The Sun. — London, England, 1841-08-23 00:00:00

MORNING STTN NEWS FROA.I CHI (From the New York Courier . and Inquirer of Aug. 5:) The ship Akbar, Captain Dabaresq, arrived yesterday Morning, direct from Canton, after a voyage of one hun dred and nine days. She therefore brings intelligence of about one fortnight later date than that we have received Till England. We were informed by our last accounts that the Joint- Commissioner Yang had, in consequence of a treaty Concluded with Captain Elliot, the British Commis sioner, issued a proclamation, authorising a renewal of the trade, and enjoining the people of Canton to return. From Captain Dubaresq, Canton papers, and private let ters we now derive the following intelligence : After the forts had been captured, Canton was sie settee' by all the inhabitants who could leave it, carrying With them their families, property, and merchandize. To Prevent it being occupied by the English, and the whole Province becoming disorganised, Commissioner Yang Concluded the treaty above alluded to, although directly nPposed to the instructions of the Emperor. It is stated that as a condition of this treaty Capt. Elliot agreed that the usual duties should be paid until the questions at issue between the two Governments were settled at Pekin. Pilot chops were forthwith granted to all ships requiring them, the people at Canton commenced returning to their homes, and the silks and teas were brought back which had been removed to the interior. This latter intelligence, which we derive from private letters, does not exactly agree with the accounts of Cap tain Dubaresq, who states that when his ship left Can ton, China-street and the business part of the suburbs Were deserted, shops closed, and scarcely any one to be Seen. Certain it is, however, that the Hong merchants Were at Canton continuing their business with foreigners, Who are loading and despatching their vessels. It may be that, though business was thus resumed, the people Were unwilling to return to their usual places of resi dence, in the vicinity of the British factory, and that therefore matters in that neighbourhood still bore the aPpearance represented by Captain Dubaresq. On the 7th of April, about ten days before he sailed, the situa tion of things in Canton was at any rate favourable, as appears by the .following official document:— " H. M. S. Sulphur, Macao Roads, April 7, 1841. " I am commanded by Sir Le Fleming Senhouse, se nior officer, to communicate to the British merchants at Macao that he found everything at Canton satisfactory in relation to the trade, and all going on in harmony, with trifling exception. " That he has left a strong force, and made the most cautious arrangements to rescue our countrymen at the factory, and our ships at Whampoa, from any at tempt unexpectedly made by the Chinese. • ' I have the hononr to be; &c." " ' EDWARD BELCHER, Commander of her Majesty's ship Sulphur. " To the Commercial Community at Macao.' Messrs. Bligh and Toole, mates of her Britannic Majesty's ship Blenheim, and Mr. Field, late chief of ficer of the schooner ,Snipe, were murdered near the Nine Islands. The body of Mr. Field was found much mangled. The other two bodies were not yet recovered.' " Captain Elliot was at Canton, protected by a mili tary guard. Four men-of-war are stationed in the Macao passage, above Canton ; three a few miles below, and six at Whampoa, where they will remain to ensure the sa f e ty o f foreigners, and to check any treachery on the part of the local authorities. The other vessels are at the Bogue, Macao, and Hong Kong. It appears that when the Imperial Government re ceived information of the treaty concluded by Keshen— who, we believe, was the successor of Lin, and the pre decessor of Yang, with Captain Elliot, the following edict was issued, and three Imperial Commissioners (one of them a nephew of the Emperor) were ordered to Can ton to carry it into effect, two of whom reached there in time to witness the success of the British arms, and to Sign the truce and sanction the temporary trade as agreed t? by Yang. (From the Canton Register, March 3). On the 10th of the second moon (March 2) the Crimi nal Board received the Imperial will, as follows : " Keshen, the Governor-General of the two Kwang Provinces, has trifled with the laws and brought in the rebellious barbarians : his conduct involving the high crimes of deceiving and being a traitor (to his Prince and country). " When the exterminators—the deputed great minis ters—arrive in Canton, let them immediately seize from him the seals ; and place under control and examination all his family and nearest relatives. " Let the males be instantly forwarded to the capital for strict trial, and as they are sentenced be delivered over to the criminal board for punishment. Those who have received the wealth and goods of the rebellious barbarians, and secretly transmitted them to their fami lies, let the said Ministers seal up their goods, &c., and send in a report and list. " The deputed officers must not be guilty of any con nivance in opposition to the laws, and ungratefulness Of my Imperial favour. As to the officers who are vic torious, they, shall be distinguished. All may rely upon my Imperial intentions." In addition, it is said, the most warlike preparations are making by the Chinese. Cannon of extraordinary calibre, but which in use will not prove very formidable, Were cast. A large and increasing Chinese army was encamped outside Canton, and the whole empire exhi bited such a scene of military preparation as had not been known since the time of the Tears. Major-General Sir Hugh Gough arrived on the 2d of March, as Commander-in-Chief of the land forces. Sir Gordon Bremner, who we knew vas gone to Bengal for reinforcements, was expected to return about the Ist of .June, when the fleet would go north again, to make an other demonstration upon the capital, Pekin, which °llid appear to he the sole channel through which a de naitive arrangement can be concluded, for the Commis- Shiners of the Government only seem to make treaties, which are, one after the other, disavowed. The accounts we. have from Calcutta represent the reinforcements to be sent forward as very considerable anti preparing with great activity. The loss of the Chinese in the various engagements was estimated at 2.500 or 3,000 men and about 800 pieces of cannon. The Chinese Admiral Kewang fell in defence of the Bogue forts, as did two other manda rins of high rank. The Captain of a British transport, arriving at Chusan after the surrender of that island to the Chinese, was slain on landing. The day after the • fall of the Bogue forts rewards were offered for the cap ture or destruction of British ships : 100,000 dollars for a line-of-battle ship, 10,000 dollars for a steamer, 50,000 dollars for the Admiral, or Captain Elliot if taken alive, and 30,000 dollars for either of their heads. The tbllowing is Captain Dubaresq's report of the state of the market, to which we add, from private sources, that the Leonidas, which had sailed for Boston, is partly loaded with teas taken in at Macao. The Horatio has also a full cargo. The teas by the Akbar are rather better than the average cargoes coming out. Three ves sels were loading for the United States when the Akbar sailed. Teas were high and scarce. The Hong merchants Would deal only for cash, and insisted on being paid before the teas were delivered. It was believed that the arrangement for trade could not last long, and that the foreigners would be again compelled to leave for Macao. Green teas were very scarce in market, having been kept back and large quantities sent away when the Bri tish approached the city. The current report on the 26th of April was that the Chinese Government had laid 'an embargo on all beats, intending to use them for the conveyance of troops. The Akbar left the following American vessels at Whampoa :—Whale ships, Eber, Preble, Lowell, Narra gansett, Hamilton, Splendid, Oneida, Kenohasset, Su nfatra ; and brig Argyle, barque Florida, at Macao. ship Leonidas sailed for Macao on the 21st of March, and Horatio from Whampoa on the Ist of April—both Vessels bound for New York. The American ship Unicorn, from Manilla, and Leo nidas from Macao, passed Anjier on the sth of May, bound to Boston— -the latter for New York. On the 4th of June, off the Cape of Good Hope, lati tude 30 south, and longitude 27 east, the Akbar expe rienced a most violent gale of wind, with a tremendous sea, and at midnight, while under close-reefed top-sails, a sea struck the rudder and broke the tiller, and before the piece could be got out of the rudder, and another tiller shipped, it was upwards of thirty minutes, and during that time the ship lay in the trough of the sea; which was making a thorough breach over her, stove the bulwarks in sundry places, and washed away the starboard quarter boat. The foretopmast staysail blew to pieces, and the ship has sustained much damage. On the 90th of June, latitude 34 south, longitude 17 east, spoke the barque Eugene, Capt. Whitney, from Calcutta, bound to Boston. (From the Canton Press.) MA C AO, Arum 10.—CANTON MARKET.-The Hong acid tea merchants will deal for cash only, and persist in lacing paid for the teas before they are shipped. This caution probably arises from the distrust in the present st ate of affairs, and for the want of credit of the Hong merchants with the tea merchants, the latter being un willing to trust them with th eir p roperty. No sales of manufactures have yet been made, as far as,we have heard ; nobody will even look at them, and in consequ ence severa l s hips laden with them have not applied to be secure d by th e Hong merchants, in order not uselessly to incur the duty. The prices of tea are full thirty per cent. higher than last season ; for the lowest cargoes 25 taels are asked, and 36 to 38 for the best of green teas—very fe w or none in the market, most of them not having come down from the country, and many having been sent away from Can ton when the British approached it. For twankey 26 taels were asked ; we cannot quote other descriptions. A good many chop boats have been sent to Whampoa, and several ships are discharging. We have not, how ever, yet heard of any ship ing actually loading. The holidays having delayed th e i ssue o f ou r paper, we are still enabled to add to the above some further Particulars from the letters received last night from Can ton, dated the 7th. Her Majesty's Plenipotentiary had had an interview with Kwang-chou-100 at the British Hall, but we know not what passed there. Capt. Elliot is endeavouring to obtain a reduction of about one tact per picul on the export duty of tea, and has had some correspondence and interviews with the Hong merchants on the subject. We have not heard whether he is likely to be success ful. The discharging of ships was being proceeded with, anti some chops had been granted for shipping teas. The green teas, it was said, were not coming down, on ac count of Government having embargoed all the boats for the transport of troops. We only hear of one sale of ma nufactured goods, viz., 20,000 pieces long cloths at the low price of 3 25. The unwillingness to buy continues, and without making offers. Hong merchants talk of very low prices-10 tact for cotton, 8 dol. for long ells, 125 for Spanish stripes, &c. Since our last advices some of the ships have again been moved nearer Canton, and the Modeste has anchored nearer to the factories on the other side. A detachment of marines has also been quartered in the British factory, which, for the present, gives complete security to the merchants. It is said that the different warlik9 operations of the British since the taking of Chuenpee and Tycoektow have thinned. the.. ranks . of Chinese soldiers. by 6,000 men, of whom about one-third may have lo.t their live), but the other two-thirds have deserted. - The charges preferred by the Licut.-Governor of Canton against Keshen were eight in number. It is said that Keshen has been executed, but the report needs con firmation. The Emperor has disclaimed the cession of Hong Kong, and has issued a proclamation for the extermina tion of the English. Several villages near Whampoa have been attacked by Ladrones, and partly burned. The Mandarins commenced removing their goods and chattels from Canton on the 2d April. WILIMPOA, APRIL s.—Arrived the Eliza, Warthy, from Calcutta and Singapore ; 7, Lidmans, from Sin gapore ; 8, Sumatra, from Manilla ; 9, Amazon, from Bombay. The Ivanhoe, from Liverpool, has arrived at Manilla. Her letters were brought on by the Sumatra. _ _ Expected.—The Lintin, from Madrai. At Whampoa, April 15, Eben Prebel, Lowell, Narragansett, Lema. Hamilton, Argyle, Hortio, Oneida, Splendid, and Su matra. Sailed March 31, Leonidas, ti►r New York ; Falcon, for Singapore ; Sylph and Bob Roy, ditto ; 13th, arrived the Joseph Peabody, from Manilla. RAILWAY RETURNS. We extract from the Railway Magazine the sums re ceived on the principal railways of Great Britain for the week ending an the day of the month prefixed to each. The return applies only to railways with a revenue ex ceeding 1,000/., and includes the money received for pas sengers, parcels, carriages, horses, mails, and merchar:- dize Aug. 13. Birmingham and Gloucester £2,177 14. Glasgow and Ayr 1,250 14. Paisley and Greenock 7. Grand Junction and Chester and Crewe 10,603 16. Great North of England 1,451 15. Great Wes - tern 13. Liverpool and Manchester 14. Loudon and Birmingham 17,892 19. London and Blackwall 1,256 19. London and Brighton 17. London and Croydon 14. London and South-Western 7,175 9. Manchester and Leeds 5,082 14. Midland Counties 2,854 14. Newcastle and Carlisle 1,851 15. Northern and Eastern 14. North Midland 16. York and North Midland 1,838 The following calculation of the last weekly returns of 31 railways, 1,142 miles 'in length, will be in teresting to many readers :—Number of passengers on twenty-one railways, 293,295, consequently the total for the week must be above 400,000. The receipts' fur pas sengers on thirty-one railways, 74,3991. 9s. 9d. ; ditto for goods on twenty-five railways, 15,0391.45. 6d.—Total 89,4381. 14s. 3d. This is an average of 78/.los. per mile per week. The traffic, therefore, is certainly at the rate of more than three millions a year, and carrying fifteen millions of passengers. SOME EFFECTS OF THE MANU- FACTURING SYSTEM. (No. II.) TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. Manchester, August H. Sie,—ln my former communication I mentioned some of the moral effects of our manufacturing system as a set off to those evils which your City Arcadians continually ascribe to it. I shall now advert to an economical effect which seems to me worthy of the attention of those who presume to guide the nation. Nothing is more common than to hear of capital em ployed in machinery displacing labour and throwing men out of employment. In fact that is one of the stock arguments of the Tories, with which they seek,to hide the enormous errors of their presumptuous legislation. If these gentlemen knew what they were talking about, or even at tended to the meaning of terms, they would come to a different conclusion. Capital gains nothing except bysetting labour in motion ; and it is absurd, therefore, to suppose that any increase of capital can throw labour out of em ployment. There are sometimes changes in the direction of labour. A loom moved by power, for example, is substituted for a loom moved by the hand ; a self-acting spinning mule is made to supply the place of a mule which requires the attendance of a spinner. Machinery is continually made to do the work which was before done by man's hand, but by capital employed in machinery infallibly gives employment both to those who make and those who use it. No where in the world, I believe, certainly no spot that ever I have seen, is there so much done by machinery, and by capital emplOyed in machinery, as in this town, and no town in the empire, with the ex ception, perhaps, of Glasgow, has increased so rapidly in population, or supplied so much employment for labour. This general result, in conjunction with the fact that capital can only obtlin a profit by setting labour, the source of all wealth, in motion, is I think a complete re futation of the general assertion that employing capital in machinery displaces labour, and throws men out of employment. But I must quote a particular instance to show how the employment of capital in machinery really affects labour. It is now about eleven years since the railway was opened between Manchester and Liverpool. At that time locomotive engines were first brought into use, and they come strictly under the description of capital em ployed in machinery. What amount of labour have they displaced ? One effect of using these has been to promote travelling. A much greater number of persons now pass daily between Liverpool and Manchester and between Liverpool and London than passed before they came into use. A great number of engines, conse quently, each requiring an engineer and a stoker, giving a great quantity of employment to guards, porters, watch men, clerks, colliers, coke-burners, &c., is now employed on railroads. The only persons deprived of work by this employment of capital in machinery, are a few post boys, coachmen, and stablekeepers, but they fall far be low the number to which this improved method of tra velling has given employment. A great change has taken place in employment, by which, undoubtedly, some individuals have suffered, but on the whole, this employ ment of capital in machinery has increased the demand for several different kinds of labourers. To have a complete view, however, of the question, the employment which making this machinery has given to a multitude of persons must be taken into consideration. I have visited one establishment which is chiefly devoted to making locomotive engines, that of Messrs. Sharp and Roberts, in which 700 men are employed. There are many other establishments where locomotive engines are made, not only in Manchester, but in several other places; and thus this entirely new art—for it had no ex istence before 1829—this employment of capital in machinery, actually sets at work and provides with com fortable subsistence several thousand persons. To the number actually engaged in manufacturing locomotive engines in different places, must be added the number employed in getting and smelting the iron used in making them, in obtaining the coal and forming the coke consumed at the forges at which the locomotive machines are manufactured ; and we must also add the number employed in providing these workmen with food and subsistence. Including all those concerned in any way in making and in using locomotive engines, it must be plain that this new art has provided employment and subsistence for a great body of people. But this one art is only a specimen of the whole ma nufacturing system. There are several similar arts, such as the making self-spinning mules, making the in struments which make the cards for cleaning cotton, making lathes for tuning and planes for planeing iron, which have of late years been called into existence. It is a mistake to suppose that the thousand tall chimneys which vomit forth their smoke in Manchester, are all devoted to cotton spinning, and that in Manchester only children are employed in cotton factories. With the cotton manufacture a great multitude of most ingenious arts are connected, all of which are comparatively of mo dern origin, and are distinguished by much capital being employed in machinery. The very chimneys, though masonry and bricklaying are not modern arts, are all monuments of vast labour, to which employment has been given by the use of machinery. Indeed, nothing strikes a person more here than the immense masses of solid and enduring brickwork, superior even to the brick-work of old Rome, which—as factories carrying enormous weights, and having floors as true as a water-level, as railway viaducts and termini, and as chimneys taller and straighter than any of the proud columns of antiquity_ are seen in every part of this industrious busy town. They are all the result and accompaniments of the new arts which, like that of making locomotive engines, have latterly been called into existence. By their means thousands, and even millions of persons have found em ployment and food ; and those arts have carried Man chester to its present size, and the empire to its present greatness. In truth, what has occurred at Manchester has also occurred in all the manufacturing districts ; and the creation of new arts, and the increase of employment, arc the necessary consequences of the manufacturine. system. We see its effects, too, not only in the spot w hne the manufacture is established, but throughout the agricultural districts, to which it has given prosperity unknown before. No Corn-law could keep up the price of corn, or stimulate its production, were there no con sumers, and no new wealth wherewith to purchase it. Every other stimulus to agriculture is as dust in the ba lance compared to the inc pease of customers. It is the new arts which have sprung up in the manufactur ing district.:, and constituting the manufacturing system, which, providing employment and wages for a vast po pulation, have caused the prosperity of the landowners, and have swollen rent tenfold. They have been the cause of that great extension of cultivation since the peace which fools have ascribed to a wicked and cruel law, and which they have most ignorantly attempted to check by destroying the farmers' customers. It is impossible fur any person to ascertain the number of beings whom these new arts have added to our popu lation, to whom they have given a comfortable sub sistence. s t t in e o ile , e . To them, probably, is due the existence of at least people and half of our present wealth. them, sent there must have been fewer ha half of our tfo present people and greater poverty.. Not only as they have come into existence have they stimulated agriculture, but suc cessive i n ventions and successive applications of capita y l to machinery have staved ofl; from day to da, and year to year, that dreadful pressure of population on subsist ence to which some philosophers have ascribed all the evils, miseries, and crimes of society. Had they not been called into existence, draining off the surplus hands which improvements f i n agriculture, and economy of labour in the rural districts, threw out of employment, without there finding them other occupation, our popula tion would have been degraded below the level of the Hindoos or the Chinese. They would have eaten one another. Our circumscribed island, wanting the manu facturing system, and wanting the commerce connected with it, would have been like a ship at sea, destitute of provisions, - and hunger wo u ld have reduced our now moral and benevolent-minded people, to the terrible con ' 44 9 a of distress, 4 3gradation, and criminality, which THE SUN; `LONDON, MONDAY, AUGUST 23, 1841. we know, from the late case of the crew of the William Brown, to be so full of horror. I must now call your attention to two circumstances . connected with this rise of new art:, and new commu nities, and with the changes which take place in occu pations, , which seem to me full of instruction. I have adverted to the immense benefits those new arts have conferred on the empire, but I have now to notice that the Legislature neither cherish them nor provide for the government of these new communities. it cannot indeed cherish them, for it knows nothing of them, and they grow into existence and into power before it be comes alarmed at their greatness, and seeks only to repress or to tax them. Till the Municipal Act was passed by the Whigs, Manchester was without any means of providing for the commonest, public wants, ex cept some private Acts of Parliament obtained from the Tory Legislature at a great expense. Great, and even wonderful, as has been the prosperity of our manufacturing towns, surpassing even that of towns in the United States, it has owed nothing whatever to the care of the lawgiver. On the. contrary its enactments have im peded its growth, and on the pretence of protecting agriculture have deprived it of customers. The change of occupations noticed, does continually subject some individuals to hardship and loss. Railroads have injured innkeepers and post-masters, as power looms have lowered . the wages of hand-loom weavers. These changes are still in progress, power-mule s are coming into use which dispense altogether with spin-: nners. Several other inventions are in progress which will dispense with the labour of the present race of skilled smiths, and compel thenito learn new trades. The immense benefits of the new inventionswhich are now com ing forward, may be infered from the benefit of the older inventions I have referred to, and a Legislature aware of these circumstances ought, I think, to prevent, if it can, the general beneficial change from being injurious to individuals. It is chary of some classes. and will not allow their incomes, by such a change of circumstances, to belessened, and interfering for their protection, it is bound in justice also to interfere for the protection of the hand-loom weaver, the spinner, and the postmasters. Either it must give up, to be consistent, protecting the landlords, and bestowing compensation on every office holder whose labours are no longer of use, or it must extend its protection to the classes whom successive general improvements subject to poverty and distress. As it would shrink from the latter as too gigantic an undertaking, there is ,no alternative but to abolish the system of protection; and as it cannot regulate the whole vast system of the production and distribution of wealth, it should cease its attempts to regulate any part of it. I shall only further observe, that it is impossible to enter any of the large factories here, and see the facili— ties for prOduction which arise out of an extensive de mand, without 13,ing at once convinced that it is essential to success. An engineer could not erect costly lathes and planes had he only one or two screws to cut, or one or two engine valves to make smooth and true. The use of costly machinery implies much to do. Both the cheapness and the goodness, therefore, of amanufacture, be it what it may, depends on the extent of the demand. In proportion as that increases, the manufacture approaches perfection. To arrest the progress of a manufacture or an art by in judicious legislation, is not only to put a stop to the in crease of wealth ; it bars out invention—it checks im provement is skill, and it prevents that perfection in work which is at once equally useful and delightful to contemplate. Such, however, is the effect of all laws which impede the growth of the manufacturing system. They prevent commodities from being made at a cheap rate, and they prevent them being made well. The length of this letter compels me now to stop, but I hope in another communication to point out some of the causes why the manufacturing system has been un justly and ignorantly decried. .I am, Sir, your obedient servant, AN OLD TRAVELLER. NAVAL INTELLIGENCE. (From the Hampshire Telegraph.) PORTSMOUTH, AUG. 2 I.—Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Adam hoisted his flag yesterday on board the Pique, 36, and sails direct for his command in the West Indies. The Dido, 18, arrived on Monday from the Mediter aanean, and sailed on Wednesday to the eastward, to be paid oft: The Samarang, 28, Captain S. Scott, arrived on Tues day from China, and came into harbour on Thursday, to be paid off. Her Majesty's steam-vessel Avon, Lieutenant Com mander R. D. Pritchard, arrived at Gibraltar on the sth of August, with despatches for Captain M. F. F. Berkeley, of her Majesty's ship Thunderer ; but found that that officer had left his ship and proceeded to Eng land in the Peninsular steamer Braganza. The Avon, after towing her Majesty's frigate Vernon out of Gib raltar Bay on the Bth August, returned to Portsmouth on Tuesday last, having touched at Lisbon, which port she left on the 10th, and Vigo on the 13th instant. The Lizard, steam-vessel, Lieut. Estcourt, with an American frigate and corvette, remained at Gibraltar ; the orien tal steamer Great Liverpool arrived and sailed again for Malta and Alexandria on the Bth August ; the Jasseur, 16, was cruizity , between Malaga and Car thagena ; the Savage, 10, had gone to Madeira ; the Espoir, 10, was at Lisbon ; and the Montrose, Peninsu lar steamer, arrived at, Vigo on the 13th, and sailed again immediately for Lisbon, Tagus, and Gibraltar. The Avon spoke the English brig Caledonia, of Arbroath, from London to Rio Janeiro ; Lively, of London, from Liverpool to Pernambuco, and Racehorse, of London, from London to Trieste, in the Bay of Biscay, all well. The Avon brings home passengers—Captain Paget and Mrs. Steven, from Gibraltar. A private of the 7th Ho) al Fusiliers was hung at Gibraltar, for the murder of a woman in a fit of jealousy. The Dublin, 50, Captain Tucker, went out of har: bour on Wednesday, and proceeded yesterday to Ply mouth, to receive the flag of Rear-Admiral Thomas. This ship was only commissioned on the 11th May ; and has been fitted out and completely manned in a much shorter time than any ship we remember for her size. The Scout, Commander Larcom, has left Gillingham for Spithead. The Alban, steamer, left yesterday, with the depot companies of the 35th Regiment, for Cork. Fair Rosamond, schooner, arrived at Halifax on the 20th ult. in 30 days from Portsmouth.—The Hydra steamer arrived -at Barbadoes on the Bth July.—The Cleopatra, 28, arrived at St. John's, Newfoundland, on the 22d ult.—The Victor, Commander Dawson, was at Jamaica on the 2d of July. The following ships have this week been commis sioned:—the Warspite, 50, by Captain Lord John hay; and the Madagascar, 44, by Captain John Foote, at this port; the Malabar, 72, by Captain G. R. Sartorius; and the Cambrian, a new 36, by Captain Chads, at Plymouth; the Isis, 44, by Captain Sir James Marshall; and the Aigle, 24, by Captain Lord Clarence Paget, at Chatham. The Hastings, 72, Captain Lawrence, C. 8., sailed on Sunday from Plymouth for Malta. The Melville, 72, Captain the Hon. R. S. Dundas, was paid off to-day. The Hercules, 78, at Chatham, is ordered for commis sion. The Spartan frigate, 26 guns, was launched at Plymouth on Monday, and is to be forthwith com missioned. The Harlequin, 18, is ordered to be commissioned. The Heroine, 10, was launched at Wool wich on Monday. The Driver, steamer, is to be armed with three hollow shot guns, one of them a-midships, which is intended to travel fore-and-aft, and to be used as a broadside gun. The Princess Charlotte was taken out of, and the Bel lerophon into, dock on Thursday. PROMOTIONS AND APPOINTMENTS. PROMOTIONS.—Mates—E. M. Rogge (1829), and Da vid Buchanan, (Lightning), to the rank of Lieutenant. APPOINTMENTS.—Captains — Lord John Hay, to the Warspite ; G. H. Sartorius, to the Malabar ; John Foote, to the Madagascar (vice Bowyer) ; IL D. j Chads, to the Cambrian ' • R. A. Yates, to the Pique ; Sir Joint Marshall, C. 8., K.C.H., to the Isis ; Lord Clarence, Paget, to the Aigle. Commanders—Phillott, to the Impregnable, vice Forbes, to the Illustrious. Lieutenants—W. ti. Bridge, from the Excellent, to the Southampton ; Walter Reid and W. Austin, to the Madagascar ; Edwin W. Sanders, to the Excellent ; George Beaufoy, to command the Speedy ; W. Houston, to be Flag Lieutenant to Sir C. Adam ; J. B. Dickson and J. A. Gordon, to the Warspite ; R. Ellis, Electra ; J. M. Boxer, to Caledonia ; Winthrop (additional). to the Illustrious ; 11. G. Morris and E. B. Nott, vice Hodgkinson, to Siren ; E. S. Smith, to the Madagascar. Pursers—W. Lawes, to the Packet Establishment at Liverpool ; Wilson, from the Packet Establishment at Weymouth, to the Isis ; Hobbs (additional Clerk of the Queen). to be Purser of the Harlequin ; Mr. J. Jacobs, to Warspite. Mates—E. A. T. Lloyd, to the Madagascar ; L. U. Hammer, E. Inglefield, and 0. Borland, to the Illus- trious. Midshipmen—C. Rowley, to the Madagascar ; F. Warren and H. Grant, to the Illustrious. Volunteer Ist Class—W. R. Hepburn and J. Elliot, to Illustrious ; J. Ward, and Newport, to Warspite ; Huxhain to Madagascar. Assistant-Surgeon—Dr. M. Burton, to the Queen. Acting-Master—A. L. Vanzetti, to the Warspite. Naval Instructor--T. Eastman, to the Dublin. Clerks—W. Donald, in charge of Jamaica Yard ; W. H. Wiseman, in charge of Stores at Valparaiso ; J. M. Jefferson, to Impregnable. COAST GUARD—Lieutenants Charles Goullett, (1814), and William [lay, (1830), to be Chief Officers. ROYAL MARINES.—Lieut. Rocker, to be Quarter- Master, at Plymouth. The Vernon, Captain Gimlet, bound to the East Indies, put in at Portsmouth on Monday, having come in dreadful collision, in the Channel, with the Norway barlue Olsen, Captain Mattieson, from Christian-sand to Nantes. The unfortunate accident happened between nine and ten o'clock on Sunday night last, and from the accounts received from the crews of both vessels, it ap pears to have been caused entirely from not steering the course properly defined in the navigation rules laid down by the authorities of the Trinity House. The Vernon, which is one of the first-class ships, left. the river Thames in the latter part of last week, having a valuable cargo on board, as well as several passengers. The Olsen was a large three-masted vessel, having no cargo, with a crew of fourteen individuals, besides the master, Cap tain Mattieson. At the time befor e -mentioned both vessels were nearing the South Foreland, under a press of sail, with a strong breeze from S.S.W., the Ver non bearing her course down Channel, and the other in the opposite direction. Whether there was a proper look-out or not on board the vessels is not yet correctly ascertained, but it is asserted by the crew of the Vernon that the Olsen was not observed until she was within half-a-dozen cables' length. They instantly attempted to put the ship "about," and hailed the Olsen, but the crew being foreigners, could not understand. They, however, perceiving. danger, used every effort to prevent coming into collision, but without effect. The concussion was tremendous. The Olsen bein,g the light est vessel received the most injury. The Vernon run ning completely into her bows down to the waters' edge, carrying away her own cutwater, besides causing other - extensive damage. - On the vessels being ,di:sengaged, it was discovered that the Olsen was sinking.—Fortu nately Captain _Jattieson .and his crew got on board the Vernon immediately, and in a few minutes'after• wards the Olsen went down head foremost, in deep water. - The Vernon being in a very dangerous state. Captain Gimlet lost no time in making for this port, which he reached early on the following miming, and landed the crew of the Olsen and his own passengers. In the course of Monday several vessels proceeded to the South Foreland, for the purpose of ascertaining whether there was any chance of raising the ship, but it it is feared to be totally impracticable, in consequence of her lying on her beam ends, and in vety deep water. The vessel is stated to be insured, and her kiss is supposed to be . 2,0001. OPERATIONS AGAINST THE WRECK OF THE ROYAL GEORGE —PROPOSED EXPLOSION.—During the three weeks that have ; elapsed since our last„ notice` of these operations, the removal of the wreck has been going on steadily and successfully, under the active superintend ence of Lieut. Hutchinson. More timber was got up on the 2d inst. than on any former day of the present .season. and this morning a brass 24-pounder was fished up by Corporal Harris, being the fifth gun this season. On the 16th inst., a charge of 1601b5., placed by Corporal Harris, was fired against a small bank of mud, full of staves of casks,, ,&c., which it demolished ; and - on descending again, the corporal slung a number of large fragments, laid hare by the explosion. The charge was fired by a young lady, daughter of a General Officer who was present ; and the explosion was witnessed by the French General Vicomte De Henin, who was in Sir Edward Codrington's yacht at the time with his family. A very great improvement in the mode of get ting up the timbers of the wreck (suggested by private J. Skelton, one-ottle_military divers, who is also a good mechanic), has been in full operation this season. Every diver is provided with an iron pricker, with which he feels for large timbers buried under the mud ; on discovering any of which he introduces an iron dog below it, with an eye at' top, to which a strong rope is attached, and worked by the men at the crab or capstan of the lump from which he descended. Thus the floor timber, or whatever it may be, is raised above the sur face of the mud ; after which the diver, who stands by watching this process, interchanging signals with the men above, attaches chain slings to it, by which it is finally raised. Without this ingenious though simple ex pedient, not above one•half of the masses of wreck re moved this year could have been got up. On Wednes day next, the 25th inst., another charge of 6501b5. will be fired at three o'clock, which will probably be the last of that magnitude this season, though smaller charges will be fired from time to time, whOvet the state of the bottom - may render it necessary. RELATIVE PROPORTIONS 01.' THE NAVAL POWER OF GREAT BRITAIN AND THE ,UNITED STATES. (From the New York Morning Herald, Aug. 7.) .• An article has been going the rounds of the papers on the above subject, which is extremely incorrect, and calculated to lull the people of this country into a false security as to the real strength of the navies of the two countries. And on this account, and for the purpose of exhibiting a correct statement of the amount of ships and men belonging to each Government, we have, at some trouble, compiled the following from what we be lieve to be the best and most authentic sources : ENGLISH. Ships of the Line lO4 Frigates B 6l Cruizers Steamers 5ll AMERICAN. Ships of the Line ll Frigates 'Sloops Brigs 4 Schooners 9 Steamers 4 Store-ship Total 441 IN ACTUAL COMMISSION. Total 66 ILIN ACTUAL COMMISSION. ,Ships of the line *4 'Frigates Sloops l3 Brigs Schooners • 8 Steamers 2 Store-ship 1 Ships of the line 291 Frigates 29 Sloops 35 Steamers 46 Smaller ressels Total 239 Manned by seamen 21,000 Marines 9,000 Boys 4,000 Total 36 Manned by (men and boys) 9,125 Total 34,0001 * Three being receiving ships which never quit their moorings. - Some of the above ships are unseaworthy, and many of the others require extensive repairs. Under these circumstances, we think it high time that something was done towards permanently strengthening and increasing our navy. ON THE ARMAMENTS IN THE FRENCH NAVAL ARSENALS OF TOULON AND BREST. The time occupied in the armament of a fleet varies ac cording to whether the vessels are fitted out at Toulon or at Brest; the latter port is generally the most expe ditious, but the armaments at the former are more in accordance with the progress of the navy. Brest possesses better stored magazines ; the workmen who are under better subjection, and are more laborious, are there under a most constant and unremitting sur veillance in their superiors; and we may add that Brest possesses, in the way of boats and lighters, means of progress, deplorably deficient at Toulon. It will, there fore, be a point Of the highest necessity for the French .executive to give to Toulon all the facilities which are enjoyed.by . Brest. There is, on Or other hand, a.great difference in the manner of fitting out vessels in the two ports. Vessels who come to Toulon from other ports recommence their fitting out, which, although not, per haps, absolutely a matter of necessity, is caused by the captains of the ships feeling a kind of jealousy at find ing other ships- in the Mediterranean which have been fitted out at Toulon in [setter trim than themselves, and therefore, on arriving there from Brest, or other port, apply to have those modifications made which are pecu liar to that port. This is the circumstance ‘‘hich should be altered, and a uniform manner of fitting out adopted in all the yards, whereby considerable delay and expense may be saved. if the armaments at Toulon arc more complete than elsewhere, they are, on the other hand, much less expe ditious. And the reason of this may be thus stated : The workman in the arsenal is very intelligent, and does his work well, but he gets on very slowly, because he is not properly looked after. The engineer, who superintends the fitting out of a vessel, is at the same time occupied in looking after several other vessels in the port or in the roads ; he is compelled to be present at the daily conference s , and to be present at his office to sign different billets wlich require his vise. He is therefore prevented from giving more than an hour a day to the surveillance of the different fittings out in the course of progress, and hence arises the delay complained of. The officers of the ships, having no control over the work men, are obliged to stand passive spectators of this waste of time ; even in 1840, when the imminence of war was so apparent, and the loss of time might have been of such immense consequence, this was' the case. These are evils which require immediate and prompt remedy, and it can only be obtained by an increase of the number of persons charged with the surveillance of the workmen, and a mo dification in the tariff, whereby the workman would re ceive a price better proportioned to his work. ROCIIDALE.--A FATAL ACCIDENT. On Thursday morning, a deplorable accident occurred in this town. Some parties have recently commenced re pairing their old mills, known as Town Head Mills, in tending to put machinery into part of them. There are two mills, the small one built about twenty years ago, the large one built up to the old one about ten years ago. The gable end wall of the old mill forms the end of the large or new one so far as it goes in height, but for two or three stories at the top the end of the new mill stands upon the end of the old one. It appears that the steam engine belonging to the old mill was placed up to the end wall inside the mill, and it was in removing the large stones which formed the foundation of the engine that the accident occurred. It was found necessary to undermine the end wall which formed the partition be tween the two mills, and this was clone without taking the needful precaution of supporting the immense pres- • sure which must necessarily exist in a wall six stories high. About eleven o'clock on Thursday morning the whole of this wall came down with a tremendous crash, bringing with it as much of the roof and floors as were resting upon it. At the time happily but three men were near, one of whom escaped with but little injury, the second was severely bruised, and was extricated with difficulty,' but the third was entirely buried in the ruins, and it was not till after a search of more than two hours that he was discovered. He was quite dead, although externally he did not spear to be much bruised. The name of the sufferer, we are informed, is Pratt, and he was employed in the capacity of overlooker on the pre mises, and has been residing in the neighbourhood of Ashton or Staleybridge. It is said that a respectable builder, having seen the work going on the day before, expressed his belief that the wall would come down un less great care was taken to support it.—Manchester Times. The English Opera House has been engaged by an association of literary aspirants to dramatic fame, as a rallying point for neglected genius, and a stage for the representation of unacted dramas ; and with a view to redress the grievances of dramatists and to break up the monopoly of the patent theatres. The " Dramatic Au thors' Theatre," as it is styled, is managed by a. " Coun cil," who, in the bills announcing their first performance to take place on Thursday, appeal to the public f u r sup port, and claim indulgence fur the " irregular form" in which they are compelled by law to present " a high tra gic composition." The tragic burletta alluded to, is a version, by Mr. George Stephens, of his " magn ificent draui of dramatic oeniThe Hungaz ion Daught er , un d er t h e title'ilartinuzzi, " which is to be produced with songs and music, " according to Act of Parliament." The bill is garnished with laudatory extracts from newspapers and periodicals, which will rise up in j u d gment aga i ns t ' :may unfavourable opinions from the same quarters, as to the merits the drama in its new shape. The trage dians are Messrs. Elton, Phelps, and Selby, Mesdames Warner, Maywood, and Fortescue the vocalists Miss Collett and Mr. Morley ; and the talents of the per formers are such as to excite no apprehensions of failure, in so far as the acting is concerned ; the play is to be followed by a f a rce, entitled The Cloak and Bonnet, from the pen of Captain Alrtrr v at. The novelty of the expe riment will doubtless attract a good audience, and we cordially wish it success. Though we are not very san guine as to the efficacy of the scheme in regenerating the English drama, or elevating the character of the stage ; still, as advocates of free trade, in theatrical business as well as in we shall be glad if it leads to the placing of the theatres on a fairer and more equal foot ing, by doing away with exclusive privileges, alike inju rious to all parties concerned. The performances will commence on Thursday.—Athenatn. COURT CIRCULAR. WINDSOR, SUNDAY.—Her Majesty and Prince Albert attended Divine Service at St. George's Chapel Ro:i: } 1 this morning. The Rev. Mr. C. W. Knyvett cbauntea the first part, and the Hon. and Very Rev. the Dean anti the Hon. and Rev. Mr. R. B. Stopford took the duty at the Communion ; the latter Rev. Gentleman (being the Canonin residence) preached a most eloquent and. ini pressive discourse from the 28th and 29th verses of the 2d chapter of St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans, " He is not a Jew, which is one outwardly, neither is that cir cumcision which is outward in the flesh. But he is a Jew which is one inwardly, and circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit, and not in the letter, whose praise is not of men, but of God." The musical part of the service was—Te Deum and Jubelats in A (Elvey). The Anthem, a new one of Mendlessohn (from Broad ley's version of the 13th Psalm), by especial command of her Majesty. One of the choristers . (Master Foster) sang the solos very nicely. Dr. Elvey presided at the organ. This composition is extremely beautiful of its sort, but so very d►tferent from the splendid music peculiar to our Church, that it appeared out of its sphere, being very unlike the fine old and beautiful compositions for the Church of our own countrymen. Her Majesty and the Prince were attended by the Duchess of Bedford, Lady C. S. Cocks, Baroness Lehzen, Lord A. Paget, Colonel Wylde, Hon. James Howard, nearly the whole of the illustrious visitors, the Hon. C. A. Murray, and his brother, the Earl of Dunmore, &c. The Queen and Prince Albert walked out as usual, and the Princess Royal has been taken out twice. Admiral Sir Robert Stopford arrived on a visit to her Majesty. The Earl of Mint() accompanied the gallant Admiral to Windsor, and left again after a short stay at the Castle. Sir Robert Stopford attended divine service with his brother the Hon. and Rev. Mr. Stopford this afternoon. Lord A. Paget arrived last evening, and has relieved Colonel Buckley as the Equerry in waiting on the Queen. The Lord Chancellor, Marquis of Normanby, Earl of Clarendon, Mr. Vernon Smith, Mr. C. Greville, and Colonel Buckley, took their departure this morning. This afternoon her Majesty, Prince Albert, and most of the royal suite, and visitors promenaded on the Ter race of the Castle for some time. Both military bands were present, and performed within the parterre. The Queen held a Privy Council at two o'clock on Saturday afternoon at Windsor Castle. It was at tended by his Royal Highness Prince Albert, the L►rd President, the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Privy Seal, the First Lord of the Treasury, the Secretaries of State for the HOrtie,..nifeign, and Colonial Departments, The Master of the Horse, and the Lord Chamberlain. Some Colonial business, and also some Church busi ness, were submitted to her Majesty in Council, add were approved of. Her Majesty's Speech on opening the Sessions of Par liament on Tuesday next, the 21st instant, was arranged and agreed upon. Mr. C. C. iireville was the Clerk of the Council in Waiting. Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, and the Princess Augusta of Cambridge, and her Royal Highness the Duchess of Gloucester, vi sited her Majesty the Queen DoWager on Saturday at her residence, Bushy House, Bushy Park. His Serene Highness Prince Ernest of Hesse Philipps that, attended by Baron Erffa, honoured the perform ance of the Italian Opera with his presence on Saturday evening, and afterwards left town for Bushy House, Bushy Park, the residence of her Majesty the Queen Dowager. • The Lord Chancellor of Ireland, accompanied by Lady Strathedcn, and the Hon. Miss Campbell, arrived in town on 'Saturday from Dublin._ Lord and Lady John RUssell left town on Saturday morning on a visit to her Majesty at Windsor Castle Lord Adolphus Fitzelarence left town on Saturday for Plymouth. • The Marquises of Lansdowne and Normanby left town on Saturday morning for Windsor Castle, to attend the Pricy Council. LITERATURE, POPE'S POETICAL WORKS. Smith, London, 1841. Mr. Smith deserves high praise for the spirited manner in which he is carrying on his " Standard Library," of which the present edition of Pope's Poems—comprised in one five shilling Number —is a favourable specimen. Nothing can be completer or more elegant than this edition, which we doubt not, will very speedly achieve an extensive circulation. Few writers, indeed, are more likely to repay the expense of re-pub lication, no matter in what form, than Pope, for be was a poet essentially English in the quality of his intellect, sound, manly sense being the source and mainstay of his strength, the primary feature of his genius. His " Essay on Man" abounds—to say nothing of its incomparable grace of diction—in thoughts, sentiments, and opinions which find an echo in the breast of every intelligent reader; and even in his " Dunciad," clumsy as its design, and course and intemperate as is its execution, there are seve ral lofty poetic flights, which will surprise those who have allowed themselves to be influenced by the absurd clamour that he had little or no imagination. There are few things, even in Mil ton—certainly none in Dryden—more stately or more pregnant with-thoughtr-than the closing. passage of this singular and wayward satire. Of his Epistles, it is enough to say that they are the tersest and wittiest specimens of the satirical we have in the language ; and that of all their numerous imitators none have approached them in force and neatness of touch. A single couplet of Pope often contains more wisdom than is to be found in whole pages of our professed mo ralists; and this is not thrown out ostentatiously or oracularly, but as if• it dropped from the writer by sheer accident. As Johnson, and after him, Byron, justly observed, " a thousand years may roil away before we have such another poet as Pope." HER MAJESTY'S THEATRE. This house closed on Saturday night, only two days after two other great Houses opened, and we must give the manager the credit of having performed his part infinitely better than Lord Melbourne. He brought forward good performers who pleased the public, he in troduced great variety, and for the last session at least, has taken care that there should be no divisions. His principal members he has kept in excellent order; there have been no secessions, no rebellion from the Royal and noble occupiers of the oinnibns, and everything has gone on as well as the most enthusiastic Conservative could wish. The performances on Saturday were announced as for the benefit of Rubini, and consisted of the second act of Sonnambula, the second act of Marino Faller°, and the last acts of Lucia di Lammermoor and Le Diable Amournux. We need hardly say that, at parting with their best friends, the performers did their best, and r were enthusiastically applauded. The house did not close till nearly an hour afte twelve, and while the Members of the Legislature con sitter it a sin to allow a tradesman to finish his glas o after that hour on Saturday, they consider it no sin t see Madame Cerito dance in short petticoats, up to nearly one o'clock. " God save the Queen" was sung before the profanation of the Sabbath commenced. MR. LINTON'S OIL STUDIES. Mr. Linton, so well-known for his taste and skill as a painter, has just brought out a great variety of views re presenting the splendid scenery of Greece, Italy, and Calabria. He has spent lately about fifteen months in these countries, has painted the most remarkable scenes in each, and formed altogether, perhaps, the most com plete and accurate delineations of the mountains, rivers, valleys, .and towns of those classical regions. We have not space to enumerate one-half of them, as they pro bably are not fewer than three hundred in number, but we can safely say, from what we have seen of part of the scenery, that they form most interesting and faithful representations of countries so admired and revered by every scholar acquainted with the language of Greece and Rome. The panoramic view of the plain and town of Sorrento, and the bay of Naples, is an admirable like ness. So is the Mola di Gaeta, the view of Palermo, the great vale of Megalopolis, Corinth, Syra, and the ravine and plain of Sparta. . To a classical icholar, they inust afford the • highest interest, as he can in a short hour have a view of almost every pass and mountain and valley, alluded to or described by the poets and his torians of antiquity. The exhibition is to be seen at the New Water Colour Society's Gallery in Pall Mall, but we believe admission can be obtained only by a ticket from the artist, and we are not aware that there is any intention of exhibiting the collection to the public. A tailor, in High-street , Deptford, has placed in his shop window a long list of names of persons owing him money, together with the various sums, from a pound to fifty-f our shillings odd, amounting to about 7001., with a notice, that persons who have died or failed in business are not included. Crowds of persons gather reemd the window to see the list of creditors thus set forth. HART -STREET SCHOOLS. —Friday evening the examination of the boys of those schools took place at the institution, Hart-street, before the Rev. G. 11. Bower, Rector of St. Paul's, Covent-garden, and a large number of its supporters. The answering and general appear. a n t e of the boys elicited general admiration. It ap peared, from the staterrent of the Rev. President, that there were 370 boys in the school, - and that the institu tion was upwards of 100/. in debt, incurred by the recent enlargement of the schools,, for the admission of 420 children. The Rev. Mr. Bower made a strong and feel ing appeal on behalf of the funds of the charity. It is known to our readers that Lord Walde grave and Captain Duff have been sentenced to impri sonment in the Queen's Bench prison for a violent outrage - m a policeman. A few days since a statement appeared in a Morning Co temporary, embodying affidavits in tended to prove thak, Captain Duff had no active pars in the cruel outrage ; and upon such representations a me morial to her Majesty, praying a remission of sentence, was founded. We understand that the prayer of the memorial has not been granted, the Secretary of State for the Home Department having, upon a full considera tion of all the circumstances, declined to interfere with the sentence of the Court.—Observer. THE REGISTRATION.--It should not he for gotten that Wednesday next, Aug. 25 t will be the last day for leaving with the overseers ob j ecti o ns to county electors. The Tories bestow much atte - . - . don on those matters ; and the friends Reform should not suffer themselves to bq surpassed by their political adversaries. FLANDERS AND DUTCH MAIL. BR CSSELS,-AUG. 19.—Eleveli large chests,- containing archives of the country, have just arrived at Brussels from Holland. The Government has had them conveyed to the repository of the public archives, Palace of Justice, 'where they will be opened in the presence of Commis sioners appointed fur the purpose. The average prices in the regulating markets in the second week in August show a decline of 42 centimes per hectolitre in the price of wheat, 'and of 52 centimes in that of rye. ANTWERP, AUGUST 18.—It is said that the Depart menvofTublic Works has obtained from that of War the site of the building composing the arsenal at Mons, for the terminus of the iron railway in the city of Mons. The immense quantities of military stores in that arsenal are to be sent to Antwerp. To effect this, plans have been laid before the Government for the creation of two magazines 120 yards long and 20 broad, near the old arsenal. This morning 147 young pigeons were embarked on hoard the Belgian steamer Princess Victoria, for Lon don, where they are-to be let loose on Sunday next. BRUSSELS, AUG. 20.—Last year there were in Bel gium fifteen persons above 100 years of age, of whom nine were women One of these, Maria Theresa Mayer, of Antwerp, .is 104 years old ; two others, Marie-Ann Stafsin and Catherine Abranth, of Luxemburg, who are above 105 years old. ANTWERP, AUG. 21.—We have a letter from Bow lers of the 15th August, which says :—" The fine wea ther which we have had for some days has enabled the farmer to get in the whole of .the - crops of rye and two thirds of those of wheat in the neighbourhood ; they promise to yield abundantly, and it may be hoped that corn will be at a reasonable price this winter."—Journal du Commerce d' Anvers, Aug. 21. BERLIN, AUGUST 11.—The unpleasant wet autumn like weather that we too have had for some time past has changed for the better during the last two days, and we hope that it will remain so, that our farmers may not entirely lose the fruits of their labour. It is worthy of notice, that this year appears an exact counterpart of 1816, at which time, while in the whole of central Eu rope the weather was cold and wet, and• the harvest in different, in Southern Russia the heat was uncommonly great, and the crops of corn so abundant, that from that year we may date the origin of the corn trade, and in general, of the prosperity of Odessa. We have received from that town precisely similar accounts of the summer of this year, and thus we have a confirmation of our statement made by several observers of natural . pheno mena, especially by our Professor Dove, in an interest ing Essay on Meteorological Phenomena, communicated to the Academy, that in every year an equal_ (1111011111, of warmth is diffused over the earth, that it' in some partS it is colder than usual, there is, at the same time, in other parts, a degree of temperature above the average ; and, lastly, if there were a free trade over the whole world, a scarcity of corn could not happen, because a bad harvest in one country would certainly be fully compensated by a good one in another. THE VAGUE, AUGUST 21.—The Staats Courant pub. lishes a resolution of his Majesty, dated 31st July, this year, containing regulations respecting steam-boats. No body is to establish steam-boats in the sea-ports, or in the rivers and canals, for the regular conveyance of pas sengers or goods between two places in the kingdom, or between a port of the Netherlands and a foreign port, or for the purpose of towing vessels between certain places, without obtaining a license, which is to be given in the King's name by the Minister of Finance, after consult ing the Estates of the provinces interested in the matter. DUTCH FUNDS.—AsisTexuam, Ace. 22 Moue,. bills. Actual Mbt, ‘,2% per Cent .....«.».« 51 :2 jittn, ditto 5 per cent. ........ 104%, 101 Amon t Syndic, 4ki per ..... 91% 14% Ditto, ditto, 3 per 757e Commercial Company, 4i„, per cent 155% 1563( Ditto (1835 and 18:37) 5 per cent. Loan 18:17, 5 per cent. Exchange on London, One month ..... C 7% Two months 11 9734 ilamburgh, One month 35 21% Two months 35 56 Dutch Papers, Aug. 21. aElLtil AN *UND6-15auseacr, Ave. I:O. Actual Debt, 5% per Cent. Rothschild's Lean, 5 per Cent lO l l4 Loan of Thirty Millions, 4 per 93 3 per Thirtyaeven —(1340) lOl% Loan of City, 1.32, 4 per Cent. ........ 91 Society or Commerce, 44 per Cent 93% Bank of Belgium, 5 per 74 National Society . ........ Exchange on London (short) ........... 11 95 ...Brussels Papers. Aug. 20. SCULLERS: WAGER. On Saturday there was a contest for a very handsome silver cup, given by Mr. Layton, the bow-oar of the Leander Club, to be rowed by amateur scullers, over the usual acquatic course from Westminster-bridge to Put ney. We believe there were as many as nine at first en tered for this but the number was gradually reduced to five. At about a quarter to six Mr. Jenkins, Mr. Ken nedy, Mr. Creed, Mr. Wallace, and Mr. Julius, took their places fir the start. All the boats were covered in with linen, as the wind blew heavily from the west. They all started well together, and held it prettily for a few yards, when Mr. Jenkins shot out ahead, closely followed by Mr. Kennedy, Mr. Julius, and Mr. Wallace, all abreast. The wager boats were so tossed about 'by the wind that they could not preserve their course ; and just below the mill at Battersea Mr. Julius' boat went down by the head, and that gentleman swam ashore. Immediately after this, and just above the Red House, Mr. Wallace's boat filled, and he just succeeded in rowing her to the shore, as she showed symptoms of leaving him. Mr. Jenkins and Mr. Kennedy, shipped a considerable quantity of water, but continued on, and Mr. Jenkins arrived first at Putney-bridge by some dis tance. Mr. Julius came up afterwards, having regained - hiS boat, add being nothing daunted by the mishitii. STATE OF THE WEATHER AND CHOPS. (FROM TUE LATEST PAPERS.) The weather during the present week has been most propitious ; and the harvest is consequently proceeding rapidly. A fortnight or three .weeks , of such operations would go a long way towards the completion of the labours of the husbandmrn. Should we be blessed with a continuance of the warm and sunny weather, it will yet have a wonderful effect in improving the crops ; but we regret to learn that under the most favourable cir cumstances both the quantity and quality,ot the grain will be to a considerable extent deficient. —Dover Chronicle. The weather on Saturday and Sunday last was very rainy, and Monday was also showery, but since then it has been remarkably fine, and has been productive of the most beneficial effect upon the crops. If this favourable weather continue, of which there is at present every prospect, harvest will soon be general in this district, and we are happy to hear more favourable reports of the crops than were lately anticipated.—Newcastle Chronicle. The fine weather of the last few days has produced a great improvement in the appearance of the crops. In several districts in this neighbourhood the harvest has commenced, and both the quality and quantity of the grain are excellent. The same, we learn, is the case in the counties of Derby, Nottingham, and Lincoln; in the latter one, the crops of oats are finer than for many years.—Coventry Herald. Since Sunday last the weather has been uninterrupt edly tine; and should it only continue so for a few days longer, the sickle will be in active and general service (with trilling exceptions) throughout this district. From all we have learned, the wheat is in better condition than, from the heavy falls of rain, was generally anticipated ; the ears are well filled, and the quality of an average description.—Hull Advertiser. LEICESTERSIIIRL—The crops, from all we can learn, are looking extremely well ; the wheats, promising a fair average crop, and barley being heavier than for some years past. A considerable quantity of barley has been cut and carried, and the corn is now progressing with. One or two lots of the Old Laminas wheat are remarkably fine.--Leicestershire Mercury. Last week some wheat was stacked in this neighbour hood, but we fear not in very good condition. How ever, by remaining in the stack till next summer, the kernel may harden and come round. The harvest here is now in full progress, and we hope for a favourable change of the weather after so long a continuance of past week has still wet.—Norfolk Chronicle. IDST v O e N r 7 continued -f —milfahie•oNu'r'eaabtlheertootfhtebbeines, most of which are still reluctant to shoot out of their burrs into hop. Thereuppears to be much inequality, not only in differ ent grounds, but even among the bines in the same grounds. We have seen a branch of hops, some of which were two inches long, Irom the ground of Mr. Matthews, of Far . - leigh, and other grounds may be seen where in several acres it is difficult to find a hop. The mould is on the increase. During the last fortnight, though we bad rain at inter vals, there has, on the whole, on the Yorkshire Wolds, been a number of s p lendid da y s of sun and bristling breezes—weather highly favourable for forwarding the crops.—Hull Advertiser. On Wednesday- last the weather was very fine, but should it continue so, it is not expected that barley this season can recover so as to produce more than two thirds of an average crop. The oat crop looks exceed ingly. fine, and promises abundantly. Potatoes look luxuriant, and a good supp • l y may be expected. Tur nips have been altogether checked, and if we have not mild weather ere long, the consequence must be serious, There will be a scarcity of cider in some places, as there is but a partial crop of apples. The harvest has com menced in many places. There were two bags of new barley shown at Kingsbridge market last Saturday.— ' Exeter Times. _ _ _ A very gratifying change in the weather has been ex perienced d ur i ng th last five days in this county, and the harvesting of barley and wheat is proceeding in the early districts, but in those only. — Shrewsbury Chronicle. Since last Monday "we have had delightful weather, sunny, airy, and warm. The hay is nearly all housed, and the grain-crops are much improved.—Kendal Mer cury. We had this week several days of fine weather, which must have considerably ripened the grain in this neigh bourhood. There is much grain within a short distance of Carlisle which wants merely a week or so of dry sunny weather to render it fit for the sickle.—Carlisle Journal. Fine dry weather has continued during the last week, and the crops in the neighbourhood of Lancaster have , been ripening very fast. —Lancaster Guardian. PROPOSED MOVEMENT OF CORPS. —Fifth foot, from Corfu, to relieve 46th at Gibraltar ; 46th foot, from Gibraltar to West Indies, to relieve 52d ; 52d foot, to Nova Scotia, to relieve 36th regiment ; 77th foot, from Malta, to relieve sth regiment at Corfu; 86th foot, to Cape of Good Hope, to relieve 75th, to return home ; 20th foot and Rifle Brigade, 2d battalion, to Bermuda, to relieve 30th and 76th; 30th a nd 76th foot, to Nova Scotia, to relieve Bth and 37th; 98th foot, to Mauritius, to relieve 87th, to return home ; Bth, 36th, 37 th , 75 th, and 87th foot, to return home ; 99th foot, to New South Wales, to relieve 28th regiment ; 28th foot, to India, to relieve 41st, to return home, MORNING SUN SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS:' FROM THE EVENING FAPERS OF SATORbAT. GLOBE.—We have all along expressed our thorough conviction of the fact that there is a schism in the Con -servative camp, and we have invariably beeninet bz) protestations from the Tory press that the pilfty is in a.. state of the most blissful unity. At length, hOw'defl the ill-suppressed bickerings between the organs that wish to be, the organs that are to be, and the organs that profess to be, have broken forth into open disagree ment, the immediate cause of which is the bold avowal of the Times that it condemns the present Corn-laws, and forbears from writing them down chiefly be cause it believes that to put them down will be one of the first acts of the Conservative Government. Against this doctrine the Post of this morning has pro tested in terms unsually strong : in one portion of its article it actually goes so far as to threaten to respond to the thunder of Printing-house-square with the light ning of its own ridicule ! We are, however, spared the infliction of our Contemporary's liveliness by the neces sity which, he feels, compels him to be " severe ;" and he consequently proceeds to belabour the Times with the cudgels of rebuke, instead of drawing the small sword of wit for the more skilful purpose of pink ing him. In sober eartnestness, there is at the very threshold of power a most serious division in the Conservative ranks. It is now no longer a question of importance to know what Sir Robert Peel in tends ; but the inquiry must be changed into " How mach of his intentions will his party permit him to execute ?" The answer is clear, that he will be able to do nothing. Neither section of politicians will be in duced, with regard to the Corn-laws, to give way ; for while anti-monopoly is immoveable from its firm position on the rock of principle, monopoly is stuck ir re t rieva bly in the shrogli of self-inter e st. If Sir Robert Peel propi tiates the advocates of the former by concessions on the Corn-laws, he cannot count on their support for his ge neral policy ; while, if he endeavours to satisty the de mandants of continued restriction, he will only full into that "mire" which the Post has already spoken of, when alluding 'o the new Parliament. STANDARD.—We have again to offer that most ungracious and unpalateable of all admonitions, to a very numerous body of correspondents —we must inculcate the policy of patience. No day passes in which we do not receive litany letters, generally commencing with "Now that the country is sure of a Conservative Govern ment," or some equivalent phrase, and ending with a proposition, generally excellent in itself, and recom mended by good arguments; but, as Ave must respectfully submit, premature, as all propositions of measures to-be carried by a Conservative Government mist be at present. In" the first place, the country is not sure of a Conservative Government as a matter of course. We have set n the country governed for years by a Ministry without an effectual majority in the House of Commons, and without any majority in the House of Lords ; and how unconstitutional soever such a course may be, after the vote of the 4th June, there is no assur ance that the attempt may not be persevered in. By stra:niny the privilege of Parliament no doubt the Minis ters may be forcibly ejected ; but it must always be a grave question with Conservatives, if they are what they profess to be, whether ultimate!y more mischief will not be done by forcing the in clinations of the Sovereign than can be caused by a temporary submission to them. There can be, and there' is no doubt that our . beloved Queen wishes to govern in the spirit of the Constitution—the most am ple reliance may be . placed upon h e r M a j esty ' s goo d sense and good dispositions ; and in dealing with a Sove reign so intelligent and so well disposed, it may well be thought advisable to resign to time and to her own good sense the office of instructing her. Let the present men, as they have proceeded so far in violation of the Constitution, run the whole length of their tether. The Queen cannot fail to see before long what it is to contieue an Administration disliked by her Parliament. The time for jealousy of the Sovereign's power has unhappily passed by—we say unhappily, because the Sovereign ought to be very powerful, and all power is the object of a just jealousy—the time for a jealousy of the Sovereign's power has unhappily passed by, and there fore, Parliament makes no real sacrifice in submitting to a temporary oblivion of constitutional principles, where the prerogative is concerned ; such a submission, is in the times in which we live an error on the right side. Above all, Conservatives ought not to be extreme in controlling the wishes of the Sovereign. If, therefore, Ministers shall muster courage to retain office iu de fiance of future defeats and condemnations, as they have retained office in defiance of former defeats and condem nations, and if they should prevail upon her Majesty, as they have before prevailed upon her, to sup port them in their unconstitutional course, we can easily imagine the Conservative majority still abstaining from a refusal of the supplies, or any other peremptory pro cess of ejectment—maintaining still the even tenour of their way—defeating ill measures, and introducing good measures as far as it is open to an Opposition to do so— and exercising a vigilant, though not vexatious censor ship upon the Ministerial acts of the Executive. It is by such conduct they have reached their present noble position, and by a perseverance in such conduct they will still more highly exalt it. MONEY MARKET and CITY NEWS. FROM THE MORNING PAPERS OF SATURDAY. POST.—The magnificent weather we still have is most embarrassing to our corn speculators, and, in the event of its continuance, of which there is, happily for the country, every prospect, many of the number cannot fail to be ruined. There are at present no quotations of prices in Mark-lane by which the public can be safely regulated, but we find that a forced sale was made of a parcel of wheat in the course of the morning at a decline of 6s. per quarter, the holder being afraid to wait longer for a change from eloudles skies to drenching rains, with appearances so much against him. A temporary falling of the glass during a portion of the day, for it proved but temporary, was naturally viewed by many with a feeling of reviving hope. With a season so en couraging as the present has become, there is but little occasion to enlarge just now - ort the financial bearings o: the corn cpur,tion. We may, however, refer to a most able letter, with the signature of ‘• Mercator," inserted in this; day's paper, confirmatory of the accuracy of the views we have taken upon it. The British Queen steam-ship having, as we stated while that vtssetwas em.'4er last voyage to and from New York, been sold by the British and North American Steam Company to the Belgian Government, will pro ceed, in the course of about a week , or ten days, from Li verpool to Antwerp. The Belgian Government mean, we understand, to run her three times a year from Ant werp..to New York, and back, the vessel touching at Portsmouth on her outward passage ; but it is 'not ex ' pected, nor indeed intended, that she shall make another voyage across the Atlantic this year. The arrangement originally enthred into between the Company and the Belgian authorities from the transfer from the former to the latter of the President steamer also, cannot, of course, in the circumstances in which the Directors are placed with regard to this unfortunate vessel, be carried into effect ; at all events for a time. CHRONICLE.—Mr. Thornton, Chairman of the Committee of Spanish Bondholders, has received a communication from Lord Palmerston, requesting tint certain documents might be sent to him, referred to by Mr. Thornton in his letter to M. Surra yll of the 7th inst. His Lordship, we un derstand, stated at the same time to Mr. Thornton, that his object in wishing for these documents was to for ward them, along with his above-mentioned letter, by a special messenger to Madrid. The bondholders of foreign states arc all under deep obligations to the Noble Lord at the head of the Foreign Department, for his constant and active exertions in their'behalf. The holders of South American Securities have put their expressions of gratitude on record, and we observe with satisfaction that Mr. Thornton also bears testimony to the great value of his Lordship's advice, assistance, and influence, in behalf of the creditors of Spain. By the arrival of the Great Western steamer from New York, which was known in the City early this afternoon, bringing dates of the 7th inst., we learn that the Stock Market was very heavy, United States having declined to 14. There appears to have been no particular cause assigned for this fall. A few weeks since it is said, however, that Prime, Ward, and King, by large purchases, had run the price up to 22 ; since which, prices have been falling, and the firm iu question have been the large sellers at the board, even on speculation. TIMES.—Much impertinence is vented daily in the City in attempts to support the autenticity of the supposed intelligence from China, to which the only answer that ought to be made at present is by a reference to the state of the tea-market, which is, at any rate, in no better state d" news" w as rece i ve d. Th es e reflect, t for th e i r own sa k es , t h a t tale bearers are ought than s:treab to se.ft)e bad r ast that tale-makers, and that the rage of their dupes, who have suffered by both, may possibly react on the tale-bearers, because they are more acces sible. There is, however, some hope of discoveries in this matter, to which it may be prudent at present not more particularly to allude. COLONEL HILL, 53D REGIMENT, AND THE PLYMOUTH TOWN CoUNciL.—At the last electios for the borough of Plymouth, Sir Henry Blackwood, who is an elector, rather imprudently produced a copy of the Standard newspaper among a crowd of persons, and publicly announced the defeat of Lord John Russell in the City. Sir Henry was immediately set upon by a number of the bystanders, and being in danger of his life, Colonel Hill, and others of the 53d, in undress, rushed to his relief, when an affray took place, and blows were exchanged. The next day the Colonel waited on the Mayor and expressed his regret in the presence of the town-clerk at his having been present during the election. The Colonel's explana tion was c onsidered perfectly satisfactory to the Mayor and the town-clerk. At a meeting of the Plymouth Town-Council on the 18th, a resolution was passed, That the presence of the military during an election is highly improper; and that it be a recommendation to Lord Hill, the Commander-in-Chief, that all officers and soldiers should remain in the barracks during any future election for this borough ;" and " That a copy of this resolution be forwarded to the Horse-Guards." The Council consists of about 18 Conservatives and 30 Whigs. At New Orleans in the week ending on the 25th, there was a death from yellow fever. This fatal ease, though it does not prove that the disease exists as an epidemic, may most likely be regarded as the forerunner of the epidemic.—New York Paper. FOLKSTONE- . --4 gentleman recently visiting at this place was so much unpressed with the dismal dirty Appearance of the houses in - soine of the narrow streets, that he actually whitewashed the houses on one side of South-street at his own expense, just by way of example to the inhabitants.—Kentish Herald. The Governor of Gloucester gaol, it is said,' has received a respite for seven days, for Weyman, convicted of the murder of Mr. Fisher, at Tockington, and it is thought that the sentence of death will be transmuted into banithmont for life. 1 0 ) -7~ . rqtrn. Mrf:. .....2'l - 1, 7. - " ,- ' ' ' . 17 ~ ` 4R ~ .~ N