The Sun. — London, England, 1823-07-30 00:00:00

'' /~ ~ , ~.ti~~~~~i~~aK;%~~ 4 ~~~ x~~. ~. j ;;,,,,,;:3,!t,;`---,--Z\-„, %t N. ~ ...r..4141trz., ..5..: , ti:-,,, . k., . ... < 1 1 ... ~- A , ----.: ts , ~. . I . ..-..4,..- ,k? -..1.....*, , ,—..,s .. i - . . ..,„ L 1 11011(1 NUMBER 9651. WEDNESDAY; JULY 30, 1823. PRICE SE vi PRIVATE PUPIL. DISTRESS IN IRELAND. AMAMI, ED CLER,GYMAN of the EST A. BUSHED CHURCH, resident within a mildew-ate distance of London, _and receiving a FEW PUPILS into his Honsv, has now a VACANCY. The most satisfactory Ite ferinces can be given to NOblemen and Gentlemen whose Sia. Ise tots educated. Leiters to twc Addressed to the Reverend E. S. J. at Mr. Egerton's, Bookseller, Whitehall, London. MEETING AT THE CITY OF LONDON TAVERN. AIR. owEN':i Yesterday a 'Meeting,was held at the City of London Tavern, pursuant to public advertise ment addressed by Mr. OwEsr, of New Lanark, to the Nobility, Gentry, Professions, Bankers, Merchants, and Master Manufacturers, for the purpose of taking into consideration the present state of Ireland. The Meeting was numerous and highly respectable. Amongst the distinguished persons present, we noticed the Duke of Lein. AWORD IN TIME.—T. BISH, of the Old State Lottery Offices, 4, Cornhill, and 9, Charing-C'ross, thinks it right to lay before his best Friends, the Public, some important facts respecting the Present Lottery. FIR3T.—It is a Government Lottery for 209,000/. Prize 3loney, to be drawn according to the old regular system,— every Ticket singly—each deciding its own fate and no other. SECONDLY.— rhere are Three 20,000/. Prizes, Two 10 000/ , . Prizes, and Thirty-four other Capitals, all Money, and 10,00/. for the very First Prize drawn out of the Wheel. TIT ERDLY.—Theie are more Prizes than Blanks ! ster, the Honourable Leicester StanhOpe, Mr. Hamilton, Sir John Doyle, and others. A num ber of Ladies, remarkable for the elegance and beauty•of their appearance, sat next the Chair, and added their countenance to the benevolent object of Mr. Owen. At about half-past twelve ii•lr. Owen made his appearance, and immediately after took the Chair . ; he was received with loud and general marks of applause ; when silence was restored, Mr. Ows rose and addressed the Meeting to the following effect : We have met hare this day to consider what remedy can be found for the distresses of Ireland; and it is a subject possessing claims to our serio4s attention, too powerful and too generally acknowledged, to render it necessary that I should occupy the time of this Meeting with any introductory observations. It will be admitted that no effectual remedy can be expected to be applied until the nature and cause of those distresses shall be ascertained. • FOURTIILit,. (and the most important Point of all.)—The Tickets and Shares are very considerably cheaper than they have been in any Lottery for Thirty Years, owing to their being all on Sale in the open Stock Market with the other (imminent Funds and Securities, instead of being locked up in the hands of Contractors, as heretofore; but as by this 'system the price of Lottery Tickets, like that of any other article, will be influenced by the demand, there is every pro. bability of a very considerable advance soon taking place; for 'l'. Wart assures his Friends, that the Sale is beyond prece. dent ; the arrangements of the Scheme, and the low Price of the Tickets, having rendered this the most popular Lottery that has be2nsfor many years. Tickets and Shares arc Selling by-T. Matt, Stockbroker, No. 4, Comhill, and 9, Charing. Cross, of whom Schemes may be had, gratis. • Bran is so proverbially successful in the Sale of great Prizes, that any particulars are unnecessary; suffice it to say, he Sold 25 Capitals last Lottery alone. IV' The DRAWING begins kith of SEPTEMBER. The evil is twofold ; it consists in the want of productive em. ployment and in the existence of religious differences ; and so long as these causes continue in operation, it is impossible that the condrt:on of Ireland can be ameliorated. Shortly will be published, By Subscription of 103.6 d. each, THE CROOME GUIDE, giving a Descrip. tion of Croome House, Croome Park, and Pleasure Grounds, together with their different Buildings, Tablets, Per spective Views, and Choice Trees. To which is added, a HORTUS CROOMENSIS, or a Catalogue of Hothouse, Greenhouse, Hardy Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous Plants, cultivated in the Gardens at Croome ; with their respective Bo tanical and English Names.—Also will be included, a Trea tise on the Propagation and Cultivation of Tender Exotics. By WILLIAM DEAN, Botanic Gardener to the Right lion. Earl of Coventry. The Work will contain Engravings of the House, Church, Rotuntlo, and Greenhouse or Temple. The Author flatters himself the Work will be found to merit sanction, not merely on account of the extent and beauty of the pleasure grounds at Croome, or for its Collection of Plants and tender Exotics (universally acknowledged, not only to be the finest Specimens, but also the most extensive private Col ' lection in the Kingdom), but he hopes, from the practical ex perience he has had, under the patronage of the Noble by whom he has had the honour to be employed more than twenty years, that the Treatise he is about to submit to the perusal of the Public, will not only contain novel, but useful suggestions. Subscribers Names are received by Messrs. Longman and Co.. Booksellers, London ; Beilby and Knotts, Booksellers, Birmingham ; T. Eaton, Bookseller, Worcester ; Mr. Cul- Nurseryman, King's-road, Chelsea; Mr. Collis, Nur- aeryman, Leamington ; Mr. Lea, Nurseryman, Hammer smith ; Mr. Miller, Nurseryman, Bristol; Mr. J. Shepherd, Botanic Gardener, Liverpool ; and Mr. Ware, Nurseryman, Cheltenham. We have therefore to ascertain, in the first place, why pro. ductire employment cannot be found for the Irish peasant itod labourer. FOR THE SUN. UR. Ent TOR By inserting - the following articles in T4l E SUN, you will oblige one who has taken in your Paper for nearly twenty years. QU CRY. What will be the probable future consequences of the Reci. procity Duties 11111? ANSWER. That instead of freighting British ships, the merchants. will order their agents at the different ports o f Baltic, Canada, America, &c. to send their various merchandiza in foreign vessels .who can bring timber, masts, &c., at the rate of six or eight Millings per load, and other goods, at that rate per ton less than British ships can do. That the Landed Legislators, in passing this Bill, have, in a great measure sacrificed their own, and the national in terests, to conciliate those powers who look with an envious and evil eye on our commercial and naval superiority. That in the spring of every year great numbers of British Ships have been tit for differet parts of the world, in the Thames, the Humber, the Severn, the Mersey, and other ports of Great Britain ; those ships have taken immense quantities of agri culture produce, viz. beef, pork, bread, flour, beer, cheese, butter, &c. the landed interest will suffer„ as this demand must cease in consequence of the carrying trade being transferred to foreign vessels, who can victual much cheaper in their own country; the landed interest will also further suffer by the de creased demand for their oaks, elms, and other forest timber used for the building and repairing of ships,—for it would now be madness for any Ship-owner to build or repair in Britain. That the revenue will suffer by the decreased demand for hemp and other foreign articles necessary for the equipment of merchant ships, the nation will either lose the present race of seamen, by their emigrating to the Americas, or other foreign countries, or, for want of employ, they will have to be maintained by the poor rates; the future nursery for seamen will also be considerably done away. That there can to no reciprocity except the duties on the foreign articles be taken off, and that the British Ship-owner be allowed to man and victual his ship in foreign ports, also to build and repair his ships in any part of the globe. When the British rivers were full of British ships on the commencement of a war, a sudden impress immediately pro cured a few thousand prime seamen ; when principally filled. with foreign vessels few or no seamen will then be procured. hen the carrying Trade in the reign of Charles the Second was in the hands of the Dutch, it gave them so preponderat ing a Navy that they sailed up the Medway, and burnt our men of war at Chatham. The same causes may again produce the same effects. July, 26, 1823. RUSSIAN TRADE. Sr. PE ERSBURGH, JULY 4.--The trade in Russian produce is in a state of unexampled stagnation, though this is the season when all the supplies have arrived (except flax, which is expected in a week, and potashes, which will be here in a fortnight) and when the most important shipments a re usually made. Th e ord ers came i n so s p arin gly, that many ships seeking freights are idle, and freights to all parts, even to the Mediterranean, are very reasonable. The prices of our national produce are of course very unfavourable. Ninth respect to the important articles-we had flattered ourselves with an im provement, and the more so as the losses sustained, and the consignments made to this market last year, and the consider. able stock remaining unsold, made us suppose that the import. ation would be inconsiderable, and th e p r i ce's were higher in a lmost all the ports of the Continent than here. Nevertheless we have a continued importation of all kinds of goods, even such as never a ffo r d an y p ro fi t h ere ; an d i t is therefore no wonder if the buyers, both those resident here, and those who erne front the interior to purchase, from the Fair at Novogo rod, will not credit the general assurances of Laws sustained by the sellers ; and allege the continued importations as a proof of the contrary. They are therefore, very cautious, pur chase only at the lowest prices, and affirm that there is still in the interior such an abundance of import goods, that they ex- Oect a bad fair, and do not venture to make any extensive v urchases. Tim.. the two last months have passed without the smallest demand for any one article. The goods last imported must therefore be added for the most part to those already in t he warehouses ; especiallts all purchases f or the Fair will y Jose in a week. We sha Ibe reduced to the demand for this e tty, and as the retailers are already well supplied, w e ma y ezpect a decline rather than an improvement in the prices anti kloulaudi Productive employment is, either natural or artificial. Natural productive employment is, that through which the individual by his labour produces more than he consumes, and whatever the excess may be, in the same proportion it is a gain to one or more individuals, a gain to the world. • • Artificivl productive employment is, that which, under the present commercial system of society, tenders it necessary 'that a trading profit should be left to the producers. These two kinds of employment have no connection with each other. The first, or natural productive employment, may he given to all, until poverty shall be r emoved from society, and the world be saturated with real wealth ; but no arrange ments have yet been made to admit of the introduction of this employment in practice. The other, or artificial prodUctive employment, is the mode to which the industry of man has been hitherto restricted, in the creation of wealth. It is a system most defective in principle, and calculated to continue only until a certain stage of civilization is attained, beyond which period it will create poverty, and not wealth. The period referred to is, that when science may be made to supersede, in a general degree, the work of ordinary men, and when, in consequence, manual labour ceases to be of sufficient value to support htnstan -existence in adequate comfort, corn.. pared with the progress of civilization. That period is now arrived; the inventions and discoveries in the sciences of me-, chanism and chemistry in particular, have created a nciv power at the disposal of society, which is, even now, in the infancy of these improvements, tar more than sufficient to over supply every want of life, and if properly directed, to remove all want, or the fear of want, from the whole of society, although the population of the world were to be increased twenty, thirty, or fifty fold. The time le-therefore come when the system of artificial pro. deceive- employment must e , .ese to exist eijadavnen it itlilVt" give place to a n o th er ; to one which will better fulfil the purposes of mankind; one, that will immediately enable society tcesaturati itself with real wealth, tfiat is, with a full supply of all those productioni which can contribute to the well being and happiness of huthan life. Under a system of no tura productive employment, arrangements may lie formed in which a due proportion of the useful scleakees and of manual labour may be so combined, as that every portion of the work ' ing classes may, with ease, comfort, and plea Sure, create an abundant supply for themselves., and also a large anti more valuable surplus for the use of others, than .the industrioui part of society has ever yet provided for the higher classes. The late rapid progress which has been made in the useful sciences, has grailually produced such changes as render it necessary that this system should be now introduced, In order that ignorance and poverty may be withdrawn . from society ; and it is the direct interest of every one that these scourges of the human race should be withdrawn, as soon as the means of extirpating them are in our power. That it is not necessar y; that poverty should lo')ger exist any where, may be deduced from the knowledge of one single fact, which is, that, in teas than half a century, Great Britain alone has acquired a new power from science, which very Much exceeds the whole manual power of the world, and with that power, and her present po pulation of 22 millions, if she knew how to direct theni, Great Britain might amply supply half of Europe with food, and the whole of Europe and the Americas with all their other wants. —This, and more than this, were there any necessity or utility in the measure, could he accomplished, under a system of natural productive employment, by means of, the soil, science, and manual power at present possessed by. Great Britain and Ire land. The Government of Ireland, however, is required to provide for a population of 7 millions only, from a soil and a power, scientific and manual, more thin sufficient to maintain four times that number, in a state of greater comfort than is experienced at present, by any portion of those 7 millions. It is pi l bbable that not more than one-seventh of the inhabi tants and proprietors of Ireland can be considered to be above the rank of the working class; in which case, there is a popu. lation of six millions to provide for themselves, and for one million more. The system which at present prevails in Ire land is evidently incompetent to enable those six millions to support this one million and themselves, although they should be content to exist under. the deprivation of almost all the comforts of human life. As a remedy for this state of things, Mr. (loulburn, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, recommends eneouragentent to emi.Tration, and a regular system of coercion. This is the essence of his practical knowledge respecting the best mode of governing Ireland ; and, while so governed, it would be a matter of surprise, indeed, if Ireland presented a different appearance from that of her pre s ent condition. There never has been but one rational mode of ameliorating the con dition of any people, namely, by the adoption of measures which produce an improvement in the character of the indivi duals, and by which they can, in the best manner, create wealth and enjoy it; and the Government most to be desired is, that which practically seeks to accomplish these objects. Mr. Secretary Goulburn, in consequence of his own valuable experience, will, perhaps, now admit that these objects are not very likely to be attained, either by emigration or coercion, or by making speeches in Parliament which do not convey any ideas of practical utility. Ireland is now in a condition so miserable, that. it would be essentially benefited, in many of its districts, by the introduc tion, in its lowest state, of the system of natural producti ve employment. I have already stated, that by this system I mean arrangements which will admit of an individual, either male or female, being employed, whenever by their industry they can produce more in the year than they consume. If, in deed, these individuals are to be supported in any kind of ex istence, it is obvious to practical men that they h a d f ar b e tt er be employed than remain idle, although their labour did not return a half, a fourth, or an eighth of their consumption. Of this truth, obvious to all intelligent practical men.: states men and men ortheory, seem to have little or no knowledge. For, had they possessed any, they would have adopted wen. cures long ago to employ the . peasantry of Ireland, rather than allowed so many of them in each generation to remain in idleness, to be taught habits the most injurious to themselves and others, and to be forced to acquire feelings of discontent with their wretched condition. I wish now to direct the attention of the public to a very dif., ferent system from that which has been hitherto pursued ; to one which shall provide productive employment for all the working classes. The modern political economists, or men of mere theory, will say, no; for it is contrary to their notions of the vastly profound science of political economy, that the work ing classes should have employment found for them. No; these Gentlemen of mere words without ideas, say, "men, if left to themselves, will do the hest for themselves." I challenge them to bring forward one fact in the hi s t or y o f, our species, which gives the shadow of support to this theory. As well may they say, " do not educate human beings, for, if left to them ' " selves, they will acquire the most correct principles, and " adopt the best and most useful practice." These Gentlemen, whose natural powers of mind are much above inedioctity, whose intentions are good, and for many of whom I feel sentiments of great regard and friendship, have been deceived by the past; they have known the world govern. ed only under false and mistaken notions, and have perceived that, in proportion as those n o ti ons h ave licen forced into prac tice, poverty, vice, misery, and:conseqiient discontent, have been found to prevail; and no where has their influence been more evident than in the past system of governing Ireland. It is very true that it is better to govern as little as possible, than to be active in governing on erroneous principles; so tar I cordially agree with the modern political economists. There is, however, a wide difference between governing on erroneous principles, or remaining inactive,—and gas ernmg on prin ciples which experience has proved to be true, consistent, and beneficial. The governuients of the world have hitherto, from error, pursued the first of these modes. In consequence of the uniform want of success which has attended all legislative mea sums, modem political economists now recommend the second, or the abstaining from all attempts, on the part of society col. lectively, to direct the proceedings of mankind ; in other words, they seem to have a notiorvif some mysterious principle of Self adjustinent in the affairs of life, which, if not interfered with, would infallibly bring all things to their proper level in society. Knowing, however, the mischievous effects on the general eco nomy of life which erroneous legislation, or the absence of all direction, must necessarily produce, I recommend the third mode of proceeding, as being the best calculated to form, con duct, and preserve, a healthy, active, intelligent, wealthy, moral and happy society. It is certainly more consonant to a mind unvitiated with pre judices, and theories to conclude, that as liumith nature has ever been- essentially governed by external circumstances, prac tical measures should be now adopted, to improve these circum stances to the uttermost; that it is the duty of all governments to make themselves thoroughly acquainted with the effects which the various circumstances now existing in their dominions pro. duce upon the character and condition of the subjects ; and that it is their peculiar business to remove, in the shortest possible time, all those, the direct tendency of which is, to generate disease, poverty, intemperance, crime, and misery, and to replace then, by other circumstances, whose tendency is to produce health, intelligence, virtue, plenty, and happiness. These are the grounds upon which I recommend an active legislation on the part of all governments, as soon as they have discoverettthe principle on which alone mankind ought to be governed. That principle has been stated to be, " the direction of circumstances," and the practice to consist in withdrawing th.se which experiencp has proved to be injurious to m an ki n d, sad in introducing others which, on the same authority, we know to be productive of benefit. Now, if we examine by this criterion the proceedings of all past governments, it must be acknowledged that, with very few exceptions, they have done, from error, whatever was prejudicial to themselves and to the people, anti have left undone whatever it was for their own in terest, and for the interest of their subjects, that they should have performed. To go into detail upon this part of the sub. jest, would be invidious and useless; it will be quite sufficient to state generally, that it has ever been the real interest of go vernments, that all their subjects should have a full supply of whatever is necessary to their health and comfort; that they should be temperate, intelligent, and moral ; and that they should possess the best dispositions and the kindest feelings for their fellow-subjects and fellow-men, rendering to them every advantageous service in their power ; and yet that, from ig norance of true principles, it has been almost the whole business of every government we have hitherto knoivn to, construct a combine fins of circumstances, which effectually prevents the substantial attainment of any one of these objects. Such are the circumstances which now, in a greater or lets -degree,. exist in every country, and, in our own, to a greater eft. tent than any tone, before examination, can imagine. Men have been taught to talk of virtue and of virtuous conduct, as though they .were familiar with both ; while, in fact, they are 'totally unacquainted with either, and I will demonstrate this truth by referring . ' to the circumstances whiCh -slow exist around us. It is' Virtue, if I know any thing of the subject, to adopt meas sures to revent the existence , of vicious circumst a nces around any portion of mankind, because men are sure to become what those circumstances make them. At this'honr, every portion of mankind Is surrounded with ci ecuinstititces„ the, greater part of which are of an in moral character ;—and the great inajo city of mankind are forced tdexisf*idst c7rcuinstincee, almost all, if not all, of which are direCtly vicious and detriinental to them, To take an instance from our own country, and among ourawn fellow-eubjects, can we find one single virtuous circuit]. Stance prepared for the millions t infants %slit? come into ex istence in the Irish cabins ? It is the ffritt,eiuty, it is the.teee interest of our Government,' to form arrangements careulated to render all its subjects healthy, active, intelligent, temperate, moral, and happy; and they have, at their disposal, more power and more means than are requisite to accomplish this Purpose; but see how this power And these means have been applied ! Let me now ask those who are Acquainted with any more of Ireland than the Castle and its precincts, how many circumstances exist around the population of that island, which do not ter.d to de teriorate and demoralize the human character? Is it the policy of government that Ireland should continue in its present state ? It cannot he; for it is not their interest, neither is it any longer practicable. Ireland mnnot remain long in her present miserable condition. She meet: undergo a change, and the only question is, what should it be,—what change is the best that, in the present advanced state of science and, knowledge, can now be made ? I fearles s ly answer , t h at as Ohne must come, it ought to be the best that can be advised, the most correct in principle, and the most beneficial in practice. In principle, then, it is far better that an uneducated labourer should be employed, than that he should be idle ; and, if ern ' ployed, it is equally deairable, that his industry should be directed in the most beneficial manner for himself and society. It is also desirable that hi» children should be so trained as to acquire good constitutions, dispositions, and manners, indus trious habits; and useful intelligence. And if all this be true in principle, then it follows, that, in practice, circumstances should be Immediately arranged by Government to secure these results—for they are under its controul. But, in this mode of proceeding, Government should have the entire plan before it, and see and understand all its consequences from the beginning to the end, that it may not halt between two opinions, or adopt half measures. Every one now feels the pernicious effects, if they do not understand the cause, of the errors of the present system ; and the only consideration which remains is, will the change proposed be an essential improvement or not ? for, un less the condition of mankind be greatly ameliorated by it, I readily admit no fundamental alteration ought to be attempted or thought of. Having had the subject long before me, and having acquired more experience connected with it than any other individual, I am fully prepared to say, without fear of opposition from any intelligent practical man, that the change will be productive of incalculable advantage to subjects And to governments—so great, indeed, that •as soon as they make themselves musters of what is proposed to he done, they cannot fail to be eager in their endeavours to have it accomplished in the shortest possible time. Under the system recommended, the forming of the charac ter of the rising generation will no longer be left to accident. Measures will be adopted to prepare forthem such new circum stances as are calculated to ensure them a good constitution, proper treatment in infancy, an education from which they will derive Food dispositions and manners, industrious habits, and useful intelligence,--the means of productive employment, and of an advantag_eous exchange of the surplus pr o d ucts o f t h e i r labour, as well as the means of maintaining a beneficial inter course with general society. By such arrangements, there will be no waste of labour or materials; and the result of each person's exertions will be much more than fourfold in produce compared with their result under the existing system, and n hundred fold greater in reference to comfort and all the real objects of human life. I have had two sets of catailations accurately mode out,—the one showing t'.-2 result of the arrangements which I propose, al lowing that the common spade-produce only is obtained from the land, and valuing the m anti lecturing labour of each individual at 7s. per week ; the population being supposed to be employed on greater or less quantities of land, and more or less in manufac tures, in proportion to the extent of land to be cultivated, The other set of calculation exhibits the result which would be produced under the new system, after it shall have attained the full benefit of its own operations, and estimating the manufac turing labour at its real value under the improved circuna siancee. This new arrangement might be commenced on the principle of artificial productive employment, because it will return to the producers a much larger commercial profit, while it conti nues in competition with the present system, than any regular outlay of capital can afford. But to intelligent men of busi ness, it will be at once obvious that the system of artificial pro ductive employment must soon cease. No one will continue to expend capital for the purpose of making a machine on an old plan, after be has discovered that a new one, much superior, has been invented and successfully applied to perform similar operations. And when a certain number of these arrangeMents, or new machines, as they may very properly be termed, shall be formed and set to work, produce and commodities of all kinds will lot so easily created, that it will become impossible to effect ksale of them, that will yield a commercial profit to the producers. But this will give rise to no inconvenience, for as the new establishments multiply, the parties conducting them will gradually adopt the system of natural productive em ployment, and exchange labour for labour, through a conve nient representative medium, until all shall find themselves fully supplied with whatever can contribute to their well-being and happiness, under arrangements permanent in their nature, and pleasant and gratifying to all in practice. The ignorance and tally of pursuing any other mode of supplying the wants of mankind, will then become apparent to every one. The old machinery of Society will be seen to be, as it really is, most defective in principle, and altogether inadequate to the work which it was intended to perform. Men will at length discover why a surplus produce, or real wealth, sh ou ld em b arrass an d overwhelm commerci a l nations, while all The individuals com posing them, were. ardently desirous of increasing their wealth. They will plainly perceive that there is nothing more absurd and irrational than that any part of Society should be in poverty, or that any anxiety whatever should now exist respecting the method and means of enabling every individual to possess more than sufficient to support hint in the best state, physically and mentally. The modern political economists surely know not what real wealth is, how it can be best created, or hest distributed and enjoyed. If they understood the subject, They would discover that their minds had been filled with theories which have no re. ference to practice; mere 'terms without ideas ; phrases, which, as they employ them, are made to stand in the way of" every thing that is beneficial to manlcintl,---tending to puzzle corn mon minds until they make them think, contrary to the evi dence of the senses, that abundance, or surplus produce, must perpetually inflict poverty and misery. Upon this branch of the inquiry, it may be sufficient to add, that the British Government, or the people, unaided by the Go. vernment, possess the most ample means, without any pecu niary sacrifice whatever, to enable any and every portion of the population to supply itself with whatever is necessary or bene ficial for every individual composing such portion. To suppose that pecuniary charity is necessary or beneficial, is an error of the most pernicious and lamentable description. The working classes may now with ease be assisted, without sacrifice on the part of any individual, to provide, by, their Own industry, for themselves ; and not only provide for themselves, but to produce a surplus more than sufficient to supply the most extravagant wants of the higher classes, although the lat ter were double their present number, anti should expend. four times their present revenues. Pecuniary charities will no longer be considered as virtues, but as crimes; since they neces sarily tend to render dependent, to impoverish, and degrade' those who are the objects of them ; who, if treated with corn mon justice; would be in a situation to bestow faVours upon their fellow -creatures, rather than 'be . the receivers of a miser. able pittance--a small fraction of that affluence which, by their previous industry, they had actually created for those very per sons who make a merit of such mis-named eliaritie.s. Let but common justice be done to the working Classes by those above them, and each, on an average, sh a ll produce sufficient fin ten, and. each of those ten shall be abundantly supplied with what ever is btst for hint as a human being. How erroneous,' then; must be the system which renders it necessary to assign poor's rate and pecuniary charities, as they are called, to those who produce all the wealth now in society, anti who, if placed under other circumstances, could in a short time, and without tuft& culty, augment that wealth much more than four-fold! It is in consideration of this, and of many more grievous errors, that I on this day come prepared to advocate the advan tages that would arise to all from an entire change of the pre seat system, and to dem o nstrate the neeewcy Irturtranw errsta tor an Matneetlatc regrmeltC::llll3nt .of that change, beginning with the poor and working classes. Having entered into this explanation of my views regarding the necessity and utility of finding productive employment fbr the Irish peasantry, and tier all those of the working classes who are now in want of it I proceed to the consideration of t h e means by which the inhabitants of Ireland can be united, and induced to live together as one people, having tile same interest. The primary and substantial cause of the divisionS among the people of Ireland is, the manner in which religion is taught to them—l say, the manner in which religion is taught to them. Extstrience demonstrates that men, in any part of the world, may be forced to believe any thing to be true, however irra tional and absurd, and contrary to truth that which is taught may be. It is principle in unison with all the facts with which we are acquainted, that the will of the individual has no power uponoverhis i i b u e , li a e n f , ; 1 that ye his ry g b en el e i r e a f l o ly r co by n v t if ) t e io g n eo i s gr i casesn ap tl icalu c forced i stances of his birth. Yet have the Irish people been taught for many centuries that there is merit in one particular belief, and great demerit in every other, on the subject of religion. This same doctrine is taught by two powerful parties in that island, who have been forced to receive different impressions on their minds, as to which are the notions which will entitle the indi vidual to merit, or which are those to which demerit ought to be attached. Each party is fully impressed with the conviction that the truth is on its side, and the error with its opponents'. They are thus forced from infancy to entertain hostile feelings towards each other, and to Acquire characters of violence and irrationality, necessarily leading to all manner of error in prin. ciple and evil in practice. our fellow-men and fellow-subjects shall be thus in structed,it will be worse than childish to expect that They, can be made to think of, or to act towards, each other in a rational manner, or towards any oth e r individuals who had been taught notions not corresponding with their own. These jarring notions, and the hostile feelings which they cessarily create, can exist only while men shall be allowed to remain in ignoranee of their own nature and constitution. Far, as it is evidently a law of our nature, that our will has no Con trval over our sentiments or belief, it is equally evident, ,that there never could be any merit in any individual for receiving one set of opinions in preference to another, and quite as little demerit. I repeat, then, that the primary cause of all religious differences among the people of Ireland is, the error which has been forced into their minds from infancy, that merit or de merit can belong to opinion. The same error pmthicen similar effects in every part of the world, and it is the chief cause, either direct or indirect, of the dissensions anti wars which have dis turbed and desolated all human society. It is, a bar to all charity. It nourishes every antisocial feeling ; it prepares man for every species of crime ; it is alone the origin of all the mo ral, and of much, if not all, the physical evil which the world has hitherto experienced. Why, then, should we—why should any part of society, not desire that this pestilential doctrine should be wholly withdrawn from the moral code of the world ? Tell me,—l atidress myself to those among you who have often deeply reflected upon, and have patiently and calmly observed the Ways of men, what practical results would follow, if this doctrine, the source of universal division, dissension, hatred, and strife, were entirely blotted out from the system of their early instruction ? Would our young minds, in the absence of it, imbibe feelings towards our fellow-creatures that would impel us in manhood to tor ture, burn, sad massacre then►, because, being differently taught from ourselves, they could not believe the same truths or false hoods which we from infancy had been compelled to entertain ? Can you conceive it possible, that, if error had not been forced into the minds of our predecessors, any one of them could have felt and acted in this manner, or that they could have adopted such conduct with the view of gratifying a mild, merciful, and benevolent Being, who possessed all knowledge and power within his own nature ? To eradicate this terrible error, this destroyer of every good feeling and of all good conduct in man. kind, would it not be, at once to withdraw from human society that which :lone separates man from man, that which excites the peculiar repulsive feeling in the churchman, when he com municates with the dissenter; in the sectarian, when he meets with those into whose minds has been put another vet4jon merely of his own creed ? Some, however, who are now present, will not have It in their power to prevent themselves from thinking at this MO. anent, that if it be indeed true that any opinions may be forced in infancy into the mind of any child, and that it to a law of nature that the will of man is powerless over his opinions, then it is a necessary conclusion that merit or demerit never did Or can belong to any sentiments entertained by any Portion' of mankind. .11eree then, we, hive attained a point of -lie highest intereet in' the affairs of Men, and to this point I would now rivet your attention, That there is mach evil in the world, all admit. Dissen sion, ignorance, and poverty, or the fear of poverty, with all the train of dire, calatnitieS which thee continually generate; afflict the greater part of our species, ,Whencedo these a r i ve ? Front the system by whi c h the wor ld h as ever been, and is now governed. From whence does that system proceed ? .Solely from the notion which has been forced into the minds of all men in childhood, that there i. merit and deneerk in opinion ; and yet the first rational reflection that a hittrien being uv make, after he becomes acquainted with the hisiori of his race, is, that opinions are the necessary effects of the geographical, situation of man ; and therefore, if there be matt or demerit in opinions, both belong to geographical situation, 'and net either of them to the indivithial. It was from this view of the tUbject, and front knowing the endless evils which this fundamental error has brought upon the human race, that I was led to declare my intention on this day to advocate a change of system and I have coolie to - tins resolution, because the measure of the iniquities of the present system is quite full, and can be no longerendureel ;•-ehe cause the wretched state of Ireland calle loudly for improve ment, and it is not possible to ameliorate the condition of Witt country, until the system by which it has been hitherto ere vaned shall be changed front its foundation . . Those who pue - Apse minds equal to the comprehension of this subject, s retsallY . tonieretand that the system 'cannot be changed ix Is;'- land without being also changed in (rent l',ritain, and that change cannot take place in the British Kmpire without ex tending its beneficial influence to the neighbouring nation., and, at no distant period, toall 'other parts of t h e eart h. The entire subject is thus placed before you, and I trust your minds will now expand to comprehend its fUll extent. I wish it to be, without delay, placed also before the world, and d wh th ic a i t i i t s he th a i r s or d l a d y sli d all o u ca n te depta i n t cl im tt r e e t a i l la n t a w tu ji r i e b e e f t a l c ie: change which cotnpanied by no evil in its progress; it has no hostile feeling to a single child of man. Its object is, to do good, and, against every adverse circumstance; to extend ehatgood continually. The Koper Intsiniss ofhuman life is to improve the character of each individual, and to surround him with whatever can contribute to his real well-being and Iteppineee. The tor,stene under which human nature has been hititerto_ pliCed, hare failed most lamentably in both these respects, and were it to be cond.' nuedfor thousands of yews, it could not succeed. It is there.' fore a waste of time and of human happiness to attempt to inn- . prove it by piece-meal, when it is fundamentally wrong in principle, and of necessity continually' injurious in practice. I learn that many individuals are extremely anxious that ex.' perimenut should be now commenced to chew the practical re sults of the system which I advocate. I know beforehand that the effivt of those experiments will be, to introduce the new system generally throughout peiciety. . It is proposed in the prospectus which I held in my hard, arid copies of which shall he distributed among you, that the first instalment of capital to be called fora for the purpose of commencing the first or parent establishment in Scotland, is to be paid on the hit of September next. Not one shilling, theee... fore, has yet been advanced ; nor could I desire it, _until the public should be fairly informed of die rear nature of the nl e re, the practical effects of whi c h th e i nten d e d e i per i ment is to prove. . . . The new system disclaims all hostile interference sfith the present practices of the world. It will be carried into exe; cution only through the truth of its principle,e and the so. perior advantages of its practical arrangetnents. It has no thing in it of an exclusive nature, but will at all fillies court inSpection and examination, and to those to whom the result May proVe Satisfactory, it will offer fellowship and assistance. As the cause of all the errors of the jarring notions and pro.' ceedings of mankind is clearly developed by the principles on which this system is founded, no cause ef Partiality for one class, sect; or party, in preference to another, can exist. All will . be equally admissibl e to its Advantages. Individuals or societies of all the religions of the world, and of each sect of every reli gion, may beneficlidl? sdopt more or less of .i.ett,practical Ur* rangements, hut none can enjoy ha , Thief and .Pettiliar anti full. Armen ue g efe e un- w ee demerit to opinions, or to the conduct which thole opinions produce. , It can only be nnder the full operation of the proposeed'sys. tem that iredivithiale can be diiested of every feeling Allied to hostility towards a fellow-being, .and that whatever Variety . of . lientiM entnosy arise , the general cliuse of that difference bong known, it can never excite anger, but only a rational curiosity, to ascertain the partictilar etretinistitocis which produced the difference. Charity, kindnese, and beewielence witiunn,linnet to sect, to class , to Nifty, to country, and to colour, will eortee. quently The arrangements undei which they will, live, will_ enable thee], by pleasant, heelthy,'and desirable acetipatifints e teieify to . prOduce a surplus beyond their owl) wants and wisheleand thus effort' them t h e means .of enentling.mueh aid to others, until every portion of society around thent shall be as indePerident as themselves. Thus, In a short time, there Will be, no clash ipg of pecuniary interests, no unsocial different:ex ,on, the sub ject of religibn ; ,everf Motive. to individual or national Contests Kill be withdrawn, and the errors which give rise to the per sonalities that now torment society will become too glartngs even, to young children, to admit of the continuance of such pueyile proceedinge. Seeing how much new capital is expended uport the present, Wretched system, and knowing that it will shortly be discovered to be so much capital thrown.nway, I ton anatous,,,while the . first c.ominunities are in progress, to call theitttentioned,pMe e flea! men to the subject, and induce thetri to conipsre the open' in whiCh they are now engaged with those to which I amn . inviting them, even in the view of pecuniary profit to them selves, and without. any regard to the great good which - 14,y would at the saute time confer upon so many others. The change which is rapidly approaching, Will soon hare a decided influence upon all our commercial;manufacturing, and agricideural concerns. I mean the change that Must '4Nee in consequence of the introduction of what may be termed itinew Machine, of extraordinary power and combivatiou, WO, at a greatly reduced cost, will perform all those respectiv opera tions in a manner much better than they can now hence:formed, and with increased health anti comfort to the work Peitiile . . I therefore feel a real anxiety that loss should be prevented; that all new projections eliduld, as far as possible, be suepeeded,. being convinced that they will proVe ere long to be, the tannic of money being unprofitably and wieleesly expended e And, I would earnestly recommend it to parishes or Bounties intending' to erect poor -houses, work-houses, houses of correction, or other public buildings designed for the reception of the poor of the confinement and punishment oferinunals, to stay their prnceetl- - ings, and make au unprejudiced investigation into the coinpa-. rative expellee of selenium; for relieving poverty and pen:lo44e crime, mid of those which they might eisily adopt, by del: plait' I propose, to prevent the existence of either. If I had made a itecret of this plen. and obtained AN it were a patent for it, anti had propmied it to speculative individuate for private gain, it Would .long ago have been eagerly seised, upon by capitalists, and held in high' estimation. But because it is offered to all freely and without trouble, it is on that , tec count supposed by the public to be of much less value and im- . penance. It is, however, offered to the public , without cost,, i for a very different reaso n ; it is bec ause ts value is beyond all estimate, because it is certain in its results to improve the cha racter of every individual and to relieve all from poverty,:witii out taking any wealth from those who now ponces it. The in-' troduction of this plan into Ireland will speedily relieve itfeteet the miseries and dissensions which, under the present, system,' must go on and increase. Ireland is, in fact, the scape-goat to Great Britain, under a system which can only exist by preventing en increase of real wealth, while, at the same time, all are taught and impeil4 to seek it. Can it be credited that the maim of the populatitm of Ireland are suffering extreme want from the deficiency of pm ductinns which by their labour, they might easily supply, but which they shall not be allowed any capital to create, it would he contrary to some favourite theories of epeetiletive men, anti because, by the industry thus brought,.men notion, a greater supply of real wealth would be produced than cite s w i i l s ra do y m G oo f t w li re e t p e r i es ie r at policy sysem ca co z u ni ld ot a c tl n v n a t r i i n teeE rrii m ou e u l+ 4 y u4n 4 e rltE r t atilt, is not British Revenue and Capital at t cui i s n tr t he h dere e 4 m ton o o s an t ie l d a t e o ; n is s l; ,: m irev an i; , l n gn_ e ct r th i ee n yync e n v ear 7 inst e ilo u ef t hiia rt ut er nppreorott:watibkornoaa:44riiblwuiettlit,ittowievo:„ ' co i dttli n ai n f a: a Y t 'u t eui led u n 9j a t a l ii e n : s i t i yto rni n rt :e ve ‘ , Y he t li er lu nr4c e r ai s m p en thins °n ) t e c V' th t s " u h t i I:s.elibtLinPistellea:"4B:ti:ouriv:nrcElwee,natilililnagbitoih-uieweacillvtyblifitti:areftneultalbseueop:rlt'totelpostur°:bierrlizinnbfiti'o:::ll;