The Sun. — London, England, 1848-01-06 00:00:00

• ...,, TH E ZOLLVEREIN - PROTEC TION VERSUS FREE TRADE. (Continued from The Sun of Monday.) Tlws promotion of German industry, by increasing the exportations of German produce, has repeatedly been designated as the chief object of the new system, and in the memorial of the Department of Trade of 1845 this view was developed in the following xnar.sner :—" International trade consists in the inter efian ge among nations of the superfluous productions th eir soil and industry, to satisfy their mutual wants ; whoever carries the produce of his own country to a foreign market, and there finds goods which he can advantageously dispose of at home, will buy them there, and not first seek a third market. Germany consumes large quantities of colonial produce, and, on the other hand, manufactures a great amount of such goods as the transatlantic countries, whose ma nufacturing industry does not progress in the same ratio as their population, are accustomed to obtain from Europe. Notwithstanding this, the share 'which Germany contributes to the supplies of those countries, does not correspond to the develop raent of her industry ; or rather, German goods, which formerly found customers there, are now more r.i‘d more excluded. The cause of this is the want of direct regular communication between the transat lrntic countries and Germany, while their direct trade is ith other European countries, favoured by the laws o? the latter, is continually increasing. The exports hich take place from Germany to the transatlantic countries are shipped from the Hanse Towns, and par ti.iularly from Bremen, where the exporting merchants :Ire in general shipowners also. These exports and the direct supplies of colonial goods stand in a reciprocal re lation to each other. Since German emigration has begun to flow principally through Bremen, the great tobacco market has gradually been removed thither. Great quantities of sugar and coffee are imported direct into Hamburgh, but mostly in English, Danish, Swedish, and other ships, and thus are of but little benefit to German industry. More than the half of the coffee and one-third of the sugar cons rem . consumed in the s t a t es o f th e Zoll ve , imported through Holland from Java, and the cotton and indigo is mostly brought by wa y of England. All the goods thus imported cease to be articles of barter for German manufactures ; the Imports over England, on the contrary, benefit the industry of that country, which is the most powerful of our rivals. The most efficacious means of pro moting direct communication between Germany and the non-European countries, would be the prohibition of indirect importation by legal enactments ; but that would, under existing circumstances, be dangerous, therefore differential duties only," &c. So far the memorial. If to this be added the further proposition contained therein, that the inter change of productions between two countries sepa rated by the sea, can only be regularly carried on by the ships of the respective countries, and that, there fore, privileges conferred upon the home shipping by the introduction of the differential duties would, at the same time, act as an encouragement to native industry; and, further, that the protection afforded by the differential duty to the return freight would encourage the shipowner to send out his ships ; everything that can be said in reference to the new system, with reference to its effects upon industry, has been stated. But we may be allowed to doubt of the general correctness of this reasoning, when we find that its assumptions as to facts do not always agree with experience. It is very properly observed, in the commencement of the memoir, that it is not only the interchange of manufacturing produce, but also of natural produce, which constitutes international trade. This is a point of great importance to the whole question, for when eve have to make a comparison between the exports and the imports of Germany, the weight of the agricultural produce of the country may he thrown into the scale of the export trade, and then England, for instance, cannot be designated as a country which is of no importance as to the con : umption of the industrial produce of Germany. In nvestigations of this nature, the entire productive odustry of the country, the agricultural as well as he manufacturing, must he taken into account ; and arely no one can maintain that for Germany the Ater is more important than the former. Having premised thus much, we may meet the omplaints of the absence of a barter trade with dis nit countries with the simple observation, that it lust, in fact, be a matter of little importance to native eidustry in general whether the coffee which we se has been obtained in exchange for German eeoollen stuffs, in some country beyond the seas, et- in exchange for German corn, in some country en this side of the Atlantic. One would even sup lose that for such barter of native produce for foreign goods the nearest market would always be the best, and that for this reason alone England must lie of much greater importance to Germany, as a customer, than either the Brazils or Mexico. But here it will be objected, and with justice, that while eeeking markets for the produce of the soil of Ger many, we must not neglect to seek Markets for her men ufacturing produce also, and that these will be most easily found in trans-Atlantic countries. But it would be an error to suppose, in contemplating the benefits of a direct traffic with these countries, that the exchange of goods always takes place, cargo for cargo, goods for goods, &c. Commerce is no longer in so primitive a state that it can always be said that the merchant who carries the produce of his own country to distant lands, buys there in return wherewithal to satisfy his own wants without seeking a third market. In the times of the Hanza, indeed, the merchant trading with Flanders went on board his own ship in Ilamburgh or Lubeck, sailed thence to Bruges, where he sold his cargo and bought a new one, with which he hastened home before the winter set in. But since then, great changes have taken place; those who before traded exclusively with Flanders, or with England, or with Scania, have now extended their business to all these countries at once ; the seafaring mer chant trading in his own ship has given way to great mercantile establishments, sending out their ships to far distant countries; instead of buying and selling in person, we have now commission trade, consignments, and agency business; in the place of payments in goods or in coins, we have pay ments in bills of exchange. The export business is no longer necessarily connected with the import business, and both are no longer necessarily carried on by ship. owners. A merchant may purchase thousands of bags of coffee in the Brazils without sending a single chest of linen thither in return ; and he may, on the other hand, send thousands of bales of linen to Mexico, without purchasing an equivalent there. Payments need no longer be made on the spot; the circulation cl bills facilitates their beitee made in a hundred dif rent ways ; nor need the ship when it has discharged s cargo in a fbreign port return home directly. Thy. Jerch;int evishes to make money, and to carry on t, litalite business, it is not sufficient to send a carg( German. goods to some country across the sea, an, (( order a cargo of coffee and sugar to be sent back i t return. To ensure success it is necessary to be aided by an intimate knowledge of the prices, the e dent of the stocks on hand, the extent e F production and consumption, the state of t e harvests, the number of shipments al iady made, the state of the money mar 1 A, and the rates of exchange in different P aces. Not only the regular wants of trade must be atehed, but also its caprices. It is only a favour e, chanc e when matters can be arranged so 1 1 14, that German goods sent to a commercial krt i n America can there be sold at profit, 2 AO at the same time American goods, shipped it return from the same place for Germany, can e-ea Lise a profit here. It much oftener happens iat the return cargo cannot be turned to account , re , and the payment must therefore be remitted in - o ils on this place, or on some other place whence g xids sent hither will yield a profit. If this last ee,entioned case takes place, the consignor very fre q iently leaves it to a third person to send the goods thither, as every merchant does not do business in ever y branch of trade, and cannot be equally well in forir.ed as to the state of every ma r k et . If t h e con signor, however, be obliged to take the return cargo on his own hands, it is at least necessarythathe should be left free to direct it to whatever market he thinks general, most profitable ; this cannot, _howeve r , i n owing to the fluctuation is in the mark e t, be deter mined before the ship far advanced on its wa borne, and this i s the :reason _ why car goes coming from countries out of Eur o p e very often do not learn their final destination until they arrive in the Chan. xiel, all of which circumstances stand in direct oppo aieion to the theory mentioned above. That which is applicable to a single merchant or a single shipowner, is also generally applicable to the cot nmerce of a whole city. Hamburgh received last ye: to 68 cargoes from Cuba, and did not send thither more than 33; the exports from this city to xico amount to nearly 3,000,000 marks, while the goo ds purchased on Ilainburgh account in Mexico do root even amount to 100,000 marks. So little is it in accordance with truth that the importations to a country are regulated by the importations from that same country. A glance at Table XVIII., which shows the number of ships trailing to the trans-Atlantic countries, and at Table XIX., which shows the a r iount of the exports to and imports from th ose C( untries, will serve to prove how little this is the case es- here there has been a long •established and lively corn- 1 er ercial intercourse bet Ween two nation s , an d t h at a, equal exchange of exports and imports only takes pi e e e where commerce is still in the bud, and the ~mher of commercial houses engaged in the particu r trade, As well as of the cargoes shipped to and fi .en the place, is still very limited; such is, for ins at •riCe, the trade with the western coast of Africa, with , ga p ire, the Phi li n pi ne 1-lands. and Cuba. With the a ,Cyr cases l.ke these, the • rule will h'eld good -that a disproportion will always exist. It would indeed be strange if it were otherwise, as • that could only be in case the amount of the produce of one particular country, required to supply the wants of another given country, should always be equal in bulk and value to that part of its own pro- l duce which this country could dispose of to the foreign country. But there is another fact shown by the tables just mentioned, which is, indeed, not immediately ap plicable to the question which we are discussing, but which may nevertheless be quoted here as an example, affording some insight into the wants of the nations of the western hemisphere. It is proved by these tables that, with the exception of the German immi grants into the United States of North America, the nations of Spanish descent are the great est consumers of German manufactures. Thi s circumstance may partly be owing to the habits which the Spaniards brought with them to the New World—for, at one time, Spain was our best customer as regards the produce of our manufacturing industry—hut more especially to the preponderating number of the free white labourers in those countries. The states in which negro slaves form the great majority of the working population, scarcely take any German manufactures, whilst Mexico and the countries south of the Brazils, and on the west coast of America, purchase more from us than they sell to us. On account of their superior quality and higher price, German manufactures can only find numerous customers among a free and prosperous population. The working population of Java is hardly superior to negro slaves ; here German manufactures will not so soon find a satisfactory market, not even when assisted by differential duties, and it cannot be supposed that the population of Germany, until such market shall be found, will renounce the use of Java coffee, which has now become an article of necessity for them. The great increase of emigration from Germany, with the causes of which we have here as little to do as with the injuries which the withdrawal of so much capital and labour may eventually inflict upon the country, will probably in future call forth an in creased demand for German manufactures on the other side of the ocean ; for these emigrants wilt take with them German habits, German manners and customs, and German wants ; and wherever a com pact German population is established, the products of German industry cannot fail in time to find a con stant market. Of more importance, at least for the present, are however the German, and more particu larly Hanseatic commercial settlements effected in the seaport towns of the United States of America, at the period of the declaration of their independence, and since then in the other parts of the globe also, and which very frequently enter into connexion with the retail dealers among the German immigrants in the interior. Towards the end of the year 1845 there were in the trans Atlantic countries 343 German houses of business, 227 of which were Hanseatic; in North America (Texas included) 137, in the West Indies 34 (27 of which were Hanseatic), in Mexico 48 (40 Hanseatic), in South America 99, in the East Indies and China 14, and in Africa 11. Nothing has contributed more to the extension of the markets for German industrial produce in these distant regions than these establishments, founded and directed by Germans, who, leaving their native land in the flower of their manhood, and possessing the necessary knowledge, habits of industry, and capital, settle there and keep up a constant commer cial intercourse with their native place ; while, on the other hand, when in later years they return home they never break off their commercial relations with their foreign establishments. May we be allowed to remark on this occasion how often we in Germany undervalue our own capa bilities ; how often we envy foreign countries that which is in fact anythi , g but enviable, as, for in .tance, the excessive deveiopmect of their manufac turing power, or that which we have in reality already ourselves attained, as, for instance, a prosperous shipping trade, and flourishing commercial intercourse with transatlantic countries. The statistical proofs of the latter will be found in the tables which we have often quAed. But we must now, in a still more decisive manner, lirect attention to the state of the trade of the two most important ports in Germany. The estimates relative to Bremen are publishi d in the April number of thg naiads Archly, No. 350, and are here given in Table XXIV., where, however, the sum total only of the exports by sea, mentioned severally in the Ilandels Archly, is noted. These regularly-increasing exports amounted last year, according to an approxi mate valuation, to a sum of more than 12,000,000 of dollars of gold , or of more than 13,500,000 Prus sian dollars. The exportation from Hamburgh by sea is still more important, for this amounted last year, according to Table XXV., to the value of 10,000,000 marks banco, or 40,000,000 Prussian dollars. This table, which is prepared by the Sta tistical Office, and is based on the customhouse register, gives at the same time a general statement of the value of the exports and imports by sea and by land ; and Table XXVI. gives an ac count of the imported goods. It must be re marked, relative to the correctness of the nutn bers given, that those indicating the value of im ports from trans-Atlantic countries are most to be de pended on, because all the articles appertaining there unto are liable to duty, and their value, according to the exchange prices, must in consequence he declared on oath (even when they do not pay the duty, but ire only declared for transit). The estimates of the exports to trans-Atlantic countries are less to he de pended upon, because among the articles appertaining hereunto there are several which are not liable to duty, and which it is, therefore, unnecessary to sub ject to the burdensome control of the Custom house. In many cases the value of these is probably stated too low. In every inquiry concerning the compara• tive value of exports and imports, there is, besides, another important circumstance that must be taken into account—namely, that in the statements of the value of goods imported, the costs of freight and insurance, and even the amount of eventual profits, are added to the market price, while, with regard to exports, no such addition takes place; and, consequently, the value of exports comparatively to tt;at of imports, seems in sta tistical tables less than it is in reality. In Hamburgh .it least this is decidedly the case, and we might per haps even justly assert, that the real value of our exports to trans-Atlantic countries is quite equal to that of imports from those countries. In examining statistical tables relative to Hamburgh's European trade, it is still more necessary than with regard to der trans-Atlantic trade, to take into account the great number of duty-free articles, the value of which is not subjected to control ; this is more particularly applicable to the imports by land and by river in the vear 1345, which are specified in Table XXVII. It is in this table which principally affords a standard by eihich to measure the ex,,orts of German produce rum ilainburgh, for in the register of exportation his produce could not be distinguished from goods of ;'reign origin. Whatever goods were imported into Elamburgh by land and by river (consequently from G,?rinany) were again, after deduction of the comparatively small quantity consumed by this city—which is in itself, moreover, to be reckoned among tt.e customers—exported hence, and amounted (according to Table XXVII.), in the year 1845, to a value of 112,000,000 marks banco. ['hough they may be found on the list of goads reaching us by land or river, some that are not of German origin, such as Swiss manufactures, raw silk from Italy, and the so called northern products (brought from Russia by way of Lubeck), these may on the other side be balanced by the lorses and cattle, which we know form an important item in the ex ports, but which are not included in the list we have alluded to, as are not either the minor products of our country (such as poultry, eggs, fruit, and vegetables), which are sent in large quantities to England. If the sale of German goods effected through Hamburgh could be balanced against the value of the foreign goods which Hainburgh imports for the consumption of Germany, it would no doubt be proved how un founded is the accusation so repeatedly made against the Hanse Towns—that they inundate Germany with foreign goods without caring for the sale of Ger man produce. This " inundation" is most frequently alluded to relative to English manufactures. We will, therefore, in reference to this subject, quote Table XXVIII., which shows pretty accurately what are the relative proportions as regards spun and woven goods. Of these kinds of goods from the interior, Hamburgh yearly effects a sale to the amount of about 35,000,000 to 38,000,000 marks banco, whilst she imports by sea (vide Table XXV.) woollen, cotton, silk, and other manufactured goods of the same kind to the amount of 25,000,000 marks banco only, and of the se goods only a m i nor par t are d est i ne d f or co nsumption in G e rmany. The whole of Hamburgh's imports in coffee, sugar, and tobacco, do not amount to the value of what we export in German tissues alone. That we, on the contrary, import foreign yarn to the amount of from 30,000,000 to 35,000,000 marks banco, will not, we trust, be made the subject us, as l ong as thi s y arn i s in of accusation against dispensable for the German weaving trade. tisf as actor presented by th ese tic It cannot be denied that the pi c t ure o f the com merce o a f l n th ot e ic H es, ar i i s se m T os o t w sa ns y. But we must I remember that this co mmerce is t he result of a gra s dual and natural development of commercial indus try, unaided, but also unchecked, by artificial mea sures, established and carried on independent of legal regulations, owing nothing to patriotic suggestions, but everything, as is quite in the nat re of trade, to the well understood interests of the merchant, and to his knowledge of the superfluities and of the wants of the nations in both hemispheres. But to return to our subject. The sale of goods is regula*ed not by abstract principles as to the reel• procal action of exports and imports, but by the actual , circumstances of the country ( and, as regards mane- THE SUN, LONDON. factured goods, it is also in a great measure regu lated by the zeal of the producer in attending to the wishes and even to the caprices of the customer). That there does exist a reciprocal action between exports and imports will, however, be denied by no one ; on the contrary, this action is of great import ance, and is the essential condition of the commercial interconrse of nations, but it is not the standard by which their trade is regulated. If ever so many German ships brought coffee direct from Java, and if they brought still more coffee direct from the Brazils, these countries would not therefore consume one ell more of German tissues. . . The example of Bremen, which is particularly dwelt upon in the conclusions come to by the Prus sian Department of Trade, of which we have above given an abstract, affords no proof of the contrary. If the proposition placed at the head of these deduc tions were literally applied, it would, with regard to Bremen, run thus :—The Americans send their pro duce to Bremen ; if they find their manufactured goods, which they have reason to hope they may dispose of at home, they will purchase these goods and not seek another market, as, for instance, the English market; they would thus promote the exportation of German produce, and, consequently, benefit German industry. But, in reality, the matter does not stand thus. It is not the Americans, but the inhabitants of Bremen who carry on this trade, as may be seen by the relative number of the ships engaged in it. Out of 118 ships which came last year from the United States to Bre men, only fourteen were American, and ninety-eight belonged to Bremen. The proposition must, conse quently, he reverse ; the citizens of Bremen send goods to America, and as they find there goods which are consumed in Germany, they purchase them there, in stead of going to the English markets in quest of them, which would be of no advantage as to the exportation of German produce. Were we however, to frame the proposition thus :—The citizens of Bremen dispatch ships to the United States to fetch colonial produce, and are, therefore, obliged, in order to freight their outward-bound ships, to send German produce thither—we would still not hit the right point. The fact, as is well known, is this : —Bremen sends her ships to the United States to transport thither the immense number of German emigrants who have fdr some time past been accus tomed to leave the country by that port, and to these transports, which can in themselves not be consi dered as a direct means of promoting German in dustry, is linked all the subsequent commercial transactions. Of the 225 ships that went from Bremen to America last year, 223 were emigrant ships, carrying over 31,000 passengers; their cargoes out were completed with goods, most probably of German produce, and their return freights con sisted of colonial produce. The extraordinary ac tivity with which Bremen has carried on this novel kind of business is owing to several circumstances which do not require to be further developed here, and which are so little connected with the measures which we are here discussing, that it can hardly be supposed that an increase of this business by means of differ ential duties is contemplated. Independent of these particular circumstances, there is no reason for quoting Bremen, where the exporter and shipowner is perhaps often the same person, as a proof in favour of the proposition that the amount of direct imports gives the measure of the amount of the exports of German produce. It is indeed proved by experience that the relative proportions of exports and imports are not more favourable in Bremen than in Ham burgh, where the business of exporter arid shipowner is not so often in the same hands. On the contrary, the proportions are rather in favour of Hamburgh, for while, according to Table XIX., relative to the trans-Atlantic trade during the year 1845, the relative proportion of exports to imports was as 11 to 25, in Hamburgh it was as 26 to 37 million marks banco ; and if we deduct on both sides the value of the goods appertaining to persons emigrating, the proportions will be still less favourable to Bremen. Conse quently experience also teaches that the union of the business of shipowner is not of such very great advantage with regard to the sale of German pro duce. Should even the shipowner, relying on ad vantageous return-frieght, and not liking to let his ship make an entirely profitless voyage out, load it with German produce, without much prospect of a profitable sale, such a circumstance would at all events not exercise any considerable influence on the course of trade. As a general rule, it may be said that if the export business is profitable, it would be so independently of its being carried on by home shipping (as is daily experienced in Hamburgh) ; and if it be not profitable it will soon be given up by our shipowners, who certainly cannot be expected, out of zeal for the promotion of German industry, to go on with a business that proves itself profitless. The above quoted numbers, showing the propor tions of the imports from transatlantic countries to the exports to those countries, also refute the asser tion contained in the statement of the Department of Trade, that the trade of Hamburgh is not of much benefit to German industry, because even the direct imports to this city from transatlantric countries are made by means of foreign vessels ; for those state ments give the value of the exports of German pre duce from this port to transatlantic countries, only ex clusive of those to Europe ; but even independent of this, the correctness of this assumption may be doubted : first, it is incorrect that the greater part of the transatlantic imports into Hamburgh are made in foreign vessels, for (vide Table I.) of the 380 loaded vessels coming to Hamburgh from ports out of Europe, 200, according to the general practice, are German, 50 Danish (consequently partly German), and only 130 are foreign. It can with as little truth be maintained that the Eng lish, Danish, and other ships, do not export ,German produce, as it is evident that they would not enter the port of Hamburgh if they were not able to find return freights there, but were obliged to leave it in ballast. Should it be objected to this, that even if they do take in return freights here, these do not consist in German manufactured produce, this objec tion will be obviated by a glance at Table XXII-, which shows the number of ships that have left for transatlantic ports. A comparison drawn from this table and from Table I. will also show that the Eng lish flag in particular has, during the last ten years, been much more active in the export trade of Ham burgh ,to transatlantic countries than in the import trade, and that, on the contrary, the German flag imports more than it exports. In addition to this, these tables also show that a large number of ships (sometimes 8, sometimes 30, and even 76), and more particularly of German ships, yearly go out empty from this port to transatlantic ports,* a fact which it is difficult to reconcile with the reason ing of the Department of Trade. Finally, were it even true, as the oft-mentianed deductions assert, that the products of German manufacturing industry are being more and more supplanted in transatlantic markets by the manufactures of other countries, this circum Lance would in itself be the most striking re• futation of that argument, as it has been shown (vide Table I. and VIII.) that contemporaneously with this supposed diminution of our exports, our imports from those countries, as well as the number of our ships engaged in trade with them, have greatly in creased. This clearly proves how little the sale of German goods in foreign ports is connected with the direct importations to Germany from those ports, or the amount of German shipping engaged in trade with them ; at all events, it proves how doubtful a means of promoting the former would be the in troduction of differential duties in favour of the two latter. To the uncertainty and the improbability of a fa vourable result comes thus a still more important consideration—namely, the probability of an unfa vourable result. If the differential system be consistantly carried out, its injurious effects will in the first instance be manifested with regard to the supplies of raw mate rial used in manufactures. It has already been shown that the action of differential duties in favour of di rect imports of colonial goods would, in fact, be re duced to a mere nothing, if the chief articles, such as cotton, indigo, and sugar, which are at present prin • cipally imported indirectly, were to be withdrawn from their influence, and that it is nevertheless abso lutely necessary that German manufacturers should be allowed to continue to avail themselves of Euro pean markets for supplying themselves with these articles. The promotion of our cotton manufactures is what public opinion in Germany most strenuously demands. But a system which would prevent the German manufacturer from supplying himself with cotton from those markets which afford him the greatest choice, or, in other words, would prevent him from drawing his supplies from England and France if he could get them cheaper there than in America, seems but little reconcileable with this object. Since it has become usual for English commercial houses to have agents in the interior of Germany, the indirect sup plies of cotton which are brought hither are generally obtained from Liverpool, by order and for account of our own manufactures ; but this is only done when cotton can really be obtained cheaper in that market than that which is directly imported. The English houses are obliged to make offers at fixed prices, and the German manufacturers are at liberty to accept or to reject them. But extensive purchases for German ac count are also often made in Havre, because the sellers in this market—which principally supplies Alsace and Switzerland, where the finest cotton goods are manu factured, and where, consequently, the most superior qualities only of the raw material are required—are obliged to dispose of the inferior qualities of American cotton which remain on their hands at proportionately * These ships frequently go empty to Bremen to take in emigrants there. The number of ships laden with goods only, trading to and from this country and the transatlantic countries, can never be equal, because, in dependent of every other consideration, manufactured goods are of so much smaller bulk and weight than colo nial goods. low prices, by which the German manufacturer is greatly benefited. It can hardly need further proof how injurious it would be to German industry, under such conjunctures as those of last year, for instance, were this market closed against us, and we should be obliged to have recourse instead to the markets of the distant producing country, whence offers at fixed prices cannot be made in Germany,' and where very frequently the orders of the German manufacturer, when they arrive cannot be executed, because they have been fixed at too low a limit. On the other hand, the protective duty on cot ton yarn, which has lately been raised one Prus sian dollar in the Zollverein States, would soon be neutralised if the German cotton-spinners were ex eluded from the markets of Liverpool and Havre, and should he forced to pay the higher prices which would at once be established in the German seaports, in con ' sequence of the exclusion of the catnpetition of those markets ; while foreign spinners, continuing to pur chase in those markets, would perhaps be able to offer their yarns at a reduction of price exactly equivalent to the amount of the increased duty imposed by the Zollverein., It has already been shown above that the new system will not immediately lead to an equalisa- I tion of price in different markets, and in particular that we cannot immediately expect great supplies from India, with which country we have hitherto had very little connexion ; but should this even take place after the lapse of some years, German manufacturers, which under existing circumstances are gradually opening new markets for themselves, will by that time be entirely driven out of those markets, and our cotton manufacturers will have received a check from which they will not easily recover. For cloth manufacturers, indigo is of the greatest importance. The new system would also consider ably increase the price of this raw material. Of the 30,000 chests of indigo which form the amount of the yearly produce of India, 20,000 chests go to England, to be there disposed of at the great quar terly sales, where the owner is sure to obtain the price which the state of the European markets war rants. Germany must draw her supplies from Eng land, and should she be debarred from this, her cloth manufactures, which are at present in so flourishing a condition, that German cloth has almost superseded the English manufacture in the markets of America, would immediately be crippled and checked. The same may be said of other dye stuffs, such as cochi neal, &c. Finally, sugar, though imported directly in great quantities, as has been shown above, is also partly ob tainedilithrough indirect channels, when those prove most profitable. It would be most imprudent to check these indirect imports at the very moment when the free admission of sugar into England will pro bably occasion a considerable increase in the supplies brought to that country, and a consequent glut in her markets, which would enable our manufacturers to purchase there at a cheap rate. In considering the rise in the price of raw mate rials which will be caused by the imposition of diffe rential duties on indirect importation, we must not forget to take into account that which will be added by the additional duty on imports in foreign ships, and the consequent rise in the rate of freight. This has been more fully dwelt upon above, and we will therefore here only make the further remark, that should even raw materials be exempted from differen tial duties, the latter would still exercise an indirect restraining influence on their importation, by occa sioning inconvenience in assorting the goods destined for Germany in the European transit markets. For instance, in dispatching a lot of goods not subject to the new duty, to Germany, exporters would be pre vented from completing their cargo with such cods as would be subject to this duty. As it is of the greatest importance to the manufac turer in making his purchases to have access to the greatest and best supplied markets, we must further insist upon the circumstance that the projected system of differential duties would not only prevent the German manufacturer from availing himself of the French and German markets, but would even injure the existing great German markets on the North Sea, as has been shown above when treating of the injuri ous influence which the new system threatens to exercise on the import and on the transit trade. Large markets and transit trade are equally im portant for the sale of the industrial produce of Ger many. In order to make this evident, it will be suf ficient to recal what has been said above concerni: g the transit trade of Hamburgh and Altona with Nor. way. The best means to form to oneself a perfectly correct idea of this trade would be to examine the `account -books of the Norwegians, who every spring, when the navigation recommences, crowd to Ham burgh to make purchases there, for the reports of the commerc'al travellers, who every year leave Germany in great numbers, and spread over Denmark and the Baltic countries, offering there forsale thegoods of their respective houses. In Hamburgh may be seen a varied mixture of goods of all kinds, for which sales have been made in this manner. But this very variety is the most essential condition of the prospo• rity of the place, for were the Norwegians no sure to find in this market all that they require, colonial produce as well as tnanufactured gnu ts, at a cheap rate and in the greatest variety, they would no doubt resort in preference to the English market, which is, besides, nearer to them. There they would indeed find none but English manufactures, but these would in most cases be substituted for German without any inconvenience. For the Cake of German manufactures alone, they would certainly not take the trouble of coming so far ; but under the existing system of free trade in Hamburgh, they find here the goods of all countries, and when making their purchases of co lonial produce, imported indirectly as well as directly, they provide themselves at the same time with Ger man manufactures. We have here adduced but one example out of many. The manufactured produce of Germany can not suffice alone to encourage the trade with the north and with the Baltic countries, nor is it sufficient for the export trade with the non-European countries. Here, uain, liberty of action with regard to the completing of cargoes becomes a matter of great im portance, for just as a single commercial house, which through its connexions with distant countries effects extensive sales of German manufactures, would be crippled in its undertakings if it were forbidden to complete its cargoes with English goods; so also would the export trade in German goods of a whole commercial city be greatly checked if merchants were prevented by artificial regulations from supply ing its market with all kinds of goods which would be likely to meet the wants of purchasers, and be in accordance with the actual necessities of trade. _ _ That German ships are not exclusively used for the exportation of German manufactures has been shown above ; it is just as certain that it is not only the merchants in German seaports who carry on the export trade, but that foreign merchants also very frequently order shipments of German goods to be made for their account. Both those circumstances afford new grounds for not preventing foreign mer chants on their side from sending hither colonial goods from European markets, and for not hindering foreign ships from seeking freights in German ports, where their competition serves to reduce the price of freights outwards, and consequently to facilitate the exportation of German produce. Nothing can be more desirable with regard to the promotion of the German export trade than an accumulation of the cheapest means of transport in German ports. Finally, it must not be overlooked (and indeed we have already called attention to this point) that Germany is not to dispose of the surplus of her pro duce to trans-Atlantic countries only, but also to European countries; and not only to those of the north, the importance of which with regard to our trade has already b'en mentioned, but likewise to those of the west; for all German seaports, Bremen perhaps excepted, their trade with Europe is of superlative importance. It will hartilyb necessary to refer to Table; XX. and XXI. to prove, that the great majority of ships that have left Germany have been destined for European poi ts; and though the ships engaged in the European trade are frequently of less tonnage than others, yet it cannot be doubted, that even with regard to tonnage, the greatest amount of exports takes place to Euro pean ports. Among the western countries, England is decidedly the most important customer with regard to German produce. German manufactures are in deed almost excluded by high duties, but even these willamake way for themselves, in spite of all custom house harriers, when the circumstances connected with a particular branch of industry in the one coun try and the wants of the other country render it pro fitable. Such is, for instance, the case with the hosiery of Saxony, which is introduced into England and is able to compete with English manufactures of the same kind, though the cotton yarn used in its manufacture is partly of English origin, and is con sequently subjected to double duties and burdened with double transport expenses. This may, how ever, be an exceptional case ; according to the gene ral rule, it is agricultural produce that is exported to western countries, and to such a vast extent, that thereby the value of the general exportations from Germany, throughout the year is rendered al most equal to that of the importations. The corn exports may be calculated to amount to 100,000 lasts,* which, estimated at 100 Prussian dollars, would give the sum of 30,000,000 marks hanco. Of clover seed there was last yoar shipped to England from Hainburgh alone, about 24,000,000 pounds, at a value of 6,000,000 marks hanco. If we add to this 30,000,000 for wool (about 24,500,000 by way of Hainburgh alone), and for zinc, from 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 (about 2,500,000 by way of Ilamburgh), we have still only named the principal articles of ex portation. But if foreign European nations purchase so largely from us, while their manufactures are, by * The Stettin memorial against differential duties (Berlin, 1847) calculates that the exports from the Prussian Baltic ports alone amount in good years to 150,000 lasts, THURSDAY EVENING, JANUARY 6, lsis, high protective duties, excluded from the greater part of Germany, we ought at least not to prevent them from maintaining the balance, by providing us with colonial produce. If the maintenance of such balance be rendered difficult, the natural consequence is, that the rate of exchange will become unfavourable, German produce will in the consuming countries be rendered dearer, and the foreign consumers will thus he obliged either to reduce their supplies of these goods, or to draw them from other states instead of from Germany. _ _ _ But even this danger is of minor importance when compared to the much greater evil that would ensue, should the European states look upon the proposed German customs law—and, particularly upon the no tice to determine all treaties, which must precede its introduction—as a hostile measure; and if, instead of being induced thereby to follow a more liberal sys tem, they should adopt more stringent measures even than hitherto against German vessels and German imports in their ports; what an incalculable loss would it not entail upon Germany should, for in stance, Ilo!land and Belgium feel themselves called upon to impose higher duties upon German corn than upon American and R ussian corn ; or if, in England, German clover seed were taxed higher than the French—German zinc were placed under disadvan tages in comparison with Polish or Belgian zinc, and German woal should be superseded by Russian and Hungarian, or even by ..kmerican wool, which might under these circumstances soon be able to compete with it. It may, perhaps, be objected hereto that such fears are exaggerated, and that the different European countries could have no legitimate reason for such retaliation, because Germany avails herself of measures which they have previously enforced against her. It may also be that foreign states would be de terred from adopting retaliatory measures by consi derations similar to those that make us deem the pro ject unadvislble for Germany. IVe must not, how ever, overlook the circumstance that the articles here enumerated are such as will in future not be consi dered so indispensable to other European countries ; that further, the project in question here appears in the light of a coercive system, which cannot be exclu sively applied to the states against which it is parti. cularly meant to bear ; and that, finally, the European states cannot help seeing that the practical workings of the system will injure their trade, while it favours the trade of transatlantic countries ; for throughout our inquiry we have supposed that the difference be tween indirect and direct importation was to be consi dered only as a difference between European and trans atlantic produce. Should an attempt be made to go further—which would however be but consistent—and also to impose higher burdens on imports of such goods from American con 'Aries as should not be their own produce, the transatlantic countries might like wise be induced to adopt retaliatory measures, which would complete the ruin of German industry ; because it cannot for a moment be doubtful that the United States, for instance, would resent any measures by which their transit trade should be obstructed, when we consider how strictly those states adhere to the principle of reciprocity, and what great quantities of goods are brought front North American ports to Germany, which are not the produce of those coun tries. We have already alluded to the Brazilian, West Indian, and Asiatic produce, which reaches us by this route. Should this route, however, remain unimpeded by the new system (as has been presup posed during the whole course of our investigations), these measures will lead to a kind of custom house warfare declared against the transit trade of European states in favour of that of transatlantic countries—and this will be a reason the more for the firmer to have recourse to retaliatory measures. Herewith we conclude that part of our inquiry which relates to the effects of the projected system of differential duties, without the attainment of a uni versal system of free trade. The conclusions come to by us are, that a German navigation Act, for the promotion of direct trade with transatlantic countries, and for the benefit of the German shipping interests, would, with regard to these two points, be partly superfluous, partly ineffectual; but, with regard to commerce, it would be ruinous to the import trade as well as the transit trade ' while its beneficial effects on German exports and German industry would be very dubious, and at all events, more uncertain and less important than the dangers with which its intro duction threatens these sources of public prosperity. Under such circumstances the introduction of such a system would be perilous, even were it certain to work out its ultimate object—namely, the abolition of the restrictions which are imposed upon the foreign com• merce of Germany. That such certainty is far from existing, we mean to prove in the third section, where all that we have to say will he grounded upon what has been already said in our first and second sections. (To be continued.) POLICE INTELLIGENCE. MANSIOA-HOUSE. John Harvey, a well-known, insolent beggar, who goes upon crutches, was charged by Mr. Leddington, of the King's Head Tavern, in the Old Jewry. The defendant walked into the complainant's house at twelve o'clock that day, and demanded a penny worth of meat or soup, and, on beitig told that he could not be supplied, tried to break a large plate glass window ; but not succeeding, on account of the thickness of the article, dashed his crutch through a pane worth about lOs. Mr. Lloyd, relieving officer to the City of London Union, said the defendant was a resolute beggarman, who could not be prevailed upon to stay in the parish in which he had claim, and had been passed to Somersetshire a short time ago, soon after which lie appeared in the streets of the City. Mr. Leddington—l offered him some bread for nothing, but he said he didn't want bread, and must have the meat or soup. The defendant—What he says is true enough. He offered me bread. The LORD MAYOR—And how could you do an in jury to one who had offered you bread fur nothing ? 'The defendant—Why, I wanted to see your Lord ship. I belonged to the Masonic Order for upwards of forty years, and I thought you might do something for me. The LORD MAYOR—You belong to a very bad order evidently. The defendant—Why, the worst order is the want of money order, and that I cer tainly want. I had plenty of it at one time, but now it's all up Mr. Leddington—l do not want to punish him, my Lord. The LORD MAYOR—But I do ; he is a thorough rogue and vagabond, and he must go to Bridewell for two months. BOW-STREET. An omnibus conductor, named Thomas Shouler, ap peared to answer two summonses charging him with using abusive language to a passenger, and refusing to show his badge. Mr. Stafford, a solicitor, of Northumberland street, Strand, got into a Putney omnibus at Chelsea, (No. 2,236), intending to alight at Charing-cross. On reaching the Haymarket, he found the driver taking them round by the National Gallery and Duncannon-street, upon which he called to the defen dant to put him down at Charing- cross, through which the omnibus was bound to pass. He refused to do so; and, aster some remonstrances, both from the complainant and other passengers, exclaimed to the driver, " that there was a fellow wanting to go to Hungerford-market for 3d., and he'd see him some where else first." As there was a lady sitting close to the door, complainant insisted on seeing defendant's badge, but he refused to show it, and used disgusting language. The driver, however, turned down to the Charing-cross post-office, and complainant was put down there, the defendant continuing to abuse him as he got out. The complainant added that he had fre quently had occasion to complain of omnibus con ductors, but had forborne to summon them at the request of the company of proprietors, who undertook to inquire into the complaints, but who, in the last instance, took no notice whatever of his com munication. Kr. HENRI' feared there was little chance of any remedy emanating from that quarter. There could be no doubt that the cheap fare system had given rise to increased abuses, and daily impositions upon the public ; and passengers who would take the trouble to prefer these complaints really did a public service. The defendant, who had expected the solicitor of the company to defend him, offered no excuse, but admitted that the statements of the complainant were correct. Mr. lIENav felt that he ought to commit him for two months, for his conduct was most disgraceful. The only circumstance in his favour Wm,' the appa rent fact that he had not been convicted before. His Worship then fined him 31. for the abusive language, 21. for refusing to show his badge, and ordered the suspension of his license for two months, or, in de fault of paying the •fines, to be committed for two months. One of the conductors of Wilson's " Favorite" omnibuses was fined a similar amount by Mr. Henry a few days since, for abusive language to Mr. M'Crea, a barrister, of King's Bench-walk, Temple. WORSHIP-STREET.. . _ _ A powerful oldlrishinan,narned Richard Richard son, was charged before Mr. Hammill, with the following brutal outrage on his own daughter, a middle-aged woman, named Mary Briant : The complainant, who presented a very shocking appearance, her hair being completely matted with blood, which had poured from a fearful gash in the side of her head, run down her face and bosom, and thoroughly saturated her clothing, stated that she had some time since, out of natural affection, taken her father into her house, and provided him with board and lodging, hut that ever since she had done so he had conducted himself so offensively that he had been the constant cause of discord and quar rels between herself and her husband; in addition to which he was of such n, violent and uncontrollable temper, that, upon her venturing to remonstrate with him in three or four instances lately, he had upon each occasion seized the first implement that came to his hand, and either knocked her down with it, or beaten her so severely that she had been seriothly ill afterwards. After breakfast that morning he again renewed his annoying behaviour, and made such a disturbance about her daughter (a girl of 13) going ,t 9 school, that she told him she would endure it no longer, and requested him to get a lodging somewhere else; upon which the prisoner fl ew i nto a violent passion, loaded her with the most disgraceful epithets, and finally ran to tile/ street door, from be hind which he took a heavy stick, and, raising it in both his hands, dealt her such a terrible blow on the head that she was instantly felled to the .ground al most senseless. He then threw himself upon her, placed his knees upon her chest, and was proceeding to further acts of violence when she partially re covered herself, succeeded in gaining her feet, and, covered with blood, struggled with him and clung to him until assistance was procured, when the prisoner attempted to escape over a wall in the yard, but was caught by a constable and taken into custody. The stick spoken of by the daughter was produced, and was certainly a very formidable bludgeon ; it was nearly an inch in thickness, had a large knob at the end, and it was a matter of surprise that the woman had escaped as she had. A lodger in the house corroborated the daugh ter's ttatement, and said, that hearing a violent strug►gle in the passage, and loud screams of "Mur der" in the complainant's voice, she ran down stairs to her assistance, and found her engaged in a furious contest with the prisoner, the blood streaming down from a terrible wound in her head, inflicted with the stick produced, which the daughter had just wrested from him. When called upon for his defence, the prisoner at first pleaded that he was a poor old man, 67 years of age, who did everything he could for his daughter and her child, but in the very next breath entered into a long tirade against the former, re plete with the foulest abuse and most scandalous in sinuation, which the daughter indignantly refuted ; upon which Mr. HAMMTLL told him, that whatever cause of complaint he might have against his daughter, the violent course he had taken was not the ay to re dress it ; and as it was spbvious, from the very ap pearance the complaint presented, that he had been guilty of a scandalous outrage which nothing could justify, he should not be doing his duty if he did not inflict upon him the highest amount of penalty he could impose, namely 51., or in default he must stand committed to the House of Correction for two months. Upon hearing this decision the prisoner exclaimed, with an air of insolent defiance, "Five pounds, eh ? Why, you should not have five farthings out of me if I d five thousand pounds. I would rot in prison first ;" and to prison he was accordingly conveyed in the van. CLERKENWELL. Dominique Mansell, an Italian, framemaker, of 39, Charles-street, Hatton-garden, was charged by Mr. George Oram, razor-strop manufacturer, of 25, Hatton-garden, with having maliciously attempted to stab him. The prosecutor deposed, that on Tuesday night last, about ten o'clock, he was passing through Leather lane, Holborn, where a mob of Italians were quarrel ling near the King's Head public-house. The prisoner pushed against him violently, and on remonstrating with him he seized him and attempted to pull him down. He swore at him, and taking out a clasp knife, made a stab at him. The point of the knife came against his stomach, but by an effort he pushed away the prisoner's arm and prevented the weapon injuring him. He called out "Murder ! Police !" when two constables arrived on the spot, and he gave the prisoner into custody. Edward Francis Adams, 146 G, said, that on his arrival he found a large mob of Italians. The pri• saner was conducting himself in a very violent man ner, and he took from him the knife (now produced) with a spring at the back of it. He took him into custody with the assistance of Miles, 45 G, and he was locked up in the station•house. Miles, 45 G, confirmed this testimony. The prisoner, in his defence, said, he had been on board a ship drinking, and he did not know what he was doing at the time. He was fully committed for trial. SOU rHIVARK. Mr. Edwin Lathin, described as a man living on his property, was brought before Mr. Cottingham, charged with threatening to murder Mrs. Elizabeth Moor, of Montague-place, Southwark, and attempting to set fire to her house. The complainant attended at the opening of the court this morning, and represented that the prisoner had not only threatened to murder her, but had at• tempted to set fire to her house, and that she went in bodily fear of him; adding that he was then on the premises, and that she sought the magistrate's protec tion, as she was afraid to return to her house. The magistrate, upon hearing the statement, im mediately issued his warrant against the accused, which was placed in the hands of Guest, one of the summoning officers, who proceeded forthwith to exe cute it, and after encountering considerahle resistance he brought the prisoner to the court, when he was placed in the dock. The prisoner is a man of gentlemanly appearance, but he was evidently under the influence of liquor even at that early hour of the morning. The complainant, on being sworn, stated that the priso;:er and his wife had occupied apartments in her house for the last 11 munths, and that during that period they were in the consta:A habit of quarrelling and causing disturbances there. The complainant said she was most anxious to get rid of such lodgers, although they owed her a considerable sum for arrears of rent, and had repeatedly warned them to quit the house. In the course of that morning she went up stairs to request that the prisoner would leave the premises, but she had scarcely opened her lips when he rose from his chair, and, with an oath, swore he would murder her and set the house in a blaze. She was alarmed at the threats an.l hastened out of the place, but had not been down stairs many minutes when she smelt fire, and on running up perceived volumes of smoke issuing from the prisoner's, apartment, and on entering with other persons she saw a portion of the bedding on fire, and also a table cloth which was spread on a table near where the prisoner was standing. Means were im mediately taken for quenching the fire, while the prisoner stood a silent spectator of what was going forward. The bedding which had been on fire was here pro duced for the magistrate's inspection. Guest, the summoning officer, said, that when he went to apprehend the prisoner, he found the apart ments he occupied in a state of the greatest possible disorder—that the china, crockery, and ornaments, were all smashed and strewed about in all directions; that the prisoner threatened to use violence if any attempt were made to remove him, and it was found necessary to have further assistance in order to take him into custody. The prisoner here exclaimed that the facts were grossly exaggerated; that he had been confined in the Queen's Bench for a debt of 5,0001., every shil ling of which he paid before he was liberated ; and that after leaving the prison he went to lodge at the complainant's house, and intended to pay her every farthing he owed her; but that he was disappointed in receiving his rents, and that caused her to make his situation disagreeable. Mr. COTTINGLIAM —But what have you to say in answer to the charge of threatening to murder her, and to that of setting some of her property on fire— the articles produced plainly evincing that they have been burnt? _ _ Prisoner—l never intended to do one or the other. These things I dare say accidentally caught fire ; for if I had intended to burn the place it is not probable that I should have remained in the room to allow myself to perish in the flames. I shall make a proposition now, and that is that I will pay Mrs. Moor immediately every shilling I owe her and quit her house. Mr. COTTINGHAM said, that he could not listen to any proposition of that kind, for he was too dan gerous a character to be admitted to go at large with out proper sureties to keep the peace; and that he was bound to protect the woman who had made such grave charges against him. Prisoner—l can give bail if it is required ; an d I promise to cuit the complainant's house immediately. The complainant said that she was afraid to return to her house if the prisoner went there, as she had not the slightest confidence in his promises, both himself and his wife being continually under the inflpnce of intoxication ; and that there was no knowrhg what desperate act he might commit while in such a state. As further proof of the prisoner's violent conduct, a servant girl living in the house said, that on the pre vious morning he threw a poker at her, and she pro duced the broken parts of it to show the force with which he flung it at her • that the weapon fortunately missed her, other w i s e s he might have been maimed for life. The prisoner said that the witness told a falsehood, and declared that he threw.the poker at a cat which had scratched him on the side of the nose. Mr. COTTINGHANL having severely censured the violent conduct exhibited by a man in the prisoner's situation of life, ordered him to be imprisoned in de fault of heavy sureties to keep the peace. LAMBETH. Sergeant Hoskins, 1 L, reported to the sitting Ma gistrate, Mr. Norton, that on the preceding evening, between the hours of six and seven o'clock, two little boys, named Edward Hornblower and John Tarrent, were found lying on the pavement in the Lower Marsh in a state of helpless intoxication. They were carried to the Tower-street station, and were found in such a state that it was deemed necessary to send for Mr. Wagstaff, the divisional surgeon. That gen tleman promptly attended, and instantly applied . 'the stomach pump to both the lads, and ejected a quart tity of spirits from the stomach. He then directed tl Heir immediate removal to the Lambeth workhouse, wl iich was done ; and though closely attended all night by a medical gentleman, they still remained in so. ilan ge rous a state as to render it unsafe to remove them. Indeed there were some doubts whether they would recover. The father of one of the boys here said he had been to the workhouse to see the lads, and he had very considerable doubts whether they would recover. The poor man, who seemed much affected, haid, that from what could be learned from the little feltows, who were but 12 years of age each, it appeared that a person in the garb of a gentleman had prevailed - upon them to drink a whole bottle of gin. Mr. NORTON observed that the act was one of a most shameful description, and desired that the little fellows should not be removed from the workhouse until they were thoroughly recovered. WESI MINS7'E R. James Bunce, John Bailey, and Robert Brain, three children of the tender ages of 10, 11, and 12 years, were finally examined, charged with stealing an immense number of brass ornaments from stree t doors; and Susan Hanu;orth, a woman 57 years old, who keeps a marine store in North-street, Chelsea, with feloniously receiving a portion of the property. The circumstances of the case are briefly these. Four or five days previous to the apprehension of the prisoners, so many complaints were made by the re sidents of Belgrave-square, Chelsea, and Brompton, of the keyhole escutcheons and other brass ornaments having been stolen from their street doors, that it was found necessary to employ a number of constables, specially with a view of detecting the offenders. In the course of inquiries, Sergeant Mulcahy,-2 B, having learnt that some boys had been in the habit of selling such things to the female prisoner, went to her house, and found about twenty escutcheons and other brass ornaments there, after she had declared that she had not purchased any such property. He then apprehended the three male prisoners, who admit ted that they bad taken a number of the escutcheons off, but added that other boys had done the same, and the prisoner Bailey gave him a bag containing no less than 80. The evidence of several witnesses clearly proved the offence against the prisoners, and it was distinctly - shown that the marine store dealer, Hanworth, had purchased escutcheons of the children on two different occasions. There being, however, considerable legal difficulties in the case with respect to committing the marine store dealer for trial, the magistrate deter- mined upon dealing with the matter summarily, and having intimated that such was his intention, called upon her to account for the possession of the pro perty. Mr. Games, on 'her behalf, said a few words, in the course of which he observed that he was instructed to declare that she had no idea that the pieces of brass, which were of very insignificant value, were stolen. It having been intimated, in reply to the magis trate's inquiries, that the three children had never before been in custody, and that their parents were in attendance, Mr. BRODERIP observed that the three children be fore him had been led to the commission of the offence by the facilities afforded at vile houses kept by per sons of the female prisoner's description, of disposing of the property. He should direct, in consideration of the children's tender years, and the circumstance of their being unknown to the police, that they be. given over to their parents to receive a sound and proper chastisement, and that an officer should accom pany them home to see that such was carried into effect. He considered that persons of the female pri soner's description► were the very nurses of crime ; to them was owing the demoralization of the youth of this metropolis, and lie felt that he should be wanting in his duty to society if he did not inflict upon her the full penalty of the law. He therefore committed her for two months to hard labour in the House of Correction. Five pounds was yesterday received from "E. P.," for the poor box. RAILWAY SHARE MARKETS. _ LIVERPOOL, trA 11. 5. STOCK EXCIIANGP..—OUT share market is rather better to-day, and for Midland and Dover shares the demand has been more active. The sales are—Ambergate, Nottingham, and Boston, 2!. 6s. 3d. dis.—Birkenhead, Lancashire, and Cheshire Junction, 311. Shares, 6 3 4 dis.— Ditto (late C. and B.), 15IA—Eastern Counties, 15 3 A—Great Western, 171. Shares, 1 p.—Huddersfield and Manchester, Thirds ' 1 dis. Lancashire and Yorkshire, Fifths, 5 dis.—Midland Stock, 110 4 Ditto, New Halves, 2 dis.—North British, New Thirds, AA dis.—North Staffordshire, % c. dis.—South- Eastern and Dover, 31—Ditto, No. 1, 2 3 / 4 dis.—Ditto, No. 3. 5 dis.--Ditto, No. 4, Thirds. 1% dis.—York, Newcastle, and Berwick (G. N. E. Purchase), ih p. MANCHESTER, JAN. 5. STOCK ExcHAworc.—The sales Are—Birkenhead, Lanca shire, and Cheshire Junction, 6 7-16 dis—Eastern Counties, 15% —East Lancashire, New Quarters, 15-16 dis.—Edin.‘ burgh and Glasgow, 43—Lancashire and Yorkshire, 321. Shares, 5 13-16 c. dis.—London and North-Western (Man chester and Birmingham), 59—Ditto, Quarters (C), Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire, (Sheffield and Lin colnshire), 474 dis.—North Staffordshire, 7-16 dis.—South- Eastern and Dover, No. 4, 1 11-16 dis.—York, Newcastle, and Berwick, Extensions, No. 2. 2 c. p. LEEDS, JAN. 5. STOCK EXCHANOE.—The sales are—East Lancashire, New, 3/. 16s. 3d. n. dis.— Great Northern, 61 dia. ex int.—. Lancashire and Yorkshire (West Riding Union), 3 di s .— Leeds and Thirsk, 16 V I dis.—London, Brighton, and South' Coast, Consolidated Eighths, 8 1 / 2 dis.—North British, Thirds, Ss. die. —North Staffordshire ' 6s. 6d. dis.—North-Western, 41. ils. 3d. c. dis. —Y or k, Newcastle, and Berwick, No. 2 (New Berwick), 2. 1 4 p.—York and North Midland, Prefer ence, 5 1 / 8 p. . YORK, JAN. 4. STOCK EXCHANGE.--The Sales are—Great Northern, 41. 3s. ex int.—North British, Quarters, 41. 4s.—York, New castle, and Berwick G. N. E. Purchase, 631 ex int. BRISTOL, JAN. 5. STOCK EXCHANGE. —The. market has evinced some l•- provement to-day, and prices have been firmer. The sales are—Caledonian, 36 1 4—Great Western, Halves, 7 p.—Ditto, Fifths, 3 p.—llitto, Quarters, 1 3 / p.—llitto, New 171. Shares, I p.—South Devon, 17 dis.—North British, Thirds, LA dis.—North Staffordshire, IA dis. EDINBURGH; JAN. 4. STOCK EXCIIANGK.—The *ales are—Caledonian, New, 235. —Edinburgh, Leith, and Granton, Quarters, 2s. 3d.—Edin burgh anti Northern (Newport), 7/. 2s.—Great Northern, 41. 2s. 6d.—North British, Quarters, 84s.—Ditto, New Quar ters, 353. 6d.—Shrewsbury and Chester, Preference, 71. 10s. GLASGOW, JAN. 4. STOCK EXCH.% SOM.—The sales are—Edinburgh and Glas gow, 861. ss.—North British, New Quarters (scrip), 10i. 6d [ADVERTISEMENT.]—CARRIAGE FREE.—Families residing in the country are supplied with Teas and Coffees at the lowest wholesale price, in quantities not less than six pounds, delivered carriage free to any part of England. Orders must be accompanied by a remit tance, or if a reference be made in London, payment will suffice on receipt and approval of the goods. A list of prices and samples free, on application to G. T. Man sell and Co., wholesale tea•dealers, 2, Bucklersbury, Cheapside. [ADVERTISEMENT.] —DISEASES OF THE CHEST, RECENT COLDS, OLD COUGHS, AND ASTHMA PERMA NENTLY CURED BY HOLLOWAY'S PILLS.— This fine medicine is now universally acknowledged to be the most certain remedy for asthmatic complainant, obsti nate coughs, recent colds, or any affections of the chest, patients suffering from either of these afflictions should have immediate recourse to Holloway's pills, a few doses of which will give relief, and permanently effect a cure. They are equally efficacious foi that insidious:disease the influenza, the cure of which is greatly assisted if a little of Holloway's celebrated ointment be well rubbed into the throat and chest every night and morning. Sold by all druggist s, and at Professor Holloway's establishment, 244, Strand, London. ATTEMPTED SUICIDE.—EIiza Bastings, the woman who was charged at the Westminster Police -court, on Monday, with attempting to commit suicide, was yes terday given over to a person who represented himself to be her husband, and who promised to take care of her. Mr. Broderip, in very feeling terms, admonished her:upon the heinousness of the offence she had attempted to commit. Advices from Paris mention that the failure of M. Julius Cohen is of more importance than was contem- P- • lat-d The Bank of France alone is said to h o ld 60,0001. of his acceptances. The Frankfort failures and their results were still the subject of much anxiety, although nothing definite had transpired as to the houses upon whom the losses will chiefly fall. It was known, however, that these losses will certainly be severe at Paris, Vienna, Hamburgh, and Amsterdam. BIRTH.. On the 21st ult., at Colkirk Cottage, Norfolk, the wife of Arthur A. Heitland, Esq., of a son. On the 31st ult., the wife of the Rev. George Perry, Shudy camps Vicarage, of a daughter. On the lst inst., at Dun Edin, near Edinburgh, the wife of Alexander Boyle, Esq., of a son, who lived only two hours. On the let inst., at Hontleur, France, the lady of Hamil, ton Hall, Esq., of a daughter. On the 2d inst., at Norwood, the wife of H. E. Goodhall, Esq., of a son. On the 3d inst., at Rutland-gate, the wife of Daniel Tup per. Esq., of a daughter. On the 3d inst., at the Vicarage, Isleham, Cambridgeshire, the wife of the Rev. 11. P. Dawes, of twins, daughters. On the 3d inst., the wile of Edmund Stansfield, Esq., of Downing College, Cambridge, or a daughter. On the 3d inst., at the Union Brewery, Lambeth, the wife of Samuel Chapman, Esq., of a daughter. On the 3d inst , in Eaton-square, the lady of the Rev. R . Ward, of a son. ' Tr MARRIED. On the IA inst., at Thames Ditton, Surrey, Commander J. M'Dowall, of the retired list, Indian navy, to Harriot Gowing, third daughter of the late Mr. John Smith, of the above place. DIED. On the 28th ult., at Stamford-hill, W. H. Worth, Esq. On the 30th ult., at North Kilworth, Leicestershire, Maria, widow of the late Admiral Dobson. On the 31st ult., Maria Frances, eldest daughter of the Rev. John Pratt, Rector of Sedlescomb, Sussex. On the Ist inst., at Stonehouse, Devonshire, Commander Bowker, R.N., aged 55. On the Ist inst., the Hon. Lindsey Burrell, at Stoke-park, Suffolk, aged 61. London: Printed and Published by MURDO YOUNG, at No. 112, Strand, Printer, at The Sun Office, No. 112, Strand, in the Precinct of the Savoy, in the county o f Middleaez, Thursday, January 6, 1846. 1