The Sun. — London, England, 1865-12-25 00:00:00

Manchester Lit erary and Philosophical Society At the last meeting of this society, Mr. R. Smith, Ph. D.R.F.S., the president, took the chair. THE QUESTION OF THE SUPPLY OF FUEL. Mr. J. BOTTOJILEY said that a recent paper on the employment of the internal heat of the earth led him to consider what might be the condition of the atmosphere when coal, lignite, anthracite, and all other forms of vegetable fuel should be so exhausted that the human race would be compelled to resort to this source of heat. The numbers obtained led him to the conclusion ., that the exhaustion of the coal- fields implied more than the depriving of the human race of a ready source of warmth, viz., the alteration of the atmosphere to an extent that would ultimately prove fatal. As the latter assumption seemed to him repugnant to reason, he would infer that long before the exhaustion of the coalfields, the carbonic acid in the atmosphere beyond limits of safety to life, would have been decomposed by vegetation ; moreover, as plants decomposed water, there would always be some combusitible compound of carbon and hydro gen ; in other words, there will and must be abun- dance of fuel in the world in all ages, if not of so dense a kind as anthracite and coal, yet of some na- ture intermediate between these fuels and vegetable tissue, the origin of all varieties. The effect of vegetation in maintaining the purity of the atmos- phere has long been known. The assumption that this agency is sufficient to furnish an abundant and perpetual supply of fuel to mankind involves no new principle, but it tends to establish a new inference upon principles already acknowledged. Liebig states, in his " Chemistry in its Application to Ag riculture and Physiology," (3d edition), that the quantity of carbon existing in the atmosphere amounts to more than the weight of all the plants and of all the strata of mineral and brown coal existing on the earth. This would seem to favour the notion that the mineral and brown coal avail- able for combustion would not affect the atmos- phere to any serious extent if consumed. He has assumed more carbonic gas to exist in the atmos- phere than many authorities would allow. Moreover, since the book was written enormous deposits of fuel have been discovered. In another passage Baron Liebig seems to favour an opposite view, but he states, "in former ages, therefore, the atmosphere must have contained less hydrogen, but a much larger proportion of carbonic acid, than it does at the present time, a circumstance which accounts for the richness and luxuriance of the earlier vegeta tion." Dumas and Boussingault say, in their book on the chemical and physiological balance of organic nature, "If we suppose, then, that the whole of the carbon was diffused through the atmosphere in the shape of carbonic acid prior to the crea t ion of orga- nised beings we shall see that the atmosphere, in stead of containing less than I,oooth part of its bulk of carbonic acid as at present, must have con- tained a quantity which it is not easy to estimate, but which was perhaps in the proportion of 3,4, 5, 6, and even 8 per cent." Mr. Hull, in his " Coal fields of Great Britain," taking 4,000 feet as the depth capable of being worked, estimates the supply from the English and Welsh coalfields at 60,000,000 ton for 100 years. In the same book it is stated that American coalfields are 72 times greater than the English and Welsh. In the reports furnished to the Admiralty some years back by Dr. L. Playf air and Sir H. De La Beebe, there is given a table showing the average composition of Welsh, New castle, Lancashire, Scotch, and Derbyshire coal. The mean of these numbers is as follows :—Carbon, 8040; oxygen, 7.16 ; hydrogen, 5-11. Subtracting from the amount of hyrogen the quantity corres ponding to 7.16 of oxygen, there remain as combus tible material in one of coal—carbon, 0.8040 ; hy drogen, 0.0421. For combustion it requires 2.428 parts of oxygen, and produces 2.9480 parts of car bonic acid. Sir J. Herschel, in his Meteorology,' takes as the approximate weight of the atmosphere 11 by lOilb. If we take as the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere 23.04 per cent. by weight, and as the amount of carbonic acid .05 per cent. by weight, I the following numbers are obtained (assuming 1 by 1011 b. as the unit of measurement) :—Weight of atmosphere, 110.000; oxygen contained, 25.344; carbonic acid contained 55 ; weight of coal, 98.112; oxygen required for combustion, 243.59 ; carbonic acid from combustion of coal, 289.23 ; total-carbonic acid, 344.23; ratio of oxygen to carbonic acid at pre sent, 460.8 to 1; ratio after combustion of assumed quantity of fuel, 729 to 1. The last ratio can of course only be regarded as an approximation, but when we take into account all the available fuel in the world—wood, peat, lignite, coal, anthracite, also the quantity of carbonic acid evolved from vol canic districts—and remembering the opinion of a member of this society, that we know little about the difficulties likely to be encountered in mining operations at a depth of 4,000 feet—there seems little reason to doubt that the ration of the oxygen to carbonic acid would be reduced considerably below the number above stated, and that the quantity of carbonic acid in the atmosphere would reach a point much beyond that at which it becomes deleterious to human life. It seems then more reasonable to take the alternative and maintain that the carbonic acid will be de-oxidised, and that there will always be an abundance of fuel. THE ORIGIN OF SOME MECHANICAL INVENTIONS. A paper was read entitled " Notes on the Origin of several Inventions, and their subsequent appli cation to different purposes." Part 11. By Mr. J. C. Dyer.—The following are the principal portions : —The Employment of Steel for Transferring En gravings : At the beginning of this century, upon the death of Washington, medals to commemorate that event being called for, Mr. Jacob Perkins (then a silversmith at Newbury Port, near Boston), undertook to supply them, and, as they were re quired in large numbers speedily, he devised a sum mary process of transferring the engraved design, from prepared steel or stamps, by which he obtained several from one original die, and thus a vast num ber of medals were rapidly produced. Shortly after Mr. Perkins - applied the same principle of transferring engravings for bank notes, on which very elaborate designs were printed to prevent or render their being forged very difficult by the hand of the engraver. To effect this he produced cast steel plates, and decarbonated their surface to the depth of about 1-16th of an inch, which were thus converted into very soft and pnreiron ; the letters and designs for the notes being then engraved upon them they were case-hardened and tempered for use, but in lieu of printing from these plates they were used as dies for making others to print with. His next process was to prepare a cast steel cylin der, which in like manner was decarbonated at the surface, and then under a strong traversing pressure it was rolled over the letters and figures engraved on the hardened plate, and these engravings were taken up in relief on the surface of the soft cylinder. This cylinder being then hardened, was used to transfer, by means of the same traversing pressure, the entire work upon its surface, to any number of copper or soft plates for printing with. The adoption of this plan by several banks, for having very elaborate engravings on their notes, turned the counterfeiters upon other banks whose notes would be so much more readily forged, which led to an extended demand by the other banks. In the year 1809 Mr. Perkins communicated to me the details of his process of transferring engravings, with a view to having the invention patented in England for our joint account. From the success of his plan in America its adoption here was anti cipated, and still further development of it looked for from the higher state of the graphic arts in London. With this view I took out patents, and minutely specified the method of carrying the in vention into effect. A very beautiful design was then obtained from the classic pencil of the late Sir R. Smirke, RA., which was engraved by Reiinback, on prepared steel, for printing bank notes. But I could not succeed at that time to induce the Bank of England or any other bank to adopt the plan, nor could the booksellers then be made to perceive the importance of the transferring system for illus trating books, for which it has since been so exten sively used. The time had not arrived when public attention could be drawn to the bank note forge ries as a national evil and the disgrace of hanging men for a feat so readily performed as that of forg ing the one pound notes then in general circulation. If any excuse can be offered for this apathy, it may be said that the passions and interests connected with the war, together with those yet m)re embar rassing that arose from the transitions frcm war to peace, caused such disturbance in the circulating medium and in the general interests of commerce and industry, that it became very diffi mit to awaken _ public attention to the great scandal of relying solely upon the gallows for preventing forgeries. It has been above shown that Perkins's invention was not for engraving on steel plates for printing, nor for eugraving upon steel at all, but rather for en- - - graving on soft iron of homogeneous structure. It was found that all wrought iron is more or less fibrous and unfit to receive delicate engravings, and that by decarbonating the surface of cast steel a pure iron surface was obtained, and this being engraved on,was case hardened and used for transferring and printing, as before stated. This should be kept in view, because many persons have supposed that the invention of Perkins was merely the substitution of steel in the place of copper for engraving upon ; such a substitution of the one metal for the other would not be an invention in any fair sense of the word. But this method of obtaining soft iron sur faces to receive the work, converting these surfaces back int) steel, and then transferring the engrav- ings to other plates for engraving, comprised to gether a series of novel processes which confer last ing honour upon the inventor. After the transition period, having better hopes of success, I recom mended Mr. Perkins to come over himself to explain his system, and aid the artists here in putting it into operation. Accordingly in the year 1820 Mr. Perkins came to England, and being over sanguine, brought a large staff of able artists, mechanics, &c. ; but he could not bring any money to aid in establishing his intended works in London. He had assumed that capital could always be obtained in England for conducting any safe and profitable schemes. Now, the matter of proving his to be such was not easy to establish with the moneyed class ; so to me alone, not of that class, he had to look for the entire expense of his mission, and this I could only bear for a few months. After some time the late Mr. Charles Heath, the eminent engraver, was induced to join Mr. Perkins, and become a partner is the engraving works, which were then commenced in Fleet-street, and are still continued by their suc cessors. Besides the printing on paper, Mr. Perkins's system of transferring has been since very exten- sively employed for calico printing, and in later years we have also seen his process employed to a vast extent in many other departments of the gra phic art, such as Post-office and receipt stamps, and other prints that are required in greater numbers than could be produced by other than steel plates or stamps. His system of engraving on steel has at length become a great artistic power, the wide- - - spread increase of which has given employment to labour and capital to a vast extent on the several branches of art before stated, and from which I be lieve many large fortunes have been made, but little other than toil and trouble ever accrued to the in- ventor of them. When any important discoveries in physical science are made they never die, what ever happen to their authors. The new facts brought before the public go forth like seeds cast upon a fertile soil, yielding the fruits of continual progress among the families of men who seek improvement. It seems only just then that each generation should transmit to the next some record of the names of those contemporaries to whose genius and talents all nations are indebted for such discoveries. Where fore, in addition to the four distinguished inven tors brought to the notice of this Society in my for mer papers, I have in the present one aimed to place that of Jacob Perkins as a worthy contributor to the advance of those branches of art to which his inventions have been applied.—On the Compression of Water : In tracing the progress of steel engrav ing I had no thought of giving a general account of Mr. Perkins's researches in physical science, yet it may not be out of place to notice one or two other of his discoveries. His experiments on the compres sibility of water (made some time before he left America)were to test the correctness of the doctrine founded on the Florentine experiments, that water was a non-elastic body, which was then generally taught in the schools and elementary works. At that time Mr. Perkins had never heard of the ex periments of Canton- (made some 50 years before), which had established the compressibility of water. Although by Mr. Perkins's experiments its discovery was not new, yet they were of high scientific value, because of the different compresskig forces em ployed by him and by Canton, the latter having ap plied the pressure from half an atmosphere to two atmospheres, say from 7ilb to 301 b a square inch, whilst that employed by Perkins was from 50 to 400 atmospheres, or from 7501 b to 6,0001 b per inch. The same rate of compression appeared in all his experiments, which corresponded with that shown by Canton's experiments, and in all of which the water was compressed in volume directly as the 1 compressing forces. The apparatus employed by Perkins was first a cast-iron cylinder, about 3in. thick, with a movable top of equal strength ; this, filled with water, had a force pump (as in the hy draulic press) to measure the pressure within by the leverage and size of the induction pipe. 2. A small brass cylinder, with a piston to slide in it, water tight, about lin. diameter, and to have a column of water 10in. long under the piston. The piston rod, graduated to divisions of 100 to the inch, had a sliding ring on it, to be pressed upon the rod as it was forced down upon the enclosed water, thus marking in the 100ths of an inch the descent of the rod ; the brass cylinder, being under the same pressure inside and out, was not subject to any strain to alter its capacity. 3. When the external pressure was removed, the water in the brass cylinder expanding to its original length and raising the piston rod, would of course 'bark the greatest compression effected. In each experiment the diminished bulk of water was directly as the pressure applied, and under the pressure of 100 at mospheres the bulk of the water was reduced one part in a hundred, and, as before mentioned, this rate proved to be the same as that shown by the experiments of •Canton. Some time after Professor Oersted made similar experiments by employing a stout glass vessel and using a column of mercury to give the pressure, having the like inside cylinder as that of Perkins to mark the result, which con firmed the same rate as that shown by Perkins and Canton.—On Perkins's Steam Gun : Mr. Per kins conceived the idea of employing steam at a very high pressure for discharging projec tiles with greater rapidity and effect than could be done by the common use of gunpowder. To effect this object he devised a plan for heating water more intensely than could be done by any boilers then known, viz., that of employing a great number of iron or copper tubes, with their ends •vin at g the the other. water er. a r l ,his on fastened into plat es , w i t h c h am b ers or cav iti es f or receiving emitting the steam a e pp en ar d at ad us n was placed the midst of a furnace for the heat to act directly on the water in the tubes, and thus, as Mr. Perkins phrased it, the water could be made red hot and flash into steam with a force exeeeding that of gun powder. Then a gun barrel, with its breech oppo site the valve opening from the steam chamber, and an apparatus for co ndu cting the balls into th e space between the breech of the barrel and the out let of the steam, and, the valve opening at the same time, the steam issued and propelled the balls through the gun in rapid succession with a fo rce about equal to common powder , which could be continued as long as the heat of the furnace could keep up the pressure. He found that from 50 to 100 balls per minute were shot forth to a target, about 100 yards, with a force nearly equal to that of a common musket ; and of course by having 10 such guns fixed :to the same furnace, from 500 to 1,000 balls might be discharged per minute. His experiments were witnessed by the Duke of Wel lington and many other eminent men, who took much interest in them. The non-adoption of his system arose from several radical defects in it— first, the danger from fire of having such a cum brous furnace on a ship ; second, the time required to get up the s t eam i n case o f su dde n encounter with an enemy, which might lead to a surrender be fore a shot cou ld b e thrown from the steam bat tery; third, by unequal heating the tubes some times gave way, allowing the water to escape, and though the quantity being small would not cause TtlE SUN, LONDON, NIONOA explosions, leaks would deaden the fire and stop the action of the guns, and any suspension in the midst °faction must be fatal to the ship using such a weapon. Still the after interest attached to the plan of the tubular boilers came from reversing the scheme used by Perkins, viz., employing the tubes as flues for the fire, to convey the heat through the tubes to the water surrounding them in an outer boiler. By this method, without damaging the tubes, it is found that high-pressure steam can be employed with safety and advantage, so that Mr. Perkins's invention was not barren to the outer world, since his tabular boilers led to their extended employment in railway and steam-boat engines, and were, I believe, first -employed by Stephenson a few years after the steam gun experiments had been put hors de combat. THE NOVEMBER METEORS. At the last meeting of the Physical and Mathe matical Section, Mr. E. W. Binney, F.R.S., F.G.S., President of the Section, in the chair, a paper was re,ad on " the November Meteors, as observed at Woodcroft, Cuckfield, Sussex, Nov. 12-13, 1865," by Mr. G. Knott, F.R.A.S., communicated by Mr. J. Baxendell, F.R.A.S. It was as follows :—The night of November 12 being fine, Mr. Knott and myself were enabled to watch under favourable circumstances for the meteor-shower, of which warning had been given at the last meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society. An occasional exa mination of the sky during the earlier part of the night did not reveal a single meteor, but as a syste matic watch was not commenced before midnight, too much weight must not be attached to this cir cumstance. Our station commanded a clear view of the southern half of the horizon, but towards the north the view was obstructed by the house. Be tween 12 and 1 a.m. we counted 39 meteors, giving an average of rather more than 0.6 per minute ; the next 55m. added 61 to the number, giving an average of 1.1 per minute. After half-an-hour's interval we resumed our watch at 2.25 a.m. and between that hour and 3.5 when we ceased observing, we noted 55 meteors, showing that the average had risen to 1.4 per minute. The observations of the last 40 minutes showed clearly that the radiant point was in the immediate vicinity of the star zeta Leonis, or, perhaps, between that star and epsilon and mu of the same constellation, the neighbourhood, in fact, of what the Rev. C. Pritchard happilyterms the " apex of the earth's way." The paths of a few meteors seemed to suggest a second radiant point in the neighbourhood of beta Tauri, but the observed flights were too few to afford satisfactory evidence on the point. We remarked a strong tendency of the meteors to occur in groups, four or five, and in some cases more, appearing one after the other in quick succession, followed by a lull, during which none were seen. We did not notice any of very remarkable brilliancy. They ranged, for the most part, from that of stars of the first magnitude down wards, in the majority of instances leaving a train behind them, which, in several cases, remained visi ble for some little time after the main body of the meteor had disappeared. Among such numbers it would hardly be possible, in all likelihood, to identify individuals ; I may just notice, however, that at 2h. 42m. 30s. a bright meteor passed precisely over alpha Orionis, leaving a train which remained visi ble for a few seconds, on which the star had the curious appearance of being threaded. The meteor passed in the direction of gamma Orionis, its time of flight being about one second, and the length of its path, which alpha Orionis was about the middle point, 10 or 12 degrees. Of course, in the case of anunpractised observer, these data must of necessity be very rough, and I much regret that I was not at -the time acquainted with Mr. Herschel's ingenious alphabetical chronometer. In the last number of the Abbe Moigno's serial "Les Mondes," I find the foi -1 lowing observations by M. Coulvier-Gravier : " Night of the 12-13 November. First hours of the night up to four a.in. 237 meteors observed, or about 29.7 per hour ; from four or five, 96 meteors, or on the average F 6 per minute ; from five to six, 43 meteors, or 0.7 per minute." A comparison of these results with those of our own observations, would seem to indicate not only that there was no very material increase in the number of meteors per minute as the morning advanced, but also that the display was already on the decline before daylight put an end to observation. At the same time it is to be noticed that, according to the obser vations of M. Coulvier-Gravier, meteors in more than average numbers, indeed very considerably so, were to be seen on the night of the 13-14 Novem ber. He observed, " Although the sky was almost constantly clouded, 72 meteors appeared, of which 36 appeared between the hours of four and six a.m. when only 0.2 of the sky was clear." But in any case, so far as present accounts are concerned, it would appear that the display this year was by no means a very extraordinary one. The position of Mr. Knott's Observatory is lat. 51 deg. 41 secs. N., long. 34 secs. W. In the discussion which ensued Mr. T. Heelis, F.R.A.S., pointed out the advantage first suggested by Quetelet, in 1841, of recording not only the position of the radiant point, but also the mean distance from such point at which the meteors became visible.—Mr. Baxendell concurred in this, stating that he had himself, in the display of 1833, noted that the meteors had apparently lain in at least two strata, each stratum having its peculiar mean distance of apparition from the radiant point.—Mr. Heelis also called attention to the danger which appeared to him to exist of form ing a theory of meteors from observations taken from a one-sided point of view, and urged that as the observations of M. Coulvier-Gravier, in France, had led him to the conclusion that all meteors were atmospheric, whilst the form adopted by the British Association had been framed by a committee, the members of which regarded all meteors as cosmical, each form should in the interests of truth be so far altered as to enclose, when practicable, not only the particulars already noted, but also some of the at mosphericdonditions,both at the time of observation and also at a given time afterwards, which Mr. Bax endell suggest should not be less than 24 hours. Exception was likewise taken to the exclu sion, by the members of the committee, of small meteors from their catalogue.—Mr. Baxen dell added that to his mind one of the greatest ob jections to the cosmical theory was that the con stant deposit during thousands of years of the re mains of meteors upon the surface of the earth had not altered the time of diurnal rotation. The general opinion of the section appeared to be that no one origin ought to be exclusively assigned to meteors, and that both the cosmical and atmospheric theo ries, if pushed to the exclusion of each other, were wrong. It is stated that the United States Treasurer has now on hand in coin $41,718,000, and in currency $30,162,000. There is at present outstanding $5,545 ; 000 of old certificates, $50,616,000 of new certificates, and $5,100,000 of coin certificates. In the War and Navy Departments there is a reduction of over $11,000,000 in November, as compared with those in November, 1864. The United States Consul at Liverpool, under date of October 24, 1865, transmits to the Department of State a letter received from Mr. John Walton, an opera tive mason of Bradford, Yorkshire, accompanied by two interlinked stone rings, which he cut out of a solid block of stone during his leisure hours, in memory of Mr. Lincoln, which he now presents to President Johnson. The manufacturer designates these rings as typical of the American Union, and declares that the union of the States, with one link in the chain broken, dismembers the whole. The links bear inscriptions, which combined, as doubtless intended by the manufacture, readr as follows : " The Links of Unity." " For the People in North and South America." The rings have been placed in the hands of the President. BREARFA.ST BEVERAGE. —Homccop athic practitioners, and the medical profession generally, recommend cocoa as being, the most healthful of all beverages. When the doctrine of homceop b a e th o y b N t v a a lii s o. nofirst introduced into this country, there were to preparations of cocoa either attrac tive' to the taste or acceptable to the stomach ; the nut was either supplied in th e cru d e state, or so unskilfully manu hiaoCmtucereodpatahsictochoebmtaisint, wilattsleinndouteiccde. the J. yEPeljaB; 18 of L 3 9tn o or n st d tu o rt n no , his attention to this subje.t, and at l eng th succeeded, with the assistance of elaborate machinery, in being the produce an article pure in its composition, and so refined by the pert et trituration it receives in the process it passes through, as to be most acceptable to the delicate stomach. For general use Epps' cocoa is distimuished as an invigo rating, grateful breakfast beverage, with a delicious aroma. Dr. Hassall in his work. "Food and its Adulterations," says—" Cocoa contains a great variety of important nutritive principles ; every ingredient necessary to the growth and sustenance of the body." Again, "As a nutritive, cocoa stands very much higher than either coffee or tea." Direc tions: —Two teaspoonfuls of the powder in a breakfast cup, filled up with boiling water or milk. Secured in tin-lined and lib. labelled packets, and sold at is. Od. per lb. by grocers, 3)nrectiouers, aad chemists. The United States Sanitary Commission. WHAT IT ACCOMPLISHED DURING £HJ WAR. The American public, which for four years has entrusted in a large measure the distribution of its charitable dis bursements to the energetic and cautious hand of the Sani tary Commission, naturally feels an interest in the status and prospects, the plans and projects of its faithful ser vant. A brief statement, drawn from the officers in charge of the New York branch, will indicate clearly and satis factorily all that the people would care to know. The departments or special bureaus of the commission have been located at the following points :—Washington, New York, Louisville, New Orleans, Baltimore, Phila delphia, Annapolis, City Point ; in addition to which there have been the Departments of Western Virginia, of the South, and Texas. A full report of the business of the commission down to the Ist of April, 1865, has been spread before the public, since when until the Ist of October, 1865, the following statistics are furnished : Disburse ments. Dols. Month. No. of em- Salaries ploy6s. Dols. April 437 26,997 76 124,206 95 May June July August 3OB 22,076 69 60,538 86 September 2BO 20,000 44 46,152 66 Totals 2,265 148,297 10 670,433 18 From a document just issued by the commission we gather the following report of the Treasurer, which shows the' RECEIPTS OP THE COMMISSION, from June 27, 1861, to July 1, 1865, at which time the active work of the organisation ceased, to be four million eight hundred and thirteen dollars as follows: Dols. Maine New Hampshire 1,926 84 Vermont 3,521 17 Massachusetts 15,511 35 Massachusetts, through Boston Branch 77,689 51 __ _ _ Rhode Island Connecticut 8,418 55 New England (States not designated) New York New Jersey 20,241 24 Pennsylvania Delaware 775 00 Maryland District of Columbia 12,124 53 Virginia Ohio 703 60 14,549 50 Indiana.. 1,264 15 llinois 4,342 50 Michigan 691 30 Wisconsin 896 00 lowa Minnesota Kentucky 13 50 67 86 6,508 05 California 1,219,112 51 Louisiana 3,177 25 North Carolina Nevada 106,301 96 Oregon 78,482 26 Washington TerritorST 20,918 02 Idaho .. Colorado 5,301 31 1,025 00 Nebraska lO 50 Vancouver's Island Sandwich Island 15,878 15 Santiago de Chili Peru _ 2,002 00 Buenos Ayres 1 3 ,412 85 __ Cuba - 441 48 150 00 Costa Rica Canada Newfoundland 84 00 23 00 England Scotland France European Branch (Paris) London Branch . 11,080 33 74 75 3,550 00 13,372 72 36,690 42 Belgium .. Germany Italy Turkey .. China 100 00 843 22 50 00 50 00 2,989 90 Japan . U. S. Army U. S. Navy , Boston and New England Fair Yonkers Fair, N. Y Flushing Fair, Long Island, N. Y. Brooklyn and Long Island Fair, Long Island, N. Y. • • 300,000 00 Schuyler County Fair, N. Y Albany Fair, N. Y. Metropolitan Fair, New York city 1,184,446 72 Warwick, Orange County Fair, N. Y 1,432 73 Poughkeepsie Fair, N. Y 16,192 27 Hornellsville Fair, N. Y. BOO 00 South Adams Fair, Mass. Maryland State Fair, Baltimore, Md 40,234 54 Wheeling Fair, Va. 2,500 00 Great Central Fair, Philadelphia, Pa. Unknown Sources 5,000 00 1,738 30 193 00 50,000 00 12,000 00, 3,934, 32 Interest on U. S. Certificates Interest on Deposits in Nassau Bank Interest on Deposits in Fourth National 31,892 GO 1,923 • 63 2,388 56 Bank Receipts from advertisements in Sanitary Bulletin Receipts from subscriptions for Sanitary Bulletin Contributions to Modal Fund Proceeds of sales of furniture, surplus stores, &c 191 80 197 00 32,402 95 Total Receipts Of this enormous sum tho DISBURSEMENTS of the Commission during the same time amounted to four millions five hundred and thirty thousand dollars, leaving a balance in the Treasury of two hundred and eighty-two thousand nine hundred and'seventy-five dollars and sixty nine cents. The amount of claims collected from March 16, 1863, to October 31, 1865, was : For pensions $115,925 74 For arrears of pay and bounty 301,752 77 For prize money For miscellaneous Total 8628,105 23 Estimated value of claims remaining un settled . $1,760,397 17 In addition to making direct application for pensions, arrears of pay, bounty and prize money, general informa tion and advice has been given relative to military and naval matters. No charges have been made for these ser vices, thus saving to the widows and representatives of the soldiers the usual fees of claim agents, amounting to at least $238,850 24. Probably no more villainous set of men exist among us than the lower and sharper class of "claim agents," whose retaining fee is ten per cent., and whose charges aro abominably extortionate. From these sharpers the commission has already extricated the all of many a widow and orphan. It will cease to receive claims on the Ist of January, 1866, and thenceforth devote itself to the CLOSING UP of its great work. One of the principal and obvious duties with which the commission is charged, is the compilation, and preparation for future reference, of the vast statistical and scientific material at its command. For the information of the public, Mr. Blatchford has prepared the following explanatory CIRCULAR LETTER : To the Branches and Aid Socities of the United States Sanitary Commission : The Sanitary Commission has in view the preparation of a complete history of its work. This history is in tended to embrace the origin, progress, methods, and re sults of the great enterprise in which we have been engaged. Its object is not merely to do justice to that spirit of patriotism and self-denying zeal which has characterised those who have co-operated in the work, but also to pre sent a clear account of the methods by which its success has been achieved, so as to afford aid to future generations should an emergency arise similar to that which gan birth to this commission. For the accomplishment of this object an historical bureau has been organised. A competent gentleman has been appointed to prepare a general history of the opera tions of the commission, while others will write full accounts of special departments. It is proposed to collect and arrange, in an orderly manner, all the material suitable for this purpose. The archives of the central office at Washington have already been transferred to this bureau, and it is now de cided to hecure a similar disposition of the documents of the several branches and aid societies. While the primary object of this collection is to obtain authentic material for the preparation of this history, another and scarcely less important end is the permanent preservation of these valuable documents themselves. The cordial co-operation of our branches and aid socie ties is essential to the successful accomplishment of the work of this bureau ; for without the papers which they can furnish the proposed history will necessarily be incom plete. _ . This gathering together of all the archives of the com mission into one complete collection, in which the contri bution of each society will be preserved in its integrity and be distinctly designated, will constitute the permanent memorial of the commission and will for ever remain an object of national interest, while the material of which it is composed will possess a value and interest far greater than can possibly belong to it while existing in detached and isolated parts. Relying upon your cordial co-operation in furtherance of the objects thus briefly indicated, and inviting your aid in the preparation of a national record and memorial, We hope to receive at the earliest day practical the archives of each of our branches and aid societies. All documents should be carefully encased, each package being accompanied by a list of contents, and addressed to the General Secretary, No. 21, West T welfth-street, New York; whore, for present use and convenience, in connec tion with the historical work, they will be deposited. The expense of transportation will be paid by the com mission. JNO. S. BLATCHFORD, General Secretary. Recent Geographical Discoveries• The last of a course of admirable lectures on re cent geographical discoveries was delivered on Fri day at the Royal Institution, Manchester, by Mr. W. Hughes, professor of geography at King's Col lege, London. In summing up his last lecture on Australia, Mr. Hughes said that all the knowledge which had been gained of that country showed that it had almost boundless capabilities for the develop ment, not merely of that particular kind of wealth which had hitherto constituted its most prominent characteristic, viz., gold and wool, but capabilities also for the multiplication of settlements to a vast extent. He had next to make some discursive re marks upon other lands. He need hardly observe that in reference to other lands there were no tales of ad venture so stirring to be told, connected with re sults so important in the way of geographi cal discovery, as those belonging to Africa and Australia. In sketching recent African and Aus tralian discovery he had well-nigh exhausted the great topics of interest. He had used up the great regions of the globe in which such feats as those which were unconnected with the names of Living stone, Speke, Baker, Macdouall Stuart, Burke, or Wins, could be told. There were not many conti nents to be crossed, and certainly no others to be crossed for the first time. But there was a vast deal more to be learned concerning regions as yet unexplored, or only imperfectly explored, in the continents already known to us, and indeed in some which have been known to us from early periods. In countries, small as well as large, alike in the old world as in the new, there were still regions where every explorer, especially every surveyor, added largely to our stock of geographical knowledge ; as, for instance, with respect to the elevation of moun tain chains, the precise conditions of geological stratification, and the relation of such things to the drainage and the soil of the country. The produc tions of various countries, and the conditions of human life therein, would task the energies and engage the faculties of explorers for ages yet to come. There were many instances in which men of science, prompted by a desire to extend commercial interests, as well as to solve geographical problems, were con tinually acquiring fresh facts, and adding to our stores of knowledge, and were bringing to light fresh proofs of the marvellous variety and abun dance which everywhere distinguished nature. Ex aminations, more or less scientific in their objects, had been made by various enterprising travellers, some by men of our own nation, and others by foreigners, in the distant and seldom visited tracks in the vast interior of Asia, where a good deal of posi tive knowledge had been gained in addition to the materials of those records of stirring and animated adventure which had constituted a large share of popular reading during the last few years. In the new world were to be found large fields and abundant materials for the further exercise of powers of observation, and the display of phy sical ardour in the examination of the great mountain chains and river basins which distinguished North and South America. In the latter, the field in which Humboldt worked, and in which he thought the best exposition of physical geography was to be found, was still open to much exploration. In North America, the acquisition of further knowledge be came more and more a matter of interest and mo ment. Lord Milton and Dr. Cheadle had under taken a journey across the Rocky Mountains and into the valley of the Fraser river, with the view of finding and exploriag practicable passes across that range of mountains, as a means of connecting the colonies of the eastern side with those of the western side of the great North American continent. Some such passes had been found, three or four of which were within the British territory, and the question of those passes became yearly of more practical moment. Connected with the Arctic shores of the now world was a most interesting geographical pro blem yet remaining to be solved. They wanted to reach the North Pole ; but why ? He could not say that such a feat would do either them or him any particular good, but it would be held by a very large number of Englishmen to be a national dis grace if that vast central area around the Pole, and containing a million of square miles, was left a blank upon our maps, after so much had been done in marking out the limits of land and seas, and so much scientific knowledge had been gained con cerning the condition of the climate and all the various effects of meteorology on the development of vegetables and animal life, and so much material had been accumulated for the formation of a true estimate of the natural history of the world. That history could not be complete until they knew the climate of the North Pole, whether there were any, and if so what, forms of vegetable and animal life, or what were the forbidding conditions which precluded such things, and whether around the pole there was land or sea. A proposal for a new expe dition was now under the consideration of the Ad miralty, and when they considered the number of explorers who had voluntered to go out, they ought to be proud that England possessed men of unselfish energy and gallant determination. Aim SEWARD'S FIRST KNOWLEDGE OF THE DEATH OP LINCOLN.—Mr. Seward Ira been kept in ignorance of the attack on the President, his physician fearing that the shock would be too great for him to bear, and all newspapers were rigidly excluded from his room. On the Sunday following his assassination, the Secretary had th 3 bed wheeled around so that he could see the tops of the trees in the park opposite, just putting on the spring foliage, when his eyes caught the stars and stripes at half-mast on the War Department, on which he gazed awhile, then turning to his attendant, said :—"The Pre sident is dead!" The confused attendant stammered and changed color as he tried to say nay, but the sagacious old man said :—" If he had been alive he would have been the first to call on me ; but he has not been here, nor has he sent to know how I am, and there's the flag al half-mast." The old statesman's inductive reason had told the truth, and he lay in silence, the great tears coursing down his gashed cheeks, as the dreadful truth sank into his mind. THE ALLEGED ENGLISH CONFEDERATE BOND- HoLDErts.—The Paris correspondent of the New York Herald, writing on the 21st of November, says:—" The statements of certain American correspondents of the English press, and the denials of the alleged English holders of and losers of the Confederate cotton bonds, will, I believe, bo pretty thoroughly refuted ere long, by the publication of a legal document, supporting the original statement, and exhibiting in every case but one the names originally published—the exception is Mr. Sampson (city editor of the London Times). The theory of the New York herald, in explanation of this matter, is undoubtedly the correct one—that the gentlemen who make the denials had never in reality received or applied for or hold any Confederate bonds. But the names of every one of them, with the exception above given, are, I know positively, down for a certain number of shares, which were attributed to them by the Confederate mana gers, undoubtedly with an object. The list of bond holders is divided into two classes—those who received interest on their bonds and those who did not. In the latter class are the gentlemen who have made the denial. They were down on the books for a certain number of bonds, which, had the Confederacy become a fact, they would in all probability have received and profited by as a reward for their services. Mr. Delane, of the London Times, is down. Mr. Gladstone is down for twenty, and Sir F. Pollock, who gave the decision against us in the Alexandra case, has no less than one hundred against his name. Regarding Mr. Gladstone there is other strong presumptive evidence. I know that Mr. Dudley Mann said to a gentleman who called upon him a year ago in London, lam sorry you did not come a little sooner, as you would have met Mr. Gladstone ;' and added, he is one of the holders of our bonds.' But enough of this at present. The story that the list lately published was fabricated by Mr. Bigelow or anybody else will, I believe, receive a triumphant denial in a short time, from docu ments the honesty and genuineness of which cannot be called in question." ADVERTISEMENT.] - Holloway's Pills.—Bilious affec tions and stomach complaints induced by a too liberal diet, if not early checked, are often attended with serious con sequences. When any one finds his ideas less clear than usual, his eyesight dimmed, and his head dizzy, while he is indisposed for all exertion, physical or mental, he may be quite sure that he is in immediate need of some cooling and purifying medicine. Let him send at once for a box of Holloway's pills, after a few doses of which his head will be clear again, his spirits be elevated, and all his energies be restored. Printed directions for the guidance of patients in the use of this admirable medicine are affixed to each box. Naval and Military Intelligence. • Col. J. F. M. Browne, C. 8., attached to the head-quarters of the Royal Engineer establishment, Chatham, has been appointed Assistant-Adjutant- General, Royal Engineers, at the Horse Guards, and will assume the duties of the appointment on the Ist proximo. An order issued at Chatham gar rison announces that Capt. Fitzroy, M. H. Somerset will succeed Col. Browne at headquarters, Bromp ton Barracks. Capt. 0. A. Marindin, Royal En gineers, attached to the camp at Aldershot, has been ordered to join at headquarters, Chatham, for duty. A detachment of the Ist division of the Depot Brigade, Royal Artillery, consisting of two non commissioned officers and 41 gunners, left head- quarters, Chatham, on Saturday, and proceeded to Liverpool, where they embarked on board the Cali fornian for Jamaica, where they will join the 15th Brigade, Royal Artillery. A draught of the 2d Battalion, 6th Regiment, consisting of Lieut. C. Whyte, one sergeant, and 30 rank rank and file, left the camp at Colchester on Friday afternoon for Liverpool, to embark to join the service companies of the regiment in Jamaica. An order has been received at Chatham garri son, directing Capt. Davidson, Royal Artillery, to proceed to Woolwich, for the purpose of going through an extended course of gunnery instruction. Capt. J. D. Power, 2d Battalion 10th Regiment, has received orders to embark for Madras, to join the service companies of his regiment in India. Staff-Assist.-Surg. P. G. Power, M.D., at tached to the 3d depot battalion, Chatham, has been ordered to embark for Gibraltar for medical duty at that station. Lieut. H. W. K. Hawks, 15th Regi ment, has been ordered to join the depot companies of the regiment on arrival from Malta. Detachments from the depot companies of the 2d Battalion 4th King's Own Regiment, 2d battalion 15th Regiment, and the 29th Regiment, at Chatham garrison, have been placed under orders to embark for Gibraltar and Malta, to augment the service companies at those stations. On Saturday, by special permission of Col.-Com mandant J. 0. Travers, C. 8., commanding the Chatham division of Royal Marines (Light Infan try), about 300 non-commissioned officers and men from the various companies now at head-quarters were granted an extended leave of absence, to enable them to spend the Christmas holidays with their friends. The non-commissioned officers and men to whom this indulgence was exclusively granted were all of good character. The men left head quarters early on Saturday morning to proceed by railway to their respective destinations, an advance of pay being in all cases made to those requiring the accomomdation. Dr. Griffiths, of Milford, has been appointed Go vernment surgeon to the various forts and batteries at Milford Haven. He was highly recommended by Sir H. Owen, M.P., and the Hon. Capt. Edwardes, and the appointment has given general satisfaction. The following are the quantities of solid shot and shell for which provision is to be made on board the ironclad frigate Lord Warden, 24, 1,000 horse power, now fitting for sea at Chatham-dockyard-- viz., 9-ton 8-inch rifled guns ; 240 common, 80 double elongated. and 80 shrapnell 8-inch shells, with 320 cast 8-inch shot and 160 steel 8-inchshot; 7-inch breech-loading Armstrong 110-pounder pivot guns; 184 common, and 96 segment 7-inch shells, and 200 hollow 7-inch 100-pounder shot. Her Majesty's ship Fox has arrived at Pembroke dock from Woolwich and discharged a quantity of stores and machinery for the dockyard and for her Majesty's ship Vestal, recently launched. The Wivern, 4, screw, iron turret ship, Capt. H. Burgoyne, V.C., is ordered to proceed from Portsmouth to Devonport to be docked and make good her defects preparatory to further trials in moderate weather of her turrets and guns. We presume from this re-arrangement of the Admiralty orders that Capt. Burgoyne will retain the command of the Wivern, and conduct the contemplated trials for which he by this time, from his long command of the ship, must 139 so well qualified. His Excellency the Japanese Commissioner, Shibata Hiougano Kami, with his secretary and suite, paid a second visit to Portsmouth dockyard on Saturday. He was accompanied by the Flag- Lieutenant of Rear-Admiral Superintendent G. G Wellesley and by Lieut. M'Kechnie, H.M.S. Asia, and after lunching with the Admiral proceeded round the yard, inspecting with much apparent in terest the various workshops, with their machinery, and also (to which great interest appeared to be at tached) the ironclads in the port—the Warrior, Wivern, Scorpion, and Minotaur. Emigration to the Southern States• - During a long period antecedent to the late disastrous civil war which ravaged, and in a great degree desolated, the southern portion of the United States, large tracts of country in these districts were esteemed in Europe, by the most intelligent of the people, as infinitely the best field towards which to direct the energies of emigrants of almost every class. Large tracts of fertile territory, rich in all the elements of natural wealth, courted and rewarded the in dustry of willing cultivators of the soil ; magnificent graz ing grounds allured the skill of cattle breeders, and im mense beds of metalliferous and other mineral deposits offered their temptations to those whose knowledge and industry were directed to extracting exhaustless wealth from the bowels of the earth. For the purpose of utilising these inestimably valuable natural resources, a continuous though moderated stream of emigration poured into those favoured districts, chiefly by way of the Northern States, caused, no doubt, by the greater 4acilities of conveyance which existed between Europe—and in an especial manner through Liverpool—and New York. This fair tido of beneficent traffic was unhappily checked and rolled back by the ruthless hand of that war which has been already referred to, but which has now happily been brought to such a termination as secures the integrity of the great Republic, while it has also removed the foul blot of slavery from the otherwise pure and free political institutions of the country. The removal of that bane of contention can not fail to instil new life and energy into the social rela tions of all portions of the American Union, while it must confer an immense additional stimulus upon the national industry. The restoration of peace will set all branches of productive industry in motion to repair the losses, and to overcome the retardation of development occasioned by the war. This is peculiarly true as regards the present and immediate future of the Southern States, which have suf fered so severely in the loss of men that the ordinary ope rations of an industrious people are crippled by the want of hands to conduct them, but which the irrepressible activity of the American character will constrain that high-minded people to employ every means to overcome. The readiest and most efficient process by which this object can be achieved is by promoting and encouraging a well conducted system of immigration ; such a system, indeed, as will secure to them a large supply of industrious emi grants from the overstocked labour markets of Europe. That this will meet with ready welcome and encourage ment cannot be doubted—indeed it is already a prominent feature of the Southern policy ; and in aid of that impor tant course of policy it is gratifying to find that a most efficient line of first-class powerful steamers, to run be tween Livei pool and New Orleans, have been laid on by the British and American Steam Navigation Company, the freight department of which is under the management of Messrs. Boult, English, and Brandon, and the passenger arrangements under the experienced management of Messrs. William Searle and Co. These steamers sail from Liver pool every alternate Tuesday, and the rates of passage money are so moderate as to bring them within easy reach of all classes of our industrious community. The steamers are large, commodious, and in every respect admirably found; and they are commanded by captains of experience and high character. By means of this line direct commu nication is opened between Europe and the mouth of the Mississippi, and by that magnificent river and its scarcely less magnificent tributaries, with all the Southern States of America, entirely by steamers without even once touch ing upon Northern territory. Having made these preliminary observations, let us cast a glance at the probabilities of success which attend the advent of industrious emigrants upon this extensive and teeming land of promise. Arrival at New Orleans places the immigrant in possession of the immediate means of communication with every portion of that vast tract of country which constitutes what in geographical language is termed the basin of the Mississippi. Besides the Mis sissippi, which has a course 3,200 miles long, 2,200 of which are navigable, this vast basin is intersected by the Missouri, 3,300 miles in length, and navigable 2,200 above its junction with the Mississippi ; the Arkansas, 2,500 miles long, navigable 420 miles above its junction with the river first named; the Red River, 2,000 miles in length, navigable for 1,200 miles;. the Ohio, 1,250 miles long, and navigable 600 miles above its confluence with the Mississippi ; and in addition to all these numerous rivers, which in Europe would be considered as of im mense size, steamboats of great power and capacity sail regularly from and to New Orleans along the whole range . of these superb , navigable streams, carrying an immense and daily increasing trade to and fro with the interior, constituting direct lines of intercourse throughout a country, says Mrs. Somerville, in her " Physical Geo graphy," twice as large as France and six times the size of England. . • Mere magnitude, however, as all the world knows, is not the chief criterion as to the territorial value of 3 country. That depends principally on its natural re sources for producing such commodities as the instinc tive or artificial requirements of man render indispensable to his existence and comfort. Considered in this latter point of view the region opened up by the water-courses referred to is as rich and various as it is extensive. It contains the noble State of Mississippi, which contain e brine springs, from which salt is obtained in sufficient quantity to supply the wants of the State, and afford a considerable amount for the service of the a d j oining States. Lead, coal, lime, and iron are also found in abundance. Immediately east of the river fro m Which the State derives its name there is a magnificent undu lating country, about 300 miles broad, and extending 1,000 miles from south to north, between that great river and the Alleghany Mountains, which includes part of the States of Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio ; the whole of which States, together with those of Louisiana, Arkansas, and Missouri, are included in the basin of the Mississippi. In this extensive region, as might naturally be supposed from the great range of its latitude, which extends from 30 degs. to 41 degs. of no rth ' latitude, there is a very great variety of climate and temperature. The southern portions are suited t o the s uccessful culture of sugar and cotton, bsides other vegetable products requiring a temperature borde rin g on tropical ; the middle districts yield maize, flax, hewn and tobacco in profuse abundance ; while t he more northerly portions, such as the richly-wooded plains of Ohio, afford abundant crops of wheat, oats, and rye an d the charming undulating vales and uplands of Indiana afford exhaustless pasture and varied feeding for cattle, sheep, horses, and pigs ; all of which species of product thrive and yield, in the respective districts, to an extra ordinary degree. When it is remembered that even prior to the war there was a scarcity of laborers to cultivate those fair and fertile lands, and that that cruel scourge relentlessly swept away a large portion of the most useful cultivators of those natural resources, it is obvious that this splendid region presents one of the most tempting fields of emi gration to be met with on the face of the globe. The small farmer will here find abundant and profitable employment for his capital, and a rich reward for his industry. The agricultural laborer, the shepherd, and the dairymaid, will here meet with such encouragement and reward for the application of their valuable labor as will secure their immediate comfort, and rapidly progressive advancement in the social scale. To mechanics, artificers, miners, and skilled laborers of every description, so extensive a country, so rich in every kind of animal, vegetable, and mineral produce ; so felicitously supplied by cheap means of transit for ' even the heaviest and most cumbrous kinds of merchandise , by means of its magnificent navigable rivers, an endless source of profitable occupation immediately presents itself. , In short, all who are active and able, and willing to works , will find delightful settlements, and ample as well as profitable employment, in the Southern States of No rth ' America. COUNTRY MARKETS NORWICH—SATURDAY. The supply of wheat was somewhat less at this market to-day, and prices barely supported for best samples , but inferior neglected. A. liberal supply of barley offering, at a slight reduction in price ; secondary sorts neglected. White wheat (weighing 631 b to 641 b), 50s to 54s ;. re d ditto (weighing 631 b to 651 b), 50s to 52 s ; best malting barley (weighing 551 b to 561 b), 30s to 33s ; runs dit to (weighing 541 b to 551 b), 28s to 30s ; distilling ditto (weigh ing 521 b to 531 b), 24s to 26s ; oats, 24s to 26s ; beans, ge to 39s ; peas (maple), 36s to 38s per qr ; flour, 335 to -- 0 Od per sack. YORK-SATURDAY. There was an average supply at market to-day. Barley steady at last week's rates. A tolerable amount of business done in oats at late prices. Beans ruled firm at extreme rates. New white wheat, 50s to 54s ; new red, 46s to 490 Pe r 86 stone. Barley, for malting, 33s to 36s per qr ; grinding/ 30s to 32s per 30 stone. Oats, new, 26s to 28s per 24 stone. Bans, 40s to 42s per 40 stone. Malt, 62s ; rye, 300 per qr. Flour, 36s to 38s per sack of 2801 b. NO TT INGHAM--SATuRDAv. • There was a tolerable supply of wheat to-day. The in quiry was dull, but the best sorts made late rates; inferior rather easier. The demand was by no means active at last week's rates. Oats healthy at fully former terms. Beano brought quite as much money. Old white wheat, 55s to 60s ; old red, 50s to Ws ; ne' white, 52s to 58s ; new red, 47s to 498 per 36 stone. Bo ley, old malting, 32s to 40s per qr • old grinding, 26s to 28s ; new, - a to —s per 30 stone. 'Oats, old, 27s to 30$ ; new, 20s to 25s ; old foreign, 22s to 27s per stone. Beans, old, 48s to 52s ; new, 4.0 s to 438 per 38 stone. Super flour/ 37s to 39s ; fine, 34s to 36s per 20 stone. LEICESTER-SATURDAY. Our market to-day was pretty well supplied with wheat. The tone of trade was slow, and late rates were difficult to make. An average supply of barley, the demand 10 0 buoyant, and last week's prices scarcely supported. Oats little alteration. Beans firm at top prices. Old white wheat, 55s to 56s ; old red, 50s to 52s ; new white, 50s to 52s ; new red, 46s to 49s per 36 stone. Bar ley, malting,' 34s to 39s per qr. ; grinding, 28s to 30s per 30 stone. Oats, old, 28s to 32s ; new, 20s to 25s per 24 stone. Beans, old, 46s to 51s; new, 42s to 46s per 38 stone. LINCOLN.-FRIDAY. ---•- With a middling supply the trade in wheat was slow, and prices remained as last week. New white wheat, 51s to 56s ; new red, 42s to 48s per 36 stone. Barley for malting, 35s to 40s per qr ; grindinF , O 27s to 29s per 30 stone. ats, 26s to 30s. Beans, 418 t 0 51s per 38 stone. CORK—FRIDAY. The following were the quotations this morning :---.-- 12 ',., 61 wheat, 9s 9d to lOs 1d ; white, 9s 9d to lls 3d ; barley , ; II to 7s 10d ; oats, 8s Od to 8s 6d ; black oats, 7s 4d to 78 7a; bere, 6s Od to 6s 6d. DIIBLIN.—FRIDAY. This was quite a holiday market. Little business done in home grain at last day's quotations. For foreign wheat holders would abate a trifle if buyers offered. Indian c0 1 :n. the turn lower. Flour dull, and demand merely real'. Oatmeal nominal. Foreign Mail Packet List. MAILS DUE. Australia and New Zealand, via Southampton Dec. --'• Ditto, via Marseilles Jan. 12. Brazil and Cape Verde. by British packet Jan. 4. Ditto, by French packet Dec. 22. Cape of Good Hope, Ascension, and St. Helena Dec. 2 2 China, Penang, and Singapore, via Sou. hampton. „Do. --• Ditto, via Marseilles Jan, 27. Falkland Islands Gibraltar, via Southampton . Dec. --• India (Calcutta), and Ceylon, via Southampton... Dec. -- Ditto, via Mareeilles India (Bombay), via Southampton. Dec. 2 7 . Ditto, via it arseiiies .. Mauritius, via Southampton Ditto, via Marseil e i Jan. 5. Newfoundland .., Jan. 17 . Portugal Ditto, by private ship to Lisbon.. United states and British North America, by Bri tish packet ......Dec. 28 Ditto. by United States packet, via Southamp ton . • •• • Ditto, via Cork Ditto ; by Canadian packet, via Londonderry ..Dec. 22. West Coabt of Africa. Madeira, and Teneriffe Jan. 10. West Indies and Pacific (except Bahan.as, Cuba, and Mexico Dec. 2 ) Cuba And M.xioo Bahamas, via New - York. Jan. 11. Bermuda, ditto.. A MODEL STATE.—The State of lowa, Which sent some seventy thousand troops into the field—exeee'r. ing its quota by nearly six thousand—instead of bei t ' s overrun and borne down with obligations, has a State debt of a little over three hundred thousand dollars, whichshe can pay off at any time. None of her counties are , debt in consequence of the war. The reason for this oz 4" traordinary exhibit is to be found in the fact that le r people went out and fought, instead of hiring others t ° , do so. What a contrast this is to most of the States the" are now staggering under millions of debt, incurred fox the purpose of, filling their quotas. Births. st- MunßAY.—On the 21st inst., at 29, Orsett-terrace,vy__, e ,, , , bourne-terrace, the wife of Charles Frederick Dillr'" Esq., of a son. el° ROCHE.—On the 22d inst., at 15, Blackheath-terrac e t wife of Edward Roche, Esq., of a son. SHUTE.—On the 20th inst., at Chelmsford, the wife of 011 P Min Shute, R. 11., of a daughter. Marriages. ,„ Te b, CLAM—BAILEY—On the 19th inst., atMornington C'•''"st. Hampstead-road, Tom Clack, of 46 A, Clifton-TO O k John's-wood , to Alice Maud, youngest daughter of Li • Bailey, of Charles-street, Berners-street. , 0 0 LEEDs—DAwsort.— On the 22d inst., at Grevill o- r Church, ohn Leeds, 8.A., of Abbey-gardens, St J J all wood, to Elizabeth, youngest daughter of the late °ll than Dawson, Esq. BROUGHTON.—On the 22d Deaths inst , at his residence, 2, gh at' terrace, Regent's-park, London, Mr. John A r i . " Broughton, aged 51. GOWAN.—On the 19th iust , at Penhill, near Bath, LieA General G. E. Gowan, C:B., aged 77. clif a MnnicK. —On the 21st inst., at Stanwell Moor, Merrick, aged 88. air STEPHENS.—On the 19th inst., at Peeves Herts, and late of Charlotte-street, Portland -place, Josiah Stephens, aged 61. Cha rley TAUNTON. the 22d inst., at 86, Hatton-gard en ' Taunton, Esq., aged 59. ato ll o WOOD.—On the 19th inst., at Twyford Abbey , ne'" Thomas Wood, Esq., aged 66. - - - _----r-f.--------- • - - ---- -- - aBAO . London: Printed and Puhiished by W IL LlArd A.NII- oii 02. of No. 112, Strand, Printer , at Trtz Sox Otlice,..; Ol Strand, in the Precinct of the Ss.voy. in the 'A biltdlesexr-Monday, December 25,180. LOND 0/ Rooll' at EVANS' I itres. tiINAII./ This eelebra Prize Medal. It to Pare, h Bold in Boil "te Agents in • 8, UREA. Observe till 4 Rinahan's I /IUTW • (Inc 14, RUSSEL] ADVANCE Freehold or Pea, or any d three years, r discounted. ' 1 1!ade towards 10 Years —Fe elrelopo. H E Subscriptic to the suppl 3 French, and Booth's, CI United Libr technic Insti 4 ETR( NOTICE the rate of fi nA.LIO-YEA On MOND dend of the Will be PAI 27, Austin-h to the Regis dead warrax 27, Austin CHOC( CHOCC cnocc lENI wai C 1 3, Great 3 Gentle Mao opp DEAF] Invi Perceptible the head is deaf person and public. QPANI k_7 ALE. Produces is 6d..; sent 11 tiolb WON in This preps. removing 1 —248, Higl LI Lo Ladies' or at 3 8 . Bd., Stamps. jtEl ALI crnmediatc tural in 4 Post for 59 lE Au Lc Without neck, and day as ord Lately AN] C 1( the Stim BOSS, 24 DM' AL art TABLE a . to 2R. 9 Atka :I Ivor' '1 MC Mirk. therhit h. fully (Arc grdatrAft 'natter fi Properti( system, per mont bottle, of of the hi !peetabi tioenell nighnes Lam , LP affect flitted coughs, sumptio Pronour provoke Its effecl even lyi In a few L A i Cross, L three qi for Lan enzrav( Way Te TE 'ban Want been et the F. I 1. I , Cl. A.l C. I A. 1 E. ] S. I Thy oun have Co Mr. tare