The Sun. — London, England, 1846-05-28 00:00:00

SINGULAR CASE AT GUERNSEY. (From the United Service Gazette.) A judicial occurrence has recently taken place in the Island of Guernsey, which we feel it a duty to visit with what we conceive to he well-merited censure. _ _ . It appears that a private of the depot of the 27th, named Thomas Curry, was arraigned before the Royal Court for inisden.eanour, and near the close of the trial witnesses were called to character. One of them was the captain of the soldier's company—Captain Cole, who spoke favourably in defence of the accused. One of the jurats of the Court in giving judgment on the case, said, " He found in all the cases brought before the Court, that the officers gave a good character to the accused. These gentlemen perhaps only looked to the qualities of the men as soldiers, but certain it was that they gave good characters to the worst men. Fossey, of the 48th, was one of the worst men in the corps, and yet he re ceived a good character from his officers ; and so it was in almost every case which occurred. He therefore could allow no weight to the testimony which had been given in favour of the prisoner." A more glaring piece of absurdity, in utter mockery of law and justice, it has seldom been our lot to contem plate ; and though the matter ought to be canvassed in calmness of spirit, yet it is almost impossible, whilst pe rusing such gross and insulting remarks, to refrain from giving free vent to indignation. The Learned Jurat no doubt considered himself perfectly safe upon the bench whilst uttering his totally unfounded calumnies upon brave and honourable officers of the British army. Capt. Cole could not refuse to come forward and give his testi mony, and to whom are the privates to look for kindness and protection if it is denied to them by their superiors? But it would be monstrous to suppose that a gentleman over whom such restrictions prevail should falsify his oath, his honour, and his veracity, to screen the guilty. Captain Cole holds her Majesty's commission, and must, consequently, be esteemed a man of firm rectitude, on whom the imputation of a falsehood would be destruc tive to character—he speaks on behalf of the prisoner, and Justice Midas Dobrea coolly insults, not only him, but the entire British army, from the misnomered " judgment- seat." We scarcely know in what terms to speak of this totally uncalled-for indignity upon gentle men infinitely superior to the individual who presumes to perpetrate it. 'With this and other glaring facts before their eyes, the Government at home cannot fail to adopt some measure for cleansing the Royal Court ; for it is monstrous that a Jurat should decide that the received evidence of good conduct from the officer of a prisoner, given on oath, shall have no weight whatever in the judgment he purposes giving. A writer in the Guernsey Advertiser of the 18th offers the following remarks:— TO THE EDITOR OF THE GUERNSEY ADVERTISER. Sir,—Junius, in one of his letters to Chief Justice Mansfield, has the following note :—" In one of them (referring to a political trial of the day), Judge Aston had the unparalleled impudence to tell Mr. Morris, a gentleman of unquestionable honour and integrity, and who was then giving his evidence on oath, that he should Lay very little regard to any affidavit he should make." Thus spoke the indignant Junius, of a corrupt judge. After a long lapse of years, it has been reserved to a Jurat of the Royal Court of Guernsey, to adopt the " unparalleled impudence" of Judge Aston;—Mr. Jurat Dobree has had the ambition to earn for himself this un enviable distinction. Upon the trial, which has just taken Place before the Royal Court, of a soldier of the 27th depot, Captain Cole, to whose company the man be longed, was called as a witness for the defence. Captain Cole's sworn testimony was favourable to the character of the accused soldier ; but Mr. Jurat Dobre?, dis regarding alike the sacred office of the Judge, and the sanctity of an oath, dared to proclaim, from the judgment seat, that " He could allow no weight to the testimony which had been given in favour of the pri soner." Captain Cole's testimony was in favour of the soldier, and, for this special cause, Mr. Jurat Dobrie presumed to cast discredit upon a British officer—t qual in rank—equal in honour—and equal in integrity, to any one of the jurats of the Royal Court of Gurnsey. A greater and more unjustifiable indignity could not be put upon any gentleman ; and no judge would so betray himself, if he felt the sacred, and responsible attributes of his office, and also if he felt what he owed to his own honour. To mark more strongly the partisan spirit of Mr. Dobre3, as a judge, he went back, without right or necessity, to an old case of a soldier of the 48th depot, formerly quartered in Guernsey, with the sole motive, that he might cast an insult and indignity upon the officers of that regiment, not now in this island. Mr. Dobres, from political hostility, has deeply compromised the honour and character of the judicial institutions of this island ;—he has struck a blow, fatal for the in tegrity of the Royal Court of Gurnsey—fatal it may yet prove—to its future existence as a judicial body. Judges," says Lord Bacon, " ought to be more advised than confident. Above all things, integrity is their por tion and proper virtue." Guernsey lately saw the testimony of an abandoned woman—a self-convicted felon—eagerly courted and implicitly credited] by Mr. Jurat Dobree and others, in order that—through this polluted witness—they might strike at the innocence of a soldier, then under trial for an alleged petty offence. Upon this disgraceful woman's evidence, the Royal Court of Guernsey found this inno cent soldier guilty, and sentenced him to imprisonment upon bread and water. The result was announced with a shout of triumph in the Guernsey Star, whose unprin cipled edito r i s t h e ac k now l e d ge d h i re li ng o f t h e f act i on. The injured soldier was soon proved to have been inno cent ; and the Chief of the Court—the Presiding Judge on ,r the trial —felt it his duty t o re p resen t th e case t o th e ,O.l.vns and her M a j es t y i mme di ate l y comman d e d t h e soldier to be instantly set at liberty. England will now hear, with one indignant feeling, that, While the Royal Court of Guernsey implicitly re- eeived the testimony of a polluted witness, in order to convict an innocent soldier, a Jurat of the same Court has Openly, and from the Bench, attempted to cast dis credit upon the testimony of a British officer of the highest honour, because this officer's evidence was fa vourable to an accused soldier. These are now facts in the history of Guernsey, and few will think that they reflect honour upon the a dministration of justice in this dependency of England. Identified with the British army by past recollections and associations, I know its honour. The honour of British officers stands firm and erect before the world, and bids a proud defiance to those who attempt to tar _nish it. lam not personally acquainted with Captain Cole, or any of the officers of the 27th Depot ; but the army feels that they support and uphold the honour and character of British officers ; and Captain Cole, I have no doubt, feels that the indignity cast upon him by a Jurat of the Royal Court of Guernsey, equally in volves the honour of the British Army ; and I am con vinced he has considered it his imperative duty to the service to bring the conduct of Mr. Jurat Dobre under the notice of the Head of the Army in this island, with a req ues t th at i t may b e su b mitted to her Majesty ' s Go vernment. The hono u r o f British officers may be safely e ntrusted to Gener a l N a pi er , w h o i s h onoure d b y hi s So vereign as one of her mos t ga ll ant so ldi ers — a so ldi er s ans eur et san s t ac h e ; an d Si r J ames G ra h am i s not t he4 9 iniste r who will permit an indignity to be un justly cast up on t h e army. In a course former letter I e x pressed an opinion that the day, of events p ass i ng i n G uerns ey would, at no dis tantthe a y, call forth th e p ower o f the Sovereign, and of has notlmperial Go vernment an d L e gislature. That opinion At • been unjustified. It is now certain that her Majesty's Government have issued a Royal Commission to inquire into the several institutions of Guernsey, more especially the constitution of the judicial tribunals, and their administration of justice ; and it may be safely tr usted that th e B r iti s h Parliament will make such organic changes in the constitution of Guernsey, as are demanded by the advanced intelligence of the age — eh anges much wanted, in order to secure to the middle and lower c l asses t h e possession and protection of all their just rights, and make their interests no longer subservi ent to any pr i v il ege d class. Guernsey will then a ppointed to take its proper position amongst the other dependencies of England. F. HAMILTON, Formerly Captain and A. D. C. to Sir J. Hope. Guernsey, Feb. 16, 1846. The feelings expressed by Captain Hamilton are echoed, not alone by the army—they are taken up by the English press, and the British Parliament. A most unwarrantable indignity has been offered to every officer holding her Majesty's commission ; but we already see the day of well retribution approaching. Her Majesty's Government will vindicate the honour of British officers, and will teach Mr. Jurat Dobree and the Royal Court of Guernsey, that they will no longer be suffered to insult honourable witnesses with impunity. TO THE EDITOR OF THE STAR. Sir—lt is with very great surprise that I find in your paper of the 9th of February, 1846, the following words ascribed to Mr. H. Dobree. Mr. H. Dobre) said : " That he found in all the cases brought before the Court, that the officers gave a good character to the ac cused. These gentlemen, perhaps, only looked to the qualities of the men as soldiers, but certain it was that the) gave go o d of the 48th regiment, to the worst men. Fossey, corps, and y et hewas one of the worst men in the officers." received a good character from his If Mr. Dobre e „ e xpressed himself (I sincerely hope he did not), he attempted to take away the charac ters and gentmlemen, and e i mpogned th e verac ity of uffi falsehood. ommitted himself to a direct Private Fossey, of the 48th • is n r e ed to, as a invent, bore an excel lent character at the time referrQ as a good soldier. There good man and Mr. Dobree soldier being a bad man, howeyseurch thing as a good may think fit to depreciate the militmaruyebhranch of her Majesty's service. The „,„ Royal Court of Guernsey (al ways Dobree). b e lieved the testimony of the oeffie-pting M r. r 48th Regiment, and I have no doubt will eeons of the continue to do so. Mr. Dobree, in his place as jurat, is at liberty to ex press his sentiments on matte r s br ought before the Co ; in so doing he had better confine his opi n i ons to the laws of his country, and things he can form s ome estinials. of, and leave the conduct and character of the British army alone. " Ne sutor ultra crepidan" I have the honour to be, Sir, your obedient servant, CAVENDISII BOYLE, Lieut. 48th Regt., and Adjutant of the depot dAring its service in Guernsey. Kingston, Jamaica, April 3. CIRCULATION OF FORGED CHEQUES.—On Friday the police of the city aryl metropolitan forces received additional in lormation of the ci:culation of forged cheques of the house of Ilankcy and Co. It appears that a man about twenty-eight years of age, five feet seven inches high, fair complexion, small whiskers, and pale face, in a black dress coat, grey trousers, light waistcoat, and gentle. manly appearance, has been rather successful in passing them. The same individual got rid of two in one (lay at the shops of Mr. Smith, linen-draper, Shaftesbury-terrace, and ill r. Gunter , Lowndes - street. Both spurious documents were drawn for the sum of 121. 15s. each, and at each of the ahave-named places he made purch(thes to Lime amount of 51., and received the difference in change. NEW ASYLUM FOR INFANT ORPHANS. SECOND ANNIVERSARY FESTIVAL. The second anniversary festival of this truly charitable and benevolent Institution took place at the London Tavern, on last evening, Lord MORPETH in the Chair. The usual loyal and national toasts having been given and drank with enthusiastic applause, a curtain un veiled, and displayed thirty-nine infant orphans, who sang a hymn. This scene was most interesting and impressive. The eldest of the children did not appear to be more than ten years of age. They were cleanly and neatly dressed, and their complexions spoke significantly that they were well and comfortably provided for. The CHAIRMAN said he confessed the sight which he had just witnessed struck him with the deepest interest, and he felt sure that the scene formed a most appro priate and pleasant prelude to the toast which it was his duty to submit to the meeting that evening. When pre siding at similar charitable associations, he felt that their merits were sufficiently tested by a long and prosperous experience. Their present society had not yet obtained that notoriety and expansion which he trusted it would obtain ; but there was something in the principle on which it was mainly founded which he considered most commendable, and which, nevertheless, might be looked upon as rather new and experimental. There were institutions in the metropolis erected as asylums of orphans, and he considered it an unjust and querulous mind that could find a reasonable fault with the principle of such institutions ; and though he was aware that there were some objectors, there had been none to object co their leading principle, and to say that it was the legitimate object of benevolence to pre vent, and not to palliate crime, yet he would have them remember, although he must say he admitted the theory, that until they had succeeded in preventing evil, it was their duty to deal with its symptoms—(Hear, hear) — and if they could not get at the root, they should not re fuse to uncurl the leaves of the diseased tree; and though there might still be improvidence, though there still might be drunkenness—and there still might be vice— they should not leave the little ones to their heritage of suffering, over the lot of whom angels would weep. It was not the province of man to harden his heart.— (Hear.) There was only one similar institution to theirs, but it was founded on an exclusive system. He did not, nor could he quarrel with the exclusive system, and while there were so many mingled and multifarious forms of wretehedr ess, they could not quarrel with whatever im tigated the distress of their fellow-man, nor could the principle of exclusiveness in any degree interfere with the pubiic benevolence.—(Hear, hear.) They had asked no crozier to point out the limits of their charity, nor any mitre to sanction their humanity—they went on the broad principle preached by their Redeemer, of uni versal love and good-will to all men.—(Hear, hear.) They cared not whether the objects of their love and charity were brought up in the Divine lessons and sainted piety of a Watts or a Doddridge, the spirituality of a Taylor, the fervid zeal of a Wesley, or the self denying labours of a Fenelon or Bouromeo. Little chil dren were indifferent to those denominations and dis tinctions—they did not find their way into their infant bosoms. They would not interfere with religious dis tinctions ; they were resolved that the education of their proteges should be strictly scriptural; they should be taught that a watchful eye of tenderness was over them, and they would be taught to look up to the Supreme Author of their being with love and gratitude, compared to whom their best of earthly benefactors presented but a faint and feeble image.—(Hear, hear.) They should be taught to look up to the Saviour, who bad said " Suffer little children to come unto me."—(Hear, hear.) They need not fear the denunciations of Westminster or the decrees of the Council of Treat • they would show that they wished to commisserate infant suffering, and that they attached weight to the great principle of reli gious freedom.—(Hear, hear.) He was informed, since he came into the room, that the pre sent institution only held thirty-six children, whilst it was calculated to receive one hundred, and that after the next election forty-seven children more would be admitted—(Hear, hear)—and they would do their utmost to turn as few from their doors as possible. The institution gave a preference to suffering virtue ; but, at the same time, when there were so many public sinners in the world, they would not adopt too much of the spirit of the philosopher, and close their door on the claims of those who were the sufferers, and not the wrong-doers. But for the gentlemen he saw around him, and the other benefactors to the society, those little cherubs whom they saw that night would have had no one to teach them their Maker's name, or clasp their tiny fingers in prayer to heaven. They might not have had even the shelter of a roof to protect them from the " season's difference," and worse than all, far worse, they might, nay, it was too certain, that many of them would have fallen into evil associations, and into habits of vice and profligacy. But the charitable Society, which they had assembled to celebrate, has stepped forward to rescue and save them. The cause, then, of the suffering orphans was certainly in better, abler, and more zealous hands ; and he confidently relied on their future pro sperity and success. Lord DUDLEY STUART, in returning thanks, as one of the Vice-Presidents of the Society, took occasion to advert to Poland, and stated that the first recipient of the bounty of the Institution was the orphan of a Polish nobleman, a refugee. The Noble Lord concluded his remarks by a glowing eulogium on Lord Morpeth, whom he declared to have distinguished himself, even in his earliest years, by carrying off the first prizes in Ox ford.—(Hear, hear.) Mr. HANDLEY, M.P., said he supported the Institu tion, as it was founded on the first principles of Christian amnesty, and as it did not confine its benefits to any class or faith. The report and the subscription list were then read. It appeared a sum over 1,0004 was the result of the days' subscriptions.—(Loud cheering.) The CHAIRMAN then gave " The health of the Minis ters who had made charitable appeals for the benefit of the Institution."—(Three times three.) " The Stewards" and " The Ladies." The meeting did not separate until an advanced hour in the night. The artistes who assisted during the night were, Messrs. G. F. Taylor, C. Kenny, C. Genge, Farquharson Smith, and Bland. Numerous arias were given, with a great deal of taste and execution. BURDENS AFFECTING LAND. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS, TO CONSIDER THE BURDENS AFFECTING LAND. The following are the recommendations contained in the report of the Committee of the House of Lords, ap pointed to consider the burdens affecting land:— " 1. The improvement of the law of real property; the simplification of title, and of the forms of convey ance; the establishment of some effective system for the registration of deeds. "2. An extension of the measure of 1835, by reliev ing the counties and boroughs from the portion of ex pense to which they continue liable for criminal prosecu tions, as well as the maintenance and conveyance of pri soners. This measure, however, should be accompanied by an adoption on the part of the State of an effective control. "3. The adoption of the liability of the owner of houses under the annual value of 101. to the rates at which the same are assessed. " 4. Where establishments exist or may be required for the support of lunatics, and where there are obvious reasons, both of economy and of humanity, for central ising the administration, and where, above all, the re sources of the State can be made available, without any risk of aggravating or increasing the evil proposed to be remedied, the Committee are not prepared to justify the imposition of the whole cost upon one description of pro perty. The Committee, therefore, submit that the charge for the maintenance of pauper lunatics through out the empire ought to be undertaken by the public. " 5. To a certain extent the observations made on lunatic asylums may be applied to some branches of the expenditure for the maintenance and relief of the poor. Mr. Cooke shows, from official documents, that the establishment charges, inclusive of salaries, amount to 17 per cent. on the total expenditure for the relief of the poor, and states that these charges might be provided by the Government, without leading to any evil conse• quences in the administration of the poor-law. " 6. A charge is periodically cast upon the land for the militia rate; this is not now l ev i e d, th e m ili t i a b e i ng disembodied; ut, considering the object of the militia to be general, and not confined to any particular class, the committee are of opinion that this charge should be provided for by Parliament, care being, however, taken, that if the public assume the responsibility of the charge, the Government should have authority to insure the effi ciency of the force. " 7. It is most desirable that the experiments for test ing the process of malting barley for the purposes of fattening cattle should be repeated, with the co• operation of persons of acknowledged skill in agriculture. " These measures appear to the Committee to be ne cessary because they are just. They have confined their . reco mmendations of change in the sources from which certain charges should be defrayed to matter in which every interest is equally concerned, and the expense of which ought to be shared by all. " The committee considered themselves limited to an inquiry into the relative burdens on different descrip tions of property within the kingdom ; a more im portant consideration would p robabl y be the p ro p ortion of burdens on the cultivat ors of land n this countr • as compared with those borne by the cultivators of foreign countries intended to be admitted into competition with them in the same market. On this subj ect some infor mation has fallen from Messrs. Cramp and Banfield, who have been acquainted with the condition of farm ing in countries bordering on the Baltic and in the north of France, but the committee were of opinien their instructions precluded them from following up this de scription of inquiry. " The comm i ttee have directed the minutes o f evi dence, with an appendix and index thereto, to be laid before your Lordships." One Noble Lord, a Member of the Committee, who drew up anotherreiort as agreed to by th e Com mittee,did not app rove of the to be print e d, and whichcontains, wthheicfhollheleviecgausree:-1 com ,, na L en T d h a e tions improvement of the law of real property, cat i o n o e f titles a and gene r a o l f o t ffi he ee fo f r o m r s ;3 1 f convey ance , t t h h e e establishment simpli of deeds ; thus applyi ng pr i nciples alret d e regist ra ti on adopted in Scotland, Ireland, and a l most throughout the Continent of Europe, whereby the security to landed property has been increased, and its value augmented several years' purchase. "2. An extension of the measure of 1835, by reliev ing the counties and boroughs from the portion of ex pense to which they continue liable for criminal prose cutions. The measure, however, should be accompanied by an adoption, on the part of the State, of an effective "3. The revision of stamp duties, not with a - view to the reduction of revenue, but to a better appointment of burdens—an adoption of an ad valorem scale of duty, relieving small properties from the present unjust and disproportionate charge, and making an equitable dis tribution of all duties on the sale and transmission of property real and personal, whether during life or after decease, both on ordinary conveyances and in the shape of probate or legacy duties, so as to remedy all existing inequalities, and to repeal all undue and partial exemp tions. " 4. The adoption of periodical and compulsory re valuations for the levy of all local rates, so as to avoid the injustice and inequality of the present most anoma lous system. This is consistent with the recommenda tion of the commissioners on local rates, and with the evidence now taken. " 5. The consolidation of the present numerous rates, levied by multiplied and sometimes conflicting authori ties. There now exists in law, if not in practice, 24 rates, and 54 species of officers for their imposition, levy, and administration. The number of these officers is now estimated at 180,204. The fact that many of these officers perform gratuitous service does not neces sarily vary the case ; it i s f ar f rom being universally true that gratuitous service is always the cheapest. "6. It has lnen explained by Mr. Blake, that t'ne expense of erecting gaols, bridewells, shire-halls., and similar buildings in Ireland, is provided for 'oy the public. Advances are made by the Treasury to meet these heavy branches of expenditure ; these advances are made on the security of the county-rate, and are repayable, without interest, by easy instalments. There appears every reason why this system should be extended to Great Britain. " 7. Where new establishments are introduced, as in the last session, for the support of lunatics, and where there are obvious reasons, both of economy and of huma nity, for centralising the administration, and where, above all, the resources of the State can be made availa ble, without any risk of aggravating or increasing the evil proposed to be remedied, the committee are not prepared to justify the imposition of the whole cost upon one description of property. The committee, therefore, submit, whether the charge for the maintenance of luna tics in public asylums throughout the empire ought not to be undertaken by the public. " 8. More hesitation should undoubtedly be felt in re spect to any part of the expenditure for the maintenance and relief of the poor ; but, to a certain extent, the ob servations made on lunatic asylums may, with proper safeguards, be made applicable to other branches of medical relief. " 9. A charge is periodically cast upon the land for the militia rate ; this is not now levied, the militia being disembodied ; but, considering the object of the militia to be general, and not confined to the interests of a par ticular class, the committee are of opinion that this charge should be provided for by Parliament, care being, however taken that if the public assume the responsibi lity of the charge, the Government should have autho rity to ensure the efficiency of the force. " 10. It is most di - esirable that the practical experi ments for testing the chemical conclusions to which Pro fessor Graham, Thompson, and Dr. Lyon Playfair have arrived should be repeated, under proper superinten dance, but with the co-operation of persons of acknow ledged skill in agriculture. Without impugning the scientific acquirements of the eminent men consulted by the Government, it is highly interesting that this question should be disposed of in a manner to leave no reasonable doubt on the decision which may ultimately be pronounced. These measures appear to the Committee in them selves to be defensible because they are just ; but at the same time, in making these suggestions, they are fully aware that the burdens imposed by law directly upon land in England do not bear so high a proportion in England to the whole taxation of the country as is the case in many foreign states. So far as Prussia and parts of Germany are concerned, this fact may be deducted from the evidence of Mr. Bonfield. The same results may be found in respect to France, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, and other foreign states. This fact, however, ought not to vary the views which may be taken either of justice or policy, neither shou.ld it be in ferred that the proportion of land taxes borne by foreign countries enters into the cost of produaion, or raises the price of produce abroad, any more than similar taxation has been shown to do at home. The facts are, therefore, referred to as bearing upon the principle of apportion ment between one class of the community and another, and not for the purpose of suggesting that the cost of raising corn and other agricultural produce is governed by one principle in England, and by another principle on the continent of Europe." control. The establishment of an office of public pre,... arid; "The Scotch Colly." They are both pictures true secutor, and the conduct of all prosecutions, is reccir al ... to life, and finely executed. The anecdotes are illustrated mended in the strongest manner by the ex.amplf, o f by about twenty of these plates, independent of a great Scotland and of Ireland, as well as by the reaflon e.f the variety of sketches appropriate for the subject. case. _ . . - GUIDE to the INVESTMENT of 'CAPITAL ; or, How to Lay out Money with Safety and Profit. By G. M. Bell. To those having capital to invest this little work will prove most useful. They will find in it " a true and particular account" of the relative advantages and dis advantages of in vestments in lands, houses, the public funds, joint-stock banks, railways, :hipping, insurance companies, mi n i ng companies, discounting bills, bonds and mortgages, and foreign funds. Mrs. Glasse, of " domestic cookery" immortality, commences her receipt for cooking a hare in these words—" First catch your hare." So should Mr. Bell have commenced this book —" First get your capital ;" and if he could teach us an infallible method of getting capital to invest he would be conferring on the majority of mankind a greater obligation far than he has already conferred on the minority by teaching them how to invest it. COMMEUCIAL ROUTES TO THE EAST INDIES. Un% i er the above head (Handelswege ;melt Ostindien) the foll.dwing article has just appeared in Lloyd's Austrian Ca- Witte :—lt is scarcely necessary to say, that Austria looks with longing eyes towards the East, and that she hopes some day to see her favourite child of the Adriatic the central depot for the East Indian market in Europe. Trieste is rising rapidly, and it is but lately that two East Indian ships have landed their cargoes at that port. Trieste is the pivot on which Austria's commerce turns. "A single glance at the map will show that London Trieste, and Suez, on the Red Sea, are in a direct line. This route to the East Indies and to China will gain doubly in importance, and render Trieste the great market of Indian commerce in Europe, when the proposed canal across the Isthmus from Suez to Tines is carried into execution ; a work, which the universal interests of commerce render indispensably necessary. The British troops in India have just gained new victories on the Sutlej, and have trodden on the ground which witnessed the triumphs of Alexander of Macedon, the rich land of the five streams (Punj-ab.) The navigation of the mighty Indus and its tributaries, will be the consequence of this great step, and British commerce will stretch from East India in a north-westerly direction towards Central Asia to Bokhara, and there meet the Fnglish goods which come there by Tre bizond to Teheran, and thence find their way through, Persia to Central Asia." The Singapore Free Press states a fact which is of some importance for the development of East Indian commerce : —" The Danish Government having sold their East Indian possessions, Serampore, in Bengal, and Tranquebar, on the coast of Coromandel, to the East Indian Company, are now bent on occupying the Nicobar Islands, so advantageously situated for the purposes of navigation. The history of the East India Company, the greatest commercial company of the old or the new world, contains many useful lessons for com mercial policy. The mainspring of this body of the state, before the English Government had an indirect influence on its affairs, was a wide-extended system of egotism, which manifested itself in the oppression of its own subjects, by monopolising the gains, and by excluding and putting down all commercial competition. Even at the present day, when the field is open to all, immense difficulties are thrown in the way of any attempt to establish new lines of commerce, and it requires great commercial intelli gence to overcome them. "The company, as a conquering power, had taken possession of the lands and the rights of the rajas. They are lords of the land. The Indian agriculturist (kuli) is but a limited leaseholder. The monopoly on tobacco, salt, opium, and arrack, which the Hindoos extract from the palm, is still practised. The taxation was formerly of the most oppressive nature. The influence of the English Government on the affairs of this company for the good of the country, the welfare of mankind, and the advantages of commerce, is becoming more powerful and evident every day, and the time is not far distant when the English Government will substitute a wise and moderate system of administration for the present management of the company. _ " . The commercial monopoly, such a length of time in the hands of the company, was a blow to commerce in general, without being of any great benefit to themselves. British subjects, to whom all commerce to East India and China was prohibited, were even worse off than the subjects of other states. In 1814, the commerce between England and India was partly thrown open ; in 1834, the whole commercial character of the East India Company underwent a change; the monopoly of the commerce with China was raised. The commerce with India, China, and the East in general, was thus thrown open to competition. This was a most important event ; the right of trading with all the possessions of the East Indian Company is now open to every state within the regulations prescribed by the English laws of navigation, and the limits of private treaties. Another important point is that the company have not the faculty of entering into com mercial treaties with European powers, that they may not in terfere in the politics of Europe, a privilege which belongs solely to the Crown ; the company may not even declare war against an Asiatic prince, if this latter has a treaty with any European power, without the permission of the English Go vernment, lest it might cause a misunderstanding with the mother country. " After the death of Tippoo Saib, the possessions of the company increased gradually to their present extent. The Carnatic, and all the lands between the coasts of Malabar and Coromandel, became English provinces. The Emperor of Delhi, the King of Oude, the Nizam of Deka, the Nabobs of Bhopal, of Sorondj, of Kumol, those of Lutchin, the Sultans of Mysore and Cochin-China, and numbers more, pay tribute t d o m the s, t they of r eighty-threeul e ve over l2o million independent ssouls. kin g The- King of Nepaul, in the Himmalaya, has alone maintained his t independence. o company, and e population h a " The wars in Sinde, Caubul, and Affghanistan, four years ago, terminated happily, although at a great sacrifice of human life and money; but the plans which lay in the background of the advance on Caubul were given up for a time. Those plans were in all probability an expedition against Herat, Bokhara, and Khiva, the conquest of Persia, and the acquisition of a firm footing on the Caspian Sea, to thwart the dangerous influence of Russia in Central Asia ; but the disastrous result of the Russian expedition against Khiva was in itself a severe blow to Russian influence in those parts. The truly brilliant success of the Chinese war has put the power of England beyond a doubt, and has opened a new field to Asiatic commerce, whose limits it is impossible as yet to define. Hong-Kong became a British settlement ; the Chinese ports, Canton, Amoy, Fu-tschen-fu, Ningpo, and Shanghae, have been thrown open ' and commercial enterprise advanced b o ldly a t once. The glorious victories against the Seikhs will, sooner or later, subject the Punjaub to Great Britain, confirm on a surer footing the commerce with Bok hara, and the influence of England in Persia. " As the British Government is gradually taking the reins of the administration in India from the hands of the company, and will, in all probability, take the sovereignty over the lands between the Indus and the Ganges, it is not improbable that England may grant a new charter to the company for the con quest of the rich lands of the great peninsula on the other side of the Ganges. The kingdoms of firma, Anam, Cambodja, Tonkin, Assam, and Siam, would then unveil their riches to European enterprise. " Under such circumstances, England will undoubtedly neg lect no opportunity to establish the shortest and most direct line of communication with East India. What has been done in the last twelve years speaks well for the future. " Thirteen years ago the correspondence with the East Indies, as well as the transport of goods, were carried round the Cape of Good Hope. An answer to a letter from London to Calcutta was never expected under seven or eight months. The magnificent idea of discovering a shorter route, as well by the Persian Gulf and the Euphrates, on part of the old ca ravan route through Syria, as also by the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, through Egypt, was not as yet developed. The latter route, which offered but few obstacles, was soon carried into execution. A line of steamers was established between Bombay and Suez, having for central point Aden, at the most southern point of Arabia. British enterprise, seconded by the energies of the Viceroy of Egypt, soon established com munications between Suez and Alexandria, by Cairo. A line of steamers was established from Alexandria to London, by Malta and Gibraltar. To save time, the letters were sent through France, and, owing to late experiments, it is probable that in future the overland mails will pass by '1 rieste through Germany, so that a regular monthly communication will be established between Lonon and Bombay. " But whilst the correspondence is thus rapidly forwarded, the transport of merchandise is principally effected in sailing vessels, which double the Cape of Geed Hope ; there is, there fore, an immense disproportion between the correspondence and the transport of merchandise, and this causes often the most disastrous results. Thus bills can be sent between East India and England in one-fourth the time of the merchandise. The sudden rise or fall of prices in London is soon known at Calcutta, and has influence on the credit there, and a com mercial house which has goods on the road has not always the means to meet the emergency, which would not be the case if the merchandise arrived at the same time. " Those persons — wl;;;;; - IrTany — wa . y interested in East Indian commerce are endeavouring to discover the shortest road for the transport of goods, and no doubt in a few years merchandise will be sent by the Red Sea and Egypt, instead of round the Cape. " Trieste and Venice will profit considerably from this new direction given to East Indian commerce, as they are the nearest ports for Egypt and Syria, as well for Austria as the greater part of Italy and Germany. "The shortest route would be decidedly that by the Euphrates, if navigation on that river did not present almost insurmountable difficulties. It is well known what obstacles Colonel Chesney met with, who was the first who endea voured to establish steamers on the Euphrates. The shallow state of the water, the numerous sandbanks , and th e preda tory habits of the wandering tribes on the b an k s , w hi c h eoon defied all chance of establishi n g coal-deposits, were o b stac l es enough to deter the most enterprising. But as th e s t ream o f the Euphrates is evidently t he shor test route to East Indi a , England has' in no way en tirel y g iven u p the idea. Aft er Csolf.a ras Chesney, it ascendedlt irO N n.h,oats n s t t r h u e ct edn pEuphrates,ur . a pose ; one of them only dre w 16 inches. The steamers on the Euphrates proceeded f rom the mouth of the river, from w as Capt. navigable,Ly nchin, Bassora, by Hillah, Hit, Hans, and Bakka, as far as Bir in the Pachalik of Marasch. From Bir, C o l one l C hesney hoped to establish communication by land to Antakich, turning to account the lake of the same name, and then on the navigable Orontes, to where it runs into the sea at S uvadia. The Bay of Suvadia was formerly but little known, but contains one of the best anchorage in the Syrian waters. From the mouth of the Euphrates a steamer went direct through the Persian Gulf, and past the important commercial town of M as k at to Bombay.' Should this route never be established s till the enterprise de- serves attention! " The route by the Red Sea and Egypt is undoubtedly that which offers the greatest advantages. This route was already made use of before the passage round the Cape was discovered. Indian commerce was then in the hands of the Arabs. The Venetians and the Genoese brought the produce of India to Egypt and Syria, and provided the rest of Europe with Asiatic goods. " The Red Sea, which extends from the Straits of Bab-el- Mandeb to the roadstead of Suez to the length of 13 to 30 degree north latitude, was deemed scarcely practicable for Eu ropean vessels, owing to the numerous shoals. The Arabian coasting vessels are badly built, at most half-decked, and are piloted by men who do not steer by compass but by the dif ferent mountains and points of land along the coast, and always cast anchor at night. From such men neither sufficient speed nor safety is to be expected to entrust them with the transport of merchadiso. Six or eight English and North American merchantmen, from 300 to 800 tons, go yearly through the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb to Mocha, where they take in cargoes of the so-called Mocha coffee. But a European vessel has seldom advanced so far as Flubeida. " About thirteen years since an attempt was made to estab lish British steamers on the Arabian Gulf, and there is now a regular line between Suez, Aden, and Bombay. 4, The great seats of the Anglo-Indian empire, Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta, were already in communication by steamers, to which a new line was added between [long -Kong, Singapore, and Calcutta; so that, at the present moment, the whole of Upper and Lower India, and China, with the excep tion of the comparatively short land-journey through Egypt, are in direct communication with Europe by steamers twice in every month. 46 B e tween Alexandria and Cairo, on the canal of Alahraudia, as far as Atph, and then on the Nile to Bulakh ; to Cairo there are various means of transport, comprising flatbottomed iron steamers. Between Cairo and Suez, on the desert, every thing is provided for a swift and safe conveyance. At Suez there is an English Consulate, and everything arranged for the comfort of travellers. The steamers between Bombay and Suez carry goods as well as passengers. "It has been lately proved that the Red Sea can be navi gated, not only by steamers, but by European sailing vessels, of a certain amount of tonnage, and a moderate draught of water. " The first European merchant vessel that navigated the Red Sea in its full length was the Englisb brigantine schooner, the Clown, in 1843, which arrived at Suez from Calcutta in seventy-two days, with a cargo of Indian merchandise, and having shipped a. cargo of E uropean good, returned by the same route to India. This example was followed soon after by a vessel from Bremen. It is therefore proved beyond a doubt that when the canal is cut through the Isthmus of Suez, steamers as well as sailing vessels can enter direct from the Mediterranean into the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. This junction of Asia with Europe is simple, grand, and according with the interests of Europe in general. After cutting through the Isthmus of Suez, t he commerce of Europe with East India, China, the Phillippine Islands, and Australia, will pass princi pally by the Mediterranean. " The different ports on the Adriatic, especially Trieste and Venice, would be considerable gainers by this route, and would become the great staple markets for the com merce with India, and the different railways now in con struction through Austria and Germany would be turned to account." The writer then treads more particularly on Austrian ground :—" Already in this last century the Austrian flag fluttered in the Indian seas. Commercial expeditions were sent from the Austrian Netherlands. In 1819, a commercial company was formed at Ostend, and their affairs prospered in Guinea and East India. Emperor Charles VI. established by ' France, England, Prussia, and Sweden, the patent was with drawn 727 Nevertheless, until the death of Joseph 11., m a e p r a c t i e a r l it C o o n m t p h a e n l y 9 , th bu D t ec o e w m in b g er t , o l7 t 2 h 2 e , a j n eal E ou a s s y t l o n f dia H n ol CA la r id: in 1 . in the East, that remained in possession of her conquesfollowingts Nicobarnd th s e an i d os s s om o e; the Netherlands, and during the wars, these possessions were given up, but not the right to them. _ - • - - - facto factories s t o o s n ay' th in e p c o o s a s s e t ssi o o f n Cofortohme " After the re-acquisition of the Austrian coast-lands, and commerce beginning to flourish, an Austrian corvette set Fail for Canton, in 1817, with the intention of opening a direct commerce with China. " If these attempts were not renewed at a later period, the fault is certainly not on the side of the Austrian merchant navy, which has increased yearly, and now ranks among the first in Europe. Austrian merchantmen not only trade with the prin cipal ports of America on the Atlantic, but they double Cape Horn and advance into the Pacific to Porto-Callao, and other markets of western America, even to California. Uragua, and the states north of La P lata, are of the greatest import ance for Austrian navigation ; it were well if Austria entered into treaties relative to commerce and navigation with those free states, as England, France, Sardinia, and even Spain have done. Enterprise and energy are not wanting among the Aus trian ship-owners, and they only await the word. " Our industry," says the Austrian writer, "demands a wider field, and we need no longer be dependent on others for the produce of the tropics. We must import in our own bot toms, and pay the produce as best suits us, with our own wares; thus opening a new field to our commerce; and we will ourselves become the mediators for sending the produce of India to the rest of Europe. " Three years ago a mission left Trieste fer East India, to inquire into all the particulars concerning commerce and navigation in those parts. Almost at the same time, the Austrian brig, Zoachimb, set sail for Bombay with a cargo of Austrian manufactures. Last year the Austrian flag might be seen in the waters of Sunda and Singapore. The conditions imposed on Austrian vessels are, it is true, very hard. At Calcutta the daily expense of an East India merchant vessel, not belonging to Great Britain, is about 201. Large vessels pay less in proportion. The duty on English wares in English vessels is five per cent., for foreign wares in English vessels ten per cent., and for importations on foreign vessels twenty per cent. on the value. Owing to the treaty of 1838, between Austria and England, relative to navigation, Austrian vessels ought to be treated in Indian-British ports on a better footing." Since the above was written three different expeditions have left Trieste for East India, but the result has not transpired. TILE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY _MORNIN-G, MAY 28, 1846. LITERATURE. THE IND US T RIALHIS TORY OF FREE NATIONS. Vol. L—The Greeks. Vol. IL—The e s dish,knowledge, p a l n ay i great a t e r esea r c acquaintancevas t w s t i o t h r e t h o e f Dutch. By Torrens 111‘Cull ag h. s e e a l v h i s T t o h r e i relations between the various states of ancient Greece and those of the United Provinces of Holland, and at the same time combine with much learning the most rational views on the causes which led to the astonish ing wealth, power, and fame of these distinguished com munities. Many of the false notions respecting the greatness of Greece, the superior virtue, or patriotism, or bravery of certain divisions of the country, to the disadvantage of others, and the high ideas instilled into youth at our public schools, not of the in dustry, perseverance, and commercial activity of the Greeks, but of their skill in war, their matchless bravery, and their principles of training youth, in many respects so objectionable, are justly exposed and the real merits of the' people brought into full view. The remarks on this subject in reference to the absurd praises bestowed upon Spartan legislation and Spartan bravery show judgment and a real knowledge of what consti tutes a nation's greatness :- 4 , Among the numerous perversions of truth which arc systematically foisted upon our youth through the medium of the miserable things entitled school-histories, there are few more immoral and corrupting than the fabulous tales of Spartan virtue. For anything that appears to the ccntrary in these lying epitomes, the national and social excellence of Greece might be taken for a plant indigenous, specially in Laconia, and chiefly cultured there, though a few of its golden seeds were shed from time to time over the barren hills of Peloponnessus and lonia. The delusion is, however, thanks to better habits of historical inquiry, beginning to disappear. We are getting somewhat clearer conceptions of the parts respectively played by Corinth, Samos, Agina, Chios, Megara, and the other enterprising secondary states in the season of Greek youth and prime; and learning to mete with truer measure the praise so long engrossed, under false pretences, by one which, with vaster resources than any of them, did less for the literature, the arts, the industry, the social elevation, or the constitutional freedom of Greece than the least of the three score city-states around her." This is a fair specimen of the author's views, but gives only a very imperfect sketch of his acquaintance with Greek history, his selection of circumstances which con tributed to the superior prosperity and wealth of certain states as compared with others, and the comprehen sive outline given of the commercial, poli tieal, and domestic institutions of this celebrated people from their very commencement, " when their Hellenic ancestors had come from steed-famed Thes saly, and imposed the impress of their worship and their rule on the Pelasgic race," to the period when cor ruption and disunion weakened the different states, and they began to yield to more powerful neighbours. The volume on Holland, though it was nothing classical, is no less interesting, because it shows what really esta blishes and constitutes the greatness of a people, what can be done by industry, perseverance, and the observ ance of public faith, and how superior was the practical knowledge of the Dutch to the vague and endless theories of the ingenious Greeks on government, both as regards the power, the wealth, and the independence of a country. In these respects the Dutch leave the Greeks, and perhaps all other nations far be. hind. " Holland," says the author, with perfect truth, " a s she stands at the present day, is the greatest fact in the industrial history of free nations. Not only have the Dutch done more in days gone by, with less means than any other people in Europe for maritime discovery, enterprise and trade, and for the practical application of sound principles of banking, insurance, public credit, and currency ; but, despite their unparalleled necessities and financial difficulties, they have in the main pursued a more consistent tone of liberality in trade than—with the single exception of the Swiss—any other free people to the present time." The volume on Holland gives by far the best summary we have seen of the history of the Dutch, and will be found not only interesting as a his tory, but useful as a book of reference. ANECDOTES OF DOGS. By Edward Jesse, Esq., Author of " Gleanings in Natural History," V. This work, though apparently written to please young children, or persons who can be caught only by light reading, resembles in som e res p ec t s th e " Tales of Peter Parley." It will be read by many others than those for whom it is intended, and afford as much amusement to the old as to the young. The writer, or rather the com piler, of the work, rarely interferes with the labours of the natural' historian, for but few details are given of the peculiar breeds and races, or of their habits and pro pensities, and confines himself chiefly to his professed purpose—a collection of the most remarkable instances of the sagacity, faithfulness, and use of the long-tried friend and companion of man. Some of these instances are very amusing and wonderful ; and a few of them would appear incredible, were they not at tested by the best authority. There is one given of an Irish wolf dog, however, or more properly speak ing, an inference from it, which is too much even for the most credulous. A gentleman of ancient family, attended by one of these dogs, entered a coffee-room in Dublin; this dog was supposed to be one of the last of the breed. He was rather of a sour temper and generally repelled the attentions of strangers. On this occasion a gentleman in the room seemed to attract the dog's attention, and was soon as familiar with him as his the favour of your na me," said the t, family. The stranger a nnounced it ; he b w l master gentleman" ma ‘ u ‘ was the l of last of May y ancient I b beg and descended from one of its Kings. , wonder," said the owner of the dog , " at the homage I his race, one of the most an cient and no do not Ireland, d e this so e a o n d i m a n a t l Ira one n paid o t o u r y ou. to whom this breed of dogs almost exclusively belonged , most l a l n ec r e e n c t o r g a n c i e s e o s f i g n e n 3 t • l o e u m t e h n e , and the peculiar instinct he possesses has now been shown in a manner which cannot be mistaken." The story being reduced to its proper dimensions, the compli mentsame aid bye class s is without e gentleman exceptiono f ancient the familyhtoht flight ever anotherhighest ever yet maje in the regions of blarney. We cannot re frain from Paying due praise to Mr. Jesse for the beau tiful plate s with - which the book is ornamented. Two of them cannot be surpassed---" The Scotch Deer 'build," THE TURN-OUT OF TRADES. The labourer and the capitalist, in the most logical sense, represent the same thing. The property of either is identical ; and: the terms by which it is known, ac cording as it is possessed by the one or the other, are convertible. What is capital, but the labour of yester day ? and what is labour, but the capital of to day ? It is capital that pays for labour, and it is labour that gives profit to capital. Of all worldly things, the labourer should reverence capital, help to accumulate it, and strain every nerve to increase its profits. Money is capital, and capital is money. The labourers' wages are thus paid by capital. The more capital there is in com parison to the supply of labour, the higher must wages become—the greater the supply of labour in proportion to capital, the less will labour be remunerated : and, therefore, where there is less money than there are men, money will be of the greater value, and men of the lesser. Hence, in all poor countries labour is cheap, and in rich countries dear. In Ireland, where men are more abundant than money, wages fall to 6d. ; in England, where there is more money than men, they rise to 2s. 6d. ; in America, where there is more land than ploughmen, they reach 4s. What unre deemed blockheads, then, must those men be who, in their stupid cant, think they serve the cause of the work ing men by emptying the vocabulary of Billingsgate upon that class of the community by whose enterprise, skill, and activity, wages are found for labour ; or who, with tongue set in cheek, and knowing wink, endeavour, in inflated bombast, to inflame ignorance to madness against the only hand that can help it, at the bidding of a Stanhope, the signal of the Morning Post, or the bribe of Bentinck, or the foolometry of Bond-street. If all capital were exhausted in wages, where would there be employment for the next generation of la bourers ? To melt all profit down to wages is less an injury to the employer, than a robbery of the industry of our posterity, in order to pamper the labourers of the existing generation. The sooner capital is ex. hausted, the earlier must employment cease—the more profit labour produces, the greater is the temptation to embark capital in the extension of employment, and the higher consequently must wages become. It is equally evident that the higher profits and wages are, or, in other words, the dearer the commodity is which is produced, the less it will be bought, the demand will fall off, and with it, of course, both wages and pro fits. It is a self-adjusting process, requiring neither combinations amongst masters, nor strikes amongst men. If wages encroach on profits, capital ceases to employ labour, and wages fall—if profits encroach on wages, more capital is tempted to embark in the trade, the demand for labour increases, wages rise, and the balance is re-adjusted. In the silk manufacture, which is protected by a duty of 30 per cent., neither profits nor wages are higher than in the cotton trade, which is unprotected—the monopoly only tempted more capital to compete with that already embarked, and induced more weavers to eater the trade. Even the corn-laws have done nothing for present profits in land. As rents rose, capital sought investment in the soil, until three per cent. has become the average profit of landholding. Let us not be misunderstood. Our labours in the cause of the repeal of the combination laws, are better guarantees of our sympathy with the working classes, than any mere hollow professions or empty asseve rations. As to the perfect moral and social right of labour to strike for more wages, there cannot be two opinions among sane men. The bakers strike against the public for a rise in the price of bread —the farmers at Mark-lane carry back their wheat, or " hold" it, if the price does not suit, which is just a turn-out against the millers for a rise in grain. The tallow, or tea, or sugar merchants, refuse to sell, and strike for a rise in the gains on their respective specula tions ; and the working man, a merchant of industry, who takes his skill, his ten fingers, his labour to market, instead of bread, or wheat, or tallow, or sugar, is of course quite entitled to bring those home again if the price does not please him, and strike for a rise in the profits of labour, as other merchants turn out for a rise in the profits of capital. But, as public instructors and guardians of popular rights, bound to do equal justice betwixt masters and men, and much more, to protect the weak and peaceable against the violent and the powerful, we must, once for all, declare our inextinguishable detestation of all monopoly, whe ther of labour or of profit—of all tyranny or dictation, whether of masters and men against et.ch other, or, worse still, of men against men—of all invasions of the perfect liberty of every subject of the State, whether capitalist or operative, to " do what he likes with his own." By effecting the repeal of all protective duties en domestic production, the class of capitalists have mani fated a spirit of justice worthy of all imitation ; and by the abrogation of all the privileges of mu nicipal corporations, and throwing open every branch of trade, commerce, and manufacture, to every subject of the realm, instead of confining their pursuit exclusively to guild brethren and freemen of chartered companies, the middle classes have done all that was possible to recognise the commercial equalities of citizenship. Can this be fairly said of the class of operative artizans ? Have they thrown open their re spective crafts to the equal competition of their fellow countrymen ? Have they abandoned their pretensions to a monopoly of labour ? We have seen notices posted upon many factories, prohibiting any man from seeking work from the master, without previous liberty from the hands to do so. To say nothing of their dictation to wards the employer, what is this but a deprivation of the right of their fellow workman to dispose of his labour in competition with their own ? In nearly every trade the journeymen pass stringent rules, to prohibit masters from taking more than a certain limited number of apprentices. But if agricultural labourers earn only 14d. a day, and the hatter, or carpenter, or bricklayer, or tailor, can get ss. for the latter to say to the former, " We shan't admit you into our trade, or permit your sons to be taught as apprentices to it," is to com m i t a double wrong, by preventing a'peasa n t from improvin g it his own or children's condition, and by r en d er i ng im practicable for, agricultur e t o re li eve itself of that glut of labour which reduces its wages below the means of sub sistence. We speak, as we have always spoken, without either fear or favour. 'We have w aged an exterminating privileges warfare with th e exclusive f of corporations, f the tricks of t ra d e, t h e iniq uities or ats. I protected t is nowma nu t amce tures, and the monopoly of lando c that we should also remind those who have not yet cleared their minds of the prejudices of the protective system, and of the stupid crotchets and inflated nonsense I of mouthing, itinerant patriots, that of all oppression the most cruel, and of all dictation the most intolerable, is that which is practised, not by the poor against the rich, but by the poor against the oor. What right has one poor man to say to anoth er that s poorer, " You shall not bo suffered to ask leave to wor k?" or one class to tell another, " You shall not be permitted to learn the mysteries of our craft, because we claim the privilege of keeping the employ ment it affords entirely to ourselves?" Bow shall those denounce masters, who go from factory to factory, for cibly to prevent the hands from any longer following their avocations ; march up the lines of railway to pro hibit labourers from earning their bread, under penalty meet importatiQue Qf of the meat dreadful imprecations, • workmen front the south_at the pier, and threaten them with murder, if they dare to accept of em ployment, or cast vitriol in the eyes, or cast lots for perpetrating the assassination of those who only desire peaceably to earn their daily bread ? There is a reign of terror in Ireland —and exterminating warfare of , the poor against the poor—an atrocious system of dictation to the orderly and well-disposed, by the turbulent, the idle, and those who allow liberty only to themselves. Let us have none of that in honest, free, right-minded, intelligent England. We have defended men from the oppression of their masters. We are also determined to protect men from practising tyranny against each other. We have said that voluntary strikes are perfectly justi fiable ; but we must also add, that in our whole expe rience, we never knew them to be wise. What turn -out ever ended substantially in gain to the operative ? From first to last, the war of labour against capital has termi nated uniformly and inevitably in favour of the latter. A great amount of money has been spent, wages lost, and profit prevented from being realised, to the loss of all, and the final humiliation of the labourer, by the reduc tion of wages, conseqcent on the destruction of employ merit. Cork, Dublin, Limerick, have lost large and lu crative branches of trade and manufactures, and Ireland nearly all its mineral commerce, by strikes. Spitalfields has driven the silk trade to the north by dictating an Act of Parliament rate of wages to the capitalist. The trade of Sheffield is rapidly leaving it by the in sane tyranny of the artisans. How can it be other wise ? Capital owes no allegiance to any soil or trade, or manufazture. It cannot be bullied out of its own terms. It will do what it pleases, and go where it e likes, and h as thi s great advantage ver its assailants, that when it i s i dle it doesnot need to be fed. It may, indeed, b e poss i ble to prescr i be the conditions on which it i s to b e employed, but itis n ot possibl e t o com pel its employ ment, i f it does not acce pt i of those condi tions. Presu me t o di ctate to it, andt will insen sibl y steal out of the dictator's company, and stricted speculation. Meet it everywhere its use, and it will noiselessly emigrate to ra o/1 mosphere. Arrest it, if it be possible, on its flight, and t it will altogether evaporate, and leave labour without employment, and its suicidal tyrant without wages. Strikes in such a country as this ! Are there not four millions of Irishmen starving on sixpence a day, and two millions and a half totally without employment ? Are there not a million and a half of unemployed English and Welsh paupers in our union workhouses ? Are there not two hundred thousand Scotch "able-bodied poor ?" Here are upwards of four millions of the people wj:olmlnheafrlee fe tte rs less re: ready to fill up any gap, or to rush into any port of in dustry that will shelter them from the storm of poverty. Until they are all absorbed into the labour market, fairly paid workmen who strike for a rise of wages, infallibly bring an old house about their ears. Colliers strike for a rise on 3s. 6d. a day, and large importations from Ulster instantly displace the recusants, and create a re dundancy of labour. Weavers strike in Manchester, and Mr. Muggeridge draws hosts of emigrants from Wilts and Dorset to jump into the shoes of the Lance shire operatives. Liverpool bricklayers and carpenters strike, and shoals of underpaid workmen from Devon shire are glad to get the wages which the local hands despise. British navigators turn out, and a whole colony from Ireland cheerfully accept of re muneration, amounting to seven or eight times what they can earn at home, and so permanently supersede the malcontents, when they offer to resume their work, they are not accepted. Let this system of strikes go on long enough, and the wages of the skilful . artisan will sink to the level of those of the hodmen, and those of the highest -paid districts will equalise themselves with those of the Tipperary serf, or the Dorsetshire ploughman. Force up wages in any trade, and such a temptation will thus be held out to labour, that a glut in the supply of operatives will rapidly beat down the price. But the higher wages are, the lower profits be come ; the inducement to employ capital in the trade diminishes, the demand for labour consequently falls, and wages come down. Where, of course by moderate wages, profits increase, capital is called into the market, employment enlarges, and wages mount. Let the work ing classes, then, beware of tampering with capital, or with the customers of the capitalist, by inconsi derate turn-outs, or mere experimental strikes. So long as 4,000,000 of paupers are waiting to be employed, and capital can live without food, the inevitable result must be signal discomfiture. If they will venture on the ex periment, let them wait until the corn-law is repealed, and the new tariff passed. The nation will have 50,000,000/. a-year more to spend on manufactures ; foreign trade will also be extended, and the much greater cheapness of all the necessaries of life will enable the labourer to sustain a turn out for a much longer period, at a time, too, when universal commercial activity will render his assistance more indispensable. In the existing stagnation of trade, when the supply of labour is greater than the demand, common sense will show him the necessity of postponing his action upon the market to a more convenient season, when greater intelligence and more ripe advice may at least convince him that his wisest policy with 4,000,000 of competitors, ready and eager to jump into his shoes, is to let sleeping dogs lie, to know when he is well, and to keep a good place when he has got it.—Dispatch. Shortly after five o'clock on Monday Lord Melbourne entered the House of Lords, and took his seat in his usual place on the Opposition benches. His Lordship had not been in the House two minutes before the Duke of Wellington crossed over and shook hands with him. The Duke and Lord Melbourne were in conversation a short time. A MAN KILLED IN A SHOW.—About nine o'clock on Wednesday evening, while the performers at Parish's Theatre, Waterloo-road, Stockport, were going through the meld-dramatic spectacle, called St. Clair of the Isles, or Pie Outlaw of Barra, the seats at the upper end gave way, and the spectators were precipitated to the ground, without, as it was then supposed, any person receiving personal injury. 'A he place was much crowded, and some difficulty was experienced in restoring order ; and regardless of the wreck of Umber which the accident had occasioned at that particular portion of the booth, the performance proceeded. At eleven o'clock the company were dismissed ; and the parties connected with the building began to examine the extent of damage done ; when to their alarm and astonishment, they found a man buried beneath the timber, a piece of which lay across his throat, and he was a corpse ! As no cries of distress were heard, it is clear the unfortunate man, who was smoking his pipe at the time of the accident, must have been stiftb-, cated. His name and residence was William Rooney, a nail-maker, lodging in Edward-street.—Manchester Iferald. SUPPOSED INCENDIARY FIRE IN WORCESTERSHIRE. —About midnight on Friday last, a destructive fire broke out in a barn on the farm of Mr. J. Edwards, and belonging to B. Dent, Esq., at Charlton, near Cropthorne, about ten miles from Worcester. The barn with its contents, consisting of several waggons, carts, and a gig, together with some poultry, was completely demolished. The origin of the fire is enveloped in mystery, and it is very strongly sus pected that it was the work of an incendiary. WHAT THE FRENCH SAY OF SMITHFIELD.—When the Prefet de la Seine decided upon erecting a new market-hall in Paris, previous to the plans being completed a commission was sent out to visit various countries and study the establishments of that kind. It consisted of Messrs. Anger, Inspector-General of Market halls of Paris; V. Ballard, architect; and A. Husson, chief clerk of the Prefet de la Seine. Details are given by the commissioners on the markets of London, Manchester, and other cities. While the advantages of our establishments are placed in relief with the usual urbanity of Frenchmen, yet they could Rot quite blink the Incon venience of some of our medieval concerns, amongst which Smith field plays a conspicuous part. " Who should believe," they say, " that this immense metropolis has no exterior market-place for cattle ? It is in the midst of the city, a few paces from the Cathe dral of St. Paul, where all this host of animals are driven to and sold. Smithfield is the beau ideal of disorders in the way of markets, the shifting of cows, bullocks, and horses ; the peregrination of herds of sheep and swine ; the escaping of half furious beasts ; the howling of dogs, shouting of drivers, screams of frightened passers by—add to this, that the streets through which this world of beasts pass are choked by this throng, dirtied by their excrements, et cetera. Whence comes all this inconvenience ? It is because the corpora tion opposes its removal, le•tning upon a statute enacted by Edward lll.—five hundred years ago."—The Builder. THE HARVEST.—Nast in importance to the fate of the proposed scheme for lowering the duties on grain to a nominal point isithe prospect for the ensuing harvest. On this head some apprehension was beginning to be felt in consequence of the very wet weather experienced for several consecutive days; but those fears have in a great measure been set at rest by the splendid weather we have enjoyed since Thursday. At this early period it would be folly to enter into anything like a prediction as to what may be the yield of the next crop, but we are certainly inclined to think that there exists at present very little real cause for despoudeney. Rather too much wet may have fallen to be altogether beneficial for the wheat plant ; a warm, dry June would, however, put all right ; and for the spring -sown corn, the hay-crop, and all kinds of culinary vegetables, the showers must have been highly serviceable. The very Important decline which has taken place in the value of w heat since the close of April has had the effect of checking the supplies from the growers, and the quantity brought forward at the different markets held during the week has been only moderate ; nor is there a prospect of the deliveries again increasing for some time to come. In the course of another fortnight the hay harvest will have commenced in many of the southern comities, and the necessity of employing all hands fn the the season will prevent large deliveries ; other labours incidental to he season must follow, and it is not likely, therefore, that the vh markets will at present be overdone with British-grown graft , be Whether the stocks of foreign now in bond in the kingdom are or are no t to im parties seem of the .111telyinirselteerraeldscmheusmte, , o t f h ee e e t's v e l o d p e i n p e e depend on f w the h suc cess or failure determined to await before entering Into extensive operations. The business done at most of the leading provincial markets held since our last has been on a strictly retail scale ; whilst the weather remained unsettled, a slight increase of confidence was displayed by sellers, but this has since given way.—Mark-lane Express. - - MIDDLE TEMPLE.—The undermentioned gentlemen were called to the degree of the Utter Bar on Saturday, and pub lished vi the Middle Temple Hall this day :—John Cockerton, Esq., Thomas &nes, Esq., Joseph Needham, Esq., Wm. Thomas Kline, Esq., and Henry. Waller, Esq. THE FIRST LOCOMOTIVE. —Just forty years ago Mr. Trevethick, a mining engineer, constructed the first locomotive en gine at Merthyr Tydvil, and applied it successfully to the traction of coal and coke.—Cardiff and Merthyr Guardian. The talk here is that Mr. Bramley Moore, and other gentlemen from Liverpool, have been in London as a deputation, the object of whose going had reference to the admission of Brazilian sugar ; that they had an interview of prolonged duration with Mr. that he was, as usual,,polite, and , for a Minis ter,h t sr ee siti t 7e ar n y ,laar G n l l ads_ d tell to pt n li e t Gladstone ; the ee talk a was inwn interweshat s an se c a l n is oturtin Impor tant—viz., that the Cabinet are not agreed; on the sugar question, that they are not likely to agree, and that a " split" is inevitable.— Liverpool Journal. The Head. Mastership of the Dorchester Grammar School has becoMe vacant by the retirement of the Rev. Richard Cutler. The election of a successor is to take place nest Saturday, the 30th inst. PRINTING MACHINE INDEX.—We understand that Mr. Edward Strong has contrived, by a small addition to the print- Mg-machine, to register every copy that is thrown off, to the extent of 100,000. As such a means of registration is much needed, the Contrivance is likely to be generally adopted. The venerable Earl of Harrowby, although still Somewhat infirm from his advanced age, is in improved health, and intends to pass the season in town. [ADVERTISEMENT.]—,SIGHT AND HEARING TESTI MONIAL, 39, ALBEMARLE-STREET, PICCADILLY. — MaJor-General Sir Howard Elphinstone begs to say that the spectacles he has now had some time in use, have fully redeemed the assurance of the Messrs. S. and B. Solomons as to their excellence, and having found so much comfort and advantage from their use, far preferable to every other kind of glasses. 13, Norfolk-street, Park-lane.—Prom the Hon. George Cavendish, to Messrs. S. and B. Solontens.—Gentlemen, I approve very much of the spectacles I purchased from you. I have made use of glasses for many years, and never met with any to en able me to see equal to yours, and with less inconvenience to my eyes.—l am yours' obediently, G. Cavendish, Leixlip Castle, Ireland. —General Browne Clayton feels desirous to express the comfort and advantage he has derived at his advanced age of seventy years, and after twd'years' trial, from the use of Messrs. S. and B. Solomons' newly invented spectacles. Their valuable invention fully merit the patronage they have received. Address, Adlington Hall, Lancashire. Improved achromatic telescopes, opera glasses, microscopes, &c., of the same kind of lenses, to surpass any ever yet invented. The Messrs. S. and B. Solomons' invisible operative voice conductors, sound magnifiers, for deaf persons, give immediate relief to old-stand ing extreme cases of deafness. Caution—Messrs. S. and B. Solo.. mons, opticians, are not in any way connected with a person of the same name, in their immediate neighbourhood. To prevent mistakes, be cautious, and observe —Only to be had at 39, Albemarle-str ee t : Piccadilly, opposite the York Hotel. p a r n ic y es change aret he same as ROenDALE, MAY 18.—There has been a ishin sttendanee of buyers in the market to-day; and the business trans acted without The o has o l market been has r y been limited, u, and in prices. lad Monday. .DREADFUL -STEAM-BOAT COL LISION ON THE MERSEY. GREAT LOSS OF LIFE. LIVERPOOL, TUESDAY.—We have this day to send you the particulars of a dreadful accident which occurred on our river last night, and which has been attended with very serious and fatal consequences, upwards of twenty human beings having lost their lives by the calamity, whilst a great many more have been bruised and wounded—some of them it is feared fatally. Shortly before. eleven o'clock last night, the steam-ship Sea Nymph was leaving this port for Newry, and had proceeded down the river as far as the Magazines, when she was met by the Rambler from Sligo. Both vessels, on seeing each other, ported their helms, but before this movement could take effect, the collision had occurred. The starboard bow of the Sea Nymph struck the larboard bow of the Rambler, and carried away her stern. The Rambler was now on shore near the rock, and the Sea Nymph was brought into the Claience dock, and the cargo discharged—that having escaped with slight damage, though the ship is ma terially injured. We have already stated that more than twenty persons perished through the catastrophe, and many others have been seriously wounded. We have learned since writing the foregoing that the Rambler had a licensed Liverpool pilot on board, and that the Magazine life-boat succeeded in bringing 220 persons from her. At the Northern Hospital the sufferers are going on as favourably as can be expected. One man has died therein since we wrote our previous remarks. Both the ships are nearly new, and constructed entirely of iron. The Sea Nymph was lately sold to Mr. W. Tear, of Water-street, for 20,0001. FURTHER PARTICULARS. It is impossible to say, at present, what number of persons have been injured, but we fear that it will turn out that up wards of twenty are already dead, and many others more or less injured, and some of them very seriously, if not fatally. e ol gaunter-boat the s tar- In the Magazine boathouse there are fourteen dead bodies, three more are lying dead at the Northern Hospital, and fourteen other persons are at present in that excellent institution, having their necessities attended to. Among those who are injured, and at present in the Northern Hos- pital, are--Catherine Gill, Mary Rowland, Patrick Feeny, John Roach, Mary Carney, Bridget O'Meally, Eliza Con nolly, Mary Batty, Margaret M'Oundy, Bridget Lelly, Michael Finney, and Mary Connolly. After the Rambler grounded some of the passengers, e davit g-rea fall, and and e a e de spiteexhibited of the persuasion of Captain M'Allister, who we learn, . gt o h f tth m aoft in p d, ers to o o ns k the stern fall. The boar boat for the purpose of getting ashore. They let go the for moment some one cut away (some say seven, some eleven) possessioni n th to her reaching the water, caused her to upset, previous to ascertain, but at all the actual result it is impos sibleOn going on board the Zents, five were saved. en tering through the chasm ambler, which we did by made through her larboard side into the steerage, a most extraordinar y sight presented itself. Part of the flooring of the smashed through, and the rema i nder a quarter-deck.onf used was smashed tables, forms, boxes, &c., some floating i n3 n ass th e of water which had filled this part of the vessel. The -scene on deck was still more horrifying, the whole, both fore and abaft the funnel, being covered with dead pigs, part crushed to death, and another portion of which seemed to have been stabbed, the whole saturated in the blood. The most awful sight, however, was the bows of the vessel, which were com pletely bedabbled with human blood, and strewed with crushed salmon, broken boxes, cordage, &c., &c., and the fragments of the windlass. From this part of the vessel thirteen human beings had been extricated, some with broken arms or dissevered legs—all dead, and so crushed as to be almost beyond recognition. One poor woman, with her infant child, was taken up from underneath the broken wind lass, the iron spindle of which had fallen upon her head and smashed it completely ; a portion of her brains was to be seen adhering to the iron spindle. When taken up her infant had fast hold of the poor woman's breast. These 13 unfor tunates lie in the Magazines Lifeboat-house for recognition, which, in many cases, from the crushed state of their bodies and features, appears to be very improbable. We were in formed that on the bodies being searched by the constable of Wallasey, Mr. Scambler, not a coin of any kind was found upon the whole. We believe that nearly all the persons on board the Ram bler were persons intending to emigrate to America. IRELAND. REPEAL ASSOCIATION. DUBLIN, MAT- 25.—The weekly meeting of the association was held this day. Mr. Fitzpatrick (barrister) in the chair. The SESIRETARY read the following letters from Mr. O'Connell and Mr. Smith O'Brien : " British Hotel, Jermyn-street, London, May 23, 1846. "My dear Sir,—lt is with the most sincere pleasure that I announce to you my strong conviction that at five o'clock on the day on which you will receive this letter, that noble-- hearted patriot, Mr. William Smith O'Brien, will be at full liberty to discharge all his duties to his country and to hie constituents. He has kindly consented that I should move for his discharge without making, or being required to make, any kind of concession, or any species of compromise, but adhering to every opinion and principle he has avowed, or acted on. I understand from every quarter there will be no opposition to his liberation. He will come out of custody as he went into it, an unswerving, true-hearted patriot. " It is impossible for his country to estimate too highly hla services in the sacred cause of Irish nationality. " I beg leave to give notice of a motion in the Association that I will on Monday, the Ist of June, move 6 for the ap pointment of a select committee of the Association to take into consideration the best mode of paying a tribute of na tional gratitude, admiration, and affection to William Smith O'Brien.' " Nothing can be more cheering than the manner in which this affair has terminated. Our enemies rejoiced that an alleged dissension had sprung up among the Irish re peelers. There does not live a human being who would dis countenance more promptly and emphatically any attempt at exciting any differences among the repealers than Smith O'Brien. I would readily pledge m existence that there is not one single individual among t he repealers who would make greater sacrifices to preserve and maintain unanimity in the Repeal Association than he would. Nay, I am con vinced that if necessary he would sacrifice his life to preserve union and harmony amongst the supporters of the cause of Irish nationality. " Dissension has ever been the bane of Ireland, and her destruction. It has often afflicted our friends, and given a triumph to our enemies. But, with the assistance of Smith O'Brien, we are certain it shall never again rear its hideous head amongst the Irish popular party. " I beg to remind the Association of the imperative neces sity of preparing for ensuing elections. Sixty or eighty re peelers in the House o f Commons would, in the present state of parties, protect Irish liberty, enforce Irish rights, and render repeal itself certain and speedy. " The Irish public are already aware that the Coercion Bill is virtually abandoned. It is the first Coercion Bill that has been defeated. It is the first important victory that the Irish have achieved in the British Parliament. There never yet was a public measure so completely , demonstrated to be futile for its alleged purposes, and so insultingly oppressive in its enactments, as this last Coercion Bill. " I, of course, take to myself credit for having exposed, in public letters, the defects and the iniquities of the proposed measure. I made its atrocious provisions familiar to the minds of a considerable section of the English Members of the House ; bat, at the same time, lam quite ready to afford the meed of praise to the very many able, argumentative, and highly eloquent speeches delivered by the Irish Members in the debate on that Bill. Nothing could exceed the manner and matter of these discourses. " The Ministry must attempt to do something for Ireland, as they have not succeeded against her. Ireland cannot be left in the state she is in at present, and if England refuses to attend to the welfare of Ireland, why we know our remedy— it is the multiplication of our unanimous and strictly consti tutional exertions to restore Irish nationality, and replace the Parliament on College-green. " Believe me to be, yours very truly, "T. M. Ray, Esq." " DANIEL O'CONNELL." " Prison, House of Commons, May 20, 1846. "My dear Meagher,—As you are about to return to Dublin, perhaps you will take charge of my subscription to the repeal rent for the present month. " Although from prudential considerations the Repeal As sociation has forborne to identify itself with the proceedings which I have felt it my duty to adopt in carrying into effect the declared policy of the repealers of Ireland, I am still most anxious that all whom I can influence should support and strengthen the great confederation through whoseinstru , mentality we hope to win for Ireland a domestic legislature. "Unavoidable differences of opinion will occa sionally arise amongst men who are struggling for the same end — s uc h ferences result from that freedom of thought and toleration of opinion which we uphold as the most secure foundation for national liberty; but we must be careful lest honest dif ferences of opinion may lead to personal dissensions which cannot fail to be injurious to the cause of Ireland. " Mutual forbearance is a sacred d u t y w hi c h we owe, not only to each other, but to our country. ~ Believe me, yours very truly " WILLIAM S. O'BRIEN." " Thomas F. Meagher, Esq." Mr. Meagher, Mr. O'Gorman, Mr. M. J. Barry, and Mr. Doheny (barristers), addressed the meeting, and on the part of " Young Ireland" denied most emphatically that there were any grounds for the suppositions indulged in so freely that the members of that party were in antagonism to Mr. O'Connell. The latter gentleman trusted that "on this day week steps would be taken under the guidance of the Libe rator of Ireland to do honour to the martyr of the Rouse of Commons, and to receive him on the shores of this country as the descendant of one of her kings ought to be received, but, above all, to receive him as a man in whose intrepidity and honesty Ireland has the fullest r e li ance ." Captain BRODERICK congratulated the Association on the probable withdrawal of the Coercion Bill, and believed that the joyful news would be hailed throughout Ireland with delight, more particularly so as the announcement was made on the birthday of the Sovereign. On the motion of Mr. STEELE, the meeting gave nine cheers for her Majesty. Mr. GRA:rrAN, M.P., and other gentlemen having ad dressed the meeting, the rent for the week was announced to be 109/. 13s. 11d. • • The meeting then adjourned. THE FOREIGN MAIL VESSELS.—POST -OFFICE following notice of the vessels appointed to convey the next foreign mails was on Tuesday affixed at the chief office, St. Martin's le-Grand :—The Peninsular mails—The Queen is appointed to convey the Peninsular mails of the morning of the 27th instant, and will sail from Southampton. Holland mails—The Deem is appointed to convey the mails of the 27th instant (this, morning). Madeira, Brazils, Buenos Ayres, &c.—Her Majesty' brig Seagull will convey the mails of the morning of the 2d June, and will sail from Falmouth. :West Indies, &c.—Tho Seven: will con - vey the mails of the morning of the 2d June, and will sail front Southampton. Sydney, New South Wales—The Trafalgar will con vey the mails of the morning of the 31st instant for Rotterdam. The Batavia for the mails of the 30th inst. THE SIDON STEAM FRIGATE.—This fine war steamer, built from a design by Colninodere Sir Charles Napier, was floated out of the dry dock at Deptford dockyard on Tin a lay, in the presence of a great Concourse of spectators. On Sunday afternoon Sir Robert Peel and Sir James Graham visited Deptford Dockyard, and accom panied by Mr. Murray, master attendant, went over the Sidon steam frigate, remaining a considerable time on board. Yeste r d ay Com modore Sir Charles Napier was early at the dockyard, and at half past twelve o'clock Lord John Russell arrived on horseback, and was received by the gallant Commodore, when his Lordshiplvith Lord Rodney went over every part of the Sidon. The Sidon was com menced on the 24th of June, 1845, and has just been eleven months in construction. At half-past two o'clock, yesterday, Miss Hill, daughter of Captain-Superintendent Sir John Hill, of her Majesty's dockyard at Deptford, having drank success to the Sidon, broke a bottle of wine on her bows, and named the vessel. Amongst the company present were Sir John Bill, Mr. John Seaward, of the firm of Seaward and Company, who are to fit the vessel with her engines, Captain Smith, inventor of the paddle-box boats, and a number of naval and military officers. The vessel on entering the river was taken in tow by the Monkey steamer, and proceeded to Seaward and Company's docks at Limehouse. PRICE OF GOLD.—The premium on gold at Paris is 16 per milk which, at the English Mi n t . price of 3/. 4 l7 t a h . e l e O l i ch d an . per ge oz. for standard gold, gives an exchange of 25 55 and at Paris on L o ndo n at short being 25 75, it f per cent. dearer in Paris than ill .London. B Mows that gold is 0.78 y advices from Ham at the English Mi n t burgh, the pfice of gold is 435% mark,per which, price of 31. 17s. 10y 2 d. per oz. for standard gold, gives an exchange of 13s. 1014 d. ; awl the exchange at Hambargh on London at sh or t being 13s. 1130., f o llows that gold is 0.57 per cent. dearer in Len don 'than in Hamburgh. His Excellency Lord Heytesbury, the Lord Lieute - • : „to' t o f Ireland, is expected W wire this week from Dublin, ,~