The Sun. — London, England, 1846-12-26 00:00:00

THE HEALTH OF TOWNS ASSO- CIATION. At a meeting of the members of the association, held on Wednesday, Lord Ashley in the chair, communica tions were received from Sheffield, and other places where branch associations have bean formed. FEVER AT MINCHINHAMPTON FROM THE EZPOSURE OF HUMAN REMAINS REMOVED FROM CHURCHYARD. Dr. SOUTHWOOD SMITH, i❑ moving the appointment of a select committee to consider and report upon the provisions of Mr. Mackinnon's Bill, fur the prevention of interments in large towns, said that he had to lay before the committee some cor espondence, developing the cause of an epidemic fever which had broken out and ravaged the small town of Minchinbampton. He con ceived it most important that this correspondence should be laid before the proper authorities and the public, as it could scarcely fail to establish the conclusion, that those provisions which it was at present contemplated to confine to the larger towns, should be extended to the smaller towns, and that to new churches, whether erected in towns, or in the rural districts, common grave .yards should no longer be attached. The facts contained in the correspondence to which he wished attention to be given were most im portant in relation to the physical question as to grave yard emancipations. In his report on the practice of interments, Mr. Chadwick had adduced evidence de monstrative of the conclusion that the emanations from human remains, in a state of decomposition, were noxious in their effects on human life. He regarded this corres pondence as a striking illustration of this fact, and he thought it important to give it publicity, because the public are often more impressed by a single case than by a volume of evidence. The first letter he had re ceived was as follows—(Letter No. 1.) To this he had sent the following reply—(No. 2.) The information he had received in reply afforded further illustration— (No. 3.) To this he had given the following reply— (No. 4.) And a furtber correspondence took place as follows—(Nos. 5 and 6.) To those who really understood the subject, there was nothing extraordinary in all this ; what was extraordinary was, that when interments in towns had been prohibited, even in Spain, such facts should continue to be resisted in this country. The motion for the appointment of a special com mittee was agreed to unanimously, and it was ordered that the correspondence should be referred to it, and that a copy of it should be forwarded to Mr. Chadwick for his information : No. I. " 7slenchinhampton,Nov. 8, 1846. " TO DR. SOUTHWOOD SMITH. " SIR,—I beg to apologise for the great liberty lam taking in addressing you; but knowing the interest you take in the sanatory improvement of our towns, I am anxious to obtain your valuable opinion for which I shall feel much honoured and obliged. Our town is situated on a considerable elevation; each shower of rain produces its little torrent, which passes through the streets with considerable power; our streets are wide, and the inhabitants tolerably cleanly; no offen sire business being carried on, and the place has been proverbial for health. I have practised as a surgeon here for 16 years, and until the last two years I have no recollection of having had a single case of typhus fever. In the latter end of the year 1844 I had many cases, uniform in their symptoms, and a disposition to assume the typhoid type. Last year very few occurred. Within the last two months we have had upwards of 150, so as to induce a general meeting of the respectable portion of the inhabitants. The fever is identical with that of the former year, but more severe. Cold rigours, con gestion of the brain, great prostration of the vital powers, blood dark, with delirium on the second or third day, are the early symptoms. " In the year 1843 our church was rebuilt; a great portion of the churchyard was sunk and removed; many bodies reinterred; an immense quantity of this earth was used on pasture land close to the town. A large bank, more than one hundred loads, now remains within fifty yards of the town• Our church was five hundred years old; population of the parish is six or seven thou sand; graves densely crowded; some of the earth very dark on being removed. Pray are the above circum • stances, which took place three years since, likely to afford malaria, Sc as to account for so much disease at this time? "I am compelled to add that the street and the rec tory, both adjoining, were the first and most severely visited (that is, this year). Our rector's family of four, the wife and daughter died, also the gardener. I regret to say that many cart loads of the dark earth was put in trenches by the side of the walks on the premises, the gardener frequently diggiug up bones. "As the heap of earth now remaining is the important subject of inquiry, would you recommend its immediate removal? "Again, Sir, do I beg to apologise for thus troubling you, and to assure you the favour I shall esteem an an swer at your convenience, "I have the honour to subscribe myself, "Yours obediently, (Signed) "DANIEL SMITH. "Our hamlet and adjacent places are free from fever." No. 11. " TO DANIEL SMITH, ESQ. "London, 38, Finsbury-square, Nov. 8, 1846. " Sir,—lt is very surprising how such a plan could have been conceived, much less actually adopted, as that which you describe ; namely, covering pasture land and bordering gardens with decayed and decaying human bodies, in the shape of earth very dark,' conveyed directly from a churchyard five hundred years old, and taken from graves densely crowded.' This dark earth' must be highly charged with animal matter, fur such matter has been constantly infiltrating into it for ages. The weather during the latter part of the summer, and the beginning of the autumnal quarters, has been peculiarly favourable to its decomposition. In accounting for the general spread of epidemics during the last two quarters of the present year, the Registrar-General, in his report for the summer quarter, ending the 30th of September, says:—' The rapidity of decomposition, the facility with which all kinds of animal matter run into putrefaction, enable us to understand how, in a summer like the past, in which the temperature was unusually high, the diseases referable to an impure atmosphere should have been so prevalent and fatal.' No one can doubt that a large mass of earth, highly im pregnated with animal matter, is capable of contaminat ing the atmosphere, and therefore that the bank of this earth, consisting of more than 100 loads which now re main within fifty yards of the town,' ought to be instantly removed. Still, however, I should not counsel you to re gard this earth, shocking and dangerous as it is to have placed it in such situations, as the sole cause of the dis ease which has appeared in your town. I should advise you to have a regular and strict examination made of the sewers, drains, and gutters of the town, of the state of the privies and cesspools, and of any other collections of filth and refuse, and of the stagnant pools and ditches in the town and neighbourhood, to have all such matters removed, and thoroughly to cleanse every part of the town, the poorer parts especially, with currents cf water. But if you have no sewers in your towns, and nothing but surface drainage, or if you have these, but are without an ample supply of pure water, it is not the excellence of your position and soil that will give you health, or secure you from the visitation of epidemics. Allow me to recom mend to your careful study, and to that of all persons of authority and influence in your neighbourhood, the report of the Health of Towns Association, just pub lished by Charles Knight. Withont sewers, without under-ground drainage from the houses into them, and without ample supplies of water to keep them always clean, you can never be secure from typhus fever, and other painful and fatal maladies. It is, I hope, begin ning to be perceived that it is the duty of medical men to endeavour to prevent diseases as well as to cure them; and it seems to me that the medical profession have it now in their power to perform a signal service to the public, by urging on and by directing the present sana tory movement. " I am, Sir, your faithful servant, (Signed) " SOUTHWOOD SMITH." No. 111. " TO DR. SOUTHWOOD " Minchinhampton, Nov. 16, 1846. Sir,—l beg to acknowledge, as well as thank you, for your polite courtesy in replying so promptly to my inquiries relative to the sanatory condition of our town. I purposely avoided stating my own views on the sub ject, and I feel much gratified to find that yours are in unison with my own, as to the imperative necessity of removing the heap of earth so contiguous to our town. I find, however, that this heap is not exclusively com posed of churchyard earth, but contains some rubbish ; and instead of being 100 loads, as I stated in my former letter, it amounts to 400 or 500 loads. It was carefully hand-picked, that is, the large bones were collected and buried. Small bones are now and then seen, which point out the nature of the stuff. Near this heap, and somewhat parallel to it, is a long patch or ridge of exclusively churchyard earth, which was intended to fill up some inequality of the ground. Tnis extends nearly 70 yards, and amounts to 400 or 500 loads also, and is about a yard in thickness ; there is, of course, much surface ex posed to the atmosphere ; 103 loads were spread about as manure, as before stated. The newly-erected part of our church was sunk, to be in unison with the archi tectural proportion of the older, or remaining portion, and, consequently, to make a suitable and new approach much lowering of the ground was requisite ; thus a con siderable part of the churchyard was sliced down, to within a foot or two of the remains. In fact, some were exposed and re-interred, and others occasionally required to be covered to keep them from view, and this part is densely crowded with graves. The churchyard was enlarged, and the ne w groun d coate d w i t h the churchyard earth from its fertilizing effects, so as to hasten the rapid growth of grass. These additions I consider so serious, that I am induced to submit them to your consideration. Our parish consists of hamlets principally. The town itself contains oaly about 800 inhabitants, and is formed by four streets crossing at right angles, and has a consider able descent, which produces, after a shower, a current of water of much power, passing into the under drains with a velocity which thoroughly and effectually cleanses them. Much, also, is carried off by surface draining, the lo wer part of the town terminating with an abrupt descent. W e h ave no ditches; our soil is shallow, androc kexists everywhere. Our church was completed in the autumn of 1843; previous to whi c h I h ave no recol lection of h av i ng h the to durin g the had d a single case of idiop a thi c f ever i n fourteen years I h a d res id e d i n i t, although I see n earl y - I,oooa patients annually in my pri vate and public capacity ass nths f surgeon to the dispensary, and during the l ast two . mohave atte i nd nh ed fr l o o m o cases their of the epidemic, or m ore, i n the town, which, uniform symptoms, must, I conclude, arise from some spe cific cause . The subject has produced, and still excites, painful interest, and the inhabitants are divided in opinion as to the probable cause, and the remedial measures which should be adopted, and an imperf ec t committee of these individuals has been appointed ; but as t hi s sana tory quorum is not directed b y medical men, it is onl y partially effective. And now . , Sir, may I beg the favour of your further valuab le a dvice. Are n t e h i e n s g e ni circaa lar m i a s , t a s n o c a e s e which I have stated capa ble of p to produce fever, assisted or developed by the present THJ SUN, R4ol\l DON, SATUR:)AY . .MORNIN (1, DECEMBER 26, 1846 humid season ? And would you recommend the removal of all the churchyard earth ? I shall feel truly obliged and grateful for your opinion on these matters, aud your further remarks as to the duties of medical men may be productive of much good i❑ influencing an investigation. " With my renewed apologies for thus again trespas sing on your valuable time, " Believe me, Sir, with much respect, " Yours very faithfully, (Signed) " DAN. SMITH." No. IV. " London, 38, Finsbnry- square, Nov. 27, 1846 : " Sir,—The facts contained in your second letter give an additional importance to those stated in your first; and from both together, it appears that earth has been re moved from a great portion of a churchyard 500 years old, densely crowded with graves,—that many bodies were du; up with this earth and again reinterred—that the earth is of a dark colour, and still containing bones, although the larger bones have been collected by hand-picking,' and have been re-interred--that a large quantity of this earth has been used on pasture land close to the town — that many cart-loads of it have been put in trenches, by the side of the walks, in the garden of the rectory — that the new ground which has been added to the church yard has been " coated' with it from its fertilizing effects in hastening the rapid growth of grass, and that two large banks of it still remain within fifty yards of the town—the one mixed with " rubbish,' containing 500 loads, and the other consisting exclusively of church yard earth, :being one yard in thickness, and seventy yards in length, containing at least 500 loads more, and exposing a large surface to the atmosphere. You fur ther describe the present state of the church-yard to be sliced down' to within a loot or two of the remains of the dead, some bodies having been actually exposed and re-interred, it being, you state, still necessary occa sionally to cover in others, to keep them from view, and this part you say is densely crowded with graves. "From the account it is obvious that, independently of what has been used on pasture land, in the garden of the rectory, and in the new ground of the churchyard, one thousand loads of earth, highly charged with animal matter, being in fact the progressive accumulation of the bodies of the dead for five centuries, have been ac tually exposed to the atmosphere; and the question is whether it is probable that this earth can now give off emanations capable of producing in those who inhale them disease and death. " In the evidence given by Mr. J. Dean,* before the Health of Towns Commission, some facts are stated which will help us to answer this question. This wit ness enters into a detailed consideration of the dif ference in a sanatory point of view, as well as in the productive value of manure, diluted with water, and used as a liquid, and of the same manure applied in the solid form as top dressing. The thought is revolting, but it is not the less the fact, that practically the whole of the churchyard earth which has been exposed to the atmos phere, whether that applied on the pasture land, in the trenches of the rectory garden, on the new ground added to the churchyard, or that which still remains in heaps close to the town, must be regarded as top dres sing. According to the evidence of Mr. Dean, the pro per dilution of manure with water, and the application of it to land in a liquid form, while it increases the produc tive value of the manure five or six fold, absolutely pre vents the escape of noxious emanations, or at all events renders the production of miasmata only occasional, and of very short duration ; but this same manure, when applied in a solid form, as top dressing, decomposes slowly, and gives off for an i n d e fi n i te period emanations injurious to whoever is exposed to them. On the coast of Kent abounds a creature called five fingers (the As terias), which preys upon the oyster, and which the fishermen catch in great numbers, in order to protect their oyster-beds. As this devourer of the oyster is not itself used for human food, it is often spread out as top dressing in fields, sometimes close to villages, and when this is the ease, according to the state of the atmosphere and the direction of the winds, the poisonous products of decomposition by generating epidemic fever, have spread devastation in those villages. The state of the atmosphere is not always favourable to decomposition, nor that of the winds to the injurious diffusion of its products, so that materials the most highly charged with poison, may be inactive, and therefore innoxious for a considerable time, but at length will come a warm, close atmosphere, with a sluggish wind slowly moving along the now rapidly-developed poisonous gases, and then, should this wind chance to move in the direction of houses and vil lages the inhabitants, who are susceptible to fever, will be sure to be seized with this disease. This appears to have been the course of events at Minchinharcpton in the year 1844. You state that previously to that period not a single case of fever had been observed in this town, at least for fourteen years ; you say it was pro verbial for its state of health, and certainly its position and soil are particularly favourable to health, while it appears to be free from stagnant ditches, collections o f filth, and the usu a l sources from which fever springs. In the autumn of 1843 the exposure to the atmosphere of the church-yard earth tdbk place ; in the following year fever broke out, many cases occur, all of them so uniform in their symptoms as to indicate their origin from some common cause. After a time the fever abates, the alarm subsides, but soon the disease again breaks out worse than before; so that withia the last two months upwards of 150 cases have occurred. The in tensity of the disease, meantime, falls on the street ad joining the rectory, and on the rectory itself, and in the rector's own family, the wife, the daughter, and th e gardener, become it s v i c ti ms and perish. " But in churchyard earth five centuries old, still densely crowded with graves, poisonous matter must be contained in a high degree of concentration. We know from experience that the air may become so charged with animal and vegetable poison, as to cause death by the inspiration of it for a few moments. This is the case in hot climates where there is much moisture, and where large quantities of dead and decayed vegetable and ani mal substances are exposed for a considerable time, per haps in stagnant pools and marshes, to this moist heat. It is the same in vaults in which bodies are enclosed in leaden coffins, the opening of which has sometimes proved suddenly fatal to those who have breathed the stench and vapour that have issued from therm Cases are on record in which thieves who have broken into tombs and forced open such coffins, with a view of plunder, instead of finding jewels, have met with death, and have been found dead in the vaults. These facts show the highly-concentrated state in which an animal poison may exist. Your five centu ries old dark churchyard earth must, I repeat, contain this poison in a high state of concentration. The state of the atmosphere, for a considerable time past, has been favourable to decomposition, from the nature of your soil, whit h you state to be sandy, with reek abounding everywlere ; the poisonous products cannot percolate through the earth, but must be exhaled into the atmosphere. If the weather should be calm, and the wind move sluggishly in the direction of your town, your present ep:cemic will continue ; with the change of the atmospheric conditions, the intensity of the emana tions given off from your decomposing heaps, may dimi nish, and, consequently, your fever may decline and even subside, but it will again recur 29 long as those heaps are allowed to remain, and, indeed, as long as this extraordinary amount of poisonous matter is allowed to contaminate a soil natura'ly salubrious. " The arrangement by which dead organic matter is capable of again receiving the principle of life, of assuming new vital forms, and of developing into new bodies, is beautiful and beneficent, but when such matter is taken from new graves and applied directly to fertilise our fields, the transition is too immediate, and cannot bat shock the natural prejudices of the human mind. Mr. Chadwick has shown the impera tive necessity of an entire revision of our whole system of interment, at least as far as regards large towns and populous districts; but the case of Minchin hampton proves that such a revision is equally necessary for our villages and hamlets. The necessity of such a revision appears to have been felt by the great architect of St. Paul's—' For I could wish,' says Sir Christopher Wren, that all burials in churches might be disallowed, which is not only unwholesome, but the pavement can never be kept even, nor pews upright, and if the church yard be close about the church, this is also inconvenient, because the ground being continually raised by the graves occasions in time a descent by steps into the church which renders it damp and the walls green, as appears evidently in all old churches.' When shall w e see every parish in England with its God's Acre,' those secluded places of sepulture, of which the German Protestants have set us the example; beautified with perennial flowers, with flowering shrubs, with the cypress and the willow, and with groups of other trees, the favourites of our familiar fields, gardens, and woods; in which peaceful retreats it may be possible to cherish those reverential and tender associations naturally called up by the sight, or even the thought of the hallowed spot in which our beloved dead i epose; and full of these' types of renovation and decay, which the fields and the woods offer to the notice of the serious and contemplative mind,' suggestions which are especially so precious because so soothing to the mourner and so calculated to revive in his heart resignation and hope. : 'From the state of uncertainty in which the authori ties of your town still appear to be with regard to the cause and remedy of the calamity with which it is visited, I am afraid that time must be distant. " I am, Sir, your faithful servant, (Signed) " SOUTHWOOD SMITH. "Daniel Smith, Esq." No. V. " Michinhampton, Dec. 7, 1846. " Dear Sir,—l now hope to give you a detailed account of the epidemic with which this town has been visited, as well as the part I have taken in the matter. "An early meeting of the inhabitants of the pariah was held to ascertain the cause of the disease, and being called upon to give my opinion, I stated that I had re sided in the town 16 years, as a surgeon, during 14 of which I had no recollection of having attended a single case of fever, that is, in the town. Two years ago / was much occupied in attending many cases, and, from their uniformity of symptoms, I felt assured that they arose from some specific cause. In my dail3 rides I en deavoured to discover this source; I looked in vain for any undrained lands or marshy bogs, which were calcu lated so throw off malaria; I found none. I then directed my attention to the physical or geographical position and condition of the town. I found here no feature calcu lated to favour the development of fever ; but on further inquiries I found that a considerable quantity of churchyard earth was exposed to the atmosphere —earth saturated with animal matter, and which I consider was just such a cause calculated to produce the effects I had witnessed. The patron of the living, who is also the lord of the manor, together with the rector, were, I believe, the principal cause of the unfortunate churchyard arrangement. The former, whe was present, appeared to receive my opinion with some pique and dis courtesy. Many, if not most, of the individuals present considered, that there wax something in my views. I farther stated that I ree , gnised the same uniform symp toms in the fever of the present year, indicating that both arose front the same cause. The rector, who was ' First Report, Pod. 2, p. 406 et Del,. absent, soon sent a protest against my theory, hence we have a parochial division, and I am sorry to say that there is no immediate prospect of the removal of the source of the malady. Since I first addressed you I have i had important additional confirmation of the views we both entertain. Wherever this earth has been taken fever has followed. The patron had some taken to his garden, and the only son of the gardener near was attacked. The result at the rectory you are already aware of, and there are two ar three more instances. A young man who paid his addresses to a young woman living in the street between the rectory and the heaps, went home a distance of three or four miles, sickened with fever and died. "Children living at a distance, who attended on Sun day and day schools, went home, sickened, and fell vic tims to the malady. Yet in no instance has it been communicated to the remaining family ; but when all fear of contagion and a certain time had elapsed, chil dren of the same family were again admitted to school, and in a short time they sickened and were sent home ; this had been the case in many instances ; in none have I seen it communicated by contagion. " Again a young girl is seized with fever severely, I attend, she recovers ; while in a weak condition she at tends her school, a few days after she is seized with low fever and sinks. Many slight cases have occurred, such as rigors, headache, and sudden and great prostratio❑ of strength, which have continued only a day or two. Two or three instances I have seen more resembling a parox ysm of insanity. Take the following instance :—I was called to a lady of a most amiable disposition ; in the niorning she had been seized with rigors ; I found her with slight congestion of brain, pulse quick, tor.gue clean, head cool ; I found her throwing objects at her husband, and she accused me of robbing her of her child. I attributed this state of mind to the poisoned condition of the blood, that is, the brain, I considered being supplied with imperfect blood, rendered the func tions of this organ imperfect also. The patient re covered in a few days under my simple treatment. "One of the most leading symptoms is excessive pros tration of strength. I nearly lost a lady by the applica tion of four leeches to the forehead, and was compelled to give her wino liberally ; also another young person nearly sunk from the same cause. I ordered two, and four leeches were applied ; she became insensible for hours. Also the eldest son of a gentleman, who lost a dessert spoonful of blood from the nose ; the tongue be came dry, and insensibility followed ; wine only saved him. In all cases the blood is very dark, I presume from excess of carbon. I could generally foretel the condi tion of my patients by walking late at night on my ter race (an elevated position). If I found a warm, close, moist atmosphere, with no wind, so that the exhalations remained in the lower stratum of air, the delirious symp toms were generally aggravated, and vice versa. " I sincerely hope that the ensuing Parliament will provide some legislative enactment so as to remedy such a dangerous state of things ; for it is a lamentable fact, that the cause of epidemic is not likely to be removed. I have already brought upon myself severe obloquy and prejudice. I hope the time is not far distant when every county will have its Sanatory Commissioners, to visit and report periodically every town, and who can always be accessible as reference and authority.—Believe me, Sir, with much respect, yours faithfully, (Signed) " D. SMITH." (No. VI.) " 38, Finsbury-square, Dec. 21, 1846. " Sir,—lf any parson of ordinary intelligence were told that a thousand loads of earth saturated with ani mal matter were exposed to the atmosphere close to a town heretofore proverbial for health ;. thet not a single case of fever had previously existed in this town at least for fourteen years ; that on diligently searching for the common causes of fever, such as accumulations of filth within the town, or stagnant pools and ditches without it, no such causes could be found ; that soon after the exposure of this earth, in a season favourable to its decomposition, fever broke out and became epidemic ; tkat • wherever this earth was taken fever followed ;' that wherever it was placed M the greatest quantity fever prevailed in the greatest degree, and was most severe and mortal ; that wherever the atmosphere as warm, close, and moist, with no win!, so that the exhalations remained in the lower stratum of air, the delirium and the other symp toms of the malady were greatly aggravated ;' and that in no instance did the fever appear to spread by commu nication from person to person, but always in conse quent:, or at least in the degree of exposure to this earth, as illustrated by several remarkable individual cases—lf any person of common sense were told these things, even if there should exist in his mind any doubt as to the real relation of cause and effect in this case, he would surely think it pruclont, as a meae matter of pre caution, to remove these thousand loads of earth. After the _part taken by your patron and your rector, in pro ducing the calamity that has befallen your town, though, no doubt, quite unintentionally and unconsciously, they can hardly be expected to become at once advocates for the obvious remedy ; but it is to be hoped that the in habitants in general will not be so slow to profit by the lessons of experience. Physicians of all ages, who have paid attention to the subject, nave been of opinion that the very symptoms observed in your patients, namely, those denote a highly typhoidtype, are produced mainly by exhalations arising from the decomposition of aaimal matter. Thus Dr. Mead, writing more than a century and a half ago, in assigning the reason why Grand Cairo, in Egypt, is the birth place and the cradle of the plague, which is nothing ,but a severe form of typhus fever, says :—" The city is situated in a sandy place at the foot of a mountain, which keeps off the winds that might refresh the air, consequently the heat is rendered ex tremely stifling. A great canal passes through the midst of the city, which, at the overffow of the Nile, is fitted with water. On the decrease of the river this canal is gradually dried up, and the people throw into it all manner of kith, carrion, offal, and so on ; the stench which arises from this and the mud together is intolera bly offensive, and from this source, the plague con stantly springing up every year, preys upon the inhabi tants, and is stopped only by the return of the Nile the overflowing of which washes away the load of filth In Ethiopia, the swarms of locusts are so prodigious, that they sometimes cause a famine, by devouring the fruits of the earth, and when they die they create a pes tilence by the putrefaction of their bodies; this patrefac- Lion is greatly increased by the dampness of the climate, which during the sultry heats of July and August is often excessive ; the efflnvia which arises from the im mense quantity of putrifying animal substance, combined with so much heat and moisture, continually generate the plague in its intensest form; and the Egyptians of old were so sensible how much the putrefaction of dead animals contributed towards breeding the plague, that they worshipped the bird Ibis, from the services it did in removing great numbers of serpents, which they ob served injured by their stench when dead, as much as by their bite when alive. " A quarter of a century ago there were indications in this country of a disposition to call in question the correctness of the view taken by this distinguished phy sician and philosopher, of the origin of the plague, and of analogous diseases ; but the evidence of the truths since adduced has commanded almost universal assent, and the most striking and irresistible confirmation of it is afforded, among others, by the Commissioners ap pointed in 1844 by the French Government specially to investigate all the varied questions connected with the plague, and who, in the early part of the present year, give in an elaborate report, the result of these labours, to the Royal Academy of Medicine in France. " Tliere is a growing dislike in the people of this coun try to have their places of burial desecrated by common and daily traffic, and by rude and low sports, and those who can afford it, now seek to bury their dead in public cemeteries wretchedly pcor and inappropriate as those cemeteries are, compared with what national places of sepulture might and ought to be made. In the meantime the Ecclesiastical Ccmmissioners, Including the Arch bishop of Canterbury and the Bishops of London, Lincoln, Durham, St.Asaph, and Bangor, have reported against the practice of burial in the church and chancel, a prac tice,' theo say, which appears to us to bo in many re spects inj:rious, in some cases by weakening or deterio rating the fabric of the Church, and in others by its ten dency to affect the lives and health of the inhabitants. We are of opinion that in future the practice should be discontinued.' One distinguished member of the bench, indeed, is of opinion that there is no evil in this prac tice, provided it is not carried to excess : that poison in itself is not hurtful, but only an extreme dose of it. It is earnestly to be wished thst the Ecclesiastical Commis- sinners had reported against the practice of burial near the church as well as within it, were it only for the rea son assiffaed by Sir Christopher Wren, already quoted, that if the churchyard be close about the church, the ground being continually raised by the graves, occasions in time a descent by steps into the church, which renders it damp, and the walls green, as appears, evidently, in old churches." " I am, Sir, your faithful servant, (Signed) " SOUTHWOOD SMITH." , PONDEROUS LOCOMOTIVE LOAD.—Last week —a very heavy locomotive engine, belonging to the South Eastern, was transported by the turnpike-road from the terminus to Deal. The unwieldy machine was placed on a strong truck, and required no fewer than 30 power ful horses to draw it up the Castle hill. The novelty of the sight of so numerous a team drew together a large concourse of persons, some of whom, notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather, accompanied the truck, with its ponderous load, several miles on its way towards its destination. The engine, we understand, was about 20 tons in weight, and the truck 6 tons. On the previdus day the tender, drawn by 25 horses, was also taken to Deal. CHRISTMAS DINNER CLUDS.—Experienced sales men at Leadenhall-market state, that the demand for Christmas geese has thi s y ear excee d e d that o f any pre vious season, and that the establishment of clubs has, within the last few days, brought upwards of 20,000 geese into the market. The plan is, for a certain num ber of subscribers to a club to a pay sixpene or a shil ling per week, for some time previous to Christmas day, to receive a goose and a bottle of spirits. The publican holding the club generally enters into a contract for geese some months before, propoi tionate in number to his anticipated demand, and each vies in producing birds of the largest size and best breed. It has been stated that, from this competition, the quality of geese has been very much improved, from the greater attention which the extra demand has caused to be paid to the feeding and fattening the birds. In some parts of the metropolis " plumpudding clubs" have been established. lltGu TIDE.—On Wednesday afternoon the tide rose so high as to overflow the banks of the river. The lower part of Retherhithe was in many parts uncler water, and several of the houses near the river had their basement floors completely inundated. A groat part of Battersea-fields, in the neighbourhood of the Red-house, were under water, and impassable till some time after the tide had subsided. Lord John Russell has received the remaining halves of a 501. and two 10/. notes, transmitted to him on account of income-tax. The amount will be paid into the Exchequer. BANK RETURNS. (From the London Gazette of Tuesday.) ( An Account, pursuant to the Act seventh and eighth Victoria, cap. 32, of the Average Amount of Bank Notes, of the several Banks of Issue in England and Wales, in Circulation during the Week ending Satur• day, die 12th dia,ymo PRIVATE A D T a c E . , 1846 BAN :- Average DS. Amount. Abingdon Bark, Abingdon-Knapp and Co.. 23,967 Andover Bank, Andover-Heath and co 13,102 Ashford Bank, Ashford-Jemmitt and Pomfret 10,488 Aylshatn Bank, Aylsham-R. and E. Copeman 5,008 Aylesbury Old Bank, &ylesbury-Rickford and hunt Baldock Bank and Baldock and Biggleswade Bar.k, Baldock-Wells, Hogg, and Lindsell... Barnstaple Bank, Barnstaple-Drake and Co. Basingstoke and Odihan: Bank, Basingstoke- Colo, Seymour, arid Co, Bedford Bank, Bedford-'l'. Barnard Bedford and Bedfordshire Bank, Bedford- Trapp, Halfhead, and Co. Bewdley Bank, Bewdley-Nichols, Baker, and Crane Bicester and Oxfordshire Bank and Oxford Bank, Bicester-Tubb, Wootten, and Co. Birmingham Bank, Birmingham-Attwoods, Spooner, and Co 22,890 Birmingham and Warwickshire Bank, Birming ham-Lewis, Moilliett, and Co 17,552 Blandford Bank, Blandford-Bastard and Oak Boston Bank, Boston-Garfit and Co 67,762 Boston Bank, Boston-Gee and Co 13,808 Bridgwater Bank, Bridgwater-E. &J. Sealey 7,476 Bristol Bank, Bristol-Miles, Harford, and Co. 38,452 Broseley and Bridgnorth, and Bridgnorth and Broseley Bank, Broseley-Messrs. Pritchard 24,366 Buckingham Bank, Buckingham -Bartlett, Parrott, and Co. Bury and Suffolk Bank, Sudbury Bank, Market Bank, Bury-Oakes, Bevan, and Co Banbury Bank, Banbury-Gillett and Tawney. Banbury Old Bank, Banbury-Messrs. Cobb... Bei: City Bank, Bath-Moger and Son Bedfordshire Leighton Buzzard Bank, Leighton Buzzard-Bassett and Grant Birmingham Bank, Birmingham -Taylor and Lloyds Bradford Old Bank, Bradford, Yorkshire-H. and A. Harris Brecon Old Bank, Brecon-Wilkins and Co Bridport Bank, Bridport-S. and W. E. Gundry Brighton Union Bank, Brighton-Hall, West, and Borrer Burlington and Driffield Bank, Burlington- Harding, Smith, and Co Bury St. Edmunds Bank, Bury St. Edmunds- J. Worlledge and Co. Bromsgrove Bank and Stourbridge and Broms grove Bank, Bromsgrove-Rufford, Biggs, and Co. Cambridge Bank, Cambridge-Mortlock and Sons Cambridge and Cambridgeshire Bank, Cam bridge-Messrs. Forsters Canterbury Bank, Canterbury-Hammond and Co Carmarthen Bank, Carmarthen-Morris and Sons Chertsey Bank, Chertsey=-Messrs. La Coste Colchester Bank, Colchester-Round, Green, and Co. Colchester and Essex Bank, Witham and Essex Bank, and Hadleigh Bank, Suffolk, Colchester -Mills, Bawtree, and Co Cornish Bank, Truro-Tweedy and Co ...... Coventry Bank, Coventry-Little and Wood cock City Bank, Exeter-Millard and Co Craven Bank, Settle-Birkbecics and Co. Chris telt urch Bank, Christchurch-Tice, Welsh, and Co Cardiff Bank, Cardaf-Towgood and Co Chepstow Old Bank, Chepstow Bank, Mon mouth Old Bank, Mown( uth Bank, Brecon Bank, and Ross and llerefordshire Bank, Chepstow-Bromage, Snead, and Co. Derby Bank, Derby-Messrs. Evans Derby Bank, Derby-Smith and Co. Derby Old Bank and Scarsd Ale and High Peak Bank, Derby-Crompton, Newton, and Co 25,083 Devizes and Wiltshire Bank, Devize3-Hughes, Locke, and Co 19.147 Diss Bank, Diss-Oakes, Fincham, and Co 9,610 Doncaster Back, Doncaster-Leatham, Tew, and Co. Doncaster Bank and Retford Bank, Doncaster- Cook and Co. Dover Union Bank, Dover-Latham, and Co - Darlington Bank, Durham Bank, and Stockton en-Tees Bank, Darlington-Backhouse, and Co 79,805 Devonport Bank, Devonport-Hodge and Nor man Dorchester Old Bank and Dorsetshire Bank, Dorchester-Williams and Co. East Cornwall Bank, Liskeard-Robins, Foster, and Co. East Riding Bank, Beverley-Bower, Hutton, and Co. . . 50,060 Essex Bank 'and Bishops Stortford Bank, Chelmsford-Walford. and Co 57,392 Exeter Bank, Exeter-Sandersl and Co 28,991 Fakenham Bank, Fakenham-Gurneys, Birk beck, and Co. Farringdon Bank and Bank of Wantage, Far - 12,950 78,168 40,384 50,145 3,338 35,668 36,002 12,218 68,203 22,922 30,985 11,472 16,495 23,267 48,549 31,842 22,670 3,364 20,975 40,275 48,837 7,693 19,736 71,883 2,612 7,185 8,820 ringclon-Barnes and Medley v 8,030 Farnham Bank, Farnham-Messrs. Knight 1 0,740 Faversham Bank, Faversham-Hilton and Co 6,126 Godalming Bank, Godalming-Mellersh and Keen Grantham Bank, Grantbam-Kewney and King 18,281 Guildford Bank, Guildford-Messrs. Haydon... 13,303 Grantham Bank, G-rantham_Hardy and C 0.... 30,492 Hastings Old Bank, Hastings-Smith, Hilder, and Co. ................................................ 33,919 Herefbrd City and County Bank, Hereford- Matthews and Co. Hertfordshire Bank and Ware Bank, Ware s. Adams and Co. Hull Bank and Kingston-upon-Hull Bank, Hull -Smith, Brothers, and Co. Huntingdon Town and County Bank, Hunting don-Rust and Veasey Harwich Bank, Harwich-Cox, Cobbold, and Co 5,675 Hemel Hempstead Bank, Hemel Hempstead- Smith, and Whittingstall 23,525 Honiton Bank, Honiton-Flood and Co. Hertfordshire, Hitcher' Bank, Hitchen-Sharples and Co. ller4ord Ross, and Archenfield Bank, and Ross and ik.rehenfield Bank, Hereford-Morgan, Hoskins, and Co 24,656 Ipswich Bank, Ipswich-Bacon and Co. Ipswich and Needham Market Bank, Suffolk, Ha:Heigh Bank, Manningtree and Mistley Bank, and Woodbridge Bank, Ipswich- Alexat_ders and Co. Kentish Bank, Maidstone-Mercer, Randall, and Mercer Kin;; ton and Radnorshire Bank, Kington-J Davies and Co Knighton Bank, Knighton-J. D av i es and Co 7,181 Enaresborough Old Bank and Ripon Old Bank, Kna:esborough-Terry and Co 19,375 Kendal Bank, Kendal-Wakefield, Crewdson„ and Co. Kettering Bank, Kettering-Gotch and Sons 8,809 Lane End Staffordshire Bank, Lane End-C Ilarv. y- and Son Leeds Bank, Leeds-Beckett -and Co 51,266 Leeds Union Bank, L2eds--W.Williams. Brown, and C.I. Leek and Staffordshire Bank, and Leek and Congleton Bank,Leek-Fowler,Gaunt, and Co. 1,237 L.:Ai:ester Bank, Leicester-Pagets and Kirby 30,093 Lewes Old Bank, Lewes-Molineux and Co 38,784 Liohfield Bank, Lichfield-Palmer and Green 16,965 Lincoln Bank, Lincoln-Smith and Co 88,654 14k.rulovery Bank and Llandilo Bank, Llando very -David Jones and Co. ..... I.ourhborough Bank, Loughborough -Middle tons and Cradock Lymington Bank, Lymington-C. and S. St. I3arbe Lynn Regis and Lincolnshire Bank, Lynn Regis -Gurneys and Co. Lynn Regis and Norfolk Bank, Lynn Regis- Massey and Co. Macclesfield Bank, Macclesfield-Brocklehurst and Co ll,BOB tranningtree Bank, Man nin,gtree-Nunn and Co 6,972 Marlborough Bank, Marlborough and Wilts Old Bank, Marlborough Old Bank, Marl borough Old Bank and Hungerford Bank, and Hungerford Bank, Marlborough-Tanner and Pinckney 13,921 Marlborough and North Wiltshire New Bank, Marlborough-Ward, Merriman, and Hillier 11,411 Merionethshire Bank, Dolgelly-Jones and Williams ....... .. Miners' Bank, Truro-Willyams and Co 17,934 Monmouthshire Agricultural and Commercial Bank, A bergavenny-Baileys and Co 27,545 Monmouth 01(1 Bank, Monmouth Bank, Brecon Bank, Chepstow Bank, Chepstow Old Bank, and Ross and Herefordshire Bank, Monmouth -Bromage and Sn ea d Monmouthsire Ne w p ort Old Bank, Newport 16,017 -W. Williams and Sons 8,131 Newark Bank, Newark-Godfreys and Hutton 28,659 Newark and Sleaford Bank, and Sleaford and Newark Bank, Newark-Handley, Peacock, and Co Newbury Bank, Newbury -Bunny and Slocock 32,595 Newmarket Bank, Newmarket-Eaton, Ham mond, and Son 19,837 Norfolk and Suffolk Bank, Diss-Taylor and Dyson Norwich Crown Ba n k, Norwich-Harveys and Hadsons ................................. ............. . 45,568 Norwich and Norfolk Bank, Norwich-Gur neys and Co .... Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Bank, Not tingham-Hart, Fellows, and Co 10,994 Nuneaton Bank, Nuneaton-Craddcock • and Co Naval 13 .. a. ............... ...... .. ......... .. and 23,445 New Serum Bank, Sarum- Hetley, Everett, and Go Nottingham Bank, Nottingham-Smith and Co 29,574 Oswestry Bank and Oswestry Old Bank, Os westrv-Croxon and Co 16,681 Oxford Bank, Oxford-J. and R. Morrell 13,635 Oxford ald Bank, Oxford-Robinson, Parsons, and Thompson... )k' Bank Tonb r id ge , T on b r id ge an d T on b r idg e 41rS (Ye Bank, Tonbridge and Tonbridge Wells and Seventalra pank, Tonbridge- Beeching and Sons ..... elt• 10,990 6,884 4,934 Average Amount Oxfordshire Witney BaLk Witney—Williams, Clinch, and C 0.... 10,832 Pease's Old Bank, hull, the linll 0!d Bank and Beverley Bank, Hull—Pease and Co 45,703 Penzance Bank, Penzance—Ba , ten and Co 11,017 Peterborough Bank and Oundle Bank, Peter borough—Messrs. Yorke Peterborough Bank, Peterborough—Simpson, White, and Simpson Pf:,.. - Arokeshire Bank, Haverfordwest—J. and W. Walters Penzance Union Bank, Falmouth Bank, and Truro Bank, Penzance—Rickets, Enthoven, and Co Reading Bank, Reading—Simonds and Co Reading Bank, Beading—Stephens,Blandy, and Co,. 10,086 12,486 36,238 Richmond Bank, Richmond—Stapleton and Co Ringwood and Poole Bank, and Town and County of Poole Bank, Ringwood—Ledgard and Sons Rochdale Bank, Rochdale—Clement, Royds, and Co Rochester, Chatham, and Strood Bank, Roches ter—Day and Nicholson Romsey and Hampshire Bank, Romsey—Foot ner and Son 38.560 6,293 Royston Bank, Royston—Fordham and Sons Rugby Bank, Rugby—Butlin and Son Rye Bank, Rye—Curteis, Pomfret, and Co Reigate and Darking Bank, and Reigate, Croy don, and Darking Bank, Reigate—Nash and Co 41 Ross (ild Bank, Herefordshire, Ross—Pritchard and Allaway Saffron Walden and North Essex Bank, Saffron Walden—Messrs. Gibson Salop Bank, Shrewsbury—Burton, Lloyd, and Co Scarb rough Old Bank, f3carborough—Woodall ant, Co Shrewsbury and Market. Drayton Bank, Shrews bury—Adams, Adams, and Co Shrewsbury Old Bank, and Shrewsbury and Ludlow Bank, Shrewsbury—Rocke, Eytons, and Co Sittingbourne and Milton Bank, Sittingbourne —Vallance and Son Southampton Town and County Bank, South ampton —Maddiron and Son . Southwell Bank, Southwell—Wylde and C 0.... St. Alban's Bank, St. Alban's—J. S. Story Salisbury Bank, Salisbury—Messrs. Brodie Shaftesbury Bank, SShaftesbury= Brodie and King Southampton and Hampshire Bank, Southamp ton—Atherly and Fall Stone Bank, Stone—W. Moore Stourbridge Banc,Stourbridge —Rufford, Wragg, and Co Stafford Old Bank, Stafford—Stevenson and Co Stamford and Rutland Bank, Stamford—Eaton, Cayley, and Co. . Stourbridge Old Bank, Stourbridge—Bate and Robins Shrewsbury and Welshpool Bank, Shrewsbury —Beck. Downward, and Co. St. Alban's and Herk Bank, St. Alban's—Gib son and Stuart Taunton Bank. Taunton—Messrs. Badcock Tavistock Bank, Tavistock—Gill, Rundle, and Co . Thorn b ury Bank, Thornbury—Rolph, Yates, and Parslow Tiverton and Devonshire Bank. Tiverton—Duns ford and Berne Thrapston and Kettering Bank, Northampton shire, Thrapston—Yorke and Eland Trigg Bank and Chesham Bank, Tring—But cher and Sou Tow tester Old Bank, Towcester—J. and S Percival Union Bank, Cornwall, Helston—Vivian and Co Uxbridge Old Bank, Uxbridge—Hull, Smith, and Co. 20,16_ Wallingford Bank, Wallingford—Wells and Co. 9,618 Warwick and Warwickshire Bank, Warwick— lielynge, Greenway, and Co. 25,573 Wellington Somerset Bank, Wellington—Fox, Brothers West Riding- Bank, Wakefield. and Pontefract Bank, Wakefield—Leatharn, Tew, and Co. Whitby Old Bank, - Whitby—Simpson, Chap man, and Co Winchester, Alresford. and Alton Bank, Win chester—Bulpett and Co. Winchester and Hampshire Bank, Winchester —Wickham and Co Weymouth Old Bank and Dorchester Bank, Weymouth—Elliott and Pearse Wirkesworth and Ashbourne Derbyshire Bank, Wirkesworth—Arkwright and Co. Wisbech and Lincolnshire Bank, Wisbech— Gurney and Co. Wiveliscombe Bank, Wiveliscombe—P. and W Hancock Wolverhampton Bank, Wolverhampton— Good riche and Holyoake. Worcester Bank, Worcester—Farley, Lavender, and Co. 12,960 Worcester Old Bank and Tewkesbury Old Bank, Worcester—Berwick, Lechmere, and Co 79,311 Worcestershire Bank, Kidderminster—Farley and Turner Whitby Bank, Whitby—Frankland and Wil kinson Walsall Old Bank, Walsall—CbarlesFoster and Sons . 6,35 5,272 13,926 6,068 19,340 . ..... . Warminster and Wiltshire Bank, Warminster— Everett and Co. Wrexham Bank,,Wrexham—J. and S. Kenrick 2,090 Wolverhampton Bank, Wolverhampton— Messrs. Fryer Yarmouth and Suffolk Bank, and llalesworth and Suffolk Bank, Yarmouth—Gurney, Birkbeck, and Co. Yarmouth, Norfolk, and Suffolk Bank, Great Yarmouth—Sir E. K. Lacon, Bart., and Co 15,689 Yeovil Old Bank, Yeovil—E. and J. Batten York Bank, York—Swann, Clough, and Co 44,901 JOINT-STOCK BANKS. Bank of Westmoreland, Kendal Barnsley Banking Company, Barnsley Bradford Banking Company, Bradford 49,229 Bilston District Banking Company, Wolver hampton Bank of Whitehaven, Whitehaven Bradford Commercial Banking Company, Brad ford ....,.... 17,201 Burton, Uttoxeter, and Staffordshire Union Banking Company, Burton-upon-Trent Chesterfield and North Derbyshire Banking Company, Chesterfield : .. 10,485 Cumberland Union Banking Company, Work ington . ... 30,455 Cheltenham and Gloucestershire Banking Com pany, Cheltenham Coventry and Warwickshire Banking Company, Coventry Coventry Union Banking Company, Coventry 14,458 County of Gloucester Banking Company, Chel tenham Carlisle and Cumberland Banking Company Carlisle Carlisle City and District Bank, Carlisle 19,496 Dudley and West Bromwich !3anking Company, Dudley Derby and Derbyshire Banking Company, Derby 19,698 Darlington District Joint-Stock Banking Com pany, Darlington 21,796 East of England Bank, Norwich Gloucestershire Banking Company, Gloucester 147,425 Halifax Joint-Stock Bank, Halifax Huddersfield Banking Company, Huddersfield 33,769 Hull Banking Company, Hull 26,728 Halifax Commercial Banking Company, Halifax 12,317 Halifax and Huddersfield Union Banking Com pany, Halifax 40,025 Helston Banking Company, Helston 1,350 Herefordshire Banking Company, Hereford 22,433 Knaresborough and Claro Banking Company, Knaresborough 23,432 Kingsbridge Joint-Stock Bank, Kingsbridge 3,443 Lancaster Banking Company, Lancaster 56.513 Leeds Bankin g Company, Leeds Leicestershire Banking Company, Leicester Lincoln and Lindsey Banking Company, Lincoln 50,800 Leamington Priors and Warwickshire Banking Company, Leamington Priors Leeds and West Riding Banking Company, Leeds Leeds Commercial Banking Company, Leeds... Ludlow and Tenbury Bank, Ludlow Moore and Robinson's Nottinghamshire Bank ing Company, Nottingham 28,103 Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Banking Company, Nottingham Newcastle. Shields, and Sunderland Union Joint- Stock Banking Company, Newcastle 76,232 National Provincial Bank of England, Birming ham, Head-office, 112, Bishopsgate-street, London . 418,275 North Wilt . Banking Company, Melksharn ..... 55,954 Northampb mshire Union Bank, Northampton.. 79,329 Northampt onahire Banking Company, North- 1,518 9,986 amptou North and South Wales Bank, Liverp001....... Pares's Leicestershire Banking Company, Lei. 23,163 54,100 55,836 nester.— . Saddleworth Banking Company, Saddleworth... 2,344 Sheffield Bankiwy, Company, Sheffield 34,946 Stamford, Spalding, and Boston Banking Com pany,. S tannord Stuckcy's Banking Company, Bristol Somerset shire B. ink, and Somersetshire Bank, Lang port 321,997 Shropshir e Banking Company, Shiffnall Stourbrid ge and Kidderminster Banking Corn pany, :itourbridge 55,351 Sheffield anti liallatushiro Banking Company, Sheffield .. 23,278 Sheffield amd Rotherham Joint-Stock Banking Company., Ch.-Iliold ' Swaledale and Wensleydale Banking Company, Richmond . .. Stockton and Durham County Banking Com pany, Stockton Storey and Thomas's Banking Company, Shaftesbury Sheffield aad Retferd Bank, Sheffield ... Suffolk Bareking Company, Ipswich Wolverhanipton am/ Staffordshire Banking Coin - pany, Wolverhampton 35,506 Wakefield and Barnsley Union B an k, Wakefield 12,450 Whitehaven Joint-Stock Banking Company, Whitehaven. Warwick and Letonix_gton Banking Company, Leamingtm West of Engla ni.? awl South Wales District Beak., Brastot. . 49,902 9,064 600 Avcr.tga Amount. Wilts and Dorset Banking. Corr.par, Salisbury 62,685 West Riding Union Banking C,onipauy, llud derstield Whitchurch and Ellesmere Banking Company, Whitchurch Worcester City and County Banking Company, Worcester. . . , 6,975 York Union Banking Company, York 65,37:3 York Gt 7 and County Bankiw ' r o:mpany, York 89.251 Yorkshire Banking- Company,Leolsi P. DEANS, Registrai el Bank Returns. Stamps and Taxes, De: ember 19, 1846. 6,581 i BRITISH GUIANA. . (From the Colonial Gazette.) An address, of which the following is a copy, was presented to Mr. Young, the Government Secretary of British Guiana, on his recent departure from the colony for this country. The address describes Mr. Young to have been the confidential officer of successive " Admi nistrations"—meaning those of Governor Light, the present Governor, and of his predecessor, the late Sir Carmichael Smyth. These periods include the abolition of slavery, the apprenticeship, entire emancipation, and the enactment of the local civil list : settlements of the highest itnpor anee, peculiarly- susceptible of exciting political strife and animosity -4s, indeed, they did actually produce contests of great local magnitude, as well as of embarrassment to the Home Government. It is therefore highly creditable to all parties—to Governor Light, to his secretary, and to the inhabitants—that after the lapse of time, from 1834 V 1846, the services of a confidential officer of the L';cal Government during the whole of this eventful period should be acknowledged by the colonists in the terms of the farewell address to Mr. Young. The address is also of interest as containing a brief but specific enumeration of the claims of British Guiana on the mother country, arising out of the recent withdrawal of protection on colonial sugar, and the consequent competition with slave grown foreign pro• duce. I hese claims resolve themselves in substance, into-Ist. More copious emigration from Africa ; 2d. Equalisation of the duty on' British colonial rum as compared with British spirits ; 3d. No protection to British refiners as against British colonial refiners. In short, the colonists claim the practical extension of free trade principles to the colonies. The address was forwarded to Mr. Young with the following letter from Mr. Rose, an elective member of the Court of Policy:— " Georgetown, Demerara, Oct. 19, 1846. "My dear Sir,—l have been requested by the elective members of the Court of Policy, of the Combined Court, of the College of Electors, and other inhabitants of Georgetown, to present you with the accompanying ad dress. It has been my lot to be opposed to you in local politics perhaps more than any other individual in the colony ; it is a consolation to me to be able to record that our polical strife never interrupted our social inter course ; the causes which gave rise to our differences of opinion on local measures have long since passed away, and it affords me great pleasure to bear testimony to your unwearied zeal in the discharge of the various pub lic duties you have been called on to perform. I can confidently assert that her Majesty has few servants in her colonial possessions who possess your ability, and none of greater powers of mind or more conciliatory manners.—Wishing you a pleasant voyage, I remain, my dear Sir, yours sincerely, " PETER ROSE. " To the ion. 11. E. F. Young, Government Secretary." "Georgetown, Demerara, Oct. 19, 1816. "TO THE HON. H. E. F. YOUNG, GOVERNMENT SECRETARY. " Sir,—We, the undersigned elective members of the Court of Policy, of the Combined Court, of the College of Electors, and other inhabitants of Georgetown, having heard with regret that the colony is about to be temporarily deprived of your services, desire to convey to you a record of the public esteem which you have acquired during your long residerce among us in an official capacity, a record which would have been more numerously subscribed had the public generally had any intimation of your intended departure from the colony. The length of time which embraces the period of your official employment has been such as, perhaps unavoid ably, to preclude anything, like a constant coincidence of opinion or action between us and the successive Local Administrations of n hieh you have been the confidential officer. On one point, however, we can proclaim a uni versal assent, viz., that of ) our zeal, diligence, and com petency for the offices (many of them purely honorary, but not on that account the less laborious) which you have usefully filled in this colony. We trust that your official knowledge and your local experience may sub serve the interests of Guiana during your visit to Eng land. The lapse of years has produced many new vicissitudes of immense moment to the colony. Our precarious condition is a matter of notoriety, "In our present arduous struggle to regain and exceed our former capacity as an exporting and useful depen dency of the empire, not only are the advancing civilisa tion and welfare of our own population at hazardous stake, but in our fate is involved also a weighty influ ence over the destinies of foreign neighbouring posses sions which have not yet entered on the same trying ordeal. " We confidently claim the fulfilment of those expec tations which the Home Government has recently re iterated of relief to our pressing needs ; our confidence rests on the growing opinion of the British public that hitherto the West Indies have not had fair play, and that the policy adopted towards them has been one of bungling, vexatious, and unjust restraint. We ask for a wiser, more efficacious, and more economical applica tion of the funds of the British Treasury to the suppres sion of the slave-trade ; exchanging the enormous cost of an imperfect or mischievous blockade of the coast of Africa for the lesser expense of supplanting slavery within the African continent by well-regulated and co pious emigration from thence to all colonies where free dom prevails. " We ask that British plantation produce be admitted into breweries and distilleries in Great Britain on the same terms as British grain is admitted into them at home ; and that no higher duties be levied in Great Britain on produce refined in the colonies than on pro duce refined in Great Britain ; and that the duty on rum be equalised. "To whatever degree these, our just and reasonable claims, can be furthered by your support in England, you will have added to your own claims on our hiE,,h estimation of your public services to this colony ; with which it may be said, on acccunt of your highly re spected father's services, you are hereditarily as well as personally connected. " Wishing you every prosperity, we subscribe our selves your most obedient humb'e servants." (Here follow the signatures.) "Kingston, Demerara, Oct. 20, 1846. " My dear Sir,—The frank and friendly, but too flattering, manner in which you have expressed yourself towards me in your note, enclosing the numerously signed address of the inhabitants of Georgetown, has, if possible, enhanced the gratification with which I have received so handsome a testimonial—my sense of which I have endeavoured to convey to them, collectively, in the enclesed reply. " Very sincerely yours, " H. E. F. YOUNG. " To the llon. Peter Rose." " Kingston, Demerara, Oct. 20, 1846. " Gentlemen,—l hasten to assure you that lam very gratefully sensible of the honour which you have paid to me in your kind and flattering letter of this date. In the subordinate situation to which my. official duties are restricted, it would be manifestly improper for me to presume, without authority, to advert to the important topics of public policy which are embraced in your let ter. I can only say that on any occasion when, without presumption, it may be in my power to urge o n th e con sideration of her Majesty's Government the immense capabilities and the inadequate development of the re sources of this noble province, the perseverance, enter prise, and activity of its intelligent inhabitants, under critical and discouraging circumstances, I shall with pleasure do my utmost to make these facts better known and appreciated, especially the wants and wishes of the proprietary body : being well aware that in thus acting I shall be humbly adopting that spirit of zeal for the welfare •of the colony which has ever characterised the conduct of my immediate chief, Governor Light, in necessary obedience to whom every word and act of my tificial career, during his administration, have been guided and regulated. With renewed assurances of the pride and pleasure with which I have received your letter, and requesting that you will be so obliging as to make my feelings known to the other gentlemen who have signed it in common with yourselves, I have the honour to subscribe myself, "Your very faithful and obliged servant, " 11. E. F. YOUNG. "To the Hon. P. Rose, J. Croal, Jas. Stuart. and J. Jones; Wm. Davison, C. Simson, J. Alexander, J. Lane, W. B. Ferguson, C. Conyers, A. Wishart, and M. Steele, Esqs." NAVAL INTELLIGENCE. --- PORTSMOITEH, THURSDAY.—The Lorus of the Admi ralty have decided upon superseding the Victory in the ordinary guard duties of this port. That time honoured ship is at length to be paid off into " ordinary" herself, and her moorings taken up by the Nelson or Neptune, 120. The Commander in -Chief, Admiral Sir C. Ogle, Bart„ mustered the crew and inspected the Penelope, 22, steam-frigate, Captain Gifford, this day, and was pleased to express his satisfaction at her appearance and effi ciency for service. The Mercury tender, Second Master Scarlett, returned last night from Poole and the neighbourhood, with newly raised men and boys for her Majesty's naval service. The Manceuvrer navy lighter arrived this afternoon with stores from the eastward. Commander E. S. Crouch (1821) died in the Royal Hospital, Haslar, on Tuesday evening, from an affection of the brain. The gallant officer was seized with illness only on Sunday last. lie died in commission as Com mander of the Victory, which appointment he had only held about Fix weeks. He was Lieutenant of the Ame thyst at the capture of the French frigate Thetis in 1808, and of the Hannibal at the capture of the Sultan° in 1814. Gaz?tted 1808, 1814. The gallant deceased was highly respected in his profession. Commander Crouch, of the Devastation, is the deceased veteran's eldest son. Much surprise is expressed at the absence of the Daphne with freight from the Pacific. She was over taken by a transpi , rt a week since, which vessel sailed in company with her three days, and then gate her the go-by and made Spithead on Sunday evening last. The Daphne is a new vessel, on the design of Sir AV. Sy monds, Surveyor of the Navy. DRUNKEN LoGic.—A man of Wellinborough, being brought up for drunkenness denied the charge, inasmuch as he knew what he was about. "If I war drunk," said he, " and know'd I war drunk, then I warn't drunk; but if I war drunk, and didn'tknoW I war drunk, then I war drunk."—Boston Herald. 8,074 2,854 8,22 9,545 3,790 9,353 16,693 11,662 21,806 13,02 4,644 45,903 17,299 24,419 8,826 41,608 3,100 15,635 13,249 2,873 20,014 7,469 5,626 5,817 15,800 12,565 30,176 17,217 24,70 2,390 28,110 12,710 8,487 11,720 10,992 12,650 9,798 4,173 WOR,X4 by ROBE .T J. cur,vntwELL, M.D. M.R.C.S. One Shilling e'eh. bj nost One, and Riangmle 0 N. SINGLE and MAIIItiED Lin (An Original Medical History.' CONTENTS: Analysis of the Affections—Early Conventional Restraint -3(LS direction—Marital Anticipations and Realities—Laws of l'aterultf .M eternal Intluenee—l'he,oniena of Gestation—On Infelicitonsaud Infertile Unions—lncongruous Alliances —Late 31arriages — " 1 Matches—Curiosities of 'l . ,i-enty-three Years' Jfedical Expeenc, On CIIISTII Y and its INFRINGEMENTS (An Essay for 1846.) "Of human ills and frailties I discourse, Those taught by nature, and by art acquir'd. Of griefs conceard, and disappointments keen, Which young and gentle, the matured and sager The lonely and the mated—all sustain. In kindly spirit, herein counsel's giv'n, How health, how hope, how happiness to Join." WHAT to EAT, DRINK, and AVOID With Diet Tables for all Complaints. Contents :—How to ensure perfeet digestion, tranquil feelisi good night's rest, a clear head, and a contented m ind. BY an' serval - tee 01 the instructions herein container the feeble, the 1,, vously (lane, even to the most shattered constitution, rostYa'-':?! the greatest amount of physical happiness, and reac h le health full period of life allotted to man. " llow we should live—what eat, what drink, what shins, To reach in health full threescore years and ten." These interesting little volumes, although bearing upon s ubjects is Manes. very delicate import, as their titles imply , wil l be found et . sur:Able and general utility, for they tell of matters everYlivi n g. c 15 ture able t, understan J ought to knoW, but which information these enligt, tened times, except that quality prom ul g ate 4 thr"g questionab e hannels, is at a very terrible discount. In the exposition hereby offered of the till now hidden trail' .4 , nature, ct human disappointments and their ways of relief, it it!n,_': contended that every reader shall become his or her own Phr dc . T. any more than their own lavrye., -. , ..t. it is insisted upon that_w_. sheuld know the simple principles of our own organization, the whereby our existence and the issue thereof in their several h at`flr hc.ampaprliteiesss of the e e family states depend, the duties that . are expected of us in oar indiran circle, and the terms By such knowledge, and which is herein fafthf ull Y imp Ines health will be found to be in our own keeping. and hapla.,_ present and future race of mankind have to rely our duty to ourselves, we secure the like advantages within the attainment et all , by the availment hereof in %% l " on which the health In+ to follow, and finally by the cultivation sit our faculties, ss'= ., , v n" na g consistent with degenerate health, the mind as well as th e lhtstes be exalted to the summit of - beet becomes the •-• perfection, as of God's creations. wn Wr it ' The author's justification for this seeraing eulogy of b h ,, is uses ings, and the avowal of their integrity of purpose, inn'tr.o that tins by their perusal—his accredited qualifications Var a ? `-.- on oct ‘.. r 0 .. i, in topics broached involve his legiCrnate study and Olin Ath 147 t To be had of , herwood, 23, Paternoster-rnif ;.,„"n o rg rnhill; t a. Fleet-street ; Hannay, 63, Oxford. stieet ; Mann , . 7, - yon ' direct from the Author, 10, Argyle-place, Regent-street l on 0 02 Great Marlborough-street), who may be advised Perstaalliorifine• matters daily till Three, and in the Evenings from Se v— -----•"" d 1 1(1°6$ A POPULAR TREATISE on t he HEALTH, LIF E ' a n NINETEENTH EDITIONot tbe B O p D ri l c L e l 2 - B F . 6 U d N . C . T F ree f 0 N b S y . r t Envelope) 35. 6a., medical I v Or* „, p os of TO ° cu .. T HE SILENT FRIEND. t on the loss of the reproductive powers , 'etere!hZ; Lion. The baneful effects of Indulgence, nefPe c ti 7,. - r t e n ted 1 ,,%„ nondarY SYmotoms, &c., are full ointed eut• 111- gravings ; followed by observatio y ns P on Marri a g s " PERRY . and Co., Consulting Surgeons, London. their rea tde2ce. Published by the Authors, and be had_, at Tg - eade e ..: Sold by Strange, No. Pl, Paternoste m r•ro y iv ; Conlon , 1 '63, Olfc" street ; Purkis, Compton-street, .4iho ; Hannay to de° ".• street, and 37, Roj al Exchange , and all bookseller s :. t hose IVY Part I. of this Work is particularly a ddressed ~ f e ar prevented from forming a Matrimonial Alliance, throl t g" . .. n aegwe lain disqualifications, and will bet' ound an available the means of perfect and secret restoration to manhr A c i i ; e ssen . Part 11. treats perspicuous!; upon those forms 0 1 ":4 00 ,00,: i i In their primary or secondary state, arising from inf,,,, e ' a i sldi how numhers who neglect to obtain competent Ine'' dre eted b " upon themselves years of misery and suffering. , The CORDIAL BALM OF SYRIACUM is eXO IO-vell et ane*,_ the cure of nervous and sexual debility, irregnittrikr',.7,,, -an d renews, loss of appetite, indigestion, consumptive nawrai per r ties aricing from venereal excesses, &c. Price lig. MS- 3 tie. The Five-pound eases may be had as usual. An st l The CONCENTRATED DETERSIVE ESSE24‘,:st'ood front syphilitic remedy for sea.rehi ng out and purifying the and W u . ., nereal contamination. scurvy, blotches on the head, face. and ulcerations, and those painfai affections arising' went, secondarysymptoms, and all eruptions of the skin. . 4d.• and 335. per bottle. 411. eta— , I'l' PERRY'S PURIFYING SPECIFIC PILLS, Price IS.-'" frail itePrgr; 1110 and lie. p; r box, are the most effectual rem with fo r stri te out hi nu "" - Pat ::nation, irritation of the bladder, &c., pr business. of cas o Consultation fee, if by Letter, 1/. A minute detail them restde oee, cessary. lessrs.3 Perry are in s'ally attendance at th e ta i tive; 4ol 15, Berners-street, Oxford-street, London, from ele •en Live till eight; and on Sundays irom eleven till twelve. ----------------------- H' ASP ON THE SECRET INFIRMITIES OF YOUT MATURITY. Just p W ub l i T is il hed T , lN T E L T t l i - e - t r h ll T E hon C s O a i n O d, U i n n E a l) ~AlrrirG.S. 2s. 6 , 1. Jr post paid, to any address, for 3s. 6d. in ' "-- direct Loin the Author's residence. eatio ‘ l , ELF- PRESERVATIN: Medical Tr ~, d Maa r " kir on the Secret Infirmities and Disorders of youth an i Illus+ra he_ ita r T a ii• fed with Twenty-five Coloured Plates on Physiology, and Diseases of the Urinary and RePro lucul d s howing exi , laining their various structures, d functions, an uses, an , bit , a nd °this the inju • ries that are produced in them, by soUterY A.ll 'Or ICEVOR excesses, With Practical Observations on the Treatment _.• Debility, LoctAallijeuanELdLopiCd...oAns:titutional Weakness' d other disarm. the Urethra, Membel;rYoSfA9, Bedford-street Bedford -square, London; a.,___orary of Edinburgh. lino Matriculated Member of the ' UnlYeL sitY s Society, Licentiate Apothecaries' Ilan, London, &e n go. coisrEisrs or THE TREATISE. its Hindrances CHAPTIZR 1. On ' 3l I E :os the I bilosophy of Marriage, with . . ..... si U rodvetiVe Utuons. and Obligations, and on Infelicitous an nP . ere.'" CHAPTER 2. On the Anatomy and Physiology ot the Gen _ a Organs, their functions, structures, and secretions, proving that .1.74'2: Mental and Physical e dependant upon their healthy a r S, —CHAPTER 3. On Solitary Habits; their various effects 00 ,,„1 Animal EcenoulY; the concealed cause of Debility o f the fluiert;a of the Stomach, Lungs, and Brain, and general weakness f„!,.„at Mental Faculties. cunpTEa. 4. On the Secret Disorders of 17 0 and Maturity, and the Treatment of .Nervous and Local We n co Mental Debility, and Premature Decay.—CHAPTXES 5 and hi sa, pl:talCO:disti:rsa suBGEO24 Gunaorm the Disorderr arising from hidisenruinate Excels, Gleet, Strictures, and other Diseases of the Urethra. REVIEWS Or THE WORK. AOP " The author of this ' singular and talented work is a leg. wee fled medical . d o l t , who has evidently had considerable eitper.ng the trr Atlllela m t ' thvrious disorders arising from the 10115311._7. frailties of early Indiscretion . The engravings a invaluable I.', dition, by demonstrating the consequences are an ..iin , '" of excesses, whii....,01 act as a salutary warning to youth and maturity, many questions may be satisfactorily re and by its Pe' a r plied to, that admit f n ° lnigaleaclia,,,lvelospe,suunprire: peal, even to the most confidential friend."—Era. Published by the Author, and may be had at his residence; 6), fruin Kent am! Richard., d 2, Paternoster-row; Hannay and C" 1 46, Oxtord-street Start;, Tiehborne-street, Qu a d ran t ; gordots Leadenhall-street, London; Newton, 16, Church-street, Lily" - and by all liooksellers. At Home for Consultation daily, from Nine till Two, - -- , A O Five till Eight ; and all letters immediately replied to, if ( 1,":"0 - gfr the fee of H., for advice, Sic.-9 BEDFORD-STREET BE SOITA T.ON;)ov .--...... — STEAM NAVIGATION AMONG THE SHORES OF IT AS lf. eigt --The Capri and the Vesuvio are new steara-reseetbe lately built in the Thames, for the n avigation e ,' of Mediterranean, and both are remarkable exatnPieeare what British art and science can accomplish. ThS ie r the property of the Neapolitan Steam Navigation ~41 Malta, calling at Genoa, pany, and are intended to run between Marseilles bier Ma Naples, Messina, and Syracuse ; in connexion vvithro, Mon.gibello, Ercolano, and Maria Christina, which, ' t he sell have been well known for s3veral years t ia o alter Enlish tourists as the best appointed in th°,, o the r Leghorn, Civita Irecee,he rantan. One of them leaves Marseilles toch-000 intermediate ports, giving the peTssen Alalta every week, and they stay ene da.V„ e n e „ a r , rtunitf, gers g i " s i c ' e u heres ( 1 of seeine , them as well ‘ • ' the " Is f t$ an ° as inspecting W b e co ° I. d Italy, and atthe luxuries Til t 4 ; the ist which the best hotel can afford. a V r ' ivio are built of iron, by Ditchburn an,_ (l 7.. a.„ p0e 4 ,3 180 . feet long, 600 tons, and 220-o'"iisief ifs the _e e. engines, double cylinder, are by i llat te - 1 °.' 1 1 1 10 ; and the speed of these vessels, ilitberte per hour, is beyond • • h a ' - P l ' anything which been ' accomplished. The Ye- vio went gofer „„10;, mouth to Naples in s su h 5 -'.- I N j-S even days and 18 hours!'.- t to igLe less time than the journey by land from Cala is . f iat 'J— ean be performed; a passenger who went Out i sc ald' remained four days at Naples, one day et f ; :jesfi l/ 1 5 4 and was in London on the twentieth day from the oil: Falmouth, which we believe unp, ralleled in ~„t " ,; O w : of travelling. These vessels have sleeping e `• -- 1 3 1:° e eg e -1 tion for 180 passengers, and are fitted uP '° t eni"' ° elegant and commodious manner. The saloon rdr; Ole, a drawing-room more than a cabin on ship-he 9 re s'' , e are 0 panels are of maple wood, and the moulu al ' a erinP y vi ith d o ho' carved in mahogany; the sofas are covered figured velvet; the other furniture is maple a :a is a ; e n g j gany. This superb apartment is used solelf,t 0 101 ) 7 maher. There are two ladies' cabins, and elegy eleg e i! cabin for gentlemen, fitted up in an equi"/ yessee manner. Some idea of the style in which these each 0 are appointed may ba formed from knowiag th at e Tbes a them has five hundred pounds' worth of Plat e ' o peri e : vessels have been built and fitted up under th e ; D ie,' tendence of Mr. Virgil Boni, the agent of th,e,-, c- re ls_, who superintended also the M ngibello and ",,,- ° to and who has been engaged in the e Mediterranean s navigation since its introduction, in 1825 ole [ADVERTISEMENT.] A GUARANTEED C VO osr P , of t A STIIM A, OLD (20170115, A FFECTION° OF THE C 11... •, 1 .1°1 1 . - to li LOWAY'S PlLLS.—ltecently so me ex t raor dinary eiP`,,eriods jec lo: been made upon various patients, su ff er ing for long 1 ;w most distressing asthmatic complaints, while other , a loartg ; r at with indigestion, acidity, sickness, soreness, and a, gin 10_40}" stomach,. producing symptoms that frequently tertnin: o o r Or; and other Oatigerous diseases. To the number of a "° the9_,Oa • were chosen, being consilered more or less incurabl e stie.iord put under a course of Holloway's Pills, which coMPle, te o 00 0 ,4 or in the cure of them within seventy-five days from L'",,,,id„",;00 , molt, and some even in less than half that time 244, d'• druggists, and at Professor Holloway's Establishmen t :: London. 1 BIRTHS. 4 On the 22d inst., at Harrington-square, Regent oil, wife of William Henry Wyatt, E sq ., o f a daughter . o f s .00 Oa the 2.3 d ir,st., Mrs. Leech, of Finsbury-equ ar • e4 ster , On the 23d inst., in Abin g d on - s t r eet, Westuila lady of B. W. Holt, Esq., of a daughter. s , MARRIED. On the 24th inst., at Barwick - Church, by the Trim, Incumbent o f Sandfo r d-O rcas , Willi a m Scott,,bter - Downshire-hill Hampstead, to Emily, eldest da" Robert Porter, Esq., of Barwick, near Yeovil. TA f tit!t h e li e r m On the 22d inst., at St. Michael's, Pimlico, Jo at4l4-t Esq., of Hans place, Sloane-street, to Jane, see oo- , d ,„0 of the late John Baber, Esq., of IL ath Cottage, 11 . 411 ,:11, 01 " On the 22d inst., at St. Luke's, Chelsea, fi ll- 0 9-4 second daughter of th e l a t e Ad r i an Hardy gaworsurl F.L.S., to Mr. Tilden Chri smas , o f M o untfie d-Pa rk ' fredoeit:c e t et On the 22d inst., at Ed gewo rth, Gloucester, ou gh , Latimer, Esq., of Headington, Oxon, to Mary Anne' Manor CI I°II of the late G. Jones, E sq ., o f Rodleys anuse, ccstershire. G e org . DIED. t. it On the 18th inst., at Fir.grove, Farnuarn , ,e, Hilaro Barlow, Bart., G.C.8., aged 84. ,e' 00, On the 20th inst., Mr. Ri c hard Exley, of Thist l Brompton, aged 27. . i , EsTo On the 20th inst., at Richmond, Surrey R. Ba t, rn i ,:; - p . 'O s " On the 20th instat Sdb 1 , 11 11 t w ' ~ u ury...l. , air° v f' Ol ig Wing, aged 71. 3,,ic On the 14th inst., at St. Germain-on-Laye , F rance, J. Morel, Esq., aged 81. 04 0 On the 15th inst., in Great Ormond-street, Q" el3. b ter Mrs. Jane Sturges, aged 92. AstiCitif On the 19th inst., at Guernsey, Katharine Jane,,,,,,111P 0f the Rev. Henry Curtis Cherry, Rector a ---- i• Barks, aged 14. II gel; On the 19th inst., Major Blunt, formerly of the 61 ment. f ili ell't° On the 20th inst., at Brompton, Elizabeth, relict ° _•• Charles Scott, Esq. gr. V ' On the 21st just in feti .., Barnsbury-terrace, Islington' d, T. Cardinal, aged 68. On the 21st inst., Elizabeth, wife of W. Ward, Abbo"--. St. Joh ~' s- wood, aged 68. 0: 4°11 Y ( a ) Ch On ri tsnileltit e Graham,2lstlost., aged ; 21st lost., W. Wlf)rd ' I:sq.,of Banburv, Geo ---"ci I j' i a ed t i 3 l 2 o . lnit,v ‘ ood, ea; Dorking , r " Lonv!on : Printed aml Published by 111(7RDO YOLTN Ce soe _., Strand, Printer, at Time eun Ogiee, N 0.112, Strsuld, cin.tartiffs of the Savoy, In the County of Middlesex, P" comber 26, 1146. `_ 4 )kvg lt h . oet t 11 `l, R 4 24 k',:il, D A RE 'rh, 11 th ............ '~ P 4 YI 11j tett 'het, ant th e . two