The Sun. — London, England, 1866-10-05 00:00:00

SOCIAL SCIENCE CONGRESS. MANCHESTER, Oct. 4. The attendance at the Assize courts this mornixtg was exceedingly large. The business was to be opened by an address from Lord Brougham in the civil court, and long before 10 o'clock, the hour ' appointed, the court became very crowded. His lordship did not enter until nearly half an hour after the appointed time. He delivered his address in a tolerably audible voice, but appeared at times to be troubled with its management. His lordship laid great emphasis on certain passages in his speech, and particularly those characterising the -English and French modes of criminal procedure, and the subsequent passage recommending the treadmill as punishment for bribers as well as the bribed at elections. The recommendation itself was received with applause by the audience. His LORDSHIP said—The painful duty once more devolves upon me of opening the address of the Council with a notice of our losses since the last Congress. Of these the latest is also a severe one, in Sir C. Hastings, who, beside his relation to our worthy secretary, was one of our most eminent colleagues. His great position, his distinguished fame in the medical world, and his rare kindness and humanity in the exercise of his profession, are lost in the service he rendered the medical body by founding and conducting the British Medical Asso ciation, which has placed medical and surgical prac titioners in their just position, and given rise to the most important provisions for the extinction of irregular and pernicious practice. But his labours in the investigation of physical science, and his foundation of the Natural History Society of Wor cestershire, showed how little his studies were con fined to the profession of which he was so great an ornament. The world, and social science especially, has sustained a great loss in the death, though at an advanced age, last April, of Lord Glenelg. After an intimate acquaintance of 65 years, I can truly say I never knew a better man, and very few abler. He was a most accomplished scholar, a learned man in all respects, a distinguished orator, a Mi nister whose sound views and most able administra tion were thankfully acknowledged, even by the colleagues whose treatment of him was so unjust, and to themselves so disgraceful. Above all, he was a man of spotless integrity, both in his public and private capacity, of deep and well-considered reli gious opinions and strong religious feelings, but never for an instant sharing the intolerance of others ' towards those with whom he differed most widely, and firmly resisting all the aggressions of bigotry, whether ecclesiastical or political. His public vir tues and the entire unselfishness of his nature were strikingly displayed when dismissed from high office in a manner as inexcusable as was Lord Plunket's and Lord Wellesley's, by being suddenly told that his place was wanted for some other arrangement ; he yet never showed his just resentment by a single vote, or by any remark, but persevered to the last in his honest course, nor ever uttered a word against those colleagues by whom he had been praised, and thanked, and betrayed. He departed from us in extreme old age with all the powers of his mind en tire ; and of him it may be truly said :—" Non vizi bus aut celeritate corporum marina res geruntur, sed consilio, auctoritate, sententia, quibus non mono nou orbari sed etiam augeri senectus solet." We had, the last time I saw him, been discussing a subject that ,had often before occupied our attention, the greater pleasure which arises from a recollection of the past, its persons, and events and scenes, whether gratify ing or not at the time, than in the prospect of the unknown future, and on which I had, many years ago, urged the greatest of our living poets (Crabbe) to turn his matchless descriptive song. It gives me great pleasure to announce the publication of that great orator and lawyer, Lord Plunket's speeches, which we have so long been expecting. His grandson, of the Irish bar, has now, as far as was possible, completed his task of collecting and preparing them for the press, and I am happy to add he attends the Congress. The introduction has been furnished by me as was that to Lord Erskine's speeches. But it must be observed that there is this difference between the two great ornaments of the bar, that Lord Plunket, like M. Berrycr, was greater in the senate than ever in his professional character. To all friends of the law, as well as of social reform, this publication is an event of singular interest, and our obligation to Mr. Plunket is great. The last session has certainly been most unfruitful in measures of law amendment, and, mdccl, has been in all re spects most disappointing to the friends of social science. This was no doubt chiefly owing to the lengthy debates on reform, which led to no measure; and it is to be regretted that attention was not given to the acceptance by the Whigs, at the private meeting in December, 1829, of the prOposed house hold suffrage with a year's residence, which might have been extended to all inhabitants of each house, and occasioned the admission to the suffrage of the better class of working men, as well as the middle classes. The reform debates ended in the dissolution of the Liberal Ministry, whose resignation was wholly unexpected, and must be admitted to have been quite unnecessary. It is, however, manifest that as long as there is no judicial department no thing effectual will ever be undertaken for the great matter of law amendment. What is everybody's business is proverbially nobody's business ; and the heads of the law are quite enough occupied in ad ministering it as at present constituted, beside that they are unfortunately for the most part averse to any change. Many years have now elapsed since our eminent colleague, Mr. Napier, after he had ceased to be Chancellor of Ireland, carried in the House of Commons an address for the establishment of a judi cial department which received a favourable answer from the Crown ; and, if the promises then given had been performed, the institution would, beside many other advantages (among the rest, the affording an efficient council to the Home Secretary in the dis charge of his most delicate and difficult duty of ad vising the Crown on the remission of punishment), h ave assured the undertaking of the needful im provements in our legal system. Our learned and exce ll en t colleague, Sir E. Wilmot, has prep are d a plan for aLaw Amendment Department, the par ticulars of which, it is to be hoped, he will transmit should his judicial duties unfortunately prevent his attendanee at the Congress. The same negative which applies to formation of a judicial department must unhappily be given as to almost all other law amendments. Among others the important subject of reconcilement has been once more passed over, although an admirable plan was suggested, and its details proposed by Mr. Kerr, the able and learned Sheriff's Court Judge, and so framed as to meet the principal objections by providing that in all cases reconcilement should be optional to the parties. The great success of conciliation in other countries, espe cially in Denmark and Danish colonies, renders this repeated postponement truly vexatious. The preven tion of usel ess , andin many instances oppressive, litigaticn has been truly remarkable in those coun tries ; as many as 29,000 out of 30,000 suits com menced were in Denmark thus settled without being brought to trial. The report of the Commission for inquiry into the great subject of capital punishment has been printed, and is most important from the great body of information which it contain: both on this and other countries, and it offered session— for almostsie solitary exception to the blank o f the late for the material recommendati on o f the reportla against public executions has been adopted by Par liament after a somewhat warm opposition in the Upper House. The more this subject is considered, the expediency of the change thus introduced into the execution of the criminal law will be. more fully admitted. The great defects in the law of evidence, so often pointed out, still remain not only without remedy, but without any real defence. The exclu sion of parties in ea:;e3 before the Divorce Court, after the impressive argument of the learned and enlight ened Judge, still continues. Their exclusion in such cases was a provision forced upon me in passing the great act for the examination of parties in all suits, and this was repeatedly stated on my authority by the present Chief Baron, Sir F. Kelly, when a mem ber of the House of Commons. The other decision which he strenuously urged, of the right to a jury of all parties in suits for divorce and legitimation also, was not, perhaps, sanctioned by the same judicial approval, but was most ably maintained by him. Another most important extension of my Evidence Act has met with repeated discussion and postpone ment, notwithstanding the modification adopted of confining it, at least in the first instance, to cases of misdemcunour. It was the main ground of Mr. Bentham's charge against our law of evidence that we excluded the persons who know most of the facts. That grievous defect no longer exists in civil suits, but in criminal cases we still shut out one party while we hear the other party, and the evil must continue while our criminal procedure remains with out a public prosecutor one of the greatest defects in our system. The consequences of excluding the accused party have been often shown, and petitions to Parliament have strongly expressed them. A person is charged with an offence when he could at once explain all the circumstances and show his entire innocence, and that the whole prosecution is a malicious proceeding, but his mouth is shut while his accuser is heard. Then he has the choice either of an action or an indictment ; of course he prefers the latter, when he will be heard and his accuser's mouth shut. Nothing can be more absurd than such a state of the law. The French course of pro ceeding in this respect is carefully to be avoided, being one of the worst parts of their very bad criminal procedure, the examination of parties ac cused by the judge at their trial, and their exposure to the moral torture of this judicial examination. But it was always proposed that with us the ex amination of the person accused should only be taken upon his voluntarily tendering himself, and being willing and desirous to undergo the sifting of a cross-examination. It must be added that each renewal of this proposition has shown a considerably increased inclination towards its adoption, more especially on the modification suggested of confining it for the present to cases of misdemeanour. The great amendment to the law of evidence by this Act for examining parties would thus be rendered com plete, if also extended to cases in the Divorce Court. Of the many deficiencies of the late Ses sion one was the not passing an act to amend the optional clause in the County Courts Act. The importance of the jurisdiction of these courts has long been admitted even by those who were at first averse to them. The number of suits which they determined is prodigious, and so far they are a relief to the superior courts, and a most valuable benefit to the suitors. The numbers have increased since their foundation. In 1863 they had increased since 1855 in the proportion of three to two, the number of plaints being above 800,000 for above £2,000,000. The last return makes the number of plaints for 1865 no less than 782,849,and f 3r sums of £1,847,000. Now the optional clause is so framed as to require the previous consent of both parties ; and as the one would refuse what the other proposed merely be cause he proposed it, the clause has had very little, if any, effect in extending the jurisdiction to other cases in kind and in amount ; whereas, if the suitor could begin for a larger amount and for other objects, it is certain that the great facilities afforded by the local courts would induce the defendant to acquiesce, and a very material increase is thus withheld from that most valuable jurisdiction by the delay to make this obvious improvement. Butlamentably unfruitful of measures as the last session has been, the Com mons have issued important commissions for inquiry into the scanda!ous scenes of corruption which too many of the late elections have displayed, and, with out entering into the details, we are bound on the mass of evidence collected to conclude that in seve ral considerable boroughs the grossest bribery has prevailed, and the inquiry, it is to be feared, has not been without evidence showing the fact of fla grant perjury. It is quite clear that in some places the right of voting is considered almost only of value as the means of obtaining money for votes. No ques tion can be raised, although we see this attempted, as to the gross criminality of the parties, both the can didates and their agents and the voters ; nor is there the least common sense in the allegation that the voters cannot be made to regard selling a trust— which a vote is—for money as criminal. They must be made to regard it as such by the infliction of severe i punishment ; and the candidates and their agents must also be punished. It is certain that bribery can only be stoppel by sending those who give and those who receive bribes to the treadmill, like other of fenders. The desire of having a scat in Parliament is strong enough to make men despise all pecuniary penalties, but it is not so strong as to make them run the imminent risk of the treadmill ; and this fear, though much less effectually, will also tend to deter the voter. So it was when in 1811 my act making theslave trade punishable as felony extinguished that execrable crime, which all pecuniary penalties and the loss of ship and cargo had not effected, for as the gains of one adventure covered the other losses, the traders willingly ran the risk ; but men would not risk their condemnation as felons. I well remem ber the year after at the Liverpool election I was strenuously opposed by slave traders, of whom I had said that when this abominable traffic was ended they could turn their hand to highway robbery. If ' the Commons are really in earnest and wish to de stroy bribery, as we must suppose they do, their course is clear, and we cannot therefore doubt that they will pursue it. Nothing can be more satisfac tory than the working of the act passed under the sanction of Lord Carnarvon's committee, and the continued triumph of the Irish, or Sir Walter Crof ton's system in this country. To the late improve ments in our county and borough gaols it is reason able to attribute the greater part, if not the whole, of the diminution of crime during the last half-year. , The employment of Sir W. Crofton by the Home office in carrying the act into operation has been most beneficial. The result of this act should encou rage the Legislature to pass other useful laws. But, grievous as have been the failures of measures or their postponement, there is one partial excuse for Parliament, at;least for the Commons, in the amount of private bill business, and the exhausting and har rassing effect of this upon the members, and that there is a most substantial measure to relieve them need hardly be again stated. With re gard to that plan, of which I do not claim nearly the whole merit, but, dividing it with my illustrious ' friend the great Duke, it ought ever to be recorded in his praise as a signal proof that with all his known aversion to rash changes in our institutions, yet when there was an admitted evil and a reasonably safe remedy no one was more ready to adopt it and even to urge it upon Parliament. When the ques tion was of the new Standing Orders for the House of Lords, and they were referred to a committee, " Why not try our great plan," said he, and on my answering that we never could carry it, " We can but be defeated," he replied, " and then we can re treat upon your less effectual orders." The great plan was that which we had devised together, and in which the joint committee of both houses to ex amine the whole bill was to report, but only to be conclusive on the facts, having not only examined the whole, but acted with the assistance of a j u di c i a l chairman. In considering the composition of the committee the Duke had at first been for an equality in the numbers of the two houses, but he ended by considering that there should be a majority of the i C n o te n ce N s vl t ly o littleso is c i l l i o d w h n e o sufferhis eab I p e r r e e j a u s d o i m r n e r o e n . this plan should not be ado p ted ; and it would be the greatest possible improvement, not only in saving time and labour to the memb ers of the two houses, of parties but in reducing incalculably the expenses and lessening the risks of perjury in the evidence adduced. But the friends of social science have They reason to congratulate the public on the great achieve ment of the conductors of the Atlantic cable. in have—beyond the hopes of all, and against the prejudi ces of many—finally succeeded, after the failure of last year, in this extraordinary and most important undertaking. The Atlantic no longer offers an obstacle to direct and instantaneous com munication with the Western world, and in a few hours accounts can come from New York to London and Paris. A most fit occasion was taken by our Sovereign to congratulate the American President on this noble achievement of British art facilitatinc , the intercourse of the two Continents, and to express in dignified terms, the sense justly entertained of his conduct to those wretched agitators who have at , tempted to disturb the peace in Canada and in Ire laud. It must be observed that the great use of steam in facilitating not only communication of per sons and papers, but intelligence, has largely and usefully altered the human condition. Every onera tion of peace and of war is affected by it ; and it may truly be said that life is lengthened, and one object of the philosopher's stone accomplished, when man can both travel so much more rapidly and communicate with each other so much more quickly. In both respects time is saved, and life really made longer to all intents and purposes. We are now in Manchester, the head-quarters of the great Alliance movement, and, next to Rochdale, of the co-opera tive system, which, indeed, owes its continued ex istence to this place. As to the evils of intemperance, and the important services rendered by the Alliance to the good cause, there can be no doubt. But, whatever difficulties we may have, or affect to have, on the licensing plan and its excuse (of which ex cuse I can speak from having in the village close by me half a dozen public-houses, and not more than 20 or 25 others) on one matter no dispute can arise, and no doubt be entertained. One sees with astonishment and indignation, in cases before ma gistrates in the country, intoxication urged in extenuation of offences, whereas it is a gross aggra vation. No magistrate is entitled to suffer one such word to be uttered before him on the part of the accused. Any magistrate is bound to stop the party or his advocate the instant he begins on this, and to tell him that if intoxicated he must suffer a punishment more severe, and the magistrate is further bound to take it into his consideration when the prosecutor has stated it in explaining the cir cumstances of the case. It is undeniable that a most wholesome effect would be produced by the general impression being made that drunkenness, though by law it may be not liable to punishment, except by small pecuniary penalty, yet makes offences to which it has given rise more severely punishable. The progress of co-operation has been most satisfactory. In 1862 332 societies did a busi ness of £2,331,650. In 1865 403 societies did a business of £3,373,847. - Whereas, in 1857, there was only a business of £165,770. The lecturing esta blished by Mr. Pitman has had a great effect in giv ing this great increase. It must further be stated that the great body of traders have joined in giving those under them the incalculable benefits of reduced hours of work. In all the great towns, as well as London, the half-time rule seems established on Saturdays, to the great benefit of the men, both physically and morally. Co-operation, with its mighty benefit, is due to the people, and not to the Govern ment or the Legislature. So are the institutions founded and conducted by private individuals, though licensed by Government, for the refuge of female convicts, affording astage between the prison restraints and the return to free intercourse with the world. It may be hoped that the one established at Hammersmith will succeed. The Carlisle Refuge in Ireland, after which it was founded, has un doubtedly 'flourished. That great philanthropist, our much respected colleague, Commissioner Hill, is highly satisfied with the proceedings under Lady G. Fullarton for the Roman Catholics, and for the Protestants under Miss Twining. The formation of a society for the improvement of the infirmaries of London workhouses has had important conse quences. The papers read at more than one of our Congresses by Misses Twining, Cobbe, Elliot, and others, led to this society, and its recommendations have been received with great kindness, both by Mr. G. Hardy and his predecessor in office ; so that the matter will be brought before Parliament, and must lead to the removal of the abuses so justly complained of. If so great have been the disappointments at home, have we anything to console us when we turn our eyes abroad ? The accounts are so con flicting that we connot pronounce anything with certainty on the state of the continent, as to what may be the distribution of dominion or the continu ance of peace. Let us, however, hope that the error will not be committed of giving a preference to one, even the best, especially to Hungary. The great body of the Germans must be considered, and the weight of Austria, both by land and sea, must never be forgotten, and the united powers of Germany in all its departments be fully recog nised. On the whole, there can be no doubt - that the cause of progress is in a hopeful condition. There is a general tendency towards free institutions ; and the States of Germany are in confident expectation of legislation more or less within the direct influence of the people. It should seem that the Protestant interest has gained considerably, and certainly against the great evils of Austria's defeats must be set their unquestionable tendency to lessen the Papal power, and to hasten the departure of the French from Rome, as well as their securing the liberation of Venice, at which all our friends must rejoice on ac count of the Venetians, and by no means because the kingdom of Italy had the least right to obtain this extension of its territories. In France there is so strong an opposition to the Imperial Government, and so general a desire of material prosperity, that there seems good ground for a belief in greater freedom of discussion being given to public bodies, and even in some relaxation of the laws respecting the press also. This, too, is unquestionable, that great sacrifices have been made, somewhat unex pectedly, for the termination of hostilities, that the Emperor's conduct to prevent their continuance has been highly meritorious, and that at length a general peace is concluded. Yes ! peace is restored on the Continent, and all friends of social science must re joice. Its conditions and the arrangements left by the war are of great importance notwithstand ing ; and I cannot help reflecting on the state ment which I made more than once in Parliament, that if bystanders see more of the game than those who play it, as the common saying purports, there is a bystander now who, besides seeing the game, will most probably have some claims to profit by the result, whichever party gained ; and so it has turned out that the claims have been made, but most properly they have not been insisted upon. Whether the peace concluded is to be durable, or only a truce, remains to be seen. But whatsoever doubt may hang over the future, on the grievous aspect of the past there can be none. In the middle 1 of the nineteenth century a wide-spreading war has raged, and tens of thousands have perished or been consigned to a life of wretchedness by their wounds ; and all this has been made to secure an extension of dominion or increase of affluence. The wars of the first Napoleon were hardly more costly of blood, and yet he was excused for his lust of con quest by the services he had rendered in closing the anarchy of the revolution—an excuse which belongs not to the authors of the late hostilities. Yet, is it any real excuse for Napoleon ? and how much is his nephew to be preferred for his love of peace, and for feeling by his actual presence and expressing his deep sense of all the horrors of war ? Although the glory of war lends its horrible atrocities a false glare which deceives us as to its blood-guiltiness, in what does the crime of Napoleon, when he sacri- I ficed thousands of lives t o hi s l us t o f f ore i gn con quest, differ from that of Robespierre, when he sought domestic power by slaying hundreds of his fellow citizens? In one particular there is more atrocity in the crimes of the latter ; they were per petrated under the name and form of justice, whose sanctity they cruelly profaned ; but, on the other hand, far more blood was spilled, far more wide spreading and lengthened misery occasioned to un offending provinces by the invasions of Spain, and Switzerland, and Germany, and Russia, than by all the acts of the Comtntttee, the Convention, and the Revolutionary Tribunal. Nor will mankind ever be free from the scourge of war until they learn to call things by their proper names, to give crimes the same epithets, whatever outward form they may assume, and to regard with equal abhorrence the conqueror who slakes his thirst of dominion with the blood of his fellow creatures, and the more vul gar ciimitial, who is executed for taking the life of a wayfaring man that he may seize upon his purse. We hesitate not to shed the blood of the common felon, and even those most averse to capital punish ment make an exception against the murderer. Thus there is no difficulty in prosecuting mur derers, and the juries convict, who in cases of theft or embezzlement, or even forgery, would hesitate. Such is the univcral horror of murder, or of attempts a g r a ti r a d l oe committal.l slaughter o '.t hen, l t t e e n n ; w o hy commit of thousands, some with tolerance , and some even to the same it, a with approval ? sties te f s " Ono to destroy is murder by the And gibbets keep the lifted hand in awe ; To murder thousands takes a specious name, War's glorious art, and gives immortal fame." Young, Universal Passion, Sect. vii. Such is the result of war, and, while men will fight THE SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 5, 1866. and slay their tens of thousands, the crime of mur der on the largest scale must go on unpunished and unrepented. Yes, unpunished in this world. But our Heavenly Father bestowing free-will on His creatures hath declared them :accountable for its abuse; and, administering justice in mercy to wards the numbers deceived or compelled into blood guiltiness, He condemns those that have betrayed or forced them as their accomplices or their instru ments to the unspeakable and enduring torments of hell. The Sections commenced their meetings soon after his Lordship concluded. RAILWAY INTELLIGENCE. GRAND TRUNK OF CANADA. The half-yearly meeting of this company was held yesterday at the London Tavern—Mr. E. W. Watkin, M.P., in the chair. Mr. J. M. Grant, the secretary, having read the notice convening the meeting,:the report, an abstract of which has appeared in The Sun,was taken as read. The CHAIRMAN, in moving the adoption of the re port, said that at the last meeting they were in formed that the policy of the board would be to re duce the engagements of the company to the least possible amount, and to have sent to England all assets that were properly available for interest on bonds and stocks. The net amount charged to capi tal during the half-year was only £4,000 on 1,335 miiesof rail. So far they had acted up to that policy and avoided increasing obligations. With regard to the net profit, he was glad to say they were en abled to pay the full interest on cash on the first mortgage bonds and first preference stock. He would have been delighted if he could have done the same with respect to the interest on the second and third class preference bonds. When they looked at the events of the latter months of the past half-year it was gratifying that so much progress had been made, and, notwithstanding the disadvantages they had had to contend with, the net profit on the working ' amounted to £207,720 for the past half-year. He might mention that the net receipts for the half year ending June, 1860, amounted to £46,003 ; for the half-year ending June, 1861, to £46,785; for the half-year ending June, 1862, to £63,436 ; for the half-year ending June, 1863, to £133,289 ; ending June, 1864, to £181,791; ending June, 1865, to £139,602 ; and ending June, 1866, to £207,720. In the first three half-years they had not included there venue of Buffalo and Lake Huron line. Those figures showed large increase in the net receipts towards the payment of interest. As to the gross traffic on the line for the half-year, it showed an increase of £22,549, or 3.65 per cent., as compared with that of the corresponding half of 1865. But it was necessary to explain how that increase was made out. The increase in the passenger traffic, mails, and express receipts amounted to £43,612, or 21.63 per cent., but from this was deducted £22,346, or 5.87 per cent., the decrease in the merchandise traffic, chiefly in the foreign or long traffic, leaving with other items the above figures. The falling off was in the exchange traffic from the American lines, and arose principally from the termination of the Reciprocity Treaty. The increase in the gross receipts of £22,549, or 3.65 per cent., was earned by an addi tion to the working expenses of £6,393, or 1.61 per cent. The receipts for goods carried in the same half of 1865 averaged 17s. sd. per ton, while in the past half-year they averaged only 15s. 10d. per ton, owing to the falling off in the interchange traffic with the American lines. On the other band, there had been an increase in the receipts per pas senger. In the same half of 1865 the receipts per passenger amounted to es. 3d., and the past half-year to 7s. The operation had been to increase the pas senger traffic and to decrease the long traffic in goods. With regard to the loss on. American cur rency, it had been much less in the past half-year, being £14,264, against £35,849 in the correspond ing half of last year. Since 1862 the loss on Ame rican currency amounted in the aggregate to £228,556. The traffic receipts in the last two weekly returns showed a falling off ; but from the Ist of July to the 15th of September the total traffic re ceipts on their lines amounted to £283,620, and for the same period in 1865 to £285,112, showing an increase of £3,478. There were causes at work to lessen the traffic ; the discontinuance of the Reci procity Treaty had affected their long traffic ; there was a deficient harvest. arising from the continuance of broken and wet weather both in the Western States and in Lower Canada. The adverse state of the weather had prevented the farmers from saving their crops in anything like good conditio n . Th ey must not feel disappointed at the traffic, as the cause of the falling off was known to them. The amount paid to the holders of postal and military bonds was larger than usual, owing to the disturbed state of the country by Fenian movements. He thought the time would come when it would be advisable to come to some arrangement with the holdersof those postal and military bonds and to replace them by a new class of bond. They could in the m ean ti me turn the matter over in their minds, and at the proper time they would be prepared to consider the eines , tion. The weather in the last three months had been very wet iu France, in the Western States of Ame rica, Lower Canada, and other places, so that the Grand Trunk had suffered in common with other railway companies, but they had suffered much less. There was a falling off in the receipts on the Erie of $334,000 ; the Illinois Central, the Michigan Cen tral, and other American lines had also suffered from a fall off in traffic. Unfortunately, there had been a great fire at Portland, which had destroyed about one-fifth of the whole town. The trade had suffered in consequence, and the com pany having a terminal station in that impor tant place felt the effect on their traffic to some extent, but he was happy to say they suffered no loss by the fire. Their officers and servants in Canada and the States had subscribed among them £l,OOO for the relief of the poor sufferers by the fire. He thought this was most creditable t o th em, as i t showed the good feeling that existed between their officers and the American people. He had been asked how they were to make up the loss for the termina tion of the Reciprocity Treaty. He could only say that Mr. Brydges, their manager, had visited New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and other places, and found that there was a very large field for a new trade between those places and Canada. The United States had at present a considerable trade in those places. With regard to the Fenians he was afraid the Government had not treated the matter with sufficient gravity. Great surprise had been caused in June last by the invasion of the soil by lawless men, and blood had been shed. The officers and men employed on the Grand Trunk Railway had volunteered their services to defend the company's property ; they had been organised accordingly, and would be ready to act in case of emergency. There had been more threatenings, and he believed Canada was prepared to defend herself. Mr. Brydges had been assured by a distinguished and veteran General of the United States that nothing would be wanting on their part to check those movements. It was admitted in Canada that the Grand Trunk was one of the main positions of defence. The company's officers had exerted themselves night and day to forward the ne cessary movements, and both the press and the people of Canada had testified as to the great services per formed by the railway. In reply to a question, he stated that the repairs of the permanent way during the half-year amounted t o £62,606, and for renewals to £26,285, making about £90,000 for the half-year, or about £lBO,OOO a year. Full justice had been done to the line. All the renewals of the line were superior to the original permanent way. He never expected that railways in Canada eould be maintained and worked at . a low rate. Th e y had no renewal suspense account now, everythi ng Mr. T. BARING, w as paid out of revenue. M.P., seconded the motion for the adoption of the report. In reply to questions by Colonel Beaumont, Mr. Adams, Mr. Harley, and Mr. Moxon, it was stated that the arrangement Act specified the order and mode in which the dividends were to be paid . Estimates were being carefully prepared of the pro bable outlay that mould be required during the next three or four years for renewals of permanent way and other works. It would be ready by the next ordinary meeting of the proprietors. They did not propose to entertain the question of the Interna tional bridge at Buffalo at present. The directors had not agreed upon the plans for the bridge. The state of political and money matters had rendered it undesirable to go into the question at present, but when ready a special meeting would be convened for the purpose. All the provinces had agreed to unite with Canada in forming a confederation. A general election in New Brunswick had decided the question there. Delegates from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and other provinces were now in this country, and representatives from Canada would arrive in a few weeks. He had no doubt that a bill authorising the confederation of the British pro vinces in North America would be passed early next session: This would have the effect of increasing trade in Canada, promoting emigration, and im proving the credit of Canada. The intercolonial railway would be constructed, and an entirely new trade would spring up between the existing pro vinces when the confederation was completed. The report was unanimously adopted. Thanks were unanimously voted to the chairman and direc tors for their able and careful management of the c3mpany's affairs ; and also to Mr. Brydges and Mr. Hickson for their valuable services. GREAT NORTH OF SCOTLAND. The half-yearly general meeting of this company was held on Tuesday, in Aberdeen ; Mr. J. Duncan in the chair. The report, an abstract of which bas appeared in The Sun, was taken as read. The CHAIRMAN, in moving the adoption of the report, said he had no doubt it would givegreat dis couragement to shareholders at large, but it could not disappoint them more than it had disappointed the directors. He hoped it was the worst report they would ever have to present to the shareholders. The deficiency of revenue had arisen from temporary causes which he hoped would soon be removed. There had been three great causes of deficiency ; first, the partially deficient crop, and then the cattle disease, both turtling materially to diminish their •traffic ; and then there was the state of the money market, which involved the payment of a much higher rate of interest on their floating debt. He hoped in the course of the next half-year that these elements, which were quite beyond their power to control, would not be operative. Had it not been these they would have been in a position to pay the preference shareholders the same amounts as before. Taking the gross revenue of the line, they would find there was but a very trifling deficiency as com pared with the same period of last year, while the excess of expenditure lay almost entirely upon inte rest, as they might naturally expect when they had had for a time to pay 10 per cent. where the charge last year upon similar transactions was only 5 per cent. This, added to the incidental decline upon such branches of traffic as corn, cattle, and coal, completely prevented them being able to pay the preference shareholders as before ; and, in view of this incubus of high interest upon a large floating debt, it became a matter for the consideration of both shareholders and directors how they were best to improve their position. The recommendation of the directors was that they should dispose of the stock held by the company in the Deeside Railway (now part of their own system), and in the Formar tine and Buchan branch. Both were perfectly well secured, and would yield a very fair return as in vestments ; and the result would be to enable the company to clear off the floating debt in the pro portion in which these were taken up, thus saving the high interest paid to banks. The directors proposed that this stock should be offered first to the sharehOlders and then to the public. The directors had resolved to place their resignations in the hands of the shareholders, as they felt it was their duty to do so. They proposed that a meeting should be held specially a month hence for the election of a board—the four directors to be elected that day agreeing to hold office only till then. The formal resolution to sell the stock named could then be passed, and in the interim the shareholders would have time to make up their minds as to the requisite course of action. He then moved dividends at the rate of £3 6s. per annum on the first 41 per cent. preference shares, and £3 13s. per cent. per annum on the 5 per cent. preference, with deferred dividend warrants for the balance of dividend to the latter. Mr. MILNE seconded the resolution. Dr. KILGOUR asked why the 5 per cent. preference should have deferred dividend warrants and not the 4f. The CHAIRMAN said it was in accordance with clause 23 of the act, which specially provided that the 4 per cent. shares should not form a charge on anything but current revenue, while the 5 per cents. might become an arrears charge. In reply to another question, ho explained that the debenture holders on their line were very amply secured. The gross revenue was £147,000, and, deducting working ex penses-173,000 —they had £74,000 left, while the debenture interests amounted to only £32,000 in all, leaving a margin of £42,000. The resolutions were adopted, and the proceedings terminated with a vote of thanks to the chairman. ST. ANDREW'S. The 30th half-yearly report of the directors of this railway shows a revenue of £1,886 16s. 5d., and an expenditure of £1,029 12s. 7d. The report says: " It is satisfactory to notice that the revenue has in creased £95 9s. Id. beyond what it was at the cor responding period of last year. The expenditure on the maintenance of way, &c., for the half year ending July, 1865, was £238 12s. ; for this half year it is £507 17s. Bd., being an increase of £275 ss. Bd., which has added to the stability and value of the line. When the remainder of. the heavy rails and new sleepers are laid down, the expenditure under this head may be expected to return to its normal state. The directors recommend that one-half per cent. should be taken from the dividend reserve fund, and that a dividend at the rate of 5 per cent. per annum, less income-tax, be paid to the proprietors. STATE OP TRADE. BRADFORD, Oct. 4.—Though there has been con siderable activity in the wool-market in the interval, the improvement of last week has been barely main tained to-day. Staplers, who have sold freely of late, are indifferent as to business, and do not push sales. In worsted yarns spinners are generally well em ployed upon orders recently received. There is a steady demand for the home trade, and partly in coloured yarns. Export merchants, whose move ments have just been quickened by more activity abroad, have purchased rather freely from stock, though quite indisposed to place orders, even at the tempting offers of spinners. The principal business has been in twofolds —36's and 40's, single yarns being somewhat neglected. There has been less doing in pieces. Manufacturers have received a good many orders, but the fresh business done for home and America is comparatively limited. A steady business is done by some departments of the trade. The advance in cotton necessitates an advance in quotations, which are hardly obtained. 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In tins, 11b, 2a 9d; 21b, 48 ; 51b, 11s; 121 b, 225; 241 b, IN.—Barry Du Barry and Co., No. 77, Regent-street, London; also Phillips, tea ct3alers, 8, icing William-street ; likewise at Si, Gracechurch-street; 4, Cheapside ; 49, Bishopsgate street Within ; 63, 150, and 298, Oxford-street ; 330, Strand; 54, Upper Baker-street; IC3, Tottenham-court-road; 96, Upper-street, Islington, N.; Harvey, Notting-hill; Close Brothers, 65, High-street; and Stubbs, Queen's-terrace, St. John's -wood. London; and all respectable grocers and she. ailata.-13Oware of undone imitations}. SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. TIMES.—At this time of the year, and in the pre sent state of political affairs, we may be excused if we look rather wistfully at the usual sources of in struction and entertainment. It is not that we want a new sensation, or any positive novelty in affairs, for we should be quite c on t en t if th e s t ream of intelligence and amusement kept up to the mark, and did not remind one of the entry in the old an nals that on such a day people walked across the Thames dryshod. If we cannot make history and command events, at least an anniversary, a celebra tion, a banquet, or an agricultural meeting ought to be good for something. Accordingly we did feel a sort of lighting up when we read at the head of a column " West Huts Agricultural Society," and found under it an account of a dinner, attended by many distinguished personages, who proposed toasts and made speeches. It is true that Lord Clarendon was remarkable, or at least re marked upon, for his absence, and the House of Lords was represented not by its latest literary ad dition, but by Lord Ebury, who took the oppor tunity of expressing sensations which could be no novelty either to himself or to his hearers. But there were men there who could say something; if they had a mind; but all that was said amounts to this, that the society only met because it was obliged to meet, and really was not aware of any thing particular to be said or done. Politics were tabooed, or reduced to a little " chaffing" about in dividual statesmen, whom it was pleasant to mention, and whose names compromised nobody. But one does expect something more at an agricultural din ner than the most ordinary observations about the House of Lords, the Church, the Fenians, the cattle disease, and the improved prices of mutton and corn. For any matter of real interest there was what may be called an obstinate reticence. For once it cost no effort to abstain from extravagant demands upon Government. There was not a word about the Malt Tax, though now, if ever, the Government might be challenged on its pledges to deliver us from that burden. Never was there less of politics or of party. Indeed, the result is the same as in a very different quarter, and for very different reasons. Mr. Bright and his friends have proclaimed that henceforth he shall never be made the tool of party in the vain hope of assisting at some minor and partial Reform. Neither will the agriculturists of West Herts be the tools of party so long as Lord Derby is in power. Of course, we are the sufferers, for •we have really nothing to report and but little to say. But as we have to cater for the public, and for the agricultu rists themselves, we don't intend to take easily..what appears to us a plain dereliction of duty, and the breach of a virtual engagement. The gentlemen who conduct these societies, hold their meetings, and eat these dinners undertake, to give farmers all the advice and aid required by the emergency and pos sible in the existing state •of agricultural science. But nobody can say that there is not an emergency, for, indeed, there always is, and just now a rather serious one ; and nobody can deny that the art of agriculture has great and undeveloped resources. One of the speakers at this dinner justly compli mented farmers on having contributed many inipor taut suggestions for the improvement of ploughs and other implements and machinery. The praise was great, because it really is easier for an intelligent landlord or other observer to improve farm imple ments than the man who actually uses them. But is there no opportunity just now for other improve ments, quite as necessary as those specified by Mr. Surtees ? By the use of good ploughs, fine teams, good manure, and other resources of high farming, we have had fine crops this year ; but these crops are still very partially got in, and in many parts, even near the metropolis, they are spoiling on the ground. Anybody may now see scores of acres—nay, if he goes down the lines, hundreds of acres, presenting the most melancholy spectacle of wreck and waste. The loss must be enormous. No doubt it is often owing to the penuriousness of the farmers, who did not want to employ fresh labourers, and perhaps had not the means. They trusted to the two or three fine days, which have only just come, too late to be of much service. It certainly, too, is not so easy to procure extra hands as it was 30 years ago. But here is a difficultg already upon us, and threatening to be very much more serious. What is the use of obtaining immense crops, at any cost, if we cannot get them in? The system fails at the critical point. We are threatened with the spectacle familiar to many an ardent settler in the United States, who stands with his two sons and a couple of " helps" to contemplate with despair 100 acres of corn. Many crops have been grazed, burnt, or left to rot under the same circumstances. Matters threaten to be as bad in this country, unless we surpass even the Americans themselves in their reaping and threshing machinery and other expedients. Labourisbecomino• dearer. Emigration goes on. New industries compete for hands, offer better wages, and even if they cannot uniformly employ, at least spoil for the field. In the event of war the army and navy will be obliged to compete fiercely with the field for human sinew and bone. At this very meeting the noble chairman quoted with satisfaction Lord Carnarvon's announce ment that her Majesty's Ministers meant to bring our forces up to the same efficiency in organisation and equipment as the Prussian army. It is impos sible not to be reminded that in Prussia every man is a soldier, and that she could not have what she has without it. At present we cannot conceive this, but in no country on the face of the earth has the population undergone such great changes, and the unit so increased in value, as in the British Isles. We must face the possible difficulty of a real dearth of labour, and if, on this sth of October, 1866, a con siderable proportion of our harvest is still spoil ing in the field for want of ready hands, what may be our case by the end of this century, even if we undergo nothing worse than purely social changes in the interval ? If the anni versaries are to be something more than a sort of harvest homes, or merely dry forms to be vivified for the next political emergency, they are occasions for ventilating any remedies that suggest themselves. Lord Ebury congratulated the clergy on their revival of harvest homes, bat he would have added materially to the force of the compliment if he could have mentioned that the attendants on these occa sions had got in their crops, and that they repre sented a large breadth of tillage. At many villages the rejoicing would be very premature. As people say in politics, " something must be done," and we have a confident hope that something can be done. If nothing can be done, and if we are to see year by year an increasing want of hands, withbut any machinery to supply their place, we shall eventually have to apply to ourselves the cheerless advice we have often given to Ireland,—to sow few white crops, and go in more for green crops, pasturage, grazing and dairy farms. We have taken steps in that direction in many parts of England; but it is not a pleasant prospect to those old-fashioned people who think a people the strength of a country, and who think tillage the best nursery of men. Nor is this the only point on which an Agricultural Meet ing might have dropped a useful hint or two. The Cattle Plague, the result possibly of a long drought and short grass crop of last year, is dying away ; but we hear of a great mortality among our cows from the opposite cause, the great quantity of grass, and the fulness caused by it, leading to fever after calving. As we presume there is a proper treatment for such a case, a word of warning would be very useful, and would not have been below the dignity of an Agricultural Dinner, reduced to talk about the Fenians, the Prussian army, and the territorial position of our House of Lords. .POST.—To educe future prosperity out of past distress is certainly Tone of the highest achievements of practical wisdom. It is sometimes done by indi viduals, but rarely by communities. Nevertheless, the enterprising citizens of Coventry have attempted the task, and, if we may infer anything from the proceedings on the Ist inst., there is a very fair pro spect of success.' It is one of the inevitable conse quences of any great change in commercial legisla tion that some particular branch of industry suffers severely at first. When the corn laws were repealed in 1846 the immediate effect upon the agricultural interest was, for a time, most disastrou s . Accus tomed to rely upon a certain price for their grain, farmers were completely thrown out of their calcu lations by the reduction in the price of corn. An immediate reduction of labourers' wages followed, and the consequent privation and depression of trade were most serious. All this was distinctly foreseen, but it was felt by the advocates of free trade that the benefit to the country at large and for all time would so far exceed the temporary in jury to the farmers and their dependents that the repeal ought to take place. Subsequent events have justified that conclusion. The country has been largely benefited—the farmers have quite recovered their short-lived depression, and land was never of greater value than at this moment. The promoters of the French Treaty were guided by the same principles. It was foreseen and stated in the de bates on the subject that the importation of French ribbons would be ruinous to Coventry. But it did not seem right to deprive the whole country of the benefits, commercial and political, of that treaty, for the sake of affording an exceptional protection to a local trade, and to a trade dependent mainly upon fashion. So the treaty was signed and Coventry was unavoidably left to stagna tion and starvation. Very grievous were the suffer ings of that large population, and very bitter its feelings against the promoters of the treaty. But poverty begat energy. When operatives were sitting idle and looking in blank dismay at one another, and masters were at their wits' end to save a mode rate competence out of the wreck of their past pros perity, the much reviled landed interest came to the rescue, and not only relieved existing distress with noble munificence, but projected schemes of future redress and gradual restoration of. trade. That House of Lords which Mr. Bright has so often made the object of his fluent abuse has furnished its con tingent of Coventry helpers. The country gentle men of Warwickshire—no less the subjects of the member for Birmingham's evil speaking—have also done their part. Coventry is to rise from its lowly attitude of depression, and with new energy to pro secute a new trade, and to re-establish its prosperity as one of our leading manufacturing cities. But let it not be forgotten that this improvement in the for tunes of a long-suffering city is due—as to its coin- • mencement at least— not to the merchants, the bankers, and the millionaires of the manufacturing districts, who, according to Mr. Bright, enjoy a monopoly of all wisdom and philanthropy, but to noblemen and gentlemen unconnected with trade, but not indifferent to the responsibilities of wealth and station—Lord Leigh, Mr. Adderley, Mr. New degate, Mr. Bracebridge, and Mr. Davenport Brom ley. The object of the friends of Coventry is to in troduce a new industry. For this purpose some Coventry men have learnt the worsted trade at Brad ford, and, through the agency of Lord Leigh and others, a company has been formed, a mill erected, and a branch of the worsted trade actually com menced. There is no reason why this enterprise should not be a great success. There are disad vantages, no doubt, in transplanting into the Midland Counties a manufacture so essentially northern, and singularly mo no p o li se d by one grea t town in the north. But energy can do great things, and accordingly great things are being attempted. There is no reason why stuffs should not be as well made at Coventry as at Bradford. The obstacles that might once have existed—distance from the yarn markets, from coal, and from the piece markets—are annihilated by the railway. The raw material can be brought to Coventry, and the manufactured ar ticle carried into the Yorkshire market, without any disadvantage worth speaking of. And it is more than possible that even the little disadvantages that might accrue might be more than compensated by the admirable central position of Coventry. It is in communication with every place. It is near everything it wants. It has but to employ its new opportunities and a bright future is open to it. If taste and ingenuity be combined with the energy of the citizens and the capital of the county gentlemen, there is no reason why Coventry should not make a department of the worsted trade for itself, and enter into healthy competition with Bradford and Halifax. Coventry has all the advantage of a long familiarity with mill-work. It has good sites for mills, a good supply of water, and a situation which, for centrality and acceAsi bility, is unrivalled. Let us then wish the Leigh mills all possible success. May they be the pio neers of many others, which shall go on increasing and prospering till the terrible sorrows of past ad versity are forgotten in a prosperity which, Lbesides being unprecedented, shall have all the elements of permanency and increase. Coventry citizens will then have the benefits of the French Treaty, with none of its disadvantages. They will, indeed, have paid a heavy contingent towards its success, but final experience of its good to the country at large will obliterate the memory of temporary evil. But Coventry and all towns similarly circumstanced would do well to treasure up one golden sentence uttered by Mr. Adderley, to the effect that that city is most sure of continued prosperity which is not dependent on any one trade. This, accord ing to the same authority, is the secret of the prosperity of Birmingham. That great borough comprehends a vast variety of manufactures, so that however much any one branch may be depressed the prosperity of the others suffices to maintain a good average rate of success. While, therefore, Coventry does well to attempt a new trade, it would do better if it attempted more than one. The worsted trade is, perhaps, one of the best that could have been begun, but it is a trade subject to great fluctuations. It has a vast variety of branches, and one kind of stuff pushes out another from time to time with unrelenting pertinacity. The Coventry spinners must therefore keep their eyes open, or they will not easily rival the flourishing depot of the West Riding. But let them try, and let them turn their hands to other trades too. Let a few other capitalists imitate the example of Lord Leigh and the Warwickshire gentry, and try what can be done in other branches of industry. If the French treaty has injured one trade, it has improved or created others. Coventry, like the rest of the country, must learn to adapt itself to the new conditions that surround it ; and, now that it has taken up work and ceased to look for eleemosynary help, we can not doubt that better times are in store for it. And, should it turn its recent adversity to good account, it will have set an example which is certain to - be of great use to other manufacturing towns which may at any time have the misfortune to suffer from the overthrow of their special branch of trade. COUNTRY MARKET 3. -0-- 31ANO RES TER.-THURSDAY. Our market this morning •was not so numerously at tended as of late., and there was less disposition manifested to buy either wheat or. flour, • but in prices no change oc curred. Ohl oats, being scarce ; were fully as dear, but neW were ld to. 2d per lb. cheaper. Oatmeal declined is per load. Beans, peas, and barley ruled firm. Indian corn 1S per qr. lower. BIRMINGIIAM—DiunspAy. At this day's market there was a fair supply of English wheat, which sold slowly—the old at rather over and the now at rather under the currency of this day se'nnight. Barley is to 2s higher. Oats, beans, and peas firm, but less in request. The millers rose the retail price of flour 3s 4d per sack. BRIS TOL-THURSDAY. On our market to-day there was a short supply of Eng lish wheat, and for which is per qr advance was generally realized. Foreign held for is per qr. improvement. For malting barley is per qr advance was paid ; grinding at last week's values. In oats last week's prices were in some instances rather exceeded. EDINBURGH—WEDNESDAY. Wheat on the top, 2s Od up average, 2s 7d down- Barley on the top, is Od up average, Os 5d up. Oats on the top, is 6d up average, Os 8d up.. Total supply and sales. Wheat 857 qrs sold 431 Barley 1573 qrs sold 1526 - Oats 1118 qrs sold 1056 Beans 1 qrs sold Average prices. Wheat, 53s 2d Oats, 30s Od Barley, 3os Od Beans —s Od Town-made flour sells as follows :—White, 45s 6d; extra superfine, 44s Od; superfine, 42s 6d; fine, 41s Od. GLASGOW-WEDNESDAY. This day's market was well attended. Wheat was quiet, and buyers disinclined to pay 6d per 2401 b advance. Flour 6d to is per 2801 b dearer; barley and feeding beans scarce, and 6d to 9d higher per boll. Peas and old oats unaltered ; new oats is lower per 2641 b ; oatmeal, is to 2s cheaper per 2801 b old. Indian corn rat her easier. M. Lachaud, the eminent member of the Paris bar, is to plead on the 13th October before the Assize Court of Brussels in a case of forgery. Several of the Councils-General in their recent session voted special credits towards the cost of the journey and residence in Paris of a certain number of workmen to be selected by their com rades to visit the Great Exhibition. These funds have been increased by the Mutual Aid Societies existing amongst the men, and the Government has still further augmented them by a subvention. The railway companies have offered to give free placeo to all the men chosen. Births. ORAMBERS—On the 3d inst., at 2, Chesham-place, Mrs. C. Chambers, of a son. GRANT—On the 2d inst., at Ecclesgreig, Montrose, N. 8., the wife of F. G. F. Grant, late Captain 3d Hussars, o f a daughter. MILLER—On the 3d inst., at Lees Court, Faversham, the Hon. Mrs. Miller, of a son. SAFFERY—On the 3d inst., at Hackney, the Wife o f J. J. Saffery, Esq., of a son. Marriages. LITTON—BARKER—On the 3d inst., at Ruscombe Church, L. P. Litton, Esq., barrister-at-law second son of E. Litton, of Altmore, in the county of Tyrone, to Emilio Blanche, only daughter of George Barker, of Stanlake Park, Berks, Esq. SOUTHGATE —PORTER—On the 3d inst., at the Congrega tional Church, Clapham, Joh - , eldest son of J. South gate, of Streatham- hill, and Watling-street, City, to Elizabeth Ann, youngest daughter of J. L. Porter, of Park-hill, Clapham-park. Deaths. ATKINSON-0 n theist inst., at 3, St. John's Villas, Southall green, Mr. It. Atkinson, of Holden House, Dprking. BuitLs—On the Ist inst., John Burls, of 42, Highburr grove, aged 69. CRESWELL —Oa the 30th ult., Charles Creswell, Esq., of Ludlow, Salop, aged 46. DIVETT —On the 30th ult., at Springfields, Westerhain, Kent, Maria Divert, aged 90. MixEs—At 15, Marquis-road, Camden-square, Win. Mines Esq., aged 65. PRESCOTT—On the 27th ult., at Hamburg, Win. Prescott, Esq., aged 76. REEVES—On the 3d inst., at Dolmonden, Hawkhurst, Kent Francis Reeves, Esq., aged 64. WOOD—On the 2d inst., Alex. Wood, Esq., of Boston--road' Brentford, aged 89. London : Printed and Published by WILLIAM ANDREW'S , of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at ME SUN °woo, No. 11 1 + Strand, in the Precinct of the Barn', in the County 01 Middleiter..—Friday, October 5,185,3. tort, the* T to i pec Pri GA L