The Sun. — London, England, 1846-01-19 00:00:00

PIRIT of the AMERICAN PRESS. (From Papers received by the Acadia.) The Washington correspondent of the Boston Atlas says: —" It must be manifest to the reflecting observer, that the Oregon portion of the Message was framed to suit the in flamed state of opinion at the west, in order to attach the support of that section to the President : and it is equally clear no hostilities were designed, no matter how much are proclaimed, or else Mr. Polk is even more incompetent to his station than the common consent of the intelligence of the country had already considered him ; for here is a war docu ment in all its features, if the recommendations are enacted, urging the overthrow of the tariff, the source of revenue and support of Government, silent as to a suitable increase of the navy for such an emergency, and without one paragraph in favour of army preparations, for a crisis so probable, in such a contingency. His sails were spread to catch the popular breeze, and his prescriptions were regulated according to the pulse of the west." A distinguished democratic senator, high in the confidence of the Administration, and entirely familiar with the whole train of the negotiations in regard to Oregon, stated yester day that he believed "war inevitable, if the notice to ter minate the joint occupancy was given by Congress." Of this, however, I apprehend but little danger. A Bill to that effect will be heedlessly rushed through the House, and com mand almost a full party majority—but it is destined to a most summary expulsion from the doors of the Senate. An organisation of IFIr. Calhoun's friends is now maturing against all these fiery proceedings, and nothing but his pre sence (which will take place in a few days) is wanting to complete it. So far as Congress is concerned, Mr. Calhoun holds the fate of a war measure in his own hands. There is every rea son to believe he will exercise this high power and responsi bility with prudence and patriotism ; and the splendid spec tacle will be presented of himself and Webster standing shoulder to shoulder, for the preservation of peace and na tional honour. On a full ballot, without the Texas Senators, the democratic majority is six. Of these, Mr. Calhoun can carry on this questio n , M r . M'D u ffi e , MrLewis, Mr. Bagby, Mr. 'Wescott, which, with the Whig vote, would defeat any proposition. In addition, there is a prospect of securing Colquitt, Levy, and Dix. So that, in no reasonable contin gency, do I consider war as probable, if the American Con gress is to declare it. A Bill, extending our laws and protection over American citizens in Oregon, will undoubtedly, and very properly pass both Houses ; and no Whig, in either branch, will hesitate in demanding the last inch of our ascertained rights—and, if necessary, at the point of the bayonet ; but if that extremity, lamentable in whatever aspect it may be presented, is to come, let us " first be sure we're right, then go ahead." FROM THE OREGON EMIGEANTS.—The Chicago Democrat of the 2d inst., publishes the following letter, brought by Dr. White, Indian Agent, who, with three gentlemen, recently returned from Oregon : " We are now fifteen miles below Fort Boise, capped for the night, and all in good health and spirits. We have travelled from Platte river in companies of from four to fif teen, in perfect safety. We have now made both crossings of Snake River, and find ourselves within about three hun dred miles of the valley of Wallamett. Doctor White says the people below will meet us at the Dalles with plenty of boats and provisions to take us down, and that there is no danger from the Indians, if we go in companies of ten waggons, although we had been told at Forts Hall and Boise, by the clerks of the Hudson's Bay Company, that it was not only an almost impassable road, but that the Indians were de termined to oppose us—all of which is untrue. There ap • pears to be a great anxiety on the part of the Hudson's Bay Company, to turn as many of the Oregon people to Cali fornia as possible ; and for that purpose they have employed some of the worst rascals in the mountains, to intercept the emigrants at Fort Hall, and turn as many to California as they can, by telling them there is no grass, wood, nor water (except Snake River) on the Oregon road—that it is utterly impassable on account of rocks and mountains, and that Snake River never has or can be forded with waggons; all of which we all know is false. On the other hand, they re ported that the road to California is either up or down river bottoms of one eternal pasture. But, in Oregon, they say, the people would starve, were it not for the cattle driven from California. And for all this, it is certain they are paid a premium, for all that go, by the company, and demand also 1,25 doll. per head of the emigants themselves, for pilotmoney. In this way, 12 waggons, belonging to the more timid and fickle-minded of the people, have been led off on that road this season.—Your obedient servant, "A. 11. THOMPSON. " P. S. Let emigrants leave Independence by the 20th of April, and not in companies of more than fifteen waggons, and ten is still better." The Ashtabula (Ohio) Sentinel has a long letter from Ore gon city, written in April last. It is from one of th e se ttl ers to hifather, residing in Ohio. Speaking of Dr. McLaugh lin, the writer says:—" He has shown much hospitality to the emigrants by relieving the distressed, crediting and lending assistance necessary to their settlement. There is a settlement of emigrants, from Red River, Canada, and Dr. McLaughlin has recently sent for three hundred additional settlers. The Hudson's Bay Company have now in their employ a hundred natives from the Sandwich Islands; some of them have been here for twenty years." We copy the following from the Boston Atlas of the 22d December : " Mr.. WINTHROP'S COMPROMISE RESOIXTIONS.—III the House of Representatives, on Friday last, the Hon. Robert C. Winthorp offered the following resolutions, and gave notice that he intended to support their adoption : " Resolved,—That the differences between the United States and Great Bt itain on the subject of the Oregon ter ritory are still a fit subject for negotiation and compromi s e ; and that satisfacto r y ev id ence flan not yet been afforded that no compromise which the United States ought to accept can be effected. " Resolved,—That it would be a dishonour to the age in which we live, and in the highest degree discreditable to both the nations concerned, if they should suffer themselves to be driven into a war, upon a question of no imm diate er practical interest to either of them. " Resolved,—That if no other mode for the amicable ad justment of this question remains, it is due to the principles of civilisation and Christianity that a resort to arbitration should he had; and that this Government cannot relieve itself from all responsibility which may follow the failure to settle the controversy, while this resort is still untried. " Resolved,--That arbitration does not necessarily involve a reference to crowned heads, and that if a jealousy of such a reference is entertained in any quarter, a commission of able and dispassionate citizens, either from the two countries concerned, or from the world at large, offers itself as an obvious and unobjectionable alternative." Mr. Douglass, of Illinois, on the other hand, offered the _ followinre which he gave notice he should call up, whenever Mr. Winthrop's were considered, and should move them ass substitute: " Resolved—That the dile of the United States to the territory of Oregon, up to 54 deg. 40 min., is not a subject of compromise. Resolved—That the question of title ought not to be submitted to arbitration." The House adjourned without any definite action in refer ence to these resolutions. We have, it is true, but faint hopes that a majority of the House can be induced to take the same high and statesmanlike view of the Oregon con troversy that is presented in the admirable resolutions of our faithful representative. We rejoice, however, that the effort -has been made ; and we hope that it will be pressed upon Congress with a resolute determination to leave no honour able means untried to induce the adoption of a wiser, a more prudent and rational policy. Let the party-ridden majority of the House be at least made to hear the voce of reason and of common sense; and if Congress still persists in listen ing only to the mad and frantic promptings of wicked and unprincipled demagogues, the blame will at least not rest upon the heads of those who have used every honourable mein* to avert the evil. Let the people, too, be made to know who among their representatives are willing to involve the country in all the dangers of a needless, wasteful, and perhaps ruinous war. It is said that the Duke of Wellington—who is just about as furious for war, in England, as General Cass is in this country—openly declares that, if there is a war with America, it shall be a short war. If his Grace will look back into the archives of the Government, of which he is a member, he will find that a person somewhat celebrated in English history, by the name of " Lord North," made a very similar declaration some seventy years ago. It might not be a bad plan, if the American and British Governments would so agree, to submit the Oregon question to the arbitrament of personal combat—and let the Duke of Wellington and General Cass go out and do battle, as the g representatives of thei r respect i ve nations. Such a fight, ht _to us, would be much lik e th at of the bear and rattle-snake. We should not feelv er y so li c i tous as to the result of suche; contest, either in regard to combatants engaged, or the stake at issue. It is altogether too preposterous an idea to be seriously entertained, that two great and prosperous nations, like Eng land and America, should go to war, f or a f ew d egrees of sterile territory, like that of Oregon. Any four able states men, of the two countries, could bring the whole matter to a speedy adjustment. Let our Government appoint Daniel Webster and John C. Calltgitn, and the British Government appoint Lord Ashburton and Lord Morpeth, as Commis sioners, with fall authority to make a final settlement of the whole ceeitroversy, and the difficulty would all be set• tied in flirty days, without the loss of a single life, or a single dollar of money, except the expense of the commission, on. tither side. An enthusiastic Oregonian was vehemently insisting upon a railroad to the Pacific, in order to secure a direct trade with China, when a wag remarked that a railroad to China would undoubtedly have a Trail. A letter from Washington, dated Dec. 20, says :—The New York Evening Post, after reviewing the ground in contro versy between Great Britain and the United States concern ing Oregon, and the strength of the claim of each, closes with the following brief remark : " We doubt very much whether Great Britainwould engage in a war, in which she did not expect an easy victory, for the sake of suppoiting a claim so manifestly groundless as this." WasnixozoN RUMOURS—OUR RELATIONS WITH MEXICO. 'The Washington correspondent of the Baltimore Sun fur nishes several interesting items. He says that " conferences are going on between Mr. Pakenham and Mr. Buchanan, upon the subject of the measures now proposed to be taken by ,-,"nliress for the proteetion of settlers in, and emigrauts to vregen; fo tribes;tension of our jurisdiction over them and the Indian and for the establishment of a territorial geverninent over Oregon. Also, that the dispatches re ceived by the Government from Mexico are deemed . to be . of inch importance ovements on as to render necessary some immediate the part of Congress. Measures will next week be recommended by the President, with a view to the prosecution of our just clAu e r re up r on Mexico to a speedy issue. Also, that Bancroft, the Secretary the Navy, is preparing a report on the subject eft e to Congress by the President lc will be communicated week, and which will re commend the immediate finish equipment of war steamers. Also, that the downfallgont anticipated as certain, will break off all ne rr g e o r ttt l i r o h n ich 33 now Slidell, and his speedy return to the United mayStates with be . expected." Further, that "Commodore Stockton will r h the coast of California just in ti me to carry out the views of the United States, in case of a war with Mexico. That he will have orders to take possession of certain ports i n the Californias, there is no doubt. The next question Will be whether Great Britain will tamely submit to it. It is con jectured that Admiral Sir George Seymour has orders in re gard to that matter, and will not be slow to execute them." And finally, " that Mr. Parrott has appointed . een tary of Legation to Mr. Slidell, in Mexico, Mr. Elliott, he of the white hat,' has gone to Mexico to prevent Mr. Slidell from buying California. Mr. Slide!' is authorized to offer twenty millions, including indemnities due to our citizens, for a proper boundary." MR. EVERETT ON WAR WITH ENGLAND.—At the Festival ef the Pil gr i ms, h e ld at Plymout h , i n D ecem ber last, Mr. LiTerett, in the course of the speech, said—" In reference to my late official capacity, to which you have made an allusion eo flattering, I will only say, that I felt that I was, in the first instance, sent to England to do the public business to the best of my ability, and that after that was discharged with fiaelit, to my own government and country, if I could do anything unbeoffitcwiaelelli,,ibtoe promote a . good understanding and kind feeling in the next degree. felteo countries that also was a duty that there is something in the relation between these tw kindred free States diffe rent from anything whichelrseteat rweezdos of any two other countries. That there is somethi r n y g precedent poicese in the rapid growth, youthful ,maturity, and tioll of the colonial empire, and th. Sttron pare • . 7 .4 1 440. tea of ' common origin, religion, language, and literature, which, not withstanding that separation, • continue to unite us to the parent country. I could not contemplate these relations without wishing that they might still form the basis of a friendly understanding between us, for our mutual benefit, and for the common benefit of the civilised world. I desired most ardently that these friendly relations should be strength ened, believing that Great Britain and the United States were the two countries on the face of the globe capable of doing to each other the greatest good in peace and the greatest harm in war. For this reason also I rejoice to add, without trenching on ground forbidden in this company, and especially to me, that notwithstanding the somewhat critical state to which the controversy between the two Governments has arrived, I believe it still capable of a friendly settle ment, on terms equally honourable to both parties." There is no truth in the statement that Mr. Pakenham has been recalled, or that such an intention was entertained by the British Cabinet, so far as authentic advices have been received in this country—and, if such a purpose had been considered, the publication of the correspondence between him and Mr. Buchanan, and the existing relations with Eng land, would have forbidden its execution at this juncture.— Washington Paper. A private communication from Washington says :—" The British Minister gave a very magnificent entertainment, within the last week—at which several of the Senators and Members, of both political parties, attended—showing, at least, that the social negotiations are not in the desperate condition represented by those who are disposed to make mountains of mole-hills. Indeed, Mr. Pakenham, in his whole intercourse at Washington, has evinced a spirit of hos pitality that has not been surpassed by any of the Foreign Legations, and equalled by none but that of the Russian— which, from its uniform courtesy and kindness, has established a sort of domestic attachment for Mr. Bodisco, more perma nent and sincere than has ever been awarded to the repre sentative of any Foreign Government." OREGON AFFAIRS.— We learn from the Washington cor respondence of the New York Courier, that the bill, intro duced by Mr. Douglas, " to protect th e r i g h ts of American settlers, in the territory of Oregon, until the termination of the joint occupancy of the same," is not in the form in u P r eglindselnt, Billb u p t ru w v a i d s e m d ate for ri t a h l e l y e x m t s e n d s i fi m e n d which it was originally d rawn up, after consultation with the l m a w m s i t a t e u e d . j u T r i h s o i f n th C e o diction of lowa over our citizens within the territory of the United States west of the Rocky Mountains, without de fining that territory; the Bill, as reported, extends that ju risdiction over the territory, including, by specific boundaries, the whole of that region. The first could not have been reasonably objected to by the British Government; the last may, and probably will be, notwithstanding the proviso in reference to the subjects of Great Britain. Neither did the Bill, as originally drawn, contain the clause advising the President to give the notice required by the treaty, but was added against the wishes of the Chairman of the Committee. From that it is inferable that the administration is itself not willing that any thing should be done in violation of the treaty, and is desirous of prolonging the joint occupancy; but yet it may, nevertheless, be pushed from both these po sitions by the pressure of the democracy, as it would be, should this Bill become a law. The same writer says it is known that Mr. Pakenham has expressed himself strongly and decidedly to the effect that " the Bill, as reported, is unquestionably in violation of the treaty, and will probably be so regarded by the British Go vernment." Mr. Pakenham, he adds— " Objects specifically to that provision of the Bill which authorises the erection of forts, as being an act of possession not within the competency of either Government, and also to the sending of the military force of the United States into that territory. It was explained to him that such force should only be to such an amount as should be reasonably Necessary to the protection of our citizens there, which pro tection is the duty of the Government, and perfectly con sistent with our obligations under 3 the treaty ; but after a h o a p l: n g i e o d n ., to as the so m offensivee wha long character discussion of tnhpeo Billn the remained subject, e his LATEST FR 031 I THE RIVER PLATE.—By the arrival at this port, on Saturday, of the Winnipiac, from Buenos Ayres, Oct. 12, we learn that the blockading squadrons of England and France had extended the time allowed for the departure of merchant vessels from Buenos Ayres to Oct. 24. The blockade appears to be conducted with rigour, as the papers state that the American schooner Sarah Ann, Captain Walker, from Patagonia, with produce, arrived off the port on the 10th, and was not allowed to enter. Six vessels bound to this port would obtain about 30,000 hides. It was supposed by residents that not less than eighteen months would elapse before the difficulties would be settled and trade resumed. —Boston Advertiser. There seems to be ver y littl e d oubt now that Mr. Slidell's mission to Mexico has for its obj ec t, i n part, the acquisition of California. Where will this lust of empire stop ? Crescit eundo. To tell Europe to-day that she shall have no more land on this continent, and proceed to-morrow to carve out a second huge slice for ourselves, is taking (excuse the pun) not only a great deal of ground, but very high ground. The "progressive democracy" have come to crave the food of lofty pretensions ; I only pray that their pride may have a harmless fall. CANADA. FIFTEEN FEET OF SNOW AT QUEBEC.—The Quebec Gazette of the sth says, that for the previous eight days the weather had been more severe in that city than it was in the frightful climate of Moscow in 1812. The ther mometer was down to ten degrees below zero, and the snow lies in heaps more than fifteen feet deep, and then falling so thick that it was impossible to see at a distance of a few feet. " The broad St. Lawrence is not only covered with floating ice, but it is•heaped one piece above another, rendering it almost impossible even for the hardy eanoemen of Point Levy to cross." THE INTERIOR OF OREGON —ITS CAPABILITIES and PROSPECTS. [The following account of Oregon, compiled from the notes of a recent traveller in the country, contains the best description of that " bone of contention" which we have met with. To persons contemplating emigration, and, indeed, at the present juncture, to all classes, the information it con t a i ns must be very valuable ; and it is such as has hitherto been only, attainable by wading through bulky reports and lengthy statistical documents.] Having resided nearly three years in Oregon, I fre quently travelled over some of the best portions of it, having passed over all the tributaries of the Snake River which enters it on its southern bank, from its source in the mountains to its junction with the Columbia, and having also travelled by water from a point 500 miles distant from the ocean, down the Kaskaskia, Snake, and Columbia to its mouth, and witnessed the character of the banks during the whole of this distance, I am able to speak from personal observation respecting that por tion of the country. The interior country, as has been stated, is divided from the tract lying on the sea coast by a range of mountains, stretching parallel with the coast at a dis tance of 150 miles from the ocean. Between the ocean and this range of mountains the Walhamet country is situated, and in soil and climate differs much from the interior region of country. The atmosphere of the in terior is exceedingly dry, while that of the region along the coast is unusually damp. But as I cannot speak of the Walhamet from personal observation, I will confine my remarks to the valley of the Columbia and Snake rivers. The banks of the Columbia, from the mouth to the Cascades, is heavily timbered. Here, in proceeding up the river, we enter the gorge which the river has cut through the mountain range. Above the Cascades the timber diminishes in quantity and size till we reach the Dills, at which point it ceases altogether. The soil on the banks of the Columbia below the Cascades is susceptible of cultivation, though by no means of the best quality. It cannot properly be deno minated an alluvial soil, as the river, having ifs sources in a volcanic region, and passi;.g over in its course no thing but beds of basalt and sterile sands, brings down no deposit capable of forming a fertile soil. The over flowings of the Columbia are thought to injure rather than benefit the soil. At Vancouver, the fields that are well cultivated and well manured produce good crops of wheat and potatoes. But without manuring the crops are very light. Indian corn does not succeed at all, and fruit trees decay prematurely. At Fort George, or Astoria, a few acres of land were cleared by the Ameri cans before the occupation of the country by the Hudson Bay Company. This is situated on an elevated point of land, about 14 miles above the mouth of the river, and may be considered a fair sample of the hill country of the region. This could have been cleared only at an immense expense of labour, on account of the heavy growth of timber. This is now partially overgrown with a luxuriant crop of brushwood, but those parts which are clear are covered with as fine a green or sward of clover as can be found in the pastures of England. Very good potatoes are found here without manuring. At the Dells cultivation has been attempted, but with what success I know not. Above this point the banks of the Columbia present a barren and inhospitable ap pearance. Not a tree or shrub of any size is to be seen. Nothing but sterile sands, with a very scanty vegetation, composed of prickly pears of very diminutive size, the bitter sedge, so called in that country (germs artemisia, probably), and small quantities of wild grass. The bluffs recede sometimes from one-fourth to one half a mile or more from the river, at other times they appear very close. They are composed some times of earth entirely, forming low, handsomely rounded hills. Again they are formed of earth, tipped at the summit with a perpendicular well of basalt ; and again, in other places, they are formed of huge ledges of that material, standing up from the water on either side, and opposing their lofty craggy points to each other in per petual defiance. As we proceed up the Snake River, the bluffs become more lofty and ragged, and approach usually nearer to the river. In some instances the bluffs consist of re gular columns of trap rock, standing up perpendicularly from the bank of the river, to a height of, perhaps, one hundred feet, while the ground at the base is strewed with regularly formed fragmeats of fallen columns. In other places the trap formation is seen only at the sum mit of the bluffs, forming there a perpendicular wall, while the subjacent portion of the bluff is a steep de clivity covered with irregularly formed fragments of ba salt, or beds of clinkers. Such are the banks of the Snake River, for 100 miles above its jtanction, with the Columbia. There the Kaskaskia empties in from the north. The general character of the Snake River, so far as I was able to hear from others, corrtinues the same as far up as to the great cut, which it makes through the Blue Mountains. Thus far no timber is to be found on the Columbia or Snake rivers, and no soil for cultivation. Ruch of the way there is nothing but barren sands, on which scarcely anything grows but the sedge, which is so b it ter that no domestic animal w ill taste it. There are, ho wever, small spots suitable for cu l t i vat i on in the ''vicinity of these large rivers. They consist of small alluvial/ 'patches on m t o w f o t , h o e r se th t r ri ee but the banks of th e small tributaries, at a distance perhaps, of o o n n t e h , s milesaries a f r r e om at th g e rea m t ai d n ist r' The mouths frome each other, th ere b e i ng only three on the south G e m bank within the distance of two miles, and one of the se enters the Columbia nine miles below the mouth of th a Snake River. The banks of the Kaskaskia resemble some a hat those of the Snake River in their general appearanc e and for mation. The bluffs are of basalt, steep an d rugged, approaching usually very near the river. There is, however, one vein of granite crossing th is stream, about 100 miles from its junction with the Sn River, and another vain also crosses the Snake River below the mouth of the Kaskaskia. , A short distance 9 ibove the mouth of this stream, scattered trees make • their ap river. The banks also are more verdant, ap pearance, increasing in number as we nd pr o a ce e p areup .t the fit for cultivation, except at the co vered usually with grass. Still therear o e f samresu j.s n o tracts mouths treams THE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY EVEN.ING, JAN(' AwRY 19, 1846. entering the main stream, or where there may be springs of water issuing from the bluffs at a considerable eleva tion above the bed of the river, and forming beneath small beds of loam soil and vegetable deposits brought down from the mountain sides. Such, then, is the character of the soil o n th e l arge streams of the interior of Oregon. We come now to speak of the soil on the tributaries. My remarks will be confined principally to those emptying into the Co lumbia and Snake rivers from the south, and to those emptying into the Kaskaskia. The valley of the Wallawalla, and its numerous branches, is undoubtedly the best portion of the interior country. This stream empties nine miles below the mouth of the Snake river. The valley of the Yamatilla, however, which empties into the Columbia below the Wallawalla, is said to be equally as good as that of the Wallawalla. Both these streams have their sources in the Blue Mountains, and the banks are covered to some extent with timber, mostly cotton wood and alder, until we arrive within ten or twenty miles of the Columbia, where timber ceases, and there is nothing but a stinted growth of brushwood the remaining distance. The cha racter of this whole region occupiad by these two streams is much the same, and a description of the one may be taken, as furnishing the general characteristics of the other. It has been said that " the upper country" (i.e. the interior) "has a fertile soil, especially on the tributaries of the Columbia River." Now, this remark is true, but to a very limited extent, and this is the qualification necessary to give the right impression. The only soil fit for cultivation consists of alluvial bottom, lying in small tracts of five, ten, fifteen, and twenty acres or more along the margin of these small streams. At the forks of two or more of these small streams the largest tracts are usually found. The Wallawalla, with its numerous branches, drains a wide region of country, and along these numerous streams there is a considerable amount of good soil lying in small detached portions, yet the whole amount, when compared with the whole region of country drained by this river and its branches, is an ex ceedingly small fraction of the whole. These alluvial patches form the lowest glade of land along the streams above high-water mark. Portions that are overflowed are usually deprived of the alluvial deposit by the flood. These tracts usually lie at or about the same elevation above the bed of the streams, and on the back ground are usually surrounded by a steep elevation of 3or 4 feet to a higher glade. The soil of these bot toms is of fine quality. The surface in its wild state is covered with a species of fine short grass, interspersed with thorn bushes. The higher glade just spoken of lies at an elevation of perhaps six feet, more or less, above the alluvial beds, and is entirely barren and useless, covered with sedge and green wood, with little or no grass. This glade also is frequently impregnated with noxious salts, which prevent vegetation. On the Wallawalla there is a much greater proportion of this barren glade than of the allu vial beds, it forming usually the entire back ground of low land, and frequently running down to the very brink of the stream, thus forming a circular rim for these alluvial basins. These alluvial beds, indeed, have all the appearance of having once been covered with a sheet of water, which, at length subsided by the depression of the river channel, leaving their beds of detritus and vegetable deposit to form the portions of fertile soil which are now to be found on the banks of these streams. Between the two glades of land already mentioned, there seems to be an intermediate one par taking somewhat of the characteristics of both. This intermediate glade always lies between the real alluvial and the higher glade, and seems to have been originally an alluvial bed, but has been covered over by a layer of soil brought down from the higher glade which has de teriorated the alluvial soil. This portion is usually covered with a species of coarse strongly rooted grass, growing from two to six feet in height according to the quality of the soil—it is most fertile along the borders of the real alluvial, and its sterility increases as we approach the higher glade, near which are fre quently spots so impregnated with salts as to be destitute entirely of vegetation. The best part of this intermediate kind of soil produces quite as well, though not equal, to the real alluvial. But if portions highly impregnated with the salts before mentioned are ploughed up, the soil is soon covered with a white saline deposite, and seeds if planted will not vegetate. The greatest quantity of good soil and the best quality may be considered about mid- way between the base of the Blue Mountains and till Columbia River. As we proceed either way from the middle region, either to wards the mountains or the Columbia River, the quan tity of the alluvial botton diminishes, and the quality be comes poorer. As we proceed towards the mountains the banks of many of the small streams are low, the channel changes from time to time, and the soil seems to be all washed away, All these streams make their entrance into the plain from dark, deep, and frightful gorges of the Blue Mountains. The uplands lying between the Wallawalla and the Yamatilla, and between the several branches of the Wallawalla are usually quite low, lower than in any other part of that country, The bluffs are very low, and present no ragged appearance, but are usually formed of earth, and rounded at the summit. These upper plains are covered with a very moderate growth of grass, though in many places, par ticularly as we approach the Columbia, they present a very sterile appearance, and grass gives way to the sedge Tee northern branch of the Wal • lawalla, called the Tasha, which joins the Wallawalla, twelve miles from its junction with the Colombia, forms a pleasant valley, though the amount of alluvial bottom is less than on the Wallawalla, and inferior to that in quality; yet as a valley for grazing it is one of the finest in the region. In passing. along the region in a north-easterly direction, to strike the Snake river in the region of Kaskaskia, we find the uplands more and more elevated as we pass the Tasha. The next stream we come to is the Takanan ' which empties int o th e S na k e Ri ver . As we approach the stream we look into a dark and frightful chasm, walled-up on either side by rocky bluff's, and ono is struck by the feeling that he has come to the jumping-off place, at the end of the world. But by taking advantage of a small ravine which ereaks through the wall, he winds his zigzag way down the steep to the bottom, when he finds himself in a narrow walled-up channel, in the middle of which it regains an elevation at an angle of at least 450 to reach the summit on either side by a straight line. The valley con tains a very few tracts of alluvial bottom, and of very small extent. In proceeding onwards, one makes his way up the steep on either side to an equal eleva tion ; and after a few miles down, he goes into the bed of a small stream emptying itself into the former, the bluffs along which are less precipitous than those of the former. This valley also contains but a small quantity of alluvial bottom of an inferior quality. After proceeding up this valley for some miles, we mount up again to a still greater elevation, and at length descend to the bed of the Snake River. The elevated regions are exposed to cold piercing winds, and are covered with a very thin and stunted growth of grass. After passing up the Snake River several miles, we cross over and pass over the Kaskaskia, a distance of 14 miles, when we come to the valley of a small stream, called Lapwai. In this valley there is a moderate amount of good productive alluvial bottom. In passing on beyond this place up the Kaskasi, we leave the river entirely, and pass over the elevated plains, descending into deep and precipitous ravines till we strike the Kaskaskia again at Kamiah, about 100 miles above its junction with the Snake River. On the way we pass through the border of the timbered region con nected with the Blue Mountain range. These plains are covered with a heavier growth of grass than those pre viously passed over, particularly in the vicinity of the woodland. The timber is a species of pine. The soil, I should judge from the appearance, if cultivated, might, in places protected from the winds, be made to produce moderate crops of some of the smaller grains. At Kamiah and in that region there are a few small tracts of very good soil, which produces well, but that is in the vicinity of the mountainous region, where the streams are shut up in narrow rocky channels, and land fit for cultivation ceases to be found. One remark I will make concerning this whole region. It is more or less exposed to frost, in consequence of it lying in the vicinity of the mountains. It is also ex posed to drought, and in order to ensure good crops irri gation is necessary. One more track of land of considerable interest I will speak of. This is the Grande Ronde ; one finds him self in the midst of a beautiful circular plain of thirty miles or more in diameter, with considerable indentas tions, where the several streams enter the plain, and also at the outlet. The Blue Mountains form a high cir cular wall around more than half of its circumference, the remaining distance being shut up by a bluff several hundred feet in height. Thus it is pent up on all sides, having no outlet except a deep channel through the mountains, where the waters flow off into the Snake giver. This place is evidently an alluvial formation. It is covered with a luxuriant growth of grass, and is suscep tible of cultivation, though, from its situation among mountains, crops here might be ruined by frost. This plain has the appearance of having been once the bed of a lake, whose waters formerly filled its whole basin, but by the wearing away of the channel at its out let its waters were drained off, leaving its present bed of alluvial soil. More remotely, however, it may have been the crater of a great volcano, which might have been in action at a period immediately subsequent to the throwing up of that part of the continent from the bed of the ocean, and this may account for its present form, and the character of the wells by which it is surrounded. In proceeding farther into the interior, along the southern tributaries of the Snake River, the country becomes more barren and desolate, the plains covered with sedge, and the verdure along the small streams diminishes. There are indications also of more recent volcanic action. Hot springs occur, awl the river banks are in some places found teaming with emissions of scalding and hot water. This may properly be deno minated a desert region, in which there are only occa sional oases. Having now described the interior country as far as is necessary for the present purpose, it only now re mains to inquire into its capabilities and prospects. It will be seen at once from the above statements that the interior of Oregon can never become an agricultural country, and consequently can never sustain a dense population. It can be turned to account only by raising flocks and herds, and in this way it is capable of sup porting a sparse population, and a sufficient quantity of alluvial bottom can be formed in the best portions of it, to furnish grain and vegetables for such a population residing there for such purposes. It is necessary, how ever, to say in reference to the grazing capabilities of this region, th a t th ey are very f ar from being superior. There are consicl arable tracts of waste land, worth al most nothing at all, even for this purpose. The amount of grass, also, which the uplands furnish is very small. Its medium height I should judge to be twelve or four teen inches, diminishing on the highest or more exposed plains to six or eight inches, and increasing, particu larly in the vicinity of the woodlands of the mountains, where there is more moisture, to eighteen or twenty inches. The ground is thinly covered, it usually grow ing in bunches, so that not more than from one-third to one-sixth of the area of the surface is covered. It would, therefore, require some 4 or 5 acres to furnish the same amount of nutriment which common pasture or meadow does. Cattle thrive well in this region, particularly when kept along the banks of the streams ; but it has been found by experiment that they will not do well on the high lands, away from the streams, especially in the dry season. Sheep and goats may do well in these up-lands. The practice of burning over th ese p l a i ns annua ll y, which, however, is only partial, is an evil which must cease, if ever the country becomes exten s i ve ly s t oc k e d with cattle. Cattle live out during the whole winter, and the grass, which dries up during the dry season, and remains in this state through the winter, is standing hay for the cattle to gather for themselves as their necessities required. Le - all this be burned over, and the green grass which springs up in the autumn will do but very little towards sustaining a herd through the winter, and starvation must ensue. Cattle and horses suffer in the winter in some parts of this region when there is an unusual quantity of snow, and can find nothing to supply their wants except on southern declivities, when the snow is soon removed by the direct rays of the sun. What then are the prospects of this region in respect to settlement? There is one motive, and only one, for immediate settlement in the interior in preference to the Walhamet, and this is the salubrity of the climate. .In every other respect the Walamet is altogether preferable, and will continue to be so till all its land is taken up, and all the grazing country in its ♦icinity is occupied. It is doubtful whether emigrants will be willing to forego all other advantages for the sake of climate. The region of country described lies from 300 to 500 miles from the mouth of the Columbia, or about 200 miles above navigable waters. The Columbia is one of the most dangerous and difficult rivers in the world to navigate, and this can only be improved at an immense expense. The time required to make the trip from Tancouver to Wallawalla, 200 miles, with loaded boats, to make portages, &c., requires from nine to fifteen days, according to the direction of the wind, &c. The expense of transportation this distance is seven shillings sterling for 90 lbs. The expense of transporting produce down the river will also be so great, that it will enable the Wallamet settlers to undersell and take all the pro fits. The only remaining method of reaching the lower country, is by a road over a difficult mountain from the interior to the Wallamet. I would remark, however, that the country lying north of the Columbia may find a more convenient outlet to the ocean direct to Nasqually ; but my remarks are intended for the region lying south of the Columbia. With the drawback upon the upper country the pro bability or its immediate settlement appears to be very small. In time doubtless it will be settled by herdsmen, but all the circumstances connected with the country point directly to the Walamet as the first region to be settled. When this whole valley shall become occupied by a dense population, and the lands which are now de ♦oted to pasturage shall be in demand for agricultural purposes, the more distant regions may be brought into requisition for grazing purposes, and cattle may be brought down from the interior by a road across the mountains, to supply the wants of an agricultural and manufacturing community. Thus, in time, the whole interior region, as far as it is capable, may become settled in this scattered and partial manner, and become of considerable relative importance in con nexion with a rich, flourishing, and densely populated country, along the sea-coast. But time is necessary, in order to produce all these changes, and bring into requi • sition all these resources of the country, which depend on a great increase of population in one part of the country, and a consequent demand for products beyond the producing capabilities of that reigion. Q. LIVERPOOL AND THE LEAGUE. (From the Liverpool Mercury). Liverpool has done its duty. We expected much, and are not disappointed. We demanded much, and are satisfied. Commerce has worthily responded to the summons of industry. The seaport of Lancashire has nobly testified its sympathy with the rights and interests of that labour on which its own existence is based, and with whose progress its own is identified. The factory and the counting-houses, the manufac turer and the merchant, production and exchange, have made common cause, and are now, once for all, in League against the sordid tyranny that would trample upon both. The magnificent meeting of last Friday was a de monstration every way worthy of the intelligence, wealth, energy, and public spirit of the commercial capital of the first industrial district of England and the world. The pecuniary result was of a less startling magnitude than that of the great Manches ter meeting of the 23d ult.; but fourteen thousand pounds subscribed in one hour may be regarded, all things considered, as a very fair quota even for Liverpool. From our hearts do we congratulate those of our townsmen who have ailed in striking this timely and crushing blow at an enormous public wrong. ' If, as is not at all impossible, Sir R. Peel be still weighing pros and emu, and balancing the demands of statesmanlike wisdom and political justice, against the suggestions of Ministerial convenience and party expediency, he is now most abundantly provided with the materials for a prudent decision. The subscription of little less than one hundred thousand pounds, within about a fortnight, is a " great fact," which it seems scarcely crediable that the Premier should leave out of his calculations. This instalment of a fund of a quarter of a million sterling, to be expended in re-organizing the country constituencies —in esta blishing and working, in every district, of every county in England, a machinery for inviting and aiding the trading and industrious classes of our town population, to possess them selves of the franchise —is a sufficient guarantee that the work really will be done in the course of this year 1846. Should Sir Robert Peel dare to insult the country with any at tempt at compromise or mystification—if he would like to see a political revolution that will sweep him and his " Conservatives" clean out of two-thirds or three-fourths of the English counties, he now knows on what terms this dangerous curiosity can be gra tified. Any more tampering with his own convic tions of policy, and the national demand for justice— any more experiments at " regulating the supply of food to the people —a word more of pivots, rests, averages, sliding, fixed, or vanishing scales—a syl lable said, or hinted at " compensations"—the slightest attempt to deny, delay, or sell justice—and this tremendously powerful engine, for permanently changing the distribution of political power, will im mediately be set to work all over England. The landlords will now know what they have to expect, if they venture to postpone, or mar, the satis faction of the peoples just demands. If, with these signs before them of popular energy and determina tion—and with the (Vest Riding election to show them by voie de fait, that the movement has feasi bility and reality in it—they choose to provoke a war of which all the materiel is already prepared, they cannot complain that they have not had ample notice. They can now count the cost. They may have—if they positively will—some six or twelve months' more enjoyment of a curtailed and truncated monopoly; but they will have to pay for it by the permanent and final loss of their po litical ascendancy. The political extinction of the landlord power is now the price of any corn-law that shall do either less or more than leave the trade in food as free as nature and Providence have made it. The Buckinghams and Richmonds, the Tyrrells and Mileses—the people. of No. 17, Old Bond-street— are, of course, incorrigible.. They tell us so, and we are bound to believe them. They will have the re - revolution, and nobody shall help them. But there must be a large number of the landlord class who would vastly prefer "maintaining their position" in political "society," while the option is still before them. Whatever may be the decision, or the no-decision, ' of Sir Robert Peel and his landlord supporters, it is now scarcely open to a doubt, that the ensuing twelve months will witness the termination of this struggle ; either by Sir Robert Peel and the present Parliament, in the spring, or by Lord John Russell and another Parliament, in the autumn, will the last shred of protection be torn from our code. It is not necessary that the actual registration, even of the votes acquired during the present qualifica tion campaign, should precede our triumph ; votes have a potential as well as an actual sway over the deliberations of Parliament and the policy of Cabinets ; and the qualifications will tell, even though the Registration Courts should not have had time to give them the last formal sanction. Never has there been a period—the days of the Reform Bill alone ex cepted—when a great public question has so tho roughly permeated and possessed all classes of the people—subdued all minor dissensions, and fused down all crotchety contradictions, in the ranks of the popular party. Lancashire manufacturers and merchants, and Wiltshire peasants ; the wealth iest of our capitalists, and the poorest of our labourers; the proudest of our aristocratic Whigs, and the stur diest of our democratic operatives—all are one here. There is not an instance in our history of such a union failing to carry its point. Were we " Conservatives," we should most fervently pray that the leaders of our cause and party might not commit the desperate and irretrievable blunder of daring such a power to come and do its uttermost. REPEAL OF THE MALT-TAX. The protectionists will be compelled to surrender the sliding scale of food-prices to a fair competition with the wide world, and hence the noise they are making about me asures to compensa t e th em fur their loss. Among other devices, they are urging the repeal of the malt-tax. Of all the measures of re lief; either for this or any other class, that could have been named, thi s appears to us th e mos t unlikely. It would rob the revenue of no less a sum than five millions a year, and not a s i n gle individual would feel the benefit o f i t. ' faxes upon l uxur i es , an d es pecially those l uxur i es classed un d er th e h ea d o f stimulants, are paid cheerfully • and we do not hear of eith er th e b rewer, the seller, or the drinker of beer wishing the article to be cheaper. And why should they ? for, to make up this amount of revenue, I they would have to contribute the same amount in some other shape far more burthenseme. The effect upon society would be, neither to benefit the grower of barley, the brewer, or seller, or drinker of beer, but would promote more excess, by making the article cheaper. The only way in which such a measure could ever have benefitted the agriculturists, was by increasing the consumption of malt, and con sequently advancing the price of barley. But even with corn-laws in operation it could not have done this to any great extent ; for the use of land is always varied to produce most of that which fetches by com parison the highest price. And with a repeal of the corn-laws such a measure could not certainly afford any relief. For supposing the consumption was in creased, the ports being open, this increase would be snpplied by foreign importations. And if it be said that foreign barley would not answer so well as home grown, the effect would be that more barley would be grown here, and more of other kinds of grain im ported to make up the difference. A more unlikely measure for affording any relief could not possibly be invented; and it strikes us that this party must find it very difficult to show that they are unfairly dealt with by being deprived of the corn-laws, or they would seize upon something more plausible as a compensation than the repeal of the malt-tax. To make up the loss of revenue would require that an other sevenpence in the pound of income-tax be im posed—an infliction which the country gentlemen themselves will not be very anxious to invoke.— Preston Guardian. LONDON and BIRMINGHAM RAIL WAY TUNNEL UNDER LONDON. The stupendous undertaking, projected by the London and Birmingham Railway Company, under the direction of their talented engineer, Mr. Robert Stephenson, of reaching their proposed central station in Farringdon-street (the site of the late Fleet Prison) by means of a tunnel under London, cannot have failed to excite the attention, not merely of the scien tific and railway world, but particularly the notice of those who, in a commercial point of view, or by being residents on the proposed line, are likely to be bene fitted thereby, or are interested therein. The import ance of such an undertaking has induced us to endea vour to lay before the public a correct description of this monster tunnel, which we are enabled to perform in detail, having had in the most courteous manner a copy of the plans and sections, prepared for the ensu ing session of Parliament by Mr. Stephenson, placed at our disposal. The works of this magnificent undertaking are proposed to commence at the Camden Town station of the Birmingham Railway, crossing the Hampstead road, by means of two arches of 70 feet span and 16 feet in height, the junction with the London and Birmingham requiring no alteration of level. From the Hampstead-road the line is proposed to pass (by means of a viaduct varying from 18 to 21 feet in height, and at an inclination of 1 in 97) over Grange street, Leybourne-road, to the Kentish Town-road, and from thence over the Camden-road, Brecknock place, Great College-street, and the Camden-road villas, at an inclination of 1 in 134, and at a height varying between 20 and 164 feet. After passing the King's-road, the viaduct is to to be succeeded by an embankment, at an inclination of 1 in 60, and then by a cutting to the western side of Maiden-lane, and to the north of Randall's tile-kilns. At this point the proposed tunnel commences, being at a distance of 1 mile 165 feet from the Camden station, at a depth of 37 and a width of 30 feet. The tunnel takes its course under Carlton-gardens and Wil Liam-street, Caledonian-road, at a depth varying from 38 to 45 feet, and thence under the Caledonian-road, at a depth of fifty-four feet. From this point the tunnel is proposed to proceed at a gradually increasing depth under the tunnel of the Regent's Canal, near Half Moon-crescent, where the depth is 90 feet. The direction of the tunnel is then under Penton-street, Chapel-street, and White Lion street, Pentonville, the depth being no less than 101 feet, and the inclination being 1 in 1,062. From hence the tunnel passes under the City-road, at Claremont-terrace, in the rear of St. Mark's Church, Myddleton-square, at a depth of 87 feet, gradually decreasing until the tunnel arrives at the New River Head, under which it is proposed to be carried at a depth of 68 feet. A gradual decrease in depth then takes place. Under Myddleton-street, Clerkenwell, it is 51 feet ; Gloucester-street, 48 feet ; Skinner street, Clerkenwell, 43 feet ; Corporation-row, Seek ford-street, and Suffolk-street, each at a depth of 42 feet; Aylesbury -street (leading to the Sessions douse), 41 feet; and St. John's-square, 38 feet. From this point the tunnel passes under the closely-populated districts of St. Sepulchre Without at depths gradually decreasing until it reaches Cow-cross, where it will be only 25 feet below the surface. Here it is proposed to carry the tunnel at a depth varying from 28 to 33 feet, from Greenhill's-rents to West Smithfield, at an inclina tion of 1 in 1,062. Passing under the Greyhound Inn-yard at a depth of 31 feet, the tunnel is proposed to reach Ilosier-lane at 28 feet, Cock-lane at 29 feat, and the Saracen's Head Inn-yard at a similar depth. Under Skinner-street, Snow-hill, the depth will be 28 feet, and the tunnel will terminate at Angel-court, on the southern side of Skinner-street, at a depth of 24 feet. A small cutting will here commence, pass ing through Green Arbour-court, at a depth of 19 feet; Bishop's-court, 14 ; Seacoal-lane, 11 feet ; Fleet-lane, 5 feet; ani thence into the city terminus, Fleet Prison-yard, where the line will emerge on a level. The entire length of the intended extension will be 3 miles 4} chains, of which the tunnel will occupy 2 miles. It is a singular fact that the tunnel will piss under only one main sewer. The London and Birmingham Company propose taking powers for carrying out a deviation line, if found necessary, and to take such property as may be required for that purpose. The plans, which are en graved in a very elaborate style by Messrs. Dixon and Ross, of the Hampstead-road, indicate the various houses which the Company propose to purchase al together, or to afford compensation for, if injuri o u s ly affected by the projected line. For the convenience of the grand city terminus, the Company propose to take powers for obtaining the whole range of houses on the south side of Skinner street, extending from the Old Bailey on the east to Turnagain-lane on the west, and including from that point to the Fleet Prison, the eastern side of Far ringdon-street, and passing to the rear of the prison yard, extending again to the Old Bailey, and includ ing a portion of Prujean -square, thus occupying the site of all the intermediate houses. One grand and desirable object the London and Birmingham Com pany have in view in taking this group of houses, is to forward the improvements contemplated by the Corporation of the City of London. Another important advantage which will result from this plan of the London and Birmingham Com pany, is that the inhabitants of the metropolis will be saved the inconvenience and noise of the ponderous waggons laden with merchandise, which at present and n e e r db a tt m he b ef u gt l h a o teoed paving,s th s e t at s i tor stations e no t f s p tan d , esaiyrnagai railway o d a yn andiagth c t f , ar from m o d e t h it, h e Te d oc e w t i ri tny - . h dispassionateo l e no one w h m o a o viewsner, canthi s great be o f anyun dotehrijetarpkooinnpgintihionenwathan that it is one calculated to afford convenience as well as comfort to the public generally, s a c n i T d e bo f t r oi o fim m the e much h reputationp h r ig ai h s e ef standing cannot tbe ber of fe awarded Company, blgyianredeerd, to therethose h o andthe s can v who be oe but little doubt the ephroejreccutlewainll taskm eeotfwpirthepathriengsatnhce ht sanc tion ofundertakenParliament. oi magnificent plans and sections which we have just described ; nor can we do otherwise than express our admiration at the superb way in which they are en graved, being decidedly superior to any done for the various proposed lines of railway about to be sub mitted to Parliament this session.—Railway Tele. graph. LANCASTER AND CARLISLE RAILWAY. Of the 6,000,000 cubic yards of earthwork, nearly 5,000,000 are completed, and the remaining quantity is divided into such numerous portions that at no one point is there any difficulty with average weather. With regard to the masonry, it is equally forward. Of the ordinary bridges five-sixths are nearly com pleted, and the following is the state of the larger bridges and viaducts :—The Lune viaducts--three arches of 120 feet span—although only commenced after the passing of the amended Act in July last, is well advanced ; the abutments and land arches (eight of 38 feet span) are up to the springing, and the river piers are in hand, notwithstanding the floods. The Docker Garths viaduct—six arches of 50 feet span, and 75 feet high—is complete up to the spring ing, and the arches are commenced. The Borrow Beck viaduct—three arches of 45 feet span, and 60 feet high—is completed, except the parapets. The Lowther viaduct—six arches of 60 feet span, and 100 feet high, is finished. The bridge over the Eamont—four arches of 50 feet span, and 70 feet high—is finished, except the spandrills and parapets. Nearly 30 miles of permanent way are laid. The number of men now employed is 5,997. The num ber of horses now employed is 681, and two loco motives are at work on the line. Nearly the whole of the rails and chairs for the permanent way are now delivered on the line. Designs have been iur nished for the whole of the stations, and several are in progress. The engines and carriages for the ser vice of this Company are constructing in the esta blishment of the Grand Junction Railway at Crewe. At a meeting of the proprietors, at Liverpool, on Wednesday last, the Chairman (E. W. Hassell, Esq.) said, he might venture to say, with the knowledge he had himself of the state of the work, th a t un l ess we should have a very wet spring, there was every reason to believe that the railway would be opened about the beginning or middle of July ; and, if so, no railway of equal length, seventy Tril , ?:7 loug, would have ever been completed in so short a time. From the statement of accounts it appeared that the total to the 31st of December, amounted to 811,1301., and the expenditure to 663,6371., leaving a balance of 147,4931. HAMBURGH MAIL. HAMBURGH, JAN. 10. The Countess of Lonsdale steamer came yesterday, by way of precaution, no higher than Glackstadt. The London mail of yesterday was sent by hence to Cuxhaven. The ice is pretty open, and as the wind is favourable, the ships will probably come up to the city to-day ; the passage to and from Ham burgh for the steamers and post-boats is again open. HAMBURH, JAN. 12. —The ice still holds together be tween Blansuse and Luke, and ships cannot come up to the city unless the wind is favourable. CUXHAVEN, JAN. 11.—The Sir Edward Banks put to sea this forenoon at 10 o'clock with the mails; the wind in the afternoon, N.W., fresh breeze. This is a most fa vourable wind for coming up the river. HANOVER, JAN. B.—The Crown Prince is perfectly recovered, and has gone out in his carriage. In consequence of the very unfavourable weather in the last week of the last year, the King suffered much from rheumatism, which especially affected hislearing, and on that account he did not leave his room, but had every evening a company of ladies. His Majesty de clined the fatiguing ceremonies of the beginning of the year, and is now perfectly recovered,but has not yet ap peared again in public. According to later accounts his Majesty's indisposition is again worse. The Hereditary Prince, as those who have occasion to see him affirm (for he goes out every morning j in a carriage), looks ex tremely well, to the great joy of his parents and his grandfather. BERGEDORF, JAN. 9.—The Berlin Hamburgh Railway is to be completed by the end of September this year. The contracts are all concluded for that line, and there is no doubt that the railway will be ready, but it is not probable that the termini will be completed. BERLIN, JAN. 7.—Private accounts from Thorn give some details of the secret association discovered there, the treasonable object of which was an armed insurrec tion, and the surprise of the fortress of Thorn and Grandenz. It seems that the conspiracy was discovered through the investigation at Posen. Thorn is quite a Polish town, the whole surrounding countries to Gran denz, above thirty-five miles distant, and as far down as the Culon on the Vistula, and to the vicinity of Dantzic, is inhabited by a people speaking Polish, and who are *Very rigid, easily excitable Roman Catholics, over whom the priests have unlimited influence. It is reported that landowners, and even priests, have influenced the popu lation, and excited them to insurrection, and that above 100,000 dollars have been gradually distributed, which were collected by a secret society. The insurrection was to have broken out on the 31st December ; the first arresetbok place on the 30th. It is said that not only considerable depots of arms, but a complete pow der-mill, was discovered. Guns were placed in the market-place of Thorn ; the garrison was under arms, and the commandant declared the town in a state of siege. It is not stated how far the in habitants of Thorn itself were implicated in tbese arrests. It seems, however, that the country people and land owners were !chiefly concerned. HANOVER, JAN. 9.—We are sorry to state his Ma jesty's indisposition, which our papers represented as being relieved, is much worse; loss of appetite, frequent vomiines, Sze, have reduced his Majesty to a state of extreme vvs:l,kness. Yet he still attends to the affairs of Government; ai: 4 it is said that all the documents to be laid before the State, ;yere signed by the King, the day before yesterday, at the request of Baron Falcke.— Hamburg Papers, Jan. 13. WARSAW, JAN. B.—His Majesty the Emperor Nicholas arrived here in perfect health, on the 4th, on his return from Italy, and alighted at the Labrinski palace, where he was received by th e P r i nce G overno i , an d many her persons of distinction. The capital was splendidly illu minated on that and the following evenings during his Majesty's stay, who sat out for St. Petersburgh this morning. —Universal Prussian Gazette, Jan. 13. CORKE'S PATENT FUEL. So great is the demand for this article, that the pa tentee, finding it impossible to supply the public by the ordinary methods of manufacture, has offered a handsome premium to any person who shall invent machinery which shall enable him to make it so rapidly as to meet the demand. Dr. Ryan, of the Royal Polytechnic Institution, Mr. Cooper, and Mr. Amos, are the gentlemen appointed by the patentee to award the premium, and Saturday was the day appointed for them to give their decision. The fol. lowing is the report which they presented to the patentee : " In respect of premiums offered for the best plan of machinery for making the above fuel. " Referees—Dr. Rian, Polytechnic ; W. H. Cooper, 1, Verulam-buildings, Gray's Inn ; C. E. Amos, Grove, Southwark. " We consider that none of the competitors have com plied with the terms of the advertisement. " Theproposals which we have taken into consideration are— " First, Mr. Bursells—who offers only a specification and some verbal observation. " Second, Mr. Payne—an imperfect model as to-work manship, but the scheme apparent. " Third, Mr. Wallis—four unfinished plans, but, with his explanation, sufficient for us to judge of the propriety or otherwise of the scheme. "We, therefore, .recommend Mr. Corke to offer each party the sum of five pounds, with power to him t) retain any, or all, of the plans, specification, and model for future consideration. " And we further consider, that in consequence of the said plans, specification, and model, not being in a per fect state, we cannot in justice award the premiums. " W. H. COOPER. • " C. E. AMOS. "3, Trafalgar-square, Jan. 17, 1846." In the evening Mr. Corke, the patentee, gave a dinner to the arbitrators, and to several other gen tlemen who have taken an interest in the success of the undertaking, at the Exeter Hall Tavern. About thirty gentlemen sat down at six o'clock to a dinner of the most recherche description, and which was placed upon the table in a style that reflected the highest credit on the cuisine of Mr. Bennett. The chair was taken by Mr. Harrison, who was supported on his right by Mr. Cooper and Dr. Ryan, and on his left by Captain Polhill, M.P., who seemed to take a great interest in the success of the under taking of Mr. Corke. Mr. Joseph Croucher officiated as croupier. In the course of the evening Mr. Corke intimated his intention shortly to exhibit the supe riority of his patent fuel as a generator of steam by a steam-boat trip on the Thames; and Dr. Ryan declared that he had no hesitation in stating, that of twenty-two patents which had been taken out for fuel within the last few years the fuel manufactured under Mr. Corke's3patent was by far the most effective, and that this opinion; which was the result of various careful experiments, he was prepared to maintain either at the Polytechnic Institution, at the Admiralty, or be fore any bady of scientific men in the kingdom. STATE OF TRADE. FOREIGN WOOL TRADE, LEEDS, JAN. 16.—The improved demand noticed in our last report has continued throughout the present week, and prices have also been more firmly sup ported. ENGLISH WOOL MARKET, LEEDS, JAN. 16.—The re i s a feeling of greater confidence in these markets, and therefore the sales have been rather more extensive, and prices are firm at last week's quo t a ti ons. WAKEFIELD WOOL M ARKET, J AN. 16. W e have had rather more doing, in both long a n d s h ort woo l th i s we e k, than for several previous ones, and rather improved rates ; but the difficult pos i t i on of consumers to make a profit, even at the late reduced rates, prevents them operating so largely as might have been expected after so long a holding off. LEEDS. —The markets at our Cloth halls have not been so brisk, either on Saturday or Tuesday, as during the week previous. There was, nevertheless, a pretty good market for low goods, but the fine and middling qualities are not in much demand. Prices are firm, and from the great caution exer cised by the manufacturers since October, there is less than the usual quantity of goods in their hands at this period, , compared with former seasons. There has been a little im provement in business in the warehouses during the week. BRADFORD MARKET, THURSDAY.—The demand for wool is somewhat retarded by the prices sought by the stapler, and as no corresponding advance can be realised on yarns, it will tend to check the present consumption. Noils and brakes are eagerly sought after, and, owing to the small quantity making, the price has an upward tendency. There is more confidence manifested among the buyers of yarns, and an in creased business has been done, yet there is no im provement in price to induce the spinners to increase the pro duction. There is an average business doing in both heavy and dress goods; and the cheap rate at which they have been produced appears to have told favourably at Leipsic fair, where the demand has been rather animated. MANCHESTER, THURSDAY EVENING.—The i ncreas i ng un certainty as to the p o li c y to be purs ue d b y Si r R obert Peel has had the effect since Tuesday, of checking the healthful state of the cloth market on that day, and allkinds of goods are to be had lower to-day than on Tuesday. All parties seem disposed to wait the development of the plans of the Premier before again commencing extensive operations. Yarns have not partaken of a similar reaction : they are not, perhaps, quite such ready sale, but they are lower, and the demand is extensive. ARCHITECTURAL RUINS IN THE CAROLINE ISLANDS. —Among the Caroline Islands is Ascensio, about 11 degrees north latitude, discovered some years ago by her Majesty's ship Raven, and not yet properly laid down in maps. A gentleman who subsequently stayed there for several months, reports the following :—" On this island, perhaps on others of the same group, the language of the aborigines is more harmonious than in other islands of the Pacific,.a great many words ending with vowels. There are, at a place called Tamen, ruins of a town, now only acccessible by boats, the water reaching up to the steps of the houses The huge walls are overgrown w ith b rea d cocoa-nut,occup and oth er anc i ent trees , an d the ruin s y a space of several miles. The stones of these edifices are laid bed and quoin, exhibiting a considerable degree of art. Some of the hewn stones are 20 feet long, by 3 feet 5 inches, and no cement or mortar uniting them was observed. The walls have door and window places, and the material seemed to be different from the rock in the immediate neighbourhood. There is a mountain in the island, the rock of which is covered with symbolic figures ; and more extensive ruins than habits of above are said to exist in the interior. The of these islanders exhibit traces of a different social system, water being carried about afterte originmealsfo o r f wash ingthese hands, &c. When asked about the buildings, they say that " they were built by men now above."— The Builder. BRISTOL SUGAR MARKET, JAN. 16.—We have to report a very dull market for all descriptions of raw sugar, and prices must again be quoted from 6cl. to is. per cwt. under those current here last week ; the sales since our last are under 390 hlids. LAW INTELLIGENCE . CONSISTORY COURT, Jan. 17. LADY WALSCOTT V. LORD. WALSCOTT . o ot This is a suit brought by Lady W a l s cott si husband, for a divorce, on the alleged ground of ad s and cruelties. The parties were married in 182,„' cohabited until J une , 1845, several children hll(' issue of the m arr i age . D ur i ng the cohabitation offs land, in Ireland, an d on th e C on tinent, a varl et / pi le of cruelty, of ad u lt er y, o f so li c it a tions of virtue _Ol pleaded. In s h or t, from the commencemen t of 0600 bitation down to the separation, acts of the natlrtber were of constant occurrence as pleaded, B° l l ol more, as asserted, that the husband had eon' le e certain disease, so l ong b ac k as 1825. It 'mole that the Noble Lord ae t e d w ith cr uelty to t he tion Do v f in order the more to annoyo the wife. The gees il was the admissibility o f the libel offered on the I Lady alscott. n . ll On W the part of the Noble Lord a general ‘ d e i::,001 given; - and condo na ti on pl ea d e d o f those errors I have been committed. hea r The LEARNED JUDG E (D r . Lushingtoop a fter ; b1 o o ing counsel on b o th s id es , h e ld t h e lib e l to be nro tett after reformation. The Court was bound O h r e Rog' wife in all cases like this, but it could not ge t. tm c hil' ll 4 e ' of admitting evidence of acts of cruelty to tue c o utt; to prove cruelty to the wife. Nor could the ;,1 1 0P' that the Noble Lord having compelled his c 14 %10 0- ; perform menial duties in the house as materialt4 it might he corroborative proof. The libel tow formed, and then admitted to proof. GUILDFORD PETTY S-U' ° 1 AO' Sotfr COLLISION ON THE SOUTH-WESTERN On Saturday, James Over, late a Western Railway,' appeared before the Earl 1 4,d1df°16' Chairman, and a full bench of magistrates , at , v guard ua of L 0 answer to an information preferred against hila2Ve' co r Dalby, the superintendent of police 'on the ou t l n t ba Railway, charging him with misconduct whil e "" 11 1 pan's emloment. se The information was laid under the 10th C 10 g.40 Seymour's A c t, w hi c h i mposes a pena l ty n ot ex e c c ; c ier,o or two months' imprisonment, on any Pera °ll ,. do, $ l/I ti wilfully or negligently doing, or neglecting ', ° , :ng biof by which the life or limb of any person travelT;to p ot way may be in danger, and the evidence adduced d f that on the night of Wednesday, the 24th ult., 1. " trsi';,o who was in charg e o f one o f th e up luggageoigbt, 01; rived at the W o ki ng s t a ti on at ten o ' c l oc k at , oef A tY he was inform e d th a t th e d own ma il train wtrdeV, he, however, in hi s anx i e t y to get to t o way i 107, pointstnan to shift th e points, so as to enable bull 0,11 two waggons whi c h he had brought from Soutbaatrio v) place them in th e proper sidelings. Wh il e iu shunting the waggons, the mail train appeareu '" ttP, / ti though the usual signal was hoisted, the distea c n om short to prevent a collision, and the engine struck waggons and shattered it to pieces. def el/c6Ol The defendant having ;n been called on for Ids itsl'i dared he had not intended to do the slightes t -- ; 0 t 0 4 0 1 that there was abundant time to get the wagg °ll dssV the way without accident, if the engineer had 11 : t 4 rif f , exertion on his part. H e a l so sa id th a t sOv siderable risk himself, i n hi s en d eavour t o prevent 1 and had been knocked down by the accident. d From the questions of the Noble Chairman ti a (PI gistrates on the bench, it appeared that it WI the defendant to have taken the opinion of f01', 6 0 0 agent of the company residing at the station,...b e lAill , ' orders to the pointsman ; and that, in fact, Au . : ~ i t Y the proper officer to give any o r d ers on the subjeci:or e f The BENCH, in consideration of the defendants ': 0 y) .1 0 1 able diameter for seven years while in the Co o3 Pd e cia" ployment, mitigated the penalty to 31., which th e paid, and was' discharged ,rgTS' RAILWAY SHARE MARA HILL, Jaw. 17. Df'g' STOCK EXCITANGE. -The sales are-Blackburn' les!, and Bolton, Ne w , s s . p.-North British, Carlisle , 2l 'd 1 ,1/1 ;t Dudley, Madeley, and Ironbridge, 2 1 / 2 - 0 1 9 " P sforc e `0 Wiz. 6d.-Great North and South Wales •sn," ; 0 50 a s . pd. -Hull and Ba rns l e y J unc ti on, 425.-- . ."'"" Bedford, 11. 185.-Nottingham, E rewas h, to° SHEFFIELD, JAN. 17. ,„ STOCK EXCIZANGE.-The sales are -Eastern 22-Oxford, WorceSter, and Wolverhampton, idli9l Newark, and Sheffielci, 2 3 4-London and York , 4 2'00 0 ' . Wakefield, and Midland, 3/. ls.-Sheffield 'A u shire, 4%. d YORK, JAN. 17. STocit ExcHarrox.--The sales are-Newcastle o r lington Extension, 10s. p.-York and North 31 N 1 1 , 11 0 ;i1 tension, 41-Ditto, New (East and West Ridiiis,s Ipswich and Bury, 5-Newcastle and Berwick , 23 /:41 s 9 :) British, New C ar li s l e B ranc h, 3-L on d on a nd V r s i r e,'o) Grand Union, 1 3 4-Lancashire and North York s ti s ,l l -Manchester, Buxton, Madock, and Midland, 479 Midland, 2/. 4s. BRISTOL, JAIL 17. Es t ss STOCK ExcHasiz.--The sales are-Bristol a nd New, 8-Caledonian, New, 3%. EDINBURGH, JAN. 16. A 61 , STOCK EICHANGE.-The sales are--Aberdeen , d Aberdeen, Banff, and Elgin, IL 122.-Airdrie D i tt o,a ss gate, 2/. 125.-Arbroath and Forfar, 26/s-5 ... . 5 e, Shares, 15/. 10s.-Armagh and Portrush, 1 55 • Dumfries, 21. 7s. 6d.-Ayr and Galloway, 2/. 23.--13 84s Of e 125.-Belfast and County Down, 31. -Bridge e s 2/.-British and Irish Union, 3/. 65.-Caledo 14/. 55.-Ditto, New, 3/. Bs. 6d.-Caledonian 19s.- Caledonian andDumbarton, ern Direct, 2/. 10s.-Cambridge and Lincoln, -01. 16 1306'0' warth and West Linton, 11. 135.-Chelmsford sn'd P. 12s. 6d.-Clydesdale Junction, 21L-Cornwall li n st s se s Central, 2/. 2s. 6d.-Deeside Railway, 41. 155.-D lr , e . 31/ 0 ? ern, , 2/. Is.-Dublin and Enniskillen, 41. 75. 6 `'S.. ss tbfiS Madeley, Broseley, &c., 21. 145.-Dundee and Anu''S o'o -Ditto, New, 18/. 10s.-Dundee and Forfar Juustl n np a i 6d.-Dundee and Perth, ex new, 81.-Ditto, New, -4 `" 11 65 ' sv -East Coast of Scotland, 2/. 135.-East Indian, ' dinb 5../ rS pi ; of Fife, 21.-East L o thi an C entral, 2/. 75s - Bathgate, 31.-Edinburgh a n d Glasgow, ex. pelf, Half Shares, 191.-Ditto, Quarters, 191.-DittO, su, d " 13/. 153.-Edinburgh, Glasgow, arid Dumbarton, s y l Edinburgh and Leith Atmospheric, 1/. 14s. Leith Atmospheric Direct, 11. 155.-Edinburgh , Granton, 211.-Ditto, Preference, 23L-Edinburgh su l „ e llff i s ern, 4/.-Ditto, Newport, I/. ss. 6c1.-Ditto, ° C 7a 12s. 6d.-,-Edinburgh and Peebles, 2L-Edinburgh 4'. 11114, 4/. 155.-Edinburgh, Portobello, and Musselburgb , o 3A4 6d.-Forth and Clyd e J unc ti on , 21. 4 5 .-Gl a sgow * e s hire, 73/. IN.-Ditto, New Stock, 27L-Ditto, si Sha es, 16/. 155.--Glasgow and Belfast Union, : 00 r ir Glatow, Danifrie.s, and Carlisle, 2/. 103.-G 13 , 5 "/ 6 .5 t Dundee Junction, 2/. 55.-Glasgow and Garnkirk, 4 „`;', -- DS o s gow and Greenock, 201 IN.-Ditto, New Stock, " stJ J o Preference, 1/. 17s. 6d.-Glasgow Harbour Grand, GA, 2/. 7s. 6d.-Glasgow Harbour Mineral, 21. 7s. 6 "*; -- „ s t11, 11 . 0 ' Kilmarnock, and Ardrossan, 3/. 55.-Glasgow, and Lesmahagow, 31.-Granton Junct i on, 2/ . 2s. 611 ' -.. c1, fi p County Down, 21. 12s. 6d.-Great North of Se o 55.-Great North and South Wales, 65.-Inverness ‘,t130: 11 155.-Lanark and Galloway, V.-Lanark and l' s " Sow: 2/. lls.-Lame and Ballymena, 2/. 25.-London an,l7; slow, V. IN.-London and Manchester (Rem.), 21 * " s 's 1 0 4 don and Manchester (Rastrick), 41 IN.-London an Ea rl sow, IL-London and York, 41. 55.-Midland d Counties, 2/. 7s. 6d.-Morayshire, IL-Newcastle s ilj d O wick, 2/. 55.-Newcastle-on-Tyne, Edinburgh, s gow, 2/. 7s. 6d.-Newry and Londonderry, 1/. 1 7 ss,so s il s . British, 251. 155.-Ditto, Halves, 71.-Ditto, Ex te s "' 4 °:s Carlisle, 21.135. 6d.-Ditto, Extension to D a lkeith, , North Wales Mineral, New, 51. 10s.-Perth and Ori el ' I , Ce t i ) IL 18s.-Perth and Inverness, 1/. 17s. 6d.-Scot tish tral, 14/. 17s. 6d.-Ditt o , New, 81. 10s.-Scottish jud,c" and Caledonian Junction, 11. 14s. 6d.-Scottish tion, 2/. 55.-Scottish Midland, 6/. 10s.-Scottish Western, 1/. 175.-Scottish South Midland, 21. 65 5 - rls . 4 ", tish Southern, IL 18s.-Shrewsbury and Hereford, /ler Shrewsbury, Oswestry, and Chester, 41. 17s. 6(1.-Di" 1/. N.-South Midl an d, 4/ . 15 5.-Stirling and Dunfelulici 21. 10s.-Stirling and Midland, 21. 17 s . 6d.--S'tratbero 0) tion, 2/. IN.-Surrey Grand Junction, 1/. 2s. 6d.-L ea ,, , DOTS Valley, IL 3 s . 6d . -T yne V alley, 2/. 13.-Wl9' Coltness, 52/. 10s. GLASGOW, JAW. 16. Vong, STOCK EXCHANGE.-The sales are-Aberdeen, s'7, Gal Elgin, 325. 6d.-Airdrie and Bathgate, 515.-Ayr an," ds airi way, 425. 6d.-British and Irish Union, 705.-C s l e and Ayrshire Junction, 385.-East of Fife, 375. Ai Indian Railway, 255.-Edinburgh, Glasgow, and " ton, 17s. 6d.-Edinburgh and Northern, 8, l' 825.-Fo rth i / Clyde Junction, 445.-Glasgow G enera l T erm i n us, sil os, Glasgow Dumfries, and Carlisle, 50 5. -Gl asgo w, nock, and Ardrossan, 6 2 5.-Great North and South .s e ir 45.-Inverness and Elgin, 3 23.-Lesmahagow, Ses. c s sig ) ---° castle, Edinburgh, and Gl asgow Junction, ss. p.c"49' North Western, 345 . -Scottish South Midland Junctiotfish 6d.-Soutli Midland, 4/. Mi.-Stirling and Duffe r 495.-Wishaw and Coltness, 51/. h LADYERTISEMENT* 3—The Earl of Aidboroug Holloway's Pills. —An astounding Cure by this Init ac iP Medicine a ft er every ot h er means had failed. See extral' his Lordship's l e tt er d ate d Vill a M essina, Leghorn, F.O ,0 1845. "To P ro f essor H o ll oway. Sir,—l beg to sel you that your pills have effected a care of a disorder st liver and stom ac h w hi c h a ll the most eminent of the Edenifee home and all over t h e C ontinent had not been able to eoil Nay, not e ven th e waters of Carlsbad or Marienbad. (Sits Aldborough."—These wonderful Pills will cure any doe oosi the liver an d stomach.—Sold (also Holloway's Ointzne l o ) l sP Professor H o ll oway ' s esta b lishment, 244, Strand an d medicine vendors throughout the civilised world the The amount of subscriptions in Liverpool o' l 4 surrounding locality to the League Fund is now 13 17,0001. Additional sums are yet expected. BIRTHS. On the 14th inst., at Fortes- green, Finchley, Mrs. J° E wart, of a daughter. se" On the 15th inst., at Peckham, Mrs. J. M. Arnaud, of $ l ,Ol On the 16th inst., in St. Helen's-place, the lady of Bi c Davis, Esq., of a daughter. On the 16th inst., in Green-street., Mrs. Robert intosh, of a sou. j 3IARRIED. On the 13th inst., at St. Mary's, Woodford, the Re'l'f;v:il , Grant, of Oxenhope, Haworth, Yorkshire, to Sarah eldest daughter of C. R. Turner, Esq., Woodford, EsseN e f , On the 14th inst., at Stanton All S a i n t s , Suffolk, the,ifortl' Woodward Clarke Bidwell, 8.A., Vicar of P o tton, Be shire, to Blanche, daughter of th e R ev. G eorge Bidwell' On the 15th inst., at Kington, Herefordshire, the b ob Joshua Greaves, 8.A., Curate of St. George's, Bin:1114 to Mary Jane, youngest daughter of E. Walker, Esq. DIED. On the 16th inst., at his residence, Rye-common, Pe° ria bilb after a few days' ill ness, T homas Cox Savory, of Co London. On the 27th of N ovem b er last, at Toronto, George Dv -- .Aro tt* fifth and youngest son of the late Rev. T. Napleton. On the 9th inst., at Nantes, in France, James Wilkes' surgeon Rol Navy, aged 87. a nder On the 9t y h a inst., Mary Ann, the wife of Sir Alet— Morison, M.D., Cavendish-square. sq On the 10th inst., at Milford, near Salisbury, R. Cooe , On the 10th inst., at Rotterdam, William Collings, Ve . sfr On the 16th inst., in Rupert-street, St. James's, minster, Mr. Gregory, aged 60. of On the 16th inst., Mr. William Frederick Pewt tier ' Spencer-street, Northampton -square, Clerkenwell. co la , On the 16th inst., S usanna h , the wife of Jeded i a h Esq., of Belper, Derby. Par t E the 16th i ns t., a t Bath, Ann, widow of Fletcher Esq., of Pultency-street On the 17th inst., in John-street, Bedford-row, JalO Richardson, Esq., aged 77. • - - - - "" x ". • f Po Vti., , ,ta LI URDU Y ° , "- j„` . 11.. h, ;Strand, Priutur, at Tite Sun. Office, C o Strand, in the Pre c i nc t o f th e S avoy, i n the 4,1° ,,, — bliddleeen, Monday, January 19, 1846. I an an eel Of DrE OQ 1 b oar re st (!atiB tio„ . ti B ti ity ily vi le Ist SP 114, z o r