The Sun. — London, England, 1846-12-31 00:00:00

will be for our courts of justice to decide whether, under such circumstances, these Mexican letters of marque and reprisal shall protect those who accept them, and commit robberies upon the high seas nnder their authority, from the pains and penalties of piracy. If the certificates of naturalisation thus granted be in tended by Mexico to shield Spanish subjects from the guilt and punishment of pirates, under our treaty with Spain they will certainly prove unavailing. Such a sub terfuge would be but a weak device to defeat the provi sions of a solemn treaty. I recommend that Congress should immediately pro vide by law for the trial and punishment as pirates of Spanish snbjects who, escaping the vigilance of their Government, shall be found guilty of privateering against the United States. Ido not apprehend serious danger from these privateers. Our nary will be con stantly on the alert to protect our commerce. Besides, in case prizes should be made of American vessels, the utmost vigilance will be exerted by our blockading squadron to prevent the captors from taking them in to Mexican ports, and it is rot apprehended that any nation will violate its nutrality by suffering such prizes to be condemned and sold within its jurisdiction. I recommend that Congress should immediately pro vide by law for granting letters of marque and reprisal against vessels under the Mexican flag. It is true that there are but few, if any, commercial vessels of Mexico upon the high seas; and it is therefore not probable that many American privateers would be fitted out, in case a law should pass authorising this mode of warfare. It is, notwithstanding, certain that such privateers may render good service to the commercial interest of the country by recapturing our merchant ships, should any be taken by armed vessels under the Mexican flag, as well as by capturing these vessels themselves. Every means within our power should be rendered available for the protection of our commerce. The annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury will exhibit a detailed statement of the condition of the finances. The imports for the fiscal year ending on the 13th of June last, were of the value of one hundred and twenty-one million six hundred and ninety-one thousand seven hundred and ninety. seven dollars ; of which the amount exported was eleven million three hundred and forty-six thousand six hundred and twenty-three dol lars, leaving the amount retained in the country for domestic consumption one hundred and ten million three hundred and forty-five thousand one hundred and seventy -four dollars. The value of the exports for the same period was one hundred and thirteen million four hundred and eighty-eight thousand five hundred and sixteen dollars; of which one hundred and two million one hundred and forty-one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three dollars consisted of domestic productions, and eleven million three hundred and forty-six thou sand six hundred and twenty-three dollars of foreign articles. The receipts into the Treasury for the same year were twenty-nine million four hundred and ninety-nine thou sand two hundred and forty-seven dollars and six cents., of which there was derived from customs twenty-six millions :even hundred and twelve thousand six hundred and sixty-seven dollars and eighty-seven cents, from sales of public lands two million six hundred and ninety five thousand four hundred and fifty-two dollars and forty-eight cents, and from incidental and miscellaneous sources ninety-two thousand one hundred and twenty six dollars and seventy-one cents. The expenditure for the same period were twenty-eight million thirty one thousand one hundred and fourteen dollars and twenty cents, and the balance in the treasury on the first day of July last was nine million one hundred and twenty-six thousand four hundred and thirty-nine dol lars and eight cents. The amount of the public debt, including treasury notes, on the Ist of the present month, was twenty-four million two hundred and fifty-six thousand four hundred and ninety-four dollars and sixty cents ; of which the sum of seventeen million seven hundred and eighty eight thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine dollars and sixty-two cents was outstanding on the 4th of March, 1845, leaving the amount since that time six million four hundred and sixty seven thousand six hun dred and ninety-four dollars and ninety-eight cents. In order to prosecute the war with Mexico with lig-Our and energy, as the best means of bringing it to a speedy and honourable termination, a further loan will be necessary to meet the expenditures for the present and the next fiscal years. if the war should be conti nued until the 30th of June, 1348—being the end of the next fiscal year—it is estimated that an additional loan of twenty-three million of dollars will be required. This estimate is made upon the assumption that it will be necessary to retain constantly in the treasury four million of dollars, to guard against contingencies. It' such surplus ware not required to be retained, then a loan of nineteen roillion of dollars would be sufficient. If, however, Congress should, at the present ses , ,ion, impose a revenue duty on the principal artic:es now em braced in the free list, it is estimated that an additional annual zevonue of about tivo million and a-halt, amounting, it is estimated, on the 30th of June, 1848, to four wil'ion of dollars, would be derived from that source ; and the loan required would be reduced b. that amount. It i s est i mate d a l so, t h at should Congress gra,dunte and reduce the price of such of the public lands as have been long in the market, the additional revenue derived from that source would be annually, for several years to come between half a million awl a million of dollars, and the loan required may be reduced by that amount also. Should these measures be adopted, the loan required would not probably exceed eigh.een or nineteen milli( n of dollars—teaving in the treasury a constant surplus of four intliion of dollars. The loan proposed, it is estimated, will 1)1 sufficient to cover the necessary ex pet,dimres, both for the war arid for all other pu7p‘ses up to the 30th of June, 1843 ; and an amount ,it thiy not e xcee di ng one-halt, may be required diving the presexit fiseel year, and the greater part of the remainder during the first halt of the fiscal year suc ceeding-. In order that timely notice may be given, and proper meassures taken to effect the loan, or such portion of it as may be le qeired, it is iinrortant that the authority of Congress to make it be given at an early period of }our present session. It is suggested that the loan should be contracted for a period of twenty years, with authority to purcha,e the stock and pay it off, at an earlier period, at its market value, out of any 'urplus which may at any time be in the treasury applicable to that par pose. After the establishment of peace with M-xico, it supposed that a considerable surplus will exist, and t-iat the debt may be extinguished in a much shorter p-rind than that. for which i' may be contracted. The period . of 20 years, a s th at f or w h ic h the proposed loan may be . contracted, in preference to a shorter period, is sug gested, because all experience, both at borne and abroad, has shown that loans are effected upon much better terms upon long time titan when they are reimbursable at short dates. Necesary as this nv.asure i to sustain the honour and the interests of the country, engaged in a foreign war, it i 3 not doubted but that Congress will pr, mptly authorise it. The balance in the treasury on the IA of July last ex ceeded nine trillion ut dollars, notwithstanding consi derable expenditures, had been mad:, for the war during the months of May and June preceding. But for the war, the whole public debt could and would have been extinguished within a short period; and it was a part of my sewed p they to do a r, and thus relieve the people from its burden, and piece the Government in a position which would enable it to reduce the public expenditure to that economicd stsndard v.hich is mist consistent with the grrp,rA welfare, arid the pure and wholesome progress of our institutions. Among our just can ,es for complaint against Mexico, arising out of her refusal to treat for peace, as well before as since the war so unjustly commenced on her part, are the extraordinary expenditures in which we have been involved. Justice to our own people will make it proper thit Mexico should be held responsible for the 3? expt:s.nditore. Economy in the public experditures is at all times a high duty which all public functionaries of the Govern ment owe to the pe4.)ple. This duty becomes the more imperative in a period of war, when large and extraor dinary expenditures become unavoidable. During the existence of the war with Mexico all our resources should be husb,,nded, and no appropriations made except such as are absolutely necessary for i,s vigorous prosecution and the due administration of the Government. Objects of appropriation which in peace may be deemed useful and proper, but which are not indispensable for the public service, may, when the country is engaged in a foreign war, t • well postponed to a future period By the ob servance of this policy at your present session, large amounts may be saved to the treasury, and be applied to objects of pressii , g and urgent necessity, and thus the creation of a corresponding amount of public debt may be avoided. It is not meant to recommend that the ordinary and necessary appropriations for the support of Government should be withheld, but it is well known that at every session of C. ingress appropriations are proposed for numerous objects which may or may not be made, wt.h out tea e: ialiy affect;ng the public interests; and these it is recommended should not be granted. The Act passed at your last session " reducing the euties On imports" not having gone into operation until the Ist of the present month, there has not been time for its practical effect upon the revenue, and the business of the country, to be developed. It is not doubted, how ever, that the just policy which it adopts will add largely to our foreign trade, and promote the general pros perity. Although it cannot be certainly foreseen what. amount of revenue it will yield, it is estimated that it will exceed that produced by the Act of 1842, which it superseded. The leading principles established by it are, to levy the taxes with a view to raise revenue, and to impose them upon the articles imported according to their actual value. The Act of by the excessive rates of duty which it imposed on many articles, either totally excluded them from importation, or greatly reduced the amount im ported, and thus diminished instead of producing revenue. By it the taxes were imposed not for the legitimate pur poses of revenue, but to afford advantages to favoured classes, at the expense of a large majority of their fellow-citizens. Those employed in agriculture, mechanical pursuits, commerce and navigation, were compelled to contribute from their substance to s sell the profits and overgrown wealth of the comparat:vely f e w who had invested their capital in manteactures. Th e arti taxe s cles u were not levieii in proporti on to t h e value of the upon which they were imposed ; but widely de parting from this just rule, the lighter taxes were, in many cases, levied upon articles of luxury and high price, and the heavier taxes on those of necessity and l o w price, consumed by the great mass of the eople. It Was a system the inevitable effect of whi c h was to relieve favoured classes and the wealthy few from contributing their just proportion for l i kels Port of G overnment, and to lay the burden on the labou r of the many engaged in other pursuits than manufacture s . A system so unequal and so unj ust has been super seded by the existing law, which imp oses duties, not for the benefit or injury of classes or purs u i ts, but distrt butte, and, as far as practicable , equalises the publie THE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY MORNENG, DECEMBER 31, 1846. burdens among all classes and occupations. The favoured classes who, under the unequal and unjust system which has been repealed, have hereto fore realised large profits, and many of them amassed large fortunes, at the expense of the many who have been made tributary to them, will have no reason to complain if they shall be required to bear their just proportion of the taxes necessary for the support of government. So far from it, it will be perceived, by an examination of the existing law, that discriminations in the rates of duty imposed, within the revenue principle, have been retained in their favour. The incidental aid against foreign competition, which they still enjoy, gives them an advantage which no other pursuits possess; but of this none others will complain, because the duties levied are necessary for revenue. These revenue duties, including freights and charges, which the importer must pay before he can come in competition with the home manufacturer in our markets, amount, on nearly all our leading branches of manufacture, to more than one third of the value of the imported article, and in some cases to almost one-half its value. With such advantages, it is not doubted that our domestic manufacturers will continue to prosper, realising in well-conducted establishments even greater profits than can be de rived from any other regular business. Indeed, so far from requiring the protection of even incidental revenue duties, our manufactures in several leading branches are extending their business, giving evidence of great ingenuity and skill, and of their ability to compete, with increased prospect of success, for the open market of the world. Domestic manufacturers, to the value of several millions of dollars, which cannot find a market at home, are annually exported to foreign countries. With such rates of duty as those established by the existing law, the system will probably be permanent ; and capi talists who have made, or shall hereafter make, their in vestments in manufactures, will know upon whet to rely. 'The country will be satisfied with these rates, be cause the advantages which the manufacturers still en joy result necessarily from the collection of revenue for the support of Government. High protective duties, from their unjust operation upon the masses of the people, cannot fail to give rise to extensive dissatis faction and complaint, and to constant efforts to change or repeal them, rendering all investments in manufac tures uncertain and precarious. Lower and more per manent rates of duty, at the same time that they will yield to the manufacturer fair and remunerating profits, will secure him against the danger of frequent changes in the system, which cannot fail to ruinously affect his interests. Simultaneously with the relaxation of the restrictive policy by the United States, Great Britain, from whose example we derive the system, has relaxed hers. She ' has modified her corn-laws, and reduced many other duties to moderate revenue rates. After ages of expe rience, the statesmen of that country have been con strained by a stern necessity, and by a public epinion having its deep foundation in the sufferings and wants of LI. poverished millions, to abandon a system the effect of which was to build up immense fortunes in the hands of the few, and to reduce the labouring millions to pauperism and misery. Nearly in the same ratio that labour was depressed, capital increased and concentrated by the British protective policy. The evils of the system in Great Britain were at length rendered intolerable, and it has been abandoned, but not without a severe struggle on the part of the protected and favoured classes to retain the unjust advantages which they have so long enjoyed. It was to be expected that a similar struggle would be made by the same classes in the United States, whenever an attempt was made to modify or abolish the same unjust system here. The protective policy had been in operation in the United States for a much shorter period, and its perni cious effects were not therefore so clearly perceived and felt. Enough, however, was known of these effects to induce its repeal. It would be strange if, in the face of the example of. Great Britain, our principal foreign consumer, and of the evils of a system rendered manifest in that country by lung and painful experience, and in the face of the: immense advantages which, under a more liberal com mercial policy, we are already deriving, and must con tinue to derive, by supplying her starving population with food, the United States should restore a policy which she has been compelled to abandon, and thus. diminish her ability to purchase from us the food and other articles which she so much seeds, and we se much desire to sell. By the simultaneous abandonment of the protective policy by Great Britain and the United States, new and important markets have already been opened for our agricultural and other products; commerce and navigation have received a new impulse; labour and trade have been released from the artificial trammels which have so long fettered them; and to a great extent reci procity, in the exchange of commodities, has been intro duced at the same time by both countries, and greatly for the benefit of both. Great Britain has been forced, by the pressure of circumstances at home, to abandon a policy which has been upheld for ages, and to open her markets for our immense surplus of bread stuffs; and it is confidently believed that other Powers of Europe_will ultimately see the wisdom, if they be not compelled by the pauperism and sufferings of their crowded popula• Lion, to pursue a similar policy. Our farmers are more deeply interested in maintain ing the just and liberal policy of the existing law than any other class of our citizsens. They constitute a lar g e majority of our population; and it is well known that whea they prosper all other pursuits prosper also. They have heretofore not only received none of the bounties or favours of Goverument, but by the unequal operations of the protective policy, have been made by the burdens Of taxation, which it imposed, to contribute to the boun ties which have enriched others. When a foreign as well as a home market is opened to them they must receive, as they aro now recei'ing, in c: eased prices for their produce. They will find a reedit r sale, and at better prices for their wheat, fl )ur, rice, Indian corn, beef, p rk, lard, butter, cheese, and other xr:ieles which they produce. The home market alone is inadequate to enable them to dispose of the immense surplus of food and other articles which they are capable of producing, even at the most reduced prices, for the manifest reason that they cannot be consumed in the country. The United States can, from their immense surplus, supply net only the home demand, but the deficiencies of food required by the whole werld. That the reduced production of some of the chief articles of food in Great Britain and other parts of Europe may have contributed to increase the demand for our bread stuffs and provisions, is hot doubted ; but that the great and effic ent cause of this increased de mand, and of increased prices, consists in the removal of artifice' restrictions heretofore imposed, is deemed to be equally certain. That our exports of food already in creased and increasing beyond former example, under the more liberal percy which has been adopted, will be still vastly cola- ged, unless they be checked or prevented by a restoration of the protective policy, cannot he doubted. That our commercial and navigating interests will be enlarged in a corresponding ratio with the in crease of our trade is equally certain ; while our m znu factoring interests will still be the favoured interests of the country, and receive the incidental protection afforded them by revenue duties, and more than this they cannot justly demand. In my annual message of December last, a tariff of re venue duties, based upon the principles of the existing law, was rec mmended, and I have seen no reason to change the opinions then expressed. In view of the pro bablebeneficial effec ts of that law, I recommend that the po licy established by it be maintained. It has but just com menced to operate, and to abandon or modify it without giving it a fair trial would be inexpedient and unwise. Should defects in any of its details be ascertained by actual experience to exist, these may be hereafter cor rected ; but until such defects shall become mattifeet, the Act should be fairly tested. It is submitted fur your consideration whether it may not be proper, as a war measure, to impose revenue duties on some of the articl , s now embraced in the free list. Should it be deemed proper to impose such duties, with a view to raise revenue to meet the expenses of the war with Mexico, or to avoid to that extent the creation of a public debt, they may be repealed when the emergency which gave rise to them shall cease to exist, and constitute no part of the permanent policy of the country. The Act of the 6th of August last "to provide for the better organisation of the Treasury, and for the col lection, safe keeping, transfer, and di s b ursement o f t h e public revenue," has been carried into execution as rapidly as the delay necessarily arising out of the ap pointment of new officers, taking and approving their bonds, and preparing and securing proper places for the safe keeping of the public money, would permit. It is not proposed to depart in any respect from the princi ples of policy on which this great measure is founded. There are, however, defects in the details of the measure, developed by its practical operation, which are fully set forth in the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, to which the attention of Congress is invited. These defects would impair, to some extent, the successful operation of the law at all times, but are especially embarrassing when the country is engaged in a war, when the expen. ditures are greatly increased, when loans are to be effected, and the disbursements are tee be made at points many hundred miles distant, in some cases, from any depository, and a large portion of them in a foreign t c h o e un s t ec ry r . eta Try of the Treasury heaiifivationss a u r g e g r e ee ste ona d u in en th dcd eretpoo3r.ot our favourable consideration. ------- • In connexion with this subject, I invite your attention to the importance of establishing a branch of the mint of the United States at New York. Two-thirds of the re• venue derived from customs being colleeted at that part, the demand for specie to pay the duties will be large; and a branch mint, where foreign coin and bullion could be immediately converted into American coin, would . greatly facilitate the transaction of the public business, enlarge the circulation of gold and silver, and be, at the same time, a safe depository of the public money. The importance of graduating and reducing the price of such of the public lands as have been long offered in the market, at the minimum rate authorised by existing laws, and remain unsolrl, induces me again to recom mend the subject tv your favourable consideration. Many millions of aer s of these lands have been offered in the market for more than thirty years, and lar er quantities for more than tea or twenty years; and, bring of an inferior qualit3 , they must remain unsaleable for an indefinite period, unless the price at which they may be purchased shell be reduced. To place a price upon them above their real value is not only to prevent their sale, and thereby deprive the Treasury of any ineoine from that source, but is unjust to the states in which they lie, because it retards their growth and increase of popula tion, and because they have no power to levy a tax upon them as upon other lands wabin their limits, held by other proprietors than the United States, fur the support of their local Governments. The beneficial effects of the graduation principle have been realised by some of the states owning the lands within their limits, in which it has been adopted. They have been demonstrated also by the United States acting as the trustee of the Chickasaw tribe of Indians in the sale of their lands lying within the states of Mississippi and Ala- I barna. The Chickasaw lands, which would not command in the market the minimum price established by the laws of the United States fur the sale ot their lands, were, in pursuance of the treaty of 1534 with that tribe, subsequently offered for sale at graduated and re reduced rates for limited periods. The result was, that large quantities of these lands were purchased which would otherwise have remained unsold. The lands were disposed of at their real value, and many persons ot limited means were enabled to purchase small tracts, upon which they have settled with their families. That similar results would be produced by the adoption of the gzaduation policy by the United States, in all the states in which they are the owners of large tracts of lands which have been long in the market, cannot be doubted. It cannot be a sound policy to withhold large quan tities of the public lands from the use and occupation of our citizens, by fixing upon them prices which experience has shown they will not command. On the contrary, it is a wise policy to afford facilities to our ci tizens to become the owners, at low and moderate rates, of freeholds of their own, instead of being the tenants and dependents of others. If it be apprehended that these lands, if reduced in price, would be secured in large quantities by speculators or capitalists, the sales may be restricted, in limited quantities, to actual settlers z ,or issr • sons purchasing for purposes ot cultivation. In my last annual Message I submitted for the consi deration of Congress the present system of managing the mineral lands of the United States, and restom mended that they should be brought into market and sold, upon such terms and under such restrictions as Congress might prescribe. By the Act of the 11th of July last, " the reserved lead nines and contiguous lands in the states of Illinois and Arkansas, and tei ri tories of Wisconsin and lowa," were authorised to he sold. The Act is confined, in its operation, to " lead mines and contiguous lands." A large portion of the public lands, containing copper and other ores, is represented to be very valuable, and I recommend that provision be made authorising the sale of these lands, upon such terms and conditions as their supposed value may, in the judgment of Congress, be deemed advisable, having due regard to the interests of such of our citizens as may be located upon them. It will be important, during your present session, to establish a territorial government, and to extend the jurisdiction and laws of the United States over the terri tory of Oregon. Our laws regulating trade and inter course with the Indian tribe east of the Rocky Mountains should be extended to the Pacific Ocean ; and for the purpose of executing them, and preserving friendly re lations with the Indian tribes within our limits, an addi tional number of Indian agencies will be required, and should be authorised by law. The establishment of custom houses, and of post-offices and post-roads, and provision for the transportation of the mail on such routes as the public convenience will suggest, require legisla tive authority. It will be proper, also, to establish a surveyor-general's office in that territory, mud !o m 'he the necessary provision for surveying the public lands and bringing them into market. As our citizens who now reside in that distant region have been subjected to many hardships. privations, and sacrifices, in their emi gration, and by their improvements have enhatiA,..ed the value of the public lands in the neighbourhood of their settlements, it is recommended that liberal grants be made to them of such portions of these lands as they may occupy, and that similar grants or rights of pre• emption be made to all who may emigrate thither within a limited period, to be prescribed b) law. The report of the Secretary of War contains detailed information relative to the several branches of the public service connected with that department. The operations of the army have been of a satisfactory and highly grati fying character. I recommend to your early and favourable considera.. tion the measures, as proposed by the Secretary of War, for speedily Riling up the rank and file of the regular army, for its greater efficiency in the field, and for raising an additional force to serve during the war wi-h Mexico. Embarrassment is likely to arise from want of legal provision authorising compensation to be made to the agents employed in the several states and territories to pay the revolutionary and other pensioners the amounts allowed them by law. Your attention is invited to the recommendations of the Secretary of War cn this sub ject. These agents incur heavy responsibilities and per form important duties, and no reason exists why they should not be placed on the same footing, as to compen sation, with other disbursing officers. Our relations with the various Indian tribes continue to be of a pacific character. The unhappy dissensions which have existed among the Cherokees for many years past have been healed. Since my last annual Message, important treaties have been negotiated with some of the tribes, by which the Indian title to large tract. of vale able land within the limits of the states and territories has been extingui:hed, and arrangements made for re moving them to the country west of the Mississippi. Between three and four thousand of different tribes have' been removed to the country provided for them by treaty stipulations, and arrangements have teen made for others to follow. In our intercourse with the several tribes particular attention has been given to the important subject of education. The number of schools established among them has been increased, and additional means provided, not only for teaching them the rudiments of education, but of instructing them in agthulture and the mecha nic arts. I refer you to the report of the Secretary of the Navy for a satisfactory view of the operations of the depart ment under his charge during the past !ear. It is gra tifying to perceive that while the war with Mexico has rendered it necessary to employ an unusual numher of our armed vessels on her coasts, the protection duv, to our commerce in other quarters of the world has not proved insufficient. No means will be spared to give efficiency to the naval service in the prosecution of the war ; and I am happy to know that the officers arid men anxiously desire to devote themselves to the s.rvice of their country in any enterprise, however difficult of exe cution. I recommend to your favourable consideration the proposition to add to each of our foreign squadrons an efficient sea steamer, and, as especially demanding atten tion, the establishment at Pensacola of the nece-sary means of repairing and refitting the vessels of the navy employed in the Gulf uf Ms•xieo. There are other suggestions in the report which de serve, and, I doubt not, will receive your consideration. The progress and condition of the msil service for the past year are fully presented in the report of the Postmaster-General. The revenue fur the year ending on the 30th of June last amounted to three million four hundred and eighty-seven thousand ene hundred and ninety-nine dollars, which is eight hundred and two thousand six hundred and forty-two dol lars and forty .five cents less than that of the pre ceding year. The payments for the department during the same time amounted to four mil ion eighty four thousand twe hundred and ninety-seven dollars and twenty-two cents. Of this sum five hundred and ninety-seven thousand and ninety-seven dollars and eighty cents have been drawn from the treasury. The disbursements for the year were two hundred and thirty six thousand four hundred and thirty-four dollars and seventy-seven cents less than those of the precedine year. While the disbursements have been thus di minished, the mail facilities have been enlarged by new mail routes of five thousand seven hundred arid thirty nine miles ; an increase of transportation of one million seven hundred and sixty-four thousand one 'meths d and forty-five miles, and the establishment of 418 new post offices. Contractors, postmasters, and others engaged in this branch of this service, have performed their duties with energy and faithfulness de serving commendation. For many interesting details connected with the operations of this establishment, you are referred to the report of the Postmaster Ge neral; and his suggestions for improving its revenues are recommended to your favourable consideration. I repeat the opinion expressed in my last annual mes sage, that the business of this department should be so regulated that the revenues derived from it should be made equal to the expenditures; and it is believed that this may be done by proper modifications of the present laws as suggested in the report of the Post master-General, without changing the present rates of postage. With full reliance upon the wisdom and patriotis m of your deliberations, it will be my duty, as it alll be my anxious desire, to co-operate with you in every constitutional effort to promote the welfare and main tain the honour of our common country. Washington, Dec 8, 1846. JAMES K. POLK. TUESDAY WINDSOR, EYENING.—It has been stated that the enlargement of the tower (at the hack of the Wardrobe-tower), intended as a dwelling-house and offices for Mr. Turnbull, the Clerk of the Works, has been suspended, in consequence of the Wardrobe-tower having bet n assigned as the residence of Colonel Phipp-, tie Prince Consort's new private secretary. This was an error. The simple fact is that the Clerk of the Work 4, Mr. Turnbull, quits the Wardrobe tower to make. room for Colonel Phippx ; and the new building in .the mar, intended as the permanent residence of Mr. Turn bull, will go on to its completion. DARING HIGHWAY ROBBERY.—On Tuesday even ing last, as Mr. Fauchon, of Wrotham, was returing from Maidstone market, when he had proceeded about two miles on the London road he was suddenly as sailed by five men, who stopped his cart, and with great imprecations demanded his money. They drew the cart to the side of the road, struck Mr. Fauchon on the back of his head, dragged him out of the cart, and succeeded in robbing him of a cheque for 34/, one sovereign, arid a silver watch. lie immediati ly re turned to Maidstone and gave information to the po- lice, but the ruffians have Lot yet been appretitn led. Mr. Fauchon':; purse and a fire-office receipt have been since found in the wood near the spot.—Maidstone Ga zette. REFUSAL TO BURY A SUICIDE.—On Tuesday, up•- p•lsatien was made to sir. Baker, the Coroner, for his interference in a case where a clergyursit refined to perform the funeral service over the body of a girl, it was supposed, had drowned herself in the L,frndon Docks. The clergyman complained of is the lt,v, Bryan King, of St. George's-in-the-East. The Coroner said, his power ended when the fury were discharged, and he could not interfere in the matter. It appeared that the rofusal to read the funeral service was not [nide known till the body was taken to the burial ground, and that one of the relatives afterwards read some prayers over the grave, and the corpse was hurled. THE IRON TRADE.—OIIt Birmingham Correspond ent says—" It is now understood, in well-intOrmed quar:ecs, that nt the forthcoming quarterly meeting of ironmasters no advance on pre,ent prices will be pro posed. The demand for rails and chairs is such as would justify an advance, but as that would be immediately followed by a strike among the miners, if their wages were not materially increased, and as it would have the effect of crushing many of the small manufacturers, whose profits are already reduced to the lowest point by the high cost of the raw material, it is deemed most ad visable to let things remain as they are. Coals have ► again advanced a shilling a ton." REPORT OF THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY ON THE DRAIN , AGE ACT. The following is a copy of the repel by the directors of the Highland and Agricultural Society, on the Act 9th and 10th Victoria, cap. 101, called the Drainage Act. The directors, it will be seen, are decided in their appro bation of this measure : "As this Act is a measure directly bearing on the interests of all the agricultural cheeses in the United Kingdom, from the proprietor to the labourer ; and as it is believed that the nature of its priivisions, as well as the interpretation which it will probably receive from the Commissioners, are as yet but imperfectly known, the directors of the Highland and Agricultural Society have considered it to be their duty to give the measure their best consideration, se as to enable them to express to the society an opinion in regard to the advantages which it offers. " The directors would premise by stating, that were this measure at present before the Legiature, and therefore open to discussion as a subject of future, po licy, they would hold themselves precluded by the rules of the society from entertaining it ; but seeing that it is now the law of the land, having ter its declared object tt_e promotion of agriculture, they consider that it legiti mately fails within the scope of their duty to point out the nature and extent of its advantages, to explain the • manner in which they can be most readily realised, and spectfully to offer for the consideration of Government any suggestion; the adoption of which might give to these advantages additional effect. " The object of the Act, as set forth in the preamble, are the increase of the productiveness and value of land by drainage, the employment of agricultural labour, and the improvement of the general healzh of the com munity. " To effect these most useful and important purposes, the Act authorises the issue by the Treasury, from the Consolidated Fund, of two millions for Great Britain, and one million for Ireland. The Inclosure Commis sioners for England and Wales are nominated the Com missioners for carrying the Act into execution in Great Britain, and all applications from Scotland, for advances under the Act, must be addressed to them. The appli cations are advertised in the Gazette, and in a local news paper ; two months are allowed to elapse, and if in that interval any objection is stated by heritable creditors or substitute heirs of entail, the applicant must obtain the authority of the Court of Session, which will be a suffi warrant to the Commissioners to entertain the appli cation. " When no objection is stated the Commissioners at once direct an inspection of the land :proposed to be drained, to be made by an assistant commissioner or surveyor ; and if they are satisfied with his report, they issue to the applicant a provisional certificate, declaring that a loan shall be issued when the proposed works have been executed according to the plan and specifica tions lodged. " The Commissioners may order occasional inspec tions during the progress of the works. On the certi ficate of the commissioner or surveyor that the works have been completed, and that the amount specified in the provisional certificate has been expended, a warrant will be issued by the Treasury for payment. The loan bears interest at 61 per cent. for the period of twenty two years, the payment of which extinguishes the debt. " As diferent portions of the work are completed, an advance, to the extent of two-thirds of the value of the drainage executed, may be made to account of the sum in the provisional certificate ; but if the different farms or townships to be drained shall have been separately specified in the schedule of application, then the whole of the expense of any specified operation actually com pleted will be paid. "The first question which naturally suggests itself to a party desirous to avail himself of the provisions of such a measure, is—how far it will prove financially advan tageous ? The directors have no hesitation in express ing their opinion, that the terms on which advances are offered are favourable to the borrower. These are, that for twenty-two years the party obtaining the advance shall pay 6lt per cent. thereon. And if 4 per cent. be taken as the ordinary rate at which he can borrow in the market, which is the least that he would pay at pre sent, it is believed that calculation win show him to be a gainer ; for, at the end of the period of twenty-two years, the whole sum borrowed will not have been repaid by him. It is not, however, in this point of view only that the pecuniary benefit is to be considered ; for there is the manifest advantage of accumulation, and consequent extinction of debt within a limited period, and this in a manner which country gentlemen cannot, under ordi nary circumstances, command, while they are not ex posed to the unavoidable expense attending the occa sional transfer of securities and termly payment of interest. "It may be objected that the landowner must, in the first place, make the entire advance; but this unavoid able difficulty may possibly be obviated by lodging the provisional certificate at a bank, as a security for an in terim advance. " The next question which presents itself is—how far these advantages are counteracted by the expense of the machinery devised to secure them? The directors are aware that many may be deterred from availing them selves of the boon offered, by the fear of involving them selves in a heavy expenditure in the first instance; and they are therefore happy to have it in their power to state that, in their opinion, such apprehensions are un founded. " Not only is the procedure indicated by the act simple and economical; but the Commissioners are disposed to give effect to it in such a manner as to subject applicants to the least possible expense. " The directors are supp ,ried in this statement by the terms of a printed letter, addressed to proprietors in the distressed districts of the Highlands and Islands of Scot land, by Mr. Blamire, one of the Commissioners_ The directors refer to that document wi:h much satisfaction; for though it cannot be regarded as the official commu nication of the whole Commissioners as a board, it may safely be read as an exposition of the views entertained by Mr. Blamire, and of the interpretation which he believes his colleagues are disposed to give to the Act. The directors have no hesitation in expressing their high opinion of the soundness and liberality of these views, which are in consonance with the spirit of the Act. " The only preliminary proceedings creative o expense (assuming the non-existence of obj. ctors to the applica tion) are the advertisements and the inspection of the land. The first step is an Intimation by any landowner of his wish to avail himself of the rovisim a of the Aet, addressed to—' The Inclosure Commissioners of England and Wales;' on receipt Of which they forward for his execution a simple form, specifying, when filled up, the particulars of his application. Notice is then sent by the Commissioners to the Gazette and local newspapers of the application, and an inspection of the ground is directed. The expense of this preliminary report, and also the subsequent investigation, is borne by the appli cant; but Mr., Blamire states, that 'the Commissioners are most sincerely desirous of subjecting landowners to as small an amount Of expense for the superintendence of the works as may be compatible pith a proper dis charge of their duty; and, with the view of doing so, they are disposed to select as their assis ants parties resident in the immediate localities of such works—assuming that parties competent and trustworthy can there be found.' " The directors have no doubt that competent arid trestworly inspectors can be found in every district; and they would suggest, with the view of diminishing the expense of the survey, that proprietors in the same locality and district of country who into rid to make at - plication. should do so simultaneously, so as to allow the Commissioners to nominate one surveyor, and enable him to conclude the different inspections at one and the same time. " Mr. Blamire's letter contains the following satis factory announcement With the view of enabling applicants to commence their works at once, and without waiting for the expiration of the two months prescribed by the 18th section, the Commissioners have decide d that all works done after applications have been made for advances, are works done under the provisions of the Act, and that the cost thereof will be included in the es timate of the money to be advanced, assuming the works to be done satisfactorily, and that the contem plated drainage is not stopped by reason of objections taken thereto by parties having charges on the lands in question.' "The directors believe that this announcement will induce and enable proprietors to commence at once certain portions of the operations embraced in their ap plications, and thereby to provide immediate work for tie non-employed of able-bodied persons in the country. But it is necessary that every proprietor who may de termine to take advantage of the facility thus afforded, for giving immediate employment to the labouring classes, should be careful o keep accurate accounts and vouchers for the sums expeneed. While noticing the Lecessary procedure to be observed, the directors would further call attention to the circumstance, that in no eta to of it are bonds exigible except for the expense of preliminary investigation, should the Commissioners think it necessary; and that where bonds are used they are declared to be exempted from stamp duty. " Proprietors ought not to be deterred from applying for assistance, by any apprehension that they may be trammelled in executing the drainage of. their estates by being compelled to observe any precise rules, or to fol low any one system. On this point, the views expressed in Mr. Blamire's letter are of the most distinct and satis factory nature With reference to the kind of drainage to be adopted, and to the manner of effecting the same, the Commissioners would not be disposed to object to any plan of drainage proposed ; assuming that it was one which the party would have adopted hid he been expending his own money, and, assuming also, that it was not manifestly an improper and judicious one. The object of the landowners and of the Commis sioners must be identical, vire, that of effecting the grevizest amount tif improvement' at the least cost—due ! and reasonable regard being had to the permanency of the works. "''the Commissioners are well aware that no one systism of drainage is applicable to every ease ; on the , conti!ary, they believe that each else should be dealt with as its peculiar circumstances atvi facilities may , point out. On this head I will only further add, that I ounce ice the Commissioners may fairly be expected to be ' put in possession, within a short time, of such informs.- ; L a m els to the most efficient and inexpensive methods of draan.ing every variety of soil, in every part of Great Bri tai, as to be capable of affording advice to those re ir• Such advice and assistance they would, of course, be , everreedy to afford, t h oug h , as I conce i ve , w ith ou t irc , a zing to ineis', upon its adoption. ',With reference to the drainage of cultivated lands, I will inly remark that the depth of the drains, and their distance' asunder, must necessarily depend upon a tho rough knowledge of the subs,iil, and of its retentiveness, which L:novvliedge can only be acquired, in numerous cases, by• actual proof of the results of comparative ex perimen's on the same soil ; no science or skill, as I believe, being equal to determine the relative reteri tivene`,A of ditfere.ot soils, unaided by practice or expo rime The adoption, top, of the material to be used for the drains, mint and will dep'-nd upon the faciitics for 0 )- )tainin‘ 2 ttw:h materials, and their relative prices in each Leaky.' " In another and important respect, the interpretation of the Act in regard to the drainage of uncultivated lands, the directors must again recur with satisfaction to Mr. Blamire's letter. That gentleman states—' With refer ence to the drainage of uncultivated lands (of lands still in a state of nature), it will often be found that the first procc , s must be that of getting out of the land, to a cer tain depth, all s ones or portions of rock, by trenching such lanai; more et- less perfectly; as well for the purpose of obtaining the materials for drainage, as of rendering the lands capable of being ploughed in the ordinary manner. " The second process would he that of putting in the drains. and the third, that of fencing the lands when drained. r" Now, as to the first of these three processes, I can only say (in the ahsence or my colleagues) that I am in dividually of opinion that such trenching is an expense necessarily incident to the drainage of land, and there fore clearly within the provisions of the Act ; and that I have no doubt but that the board will so decide. " As to the third point, the fencing, the board have not as yet had any discussion upon it, and it is not a point which would appear to me to press for immediate decision ; at the same time I may venture, I think, to state to you, that I have every reason to hope and to ex pect that the Government will not withhold their sanc tion to this construction of the Act, such fencing bring consequent upon the drainage of the land. " • With reference to the drainage of moss or bog lands, I will only state that I conceive, in many cases, the main drains would be made to answer the purposes of fences, and that no fencing, or but little, would be required in such cases. "' And lastly, it would appear to me that by the drain age of many of your sheep-walks, a vast improvement, both in the temperature of the climate and in the herbage of your pastures, might-be effected.' " The directors agree with Mr. Blamire, that trench ing is a necessary accompaniment to the draining of uncultivated lands, to be rendered arable; and they have much satisfaction in thinking, that the provisions of the Act are to cover the expense of such an operation, which will be of great advantage in districts occupied by cottagers, as enabling them to increase the extent of their lots. The directors are not aware whether the Commissioners may consider themselves entitled to sanction expenditure on fencing; but it is hoped that the measure will be so far extended, should a supplementary Bill be brought forward.* " The directors, while expressing their approval of the objects of the Act, of the manner in which it is to be executed, and of the liberal views entertained by the Commissioners, would take the opportunity of respect fully making a few suggestions for their consideration. " Mr. Blamire states, that the Commissioners make a point of directing the attention of applicants for advances to the propriety (when practicable) of stating in their applications the sum required for the drainage ' of each farm or parcel of land separately, in order that, so soon as the drainage of such farm or parcel of land is completed, the whole amount assigned for such works by the provisional certificate (section 17) may be paid; otherwise, when the application refers to the drainage of more farms than one, and the provisional certificate assigns an aggregate sum for the drainage of these farms, the 17th section prevents an advance on account for works done, of more than two-thirds parts of the sum then expended.' " The directors would suggest, that the Board of Commissioners should, after entertaining an application to cover the sum necessary for the whole of the drainage contemplated on an estate or barony, and issuing a pro- 1 visional certificate for the gross amount, thereafter receive, in the shape of a supplement specification, the details of the expenditure to be made on each farm or township, in order to facilitate the payment of the full amount so specified and expended on each separate piece of work. " But it would be an additional boon to landowners, and give them increased facility in availing therssi-lves of the benefit of the Act, if the advances on account,' referred to in sections 17 and 28, were extended from two-thirds to the whole of the sum covered by the pro visional certificate ; and the directors would strongly urge these points for the consideration of the Commis sioners. In the event of another Act, it would be desirable that power should be given to all proprietors to cla;m the expense of the tail or outfall, as a proper part of the expense of drainage, and more especially that proprietors of upper lands should have a right of outfall, through adjoining and lower properties. The Irish Drainaire Act contains such a provision, and the introduction of a similar one for Scotland, under proper precautions for the protection of the proprietor whose land is to be used, would remove obstacles which now present themselves to the drainage of many parts of the country. " The directors would, in conclusion, express their decided opinion, that the Drainage Act confers a great boon on the landed interest generally, and more espe cially on proprietors holding their estates under settle ments of entail, who, at present, can borrow money for such improrents only at a greater sacrifice; while by the present measure they can, with the aid of their tenants (who, in most cases, will readily agree to pay a large share of the interest), raise money at the ordinary market rate. It is also to be observed that the interpre tation which the Commissioners will, it is expected, put on its provisions, as well as the manner in which they are ready to give effect to them, materially enhance the advantages it affords. " The advantages are not confined to any one section of the . agrjeultural class, but extend to the whole b.,dy; to the landlord and to the tenant, by holding out, in the absence of other means, a ready mode of improving their lands; to the labourer, by providing for him work and wages; and to the country, by increasing the productive ness of our nati►e soil. " The act recognises the right of a tenant to become a party to an application, and the tenantry of the country, especially those holding current leases con taining no clauses for drainage, cannot be too strongly impressed with the importance of availing them selves of the benefit of this measure, by co-operating, when necessary, with their landlord. In many cases the concurrence of a tenant may not be required, but in others, from the peculiar circumstances in which the estate may be placed, it may be unavoidable. The advantage of such co-operation cannot be better illustra ted than by the following ease, the circumstanc , s of which are known to one of the directors, and, with a statement of them, they will close this report:—Within these few days a farm was let under condition that the proprietor should expend a certain sum in cutting drains the t. nant filling them. After the bargain was con cluded, the tenant proposed that the proprietor should avail himself of the provisions of the Drainage Act, and apply for double the sum to be so expended, on which he offered to pay interest at the rate of four per cent. To this proposal the proprietor at once agreed, and the effect of it is, that the proprietor gets double the sum he proposed expending upon the permanent improvement of his estate. for payment merely of an annuity of 2per cent. for twenty-two years, at the end of which the whole sum expended is extinguished.' * To the Highland districts in which the potato crop has failed, this is a matter of the highest impertance. If these districts are no longer to depend on potatoes for the chief food of the inhabitants, the cultivation of grain must be largely increased, and much new land brought under tillage; for nearly three acres of oats or bear are required to produce as much human food as one acre of potatoes. Thesa districts are all grazing countries, and in such countries crops of any kind cannot be raised without secure fences. THE HERRING DUTIES. (From the John O'Grout Journal.) The following will exhibit at one view the present duties on Scotch herrings, and upon other fish, presently levied by the various continental nations. It will be seen at once that it would be a matttr of the highest importance to obtain an alteration in any of these duties : Ruts of Duty on British Herrings and Dried Fish in Foreign Countries. PRUSSIAN DUTY. Per barrel of pickled herrings, one thule or thaler, equal to about sterling. Transit duty on herrings carried through Prussia into Russia, Poland, Austria, &c., one-half thaler per barrel, or about Is. 6d. sterling. LA INTYL i..I6ENCE. COURT OF BAAKIIUPCY, Dec 30. IN RE SMITH, BOLT, AND NEALE. To-day was appointed i 4 the application of these bankrupts (who were proprietors of the Iron 1 isms news paper), for their certificates. Messrs. Holt and Neale attended, but Mr. Smith had not been able to pay the fees. Mr. Berry, a creditor, opposed the bankrupts on the ground of extravagance whilst in a hopeless state of in solvency, and other grounds, tin• principal being against Mr. Holt., for reeeiving large sums of money. and not duly accounting for them, and also for incurring debts on talse representations. The answers of Mr. Holt, however, appeared so satis factory to the Learned Commissioner, that he said the objections fell to the ground. Mr. Berry said that as Mr. Holt had given the expla nations, he did not desire to examine Mr. Neale. The certificates were then granted, and protection to Mr. Holt (as he was threatened with arrest) until the certificate had been allowed by the Court of Review. Protection WAS extended fur Mr. Smith to come up on a suture day. SECONDARIES' COURT, Dec. 30. YESEMEYER V. DUTTON. The plaintiff in this action is a Eci:icitor in Bedford row, and the defendant a brewer in Dutton street, Cromer street, Gray's Inn-lane. Th,c action was brought to recover the sum of 61. 3s. 2.1. for law charges in endeavouring to raise money on mortgage. Mr. THOMAS stated the case. The facts were these:— During the ia-t year the defendant had caused extensive alterations to be made at his brewery, and had employed a Mr. Styles to do a groat portion of the work, and being unable to pay him cr to get money advanced on the pr”- perty he reqw-sted Mr. Styles to endeavour to do so, and the latter introduced defendant to plaintiff, and the de fendant gave the necessary instructions. The plaintiff then placed himself in communication with a Mr. Whit. taker a solicitor, and the money would hnve been ad vanced if on the survey of the plant, &c., it had been e , the value described by defendant ; as it was not, the ne gotiation was put an and to, and the plaintiff now sough to recover his bill of costs for the services rendered. Mr. Styles was called, and proved distinctly that he was deputt d to act as the agent for defendant, and that he had introduced the latter, wbo had himself given the in structions. Mr. Whittaker proved that he had had several in terviews wi;h, and received several letters from the plaintiff, on the subject of the mortgage, and the nego tiation was broken off solely in consequence of the survey of the property not being satisfactory. On the part of the defendant, a notice was put in, in which the plaintiff was called upon to prove the re tainer. It was submitted that there ought to have been a retainer in writing. The Learned SECONDARY held that that was not abso lutely necessary, although it was a great security to attornies. The defendant's attorney then contended that it was evident that the very object of Mr. Styles to raise the money was to obtain payment of his debt, and that he had employed the plaintiff, who in the usual course would have deducted his costs. Mr. THoma.s said, if it was admitted that the plaintiff might have deducted the amount, it was clear that de fendant considered himself liable. Tho Learned SECONDARY said the first question was, had defendant retained the plaintiff ? and the next the value of the services? The jury gave a verdict for the amount claimed. POLICE INTELLIGEN - CE. CLARKENIvELL. A respectable-looking middle aged man, who stated himself to be a watch-movement manufacturer, residing at 6, Compton-street, Clerkenwell, was charged before Mr. Combe with having obtained, by means of fraud ;- lent representations, a gold watch, of the value of 201. Mr. Thomas Frederick Cooper said he was a watch maker, carrying on business in Calihorite-street, Clatken well, and had known the prisoner for some time. The prisoner came to him about a month ago, and told him that he knew a gentleman named Webb who was en gaged in the erection of Nicholson's distillery, and re quested the witness to let him have a gold watch t o show to Mr. Webb, as he thought he should be enabled to sell it to him. The whiles let him have the watch, telling him, at the same time, that he was on no account to part with it without being paid the full price for it. Witress had since called several times at the prisoner's house to make inquiries, but the only answer he could get from the prisoner's family was, that Mr. Webb was out of town, and they were not aware when he would return. He endeavoured to find out Mr. Webb, but al though he had reascn to believe there was such a person, still he (Mr. Cooper) could obtain no information re• specting him. He went to the prisoner's residence this morning, when, being told that necessity had compelled the family to raise a little money upon the watch, he gave him into custody. A pawnbroker produced the watch, which was iden tified by Mr. Cooper, and stated that it had been pledged by a woman whom he believed to be the prisoner's wife. The prisoner said his representation about Mr. Webb buying a watch was toniifide. He denied having pawned the watch himself, and said it• was done by his wife without his cognizance. Mr. COOMBE ordered the case to be remanded, in order :hat the prisoner's wife might be in attendance. A watchmaker, named Hickman, who had committed a ♦iol,nt and unprovoked assault upon Mr. James Mown lag, of the Duke of Bridgewater Tavern, Macclesfield street, whose house he had entered in a etate of intoxi cation, was ordered to find sureties to keep the peace. 14" ORS 1-11 P-STRE ET. Yesterday morning Corporal Stephens, in the service of the East India Company, and belontivig to the Walley Barrack, Brentwood, applied to the sitting msgistratr, Mr.Brot4hton, as follows :—lle said, that on the 11th of November his wifa left London by the Eastern Counties Railway, for the purpose of joining him at the Walley Barracks. She had with her, previous to her departure, an infant, and a bundle 'slued at about 51. The latter she laid by her side, at the station whilst paying her fare, but before that was completed, her parcel was taken away by one of the company's servants, and placed, as she was given to understand, for better security, in one of the luggage trttolc3. On arriving at her destination, however, to her chagrin and great loss; the parcel was altogether gone, ansl could nowhere be found. Applicant had applied to the com pany respecting the loss himself and wife had sustained, but the only answer he could obtain was, " that they had made every inquiry touching the missing parcel, but had lot been enabled, as yet, to gain any clue to it ; it was no doubt taken away by some dishonest passenger, and if so, it was a circumstance over which the company had no control." Air. BROUGHTON desired Fitzgerald, an active and in telligent officer of the Court, to accompany the appli cant, and make the necessary inquiries respecting the alleged loss or robbery. SOUTHWARK. William Spiers a stout young lad, was charged with creating a distuibnice iu the gallery of the Victoria Theatre. Murray, the constable of the theatre, stated that when the performance concluled en the preceding night the defendant, with about, t.•enty others in the gallery, commenced hooting aid making a noise. He (the con stable) went up end told the disturbers that the house would be in darkness, as the servants were extin guishing the lights. The defendant, however, who was prominent in the affair, refused to quit, saying he should have a smoke before he left the gallery, and he was pro ceeding to carry out his purpose when he was ejected, in accomplishing which much difficulty was experienced, arid his aub'equent conduct was of such a violent nature that it was found necessary to take him to the station house. The defendant, who was crying all the time he stood at the bar, was fined 55., the magistrate remarking that his being locked up all night was a sufficieutpunishment„ MA RiiET E WS.--(YESTERDAY.) CORMT-EXCECANCE. We have again to report the arrival of a very moderate supply of English Wheat, fresh up to owe market since Mon day, hence the show of samples to-day was small. Selected qualities of both red at d white were held at a further im provement of fully Is per quarter; but the demand was by no means so active as on Monday. There was a limited quantity of free Fork ign Wheat on offer, while a steady busi ness was transacted in it at extreme rates. Bonded Corn was in good request, and higher pri,es were generally de manded by the importers. The demand for Ireland still con tinues. Malting Barley wa, in good request, and the• turn higher, while grinding and distilling sorts readily supported previous currencies. Malt moved off steadily at full prices. :he supply of Oats being small, the demand was steady, 10 the late advance. Irish . ..... Foreign Wheat. 2?G•i qr 4. 4.040 Malt, 5,510 qrs. WHITECIIAPEL. The snpplies of each kind or Meat on sale being small. there was an evident improvement in the trade, and prices in some instances, an upward tendency :—Beef , fro m 2s 10d to 3s 10d ; M u tt on , 3 s t o 4 s 8d ; Veal, 33 10d to 4s Sd; and Pork, 3s 8d to 4s 10d per BIDs., by the carcase. ARRIVALS. IBarley. 3,810 qrs. Oats i Flour. 1,330 qrs. I 2,320 ski. 2,700 I -- 5,370 -- 1.260 W()JoiS by ROLIEnT ('UL VER,WELL. 3 1 . 1) . 11 "* " '' One shillti,K each. neat (lute and Psixpeuva ON SINGLE and MARRIED LIFi (An Original Medical History.' : Analysis of the Affections—Early CONTENTSConventional R e stralnt—M Is direction — Marital Anticipations and Realities—Laws of Paternit7 - ,, maternal influenee—Phe . :oinena of Gestation—On Infelicitonsiens Infertile Unions—lncongruous AllianCes—Late Marriages-' Lot Matches—Curiosities of Twenty-three Years' Medical EaPer''' Ise. &c. 2. Oa CHASTITY and its INFRINGEMENTS (An Essay for 1846.) "Of human ills and frailties I discoarse. Those taught by nature, and by art acquir'd. Of griefs conceal'd, and disappointments keen. Which young and gentle, the matured and ssge. The lonely and the mated—all sustain. In kindly spirit, herein counsel's givlt, How health, how hop e , h ow h a ppiness ~ fiain" 3. WHAT to EAT, DRINK, and AVOID With Diet Tables for all Complaints. • Contents :—How to ensu re p er f ect di gest i on , t ra nquil f eelfirg good night's rest, a clear head, and a contented mind. BY • sorvance of the instructions herein contained the feeble, th e ... veusly delica e, even to th e most s h attered const i tu tion, ay the the greatest amount o f ph ys i ca l h appiness, and reac h is k"*." full period of life allotted to man. " How we should live—what eat, what drink, what chair. To reach in health full threescore years and ten." These interesting little volumes, although bearing upon objeonli very delicate import, as their titl es imply, ug will be found et linf resa '"" curable and general utility, for they tell of matters eve7, ll ,,„„tfgen fI true able t, understand ought to know, but which tx. n— hrossgb these enlightened times, except that quality promalfra•` - questionab e hannels, is at a very terrible discount. thset In the exposition hereby offered of the till now hid de i s net nature, c f human disappointments and th e i r w ays Of rC liel '„ his ients contended that every rmader shall b ecome hi s o r her own r at we any more than th e i r own lawye., : - ;:t it is insisted up on t he law. should know the simple p r i nc i p l es of our own organ ization. whereby our existence a n d th e i ssue thereof in the i r several:gZ; states depend, the duti es th at are expected of us in " r i t,* and capacities in the family cir c l e , an d the terms on Which t he hea l th n trn it happiness of the present and future race of mankind have tee r ely By such knowledge, and which is herein faithfullY i h s ' r ee i n al health will be found to be in our own keeping, a nd , a 7611104 within the attainment of all „ by the availment hereo f ml pr ing our duty to ourselves, we secure the lit e advantages on is in to follow, and finally by the cultivation .f our faculties, slat consistent with degenerate h ea lth, th e m i nd as we ll In he bodY „ a - ° the hitu." be exalted to the summ it o f perfection, as best beCol n • - of God's creations. WTI t , The author's justification for this seeming eulogy hi s e t . h . messlirg• ings, and the avowal of their integrity of purpose, mus t be th the at by their perusal—his accredited qualifications iTuar n ? -- topics broached involve his legitimate study and puma' ..., e v e 141. To be had of -Sherwood, 23, Paternoster-row ; 3, Cuj oro w ; of . Fleet -street ; llannay, 63, Oxford. street ; Mann. P ~m u ng • direct from the Author, 10, Argyle-place, Regent-street V . the se Great Marlborough-street), who may be advised personallk.l,6o, matters daily till Thre e , an d i n t h e Even i ngs f ro m Seven --- A POPULAR TREATISE in t h e HEALT H , LIFE. *n ,l VIGOU R of the BODILY FUNCTIONS. Ssead fin NINETEENTH EDITION price 2s. 6d. ; Free by Post .-- g T Envelope) 3s. 61 HE SILENT FRIEND: , A Medica l W°lk one of resters on the loss of the reproductive powers, with me— So. tion. The baneful effects of Indulgence, condary Symptoms, &c., are fully pointed out. Illustrated sniltz. gravings ; followed by observations on Marriage. By It. PERRY and Co., Consulting Surgeons, Louden. Memo. Published by the Authors, and ma y be had at their resenhop Sold by Strange, No. 21, Paternoster row; Gordon, 116, tead o c , star& neglected Strlctarbop_o. street ; Purkis, Compton-street, Soho ; Hannay and CO., ""' street, and 37, Ro3 al Exchange , and all booksellers. w ho are Part I. of this Work is particularly addressed prevented from forming a Matrimonial Alliance, threagh fearcuoz te lain disqualifications, and will befound an available latrn di the means of perfect and secret ' to mann e°d ' restoration __,, oftber Part 11. treats perspicuous] upon those forms a awe,. s b oimig in their primary or secondary state , arising from Infe n , tl°n ' tail ald, en • how numbers who neglect to obtain competent Mew." to those of cer. , , di r ected fa upon themselves years of misery and suffering. The CORDIAL BALM OF SYRIACUM is eac i. u nereaknesa , bar. the cure of nervous and sexual debility, irregular i t y . and deign". renwess, loss of appetite, indigestion , sesc co . ties arising from venereal excesses , tie. The Five-und cases may be had as usual. The CONCENTRATED syphilitic remedy for searching out and purifying the nereal contamination, scurvy, blotches on the bead , fmfaproper treat; per bolo ulcerations, and those painful affections arising fre e rn_,,... i . lie n s p u ri m e p e tr i o i. h as a 7l . 3 . l -. . rnent, secondarys -YmPtoms, and all eruptions of th 5... and 335. per bottle. PERRY'S PURIFYING SPECIFIC PILLS, P for strictures, in. and lie. per box, are the most e ff ectual rem edy hindrance WI flanimation, irritation of the bladder, kc.. wi thout is. id., business. A minute d Consultation fee, if by Letter, 11. their resides attendance at two, ma cessary. Messrs. Perry are in daily 1 9, Berners-street, Oxford-street, London, from eleven till five till eight; and on Sundays front eleven ti ll twelve. riceetllll.e"f Cos ' e le 26. • MATURITY. AVINGP. ON CUE SECRET INFIRMITIES OF YOUTLI AND WITH TWENTY-FIVE COLOURED ENG7t Just published, Twentieth Thousand, in a sealed in Postage 2e. GA. Jr post paid, to any address, for 3e. 6d. direct from the Author's residence. tile SELF• PRESERVATION' A Medical Tres 1,.....7 on the Secret Infliailties and Disorders of Youth and Metter/ envelope.s rip: Illits.rated with Twenty-tave Coloured Plates on the Anatorai Physiology. and Disease, of the Urinary and Reproductive Oran!. explaining their various structures, uses, and functions, and showing the injuries that are produced in them, by solitary habits, and *the excesses. With Practical Observations on the Treatment et Nerves Debility, Local and Constitutional Weakness, and ether diseases, the Urethra. By SAMUEL T.A'MERT, JA . 3 LTING SURGEON, 9, isedford-street, Bedford-square, London; Matriculated Member of the University et Edinburgh, !Lenora?, Member of the London Hospital Medical Society, Licentiate Apothecaries' Hall, London, &c., &c. CHAPTER 1. On tclriT'hEiarloTssoOpFhyTenfE3Tizararianvlser* , and Obligations, and on Infelicitous and Unproductive Uniens.-'" with its Tlllll ll.OOl CHAPTER 2. On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Generative Organs, their functions, structures, and secretions, proving that great Mental and Physical Power are dependant upon their healthy actien —CHAPTER 3. On Solitary Habits; their various effects en the Animal Ecenei"Y • the concealed cause of Debility of t he function s of the Stomach, i•ungs. and Brain, and general weakness of the Mental Faculties. CHAPTER 4. On the Secret Disorders of youth and Maturity, and the Treatment of Nervous and Local Weakneees Mental Debility, and Premature DeCay.—CHAPTZES 6 and 6. Os the Disorder arising from Indlscnminste Excess, Grouxonxes Gieet, Strictures, and other Diseases of the Urethra. --- _. ILEVIEWII or TAIL WO" legally CIAII - The author of this singular and talented work -5 a o f tied medical man, who has evidently had considerable experiences[ the trr ument of the various disorders arising fr Ell t , 13 „ 1 ,,„1 bi lgo * l 7 frailties of early Indiscretion. The engravings are an snail ditlon, by demonstrating the consequences of excesses, w i - pa nsal act as a salutary warning to youthandmaturity, and kr aP" ..dnajt t many questions may be satisfactorily replied ter tha t - peal, evert the most confidentia l fried."—Ern: den; SIS.„ Published by the Auth or , and may be had bta rejl nd C O.,C from Kent and Richards, 52, Paternoster-row; ~ na prdon, l46, Oxford-street Marie, Tichbonae-street LlysTP ool Lea,ienhall-street, Lo n d on; Newton, 16 , ChurCil'iS''—' and by ail Booksellers. „_ And At Home for Consult a ti on daily, from Nine till T t' en tainnß l „ ‘ _ " Five till Eight ; and all l etters immediately replied to , ',,iip a TOß , ' the fee of If., for advice, &c.-9 BEDFOIW-STRIGE T BOTTA RE. LOxiwpr , - The Nurem 4 erg Corr es p on d en t s t a tes ths. A ustin gaol and decisiono u i g. ti,aahnaidl:upr4o)apiteiarn C ongress elyrefused. to refer the ( 1 11°- nd .f the supp res‘ i on of Cracow to the examin ation ADVERTISEMENT.]—DEA FNESS Alf F Mg %er r / VISION RELIEVED, No. 39, ALBERMARLE-STREET, pee—rood Sent into the country free, by post.—New l Y.„,: n 10 0 acoustic tubes, for relief of ex ' treme deafness, ••--- rver '— inserted n the ear cannot be perceived by the nearest obsei heel' they are entirely di ff erent fr om all others, and are the stn„ al l es i n h'in tug instruments constructed —measuring nly a quarter 01 r....-unb their widest part ; they may be securely adjusted in the er" re served. an removed therefrom with as great ease and facilhl' r m ost e sons are enabled to j o i n i n general conversation, an d great l l distinctly in a place of worship, Sec., and what should be considered, a natural expansion of the cavity of the ear? Y., I I par -a thickening or contr ac ti on o f wh i ch is many insta l ', c .. c " tially the caUse of deafness—and b y th e i r use the unPl e '" A loo Da' cation of singing noises in the ears is entirely Obviated. ay . the proved hearing trumpets of every description. I nlet a ct 11610 n, newly-invented spectacle lenses are placed before iinP.••, - ,, h ap peal either by day or candlelight, that e v e ry and dullneSS "`" 11 and before the eyes is at once removed, object been e t n pg e t i ss ,: c aro lt: ere : distinct, so that the most aged defective sight beeomes crate . brilliant, and is brought to its youthful, natural, operaa s ' es, mid Also the most powerful achromatic telescopes, microscopes. Caution—Messrs. S. and B. Solomon not in any way connected with a person of the same sat!! o n weid Immediate neighbourhood , nor in any part of the country A rle• mistakes, be cautious, and observe—only to be bad at S 9, Alo" street. Piccadilly, opposite the York Hotel. Ar• [ ADVERTISEMENT.] —A VIOLENT SC 0 R BETIC FEOTION CURED BY HOLLOWAY'S OINTMENT AND ra i."4". llDO Havel!, Walsall-street, W o l ver h ampton, w as for the last tyro I,e sch nearly covered all over his body with a malignant et option, w_th, gave him the greatest pain and agon y, so m uch so, that it Was;e7i4 at intervals that he could get a little sleep, altogether his g e __,..ot health was seriously affected. He had recourse to the most ewi n ' ro g medical men of Wolverhampton and Birmingham without obtt relief; he at last puased Holloway's Pills and Ointment s "' o re, f Simpson, stationer. lverhampton, which soon e ff ected w e . This gentleman wile es for the truth of this extraordinary 10'1 meat.—Sold by all medicine vendors, and at Professor 1101 ,0 ” establishment, 244, Strand, London. BIRTHS. ant n2 St On the 25th inst., at ralston-terrace, Mrs. James Vi r "" - of a daughter. of S. On the 26th inst., in Bloomsbury-square, the le d / Pocock, Esq., of a daughter. On the 26th inst., at Sufton Court, near Herefords Mrs. Egerton Hubbard, of a son. J oseph On the 27th inst., at Mornington-crescent, Mrs . Boord, of a son. On the 27th inst., in Warwick-street, lady of Commander Henry A. Sto r y, R.N., of a daughter.,, D On the 27th inst., Mrs. B. Evans, Trinity-street, / wark, of a daughter. On the 27th inst., in Cumberland-terrace, the wife of Fladg John Chubb, St. Paul's Churchyard, of a son. ate On the 27th inst., the lady of William Mark E‘q., of Craven-street, of a dau g hter. Leamingto n, the On ti .e 28th inst., at Hendon, Mrs. John S. TancillenlY of a son. o f John On the 28th inst., at Clapham-common, the lady II umphery, Esq., M.P., of a daughter. MARRIED. On the 26th at Budock,near Falmouth, by the Vener able Archdeacon Phillpotts, James Poing " 11'destre, E , ( E., of al House of Commons, nephew of John P o i n gdestre. -E1 Gruinville House, JerQey, to Emma, daughter of 'Ob er " Broad, K.N.L., Falmouth. On the 23d inst., at Edinburgh, George flair New" Esq. ' of Dundee, to Eliza' Sytne, youngest daughter of Dr. Richard Huie, M.D., Edinburgh. DIED. On the 27th inst., in Ridgemont-plece. Hampstead-r"...A4 Baroness Mary Ann Katharine, relict o f the late LOP ' Coleraine, aged 70. Ou the 28ti. ult., at Philadelphia, F Samuel, Esq., aged 45. E On the I:2d in-4., at Fisherton A n g er, n e ar SalisbarP General George Michell, aged 89. On the 25 , h inst., C. M. Hawley, Esq., formerly of Shrew° . bury, aged 40. On the 27th inst., Alfred , the infant son of the Hon. Lloyd Kenyon. On the 27th inst.. at the Vicarage, Braintree, Esfies' Hannah, wife of the Rev. Bernard Scale. 1 2, rinteo 41111 Pohl's:led by 2,1131iD0 YOITITLI. of 18 "1.1, et "txund. Printer, at 77:e Bun Other, N 0.112, strand. in the of tia° StivoY. in the County of Hlddleiei, comber 31, 1844. RUSSIAN DUTY. Per barrel of pickled herrings, one rouble and thirty copeks, equal to about 4s. 2d. sterling. On salted fish, per pound, or thirty-six pounds, English, three roubles, and sixty copeks. While the Russian duty on Norwe gian herrings is thirty-five copeks per barrel, or about Is. 2d. sterling. BELGIAN DUTY. Per barrel of pickled herrin g s, francs, or about Li. 6s. 10d. sterling. Per barrel of smoked herrings ,welve francs, seventy-two cents., or about 10s. 7d, sterling. NOTE —The above duty on British herrings, &c., has been considerably raised of late, while the duty on Dutch-cured herring has been greatly reduci.d. The reason assigned is, that England " n ot having a treaty of commerce with Belgium, this country cannot insist that Belgium should not rec* ive the produce of other coun tries at a lower rate of duty than that of England." FRENCH DIITY• Salt- water fish, dried, salted, or smoked, viz., herrings, cod, or ling, &c., per a hundred kilograms, or two hun dred and twenty pounds English weight, forty francs, or 1/. 15s. 2d. sterling. Thus, a barrel of herrings, ace ,rd ing to weight, would pay of duty from 1/. 17s. to 2L sterling. DUTY AT NAPLES AND SICILY. ducats, twenty about two cwt. English. A barrel Herrings, per c e tg n wr t a ea r nn i ts , y. threegorannesddu;ucepaaitistiacr3oddis: f per ish, sterling,per e en c t ti e r r weighs i from one and three-fourth cw t. to 6a t i w afn" n o (eril dadt cwt.ulc'hcr' three ardti twenty e ro r the duty would be from 9s. Id. to 10s. 10 d . I for red herrings. No white herrings a st r e e r s ii e n n g t I to this market, the duty being considered pro hibitory. Besides the above direct duties, there are vai ions indirect taxes on all herrings entering the Elbe, Rhine, Lubec, 'Diemen, &c., which, on a low priced article, such as pickled herrings, are found very oppressive. SPANISH DUTY. Unknown. but considered prohibitory for herrings, ex cept in Spanish reAseis direct from tne fishing ground. PROVISIONS FROM TIIE UNITED STATES.—The John G. Coster, from New York, arrived at Liverpool, re ported at the Cu,tom house on the 26th inst., brings 7,195 barrels of flour, and 553 boxes of cheese. The Mason, from New York, which arrived at Liverpool on the nth inst., brings 17,000 bushels of Indian corn. INVALID CHAIRS ON THE PAVEMENT. --At Ham mersmith Police -court, on Tuesday, Thomas Yeomans, $ lender and drawer of invalid chairs, wns convicted of drawing one of them on the foot pavement in Kensing ton-square. On his promise not to repeat the offence, the fine WU tfet h. LLOYD'S SHIPPING. Wind -, .... --ovo A - S.E., fresh breeze, LONDON, ,EC. . an d f rosty. DEAL, Dec. 28.—Wind S.E. to SAE' fine.—Acrd. Cum berland, Bruce, Quebec, and sailed for Hull. Arrived from t ß h la e ek- Ri E v y er ed s an u d sa s n a , R iled o , o ß se, ail s. -e3t, Kitt's. Luis, Cape of Good Hop e; OFF THE Wicinr, Dec. 27 . — Washington Allston, Boston. POSTSMOUTtf, DEC. 29.—Wind S. to E.N.E., fine.—Acrd. Carolus, Storen, New Orleans, for Bremen. OFF SALCOMBE, Dec. 29.—Wi n d N.E.—A rr d . J o h annaa Batavia ; K e l son, H u d son , C a l cutta ; Ma rianna,ri a L , Rice,upn Rio Janeiro. GUZENSEY, DEC. 2.5.—51 d. Halcyon, Allez, Panama. JERSEY, DEC. 2 8.—Sld. Pandora, Esnout, Pernambuco. BElgrot., DEC. 20.—Wind S., light.—Arrd. Enchantress, Phillips, Quebec. SLIGO, DEC. 7.—Arrd. Teuzer, M'Guffy, Montreal. Sld. Industry, Kelly, New York. SHIELDS, DEC. 29.—Wind W.S.W.—Arrd. Theodosia, Goymer, Quebec. FALMOUTH, DEC. 29.—Wind N., light.—Off port, Pfeel, Heinz, Rio Grande, and sailed for Hamburgh ; passed a barque, apparently English, dish asted and abandoned 9th inst., lat. 42 N., long. 29 W. DOVER, DEC. 29.—Wind S. to S.W.—Arrd. Johanna, Harp, r, Port-au-Prince, for Hamburgh. SOUTHAMPTON, DEC. 28.—A large ship with loss of bow sprit, foremast, Ise., together with much wreck, was passed in the Bay of Baysley, by the Royal Tar steamer, arrived here. LivEnPoot., DEC. 19.—Wind S.—Arrd. New Margaret Ager. Shsnghae and Ningpo ; Sir Howard Douglas, Ogilvie, Bombay; Ann, Holt, Bahia; Carminata, Oginforga, Ha vannah ; Sweden, Sheen, New Orleans; Keying, Virginia; Republic, Landes, Baltimore; Enib!em, Davis, New York; J. H. Shepherd, New York; Mary Ann, Brown, Boston; Euclid, St. Stephen's; Agamemnon, Quebec; Wallington, Blinkin, New York; Elizabeth, Burke, Quebec; Mearns, Quebec; Effingham, Quebec. Sld. Alert, Lanchlan, New York ; Petrel, Todd, Africa; Colchester, Withers, Charles ton; Columbian, Merryman, Philadelphia; Nicholas Biddle, Knight, New York; New World, Skiddy, New York. Off port, Adeona, Rio Grande; Tinanaara, Ceara, Theresa, Ma. ranharn ; Trinron, New York ; John R. Skeddy, New York; Ashburton, New York ; Emigrant, St. John's, N.B. ; General Wiltshire, and Jantire. DEATH IN THE MILLBANK PRISON.—SUICIDE FROM Sonnow —An inquest was held on Tuesday after noon in the Millbank Prison, before Mr. Bedford, the coroner, on the body of James Mills, aged 45. Mr. John Richard Groves, governor of the prison, said that the deceased, described as a labourer, was convicted at the Chichester Quarter Sessions, 22d October last, of felony —stealing a. shirt and sundry other articles—and sen tenced to Sc venyears' transportation. On Monday morning he was found hanging in his cell, and quite dead. John Francis, a prisoner, confined in the same cell, said the deceased fretted a great deal about his wife and family. He said that his wife and chilLlren were thrown upon the world, and that he knew the parish would not allow enough to support them. lie had a letter written to his wife, and after receivirg an answer seemed much more depressed than before. Witness had heaed him express a great wish to see one of his brothers, who was in prison for the same offence, and also heard him say that an elder brother, who was at large, was the cause of all 'his misfortunes. Verdict—Temporary insanity.