The Sun. — London, England, 1823-08-02 00:00:00

PARIS PAPERS. [Further Extracts from the French Papers of Wednesday.] PARIS, JULY 30. TELEGRAPHIC DISPATCH. " MADRID, JULY 26. '" THE MAJOit.CENERAL TO HIS EXCELLENCY THE. MINISTER OF WAR. General Huber took possession of Ferrol . on the 15th, in consequence of a capitulation. " This town was occupied by 2,000 men." .(The coming on of night prevents us from re ceiving the end of this dispatch.) The King of Portugal bad requested permis sion of his Catholic Majesty, that his august daughters, and the Infants Don Carlos and Se bastian, might pass a few months in Portugal, more particularly those in which the yellow fever is most prevalent at Cadiz. The Revolu tionists have returned the following answer to his Most Faithful Majesty The King has con sulted his Council, whose opinion is contrary to granting the permission requested."--(Toile.) If we recollect right, the investment of Barce lona has been officially announced. The precise day and hour were given when the operation was completed. It now appears either that the blockade has been raised, or that it never exist ed.--(Pilule.) Letters from Cadiz, dated the 15th, say that the negociations were in the greatest activity on the 11th instant, and that every thing was broken off on the 14th. This last assertion seems to agree with the sortie which took place on the 16th. These two circumstances united, are •thought to have been the cause of the departure of the Prince Generalissimo from Madrid. It is said that Morillo, in consequence of some order -he has received from the Regency, has refused obedience to its orders.—(lbid.) 44 PORT ST. MARY, JULY 18.-1 wrote you word yesterday that a Spanish officer had, with it degree of noble rashness, swam over the canal to bring some very important information to Gen. Bordesoulle : report says, that the advices he has brought give hopes of a speedy denouement, but at the same time that they seem to require the presence of his Royal Highness the Duke of An gouleme in the vicinity of Cadiz." French renter closed on Wednesday in Paris at 91f. sc. (sellers) ; Scrip, 1 I prem. ; Neapo litan, 75 ; Spanish, 36. BATONNE, JULY 24.—We have no mail from Madrid to-day, but a merchant's express brought • news of a deplorable event at Madrid, to which the Duke d'Angouleme bad nearly fallen a vic- tim. A few moments after his Royal Highness had left the Church of the Convent of the Holy Ghost, which he constantly attends, a fire broke out, which raged with such fury, that in a very short time the church and the, convent were to tally consumed. The same courier brings word that the greatest uncertainty, prevails at Madrid respecting the affairs of the army and the pro vinces. The Regency continues to have many persons arrested. We have seen here a young man, of 18 years of age, who was put in prison at Madrid, as he says, because he belonged to the militia; he escaped by means of bribery.—The preparations for the siege of Pawpeluna are carrying on with the greatest activity,nnd it will be regularly commenced in a few days. Marshal Lturiston sets out this morning, as we hear, for Ernani. All persons belonging to the bureaux of the second corps of reserve, have received notice ,to hold themselveS in readiness, and it is supposed that orders will be given them on Saturday.— We are informed from the environs of Pampelu 'int, that the garrison still makes frequent sallies, and as they are executed unexpectedly, they do more or less injury to the besiegers. Thus, on the 16th, they killed 30 men, on the 17th 40, and the 18th and 19th, 200 men of the troops of the Faith, and 100 French. A guerilla of •100 infantry and 80 cavalry has appeared within two leagues of Pampe!with—According to letters from Saragossa, it should seem that we have had two serious affairs before Barcelona on the 16th and 17th. The details are not mentioned, and nothing official has been published respecting them that has come to our knowledge. It is af firmed that the sieges of St. Sebastian, Santona, and Pampeluna, will all he carried on at the same time. It is certain that an immense quan tity of artillery passes through this city. The news from our frontiers are on the eve of be coming highly interesting. Powca OF music.-11.1.NnEr, composed with such celerity, that many of his best overtures were written in three hours each Of his merit as a musician, Sir Jour HAWKINs gives this ex traordinary testimony :—" In all theatrical re presentations a part only of the audience can judge of the merit of what they see and hear ; the rest are drawn together by motives in which nt•ither taste nor judgment have any share ; and with - respect to music it is notorious, that the greater number of mankind are destitute, though not of hearing, yet of that semi:, which, super added to the hearing, renders it susceptible of the harmony of musical sounds ; and in times when music - was less fashionable than it is now , many of both sexes were ingenious enough to • confess, that they wanted this sense, by saying, have no ear for music:' Persons such as these, echo lied they been left to themselves, would have interrupted the hearing of others by their talking, were, by the performance of Handel, not only charmed into silence, but were generally the loudest in their acclamations. This, though it could not he said to be genuine applause, was a much stronger proof of the power of harmony than the like effect upon an audience composed only of judges and rational admirers of this art." Sir J. Ilawkins also relates of this wonderful man, that at a Concert in the house of Lady - Rich, Ramie' was once prevailed on to sing a 'slow song, whiCh he did in such a manner, that Farrinelli, who Was present, could hardly he per naied to sing after him." MOCK REGENCY-MOCK LOAN. EXTRACT OF A PRIVATE LETTER DATED PARIS, JULY 29. " On the 10th inst. was signatat Madrid, by Senor de Erro, Minister of Finance, and Cs:* t , Achille de Joe oy, n contract fora loan of 20(1,000,000 of rods effective for, Regency of Spain. The following are the : terms agreed to - " Article 1. The Regency opens, a loan for 200;000,000 of reals:effecti‘4.' " 2. All the revenues of the kingdom are assigned in guaran tee of the payment, of the interest and _reimbursement of the capital, according to the terms which shall be stipulated. . " 3. Such part of the revenue as the Minister of Finance, in concert with the contractors, may fix upon as the most certain and easy of collection, shall be specially, and in preference, mortgaged in favour of this loan. " 4. The clergy engage, and the Government in their name, to transfer to the contractors the 1(1,000,000 of reals, to be paid annually a clerical contribution : this sum shall be applied ex clusively to the liquidation of the capital. " 5. The farther annual sum of 10,000,000 of reals shall be mortgaged in favour of the contractors, to be taken by privilege from the produce of the Royal tithe. ‘, 6. The Government will deliver to the contractors the bonds for the loan fifteen days before the first monthly instal ment. " 7. The bonds will, for the greater convenience of capital. bits, be on the plan of those of Naples. •` O. The Spanish Government will allow 5 per cent. interest, which shall be paid half yearly." The following are the articles agreed to on the part of the contractors : " I. The contractors offer as security for their engagements, the guarantee ad We of illessrs. Guibherd and Picket, bankers, in Paris. " 2. They will take the bonds of the loan at 60 per cent. of their value. " 3. They will bind themselves to pay the 200,000,000 of reels within the space of twelve months, in the following pro. rvens,viz.; four ;months at 20 millions per month 80,000,000 " The eight last months at 15 millions per month 120,000,000 Total . - 200,000,000 " 4. The contractors will pay their instalments at Madrid or at Irun, the first frontier town of Spain, either in specie con. sisting of gold and silver money of Spain, or in ingots of the weight and value of these respective metals in Spain. " 5. In case the instalment cannot be completed in Spanish money, and is required to be made up in gold and silver coin of France, the same shall be received according to the tariff of Spain. " O. The Louis d'or of 24 and 43 francs, and the crown of 3 and 0 francs, shall be received respectively, according to the weight and value of gold and silver in Spain. " 7. In case it should he found necessary to complete some monthly instalments by bills on Madrid, they must fall due eight days before the period fixed for the instalment, and be paid in gold and silver, - as specified in articles 4, 6, and 6. " 0. If, in consequence of unforseen circumstances or acci dents, it should become necessary to complete the monthly in stalments by bills on London or Paris, they must be ;to drawn as to fall due 30 days before the period fixed for the instalment, and be made payable in specie. "9. These bills shall be drawn in a manner satisfactory to the Spanish Government, with whom the course of exchange shell be adjusted. (Signed) "DE ERRO. " Madrid, July 10 , " JOUFEROY." " In the project of d►e treaty originally drawn up by M. de' Eno, the first article contained on the part of the Regency, is well as for themselves as for the King, an engagement not to acknowledge any of the loans of the Cones ; but in consequence of the representations of the parties authorized by the bankers who have taken the loan, this clause has been withdrawn from the public contract. Nevertheless a clause to that effect has been inserted in the secret articles of the treaty; and in addl. tion, a formal decision transcribed in the protocol of the deli berations of the Regency pronounces the annulling of the loans of the Cortes. This decision of the Regency has received the approbation of the Ministers of the holy Alliance at Madrid, who immediately made their respective Courts acquainted with it, so that it may be considered as a point quite certain, that these loans will not be acknowledged by them at any period." CARTHAGENA. As Carthagena is likely to be soon invested by the corps of Mor.yron, the following description may be interesting : The population of Carthagena is 30,000, decided Constitu- ionalists, and proud in the recollection that during the former invasion no other Frenchmen penetrated their walls than such as were made prisoners, and tent there for security. The outer wall of the city is only thirty years old. The weakest part cf the platform is at least sixty feet wide, and the height of wall is also considerable. The walls, -wlfich commence with the arsenal, command the port at the south-end, and at the east they are protected by the castle of Moms, which is also command ed by the battery of San Diego, situated upon a hill in the centre of the fortifications. At the north they command the open country, and at the west is the castle of °alum (also within the walls), which crowns the hill of that name, at the foot of which is a well fortified and magnificent arsenal. Three batteries and twelve bastions defend the environs, and command at once the port and the country. Upon the batteries there are 60 pieces of cannon of large calibre, six mortars, anti six howitzers. The bastions are mounted with guns of Fi, 8, 10, 24, and 36 pounders, and a great number of culverina and l a rg e mortars. Pounders, ere all, with the exception of those at the battery of the arsenal, of brass. The little.mountains of Monte Sacro and San Diego, which are within the walls, are crowned with large mortars. The castle, Cabcza de los Moros, communicates with San Diego by .• a covered way. Carthagena has three gates—the Muelle, which faces the port, and which cannot be approached by land ; and those of Madrid and San . .Tose on the land side, with drawbridges covered with palisades from one bastion to another. There are also two back gates, which have beets condemned, with the exception of that which looks to the sea under the hospital, and of another near it on the land side. The first is never opened except to receive the sick front vessels, and the second only when a prompt communicatien with the Castle of Moms is required. A canal, which receives its waters from the plain of Almajor, forms the ditch. The castle of Atulaya and the fortress of San Julian arc on the summits of the high hills of' the same name; the former, which is of difficult access, commands a part of the fortifica tions, the garrison of which can communicate with it and re. ceive succour. This castle is commended in its turn by that of Galerse. San Julian conunands the port, but at such a this. tance that the bombs may cause no damage to the town. The works of the fortress were erected by the French. The artillery of' Atelaya and San Julian is of bronze. The harbour of Carthagena is a masterpiece of art and na ture combined. It is capable of containing forty ships of the line, and an immense number of merc h ant vesse l s. The forts of Santa Ana and Trincabotyas command the mouth, and there are also several minor forts on the coast at a short dis tance. All the buildings which were within reach of the cannon have been demolished. Priests and Monks are by no means numerous in Carthagena, where there urs only six churches and eight convents; the last are but just tolerated by the inhabitants. A letter front Lorca, in Murcia, of the 29th ult., states that Carthagena has provisions for several months, an immense quantity of powder, 300,000 balls and bombs, and grenades in abundance ; a manufactory of anos is also esta blished there and in full activity. Less than 12,001) men, says the letter ? cannot besiej4e Carthagena, and blockading is out of the question. This city is very Constitutional, and was not taken by the French during the war of independence. DINNER OF MR. OWEN AND or SOIME . O.F_THE_FRIF4NISS.TO lIIS SYSTEM-, AT THE CITY OF 1.01 , a10N TAVERN. After the Meeting, •severalof.3lr.OwEN'S Friends dined together at the City of London , Tavern. • After the cloth had been ;withdrawn, Mr. Muin E . was re: quested to continue the address in which he had been inter. rupted above stairs. [The demonstrations in Political Economy given by the aid of the pieces of coloured wood, used'as 'sensible signs by Mr. Mudie, cannot, of course, be reported.] Mr. MuntE concluded his address in the following terms: —I have thus considered the question, as a question in Po litical Economy; I am content that the propositions be. fore us shall stand or fall, according as they shall be proved or disproved by the test which that science affords. I venture fearlessly to say, that Mr. Owen himself will rest the fate of his system upon that issue.—l venture to say that it is tie. monstrated that Political Economy forms one of its foundations, not less solid than all the rest, and that we can overthrow all the spurious theories in Political Economy to which the con tinued reign of error and wretchedness, and ignorance amongst men, is chiefly attributable. That the prevailing theorists in Political Economy have ut terly, and most fatally for the best interests of Society, even mistaken the very objects into which it is the province of Po. litical Economy to inquire, —appears from all their writings; and is in fact rendered evident br . the work entitled, " Ele ments of Political Economy, by James Mill, Esq."—a work which is an avowed digest of the prevailing theories, which professes to be a School Book for the student in POlitical Eco. nomy ;—and in the " Introduction" to which, Mr. Mill says, (page 4th), " It thus appears, that four inquiries are comprehended in " this science. " Ist. What are the laws which regulate the production of " commodities ? " 2dly, What are the laws according to which the comm. dities produced by the labour of the community are dis. " tributed. " :Idly, What are the laws according to which commodities " are exchanged for one another. " Mthly, What are the laws which regulate consumption ?" Now, with respect to two of the four inquiries stated in th e preceding quotition, the subjects proposed to be inquired into have no existence; and, the two remaining subjects of inquiry, are not the proper objects to be ascertained by a scientific in vestigation in Political Economy. Instead of inquiring into the '+ laws which regulate produc tion" (for no such laws, either natural or artificial, exist, nor does any such presumed regulation actually take place in prat ilea), the genuine science of Political Economy inquires, ht, NVhat are the means by which the production of corn, modities may be beneficially regulated ? And, 2d, What are the causes, by the mischievous operation of which the free production of.connodities or of wealth, is now obviously and injuriously restrained ? In thei:tme niannerr instead of assuming, like the spurious theories, that there are laws which regulate the consumption ionimodlties, and , instead of inquiring at to those'stipposNl laws, (as unreal as arc their imaginary effects,) the true and genuine science, or Polideal• Economy, leading the way for the practical march of ,improvertrnt, anti furnishing &cp s lo d materials foe the guidance even -of the governing powey i ih quires, I , Ist, What are the causes, which, as is proved, by the re . straints upon production and by the prevalence of poverty, now perniciously obstruct the consumption of commodities ? And 2d, What are the practical means by which the con. sumption of commodities may be beneficially facilitated, or re gulated advantageously for all parties? In the same manner also, the true science of Political Eco nomy inquires, Ist, Into the best and most advantageous :Twang of effecting the distribution of the commodities produced by the labour of the community, and Into the causes by which that distribution is now injuriously obstructed : And 2d, Into the vices of those artificial modes, by which the exchange of commodities is now effected,.—and into the most beneficial means, and the soundest principles by which exchanges of commodities can be conducted, for the advantage of all individuals and of the State. Gentlemen, after this demonstration of the fallacious bases on w hi c h the whole of the fashionable and ruling theories are constructed, it appears to me, that all those theories are essen- daily, absolutely, and necessarily false ; and thnt an Essay avowedly written for the purpose of inquiring, What are the laws, by the operation of which, every pauper becomes an Emperor ? could not be more irrational,—not niore.undeserving of serious notice,—not more false in all its premises, inferences, and c on . elusions, than the Essays of the spurious Economists, because their Essays, like the one just supposed, are little else than in- quiries respecting supposed and imaginary fiicts, which in trutl: have no real existence. Gentlemen !—A celebrated political Economist, David 121. cardo, Esq., has stated in his work on Political Economy,— That " the natural price of labour is that price which is ne. " cessary to enable the labourers, one with another, to subsist, " and to perpetuate their race, without increase or diminution." --(Page itt3, 3d edition.) And that, " however much the market price of labour may " deviate from its natural price, it has, like all other commo " dities, a tendency to conform to it."—( Page U 7. idem.) But, it is evident, Ist, That in these positions Mr. Ricardo is utterly mistaken as to the first fact which he has assumed and that he has failed to derive any really scientific or useful result from his second fact. For, Ist, There is no natural price for labour. The price of labour is altogether artificlal,—is al. together occasioned by the unequal distribution of property,— and has therefore been altogether created by legislation. There is, it 16 true, a natural reward for labour; but that natural re. ward, or natural return for the exertion of labour, consists of the whole amount of the wealth which by Its exertion is pro duced. 2dly, Adtnitting it to be true, with Mr. Ricardo, that labour has, under the present system, a tendency to conform to what be terms the natural price, or to a price atwhich the labour- ers can barely be subsisted, one with another,—a tendency which I not only admit, but believe, to exist in efrect,—and which I believe to be only in some degree, or rather in some instances, corrected by the indirect influence of legislation,—then it fol. lows that in the fact of that most deplorable tendency alone,— of an actual tendency to a condition of such extreme wretched ness for the greater portioa of human beings in'civilized so ciety, there is an imperious ground for attempting the employ. ment of new and scientific measures and arrangements (such as those proposed to you), by which an alleged natural evil so frightful in its nature and in its extent may be counteracted and, it is f urt h er ev id ent t h at Ai r . Ri car d o an d t h e ot h er the°. retical economists, who have acknowledged the existence of such *tendency as this, and who have at the same time itnagi►teti that there are natural laws in operation for the beneficial ad justment of supply and demand, and for the production of the greatest possible sum of human prosperity, must in the very nature of things have constructed systems utterly unworthy of regard in the regulation of the real and practical concerns of human life. I shall only quote one passage more, (from Mr. Malthus,) as an unequivocal admissioafrr a.quitrter whence it was the least likely to prodegitodt thutthoconststiarv' , of the.working classes is at present extremely wretched, and that there is some thing in the existing arrangements of society which will for ever keep them in their present misery. He says, in his Prin. ciples of Political Economy, chap. vii. sec. 9, " I have always thought and felt that many among the labouring classes in this country work too hard for their health, happiness, and intel. lectual improvement ;and if a greater degree of relaxation from severe toil could be given to them, with a tolerably fair pros. pect of its being employed in innocent amusements, and useful instruction, I should consider it as very cheaply purchased by the sacrifice of a portion of the national wealth and populous ness !" Unhappily, the inevitable tendency of Mr. .Malthus's works, and, among the rest, of that which he has so erroneous. ly entitled the Principles of Political Economy, is to perpe tuate that very state of wretchedness, the existence of which he so candidly admits, and which, in the above extract, he seems so feelingly to lament ! The genuine science of tru , Tt Political Economy would have taught him, that a sacrifice of the na tional wealth and populousness is by no means an inevitable consequence of attempting to mitigate the present unnatural severity of human labour; and that, on the contrary, the la bouring classes may enjoy a large portion of leisure, with the certainty that they might at the same time be put in possession of much more wealth than they are now permitted to consume, and that with that increase of the national wealth, there would be an increase, rather than a diminution, of the national po pulousness ! Gentlemen, it is admitted on all hands that the country pos sesses the power of producing annually a prodigious increase of wealth ! That prodigious increase is precisely the amount of advantage, as respects wealth, which would be obtained by Mr. Owen's arrangements, and which would be divided, in addition to the present value of their labour, amongst the inmates of his establishments. But, say the spurious Political Economists, and the other objectors to the new system, it would be itnpos table to find markets for theincreased productions, which, we grant, your new system would create, but which would only ' Increase the general distress, by the excessive superabundance, by the universal glut of all kinds of commodities which it would occasion, and under the evils of which all parties already suffer, in a limited degree ! Gentlemen, it is under the old system,— it is under the present imperfect, ruinous, and wretched system, that what are called the evils of superabundance, do indeed exist ; and it is under that system alone, that those evils always must exist. Under the new system, as I shall prove us you presently, the mime evils never can by possibility occur,—be cause, under the new system, the producers of wealth will be enabled to do that which they are not enabled to do now, viz. to consume all the wealth produced by their own industry, or equivalents for that wealth ! Capital, by its present mode of operation, too generally exerts itself to increase the production or wealth, not only Wi t h out ta ki ng measures for enlarging the markets in which it is to be consumed, but, on the contrary - always striving, by a diminution of the value of labour, to con tract the markets whieh already exist. The capital to be em tinhiennattesh'etofof thethe same e ml n ln u i n ti lbe e3 r will he plOyed In the new communities will create new markets as well as new productions; fur the consumption of wealth by the gratify his desires to the utmost extenwtiouratkoninywg to ordinary circumstances. Bow is it possible, then, that, ltow under a system which is toenable being powers h t times • classes t h g et r r ag a .r r every human tification can be carried, by the ricer such a system, ance s of fi t, wealth can ever Possibility, be created sputioui political. Economists tell tis that the amount of the.supply of wealth is regulated by the demand for it 1.-Gen tlemen, ,their own admission that a superabundance of wealth sometimes occurs, and that a glut of wealth now exists, falsifies, of a l"d sup ,l ett i a i n - 41- and demonstrates the absurdity of their own theories ! put for their puerile and fallacious systems, immense imp , 1 ro ements could be effected in the condition of all classes of the pet:oe. even without the aid of Mr. Owen's arrangements, —although those arrangements, certainly, will carry improvement to the highest possible pitch to which it can be =lied, in the present state of our knowledge !—Gentlemen, the spurious Political Econemists, in treating of demand and supply, have only shewn this, that they are ignorant of what the true demand for produc tions really is ! The real and natural demand for prodealons has, in fact, no limits,—no conceivable bounds. The wants of man, end therefore his demands, are as boundless as his de sires are insatiable! 'Whether it be the grand market of the world, therefore, or any one of those furnished by the consumption of a particular count r y,—it i s a b s olutely illimitable, a nd never has been, nor ever can be, overabundantly supplied !--ft is be cause the power of consuming is most injuriously and m os t , ignorantly restrained, by the errors, the imperfection, and the numberless counteractions, of the present system, and not, as the spurious Political Economists have supposed, because the demand is satisfied, that there is so frequently an apparent, or mercantile, superabundance of commoditi es i n our present markets ! Remove the restraints upon consumption, which can only be done by withdrawing the human being himself from the grinding influence and the sordid operation of the commercial principle, and by rescuing him from that condi tion in wide' he himself is acknowledged to be nothing more than a mere mercantile commodity,—do this (and this can only he done efficaciously by the arrangements of 111 r. Owen, or by similar arrangements constructed on correct principles,) and a superabundance of commodities never can again by pus. sibility occur.—Continue, on the other hand, wales the present system;—and, from the artificial evils occasioned by the real and natural blessing of your stupendous powers of pro duction,...-from the evils of that which has emphatically been called the curse of superabundance, you never can again, in consequence of your vast powers, and in consequence of the errors and counteractions of the present commercial system, by pos s ibili t y esca p e ! I appeal to every one who hears me, even to the richest individual amongst us, whether there are not oc casions continually maturing, on which he sighs for the acquisi tion of some new enjoyment,—of some new possession, beyond his means of attainment !-1 ask him, whether, conscious as he is of that desire on his own part, he is not, on one moment's reflection, convinced that the desires, and therefiwe the wants, — and too generally the necessary wants—of the immense majo rity of his fellow subjects and fellow creatures, are still less sa tisfied than his own ? I put it to you all, Gentlemen, if what I have just stated is the truth ; and, wheth er , if w h at I h ave stat ed be true, it i s not established, that the demand for wealth—that is—for the productions of human tehour,—is not now, and never can be, satisfied—for, the desires which ,you feel for the enjoyment of wealth, are the only natural and the only real demand for wealth,—whilst that which the spurious economists have igno rantly called the satisfied demand for productions, is in fact no thing more than the starving restraints which their own systems have imposed, or have been the means of continuing, upon con sumption 1 Thus, then, the worst apprehensions of those, who are on this subject the real visionaries,—of those who are really the dream ing expectants of chimerical anti impracticable results, are effectually dispelled.—Th us , i t i s ev id ent that the groundless dread, lest property should become of no value, and lest the consequence of a prodigious increase of riches, should, by an inexplicable process, become the very means of rendering it im possible that the proprietors of the land should receive their rents, or that Capitalists should obtain their usury, is for ever annihilated. Thus, is the worst and most formidable objection, irrefragably refuted.—l have, Gentlemen, entered a more ex tensive field than the occasion will permit me to traverse with that minuteness of examination which is desirable. I shall, therefore, pass quickly over the remainder of the ground, and merely cpst a brief notice on die other seeming impediments to our progress. One of these is the assertion that capital, if left to itself, will always find the most profitable and die most advantageous chan nels of employment ; and also the very erroneous inference drawn from that proposition, even admitting the proposition itself to be correct—namely, that it is therefore useless to pro pose a new and improved scheme for its employment._ Gentlemen, though capital may always seek the niost profit able employment, I d eny t h at it has cite power to find it, and I deny that it has either the power or the inclination, to seek the most advantageous and beneficial employment. Witness the accursed commerce in human beings which it carried on I under the British flag, and which it still carries on under foreign flags, from the coasts of Africa, thus proving Omit will ' traffic in the blood and slavery of rynarterof the globe for thesake of its own untighteptia increase! Airitness the millions of money which have been transferred from the Exchange of this Metropolis to the coffers Of 'France; to be employed in carrying carnage through the territory, and in imposing chains upon the people, of a State whose independence was purchased with the blood of Englishmen, and - whose independence and prosperity are atthis moment so essential to the independence and prosperity of the British empire ! Witness this disadvantageous employ ment of an immense capital—this.ruinotts employment of it ; not fur the production of increased wealth,' . or of increased human happiness, as the Political Econombies have prepos terottslrassumed, but 'for the waste .of war-,-for the purposes of destruction, of carnage, and devastati on !—Wi tness this, at a time when th e pl ans of Mr. Owen p resent a boundless field fbr its profitable—for its productive—for its felicitous, em ployment at home, anti then tell us that capital is an intelli gentda happiness niattt do directed, iltlieltdpt,loobybylenceonnt: unhesitatin gl ycompulsio n l cap ita lsio and a beneficent agent, to which care over the advance ought confided!!! o be n —No I—But rig e ) at l androriel reasons, s t a syt t i n ot : its othe it capitalists, e. t ix:t i eila s glnne i ie: n ifillic e r a ei : ea n i sos t:l est i t e a C ps i e l i c i° l l i t t il t a sc' t oc t a l u s rft. o l e pil u ocn r :nep b n bilica e e ett l al w . i el— e )ni % c btale : l o e e n (u t h i nor i b n a asengtni t t c i o n e t h atd i uc t o s e a nts i be e communities communities will eventually induce all capital into a beneficial as well as a profitable employment ! All that I have to do is, to prove that it is not a work of supererogation to call the at tention of capitalists to advantageous and honourable plans; and that capital is not, in itself; the best judge of the manner in which it might to be employed !—Would it be sufficient &- insuring its most beneficial application to place a large capital at the disposal of an untutored Indian ?—tiol—And if capital in the halals of the ignorant savage requires the direction of in telligence, that is enough to prove that it is not, as has been as sumed, an intelligent and a beneficent agent; and its posses sors, therefore, even in thisenlightened country, though it may said to have arrived at the years of discretion, in the age of civi lization, are not to be wholly exempted from receiving judicious advice, are not to he elevated entirely above the influence of science, and placed absolutely beyond the reach of the dictates of experience! One more point, and I have done:—lt has been said that the realization of these plans will induce ultimate misery, because the comforts and abundance to be provided by them will occa sion an excessive increase of population !—The very persons who contend that the system is utterly visionary and impracti. cable, also contend that if reduced to practice, it will be so over practical in its operation as speedily to replenish the whole earth with inhabitants ! The dream of over-population appears to me to be as chimerical and as absurd, as the dream of over-production of wealth. Besides, in both cases, we are, at this very moment, actually suffering those very evils which it is only feared the new system will entail upon our posterity, perhaps some thousands of years hence ! The British islands, though ca pable of sustaining in affluence several times their present po st pulation, are already suffering the evils of excessive population, saviaileinnon)ii gisal:nilt?ebgan- otst become :rh'lnetEi ar 'enu e ' ( y i so severely, that their Government have thought it necessary to resort to the debilitating remedy of encouraging emigration.— The whole earth is capable of sustaining an increa s e o f popula tion too prodi g i ous to b e ca l cu l ate d ! Let us, therefore, avail ourselves of the discoveries by which, in our generation, we may escape from the evils of excessive populousness; anti if, at some exceedingly distant age, when the solid surface of the universal globe shall he cultivated as a garden, the recurrence of that evil from which we shall have escaped, must take place, let us leave it to that distant and more enlightened age to take example from the wisdom of its enterprising ancestor of the nineteenth century, and to devise a new remedy for itself! 1 have said nothing of the philosophy of Mr. Owen's system. I have confined myself, both at this and at the last .Meet. ing,to the practical part of the plan, —to wh a t a ll w ill admit to be the question as to the matters of fact !—lf some of Mr. Owen's opinions are speculative, I rejoice that he has been able to derive happiness from exercising his powerful mind in speculation I .—lt mutters not to me if his practical arrangements had been devised by a Jew, a Mahomedan, or an Infidel. I take and employ the exquisitely constructed and surpassingly useful piece of mechanism, without any uneasiness about the speculative opinions of its inventor. The maker, in freely pre senting it, has an undoubted right to tender us his opinions at the same time. He is right in pertinaciously refusing to com promise his opinions. And those who take the practical ar rangements at his hands are neither bound to take the opinions also, nor do they compromise their own. Let us therefore unhesitatingly accept the matter• of fact, and by mutual con sent suffer the contest about opinions to be carried on in the old way; and let those continue to claim the victory who are able to produce the most truth on their side, or who fancy that they have that advantage. A. J. namtvrox (or Dahell ; Bin., ihen 'stated t h at he also had intended to address .t e Meeting, if a. favourable oppottunity had presented itself. "''There are (said Mr.. Hamilton) two classes _of men from • whom- the " New Sys tem" has received more opposition than from all the others put together,—l allude to the Clergy and the Lawgivers or Lawyers : I therefore wish to direct the attention of this meeting to the cause of the opposition of these two parties, and I tr forust I shall be able to p rove , that there isiAo good foun dation it.—The cause is a belief in both parties that man is a free agent. I shall fi rst examine what ground* the Clergy have for their belief in man's free agency , . and then we shall see if facts bear out the Lawyers in thinking him so. In the first place, the Old Testament says, " Train u p a c hi ld in the wa r he should go, an d when he i s old he will not d epart fr om it; —what is this but Mr. Owen's fundamental axiom, "that man is the creat ure o f c i rcumstances " ? Secondly, in the New Testament, it is clearly and distinctly laid down, " That before the foundations of the world were laid, God did fore-ordain and predestinate all things ; and that some men he did predestinate unto everlasting life, and others to everlasting damnation ~and all for his own glory," This passage does not occur mer e ly once or twice in th e N ew Testament, but often ; a n d upon the belief of its truth the 39 Articles of the Church of England and Ireland were drawn up, as w as lik ew i se the Confession of Faith of the Scotti s h Church. I ask, then, can any man be a mem • ber of the Ch urc h es of either England, Ireland, or Scotland, and at the same time believe himself to be a free agent? cer tainly not ; he must either abandon his religion or his free agency. Are there then any grounds for opposing Mr. Owen's system, becaus e i t i s contrary to the Bible ? No : the Bible speaks directly the other way, and (as Mr. Crooke observed at the last meeting) is in every respect in unison with Mr. Owen's system. There is another cause, if it be true, why man cannot possibly be a free agent,—and I believe it was never before mentioned at a public meeting,—it is the new science of phrenology to which I allude, as advocat e d by Drs. Gall and S purz h e i m, and Mr. Combe, and Sir George Itl'Kenzie. This new science undertakes to prove, that men's actions are determined by the shape of their heads ; therefore how can a man be free to do a thing or not to do it, when the organization of his brain compels him to act in. one way only ? Illuch ridicule has been thrown upon this new science of phrenology, but I can tell this meeting that it is be hayed afuong many others, by the two pillars of the Scottish Church, namely Dr. Chalmers, of Glasgow, and Mr. Thomson, of Edinb urg h, men who, as Theologians and Metaphysicians, stand at the top of a Church, which owns no head but C'hrist.— Here then we have another system„upon hich the doctrine of necessity can be proved, and a l t h ough I do not understand it sufficiently my se lf to believe it entirely, still, when I know that it is supported by such menus it is, I cannot help thinking that there must be something in it. I s hill now f or a few minutes call th e attent i on of the meeting to the opposition of the lawgivers or lawyers. They have been trying for ages past through the mean s o f f orce to make men d o ri g h t . Have they succeeded in their attempts ? No, nor will they ever succeed.— They may enact penal laws, they may build jails, bridewells, pe nitentiaries, and hulks ; and they may hang, transport, nod whip their fellow -creatures for ever, but they will effect nothing by these means. L et us now examine if any other ni:.aus havo been successfully t r i e d in reforming human beings; I ion h a p py to say there h a ve, an d t h at Count Rumford, at Munich ad Mrs. Fry, in this country, have tried kindness, and that it tuts suc ceeded to their utmost wishes, although exercised upon the roost abandoned and degraded of human beings. It is certainly very singular that men did not discover sooner that kindness was the best means to use to improve the habits of their fellow mortals, considering how long it has been known to persons accustomed to manage the inferior animals. Let the law-givers and lawyers of the world ask the trainers of horses, the breakers of dogs, or the keepers of wild beasts, whether kind or harsh treatment answers the best, when applied to the creatures under their charge, and they will, one and all, reply, th at it i s b y kindness, and kindness alone that they can e ff ec t t h e i r purpose. Can it, then, be any th ing against Mr. Owen % system, that it has been opposed- by law-givers or lawyers, who, prac. tically spealang, are actually more ignorant than the trainers of horses, the breakers of d ogs , or the keepers of wild beasts? Upon ie whole, however, lam of opinion that men differ more about mere words than any thing else. Some Christians think Mr. Owen's views opposed to Christianity, others think the m per f ectly consonant with it; nay, more , that they are the very essence of Christianity. Mr. David Hume was formerly very generally thought to be the greatest enemy Christianity ever had, from his having shewn the absurdity of a belief in miracles. But a few Sundays ago I heard the cele brated Scotch preacher, now in this city, and who was train e d under Dr. Ch a l mers, declare, that Mr. David Hume was the best friend Christianity ever had, because, said Mr. Irving, h e ha* swept away the very foundations of all natural religion. This I state to the Meeting as I heard it, and with a view to show how men differ upon what is in favour of Christianity and what is not. I must now apologize to the Meeting for occupy, ing so much of its time, and Pave only to express my entire Approbation of Mr. Owen's system,"