state is most commodious that lies betwixt poverty and plenty. Diogenes understood this very well when ho put himself into an incapacity of losing anything. That course of life is most commodious which is both safe and whole some ; the body is to be indulged no farther than for health, and rather mortified than not kept in subjection to the mind. It is necessary to provide against hunger, thirst, and cold : and somewhat for a covering to shelter us against other inconveniences, but not a pin matter whether it be of turf or of marble. A man may lie as warm, and as dry, under a thatched, as under a gilded roof. Let the mind be great and glorious, and all other things are despicable in comparison. The future is un certain, and I had rather beg of . myself not to desire anything, than of fortune to bestow Seneca's R E FLECTIONS UPON WEA LTl L — livery man is rich or poor according to the proportio n between his desires and his emp lo y with the is another to employments ; any enl argement o f hi s lon. for what he ca n never obtain, no less an e nem y d w i i m sh i e n s ut i i s ; to his quiet that if he ha d robbed him of p a t r i mony . diminution therefore, destructionssion;ile th t a o t h t a e a p e p i i ineess 3 , The rich lose all g ratifications, because thei r wan t s are pr e vented ; and adde d t o the lassitude whi c h f o ll ows satiety, they have a p ri d e proceeding from wealth, which makes them impatient at the loss of pleasure, though they have no enjoyment from the possession of it. '[be odour of ten t!.eusand roses pleases but for a'rnoment ; the pain occasion by ono of the th orns i s long felt. One hardship in the n,:dst of luxuries: is, to the opulent, as a thorn anion g fl owers , They have a lively se nse of it, and the effect of every thing is increased by contrast. Ri c h es are o f no value in themselves ; their use is discovered only in that which they procure. They are coveted by narrow minds (which confound the means with the end), for the sake of power, influence, and respect .; or by those of less cies ated and refined sentiments, as necessary to sensual enjoyments. It almost always happe L 's that the man who grows richer changes his notions o f L noverty, states his wants by some new measure, and, flyi nl j from the enemy that pursued him, bends . his e n d eavours . to overtake those which he s ees before him. Wealth cat:" not confer greatness ; for nothing can make th a t grea t which the decree of nature has ordained to be little ; the bramble may be planted in a hot-bed, but it will never become an oak."— Anon. = RAILWAY the opening of the Railway chapel or church near Folkestone, took place on Sunday the 10th instant. 7 + ' 4 ~~ 1 ~: THE TREATY BETWEEN FRANCE AND BUENOS AYRES. The Monte Video journals gives the following text of the Treaty concluded between France and the Go vernment of Buenos Ayres. " His Majesty the King of the French and his Ex cellency the Governor and Captain-General of the pro vince of Buenos Ayres, charged with the department of Foreign Affairs of the Argentine Confederation, with the intent of settling and tcrminatiMg the differences which have unfortunately arisen between France and the said Government, have for this purpose framed Plenipotentiaries, viz., the King of the French, M. Angel Rene Armand de Mackau, Grand Officer, &c. &c. ; and his Excellency the Governor and Cap tain-General the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the said Government, Dr. D. Felipe Araea, who, after having reciprocally communicated their respective full powers, which were found to be in due form, have agreed upon and concluded the following articles : " 1. The government of Buenos Ayres acknowledges that indemnities are due to the French who have ex perienced losses, or suffered damages in the Argentine Republic, and the amount of these indemnities, which alone remain to be settled, shall be ascertained by six arbitrators, to be named in common accord, three by each of the Plenipotentiaries. In case of disagree ment, th'e regulation of the said indemnities shall be re ferred to the arbitrement of a third power to be named by the French Government. 2. 'lnc blockade of the Argentine ports shall be raised, and the island of Martin Garcia shall be eva cuated by the French forces within eight days after the ratification of the present Convention by Buenos Ayres. The materiel of the armament of the said island shall he re-established in the state it was on the 10th October, 18.S8. The two Argentine ships of war captured during the blockade, or two others of the same force and value, shall, within the same time, together with their materiel of armament, be placed at the dis posal of the Ai gentine Government. "3. If, within the (Hay of a month from the said ratification such Argentines as have been proscribed front their country at diffeteat epochs since the month of December, 1838, abandon al lor part of them, the hostile attitude in which th y are now found against the Governor of Buenos Ay: as charged with the foreign relations of the Argentine Confederation, the said Governor, accepting from this day, and in this case, the friendly intervention of France relative to these individuals, offers to grant permission to return within this territory to all those whose presence shall not be incompatihl, with the safety of the repub lic ; and the persons to whom such permission shall be granted, shall not be prosecuted or molested for their anterior conduct. As to such Argentines as are at this time in arms within the territory of the Argentine Confederation, this present article shall be applicable only to those who shall lay down their arms within eight days from the official communication of this present convention, which communication shall be made to the chiefs through the mediation of French and Ar gentine agents to be charged with this mission. Gene rals and chiefs arc not comprised in this present article, except those who by ulterior acts shall render them selves worthy of the clemency and indulgence of the Government of Buenos Ayres. " 4. It is understood that the Government of Bue• nos Ayres shall continue to consider the republic of Ori ental Uruguay in a state of independence, in like manner as was stipulated in the Convention of peace concluded on the 27th Angust, 1828, with the Empire of Brazil, without in any wise prejudicing its natural rights, so far as is consistent with the justice, honour, and security of the Argentine Confederation. " 5. Although the rights and advantages at present enjoyed by foreigners within the territory of the Ar gentine Confederation, so far as regards their persons and property, are common to all citizens, and subjects of friendly, and neutral nations, the Government of the King of the French, and that of the province of Buenos Ayres, charged with tho external relations of the Argentine Confederation, declare that until there shall be concluded a Treaty of Commerce and navigation between France and the Argentine Confede ration, French citizens within the Argentine territory, and Argentine citizens within the French territory, shall be considered and treated, in all that concerns their persons and property, in the same manner, as now are or may be treated the subjects and citizens of the most favoured nations. "6. Notwithstanding what has been stipulated in the preceding article, if the Government of the Argentine Confederation should grant to the citizens or natives of all, or any p art of the United States of South America, special, civil, or political rights more extensive than those now enjoyed by the subjects of all and each of the most favoured nations, these rights shall not be taken to ex tend to French citizens established within the territory of the Republic, nor be claimed by them. " 7. This present Convention shall be ratified, and the ratifications exchanged at Paris, within the delay of eight months, or sooner if possible, through the me dium of a Nlinibter Plenipotentiary from the Govern ment of the Republic, who shall be accredited, for that purpose to the Government of his 'l\l ijesty the King of the French." LOSS OF EIGHT LIVES AT BOULOGNE. BOULOGNE,FIUDAY EVENING.—About twelve o'clock this day, her Majesty's packet, the Beaver, Captain IL. Mudge, from Dover, hove in sight, not being able pro bably to reach Calais in time for the departure of the estafette for Paris. Unfortunately there was but little water in the harbour, and the sluices being open, and the wind blowing on shore, caused a good deal of surf off the harbour. As soon as the steamer reached the roads, the harbour-master ordered the pilot, whose! turn it was, to go out, but he declined, stating as a reason for disobeying orders, there was too much surf for so small a boat. Another was requested, who at first hesitated, though the most intrepid of seamen. His son, however, appealing to his courage, prevailed upon the father to venture with six other seamen ; they weathered the surf and reached the steamer in safety, and immediately took on board the mail bags, the mate (Mr. Hare), whose duty it is to accompany the bags to the post-office, and two passengers. Two other passengers also got into this small boat, but the pilot considering they were too many, recommended the two last to return on board, promising to land them at a second trip. They then made for the harbour, but, alas ! at mid way between the steamer and the shore the boat cap sized and sunk ; the passengers and seamen struggling together among the most terrific breakers, and in a situation where no earthly assistance could be rendered them. As soon as the accident was observed from the packet the galley-boat was let down, and the poor fellows who manned it I believe did their utmost to render assistance, but they could not approach the spot in time. Nine of these unfortunate beings were carried by the current to the westward, of whom three were picked up by this boat, one of whom only (a French seaman) was rescued in time, the two others having died from exhaustion and cold before the galley-boat could regain the steamer. Two other French seamen were fortunate enough to regain the shore by swim ming. Those who have perished aro two passengers, Ame rican gentlemen—one is Mr. Charles Philip de la Ito siere,of Quebec ; the name of the other cannot yet be ascertained, the contents of his passport having been obliterated by the water ; Delpierre (called Cator) the pilot and his son, and four seamen. It is impossible to describe the heart-rending scene this catastrophe occasioned, particularly among the fishermen of this port, and their female relations, who may be considered almost as one large family, for as they never intermarry with any other class of people, they are all nearly or distantly related to each other. The screams, hallooing, supplications, and lamentations were indescribable. _ _ The poor pilot, Cator, was universally respected by every one who knew him, and has rendered the greatest services to humanity, at the peril of his life, by saving at different periods nearly a hundred persons, and for his intrepidity and bravery he was some years back de corated with the legion of honour. The sad and pe culiar fate of his son has excited the most lively sym pathy and admiration at his courage. lie was the first who was rescued from the water, and while in the galley boat, percoiting his father at some distance sinking from exhaustion, he leaped into the water to ren der him assistance ; after great exertions he reached him, and at the same moment a breaker separated them for ever : the father was picked up, but the son has not yet been found. For some time it was feared the mail bags would be lost, or their contents so much damaged as to be of little worth ; but I believe all have been recovered and in a fit state to be forwarded by the regular cstafette. Bodies found—One passenger and Cator (the pilot.) One passenger and five seamen not yet, but it is ex. pected they will be found at daylight to-morrow. (FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.) DOVER, JAN. IG.—We have an account to day of a sad accident at Boulogne yesterday, H.M. Packet Beaver, had proceeded yesterday morning from hence with the French mail, and the wind not suiting for Calais, had steered for Boulogne. On her arrival off Boulogne, the tide not suiting to enter the port, one of the Bou logne boats, under the command of an experienced boatman named Delpierrc, went off to land the mail and passengers. They had received the mail into their boat, in charge of Mr. Steriker Hare, the chief-mate of the Beaver, with two passengers, and were returning, and when about mid-way between thepacket and the har bour a heavy sea struck the boat and I lament to say Mr. Hare, the two passengers, (who arc reported to he American gentlemen), and five of the French boatmen were unfortunately drowned. The master of the boat, Delpierre, an intrepid skilful boatman and his son, are amongst the sufferers. The steam-packet sent her jolly-boat to their assistance, the moment the acci .l nt was observed from her deck, and it is said suc t.‘ co caed in rescuing two of the French bowmen. `r•• Hare was an excellent seamen, who had bee n ears in the Packet service, and was highly res man,Y(? .`[e has left a widow and a large fam il y to de p lore pecie . ,v.. , , t h e sa d loge b ttity cave so unexpectedly sustained. THE WEATHER IN FRANCE. (From a Correspondent of the Morning Post.) PARIS, THuasnar.---Th e usually monotonous character of a journey from Calais to Paris is much re lieved at this period of the year by the various accidents of flood and field incidental to the severity of the sea son. After twenty-eight hours' sea and river passage a long and dreary land expedition remains. It was a cold, cheerless morning last Tuesday, at nine o'clock, that I got into the diligence of Laffitte, Gaillard and Co., and it was nearly half.past one before we arrived at Boulogne. Leaving the latter town at two P.M., it was past seven before the diligence reached Montreuil. Up to Abbeville the road improved, so that at one in the morning of Wednesday good progress was made. Between Abbeville and Beauvais the roads were in a dreadful state, being complete glaciers from the partial thaw and renewed frost. We le Beauvais, at one o'clock on Wednesday after noon, and the roads were improving, so as to raise hopes of a speedier arrival in Paris ; but rattling down the hill between Prusaix and Chambly, the dili gence came down with a tremendous crash, the hind wheel coming off, and shivered into a thousand pieces. This episode caused some shaking and a five-hour de tention at a miserable inn on the roadside whilst the machine was raised and repaired. It was eleven o'clock at night before we left Chambly, and then had the en livening sight of a perfect inundation of the village, owing to the melting of the snows from the hills. The scene at midnight, with the current rushing three feet deep through the main street, was very striking. All the in habitants were at the upper windows, with lighted torches and lanterns to show the track. From Beaumont to Paris the journey was rapid, but it was four o'clock on Thursday morning before we arrived in the capital, having been forty-three hours from Calais to Paris. The little incidental miseries of having to awaken persons at that hour, of extortionate coachmen and porters, are a matter of course on such occasions. Let it be recorded on behalf of the humble aztbergiste of Chambly that our 'bivouac, for the winds of heaven penetrated into the lodging for " man and beast," was relieved as much as possible by his civility ; and a meal of bread, herrings, wine, and cognac, formed the grand dinner and supper of about sixteen benighted and capsized passen gers. The malle poste has had terrible work to get in at all from the state of the roads. As for my twenty eight hours' steaming at sea, I was truly grateful when I heard at Boulogne that Saturday's steamer from Lon don was fifty-three hours on its way to the French port. As for Paris the thaw is complete. Pelting showers all this day, and the London mail got in at a reasonable hour. UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENCE. OXFORD, JAN. 16.—The Rev. Charles A. Thurlow, of Balliol College, has been appointed by the Lord Bishop of Chester Rural Dean in the county and diocese of Cheshire. John Mercer and Charles Markham, Esqrs., patrons, have presented the Rev. William Butlin, of Lincoln Col lege, to the vicarage of St. Sepulchre, Northampton. The Hon. Mrs. North, of Glenham Hall, has presented the Rev, Robert M. White, Fellow of Magdalen College, to the rectory of Little Glenham, with the perpetual curacy of Great Glenham annexed, in the county of Suffolk. The President and Fellows of Magdalen College have presented the Rev. William Thomas Philips, Fellow of their Society, to the rectory of Fittleton, Wiltshire. The Lord Bishop of London has licensed the Rev. Thomas Dry, of Merton College, to be the minister of the church of St. Peter, in the pariah of \Valthamstow, Essex, on the nomination of the Rev. W. Wilson, vicar of Walthamstow. SPORTING INTELLIGENCE. TATTERSALL'S-YESTARDAY. THE DERBY. PalseTon was backed fully at 16 to 1, and his right to the Premiership, established by an interval of full three points between him and the Rosalie colt, 18, and 19 to 1 several times, and in one instance 20 to 1, having been laid against the latter ; this movement will not surprise those who have watched the betting of late. Eringo and Coronation may be quoted at 20 to 1, Marshal Soult at 22 to 1, and Sir Hans at 28 to 1, the prices, however, being purely nominal, not a bet, to the best of our knowledge, having been made about either. Twenty-five to one was laid three or four times against the Knight of the Whistle, and the same against Camcleon and Ralph, with offers to go on from the layers against the first two. The Duke of Wellington, the Nob, and the Darioletta colt, were backed at an improvement on Thursday last ; and some bets were laid against outsiders, without leading to any alteration worth notice. The following were the closing prices :- 13 to 3 agst Scott's lot 25 to 1 agst Sir G. Heathcote's lot—t. and aft, offered 1000 to 10 agst Lord Siradbroke's lot—ditto 16 to 1 agst Palmmon—taken freely 19 to I agst Rosalie col:—taken 20 to 1 agst Eringo 20 to 1 agst Coronation 22 to 1 agst Marshal Soult 25 to 1 agst Camelion—taken 25 to 1 agst Ralph—taken to 1 agst Knight of the Whistle 28 to 1 agst Sir Hans 30 to 1 agst Prince Caradoc—taken 35 to 1 agst Duke of Wellington—taken 40 to 1 agst The Nob—taken 45 to 1 agst Daricletta colt 50 to 1 agst Morning Star 1000 to 15 agst Mustapha—taken and afterwards offered 1000 to 15 agst Mustapha Muley—taken 1000 to 10 agst Lady Strut—taken 1000 to 10 agst Nlacticath 100 to 1 agst Nebros 1200 to 1000 on John Day's lot agst the Rosalie colt— taken 1000 to 10 agst Ralph and Palremon—taken 4000 to 200 agst Ralph and Knightsbridge—taken The Epsom Coursing takes place on Friday next ; the entries must be made, as usual, at the Spread Eagle. BETTING AT MANCHESTER.-FRIDAY. THE DERlll.—Very little was done ; but one alteration requires to be pointed out. Palwmon has gained so much on the Rosalie colt as to make it doubtful which has the call. Marshal Soult is losing ground, and two or three points more than were offered at Tattersall's on Thursday could no doubt have been obtained without difficulty. CHESTER Cur.—Fourteen have been backed againstalie field—Bloomsbury the favourite at 20 to 1 ; 25 to 1 of fend against Maroon, for whom, however, it is said forfeit has been declared. CLYDESDALE CLUB COURSING MEETING JANUARY, The Douglas Stakes were won by Lord Eglinton's Evergreen ; the Eglinton Stakes by Lord Douglass's Cessnock ; the Brandon Stakes by Mr. Geddes's Go ; the Clyde Stakes by Mr. Downie's Derwent; and the East Kilbride Stakes by Mr. Duggan's The Artful Dodger. RACES TO C The following is a comple' to the present time : !OME IN 1841. 0 list of the appointments up MA ncif. Coventry Warr ick Pytehley Hunt sth APRIL. Huntingdon Spring, 6th or 13th Newmarket Craven l2th Canterbury Spring l3th Eat Sussex Hunt Calterick Bath, &c Shifinal Newmarket Croton Park, Bedford Spring, and Eglinton Park, are not fixed. MAY. Chester 3 dl Hippodrome 4th Plymouth Spring sth Newmarket Beverley Gorliambury Epsom York Spring JUNE. Manchester hippodrome Ascot Newton Hampton Neyreastle-on-Tyne 2lst Cheltenham Bibury Club • 29th Stockbridge JOLT. Newmarket Worcester Liverpool Dudley Lancaster Goodwood ALT G U s T . Huntingdon . 3d The Pottery 3d Brighton Newcastle (Staff) Wolverhampton ... Lewes Ripon Hereford Egham York not fixed. Pailey ditto. SEPTEMBER. Warwick .. 7th Norwich Doncaster l3th Lichfield Leicester Liverpool ..... .•• 22d Lincoln 23d Newmarket ... 28th Bedford 'Western (A)r) ...... first week. Shrewsbury ...... not fixed. OCTOBER. Newmarket Newmarket I Caledonian Hunt, Kelso, and Knutsforil O'CONNELL IN CORK.—At no period of his political career did Mr. O'Connell exhibit to more effect the extraordinary endowments with which he is gifted, than on Monday last in this city at the meeting. His va ried powers were eminently displayed ; his playful humour —his ready wit—his electric rapidity in seizing the tone of those around him—his powerful castigation of Ireland's worst enemy, Stanley—his vivid description of her wrongs, and his mode of redress—all spread over the vast mass an enthusiasm seldom before even witnessed in this country. At the dinner, too, he most unquestionably surpassed him self, for never was he more powerful, more happy, more effective ; never, even in the buoyant days of his youth, when he was wrestling for religious freedom, did his soul rise into higher enthusiasm. His speech on that occasion was almost the eloquence of inspiration—it was nn effort even beyond himself, and the effect produced far exceeded any thing we ever before witnessed. Southern Reporter. COLLIERS' TURN-OUT.—The colliers in Bol ton and the neighbourhood turned out on Saturday evening last, for an advance of wages, amounting to a little more than five per cent. The consequence was, that one cot ton-mill in Bolton was stopped for want of coals on Wed nesday last; but the matter has since been arranged, and the colliers have nearly all remitted to their Manchester Guardian. SHERIFFDOM OF BERIVICKSHIRE.—We un derstand that Archibald Davidson. Esq., senior Advocate- Depute, has been appointed Sheriff ot the county of Ber wick, vacant by the death of the late W Esq —Scotsman. D OLGEL LEY.—Sir W. W. ' Wynn made a most handsome allowanc e t o the tenan ts of the Maespa n d y es t a te, on the 7th inst. , be in g t he rent - day. The ten ants , i n return for the kindness o f th e worthy gentl eman, sub scribed among each other to pay the expenses incident upon ringing the town. bells.—Carnarcon .Herald. tiveßAßnEtiv.cliosrYn-iTa‘l,EAssSoOciUatLionooFf NLVivleT;pooll 'hhaeveopera distri buted three thousand copies of the annexed pithy ques tions :—" Does dear bread b r i ng high wages?—Bread, in was in 183 b. Are wages 1840, is double the price th a t it • doubled ?—Nu ! Cheap bread , law I !!" and down with the Corn- MORN IN'ti EDITION SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNAL S. FROM TIM DAILY PAPERS OF YESTERDAY.) (From the Morning Chronicle.) The Tory Association of North Leicestershire held its annual dinner last week at Ashby-de-la-Zouch. It was distinguished by some novelty of tone in the language used in reference to the Church. The dis- covery appears to be made that all is not quite right within the bosom of that venerable institution. " Heavy blows and great discouragement" came not from WThig Ministers alone, but from internal discrepancies, which, should the fashion of dr- ...- nouncing them spread at C onserva ti ve festivals, will raise up a new phalanx of Church Reformers in an unexpected quarter. On "the health of the Primate and the Clergy" being given, " The Rev. Dr. Evans, in acknowledging the toast, said : ' lo an assemblage so important and influential as that I see before me, it is a proud but melancholy office to return thanks in the name of the Bishop and Clergy of the diocese for so cordial an expression of .our attach ment to the Catholic Apostolic Church of your fathers, established in these realms, under the present obscurrinent of her glory, both from within and from without. From within she is disturbed by the attempted revival of ancient forms and ancient discipline, an attempt which those who undertake to censure should at least read. But she is still mere distracted by the errors of an heresiarch, whose proff red assistarce was rejected in the settlement of our ritual and symbolic writings, whose tenets and discipline, wherever they have been admitted and embraced, says Malmbrugh, the historian of Calvinism, have been at tended by rebellion, civil war, and misery.'" Now, although we should be sorry to answer so readily as the Rev. Dr. Evans for all the aspersions of the Jesuit historian upon Calvinism, and although we know not of any censors upon Puseyisrn, who have not read its publications, half so severe as are the censors by whom they have been read ; yet we agree with the Tory Doctor, that the present position of these two sects (within the Esta blished Church) is a very discreditable phenomenon, and, we will add, that it demonstrates the necessity of some reform to endow the Church with the usefulness of a m.tional institution. The Doctor's complaint tal lies with a curious case of conscience which was put, ❑ot long since in the Morning Post, namely, whether a clergyman who had obtained a living by means of the " Simeon Fund," could be justified in retaining that living after his conversion to Puseyism. The dif ficulty has not, so far as we have seen, been solved for the anxious applicant ; and we know not. what has become of the doubting incumbent, lis conscience, and his living. The existence of the diffi culty, however, affords a remarkable illustration of the present state of our ecclesiastic a l establishment, and the necessity for some revision of its discipline. ‘Vith the amount or history of the Siitwon Fund we are unacquainted, txcept from what its name imports, and from this specimen of its ope ration. It is, we presume, a fund for bu}ing up presentations to livings, and bestowing them upon trusty preachers of High Calvinistic doctrines like those in culcated by the late eminent and pious Mr. Simeon, of Cambridge. That is to say, it is a mixture of the Voluntary Principle with that of a Church Establish ment, by which the moneys are made to go further in the purchase of Church funds than they would if be _. stowed directly upon the clergyman as a subscription. The money power is thus not only brought to bear upon the propagation of High C ilvinism, but it ob tains for those doctrines a portion of the influence which necessarily belongs to the State Church. The speculation seems a very advantageous one ; and, did Dissenters look only to the spread of their doctrines and not to their notions of Church government and reli gious equality, each sect might invest its voluntary con tributions in a similar way, with the prospect of a hand some return. All might profit b 3 this species of Simeon simony, which is now, it seems, practised by the Simeon sect. The Puseyites are also a sect within the Church. Whether they have, to any extent, become so by purchase. we have no means of ascertaining. Probably they have more facilities in possessing themselves of livings without paying for them than the Simeonites. The cost of the purchase in that case, is nothing more than a solemn subscription, cx ammo, to the Protestant religion, which they are labouring to subvert. At any rate they are a distinct body from the Siwconites ; so distinct that converts may be made from one to the other, and cases of conscience arise upon such conver sions about the retention of livings. Is not this a very scandalous exhibition in a Church avowedly based upon an act of uniformit) ? Here arc two coLl2ting reli gions within its very bosom. One of them is a new form of that very Papistry front which the English Church broke off, and the other is an extreme doctrine to which that Church (in the judgment of many great authorities) did not advance. A previous question for the consciences of both parties is, whether either of them has any title to share of the revenues of the Church of England, according to its present con stitution. is a Protestant Church established by law for the emolument of those who denounce " the crimes of the Reformation?" Was it endowed with national funds that doctrines might be advanced by means of money-jobbing in those funds ? If such be the fact, then all sects ought to have fair play. No preference is due to Simeonites and Puseyites over twenty other denominations quite as much in harmony with the opinions of Protestant reformers. The tithes should be thrown open far the speculations of propa gandists, and other Papists besides those of Oxford should have their chance of profit from " the crimes of the Reformation," and of rebuilding " ancient forms and discipline" upon the " old foundations." There is no consistent medium between the sup pression of sects within the Church, and the equalised condition of sects without the Church. It is most unfair to tax the Independent for the emolument of the Simeonite, and admit the Oxford Catholic, while the Irish Catholic is excluded. By the tithes, the nation pays for the Protestant religion, and not for sectarian plunder or proselytism. The Tories seem not exactly to know what to do with this schism. The Quarterly I?eciew committed itself by the memorable article on Chartism, with its proposition for razing half the metropolis, and drafting off the population of Birmingham and Manchester into little rural feudal colonies, each under the conjoint government of a par son and a squire. But the Tory press in general is more cautious. It feels the difficulty which must some times befal a faction with great need of numbers and no regard for principle. It is loath to lose either the Oxford revivers of Popery in England, or the hot cru saders against Popery in Ireland. So it will first try to keep both, and when that becomes impossible take to the strongest. Whether the "jolly full bottle" Protestants of Tory festivals will hereafter shout for the invocation of saints, or for the orthodoxy of Ge neva ; and which doctrine will be glorified in rounds of Kentish fire, depends on the toss of a half penny, or rather, on the unforeseen contin gencies and expediencies of a dirty, f.:ctious, and hypocritical policy. Meantime, we have a word of com fort for the Rev. Dr. Evans, in his " melancholy office." and those who mourn with him " over the Church's present obscuremcnt of her glory." The qua•rel is a %T v pretty quarrel, but it interests the clergy much more than the laity. Against any gross perversion of Protestantism into either priestcraft or intolerance the public intelligence will be a defence. The clergy would attract little censure by as large a latitude as they can desire in their theological speculations, did they but make honest provision for such comprehension, and sympathise more with the people on great moral ques tions. And if the clergy do interfere in public business, it is on such questions that their influence should be felt. In party strife, in the conviviality of Tory Clubs, in the corruption of contested elections, their aid is neither decorous nor recommendatory. But when every principle of Christianity and morality, as well as of legislative justice and national policy, is violated by an impost that diminishes the weight of the poor man's loaf to increase the weight of the rich man's purse, then it would well become them to interpose:. Then they should worthy of his hire " iment of the that hire will purchase. The " °l)scurL under such a t p o ro the clai f i u n lpl a t as h siiiti t oauw. i n : ; : ili l o ) s e ftri.7 l o a o b a, o in u : r ic e .h r ii:o r i. s i Church's glory " would soon demonstration of her sympathy with destructive of veity. The heresy of bread•taxign i bodymake andmakes th the l soul. abo u rletr send his the ie;hsi sinks : so " r tt ` hh ; ce )facst affections,aontiand I t ': na l he ought to be at school. e to ve 4 y tflaoninsohte(tihcirculteer' I! kinillcs gy theserf, torchand o f t the strife. serf prea c h it down? Why do they not animate the People to choose legislators who will vote for " daily bread " to those who earn it ? Such conduct would endear the Church to the heart of millions, and enable it to smile at any h ea vy blow or great discouragement" that could ever be inflicted, either by the Whig indifference which it i m putes, or by the Tory apostecy to religious lib e rty, will never forget or forgive. which its bigot n e Ag d efr m i ember s cipi:eowtrnui which e f w the misdirected c r i n: i b s ) I i d t i e r d e cttiei the o ther tl, efforts tb o f y the nF there hsotiururalerneede is s o n o p t oi t t o tt b eat seized this bg;esautddter n violence I n v a e tio e n n a d l e infl . or acquired by the most enormous sacrifices of the hour; nay, that it is rather depreciated and damaged by the display of mighty means leading to such slender resu:ts. The most striking emitraSt which we can present to this remarkable instance of faithless aggression, cruel warfare, and unrewarded hardships, is to be found in the position of our own country with reference to the other Powers of Europe, and more especially with re ference to the vast populations of Asia. It is a part of ‘.ebeen beenour glory that the greatest hosts ha a an n td d tthi a le r a m tin a ti d die a iiy a have lnha a n r r armed d n in ot v iLLlS l b t u is t o ag ur ai b u o st as i t ts t , principa lities and powers, taught by our rule to share, not to pe rish by, the arts of European warfare, are held in obedi ence to our sway by a British army not amounting in force to one-half of the garrison of Paris. It is most of all our pride, that wherever the British race, the British lan guage, and the beloved liberties of England are striking root in a strange soil, they are not planted by the bayonet - nor protected by military force ; and in the wide lands of Australia we have a people springing ra g pidly to life and power, who afford probably the first la-