The Sun. — London, England, 1865-04-24 00:00:00

Naval and Military Intelligence. Field-Marshal the Duke of Cambridge, General Commanding-in-Chief of her Majesty's army, on Saturday made his annual official inspection of the troops stationed in and around Portsmouth. At 9 a.m. the Duke, attended by his personal Staff, com prising Lieut.-Gen. Sir Richard Airey, K.C.8., Col. T. H. Clifton, Aide-de-Camp to his Royal Highness; Col. Gambier, C. 8., Deputy-Adjt.-Gen. R.A.; and Capt. Jervois, R.E., Deputy-Director of Works for Fortifications; and accompanied by Maj.-Gen. Lord W. Paulet K.C.8., and a numerous Staff, crossed over from Portsmouth to Gosport, and first inspected the different batteries of the 12th Brigade stationed in the advanced forts west of Gosport in one brigade on Haßlar-common. After inspecting the Royal Artillery, his Royal Highness inspected the 69th Regiment of Infantry, under the command of Col. E. M'Kirdy, on the parade ground of their barracks near Gosport. In both instances the Duke expressed his satisfaction at the appearance of the troops, their steadiness under arms, and their state of discipline. The remainder of the troops stationed in the garrison of Portsmouth and its immediate vi cinity were ordered to parade on Southsea-common, at noon, for his Royal Highness's inspection. By that time the following force was drawn up in con tiguous column, under the command of Major-Gene ral Lord William Paulet, K.C.8., Lieut.-Governor of the garrison, and Commander-in-Chief of the south west military district, attended by his Staff K and B batteries of the 4th and 9th brigades of Field Artillery, Lieut.-Col. Newton, consisting of 12 officers, 177 men, 166 horses, 12 guns—Armstrong 12 - pounders, and 12 waggons; 26th Regiment (Came ronians) of InfantiT,Lieut. -Col. Carey, 20 officers and 421 men ; Royal Marine Artillery, Col.-Commandant Tate, 25 officers and 578 men ; Royal Marine Light Infantry, Col.-Commandant Marsh, 34 officers and 602 men; 52d Regiment, Lieut.-Colonel Peel, 19 °lacers, and 368 men ; 87th Regiment of Infantry, Lieut.-Col. H. Murray, 29 officers and 469 men, giving a total force on the ground of 139 officers, 2,615 men, 166 horses (not reckoning the horses of mounted officers) 12 guns, and 12 waggons. The Duke of Cambridge arrived on the ground soon after the troops had taken up their position, and was received by general salute with colours lowered, Lord Win. Paulet and Staff occupying a position in the centre of the line of columns as the General officer in command. When the salutehad been rendered the Duke, accompanied by Lord William Paulet and the united Staffs, galloped to the right of the line, and made an inspection to the front and rear of the columns, after which the ceremony of marching past was gone through, the two magnificent batteries of Field Artillery leading, followed bythe Cameronians in three divisions—solid and steady—succeeded by the 87th in four divisions. To the 87th succeeded the 52d, in three ; following them the Royal Marine Light Infantry, in four divisions. The rear was brought up by the Royal Marine Artillery in four divisions. The field batteries having wheeled successively to the left after passing now went by the saluting point at trot, after which the whole of the troops formed line in open order, advanced in quick time, halted, and gave a general salute, which closed the proceedings. Before dismissing the troops to their quarters commanding officers were called to the front, and the Duke addressing them expressed the gratification he felt with the appearance and be- haviour of the different corps en. the ground, and before time could have been taken advantage of by summer drills to prepare the men for such an occasion. To the batteries of Field Artillery his Royal Highness paid the highest possible compli ment :on the condition of the horses, the know ledge of drill evinced by the men, and their gene ral appearance of efficiency. The 52d Regiment, he observed, had but just returned from India, but he was very much pleased with their appearance. The Royal Marine Artillery and Light Infantry had always been known to be fine bodies of men, but he had never seen them look to greater advantage than that day. With all he had seen, he said in conclu sion, he had been very much gratified. The troops were then dismissed to their quarters, and the Duke and Lord William Paulet, accompanied by their Staffs, rode round the line of batteries now erecting on either side of Southsea Castle, to command the entrance to Portsmouth harbour channel from Spit head or the sea. At the conclusion of his visit to this work the Duke returned to Portsmouth, and soon afterwards left the Government-house and Portsmouth by the 3 p.m. train for London. The 83d Regiment is under orders to leave the camp at Aldershott and proceed to Sheffield and Weedon. The headquarters and seven companies will march at 645 p.m. to-day to the North Camp Station, for conveyance by special train at 7 30 p.m. to Sheffield. The remaining five companies of the regiment will march at 7 a.m. to-morrow for con veyance to Weedon. The head-quarters and eight companies of the 69th Regiment will arrive at Aldershott to-day and to-morrow, and will be luartered in L, M, and 0 lines, North Camp. Four companies of the regi ment will remain behind at Gosport until the arri val of the 81st Regiment from India. In compliance with instructions received from the Horse Guards the undermentioned men paraded at the office of the 3d brigade in the North Camp At Aldershott, on Thursday morning, where they were inspected by a brigade major, and handed over to a sergeant of the 39th Regiment, by whom they were conducted by train from Farnborough station (South-Western Railway) to the Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley, with a view to their being transferred to the medical branch of the Army Hospital Corps if found qualified :—Private Thomas Allington, Ist Royal Dragoons ; Private M. M' Gregor, 2d Dragoons ; Privates H. Mitchener and J. Coulson, 31st Regiment ; Private C. Grant, 92d Highlanders ; Lance-Corporal J. Kennedy, Ist battalion, 14th Regiment ; Privates T. Baxter and P. White, 62d Regiment ; Privates J. Reid and H. Platts, 39th Regiment. The mail steamer Cambrian, which arrived at Ply mouth on Friday, brought the following passengers from the Cape—viz., Dr. Voss, 2d Battery, Royal Artillery ; Capt. O'Brien, 28th Regiment ; Lieut. Hewitt, 24th Regiment ; and Capt. Aplin, R.N. The Cambrian left at Ascension on the 28th March the storeship Meander, 10, Capt. Joseph G. Bickford; the screw steam corvette Archer, 13, Capt. Francis Marten ; the screw steam gunvessel Lee:s, Lieut. Chas. E. Foot ; the screw steam gur vessel Ranger, 5, Commander Wm. E. Gordon ; an & the paddl ew h ee l steamvessel Pioneer, 1, which is be stationed on the river Congo. The French ship of war Dordogne left Table Bay on Feb. 11, for Rochfort ; and the Netherlands corvette Hilder, on March 6, for Hol land. The Russian ship of war, Dimstry Donskoy, Commander Baron Meydell, from the Cape of Good Hope, arrived at St. Helena, March 2, and left on the7th for St. Petersburg. The Spanish steam frigate Ebrahirneiaha, from Liverpool, having touched at Madeira and Asce ns i on , ca ll e d a t St. H e l ena on March 16 on her way to Suez by the Cape of Good Hope. Admiral Sir C. Fremantle, K.C.8., Commander in-Chief at Devonpo r t, went on Saturday in the gun boat Tilbury, f rom Hamoazeinto Plymouth Sound, where he mustered and inspected the crew of the screw steam frigate Narci Campbell. ssus, 39, Capt. Colin A. Letters received by our Portsmouth correspondent from her Majesty's s March 17, state that s h e dated Ascension, was leave for England o n that or the following morning,ardthat her arrival be might looked for immediately after the arrival of the mail steamer, which would l eave. A s cension on the 28th of March, letters by which were delivered at Portsmouth on Saturday. The arrival of the Tartar may therefore be hourly expected. The plan for the extension of Portsmouth dock_ yard submitted by the Admiralty Director of Works having been approved, the necessary steps have been taken at Portsmouth for measuring off themudlands lying north of the dockyard which are required for the purpose. The extreme boundary line is now marked out by red flags, the outlines of the basins by blue flags, and that of the docks by yellow flags, and an opi n i on may now be forme d b y th e v i s it or to Portsmouth yard of the gigantic nature of the original desig n , if he casts his- eye over the lines of these coloured flags, and considers that their utmost limit forms only one third of the original plan. The subject is of great importance, and we shall take the opportunity of referring to it again shortly in detail. RAILWAY INTELLIGENCE. CITY OF GLASGOW UNION. The half yearly general meeting of this company was held on Wednesday, in Glasgow—Mr. J. R. Stewart in the chair. Mr. FLE3IING, the secretary, read the report, which stated that the plans for the first contract had been completed. This contract included the bridge across the Clyde, being the heaviest work on the line ; and the directors believed that within a few weeks the works would be commenced. A large portion of land had already been acquired, and every effort would be made to push on the con struction of the railway and stations with the ut most speed. The bill promoted by the directors in the present session of Parliament for deviation of part of the railway south of the Clyde had passed the committee of the House of Commons, and the competing scheme of the Caledonian Company had been rejected. The directors had also secured run ning powers for the company and all parties legally using the Glasgow Union line over the General Terminus and Harbour Junction Railway, and had been successful in their opposition to the Glasgow City, Suburban, and Harbour Railway Bill, which had been rejected by the Commons' Committee. The whole capital of the company had been sub scribed. The CHAIRMAN, in moving the adoption of the report, congratulated the shareholders on the suc cessful result of their proceedings in Parliament so far as they had gone during the present session. The company had now secured, notwithstanding the formidable opposition of the Caledonian Com pany, the continuous communication between the south and north sides of the river. The company had also secured full running powers over the Gene ral Terminus Railway, thus securing access to the harbour on the south side of the river, while the new tramways promoted by the company would give them access to the harbour on the north side. The importance of the Glasgow Union line was abundantly proved by the fact that two subscription bills were now before Parlia ment, wherein the Glasgow and South Western and the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Com panies asked for power to subscribe £300,000 to wards the undertaking. Mr. EWING seconded the motion for the adoption of the report, and it was agreed to unanimously. Mr. M'Farlane, the retiring director, was re elected, and Mr. Blackburn, M.P., and Mr. Roger were elected directors of the company. Mr. Robert son, the retiring auditor, was re-elected ; and the sum of £3OO was voted to the directors in acknow ledgment of their services. ANTWERP AND ROPITERDAM. The report of the directors states that the section from Antwerp to Aerschot, forming the junction with the Est Beige Railway, was opened on the Ist of August, 1864. The section from Aerschot to Diest had also been in operation since the Ist of February last, and they had reason to believe that the entire line would be opened in the course of next month. The line from Turnhout to Tilbourg had been conceded, and it was hoped would be ready for traffic in the beginning of 1866. Their lines would then be completed, making a total length of about 470 kilometres (292 miles), and a water-way of 37 kilometres (13 miles). The result of the joint working of the traffic on the company's lines, in conjunction with those of the Est Beige and Sambre and Meuse Railway Companies, was £44,633 gross profits to the Antwerp and Rotter dam Company for the year 1864, to which was added £2,518 balance in hand, and £423 profits on cession of magazines, together £47,574. After de ducting interest on loans, rents, and expenses, the net profit was £32,295, against £28,579 in 1863, showing an increase of £3,716, or 13 per cent. They proposed to divide 12f. 50c. as share interest and 11. as dividend, making 13f. 50c. per share. The construction account showed that £658,600 had been expended. ILLINOIS CENTRAL. The report of the directors of this company states that the local traffic upon the line in the year 1864 was much disturbed by the requirements of the Government. The forage and other supplies for the armies in the south-west were taken to a large extent from Illinois, and the preference which the Government had a right to demand prevented the company from doing the private business of the line with regularity. Although the rolling stock had been largely increased in the past two years they had not • kept pace with the increasing amount of business. and required more motive power. Their expenses were much larger than in previous years. If peace should be at once restored there wouldbe a larger amount of business than they had yet had and with diminished expenses. The increase of traffic over 1863 was £3B per cent., while the gain in net earnings was only 18.4 per cent. They were exposed to very expensive labour in their machinery and repair department while the war was in progress. There had been a very active demand for land, there having been 3,501 purchasers for 264,432 acres of land averaging $10.96 per acre, amounting to $2,898,980. Those sales were widely distributed, and in small tracts. On the majority of them one fourth of the purchase was paid in cash, and the balance payable in one, two, and three years, with 6 per cent. payable annually in advance. The ar rears of interest had been generally paid. Great care had been taken not to dispossess any man making an honest effort to work his farm, and this course had established confidence in the company. At the close of the year there were upwards of 15,000 in dividual accounts on the books of the office, and no suit or claim pending in the courts in relation to any one ;of them ; the balance of notes and con tracts on hand was $9,357,693. There were still 1,110,554 acres of land for sale. The collections were double those of any previous year, being $2,575,928, of which $1,440,091 was paid for $1,200,000 construction bonds which had been can celled. From the balance to the credit of income account a dividend of 5 per cent. was declared pay able on the Ist of February. The capital account showed a balance of $364,928 from the last report, $828,540 received on 9,206 shares at £9O per share, $1,132,600 on 113,260 shares at £lO per share, and $2,086,000 on 6 per cent. redemption bonds of 1890 issued, making together $4,412,068. Out of this was deducted $46,000 in payment of 8 per cent. bonds of 1865, $1,065,181 on permanent expendi ture, $458,253 for additional rolling stock, $24,874 sundries, and $2,086,000 for cancellation of 7 per cent. construction bonds, leaving a balance of $ 731 ,851. This income account showed a balance from last report of $1,328,716 ; the net collections from lands, principal and interest, were $2,461,681 ; the net traffic in 1864 amounted to $2,463,194, and the profits from sundry sources $62,604; $6,316,194. Of this sum $1,000,028 had been applied to interest on funded debt, $118,718 sterling ex change, $1,665,830 dividends on shares, $1,964,763 expended in Cancellation of construction bonds, leaving a balance of $1,566,855. When the bonds called for, with $240,000 8 per cent. bonds, due the Ist of March, were paid, and for which they had cash in hand, their debt would be reduced to $12,500,000. The property now consisted of 706 miles of railway, 105 miles of sidings and double track, 133 engines, and 3,500 cars. The machine shops were well furnished ; the facilities for building locomotives and cars were ample. GRAND TRUNK OF CANADA. The traffic receipts on this company's lines for the week ending April 1 amounted for local passengers to £6,493, for foreign passengers to £1,855, for &c., to £642, for local freight and live stock to £16,136, and for foreign freight and live stock to £3,576, —total, £28,703 on 1,377 miles, against £22,664 on 1,335 miles for the corresponding week last year, showing an increase of £6,038. The total traffic receipts from the Ist of January to the above date amounted to £294,254, against £288,808 for the corresponding period of last year, showing an increase of £5,446. The Commercial Treaty between Austria and the Zollverein, BERLIN, April 19th. The following is the full text of the commercial treaty recently concluded in this capital between Austria and the States of the Zollverein " His Majesty the King of Prussia, his Majesty the King of Bavaria, and his Majesty the King of Saxony upon their own behalf, as well as representing the Sovereign countries and parts of countries in connection with the Prussian tax and duties system, to wit : the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, the enclaves of Rossow, Netzeband and Schonberg belonging to the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg, the principality of Birkenfeld attached to the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, the Duchy of Anhalt, the princi palities of Pyrmont and Waldeck, the principality of Lippe, and the district of Meisenheim belonging to the Landgraviate of Hesse; and also in the name of the remaining members of the German customs and commer cial union, viz., the Crown of Hanover, for itself and the principality of Schaumburg-Lippe ; the Crown of Wurtemburg, the Grand Duchy of Baden, the Elec torate of Hesse, the Grand Duchy of Hesse for itself and the district of Homburg belonging to the Landgraviate of Hesse ; and in the name of the States, constituting the Thuringian customs and commercial union, viz., the Grand Duchy of Saxony, the Duchies of Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe- Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the principalities of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Sondershausen, the older and younger branches of the House of Reuss, the Duchy of Brunswick, the Duchy of Oldenburg, the Duchy of Nas sau, and the free town of Frankfort, upon the one part, and his Majesty the Emperor of Austria, representing also the sovereign principality of Liechtensteim, upon the other : actuated by the wish to promote in a comprehensive man ner commerce and traffic between their territories by ex tended liberation and reduction of duties, by simplified and equalised treatment of duties, and by facilitating the use of all traffic institutions, and with the intention of securing their duties revenue and paving the way for universal German customs union, have commenced negotiations for the renewal and corresponding change and enlargement of the commercial and customs treaty of February 19, 1853, already existing between them, and have for that purpose appointed as their plenipotentiaries : " His Majesty the King of Prussia, his Ministerial Direc tor Alexander Max Philipsborn, and his chief Privy Coun cillor of Finance Gustav Hasselback ; his Majesty the King of Bavaria, his Ministerial Councillor Moritz von Reichert ; his Majesty the King of Saxony, his Privy Councillor of Finance Julius Hans von Thummel ; and his Majesty the Emperor of Austria, his Privy Councillor and President of the Ministerial Department for Indirect Taxation Dr. Carl Baron von Hock, who, after due communication and mutual recognition of their powers, have agreed upon and concluded the following commercial and customs treaty : " Art. 1. The contracting parties engage to place no ob stacles in the way of mutual traffic between their countries by any import, export, or transit duties. Exceptions here from can only take place in the case of tobacco, salt, gun powder, playing-cards, and almanacs, and in respect to ar ticles required for war purposes under special circumstances. "Art. 2. With respect to amount, security, and levy of import and export duties, and with regard to transit, other States shall not be placed by one of the contracting parties upon a more favoured footing than the other. Every advantage in these respects granted to other States is therefore to be granted at the same time to the other con tracting party without compensation. Excepted herefrom are only such advantages as are enjoyed by States now or in future joined in customs union with one of the contract ing parties, as also such advantages as are conceded to other States by existing treaties and are expressly excluded from the application of the above stipulation. These advantages may be conceded to such States for the same articles in no no higher degree also after the expiration of these treaties. "Art, 3. From the Ist July, 1865, the contractingparties will allow mutual modifications of traffic upon the basis of the free entry of raw natural products and the admission of manufactured articles of their countries at a reduced rate of duty. For this purpose they have agreed that in the im mediate passage out of free traffic in the territory of the one party into the territory of the other no entry duties, or respectively no higher entry duties, shall be levied in Aus tria upon goods stated in Schedule A and in the Zoilverein upon goods stated in Schedule B than is appointed to be levied by these schedules. "Art. 4. If, pending the duration of this present treaty, increase of the general tariff of entry duties as compared with tariff to come in force on and after the Ist July, 1865, shall take place in the territory of one or other of the con tracting parties, these will remain without bearing upon the amount of duties and freedom from duties agreed upon according to Schedules A andß. But if one of the contract ing parties wishes to introduce a reduction of the general tariff in operation after July 1, 1865, upon any one of the articles specified in the Schedules A and 8., whether gene rally or only in certain frontier ports or customs districts, he is bound to give notice to the other party of the said reduction at least three months More its coining into ope ration, and the other party then retains the option, further agreement being resorved, of admitting this article duty free or at the duty agreed upon, a certificate of origin being produced. Whichever party makes use of this privilege must communicate to the other the regulations it has issued in this respect four weeks prior to their execution. Art. 5. All merchandise to be transferred directfrom the territory of one contracting party into that of the other will on both sides be exempt from all export duties. From this category will be excluded only the articles hereafter men- tioned, which will have to pay the annexed rates of duty, that is, in the Customs Union : rags and other remnants for the manufacture of paper, not of pure silk but alsomix tures ; waste paper and other fragments, 1 2-3 thalers (South German currency 2 florins 55 kreutzers) per customs cwt. ; old oakum, old fishing nets and cordage, tarred or untarred, 1-3 thaler (35 kreutzers South German currency) per customs cwt. In Austria : common skins and hides (see Art. 6 of S c h e d u l e A) 2 fl or i ns 50 kreutzers,_ Austrian currency, per customs cwt. ; rags and other remnants for the manufacture of paper (see Art. 44 of Schedule A) 3 florins, Austrian currency, per customs cwt. ; bones, hoofs, feet, and remnants of hides (see Art. 44 of Schedule A) 75 kreutzers, Austrian currency, per customs cwt. In each of the contracting States the export exemptions conceded on the export of certain productions must replace only the duti es o f i n l an d taxes which have been --- levied upon the stuffs or productions from which they have been prepared ; but such exemption will not exclude any extra export premium. Mutual communication shall be made of changes in the amount of these exemptions or of the relation they are to bear to the custom-house of inland duties. Merchandise carried through the territory of one of the contracting parties out of or into that of the other party will be exempt from transit duties. This stipulation is equally applicable to goods forwarded after reloading or warehousing and to those carried through direct without stoppage. "Art. 6. For futther facilitating the mutual traffic the fol• lowing articles will be freed from import and export duties by both parties, viz.:-Ist. All merchandise (excepting articles of consumption) brought out of general traffic in the territory of one of the contracting parties into markets or fairs upon that of the other ; also goods forwarded upon chance of sale, independently of fair and market traffic, into the territory of the other contracting party, not sent into general traffic, but placed under the control of the custom-house authorities in public warehouses (packing houses, &c.) ; likewise samples which may be introduced by commercial travellers ; all these articles, if taken back unsold within a space of time to be settled in advance ; 2d. Cattle brought into the market of the territory of the other contracting party, and carried back unsold ; 3d. Bells and type for re-casting, straw for plaiting, wax for bleach ing, fragments of silk for combing ; 4th. Textures and yarns for washing, bleaching, dyeing, fulling, dressing, printing, and embroidering, yarn for knitting, spun fabrics (inclusive of all necessary appliances) for the repairing of articles of lace and fringe, skins for leather and fur dress ing, yarn in rough and smooth hanks, together with the requisite shot yarn for the fabrication of textures, also articles for lacquering, polishing, and painting; sth. All further articles imported into the territory of the other contracting party for the purpose of being repaired, re-manufactured, or improved, and returned after the purpose proposed has been effected, supposing all the re lative stipulations have been fulfilled, and provided the essential nature and denomination of the articles remain unchanged. " Art. 7. With reference to the treatment of merchan dise by the custom-house according to the permit process, traffic will bo mutually facilitated by the fact that in the the immediate transfer of such goods from the territory of one of the contracting parties into that of the other, the decreased detention, the necessity for further locking-up and unpacking the goods is dispensed with, provided the requirements agreed upon in this respect be duly fulfilled. The expedition thereof generally must be hastened as much as possible. " Art..B. The contracting parties will also be careful, wherever circumstances permit, to remove their opposite frontier custom-houses to one place, in order that the offi cial duties upon transfer of the merchants from one terri tory into the other may be effected simultaneously. " Art. 9. Inland duties, charged by one of the contract ing parties, either on account of the State, or on account of the communes or corporations, for the production, prepa ration, or consumption of an article, cannot underany pre text be rendered more onerous upon productions of the other party than upon similar products of the country. " Art. 10. The contracting parties pledge themselves to adopt in concert befitting means of guarding against and preventing smuggling, both in and out of each other's ter ritories, and for this purpose will rigorously enforce the penal code, afford legal assistance, permit the pursuit of offenders by custom-house officers into each other's terri tory, and moreover to afford such officers all the aid that can be obtained through the local authorities, officers of the police, customs, and coast guards. The customs cartel drawn up according to these general stipulations is con tained in Schedule C. Upon frontier waters and districts where the territories of the contracting parties border foreign States, the measures agreed upon for mutual keep ing guard will be strictly carried out. " Art. 11. Staple and barter rights aro inadmissible by the contracting parties, and no conveyor of goods can be compelled to stop at any particular place for the purpose of lading, unlading or relading, with reserve of the requi site stipulations for the naval and sanitary police, as also those ensuring the payment of the corresponding duties. " Art. 12. The contractingparties will admit each other's vessels and cargoes on the same terms and for the same rates of duty as their own. The nationality of the vessels of each of the contracting states is to be decided according to the laws of its country. Sufficient evidence as to the capacity for cargo of a ship of one State shall be afforded by the production of her legal papers in establishing naviga tion and harbour dues, reserving her right to reduce her measure. Each State may reserve the right of traffic be tween ports within its own territories for its own vessels ; but on the other hand the vessels of one State will be freely allowed to take successive freights or cargoes in several of the ports of the other State. Also upon condition of reci procity all the facilities which any of the States of the Customs Union engaged in maritime traffic have granted or shall grant to the vessels and cargoes of another State, shall be in future granted to Austrian vessels and cargoes, and, on the other hand, every facility which Austria has afforded or will afford in this respect to another State shall likewise be granted to the ships and cargoes of all maritime States of the Customs Union. From this rule are only' ex cepted such advantages in the coasting traffic as have not been agreed by treaty to be afforded to the vessels of other States. " Art. 13. Navigation or harbour dues shall not be levied upon ships of one of the contracting parties putting into the harbours of the other in cases of misfortune or neces sity, unless their stay is needlessly prolonged or used for commercial purposes. Duty shall only be levied by the one contracting party upon shipwrecked and stranded goods laden into a ship of the other, under reserve of the ware housing fees, in case such goods pass into consumption. " Art. 14. Ship captains and vessels belonging to one of the contracting States shall be admitted to traverse all natural and artificial waters in the territories of the other upon the same conditions and upon payment of the same duties per ship or cargo as are incumbent upon captains and vessels of the native State. " Art. 15. The use of highways and other roads, canals, locks, ferries, bridges and bridge openings, harbours and landing-places, buoys and lighthouses, of pilot facilities, of craneage and weighing machines, of warehouses, of arrange ments for saving and storing shipped goods, and so forth, in so far as the said arrangements or institutions are in- tended for public convenience, shall, whether under the management of the State or of private persons, be permitted to the subjects of the one contracting party upon the same conditions and payment of the same duties as to the sub jects of the native State. Fees shall only be levied upon actual use of such arrangements or institutions, with reser vation of admissible different arrangements in the light house and pilotage systems. These shall however not exceed the cost of keeping in repair, together with the cus tomary interest of the country upon the original capital employed. Road money for laden carriages upon roads serving either directly or indirectly to connect the contract ing parties with one another or with foreign parts, in cases where it amounts to or exceeds the sum of one silbergros chen (five kreutzers Austrian currency) for one draught animal per geographical mile, shall be raised at most to the rates now in force, and where not reaching the aforesaid sum shall be raised at most to that amount. Road money for traffic crossing the frontier of the country shall not be higher, upon the above mentioned ways of communication, in proportion to the length traversed, than for traffic within the limits of the native territory. Railways are to be subjected to these rules, but to those contained in clauses 16 and 17. " Art. 16. The sending of the subjects of one of the con tracting parties and their goods by railway shall not be placed upon a more favourable footing as regards time, manner, and price, than that of the subjects of the native State. No State shall levy higher railwAy transit dues upon goods forwarded to or out of the territory of the other party than those to which goods laden or unladen upon the same railway in its own territory are comparatively subjected. " Art. 17. The contracting parties will see that the tran sport of goods - upon railways in their territories shall be facilitated as much as possible by the establishment of im mediate rail connection between lines meeting at any par ticular place and by transferring the means of transport from one line on to the other. They will also, in cases where immediate rail connection exists upon their frontiers, and a transfer of the means of transport takes place, release goods foryvarded in carriages capable of being closed according to regulation, and which are sent on in the same carriages to some part of the interior where there is a regular cus toms or' duties office, from declaration, unlading and revision upon the frontier as well as from enclosure in parcels, pro vided such goods are notified for through transit by de livery of the bills of lading and freight. The fulfilment of the above stipulations shall however depend upon the re spective railway administrations being bound to see to the arrival when due of the carriages with unviolated locks at their place of destination in the interior or the custom house on the frontier. Should further facilities with re gard to passing the custom-houses be concluded by one of the contracting parties with any other State than are agreed upon in the stipulations here stated, these facilities shall also apply to traffic with the other party, mutuality being guaranteed. (Art. 18. The contracting parties will mutually endeavour that, by adopting like principles, industry may be pro moted and the utmost possible room be granted to the pri vilege of the subjects of the one party to seek occupation and profit in the territory of the other. From the time when the present treaty comes into operation, no tax shall be imposed upon the subjects of one of the contracting parties seeking employment or to pursue trade and commerce in territories of tho other, to which native subjects occupying the same industrial position are not liable. Similarly mer chants, manufacturers, and other traders, able to prove they have discharged the legal dues for the business they pursue in the State where they reside, if only making pur chases for that business in person or through travellers in their service or taking orders by means of samples, shall not be bound to pay any further dues for these acts in the territory of the contracting party. Equally, upon visiting fairs and markets for the prosecution of business and the sale of their own products or fabrics in each of the terri tories of the contracting parties, the subjects of the one shall be treated in every respect exactly as the subjects of the other. The subjects of one of the contracting parties exercising a carrying or navigation trade between places in different States, shall not be liable to an occupation tax on this account in the territories of the other. " Art. 19. The contracting parties naturally grant each other the right of appointing consuls in all those harbours and commercial centres of either part, to which consuls of any other State are admitted. These consuls of one of the contracting parties shall enjoy, upon condition of reciprocity, the same privilege; rights, and advantages in the territories of the other which those of any third State now or shall in future enjoy. "Art 20. Each of the contracting parties shall bind his consuls abroad to afford every species of protection and assistance to the subjects of the other party, wherever the latter are not represented at any place by a consul, and at no greater expense than that to which native subjects would be put. " Art. 21. The contracting parties mutually concede to each other the right of sending officials to their custom houses for the purpose of acquiring a kno w l e d ge o f th e i r business arrangements with regard to levying duties and watching the frontier, for gaining which every opportunity shall readily be afforded to the said officials. The contract ing States will mutually give each other all required ex planations as to keeping accounts and statistics in both commercial territories. " Art. 22. The stipulations contained in arts 1-9 of the present treaty do not apply in those individual por tions of the territory of the contracting parties excluded from their customs territory, so long as such exclusion ob tains. "Art. 23. Immediately after exchange of the ratifications of this treaty commissioners of the contracting parties shall meet to settle the requisite agreements and arrange ments for its complete execution. " Art. 24. The stipulations contained in the Schedule to this treaty are to be considered as integral parts of the same. "Art. 25. On and after July 1, 1856, this present treaty shall supersede the treaty of February 19, 1853. Its dura tion is fixed for the period lasting from July 1, 1865, to December 31, 1877. Both parties reserve to themselves the right of further negotiation as to more expensive traffic facilities and the nearest possible approach of the customs tariff of both, and at an early period as to the question of general German customs union. As soon as one of them considers the period for negotiations to have ar rived he shall lay his proposals before the other, and com missioners of the contracting parties will then meet. It is admitted by both parties that the autonomy of each in the form of its customs and commercial legislation is not to be considered as in any way limited thereby. "Art. 26. Accession to this treaty remains open to every German State which shall in future join the Zollverein. "Art. 27. The present treaty shall be ratified, and the ratifications exchanged within six weeks at Berlin. "Done at Berlin, this 11th April, 1865. (Signed) " Putr•r ITSBORN. VON REICHERT. HASSELBACH. VON THUMEL. FREIHERR VON HOCK." ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY.—The Society will meet on Tuesday, the 26th of April, at eight o'clock precisely, when the following papers will bo read :-1. " Observa- tions on the Peculiarities of National Pronunciation as a Means of Tracing the Origin and History of Nations," by the Rev. James Brodie ; 2, " On the Ethnic Relations:of the Egyptian Race," by Mr. R. S. Poole. (ADVERTISEMENT:I—HoIIoway's Ointment and Pills.— A Word of Promise.—All sufferers from sores, ulcers, scor butic affections, and skin diseases, may confidently com mence the treatment of their several infirmities with these healing and cleansing remedies. Under Holloway's well tried medicaments the worst cases will soon assume a kinder aspect, and in the p r ogress of the cure the afflicted will neither be embarrassed by difficulties nor disheartened by failures. A little perseverance and moderate attention to the "directions for use," enveloping every packet of oint ment and pills, will enable every invalid to-conduct his complaint to a successful issue ; and he may feel assured that by following this simple but searching treatment his skin will be made sound, severe suffering spared, and health restored SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. THE "LONDON REVIEW" ON THE VOLUNTEER REVIEW.—The review of over 20,000 Volunteers, which was held last Monday, on the Downs, near Brighton, cannot be regarded as a military spectacle alone. The presence of so large a force of all arms on a public holiday, in by no means a central part of the kingdom, has a deep political and national meaning. The numerical strength, the organisation, discipline, and equipment of the troops manoeuvred at Brighton on Easter Monday form an annual gauge of the efficiency of our army of reserve and of our security from invasion. No military man with any pretence to either professional education or liberality of ideas, would hold that our regular army, unassisted, could cope with the forces which an invader would land on our coast if he had secured the command of the sea. It is to such men as marched past Sir Robert Walpole last Monday that the army must look for support and assistance in case of our ever having to fight a battle on our own soil. No wonder, then, that so much public attention is bestowed upon this annual gathering of the Volunteers. When the movement of 1860 was originated, the prophets of evil, who always take the sinister view of every subject, declared that when the novelty and excitement wore off, men would be unwilling to continue the drudgery of military education ; that when the uniforms were tarnished and no longer glittered in the ball-room, the stimulus for soldiering would wear away, the drill-ground would be deserted, and our army of reserve become a shadow and a myth. Two-and-twenty thousand men of all arms, with forty-six guns, appeared as representatives of a force of 165,000 men on the Easter Monday in the fifth year of the movement, to refute these gloomy predictions. The actual review was preceded by the marching past of the whole force, which afforded an excellent opportunity for seeing the power of manoeuvre and the equipment of every corps. It can hardly be expected that men to whom drilling is only a recreation from the more serious pursuits of life can attain to such excellence in the more mechanical portions of drill as the regu lar soldier, who devotes his whole time and atten tion to the subject ; nor should we be acting as true friends to the Volunteers were we to tell them that their marching is equal to that of the regular army. It cannot be expected to be so. It can be regarded only as a criterion of the excellence to which they would attain had they the same opportunities for improvement as their more highly practised com rades. From the display of marching past on Mon day, there can be no doubt that with a very few weeks of constant training the Volunteer corps of the country would be the best drilled army in the world ; nor can this be wondered at, for the raw material of the Volunteer recruit is immensely supe , rior in intellect, education, and generally in physical activity, to the average of any recruit of any coun try. Although we do not wish to join in the mis , taken laudations that have been heaped by the daily papers so indiscriminately on all the corps en gaged, we do not intend to say a word against the Volunteer movement • we only desire to draw the attention of the Volunteers themselves to slight de ficiencies, which being pointed out will easily be re paired, but which, concealed by the too anxious flattery of over-zealous admirers, might be passed over, and ultimately be of disadvantage to the cause. The three corps who seemed to excel all others in passing the flagstaff were the London Scottish, the London Irish, and the Inns of Court. The marching of these was equal to that of any bat talion of the line ; their equipment was serviceable, uniform, and well put on, and the appearance of the men in their properly-sized companies elicited the well-merited applause of both civilian and profes sional spectators. In some of the other corps we noticed a certain neglect of some matters of detail, which, although apparently trivial, have been found by experience to be of great value. The companies were not properly sized, a fact which not only destroys the appearance, but also deteriorates from the efficiency of a battalion. No uniform method of carrying the cloak nor uniformity of the cloak itself, was observed in corps •, and in many places the long hair so objec tionable to the regular soldier, and so inconvenient on service or even in exercise at home, was observ able. Before passing on to remark upon the actual sham fight, we must bestow a few words of praise on the artillery, especialiy on the heavy guns drawn by agricultural horses. To no more useful purpose can the Volunteers direct their attention than to _ - the service and transport of heavy guns, and the appearance and performance of the artillery showed that the superior education of the Volunteers ren ders them peculiarly adapted for artillery duties. The sham fight took place in a large natural amphi theatre, which afforded an excellent opportunity for the spectators to observe the whole course of the action. The two armies were drawn up on the opposite slopes of the hollow, the defending force covering a line of retreat on Brighton. The attack ing force, drawn up in three lines, made a stronc , demonstration against the front of the enemy with the first line, while the two others were moved to ,he right, so as to outflank the left flank of the defenders. A general attack was then made, which rendered the position of the defender, who were numerically much inferior to their assailants, per fectly untenabie. Such is a general sketch of the dis positions, which have been minutely described in the daily journals. Our object is to glance at the behaviour 'of the troops more than the manoeuvres of the generals, There cannot be the least doubt ;that the movements of all the brigades were made not only creditably., but really. well; The firing was good, regular, and well sus tained, though we were sorry to notice in a few exceptional cases the fatal tendency of all troops to fire without taking any aim, and consequently to discharge their pieces ineffectively into the air. The London Rifle Brigade showed peculiar alertness and quickness in throwing themselves into rallying squares when they were charged by a detachment of the Carabineers, which was admired by all who witnessed it. The men did not appear more fatigued than regular troops would have been at the conclu sion of a long field-day, although it must be remem bered that they had no knapsacks to carry. On the whole, the late review shows that there has not only been a numerical increase since last year, but also an improvement in power of drill and organisation ; an improvement which has made rapid strides within the last twelvemonth, and which we have every reason to believe will progress even more rapidly during the next. If we have pointed out trifling deficiencies, it is only in the hope of seeing them repaired by next year, for we are true friends to this great national cause, and we are anxious that where so much zeal, energy, and perseverance has been shown, a little attention may be devoted to some minor details--an attention which will enable us more than ever to point to our Volunteer army as the most glorious monument of the energy, the loyalty, and the contentment of our land. THE " SATURDAY REVIEW" ON THE FALL OF RICHMOND.—If the Confederate capital has fallen at last, it may boast that, in the whole history of war, no city has been purchased by a conqueror at so heavy a price. Napoleon took Berlin, Vienna, and Moscow each in a single campaign, and when the scale of fortune was turned, the Allies entered Paris in two successive years. Sebastopol resisted the English and French for 13 or 14 months, and four or five battles were fought in the hope of raising the siege. For nearly four years Richmond has been the main object of the Federal attacks, and probably three-quarters of a million of men have at different times been employed in attempting its conquest. After Bull Run had taught the Federal Govern ment the deficiencies of the exisiting military organisation, M'Clellan commanded more than 200,000 men on the Potomac ; and he landed more than half the number in the Virginian peninsula, while his lieutenants and colleagues defended the approaches of Washington. The Federal losses in the disastrous campaign of the Chickahominy, and in the subsequent defeats of Pope, were variously estimated from 50,000 to 100,000 men. Before the , close of the year , Burnside sacrificed 15,000 or 20,000 men i n his wild attack on the heights of Fre dericksburg, and in the spring of 1863 Lee defeated Hooker with probably equal loss at Chancellorsville. The costly Federal victory of Gettysburg was in cluded in the same campaign ' and it was not till the early sum mer o f 1864 that Grant commenced his final advance upon Richmond. The casualties of his army during the march through Virginia were regarded as extraordinary, even in the present war; and the battles of the last twelve months, in the Shenandoah and in the neighbourhood of Peters burg, have added largely to the record of bloodshed. The closing victory was cheaply purchased by the expenditure of 7,000 men, in addition to 2,000 who were lost a few days before in repelling Lee's attack. Whatever may have been the services of other Con federate States, the obstinate resolution of holding Richmond was principally dictated by Virginian patriotism and pride. The people of that State must have borne the principal pressure of the war, and they have contributed more than their share to the replenishment of the army. The gallantry of Virginia is the more remarkable as the State was no party to the original secession, having chosen its side when Mr. Lincoln declared war, after the capture of Fort Sumter. General Lee himself took the command of the Confederate army only under a sense of duty to his State, and it may be doubted whether he will approve the prosecution of the struggle when he has no longer the privilege of fighting for the freedom of his native soil. What ever may be his decision, it will be dictated by the unsullied honour of a gentleman and soldier. His character will not fail to be respected by the hostile commanders who have at last fairly profited by their superior resources. Grant and Sherman will de spise the cowardly invectives which may find suit able organs in the Johnsons and the Brownlows whom universal suffrage delights to honour. When the New York limes devoted a column several months ago to the statement that General Lee was a liar as well as a traitor, the taste even of the Re publican party prevented the imitation or the repe tition of the libel. It is difficult to judge whether the war will be continued, but it seems scarcely possible that the Confederates should for the pre sent meet their adversaries in a regular cam paign. As Johnston was undoubtedly aware of the probable evacuation of Richmond, he must have formed some plan for effecting a junction with Lee in Tennessee or in Western Vir ginia. On the other hand, Sherman has lately re turned to his army after concerting measures with Grant, and it cannot be doubted that his share in the combined operations would consist in a vigorous attack on his immediate opponent. The Federal army had enjoyed an interval of rest at Golds borough, and the junction with Schofield must have more than supplied any losses which may have oc curred during the march from Savannah. At Golds borough Sherman was in communication with the coast, and he may perhaps have received additional reinforcements. As the greater part of Grant's army will henceforth be available in any quarter where its services may be required, it would seem that Johnston's only chance of safety lies in a rapid retreat. If the Confederacy had been as homogeneous as a European monarchy, it would probably have been prudent, from the early part of the war, to have pro fited by the remote distances of the interior to pursue an exclusively defensive strategy. The armies which have been crippled or destroyed in Tennessee and Mississippi might, if they were still in existence, render Lee once more a match for the conquerors of Richmond. The Confederate Government, however, could not afford voluntarily to abandon any portion of its territory, and the prolonged defence of Rich mond almost justifies a policy which might otherwise have seemed hazardous. The interior of the country to the east of the River Mississippi has now been traversed in every direction by Northern armies, and nearly all the more important towns have passed into the possession of the invader. Texas, indeed, is for the present indep en d en t, an d it would hold ten times the whole Confederate population ; but in modern times nations are not in the habit of mi grating like old German or Scandinavian tribes. The terms of submission would be easy, except to those whose property consists in slaves, and to the earnest and unconquerable patriots who, even among the noblest races, necessarily form a minority. Wherever Federal occupation extends, the dregs and the sum of the people will welcome the conquerors, and unsuspected love of the Union will be dis vered as soon as it is found to he identical with impunity and ease. It will be necessary, for the present, to tolerate the supremacy of the Repnblican. faith ; but even in Tennessee the majority will pro bably hereafter be able to displace its oppressors. On the whole, the chances are in favour of an early restoration of peace. Traders in all parts of the world will anxiously watch the prospects of cotton cultivation, and philanthropists of different sects will have the opportunity of studying the effects of universal emancipation on the negroes. The process in which foreigners are most immediately interested will be the more or less complete absorption of the disbanded soldiery in the pursuits of industry. If American writers and , orators are to be believed, the first result of peace will be some external war, voluntarily undertaken for purposes of revenge or ambition. It is fortunately permissible to doubt both the sincerity and the foresight of those who make it their business to gratify popular vanity. High wages and large profits will compete effectually with the love of military glory, .especially as the. national appetite for boasting is provided with abundint sustenance to last through the present generation. If there are any honest statesmen in the United States, they will be concerned to prove that the triumph of the Federal arms is not an un mixed misfortune to mankind. THE " ATHEN/EUM " ON THE LATE SAMUEL LUCAS. —lt is with deep regret that we announce the death of Samuel. Lucas, managing proprietor of the Morning Star. Mr. Lucas had for some time past suffered from a bronchial complaint, but the imme diate cause of his death was the shock he received by the sudden removal of his friend Richard Cobden. He died on Sunday morning last, precisely a fort night after the death of the distinguished member for Rochdale. The Morning Star had been for up wards of seven years under the direction of Mr. Lucas, and his health was, no doubt, affected by his unceasing attention to the responsible duties of his position. ,He had been for a long series of years closely connected with that political party of which. Messrs. Cobden and Bright were the recognised re presentatives. He was an active member of the Anti-Corn Law League, and when that great struggle was brought to a victorious termination, he founded the Manchester Public Schools' As'sociation, and devoted himself, with his accustomed ardour, to the cause of popular education, taking the free school system of the United States and Canada as his model. Although, owing perhaps mainly to the opposition of the voluntaries, this movement was not successful, it contributed materially to revive the public interest in efforts of an educational cha racter, especially in Lancashire and Yorkshire. He was also an energetic member of the Society for the Repeal of the Taxes on Knowledge, and, at a later period, of the Constitutional Defence Association, a public body which, it will be re membered, was called into existence by the action of the House of Lords in throwing out Mr. Gladstone's Paper Duty Repeal Bill. Mr. Lucas's labours in connection with this question were un tiring, and we may justly claim for him no small share of the honour which attaches to those by whom the ultimately successful result was achieved. He was, from the outset of the American war, a warm sympathiser with the Federals, and more especially with their anti-slavery policy, which he regarded not only as just in itself, but as the only basis upon which the Union could be restored and a permanent peace established. He was one of the founders of the Emancipation Society—the chair man of its first preliminary meeting, and the first subscriber to its funds. He had been connected with many other movements of a political or philan thropic character, but always in an unostentatious way, for no man ever less sought notoriety or per sonal distinction. He was a man of amiable and generous character, of strong and earnest convic tions, and of singular ability-in both a literary and an administrative sense. He was a brother of the late Mr. Frederick Lucas, the member for Meath, who, like himself, had made a name in journalism, and, as is well known, he was a brother-in-law of Mr. Bright. Those who were personally acquainted with him will not soon forget his winning smile, the charm of his conversation, or the happy manner in which he blended modesty with courage in the ex pression of his opinions. As a man, as well as a journalist, he has left behind him a name which will long be remembered with affection and reve rence. He died in the 54th year of his age, and his remains were interred on Friday in Highgate Ceme tery. THE " SPECTATOR" ON " THE COTTAGE HOMES OF ENGLAND."—During the recent debate on the bill for transferring the charge of the poor from the parish to the union, Mr. Villiers quoted some state ments from an unpublished return which would he believed when printed alarm the country. This document has at last appeared, and we can only trust Mr. Villiers's anticipation will be fulfilled. It is a report from Mr. Simon, medical officer to the Privy Council, upon the condition of country cot tages, based upon another report drawn up by his able subordinate, Dr. A. J. Hunter, from personal inspection of villages in most of the counties of Eng land and Wales. This gentleman could not, of course, examine 15,000 parishes, but he visited four or five in every county, examined 5,375 cottages, not taking the worst quarters, but only the poorest, and describes their condition as samples of the ac commodation generally furnished to the rural labourer. A more heart-breaking account we never remember to have read. Everywhere throughout England there are villages and districts of villages in which the villagers are housed like swine, entire families pigging together in one room, and often taking in lodgers, till every rule not only of civilisation, but of ordinary decency, is of necessity laid aside. In such places the cot tages are ricketty, tumble-down concerns, with doors and windows insufficient to keep out the wind, thatch which stinks and lets in the rain, without gardens, without privies, or with arrange ments worse than none, without drainage, and in most cases with rents driven up to an almost unen durable point by the crushing competition for room —a competition caused by the dislike of owners to allow the poor to remain, and so possibly swell the rates. In all such places the families are over crowded, 2,195 of the houses examined having one bedroom only, though inhabited by 4,918 adults and 3,906 children, an average of 21 adults and 2 children to every behroom. This average, however, is merely deceptive, for there are houses in which the parents, fighting-for bread, take in lodgers to an extent limited only by the actual area of the floor. In Wargrave, in Berkshire, for example, the rents are so high compared with wages, that the cottiers all take in lodgers, and in Barrack-row, where all the cots have two bedrooms, " a married pair with 2 children received 4 bricklayers, a pair with 3 re ceived 2, a pair with 6 received 3 ; and altogether there were in the 12 houses visited 24 bedrooms containing 37 adults and '3B children, beside one house containing one person only." In Steventon, in the same county, " the bedroom measured was 13ft. by 6ft. 9, with a slanting roof. In it slept 5 adults and a child. In each of 3 others slept 4 adults with 3 children, but one made a bed in the scullery; in 1 a father slept with his son and daughter, all adults. I visited 10, in which were 33 adults and 22 children—more than 5 to a bed-room. The beds covered the floor, and the people, as they said, ' could feel one another all over.' Half a mile off is a cot tage of four rooms on the ground floor, built by a squatter whose representatives have now the freehold. It is now divided into two cots, many angled, many • sided ; the mud walls bulging in here and out there; the roof of thatch, and not underdrawn. The inhabitants, who are 6 adults with 5 children, drink from the same bad brook," At Hinxton, in Cam ! bridgeshire, "in one very little hut, let at is. 4d., though the bedroom was divided, there was but oh,€_ l window, and here slept 9 p eo pl e ; i n another,, w l tu o an undivided bedroom, there slept 3, of whom slept in the kitchen ; in, another a woman slept with her father, her husband, and her child, 0 . 6 her husband's brother. In 15 bed r oo m s v isited Wad 32 adults and 26 children." In Gamblingay u 8 or 9 people were found in the single bedroomed houses, and in two cases 6 adults slept in a room with a child or two." At Yetminster, in Dorsetshire, 22 houses visited 9 had but one bedroom ; in one 01 these was a family of 7 persons, and in another a married pair, 2 adult daughters, and 6 children. For this very old cot was paid £3 18 s . a year. It had no garden ; the privy was roofless. The kitchen was black with smoke , and utterly uninhabitable when the door was closed if the fire was lit. The roof was a wretched thatch which let in the rain, the kitchen floor was of loose, irregular, flat stones, lying scattered here and there on the natural surface. There was no grate at ally and an open chimney. In other parts of the village were a variety of much better cots let at the same rent ; many without gardens ; some without back openings ; none had three bed r oo ms . Th e cots with two bedrooms contained families of 4 a dults and 5 children ; 5 adults and one child ; the whole result of the 22 houses being 35 bedrooms, 55 adults, and 47 children." And this one i s d escr ib e d a s cj_Tt° an average village. In Doynton, Gloucestersh s e , Dr. Hunter found a place in which "each tenement had one bedroom, the floors were broken flags and, stones, and were wretched. I n th e fi rs t I visited lay 3 beds for 4 adults and a child ; the next held 2 adults ; the next 5 adults ; the next 6 adults and 5 children ; the last 2 adults. There were 5 bedrooms in one house. Of these adults more than half were unmarried. Three of the apart ments were on the ground floor, and two upstairs, approached by outside steps, each apartment con sisting of a bedroom and kitchen." It is, useless, however, to run through the counties, or to pick ou t more samples. Everywhere Dr. Hunter found the same evils—some villages in which the crowding has destroyed all comfort, all sense of physical decencY , and not unfrequently all morality. Dr. Hunter says that he restrains himself upon the latter point, and we cannot quote the evils at which he hints , but one case must be given as a feeble hint of the. true state of aff a i rs . "Of 35 se l ecte d h ous es in Lub . en . ham, 22 had only one b e d room . Th e large families are often forced by poverty into the smallest houses, and it is often said of bedrooms that`they who do not want them can have them.' In one bed' room lived a married pair, two boys of 20 and 18, s; girl of 17, and a grandchild. In ano th er , a married pair with an adult son and an adult daughter. . 11 1 others, a married pair with five children ; a married pair with two adult sons ; six adults and two dill"; ren, where, however, there was a lean-to out-bullw ing in which a part slept ; four adults with tW O children ; a widower, his two sons, his two daugh ters, and their two natural (?) children, and so . 0 , 11 with the mise ra bl e ca t a logue." Out of houses 1403 these labourers ha v e to tramp to their work, some times miles away, " s t ar ti ng ," says D r . Hunter,i " n the dark and returning in the dark, to 04[ 01 the privilege of obtaining a day's hard work f or a shilling" —a life of melancholy - monotony worse than that o f th e St a ff or d s hire P, i j teries. There D r . B a k er reports 'that I A 1 '; the Act of 1864 was ex t en d e d t o th e p o tt er y tom" children of five were broken in to labour, and even now half the operations of brickmaking axe pe.r, formed by g row i ng g i r l s, w h o li ve among an d w lt . n a hardened lads o f th e i r own age, an d one girl 1— every four has an illegitimate child. Even ther e ' however, if a child surv i ves it s m i sery it c an 0 , ..s man or woman obtain high wages, and there is rough, wasteful plenty, but the wretched hind say Leicestershire—county loved of hunters —t° day by day at a work whi c h never fi n i s hes, lai c . yields him barely food' of the coarses t sort—one t fifth of the population having too little even of th a —and offers him for old age nothing ex ce p t „,.l starvation or the workhouse. Agricuitle labour," says Dr. Simon, and we cominen d remark to the squires who are always tal insteadthe condition of the factory hands, of implying a safe and permanent independence f . or the hard-working l a b ourer an d hi s f am il y , es for the most part only a longer or shorter circuit to eventual pauperism—a pauperism which during the whole, circuit is so near that any illness or temporal failure of occupation necessitates immediate recouise to parochial relief." The labourer's condition, too, is getting worse. Everywhere the gar d en o r other patch of land which makes to him the difference be tween comfort and poverty is being taken awaY , and so wretched is his position that even i m prove ; ments injure him. Wealthy p ro p r i e to r s, careless 7 poor rates but acquainted w ith san it ar y laws, Pull down the wretched huts and build pretty c ottages , and then to keep them neat and orderly and heal th / prohibit overcrowding, and drive the labourer to a distance from his work. He has absolutely no remedy, for the proprietor who will no t wild . lutu .. self will not sell to other men u n til, says Dr. Slul °11 ; " the household circu ms t ances o f th e labourer a l l now in the highest deg ree d e pl ora bl e . E xc ept in s 0 far as they whom his labour enriches sees fit to trea t ; him with a kind o f pitif u l i n d u l gence, h e is quite peculiarly helpless in the matter." COUNTRY MARKETS NORWICH-SATURDAY. --•- -- • • ----- The farmers brought a limited supply to this market V ) ; day, for which the demand was somewhat free, and prie c t may be reported about is per qr. higher. The supply ° t barley is now reduced to a few samples, which still wee, with buyers at full rates, both for malti ng an d grindin 6 :, qualities. Oats, beans, and peas as of late. The f' ° ,l, weather we have recently had has enabled growers to fliaW sowing under the most favourable auspices. White wheat (weighing 631 b t o 641 b), 44s to 46e ; r ed ditto (weighing 631 b to 641 b), 36s to 38s ; best malting barley (weighing 551 b t o 561 b), 30s to 338 ; runs di t ht ° (weighing 541 b to 551 b), 28 s t o 30 s ; distilling ditto (Weigis mg 521 b to 531 b), 24s t o 26 8 ; oats, 24 s to 26s ; beans, ' - ' 5O to 395; peas (maple), 36 s t o 38 s per qr; fl our, 25 s to 25 6d per sack. Averages:—Wheat, 2,843qr5, 39s 3d; barley, 800 1 0 i 30s 6d ; oats, qrs, —s Od. YORK—SATURDAY. he There was a limited q uan tity o f w h ea t on offer from the growers, and the attendance was tolerable. With a fl if inquiry rates were is per qr. higher. Barley was 01 '4 sparingly represented, a nd the demand was fair at prices. There was a limited supply of oats, for which t" inquiry was steady at full rates. New white wheat, 40s to 45s ' • new red, 37s to 39s rer 36 stone. Barley, for malting, 28s to 30s per qr ; 26s to 27s per 30 stone. Oats, new, 20s to 22s per 24 ston e ; Beans, 38s to 40s per 38 stone. Malt, 58s ; rye, 28s P er qr. Flour, 28s per sack of 2801 b. NO T TINGHAM—SATURDAY. The supply of wheat was moderate, there being a sP ri f t ling of white and red sorts. The demand was firm, u" per qr. advance. Of barley there was not much shoW ,l3l ;t and the tone of tho demand was firm at the full rates of 1' a week. Oats w ere i n sma ll supply, and the inquiry rule good at a small advance on late rates. eNi f Old white wheat, 42 s to 46s ; old red, 38s to 42s ; _ n u white, 42s to 46s ; new r e d, 37 s t o 41 s per 36 stone. -`:sto ley, new m a lti ng , 28 s t o 35 s per qr ; ol d grinding, 2305 ; 278 ; new, 25s to 27s per 30 stone. Oats, old, 25s to new, 22s to 25s ; old f ore i gn , 24 8 t o 26 s per stone. 13°' old, 40s to 43s ; new, 37s to 40s per 38 stone. LEICESTER—SATURDAY. de There was a fair:supply of wheat. Sales were rcl B o f readily at 1s per qr. over late currencies. The show' o d barley was very small, and the inquiry was t o lerably g °° at unaltered rates. Old white wheat, 42s to 45s ; old red, 37s to 41s ; P white, 40s to 43s ' • new rod, 36s to 39s per 36 stone. `3O ley, malting, 31s to 34s per qr. ; grinding, 27s to 29s Por o , stone. Oats, old, 24s to 27s ; new, 22s to 24s per 24 st°' Beans, old, 39s to 41s ; new, 36s to 38s per 38 stone. Births. BAKER.—On tho 20th inst., at St. Patrick's-hill, Cork, - ie wife of Lieut.-Colonel James Baker, of a son. GUNNING.—On the 21st inst., at Horton House, North` tonshire, the wife of G eorge W . Gunn i ng, Esq., ° son. VEAsEY.—i ns t. , On the 21st at Islington, the wife of vat G. Veasey, Esq., o f a son. WALL.—On the 20th inst., at Oxford, the wife of Pro/ 05$ oi Wall, of a son. Marriages, o i ls LONGLEY—DAWSON.—On the 19th i ns t. at Lambeth m - to Chapel, George Longley, M a j or Royal Engilleell' o CatherineCathene Alice, widow of th e l a t e R ev . J. Daw6°"n ' Rollesby Hall, Great Yarmouth. rit,firt'D LART—DEIVAR.—On the 19th inst., at St. J o hn's to Notting-hill, Edmund Lart, Esq., late 18th liuss' ir ';r, Christiana, the third daughter of the late Dayid De' Esq., of Canonbury, and Wood-street. Deaths. . D OO l BANNER.—On the 21st inst., at Dingle M oun t, Life 4 Ilarmood Banner, Esq., aged 83. BURGESS.—On the 20th inst.. at Park-street, Windsor, 00111" Burgess, Esq. DICKSON.—On the 23d inst., at 3, Union-place, Lan', the road, Lambeth, Mr. Robert Dicks o n, p r inter 01 Morning Post, aged 48. Tra r l GORDON.—On the 20th inst., at 11, Weatbourne—e road, Major-General Major-General Abraham Henry Gordon, 82. Alice OTTER.--At Wath-upon-Deane, Yorkshire, MlOO Otter, aged 89. WIL 0 London : Printed and Published by LIAM ANlt n . " 11 2, of No. 112, Strand, Pai n t er , a t T HE S UN ()thee , 1 7 t y of Strand, in the Preci nc t o f th e S avoy, i n the Cot ilj Middlesex.—Monday, April 24, 1865. Area The b , The That loot of xi 11 1 3 ; the* take acti' T tor, i ( vote, th e he h their T 1 Tt 4 gre less °4 A Ofa, tio n Vo ' , ecre and To tl Ot Geri th e al th at numb of the turth, bo o , to T lIE ' T ~1~: In, Where 11l Per sl Put hot le - This( alinut arid C. C on , leutl Sir, Fra the liess x F• Etbra tToh t f Acc c an be and 85 Pre E obt i kJ etapa 13rokei To th© lia r su m of allot u ac cept Die, THE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY EVEN! (1, APRIL 24, 1865. I