The Sun. — London, England, 1865-04-19 00:00:00

Proposed Statue to Mr. Cobden at Man- so many of those present had lost in Mr. Cobden a personal friend, as well as a man whom they might entitle the friend of the human race, was too recent to allow of more being said than to express the sorrow which every one must feel, and, 1 erhaps, to speak of the example that had been left behind. In that meeting were gathered many of those earnest men, often plain and unpretending, who formed the rank and file of that phalanx which finally carried free trade ; and it touchingly recalled old associa tions—not the brighter associations of the day of success, but the stormier ones of the days of struggle and embarrassment which attached to the history of the proceedings of the League. Probably no man had ever departed from among us of whom it might be said that although a politician for a quarter of a century he had not left behind him a single enemy ; still more, it might be said that no politician had ever left behind him an example in which more personal purity of life, entire spotlessness of charac ter, and thorough absence of even the ordinary selfishness of men, had mingled with the truest and noblest patriotism. (Cheers.) That was in Mr. Cobden's character an attribute certainly not usual among the politicians of democratic countries, —an intensity of modesty and personal diffidence which perhaps those who knew him intimately would say was never equalled among those whom in the political circle they had known. It was his (Mr. Watkin's) good fortune to hear the first speech Mr. Cobden delivered to anything that de served to be called a public meeting, and also to hear the last speech he made in the House, and although so often addressing the most intel lectual audiences, on that occasion Mr. Cobden was suffering so much from - diffidence that he positively asked a number of his friends to be sure to attend, because he was afraid he should hardly " get a house." But it need hardly be said that there was no occasion for a whip up to hear Mr. Cobden on that occasion when he spoke in condemnation of the system of the Government being its own contractor. (Laughter and applause.) Undoubtedly the best monument to Mr. Cobden was to be found in the increased happiness and in telligence of the people. But apart from free trade, Mr. Cobden did more perhaps than any other man of his age to teach politicians all over the world that it was possible for nations to be great, and free, and glorious, and still to be at peace. (Cheers.) No description of Mr. Cobden was more happy than that of a distinguished Frenchman, in which he said that Mr. Cobden was essentially an international man. (Cheers.) He taught also many of his own generation, and his memory would teach their suc cessors a lesson which ought to be learnt in these industrial committees, that men had duties higher than the ordinary labours of the day—duties affect ing the advancement, freedom, intelligence, and happiness of the community, Mr. Cobden was a man constantly educating himself—(hear, hear) — one of those who never believed they could know too much, one who was never ashamed of acquiring knowledge from any honest source, one who was always ready to listen even to the humblest who could give him information or in any way clear the views he entertained on any question. And pro bably he had done more than most men to fire the ambition of the young men, and all the men who had any public spirit at all in these districts, by his example of what men could do who day by day were attending to their business, and gave their leisure hours to serious and sacred purposes for the improvement of those around them. (Cheers.) The resolution was passed unanimously. chester. Yesterday a meeting of the citizens of Manchester was held in the Town-hall, according to a requisi tion addressed to the Mayor, for the purpose of re solving upon the erection of a memorial to the late Mr. Cobden. The attendance, though highly in fluential and respectable in its cdmposition, was rather select than numerous. The Mayor (Mr. J. M. Bennett) took the chair, and among the other gentlemen present were Mr. Henry Ashworth, Mr. M. Ross, Mr. Watkin, M.P., Mr. T. B. Potter, M.P., Mr. 0. Heywood, Mr. Abel Heywood, Mr. Ivie Mackie, Mr. F. Taylor, Mr. James Edwards, Mr. W. Stokes (of the Peace Society), Mr. R. G. Underdown, Mr. J. Slagg, Mr. T. Ashton, and Mr. Heron (Town Clerk). Dr. WATTS said letters had been received from the two members for Manchester, Mr. J. A. Turner and Mr. Baxley, expressive of their regret at being un able to be present. Mr. Cheetham, the member for Salford, was also prevented by an appointment with some of his constituents. Mr. HENRY ASHWORTH (late President of the Chamber of Commerce) said he had great pleasure in moving the following resolution : " That, in the opinion of the meeting, a statue of the late Richard Cobden, M.P., would constitute a suitable memorial of his eminent services to the country generally, and to this locality in particular." He said it would be utterly impossible for any one to do justice to the memory of Mr. Cobden in the brief space of time at the command of the meeting. The leading particulars of his eventful life were, however, familiar to everybody. Previous to the year 1816 our Legislature had become more or less under misapprehension respecting what should be our commercial policy, and was so far carried away by the delusions of the time as to enact a corn law, which existed from the year 1816 to the year 1846. To appreciate the evil effects of that law and the advantages of those free-trade principles with which Mr. Cobden's name was associated, it was only ne cessary to recall two or three indications of both. In the year 1815 the declared value of the exports of this country was £49,000,000 ; in 1842, after 26 years' existence of the corn law, it had fallen to £47,000,000, and during the same period the declaredvalue of our exports of cotton manufactures fell from £18,100,000 in 1815 to £12,800,000in 1842. It was in 1846 when the corn laws were repealed, and by the year 1864 the 47 millions of exports of 1842 had grown to 160 millions (cheers), and the £12,800,000 of cotton manufacture had become £54,000,000 ; and if we were to add the amount of cotton manufactures embodied in haberdashery and other articles, probably the amount might be reckoned some six or eight millions more. But be sides looking merely to what some might regard as a Manchester view of the matter in bare figures, let it be borne in mind that the 113 millions of increase in exports had not been given away, but exchanged abroad for some substantial return. In the first place we received 39 millions in value of human food ; and remembering how low the price had been for some years past, that sum would represent to us a far greater quantity than it could have purchased some 20 years back. By its consumption we might easily imagine the consequences to the well-being and comfort of our population and the contrast to the starvation of 20 years ago. (Applause.) It had been the source of greater hospitality and goodwill between families, of increased numbers and strength in the population, and of great increase in their clothing and other comforts of life which the money they had to spare now enabled them to purchase. Education, from the same cause, had become more common ; not only had schools been erected, but the press had been at work, and now we had hundreds of thousands of papers circulating daily in London and all our chief cities and towns. There were many other indications of the improving conduct and de meanour of the people. We saw men on the rail way platforms with their wives and children taking excursions to different parts of the country. This was a feature of common life unknown in former days. The middle classes, too, had had their share in the benefits of this enlarged export trade. It was apparent in their bankers' balances, in the profits of their undertakings, in the architecture of our streets, and in the equipages that thronged them ; it was denoted in the improved character of the shops and the development of shopping among the ladies of their families ; it was denoted in the numerous villas and Mansions erected on every pretty view around our towns. Another fruit of middle-class prosperity was the establishment of free libraries, publicparks, and means of recreation for the people --all attribu table to the:effect of that wise policy this meeting desired to memorialise. (Applause.) There were yet other objects of the matter to be viewed. It was the quaint observation of one who knew something of human life that no Englishman need expect his memory to survive more than six months unless he built a church. (Laughter.) Without saying that Mr. Cobden was a churchbuilder, it could be shown that he had contributed to the increase of churches. In his (Mr. Ashworth's) locality, the neighbourhood of Bolton, up to the year 1842 there were four churches in that town, and three or four small Episcopalian chapels in the surrounding townships. But now there were five or six and twenty, which was a considerable increase in 22 years, taking into consideration the slow progress of all previous time. And the Dissenters had progressed in like manner. Thus there were three points of observatioa, at all events, from which the question of a monument to Mr. Cobden was deserving of being regarded. (Applause.) Mr. OLIVER HEYWOOD, who seconded the resolu tion, said there was a custom with an ancient nation which held its highest festival at this very Easter season, to gather a sheaf of early corn and bring it among the people, and in the midst of their cere monial to wave aloft this symbol of thankfulness for the richness and abundance of the land into which that people had entered. It was not fanciful to say that no more fitting action could be done than, so to speak, to bring a sheaf of corn and wave it among the people (applause), for, if to any one, to whom more than to Mr. Cobden did they owe it that the beneficent gift s of Providence in the richness, and abundance, and fruitfulness of the world had been brought in to contribute to the strength and wealth and welfare of our nation ? (Cheers.) As little children by the seaside built their little island and made their little channels for ward so as to gather in the great ocean of abund ance which was about them, so did Richard Cobden and those who were associated with him work to bring in the fruitfulness of the world for the enjoy ment and prosperity of the nation. (Applause.) The childish illustration was suggested by the cir cumstance that it was with his (Mr. Heywood's) boyhood that he connected the name of Mr. Cobden, and that for which his name stood pre-eminent. It s o happened that on the very night when the First Minister of the Crown and the gentleman who leads the Opposition were commenting on Mr. Cobden's great services, a debate was going on in the House of Lords on the question of the public schools, and the school to which reference was no doubt chiefly made on that occasion was the one in which he (Mr. Heywood) spent the early years of his life, and the subject carried him back to the very year 1841, when he suffered a good deal o f boyish persecution, as being a member of a community- that was at that time sending up to Parliament men who were dis posed to turn the world upside down and introduce a great number of very novel ideas. But what he felt about Mr. Cobden had been in a very few words expressed by Mr. Bright—(loud cheers)—when he said that he came fresh from the bedside of a depart ing friend, and spoke of the passing away of " the manliest and the gentlest spirit that he knew." That manliness and gentleness—what did it de scribe but the gentleman ? (Cheers.) It was pre_ cisely those characteristics of Mr. Cobden that had stirred up the heart of England and of the world to grieve over his loss, all differences of opinion being forgotten in the man whom all felt to be at once full of manliness and courage and gentleness. (Ap plause.) The MAYOR said it was for the town of Stockport that Mr. Cobden was first returned to Parliament, and it had been fittingly arranged that one of the present members for that borough should now ad dress the meeting. (Applause.) Mr. WATKIN, M.P., said the occasion on which Mr. M. Ross, President of the Chamber of Com merce, moved a resolution for the opening of a sub scription and the appointment of a committee. In relating some of the difficulties Mr. Cobden had to contend with while negotiating the French treaty, he said he remembered one day when, after four or five hours had been spent in the discus sion of trivial matters with the French Plenipoten tiaries, with what mortification Mr. Cobden had exclaimed, " Really I had more power as a commer cial traveller than I feel I have had to-day as Pleni potentiary." (Laughter.) Mr. POTTER, M.P., seconded the resolution, which was passed. The meeting terminated with a vote of thanks to the Mayor. Several subscriptions of £5O were announced, and it was understood that no larger sums would be invited. HEALTH OF LONDON, (From the Registrar-General's Weekly Return.) In the week that ended last Saturday the births in London and nine other towns of the United King dom were 3,810 ; the deaths 2,927. The annual rate of mortality in the week in those ten large towns was 27 per 1,000 persons living, and was less than in the previous week, when it was 30. In London the births of 1,036 and 937 girls, in all 1,973 children, were registered in the week. In the corresponding weeks of ten years, 1855-64, the average number, corrected for increase of popula tion, was 2,074. The deaths in London in the same period were 1,533. The average number for the 15th week in 10 years (corrected) is 1,412. There is an excess in the present return of 121 deaths over the estimated num ber. Whooping-cough was the most fatal in the list of zymotic diseases ; it carried off 92 children, about two-thirds of whom were under two years of age. Seventy-two deaths by typhus were recorded, 46 by scarlatina and diphtheria, 16 by measles, and 14 by small-pox. There were 224 deaths from bronchitis, 99 from pneumonia ; the respective averages being 155 and 98. Bronchitis is very fatal for this period of the year. The following carriage accidents occurred :--A carman, aged 50 years, was killed by falling from his van ; a boy, aged 13, was run over by a van at St. Luke's ; and a labourer, aged 54, fell from a waggon at London-wall. On March 27, at the workhouse, Bethnal-green, a sawyer, aged 53 years, died from disease of the lungs, accelerated by the want of proper nourish ment. (Inquest). On the 12th inst. a child died at 1, Skinner's court, Greenwich, of scarlatina. The Registrar states that three deaths from fever occurred recently in the same room, which is described as in a wretched condition. The rate of mortality last week was 27 per 1,000 in London, 27 in Edinburgh, 26 in Dublin, 34 in Liverpool, 27 in Manchester, 28 in Salford, 25 in Birmingham, 24 in Leeds, 22 in Bristol, and 32 in Glasgow. The rate in Vienna was 28 per 1000 dur ing the week ending Ist inst., when the temperature was 3.8 deg. Fahrenheit lower than in the same week in London, where the rate was 29 per 1,000. In Liverpool the births were 310, the deaths 308 ; in Manchester the births 228, the deaths 187 ; in Salford the births 74, the deaths 60 ; in Binning ham the births 281, the deaths 160 ; in Leeds the births 139, the deaths 105 ; in Bristol the births 101, the deaths 67 ; in Edinburgh the births 144, deaths 91; in Glasgow the births 409, the deaths 262 ; and in Dublin the births 151, the deaths 154. There were 304 deaths in Vienna during the week ending the Ist inst. At the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, the mean height of the barometer in the week was 29.963 in. The mean daily reading was above 30 in. on four days. The reading rose to 3014 in. on Monday, and declined to 29.78 in. on Thursday. The mean temperature of the air in the week was 524 deg., which is 7.3 deg. above the average of the same week in 50 years (as determined by Mr. Glaisher). The mean daily temperature was above the average throughout the week ; and on Sunday and Monday this excess was as much as 11 deg. The highest day temperature was 72 deg., and was attained on Sun day. The lowest night temperature was 37 . 4 deg. on Tuesday. On Sunday and Tuesday the range of temperature was 32.6 deg. ; on Saturday the range was only 9 deg. The highest reading of a thermometer in the sun was 122.4 deg. on Tuesday. The mean degree of humidity of the air was 72, complete saturation being represented by 100. The humidity varied from 60 on Sunday to 88 on Satur day. Rain fell to the amount of 0-15 in.. nearly all of it on Good Friday. At Manchester the range of temperature on that day was only about 2 deg. NEW YORK, April s.—The Confederates have captured the propeller Fallnacent, and converted her into a cruiser. She has since captured 17 schooners. The Epidemic in Russia, The Journal de St. Petersbourg of the 12th inst publishes the following : " The Minister of the Interior has communicated to us the following replies which have been made to the questions addressed by his Excellency the Ambassador of England to the Russian Government respecting the prevailing epidemic: " ' Question I.—What are the names in French and in German by which the doctors at the hospitals and the phy sicians at St. Petersburg designate the malady ? " Reply.—The epidemic does not offer any new features of note, nothing unknown to science, no special form but the typhoid class with various known modifications ; thus typhoid fever, petechial fever, bilious typhus fever (bilia3ses typhoid of the Germans), fierrt3 recurrens (febris recurrens), recurrirends feber, of the Germans ; relapsing fever of the English.* Typhus and typhoid fever prevail at St. Peters burg nearly every year in the autumn, and diminish to wards the month of November—a period at which a great number of workmen leave the capital ; towards the follow ing months of March and April, the period of the great care= (Lent), of the melting of the ice and the return of the vagrant workmen to the capital, these fevers reappear, and always without offering any particularities unknown to medical science. The typhus which is now committing ravages does not differ from the fevers of which we have just spoken, except by a greater.extension and a greater intensity of the symptoms which characterise it ; yet, other mala dies appertaining to the same species of typhoid maladies, have shown themselves for the first time at St. Petersburg, and the number of cases returned has exceeded that of the typhoid fevers during the months of November and Decem ber, 1864, and January, February, and March of this year. They are bilious typhoid fever, and especially relapsing fever (pure typhoids bilieuse, and especiallyfievre recurrente). " Question 2.—Was this malady known previously in Russia, eithe • 7: _ or elsewhere, and, in such case, what point ; • ent did it reach ? "'Reply.—Although the relapsing fever (flierericurrente) had never been observed at St. Petersburg, it has been pre viously observed in other localities. In 1840 that malady committed great ravages in Moscow, especially under a bilious form,f and in 1857-58 at Novo-Archangelsk(Russian America), where it was studied by Dr. Govorlivoy, and last year it made its appearance at Odessa. At the present mo ment, while it prevails in the capital, it has also shown itself in various districts of the St. Petersburg radius (Novaia- Ladoga, Gdow, Peterhof, and Tsarskoe-Selo), and on some points of the district of Novogorod, especially on the railway line, whither it seems to have been brought from the capi tal. But it is especially the petechial typhus which has com mitted ravages in this latter district, as also in the districts of Penza, Tauris, and Kharkow ; in some other districts (Astrakhan, Vitebsk, Minsk, Volhynia, Vladimir, Kalouga, Dieu, Koursk, and Toula) the typhoid fever has attained but a slight development, and the returns do not show a high rate of mortality. With the exception of the epidemic of 1840 at Moscow, which was followed by the simple typhoid fever, in no part of Russia has the epidemic of the relapsing and bilious fever acquired any considerable de velopment. " Question 3.—ln the opinion of the highest authorities, have there been any cases in the hospitals of St. Petersburg or elsewhere where the disease has been communicated by touch ? " ' Reply.—The relapsing fever simple and bilious (la .flevre recurrence, simple et bilieuse), has shown itself to be contagious, like the general typhus. Some doctors, sur geons, attendants, and nurses have caught the malady in the hospital wards; as yet but two cases of death are re ported among the doctors, and a few cases among the atten dants and nurses. It is especially, as in the case with all epidemics, in the dwellings of the working men of the in digent classes that the contagion spreads, on account of the bad ventilation and the immediate contact with the clothing. " Question 4.—What is known respecting the origin, nature, and progress of the malady, of the symptoms by which it declares itself, and of the best treatment to be fol lowed to effect a cure ? " Reply.—The origin of this epidemic may be attributed to the bad hygienic arrangements (mauvaises d'hygiene conditions) ; to the consumption of vegetables (cabbages and potatoes especially) which have been grown under unfavourable climatical conditions which has produced a considerable increase on all articles of food ; to the immoderate use of spirits made form grain by the work ing and lower classes ; to an unusual conglomeration of workmen in the capital towards last autumn, which occa sioned a considerable crowding in their dwellings ; a crowding very baneful to health (a une bonne hygienie), especially in the Russian climate. To these accidental causes there must still be, added (and this is applicable to all epidemics) the frequent atmospheric variations, espe cially so common on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, and which produce what physicians call genius morbarum epi demicus. The relapsing fever (fcerre recurrente), which made its first appearance towards the end of last August at the rate of five to six cases daily, progressed rapidly. In November there were already no less than 500 cases of disease in the town hospitals ; towards the end of January and at the commencement of February the epidemic had reached its height, as many as 150 persons being taken to the hospital in one day, and if wo include the cases of ordi nary typhus and other severe diseases the number arose to 250 and even 300 per diem. We must, however, observe that this last number does not give'the exact number of the sick, as for many days during the time requisite for pre paring temporary hospitals numbers of sick had to remain •in their own domiciles. During the last week the number of cases of relapsing fever (fidvre recurrente) has consider ably diminished, and the petechial typhus, the typhoid fever—to which the relapsing fever often turns in its se cond paroxysm—takes the place of the relapsing fever. At the present moment the average total admission into the town hospitals is from 100 to 150 per diem, including the pe techial typhus, or typhoid fever, and other severe maladies. As regards the symptoms, the relapsing fever (flerre recur rente) has shown itself under two forms--a simple and a bilious form. It always commences by prodromes; the persons attacked have a shivering fit, sometimes two attacks a t a short interval, sometimes they have a continuous attack. When the attack is over the patient is much prostrated, he complains of headache, thirst, sick ness (mal au cceur), and want of appetite ; vomiting occurs at times, the patient is generally constipated ; the prostra tion then increases, and he suffers extreme pain at the ex tremities; however, these latter symptoms might not appear or might diminish in a short time ; they are neither perma ment nor constant. Generally speaking, this period of incu bation is not of long duration ; often after 24 hours only the disease displays itself in most distinct characters. The face has an altered appearance, the lines are depressed, the colour of the face, red with some and of a grey yellow with others, is sometimes icterical ; the skin is hot and dry, the head heavy and burning. If a thermometer is placed under the armpit of the patient it marks 30 deg., 40 deg., and 41 deg. de Celse, and this temperature is nearly the same all over the body. The tongue is gene rally moist, never quite dry ; red at the edges and point, it is furred at its base. In the greater number of cases respiration is perfectly free, while in others the patient has a slight cough without much expectoration. The abdo men is not much swollen, yet it is sensible to touch, espe cially under the pressure of the left hypocondrium. The liver is much larger than in a natural state, as it often deve lopes itself as far as the navel, and completely occupies the left hypocondrial region. The spleen is in a constant state of great swelling. The invalid does not eat, and even shows dis gust for every species of food, but he has intense thirst; he goes easily to the closet, and the motions do not show any thing extraordinary—they are rather liquid than solid ; the urine, passed without difficulty, is slightly acid, at times albuminous. The patient, much prostrated, is taken with giddiness and cannot stand upright. The pulse is weak and slow; from 100 pulsations it reaches 130, at the rate of 140 pulsations per minute. Delirium very seldom occurs. The state which we have just described lasts four, seven, and even ten days ; the patient then begins to perspire , copiously, and that perspiration, accompanied by a most marked diminution of all the symptoms, continues sometimes from 12 to 36 hours ; but the prostration remains the same, and the twitches of the muscles continue unabated. This state continues for many days, when suddenly cold ensues, followed by shivering fits, and they are followed by all the symptoms above mentioned, and torment the pa tient for many days more. Yet, generally, this second at tack is not so violent or so long as the first, and the patient enters into a state of convalescence. The convalescence is very slow. Very often the patient has one or two relapses, apparently less violent, but leaving him in a most prostrate condition. In some rare cases death occurs in the first paroxysm—that is to say, before the second attack of shiver ing consequent upon a cerebral or pulmonary hemorrhage, or from an inflammation of the coats of the brain (meninges) or from paralysis of the heart (Dr. Hermann, Aboukhoff Hospital). Later, the patient dies either from inflammation of the lungs or rather from a stoppage (stale) in the lungs, or from an abscess in the spleen or loins, catarrhs in the bowels, or hydropsy. At the workmen's hospital extensive phlegmons of the trunk and extremities have been observed with suppuration of the inguinal glands, often resulting in death. Recently, as already previously observed, the relap sing fever at its second paroxysm has turned into typhus or typhoid fever. The second form of the malady—bilious relapsing fever—Lafievre recurrente bilieuse, may arise from the first just described ; however it shows itself at once. From the first day the patient is in an icterical state, he vomits bile, and has fearful headaches. Ho becomes deli rious, and remains in a prostrate state. This very dan gerous condition does not always end in death, but conva lescence is always slow, The autopsy has always shown that the seat of the malady is in the organs of the abdomen, especially the spleen and liver which are always greatly enlarged and completely changed : sometimes the loins are also affected by this inflammation ; a catarrhal affection of the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels is also observable, which sometimes reaches the mucous membrane of the hilarious channels, and which occasion icterical phe nomena during life. Moreover, in complicated cases con sequences are found of the inflammation of the lungs, of suppurative pericardito and the hemorrhagical cells in the tissue of the spleen, even with the rupture of that organ. Men are more subject to the malady than women. The workmen who are addicted to drink have been chiefly vie tims to it. As yet no treatment suitable to every case has been discovered ; the physician who turns his attention to the fever and to the state of the abdominal organs succeeds best. Mineral acids (acid elixir of Haller) and chloride are mostly preferred. Symptomatic and palliative treatment suited to local complications always find their indication ; also laxatives, resin oil, calomel, warm applications, opium, &c., according to circumstances. Sulphate of quinine re commended by some has not always been attended with good results. But its usefulness was chiefly admitted as a palliative to relieve pain and as a strengthening remedy during the period of convalescence, where it has at times been used with preparations of iron, and a nutritious diet, especially when anemic had to be met with in the con valescent.' " For further details we refer to the article of Dr. Hermann, which contains a description of this disease, as also to the anatomical-pathological report of Dr. Buttner, which are to be found in the first numbers of the medical St. Peters burg Gazette (St. Petersburger Ilfedicinische Zeitschrin of this year. The Government has not neglected anything to alleviate the sufferings of the sick. Thus, 3,500 addi tional beds have been provided. The Board of Health of St. Petersburg, under its president, Governor-General Prince Souvorow, has taken every possible precautionary measures to stop the disease. An infantry barracks and an imperial manufactory have been converted into hospitals. Special committees have been appointed to visit the dwell ings of the working classes ; the surveyors have been or dered carefully to inspect the: markets. Short and clear rules to follow have been drawn up and posted in every quarter; a subscription has been opened for the sufferers and has been responded to by all classes of society. The sudden and important diminution of the malady must be attributed to these useful measures. " Question s.—What has been the proportion between the population of St. Petersburg and the daily number of persons attacked by the malady ? "'Reply.—lf we take 500,000 as the approximate number of inhabitants we have as a maximum during some weeks only of February 300 cases daily of relapsing fever, typhus and other maladies included. We add :—The number of ad missions to the hospitals in the last months of 1864 showed upon the admissions of the corresponding months of 1864 an increase of 30 to 40 per cent. ; in January, 1865, it was 50 per cent. above those of 1864, and the number of admissions of February, 1865, exceeded that of 1864 by 100 per cent. " Question 6.—What has been the proportion between the cases of sickness and of death ? " Reply.—lt is not to relapsing fever that the greatest number of cases of death must be attributed, but to pete chial typhus and typhoid fever. Thus, at the commence ment of the epidemic the relapsing fever showed the pro portion of (1.20) one death on 20 sick in the hospitals ; in its greatest development it gave (1.12 and 10) ono death on 12 or 10 sick and even less in some hospitals. The pete chial typhus always showed much more favourable pro portions (1.5 and 1.4), one death out of five, or even four sick in some hospitals. Generally the number of deaths during the last six months of 1864 and January, 1865, ex ceeded that of the corresponding month of 1863 by circa 2,000. The relative mortality in the hospitals had also greatly increased, especially during the first months of 1865. If, therefore, we compare the month of January, 1864, with the month of January, 1863, we find :—For the first (1.17) one death on 17 sick, and for the second (141) one death on 11 sick, comprising all violent and chronic diseases. It is evident, then, that if we only include the relapsing fever and typhus the proportion would be still more favourable. " Question 7.—What has been the greatest rate of mor tality in one day at St. Petersburg ? " Reply.—The daily mortality from epidemic maladies in the hospitals from typhus and relapsing fever has not reached the maximum of more than 60 per diem, and the average has been 25 to 30 per diem.' " SPORTING INTELLIGENCE. NEWMARKET CRAVEN MEETING.—TrEspAy. The eight events on to-day's card dwindled down, through the cases of paying forfeit, to six, and of these only the Seventh Biennial and the Newmarket Handicap commanded the slightest interest. Siberia, despite her 51b penalty, made a shocking exhi bition of Klarinska and Sister to Queen of the Vale in the 100 Sovs. Sweepstakes over the Ditch Mile, and Mr. Merry's beautiful Mcestissima filly had no difficulty with her two opponents over the same course. The winner is one of the finest and most racing-looking fillies seen for some time, and her two engagements—the City and Subur ban and the Chester Cup—look, especially the latter, as almost certainties. The Biennial broUght out the large field of 20 runners, of whom Koenig, as the best public performer, was made the favourite. The start, effected to the very minute, was a fine one, the Marquis of Hastings's colours on Pantaloon showing in front with the favourite, King Charming, Kangaroo, Audax, and Island Chief lying well up. Ascending the hill the Duke -of Beaufort appeared to be winning, but was caught at the half distance by Kangaroo, a fine-looking son of Hobble Noble, and defeated cleverly by a length. The winner will be a dangerous customer in the Two Thousand. Dollar proved himself a great horse by, running under the top weight a good second to Acci dent for the Handicap, over the severe ground of the last mile and three quarters of the Beacon Course. The weather has been most delightful, and the attend ance to-day was much larger. Match—Last half of Ab. M. 100, h ft. Mr. John Graham's Vision, 3 yrs, Bst 71b, paid ; and Mr. E. Brayley's Viceroy, 3 yrs, 7st 71b, received. Sweepstakes of 100 sovs each, 13. ft, for 3-yr-old colts, Bst 101 b each, with certain allowances, D.M. 5 subs. Mr. Watt's Olmar, Bst 101 b (Challoner) w.o. Sweepstakes of 100 sovs each, h ft, for fillies Bst 9113 ; a winner of 400 sovs to carry 51b extra. D.M. 6 subs. Duke of Beaufort's Siberia, 9st (inc 51b extra) (Fordham) 1 Mr. Bowes's Klarinska, Bst 91b (Ashman) 2 Baron Rothschild's Sister to Queen of the Vale, Bst 91b (Wells) 3 Betting-3 to lon Siberia, 4to 1 agst Klarinska, and 100 to 8 agst Queen of the Vale. The favourite, on the whip-hand, jumped away with a clear lead, which she retained to the end, and won in a canter by 20 lengths; a bad third. Renewal of the Sweepstakes of 50 sovs each; colts, Bst 101 b; fillies, Bst 71b. D.M. 5 subs. Mr. Merry's Mcestissima filly, B st 71 b (Fordham 1 Count Batthyany's Puritan, B st 1 01 b (Custom()) ) 2 Mr. Naylor's Sir Charles, Bst 101 b (Challoner) 3 Betting-3 to lon Mcestissima The favourite, after running in company a few strides, went to the front and won in the commonest of canters by a length. Plate of £5O, for 2-yr-olds ; colts, Bst 101 b ; fillies, Bst 71b. Winners extra. First half of Ab.M. Count Batthyany's Mazeppa, Bst 101 b (Custanc 1 Mr. C. Rawlinson's Henba ne, B st 71 b (C. Maidment) 2 Mr. Hodgman's Venturous , B st 101 b (Morris 3 The following also ran :—Pinchbeck, Flash of Lightning filly, Gazna, Seam, Woodbine filly, Blue Bell colt, and Barege colt. Betting-7 to 4 agst Mazeppa, 9to 4 agst Flash of Lightning filly, 8 to 1 agst Henbane, and 100 to 8 agst any other. With little or no loss of time the flag was lowered, when the lot left the starter nearly in a line, but after they had run a few strides the favourite carried his colours to the front for a quarter of a mile, when he was eased, and Hen bane, his immediate follower, was indulged with the com mand ; the pair as they entered the cords drawing away from their horses to half way up, where Mazoppa again assumed his position, and won cleverly by a length ; six lengths separated the second and third, Seam was fourth, Woodbine filly fifth, and the Barege colt next. First Year of the Seventh Newmarket Biennial Stakes of 10 sovs each, with 100 added by the Jockey Club ; for 3-yr-olds ; colts, Bst 101 b ; fillies, Bst 61b ; the owner of the second horse to receive a sum equal to 10 per cent. on the whole stake, and the owner of the third horse a sum equal to 5 per cent. R.M. 80 subs. Mr. Henry's Kangaroo (J. Grimshaw) 1 Duke of Beaufort's Kcenig • Fordham 2 Count Batthyany's Kin g Ch arm ing (Custance 3 Lord Coventry's Tennyson (J. Adam 4 The following also ran :—Pantaloon, Verona colt, Bar barossa, Chimney Sweep, Audax, The Caloyer, Argences, The Lily of • Devon, Vest colt, Contraband, Island Chief, Cobweb, Zulette, Jezebel, Joker, and Dux. Betting-7 to 4 agst Kcenig, Bto 1 agst Joker, 10 to 1 each agst Kangaroo, The Caloyer, King Charming, and Andes, 12 to 1 agst Barbarossa. Pantaloon was the first away, and came on with the run ning, having Island Chief, Tennyson, and Kangaroo in close attendance, and wide on their left came Kcenig, King Charming, Chimney Sweep, and Audax heading the rear ward horses. They ran nearly in these positions into the Abingdon Mile-bottom, where Pantaloon droppedback, and Kangaroo, with the favourite and King Charming, came on in advance to half way up the hill, when Mr. Henry's colt drew away and won very cleverly by a length. There were two lengths between the second and third, and a like dis tance separated the third and fourth, close up with whom were Joker, Cobweb, The Caloyer, and Audax. Match ; Bst 71b oach. (R.M.) 200 , h ft. Mr. Hodgman's The Monk, aged (Fordhatn) 1 Mr. Perry's The Principal, 6 yrs (V. Boyce) 2 Betting-6 to 4on Principal. The non-favourite made all the running, awl, won in a canter by two lengths. The Newmarket Handicap of 25 sovs each, 15 ft, and 5 if declared, with 10 soya added, for 3-yr-olds and upwards ; winners extra. From the starting-post of the R.M. to third. About five fur. the end of B.C. 67 subs., 37 of whom pay 5 sous each. Mr. B. Drewitt's Accident, 5 yrs, 7st 51b (Deacon 1 M. Lupin's Dollar, 5 yrs, 9st 71b (Fordham 2 Mr. T. Wadlow's Wandering Minstrel, 4 yrs, 7 st 41 (Tomlinson) 3 *lt is especially to the English doctors MM. Kennedy, Jenne; Christison, Dundas, Bennet, who have watched latter species of typhoid fever, particularly to Professor Bennet, who studied it in 1846 and 1847 in Scotland, that we are indebted for a knowledge of all its characters. Pro fessor Griessinger, of Zurich, on his part, who watched an epidemic in Egypt, has also greatly contributed to define this teciee of typhoidal affection. byThe malady was most carefully watc h ed and described Doctors Pehkan (elder), Heimann, and Levestamm. The following also ran:—Raglan, Troubadour, Spring Gun, Kate Hampton, Grace Darling, Glen 2:81a, Tomato, Fantail, and Suspicion. Betting-3 to 1 agst Wandering Minstrel, sto 1 agst Accident, 6to 1 agst Grace Darling, 7 to 1 agst Tomato, 8 to 1 agst Raglan, 10 to 1 agst Troubadour, and 100 to 8 agst Dollar. Kate Hampton, wide on the right, got away with the THE SUN, LOADON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRIL 19, 1865. DERBY. 7to 1 agst The Duke (taken) Bto 1 agst Breadalbane (taken) 10 to 1 agst Liddington (taken) 20 to 1 agst Zambesi (taken) 20 to 1 agst Wild Charley (taken) 20 to 1 agst Archimedes (taken) 20 to 1 agst Oppressor (taken) 50 to 1 agst Bedminster (taken) 20 to 1 agst Broomielaw (taken) 25 to 1 agst Longdown (taken) 30 to 1 agst Kangaroo (taken) DURHAM RACES-TUESDAY. BLACKHEATH AND WOOLWICH RACES. TUESDAY. running, followed by Grace Darling, Suspicion, Fantail, the favourite, and Accident, the others, who were headed by Raglan and Tomato, lying off, in the rear of whom was Dollar. They ran thus across the flat, but as they came past the bushes the leader dropped back, followed in a few strides further by Suspicion, who broke dAn. This left the French representative and Wandering Minstrel in front, the pair being joined by Accident at the New Ground ; the latter rising the hill obtained a slight lead, and as they neared the site of the old Duke's stand Dollar became his immedi ate follower, and as they reached the distance Fordham made his effort, and for a stride or two appeared to have an equal chance, but tiring under the weight as he came on, he was beaten easily by a length; a bad third; Grace Dar ling fourth, and Tomato fifth. John Davis was struck out at 2.30 p.m. Broomielaw was struck out of the Two Thousand at 4.10 p.m. this afternoon. LATEST BETTING ON THE COURSE. CHESTER CUP. 100 to 9 agst Victorious (taken) 100 to 9 agst Mcestissima filly (taken) TWO THOUSAND. 100 to 30 agst Liddington (taken) 9to 2 agst Kangaroo (taken freely) 6to 1 agst Breadalbane (taken) Theßaby Stakes (Handicap) of 50 sovs, added to &Sweep stakes of 5 sovs each, 2 ft, for three-yr-olds and upwards; the winner of any handicap value 50 sovs after April 5, at ten a.m., 51b ; of one of 100 sovs value, 71b ; or of any race of 200 sovs, 101 b extra ; the second to save his stake. One mile. 18 subs. Mr. Wilkinson's Wetsail, 5 yrs, Bst (Doyle 1 Mr. Sidney's Portrick, 3 yrs, sst 81b (car. sst 91b) (Dunbar 2 Mr. John Osborne's Nell Digby, 4 yrs, 6st 101 b (Carroll 3 Mr. C. Winteringham's Stiff. 4 yrs, Est 101 b (Lawrence 4 Mr.T.S.Dawson's Curtain Lecture, 3 yrs, 6st 21b(Cameron 5 Mr. Bowes's Theobalda, 4 yrs, 7st 101 b (Oram 6 Betting-3 to 1 each agst Nell Digby, Curtain Lecture, and Stiff, 4 to 1 Theobalda, 6 to 1 Portrick. Won by a head ; three quarters of a length between the second and third ; a head between third and fourth. The Lambton Stakes of 5 sous each, with 50 added ; two yr-olds, 7st; three, 9st ; f. and g. allowed 31b ; a winner of a sweepstakes of 100 sovs, 31b ; of 200, 51b ; of 500, 71b extra ; three-yr-olds which have started twice with out winning, allowed 31b ; thrice, 51b ; four times, 71b ; the second to save his stake. T.Y.C. 16 subs. Mr. Jackson's Split the Difference, 2yrs, 7st 51b (in 51b ex) (Marsol 1 Mr. John Osborne's Xi, 2 yrs (Carroll 2 Mr. T. Masterman's Honesty, 2 yrs, 7st (Dunbar 3 The following also ran :—Lady Elizabeth, Integrity, Plora. Betting-2 to lon Split the Difference-4 to 1 agst any other. Won by a length, and a head between second and third. Flora bolted. The Weir Selling Handicap of 3 soya each, with 25 added, for all ages : the winner to be sold for £4O, and any sur plus to go to the race fund ; winner of any race after the weights are published 51b extra. Five furlongs. Mr. J. R. Watson's Eola, 4 yrs, 9st 21b (J. Snowden 1 Mr. Harrison's Barbara Allan 6 yrs, 9st 21b ...(Reynolds 2 Mr. Mares Deerfoot, 4 yrs, 9st 41b (Howey 3 Queen and Lambton colt also ran. Betting-6 to 4on Eolo. ;4to 1 agst Barbara Allan. Won by a length ; a head between the second and third ; a bad fourth. The winner was bought in for 45 guineas. The North Durham Handicap of 50 sovs, added to a sweep stakes of 7 SOTS each, 5 ft, and 2 if declared, for three yr-olds and upwards; winners of any handicap extra ; the second to receive 10 sovs. One mile and a quarter. 17 subs. Mr. C. Winteringham's Stiff, 4 yrs, 7st 61b (Marlon) 1 Mr. Goodlass's Pretty Girl filly, 4 yrs, 7st 81b (Whiteley) 2 Mr. Bowes's Theobalda, 4yrs, Bst 41b (Oram) 3 Club Queen and Industry also ran. Betting.-5 to 4on Club Queen ;4to 1 each agst Stiff and Pretty Girl filly. Won by half a length ; a neck between seconcrand third; a bad fourth. The Wynyard Plate (Handicap) of 40 sovs, for all ages ; winner of any race after April 5, at ten a.m., 71b extra. T.Y.C. 19 subs. Mr. C. Winteringham's Stiff, 4 yrs, Bst (in. 71b ex.) (Dickson) 1 Mr. Singleton's Mrs. Lirriper, 3 yrs, 6st 61b ...(D un b ar 2 Mr. Wilkinson's Wotsail, 6 yrs, Bst 101 b (S nuw d en 3 Arkensido and Holstein also ran. Betting.-5 to 2 agst Arkenside ;3to 1 agst Wetsail ; 4 to 1 agst Mrs. Lirriper. Won by a head ; a head betwetn second and third. The United Hunters' Stakes of 25 sevs, added to a Sweep stakes of 3 sovs each, 1 ft to the Race Fund, for hunters; four-yr-olds, lOst 10Ib ; five, list 71b ; six and aged, 12st 21b ; certain allowances and penalties ; gentlemen riders ; jockeys, &c., 71b extra ; the second to save his stake. Two miles. 19 subs. Mr. Gardur's Fly-by-Night (h. b.), aged (Mr. Wilkinson) 1 Mr. W. Miller's Skipjack, 6 yrs (Mr. Miller 2 Mr. E. A. Wilson's Alexandra, 4 yrs (Mr. T 11. Marten 3 Tho following also ran :—Extra Number, Maid of tho Mill, Miss Amy, and Cock Robin. Betting.-5 to 4on Fly-by-Night ;2to 1 agst Extra Number. Won easily by six lengths; same between second and The Scurry Stakes of 40 sovs ; weight for age; gentlemen riders; professionals, 71b extra. Five fur. on the flat. Mr. Newland's f. by Tadmor---Lady Wilson, 3 yrs, lOst 41b (Mr. Grant) w.o. Match-40 ; 11st each. Mr. Harvey's Trapper, aged, 11st (Mr. Grant) 1 Mr. New's Annington, 4 yrs, list (W e l c h) 2 No betting. Mr. Grant, on Trapper, made the running to the turn, where Annington ran out and threw Welch at the ropes, and Trapper cantered in alone. The Hunters' Stakes, a cup, value 20 sovs ; llst 71b each, thorough breds - 71b extra. One mile on tho flat. Mr. Ranford's Bay Gelding, 12st (inc.7lb extra)(Horagan 1 Mr. Shepherd's Done Brown, list 71b (Owner) 2 Mr. H. Moore's Villeggiatura, 4 yrs, 12st (inc. 71b extra 3 Betsy Copeland and Eryx also ran. Betting-6 to 4 agst Done Brown, sto 2 agst Bay Geld ing, 3 to 1 agst Sequence, 4 to 1 agst Villeggiatura. Villeggiatura made the running to the far side where Bay Gelding, who had been lying second, challenged and ran into the first place ; after him were mare by Eryx, Done Brown, and Sequence to the distance, where Bay Gelding came away, and won easily by four lengths ; two lengths separating the second and third. An objection was raised in consequence of the winner going the wrong side of a post, but it was not sustained. The West Kent Handicap of 5 soya each, 2 ft (to the fund) with 50 added ; winners extra. One mile and a half. Mr. Sacul's Vision, 5 yrs, Bst 31b (Gregory 1 Mr. C. P. Hudson's Warwick, 4 yrs, Bst 51b (Arnull 2 Mr.A. W. Howe's Spitfire Kitty, 5 yrs, Bst 9jl)(E.Foster 3 The following also ran—Turcos, Peignoir, Pam, Betsy Copeland, Walpole, Generalissimo, and Amy. Betting—Even agst Peignoir, 4 to 1 agst Spitfire Kitty, 5 to 1 agst Generalissimo, 6 to 1 agst Walpole and Amy, 7 to 1 agst Vision. After a delay of nearly an hour, in consequence of the disobedience of I'Anson, Arnull, and Nightingall, a start was effected. Betsy Copeland got off with the lead, followed by Vision and Turcos. Walpole then took up the running, and retained it till reaching the turn on entering the straight, when he ran out and allowed Vision to take first place, the latter winning by two lengths; half a length between second and third, After passing the post Amy cannoned against a cob that was being ridden up the course, and received considerable injury. The Woolwich Plate of 30 sous, for 3 yr olds and upwards. Mr. Breary's Xurullo, 6 yrs, Bst 91b ...(R. I'Anson, jun. 1 Mr. John Pugh's Walpole, 6 yrs, 7st 111 b (Attwood 2 Mr. J. New's Annington, 4 yrs, 7st 61b (Welch 3 Mr. R. Oldham's Tom Sayers, 6 yrs, 7st 101 b ...(Bunker 0 Betting-6 to 4on Tom Sayers-2 to 1 agst Xurullo -3 to 1 agst Walpole. Approaching the straight run-in, Walpole held the lead, and Xurullo drawing up to her shoulder, a fine race ensued, the latter ultimately winning by a neck; two lengths between second and third. A Scurry Race, for a cup; 10st 71b each. One mile. Mr. Breary's Xurullo, 6 yrs, lOst 7lb (Mr. Grant) 1 Mr. T. Lines's Peignori, 6 yrs, lOst 101 b, (inc. 31b extra) (T. Burton) 2 Mr. &Ilford's Bay Gelding, 10st 71b (Horagan) 3 The following "'also ra;;—Walpole, Remunerator, An.- nington, Tom Sayers. No betting. Peignoir led, followed by Walpole, second, and Xurullo third. On coming into the straight, Walpole appeared to tire, and Xurullo collaring Peignoir, won by a length ; Bay Gelding a bad third. Tom Sayers and Anniugton were left at the post. The Selling Hurdle Race, one mile and a half, did not fill. ADVERTISEMENT.]—HoIIoway's Pills.—Desirable Pos session.—Without health no amount of wealth, no means of pleasure, are of the slightest value. It is inconceivable how small a disturbance of the animal functions begets wretchedness, and how readily it may be rectified by a few doses of some purifying and regulating medicine, such as these world-renowned pills. These have proved the best friend to mankind in every grade, in every land, and under almost every circumstance. Holloway's pills purify the blood, rectify digestion, stimulate the liver and kidneys, and re6ulate the bowels. When fevers, influenza, and other ailments are epidemic, these pills should be taken oc casionally by every one, to keep the blood and system free from the seed of the prevailing pestilence. SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. -' TI rEs.—That the people of the Northern States should be excited to an extraordinary degree of en thusiasm by the capture of Richmond is not surpris ing. The fall of that city, the possession of which has been purchased at such enormous cost, must seem the actual end of the great rebellion. " On to Richmond" was the first demand of the people, and that the seat of the C on f e d era t e G overnment could resist so many attacks first opened the eyes of the nation to the difficulty of the task it had under taken. Those who reckoned the existence of the war by days saw it lengthened to months, and the months prolonged to years, without any indication that the last operations would prove more success ful than the first. Not till all the military power of the Federation was gradually directed against Rich mond could the end be achieved. Three armies have been required to do the work that was thought an easy exploit for the one half-organised force that began the first march southward in 1861. The last intelligence from New York exhibits that city in all the intoxication of triumph. It has had its occasions of exultation before, but till the recent change in the prospects of the war they were so often followed by such qualifications of„ the success that at last the announcements of victory were distrusted, or even disbelieved. Then came periods of depression, and not a year has elapsed since it was possible for a few advocates of peace and compromise to speak and write in favour of both. N ow , h owever, t h ere i s no visible cause of doubt or misgiving. Charleston and Richmond are aga i n F e d era l c i t i es, President Lincoln is lodged in the house of President Davis, and the army of Lee has retired to the interior. The catastrophe seems complete, and in all its accessories calculated to impress the people with a feeling that the work is accomplished and that the civil war is really at an end. Suppose the whole nation impressed with that conviction, and impulsively and at the same moment expressing what they feel under its influence, and we cannot be surprised at the somewhat de lirious forms the jubilation of New York has taken. We shall hear similar accounts from every great city of the Union, Baltimore perhaps excepted. It must be recollected that the reported manifestations were spontaneous and improvised at the moment. Nothing was organised by committees or authorities ; the public feeling took its own methods of declaring itself, and the result was a display eminently charac teristic of the nation. The extemporised public meet ings, the instant appearance of a host of orators competing with each other in extravagance of lan guage and sentiment, the singing hymns in the street of the money changers, and the reading mili tary telegrams from the pulpits of churches, all this reversal of the ordinary course of things does not appear so extraordinary to Americans. When we recollect the trifling incidents that have sufficed to produce an amazing sensation in New York,we can not wonder at the outburst of feeling which has marked such a crisis in American history. But no violent excitement can be very enduring, and no people more readily recover their faculty of taking a cool and practical view of things. The transition, indeed, from the hot fit to the cold is often exceed ingly rapid, and when the reaction sets in topics may be discussed with perfect calmness which in the ac cess of fever would have excited a paroxysm of wrath. We therefore merely regret the first sugges tion of the public orators on this occasion was that, one war being terminated, the whole nation should embroil itself in another—nay, in a series of wars. But at the moment of utterance much was overlooked that will, in a not distant future, ask very serious consideration. We also regret that, next to the idea of war generally, the most popular suggestion was war with England. But we cannot regard these fiery denunciations seriously. In a bidding for applause there is no check to the extravagance of promise; how ever wild it may be, the speaker is always comfort ably aware that he runs little risk of being called on to fulfil it. Passion ruled the hour, and the orators would not have been listened to had they not complied with the time, and spoken with the unchecked vehemence that suited it. We are not disposedto attach over-much importance to allusions to the " Fenian Brotherhood." It is told off in good round numbers, but we know enough of the appari tion and how it has been got up to deprive the threat of any significance. Every generation has had some political scooped turnip of this kind held up to it, with assurances that it is very terrible. But that the Americans will not countenance the imposition beyond the point of political utility in their own elections, we may feel assured. The much truer ex pression of American feeling was given, we trust, at Washington,where the members of the Government were summoned, as usual, on far less important oc casions, to address a public gathering. They spoke under a double responsibility, as Ministers and the representatives of the Republican party. Public enthilsiasm cannot entirely carry away men holding such a position. They must consider something beyond momentary applause. They must avoid official embarrassments, and not endanger the " party" interests. The Washington speeches, there fore, are pitched in a more moderate key than those of New York. Statesmen cannot indulge in the " Cambyses' vein," living as they do in terror of after-explanations. Mr. Seward, therefore, did not encourage the New York suggestions of vengeance and war. He adopted a lighter mode of treatment for the crisis. He very skilfully evaded the perils of a set speech, and rather amused his audience than stirred them. His address served the purpose.. He could not let England escape altogether, but he.did not threaten her with extermination, or to annex Canada forthwith. He dealt in innuendo, which, as it pleased his hearers, we have not the slightest wish to quarrel with. There was far less bitterness in his speech than in the tone of many of his despatches written when a European intervention was really apprehended. The Americans must now acknowledge that the apprehension was groundless. Against the f ew reproaches Mr. Seward launched at us, we set the instances in which, by his official acts, he checked the rashness of subordinate officers of the Govern ment. If such inflammatory harangues as those de livered at New York do not affect the policy of the Administration, it would be unreasonable to attach too much importance to them. Very possibly Mr. Seward could not have spoken so temperately to the excited thousands of New York. But we believe the more moderate tone of the official addresses at Washington is a more reliable index of American policy. HERALD.—The inspectors of factories, in his re port upon the fire-brickyards of South Staffordshire, has opened up a curious view of life in England, as it exists in the remoter districts. It is worth glanc ing at, principally because the details are melancholy, and such as to challenge at least the inquiring atten tion of the Legislature. The Black Country is a part of England totally distinct from the rest. It is a region of perpetual twilight, never subdued into total darkness, for the furnaces are incessantly glowing, and the nights are dimly reddened by their reflections. It contains scarcely a single green pas ture ; in its dark and unwholesome rivers swim no fish ; its black and fiat landscapes are relieved by mountains of grit and cinder, smoking and steaming engine works, gin -horses walking their weary rounds, and ranges of roofless cottages, indicating the neighbourhood of deserted pits, while, as across the Dead Sea, few bi r ds ever fly over the sterile sur face. We have been accustomed, moreover, to hear of the people as rude and gross, grimy and besotted, coarse in language, and animal in manners—the men hidden down in the mines by day, while the women, in male attire, drive donkeys along the roads laden with articles for the manufactories. Yet this region of England is important, and its industry is exceedingly valuable. With regret, therefore, we learn, upon official authority, that its social condi tion is so low. But, after an examination of the facts, all surprise ceases. The men, as a rule, are in the mines or at the iron-works, the women have their seperate occupations, the children—or a vast number of them—are employed, promiscuously, in the clay-yards. Boys of five, says M r . B a k er, are broken in to toil ; infants, literally, are tutored to carry heavy weights of green bricks on th e i r h ea d s, and young lads, walking 16 miles a day to and from their place of labour, have to undergo tasks to which the severest allotments of the treadmill, the crank, and penal se rv it u d e , are b ut tr ifl es. Shot-drill is as nothing i n compar i son w ith the severities of labour thus enforced, in which little children are the principal sufferers. They work as did the wretches who are believed to have reared the Pyramids ; they have to carry enormous loads, and travel, within a narrow space, incon ceivable distances ; tons of weight and miles of walking and twelve hours of unremitted duty, half clad, in a hot atmosphere, over heated drying-stones, and scandalously destitute of any supervision except that which drives them to the due fulfilment of their average task. The Government. inspector writes, " It makes one feel for the honour o f the country that there should be such a condition of human labour existing in it." Certainly we may leave Africa and New Guinea, not to speak of the North Pole alone, until these English deserts have been reclaimed. Their inhabitants, to all intents and purposes, are savages ; they do not dress decently ; their women are hardly distinguishable, in point of attire, from their men ; their children are outcasts from the civilised world; not one in twenty can read or write ; and perhaps 5 per cent. have a dim notion of religious responsibility. They go, perhaps, at a very tender age to school, but are wanted at the clay works before they have learned enough to remember. Is it marvellous that, under the circum stances, in the bleak monotony of their hard-wrought lives, they should grow up to habits of improvidence and excess, and even when weary of their existence, throw themselves on the workhouse, or seek excite ment in strikes and quarrels with their employers ? Yet this is not, we would hope, an irreclaimable population. Among the truths—not many in them selves—which Rousseau pointedwas one to the effect that it is the condition of the labourer and not the nature of the labour which can degrade a man. The South Staffordshire brickmakers the Governmen t inspector assures us, are full of kindly feelings, and/ although they transfer even their infants from the school to the clay-yard, never let an orphan grey! hungry. The young, moreover, are singularly Cake" ful of the aged. Thus, amid the shadows, there are some redeeming lights thrown athwart the picture. Upon the whole, however, the perspective is Key ening—a wide scene of odious and dissolute secial customs—of precocious youth, daring in its rahty; of untaught vice, of ribald amusement, of swearing, profanity, and the defiance of all those laws which make social life, whether among the poor or among the rich, respectable. What is the reason why these earthy and metallic districts of a country are almost invariably the last to feel, practically , the influences of civilisation ? Is it that there are, certain social zones in which p ar ti cu l ar q ualities of human nature flourish or decay? The surface and the caverns of the ocean have each their inhabitants , embraced by the same element, yet ever strangers to one another. We must not, however, take shelter m these parallels, or in these suggestions of fatuous theory. There is a race of men, women, and children, the troglodytes or the ants of our midland; and after accumulations of blue books and successive investi gations, with any amount of declared good inten tions calculable by philanthropy, the light is held up, and we see them still black in body and mind, grovelling, rude, and illiterate. How is it ? Why these strange prejudices of the South Staffordshire population, whether in the recesses of the earth or at the clay-works desc r ib e d by th e Governmentin spector, where the earth itself is wrought up into a solid form ? Why those men, all brawn and bulk, who seem incapable of a thought beyond the pot of ale before them and the pipe between their lips? Why those emaciated women and squalid children ? Their occupation is not, of necessity, injurious to life ; their earnings are not, on the average, con temptible ; yet after years, twenty-two years, in deed, of official reports, we open the book at the same page, and hit on the miserable picture of life in a large English district drawn by Mr. Baker—a pic ture of life where the people are blank in their minds, brutal in their enjoyments, sensual, impious, and with scarcely an active influence to foster their moral or social energies. We can better understand the report we, at the same time, have received from the South Staffordshire miners. They dwell, for the most part, below the sight of heaven. The darkness of their work operates with wondrous effect on their characters. They toil amid the constant rattle of engines and roar of furnaces , and in a dim irreligious light, with activity rest less and violent, in a fe ver i s h a t mos ph er e, per petually.. in the prese nce o f d anger, away f rom their families, and earth, or air, or fire, or water, mai at any instant overwhelm them. This seems 1 0 account for a certain recklessness discernible among miners ; but why the brickmakers of the Black Country should be inferior to those anywhere else appears a fact unaccountable, although unquestion able, unless we admit that while eager on the sub ject of Arctic explorations, West African missions/ and interesting provinces of Borneo, we have ne glected a great social duty at home. For even among the almost wild people who• live so near to us, and of whom we know so little, that are de scribed by Mr. Baker, tourists who travel to 01 human nature rather than dead scenery have told us that they have observed indications of a faculty for adopting and enjoying better manners—an idea of accepting, even though unreadable, tracts fro' the clergy, and listening to their exhortations ; fondness for neat furniture and bright orna ments!, when they can be procured—the cultivation 0f flowers on the most unthankful soils, and a general love of music and dancing. But the dark features predominate—ignorance, brutality—the beer -shop —every man with a bull-dog between his knees;, nostrums of opium and gin —cock-fighting and card-playing ; and, :withal, ragge d c l o th e s ao._,'• half-famished families. We aro glad that offiela' attention has been directed to this wretched stat e of affairs in the South Staffordshire districts, esP„ e " cially those where the great clay-works are chiefly situated, because it is not a fact honourable to a Christian community that, after an exposure dating 22 years back, a Government inspector should go' down, and return reporting that there is no nu; provement, and that a fearful condition almost of infant slavery, and certainly of general degrada tion, exists. COUNTRY MARKETS LIVERPOOL-TUESDAY. At this day's market there was a good attendance of the town and country trade, and some buyers from a distance. Wheat met with a fair demand at the rates of this day week. Flour neglected, but no change in value. Oats old oatmeal in request, at an advance of ld per 451 b. and is per load. Barley, beans, and peas may be quoted 2d per 601 b. and Gd per qr. dearer. Indian corn attracted considerabl e l e and prime Danube was saleable at 29s to 29s 3u per 4801 b., and mixed American at 295, showing an ad vane° of is 3d to is 6d per qr. on the week. SHEFFIELD-TUESDAY. Tho attendance was small, and business very dull, WWI to the holidays. There was no change in prices, excep t that beans made is a load more money. Red wheat, per load of 3 imp. bu5he15....155 6d to 150 6 1, White do do ..,..16 3 o,i 18 8 od New red do do ....Ms Od 165 ea New white do do '6s 6d 185 01 Beans do do ....158 id 16$ 6 1 1 Peas, per qr. Grindmg barley, per qr 30s Od 328 od Malting barley, t 0 32s Od 3Ss °I Oats, ___ do 2ls Od 26s O. F10ur....1a 6d to la 9d per 111 b. LEEDS—TUESDAY. The supply of grain this week is not large. The Wheat trade continues very dull, without any material alteratio n in value on the small business transacted. Barley firms' Oats and beans rather dearer. The average prices for the week ending April 17 were Wheat, 40s Ofd per qr. ; barley, 32s 11 d ; and OM 21s 10±d. MONMOUTHSHIRE--MosDAY. The fine weather has had a most favourable effect on thg young wheat, and the plant looks far better than cow have been expected a month ago. There has hardly be e l an average attendance at the local markets this week, a n d the business transacted was n o t l arge . Wh ea t has Sc" slowly, and some heaviness i s ev i nce d i n th o inarket. , Foreign has been in limited reques t. O a t s ma i n t a i n ed tho r prices, and malting barley met a fair sale. The following are the average quotations :—Wheat, 5 : Od to 5s 5d per bushel ; b ar l e y, 3 s 2d t o 3 s 7d ; oats, , lld to 25..5d. MELTON MOWBRAY.—TuEsDA.T. White wheat, 41s to 45s ; red, 37s to 40s per 36 stone' Barley for malting, 31s to 33s per qr ; feed, 26s to 29s P_ e ! 30 stone. Oats, 20s to 28s. Beans, old, 41s to 435; II"' 366 to 43s per qr. Foreign Mail Packet List. Australia and New Zealand, via Southampton April 1 8 ' Ditto, via Marseilles May 1 3 . Brazil and Cape Verde. by British paciet May 4. Ditto, by French packet Cape of Good Hope, Ascension, and St. Helena April 2 3 ' China, Penang, and Singapore, via Sonthampton April 18 ' Ditto, via Marseilles Falkland Islands Gibraltar, via Southampton A India (Calcutta), and Ceylon, via Southa m pt on ...:A A p pp r rr i l l 1 2 ; Ditto, via Marseilles India (Bombay), via Southampton. April 2 6 ' Ditto, via Marseilles ....April Mauritius, via Southampton. May 12. Ditto, via Marseil.e 3. May 6 ' Newfoundland May 10. Portugal ...... May l• Ditto, by private ship to Lisbon United States and British North America, by Bri tish packet ... . Ditto, by United States packet, via Southamp ton Ditto, via Cork Ditto, by Canadian packet, via Londonderry.. April 2 . 1. West Coast of Africa, Madeira, and Teneriffe . April 12. West Indies and Pacific (except Bahamas, Cuba, and Mexico April 13 ' Bahamas, via New York. Apri 23 ' Bermuda, ditto m a y 10. Cuba and Mexico Apr.l 23' Births. ---- ELEHINSTONE.—On the 15th inst., at Edinburgh, the La" Elphinstone, of a son. RADCLIFFE.—On the 16th inst., at Warley, the Iva() of Colonel R. P. Radcliffe, R.A., of a son. STANLEY.—On the 11th inst., at Hendon, Middlesex, th e wife of Vice-Admiral Edward Stanley, of a aon. Marriages. DArroN—DownEN.---On the 18th inst., at St. Georgo l f . Hanover-square, Rowland Neale youngest son of vy Dalton, of Cockspur-street, to Emilyi , Mary, only daub' ter of Joseph Dowden, of Pimlido. WAINWRIGHT—RANKING.-011 the 18th inst., at Church, Battersea, James G a d es d en , e ld es t son of Wainwright, Esq., of Clapham-common, to Emma, ° daughter of John R an ki ng , E sq ., o f W an d swor th-00. , mon. Deaths. BULMER.--On the 17th inst., at Saltwell Hall, Gatestle 6cl ' Charles BuLmer, Esq., J.P., aged 65. COURT.—On the 15th inst., at Dalston, bir.William Griln e° Court, late of Regent-street, aged 77. DAwsoN.--On the 17th inst., at Beckenham, Alexander Dawson, jun., aged 30. LEIGH.—On the 16th inst., George Leigh, Esq., late of Huyton, Lancashire, aged 71. WARE.—On the 22d Jan., at Christchurch, New Zealan d Bethel Ware, Esq., formerly of Oxford-street, London' WILLs.—On the 11th inst., at Barkston Rectory, the W r. Edmund Wills, aged 56. London : Printed and - Publiaked by WIL LIAM AN Ifit 111 2, of No. 112, Strand, Painter, at THE SUN Office, NO Strand, in the Precinct of the Savoy, in the Couliti Middlesex.—Wodacoday, April 19, 1805. .eball li . Tei PR It i go] the A at Obl ~.kil P to RTI Bon, GRu . Lon; N( CEE men bets