The Sun. — London, England, 1846-11-12 00:00:00

RAILWAY INTELLIGENCE. BRITISH AND BELGIAN FARES. One of the most mischievous effusions of absurdity has 1 been founded on a comparison of English and Belgian lines. It is stated that the average fares per mile stand thus: England. Belgium. Ist class 2.60 d. 2nd class 3rd class . It is, therefore, assumed that the wide difference and be tween the fares arises from the extravagant profits dividends of the English companies, and for their fond ness for keeping up high fares. We propose to examine into this more closely than we did last week, and we believe we shall be able to prove to the satisfaction of every one, that a worse founded argument was never put forward. If we fail, it will be for want of clearness only, not from want of truth in our arguments. We would, in the first instance, observe, that the ave rage assumed is not of the least value, as it is a false average of the various fares on the English lines, while the uniform rate of the Belgian state lines is set against it. The average of the first and second class English is made up of the express and ordinary fares, which have no correlation. The Great Western charge 3d. a mile first class for trains which go fifty miles an hour, which does not admit of comparison with the Belgian fares and BelgPsn speed. An average in an investigation of this kind is of no good, as the complaint of excessive fares has nothing to de with an average fare, but with the fares above the average. A comparison of actual fares is, however, enough to show that the average is no criterion, because there are fares in England absolutely as low as the Belgian fares, and which cannot be matters of complaint, whatever ground of complaint there may be against those which are higher than the Belgian fares. We take the Board of Trade returns for 1845, as more easy of reference, though the rates are higher than the actual rates. 2d Class. 3d Class. Exp. Ord. Ord. Slow. 1.45 1. 1.5 1. Arbroath Ardroman Ist Class. Exp. Ord. 1.92 4 On investigation, nothing can be more unsatisfactory than the state of Belgian traffic ; so far from the fares being to the greater part of the community, cheaper than the English tares, they are dearer, while the accommo dation is much less. In fact, so far from the Belgian system trenching upon the profits of English companies, it would give them larger profits, provided they were allowed to do as the Belgian Government has done, pick out the best parts of the country. If Mr. Morrison or Cato, or Dr. Lardner wishes to have Belgian fares on the Great Western or London and Birmingham lines, he can do so, but we fear the English public will never consent to any such scheme, as it must , be accompanied with Belgian accommodation. We cannot, however, have Belgian fares and English speed. We cannot charge Belgian fares and travel on the Great Western. So far from its being the case that the English first class fares are really higher than the Belgian first class, it will be found, on adding to the latter 37 per cent. (being the difference of working and taxation) that all the English fares are below the Bel gian rates, except in districts of small traffic ; while if the charge on the day tickets is taken, they are much below the Belgian rates. The Belgian fare is, in fact, equivalent to an English fare of 2d. per mile. We have given the figures above, so that every one may judge for himself ; and we think we have shown sufficient to exculpate English companies from the accu sation of making exorbitant profits or charging exces sive fares. THE ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC LINE. The United States Senate Committee has reported on the practicability of this great project , from t h e Pacific Coast to the borders of the Great Lakes. Discussing it under twelve different heads, the Committee say : " The proposition is a startling one, and of vast import ance to our country, and to the world: a deliberate con sideration of which naturally resolves itself into several points, seeming in the opinion of the Committee , to clarn attention in the following order:-1. The power of Con gress over the entire subject in all its bearings. 2. The practicability of the proposed work. 3. The adequacy of the means proposed for its accomplishment, and the expediency of applying such means to its object. 4 . The effect of its construction in bringing into demand the public lands in any part of the country. 5. Its effects in extending and promoting the interests of agriculture. 6. Its effect in the support and as a !means of enlarging and diversifying the manufactures of the country. 7. Its effect in the development of the mineral resources of the country. 8. Its effect as one of the great arteries of intercourse in extending the internal trade and commerce of the whole country. 9. Its effect in extending our commerce :with China and other countries of Asia, the eastern archipelago, and other islands of the Pacific, and with the counties on the western coast of North and South America. 10. Its consequences in fostering the whale and other fisheries in the Pacific, the bays and rivers thereof ; in extending and protecting the mercan tile marine in those seas; and thus forming the most ex tensive nursery of seamen, and strengthening the mari time power of the United states. 11. Its use as a great highway of nations, serving for purposes of travel and transportation at rates of charge and transient duties, to be regulated by ourselves, being in all respects subject to our power and control, encouraging constant intercourse, and imparting to the citizens of other countries the libe ral principles of our own Government. 12. And lastly, the effect that would be produced in a moral, political, and military point of view to the American Union by the construction of a railroad across the continent to the shores of the Pacific." All these points are argued in favour of the project, and of the feasibility, practicability, and vast importance of the work to America as a nation, and to the whole world. The report exhibits the statistics of the entire commerce, and the tonnage employed therein with Asia, China, &c., which would pass over the road, an aggre gate of imports and exports now annually of nearly 250,000,000 dolls., employing 2,197 ships of 898,583 tons, and 50,000 men. The Committee estimate that the rail road would save the use of one-half the above tonnage, a saving in capital of 30,493,613 dolls., and a yearly saving of interest and expenses of 18,766,736, which would force this vast commerce over the proposed road. It also appears that with this road, and with steamers from England hither, and from Oregon to China, the voyage from England to Chang-hae, in China, the mouth of the river Yang- tse-keang, which crosses the great canal to Pekin, where all the commerce of that vast em pire [of 500,000,000 of souls] centres, can be performed in 31 days, and thus it appears that this great work would, at the rate of 30 miles per hour for railroad, bring our vast country together at the centre in two days and the entire world in a little more than 25 days. The calculations are founded on fact, without experiment or speculation, and on the known performances of railroads and steamers. The report shows an intimate knowledge of the position of China, of Japan, and all Asia, its proximity to America, its geographical and commercial position, advantages, and resources, all sloping to America, and all the great rivers, particularly of China, emptying into the ocean directly opposite Oregon, and but little more distant than London from New York. The most tranquil ocean, with fair winds either way across. The report says:—" The Committee are of opinion that, no matter in what aspect this great subject is viewed, it commends itself to favour. Its influence upon Oregon itself, upon the commerce of the Pacific, our i trade with China, India, and the distant and rich islands of the sea, and upon our export trade—the product of that vast calcareous, basin of the Mississipi of 1,200,000 square miles, to be carried on this road to and through that ocean, from which we are now cut off by an expanse of sea, by the capes equal to half the circumference of the globe—cannot be estimated. The Committee believe that the present is an auspicious moment at which to commence this work ; and upon the announcement of the fact, that the project has received the favourable no tice of Congress, the energies of our people will be roused to new life. It is not a party measure, but one on which the politician of every hue and creed can cordially unite; one which will strengthen the bonds of our union, allay sectional jealousies, and arouse a proud national feeling. We have within ourselves all the materials and all the means necessary for its accomplishment, and it rests with Congress to say whether or not these materials and these means shmll be employed ; whether the enterprise is one of sufficient importance to justify setting apart one-tenth of the public lands now valueless, to its accom plishment. The Committee will not anticipate, but can not doubt the decision. When it is considered the United States claims to own more than 1,000,000,000 acres of unsettled lands, the amount proposed to be ap priated, for the road is not one-tenth of the whole quan tity ; the nine-tenths to be enhanced in value by the road to an amount certainly equal to the value of the quantity proposed to be appropriated. In fact, the great residuum will derive nearly all its value !from the road, for, situated as they are, without the road they will not sell for a century to come, if ever. The question of the policy of making it is far different from what it would be if the lands through which it passed were individual property. They are the property of the nation, and if their value be enhanced hr any artificial channels of trade, the advantages accrues to the nation—to the Go vernment first, and then to every citizen. Its effects, however, upon the property of individuals, and on the western States particularly, will be vastly beneficial. The lands within them would be enhanced at least 25 cents. an acre, which, applied to the whole mass of acres within them, would amount to more millions than the road will cost. Besides this, it will give to these States the same advantages, by means of the trans- Pacific trade, which will flow this channel, that the trans-Atlantic trade gives to the Eastern portion of our union. It is this which makes the poor lands of the Atlantic slope sell for fifty dollars or more per acre, inferior as they are in every respect to those of the western states. The means proposed to be devoted ' to it are vast it is true, but the Committee think not in disproportion to the grand and magnificent object to be accomplished by their proper application. In view, then, of all the premises arid of all the anticipated results to flow from the undertaking, if accomplished, the Commit tee cannot refrain from recommending it to the attentive consideration of the national Legislature, and of the country at large. By the aid of a small portion of the public lands the Committee believe the United States can possess a channel of speedy and safe communication, through which will pour in a continued, rich, and fertilis ing stream, a large portion of the commerce of the orien tal world."—Thus it will be seen that this vast and mag nificent project, laughed at by many as visionary mad ness, has received the sanction of a Committee of the United States. Branding 1.5 Whitstable Birkenhead 2. 1.60 1.2 Drogheda. .... 1.5 1. 0.5 Kingstown. ... 2. 1.60 1. Dundee 2.15 1.79 1.79 1.43 1.07 Newtyle! 1.78 1.55 1.16 Durh. & Sund (1) 0.61 (1) Average of Ist and 2d Class 0.91 Eastn Counties 2.25 1.74 1. 0.88 Ditto...: 2.94 2.27 1.64 1. Ed. & Glasgow 2.08 1.56 1. 0.65 Garnkirk 0.93 0.60 Glas.&Greenk 1.37 0.83 0.57 0.28 Qui. and Ayr 1.87 1.25 0.87 Grand Junct. 2.44 2.08 1.71 0.92 OreatWestern2. B3 2.74 1.77 1.60 1. flult and Selby 1.93 1.54 0.96 L%d. & 8irm.2.88 2.45 1.81 1.00 Ditto ditto 2.13 1.49 L. & Croydon 1 . 42 1.14 0.85 I..&S.Weatern 2 . B7 2 . 48 1.91 0.89 Ditto ditto 2 . 17 1.62 Man. & 8irm. 2 . 47 2 . 11 1.62 1.00 Man. & Leeds 2.58 2.00 1.00 Midland South Eastern 2.45 2.04 1.36 0.82 Ilere is a very varied class of accommodation, and with fares varying according to the traffic of the several districts. Those districts which have the largest traffic have generally the lowest fares, and those which have the smallest traffic have the highest fares. There can be no uniformity of fares between a populous level district and a thinly peopled mountain country, while in the latter the cost of construction will also be higher. The truth is, a great deal of the Belgian traffic, under the present system, is paying 12i per cent. profit, and the passenger between Antwerp and Brussels, for instance, is made to pay for the passenger between Louvain and Verviers. The English passenger is made to pay rates and taxes amounting to about 8 or 9 per cent., from which the Bel gian passenger is free. To make a comparison between an English and Belgian fare this allowance must be taken into the account. The comparison is, however, corn , pletely futile, because the English trains travel at a higher rate of speed, and run more frequently, and the increase of expense on this account is enormous. In the calculation of English fares the extreme fares are shown, whereas the actual fares paid by the majority of passengers are on day-tickets, so that the fare paid by the majority of passengers is much below the rates given above. The English traffic differs in every respect from that of Belgium,. because it is to a great extent a through ti e, while in the latter country there has, until lately, been no through traffic. It is, however, recognised by the Minister of Public Works, that the tendency in the tgh traffic is to increase the first and second class, aTlrrnot the third class. As the railway system deve lopes itself; this is the natural result that first and second class accommodation should extend as the value of time is better appreciated. While we have the Belgian pro portions of passengers quoted to us as a model, the Bel gian proportions every year alter in the way we have mentioned. THE SUN, LONDON, THUMDAy EVENING, NOVEMBER 12, i 846. plo-ive cotton by immersing it in very pure and strongly concentrated acid for half a minute, and then washing it thoroughly and drying it. This is a very simple process ; but we can as:,ert from experiment that it does not produce a cotton which could be used as a perfect substitute for gunpowder. Explosive it certainly is, but by no means to the extent described in the account of the experiments with the Schonbein cotton. Dr. Knopp, of Leipsic, states that he pro duces a very powerful article by the following pro cess :—Take equal parts of English sulphuric acid of commerce and strong nitric acid of commerce ; mix them in a porcelain vessel, and then plunge into the mixture as much cotton as the liquid will cover. Hav ing done this, cover the vessel with a ground glass lid, so as to prevent all evaporation, or the entrance of air. After having left this preparation in a state of repose for a few minutes, take out the cotton, and wash it thoroughly, carefully separating the cotton, and using sufficient water to remove the whole of the acid. The cotton being then pressed and dried in warm air will be very energetic. If this cotton be carefully prepared, and thoroughly washed and dried, it will have nearly the same appearance as it had before the operation. With 12 grains of this preparation, says Dr. Knopp, a musket, which would for an ordinary charge require 28 grains of gunpowder, sent a ball through two planks, one of deal, the other of oak, and each two inches in thickness. The distance from the mark at which the gun was fired is not stated, but we presume it was at the ordinary ball range. Dr. Bley, of Bern burg, announces that ho has made experiments with a view of replacing cotton by cheaper substances. He prepared shavings and sawdust in the same manner, and found them equally powerful. After these communications had been read to the Aca demy, M. Pelouze,, one of the members, made the follow ing observations. He said—" Although M. Schonbein has not published the nature or mode of preparation of his cotton, it is evident that the properties which he as signs to it can only apply to xyloidine. M. Dumas, as well as myself, made this remark in the origin of the first communications of M. Schonbein. Reasoning on the hypothesis that the poudre coton is nothing else than xyloidine, I may be permitted to say a few words with respect to its history, and of some of its properties. Xyloidine was discovered in 1833 by M. Braconnot, of Nancy. He prepared it by dissolving starch and some other organic substances in nitric acid, and precipitating these solutions in water. In a note inserted in the " Comptes Rendus de I'Acad6mie des Sciences in 1838," I showed that the xyloidine resulted from the union of the elements of the nitric acid with those of the starch, and ex plained by this composition the excessive combustibility of the substance produced. I ascertained—and this I think is a very important result in the history of the applications of xyloidine—that instead of preparing it by dissolving the cellulose, it might be obtained with infinitely greater facilitysimply impregnating with con centratedcotton and hemp, and that and nitric economy naocmi acid, paper, e r t h e se organic matters thus treated took fire at 180 de grees, and burned almost without residuum, and with excessive energy ; but I think it right to add, that I never for an instant had an idea of their use as a substi tute for gunpowder. The merit of this application be longs entirely to M. Schonbein. Eight years ago, how ever, I prepared an inflammable paper, by plunging it into concentrated nitric acid. After leaving it for twenty minutes, I washed it in a large quantity of water, and dried it in a gentle heat. I have recently tried this paper in a pistol, and with about three grains pierced a plank two centimetres in thickness (about three-fourths of an inch) at a distance of twenty-five metres." After these observations, made liky M. Pelouze, MM. Piobert and Morin addressed the Academy. They stated that several experiments had been made by engineers of the artillery with explosive cotton, and that the result was not satisfactory. It was found to leave behind a re siduum of charcoal and water, and that it frequently escaped by the touchole from the cannon, without dis placing the ball. They added that cotton prepared with an equal mixture of sulphuric and nitric acid was the most powerful, as it exploded at a temperature of seventy five degrees. Some, even, exploded spontaneously at one hundred. The conclusion appears to have been, how , ever, that none of the preparations tried appear to be fit substitutes for gunpowder. We do not place implicit faith in this opinion. Sir Humphrey Davy, the greatest chemist of the day, said it was wild to suppose that coal gas could be used for general lighting,.and another great man whom we will not name, for he is still living, said, in his younger days, that a man must be mad to suppose that steam could be used in Transatlantic navigation. Other communications and observations were made on the same subject, but they did not appear to us to possess striking interest. Dr. Dheran submitted to the Academy a new ear trumpet, of a peculiar construction, which appeared to excite much interest. It was stated that by this instru ment words uttered in a low tone may be heard at a longer distance by two-thirds than by any other ear trumpets. A communication was received from M. Jobard, re commending the use of a bandage over the base of the thorax, so as to prevent the movement of the mass of intestines upon the upper part of the abdomen. The idea is not very new, and we much doubt its efficacy. The communications to the Academy on other sub jects in this sitting were not of importance. from the chief of the besieging army that he shall disarm all foreigners, not only Argentines, but others, who serve in his ranks. This is called for by the second basis, which provides for the disarming of all foreigners in arms, not only in Monte Video, but in every other part of the republic. In this number are comprehended especially the Spanish subjects, whom General Oribe re tains in his service, notwithstanding the remonstrances of the Chargé d'Affaires of his Most Catholic Majesty, after this Government had dismissed all those who were in its service. This measure of justice would certainly have been indicated in a special mar ner, by the impar tiality of the mediating powers, if they had been ex actly informed of the composition of the belligerent armies." Fourth. The raising of the blockade of Buenos Ayres, and the restoration of the Island of Martin Garcia are at once agreed to. Fifth. The restoration of the control of the Parana to Rosas. Also agreed to. Sixth. The recognition of the" belligerent rights of Ros£l9.—Assented to. Seventh. A new President to be elected according to the terms of the constitution.—Agreed to willingly and gratefully by Monte Video. Eighth. A general amnesty and security for the rights of strangers.—Fully agreed to. Ninth. The intervention to cease, if Monte Video re fuses to these terms. Monte Video accepts them, and only asks for a faithful execution of the other con ditions. According to the last advices from Monte Video, the negotiations had been broken off at Buenos Ayres, but the Monte Videan Government was in no way answer , able for that result. have the sanction of her father for my attentions, al though I admit other branches of the family are not so favourably disposed towards me. Mr. HARDWICK—Do you mean to say you are pay ing your addresses to the defendant's sister? Complain ant—Yes, with the sanction of her father. The objec tion to my attentions has nothing, personal to myself in it. Some part of the family are opposed to my suit because they are of opinion my circumstances are not sufficiently flourishing to render my proposals ad- vantageous. Defendant—l deny that the complainant has the sanction of any part of my . family for his clandestine correspondence with my sister. My father is here to prove he never sanctioned his addresses. So far from that being the case, my father told me, as the defendant continued to persevere in his pretensions to my sister, to take any steps I thought most likely to rid the family of _ . his annoyance. Mr. HA.upwicK—Tou may entertain objections to the complainant's acquaintance with your sister, and your family may join with you in your opinion, but you must not attempt to put your views in force by violence to wards the complainant whenever you happen to meet him in the public street. You must find bail—two sureties in 25h each, and yourself in 50/. Defendant—Will not my solemn promise to abstain from violence satisfy the Court ? Mr. HARDWICK—It will not satisfy the complainant, and therefore you must find bail. THAMES. John Middleton, a combmaker by trade, and who resides at No. 22, Philip-street, St. George's-in-the-East, was charged with assaulting his wife, Mary Middleton, in the following brutal and unmanly manner: — The complainant, who appeared in an extremely deli cate state of health, and whose head, neck, face, and jaws were all over discoloured, with marks, as if from recent violence, stated, that on the night of Tuesday, the 3d instant, she returned home with her husband after having been out for a night's amusement. She knocked at the door a little more loudly than usual, upon which he said, " What is that for?" and instantly struck her to the ground. When she got up they went into their own apartment, and her husband having locked the door, renewed the attack upon her. He first dealt her a heavy blow on the face, which stretched her on the floor almost senseless, and whilst down he seized her by the hair and dashed her head against the ground several times. Not satisfied with this, he fell to kicking her on the head, face, and arms, while she screamed out " murder" as loudly as she could. She perceived that she had four wounds upon the head, from which the blood flowed profusely. The police hearing her cries came to her assistance, when a surgeon was sent for, and after that she remembered nothing more until she found herself in her bed. Police-constable Thorogood, IC 340, healing cries of distress, went to the prisoner's house, and, having knocked, Middleton came to the door. When ques tioned as to the doleful cries, he said, some words had occurred between him andhis wife, whereupon she struck him several times ; that he then knocked her down, and he further admitted that he had kicked and beaten her with the poker. On entering the place, accompanied by a brother constable, he found complainant lying sense less in the middle of the floor, in the midst of a pool of blood, and thereupon instantly sent for a surgeon, who was in prompt attendance, and dressed her wounds. Police-constable Rowbury, K 347, deposed to the same effect, and added that whilst he (witness) was outside the door he heard the prisoner say "You —, I'll show you Lancashire."' A student of the London Hospital, named Lilly, saw the prosecutrix about three o'clock in the morning of the 4th inst. On examining her he found three severe wounds on her head, and a fourth on her forehead. She seemed to have been severely injured, and terribly bruised and beaten about the head, arms, and neck. She was for a considerable time in a dangerous state, and had been confined to her bed up to Sunday last. The injuries which presented themselves might have been caused by kicks from a heavy shoe, or from some blunt instrument. In answer to the Magistrate, as to whether any instru ment had been used by the prisoner, the prosecutrix said that she believed such was the case, but could not say what the instrument was. The prisoner, in his defence, endeavoured to throw the whole blame upon his wife, who he said was a woman of very violent temper, and that being in liquor at the time she struck him several blows. This conduct irri tated him, and he certainly struck her in return, but he strenuously denied having admitted to the constable that he had kicked her or used a poker. He was committed to Newgate to take his trial for felo niously wounding. RAILWAY SHARE MARKETS LIVERPOOL, NOVE3II3IR 11. STOCK EXCHANGE.—The sales are—Ambergate and East ern Junction, 6s. 3d. p.—Birkenhead, Lancashire and Che shire, 1% p.—Birmingham and Dudley, 6% p.—Birmingham and Oxford Junction, 6% p.—Buckinghamshire, dis.— Clydesdale Junctionl4 p.—Eastern Counties, York Exten sion, 1 3 / 4 p.—East Lancashire, No. 2 (late Ormskirk and Preston), cum new, 4% p.—Edinburgh and Glasgow, Halves, 9 3 / 4 p.—Edinburgh and Northern, 2 1 ,4 p.—Ditto, 15/. Shares (Newport), 1 1 / p.—Glasgow and Dumfries, ih p.—Great Grimsby and Sheffield, 34 dis.—Ditto, Extension, 1 dis. —Huddersfield Canal and Railway, 4 3 % p.—Ditto, Extension, I',' p.—Huddersfield and Sheffield, 4N p.—Leeds and Dews bury, 111r 2 p.— Ditto, Extension (Green), 14 p.—Leeds and Thirsk, 24 dis —Liverpool and Bury, 3% p.—Liverpool, Manchester, and Newcastle Junction, dis.—London and North-Western, 197—Ditto, New Quarters, 13% 40/. Shares (L. and M.), 35 p.—London, Manchester, and Bir mingham, Quarters (B), 714 p.—Ditto (C), 7% p.—Man cheater, Bolton, and Bury Extension, % p.—North Staf fordshire, 3 1 / 3 p.—North Wales Mineral, 3 p.—Ditto, New, 1 3 p.—North-Western, 13s. 9d. p.—Preston and Wyre, 34 -Sheffield and Lincolnshire % dis.—Sheffield and Manches ter, 98 4—Ditto, Quarters, No. 3, par.—Shrewsbury and Hereford, % dis.—Shropshire Union Railway and Canal, % dis.—South-Eastern and Dover, 38 3 / 4 —Ditto, New, No. 4, % p.—West Riding Union, 2 p.—Newry and Warrenpoint, p.—Demerara, p.—Dutch - Rhenish, g dis. MANCHESTER, STOCK EXCMANGE. —The sales are—Birkenhead, Lanca shire, and Cheshire, 2 p.—Birmingham and Oxford Junc tion, 6 1 ,1 p.—Blackburn, Clitheroe, and North Wales, 1 3-16 dis,—Blackburn, Darwen, and Bolton, par—Direct Northern, % dis.—Eastern Counties, York Extension, 17 4 p.—East Lancashire, 4% p.—Ditto, No. 1, New, 4% c. p.—Ditto, No. 2 (late Liverpool, Ormskirk, &c.), 4% c. p.—East Lincolnshire, p.—Ely and Huntingdon, par—Fleetwood, Preston, and West Riding, dis.—Glasgow and Dumfries, % p.—Great Grimsby and Sheffield Extension, 1 4 di&—Huddersfield and Manchester Railway and Canal, 4% p.—Leeds and Thirsk, 3 3 4 dis.—Leeds, Dewsbury, and Manchester,ll% p.—Ditto, New Branches, 7 p.—Ditto, Extension, 1% p.—Liverpool, Manchester, and Newcastle Junction, % dis.—London and North Western, New, 13 1 ,4 p.—London, Manchester, and Birmingham, Quarters (B), 7 11-16 p.—Ditto (C), 7 p.— Manchester, Buxton, Matlock, and Midland, Ode. p.—Man chester and Leeds, Halves, 10 1 ,E p.—Ditto, Quarters, 4 p.— Ditto, Fifths, 55 p.—Ditto, Extension, 1% p.—Manchester and Southampton, IA dis.—Midland, Consols, 135—North Bri tish, Extension, 1 3-16 p.—North Staffordshire, 2% p.— North Western, 13-16 p.—Oldham Districts, par c.—Oldham, Birkenhead, & c., 7fi dis.—Preston and Wyre, 34—Ditto, Halves (A), 4 1-16 p.—Sheffield and Lincolnshire, 11-16 dis.—Sheffield and Manchester, Quarters, No. 1, 4 p.—Ditto, diito ' No. 3, 1-16 dis.—Shrewsbury and' Birmingham, % p. —Shrewsbury, Wolverhampton, and South Stafford, 1 dis.— Shropshire Union, 15-16 dis.—South-Eastern and Dover, 38%—Ditto, No. 3,2% p.—Ditto, No. 4, % p.—West Riding Union, 1% p.—Whitehaven and Furness, 2 3 4 dis. LEEDS, NOVEMBER 11. STOGIE Excructoz.—The sales are—East Lancashire, 5 c. p.—Ditto, Blackburn and Pre ston, 3 % p .—Ditto, No. I,New, p.—Ditto, No. 2 (late Liverpool, Ormskirk, tec.), 4 3 / 4 p.—East and West Yorkshire , 155 . dis. — East Lincolnshire, 3 A p.—Great Grimsby and Sheffield, 3% dis.—Huddersfield and Manchester, 4/. 4s. p.—Huddersfield and Sheffield, 4% p.—Leeds and Bradford, 44% c. p.—Leeds and Dewsbury, 11 p.—Ditto, Branches , 6 % p.—Ditto, Extension, 2Op.—Leeds and Thirsk, dis.—Ditto, New, 1% dis.—Manchester and Leeds, Fifths, 5% p.—Manchester, Buxton, Matlock, an d Midland, 14 c. p.—Midland, Preference, 4% p.—North British, Quarters (late Carlisle Branch), 2% p.—Ditto, Ex tension (scrip), 235. 6d. p.—North Staffordshire, 3 p.— Wharfdale Junction, 10.. dis.—York and Newcastle, New, 13% p.—Ditto, Preference, 4/. 9a. 6d. p.—York and North Midland, Preference, 8 3 A p.—Ditto, East and West Ridi ng, 15% p.—Ambergate, Nottingham, and Boston, 4s. p.- London and York, 7s. 6d. dis.—London and Manchester (Remington's), 465. 6d. dis.—Malton and Driffield Junction, 13s. p.—North Western, 14s. p.—Sheffield, Rotherham, and Goole, 2s. 6d. dis.—Shropshire Union, ss. dis,—West Riding Union, 3% s.—York sad Carlisle, 2M dis.—Yorkshire and Glasgow Union, 41s. 6d. dis. NUMBER OF PASSENGERS.* Ist Class. --- 2 d Class. 3d Class. Total. 1843 ... 310,306 ... 854,391 ... 1,906,389 ... 3,071,093 1844 ... 362,234 ... 228,606 ... 2,070,022 ... 3,360,869 1845 ... 397,608 ... 970,552 ... 2,074,796 ... 3,443,066 PER CENTAGE. 1843 ... 10.10 ... 27.80 ... 62.10 ... 100 1844 ... 10.75 ... 27.66 ... 61.58 ... 100 1845 11. 5 4 ... 28.19 ... 60.23 ... 100 As we eannotelaow in detail the expenses of each Eng lish line, we *hall refer to a very sufficient proof of what is the real profit on an English fare and on a Belgian fare. That is to take the whole traffic on the English railways and the whole traffic on the Belgian railways sad compare the whole profit. lIIIIIRER OF PASSENGERS CARRIED. Beig.una.. England. 1844 ... ... 3,360,862 27,763,092 1845 ... 3,443,066 33,791,253 RECEIPTS FOR PASSENGERS. 1844 ... .£246,662 £3,439,294 1845 ... 255,732 3,976,341 RECEIPTS FOR GOODS. 1844 ... ... 202,558 111,6 240,396 TOTAL RECEIPTS. 449,22 496,128 TOTAL PROFITS. 218,602 258,064 1,035,330 2,233,373 1844 ... ... 1845 ... ... 5,074,674 6,209,714 1944 ... ... 1845 ... ... 2,943,310 3,361,634 Proportion of English traffic in 1845, Belgium being taken as one:— _ . _ Number of pas;engers Receipts for passengers l5 Receipts for goods Total receipts Total profits l3 It appears from these figures that whereas the number of passepgers in England is tenfold, and the receipts fif teenfokl, the total profits are only thirteenfold ; so that the difference between the English and Belgian charges is not caused by the profits, but chiefly by the extra ex pense caused by the higher rate of speed, and the heavy rates and taxes. As the income-tax is chargeable on the net profit and returns to the Government, this must be deducted from the English profit. The comparison of a Belgian fare per mile, and an English fare will, therefore, stand thus:— Belgian fare. English fare. 100 150 65 2;4 'Profit 5O Less incoxre-tax —. Net prefit "Working charges 5O 87 Excess of profit on English fare 50:63 = 13 „ working charges „ 50 •Assaming the English profits to be as stated by Dr, Lesdneir, and the rate of speed the same as the Belgian, and the lines exempt from taxation, the English fares Would be to the Belgian as 113 to 100, or thus:— English. Belgian. let class §d class 3d class The difference between the English charges and the Belgian is, therefore, caused chiefly by the greater ac commodation and heavier taxation; and the true average of charge is not, as stated by the Edinburgh Review, and thOforrisoniaus, but as follows: Error on English. Belgian. English. Ist class 2d class 3d claps Instead of the difference between the Eng lish and Bel gian second. class fares being, as stated by Dr. Lardner, 1'06d., it is not more than 0 , 4, so that the doctor, on that head, is 66-100ths of a penny wrong; and it is upon Shares such as these that railway companies and railway daeotors are run down. The comparison of the proportion of the several classes of fares is also more favourable to English lines than is supposed, allowance being made for the influence of through traffic. England. Belgium. First class Second class ... 43'50 Third class- 40 . 00 The reason why English ltaes, notwithstanding their %soy cost of construction as compared with the Belgian abe. pay as well, is not on account of the higher sate of a fit but oa 16 4:a ma ze:ot:tut oftherebeing three times as much of English railway, as on a mile of Bel giku railway. ecqmParinz English lines and Belgian lines it must be reineme&that ac gre at deal t of the cheap and slow traffic rn England is testeamers, so that if this nt of real third-class -II taken into account, the b y travelling in England is muchxlasrsgter than in Belgium. Th e greatest amount of third-cla on those lines where there is no other accin o E ram ng o i da an ti d ot by steam-boat or slow conveyance. What is most remarkable in England is the vast tint of second-class travelling, showing the great Z: cons modation afforded to the commercial community, a n d the vast means possessed by that important class to whom , time is of such peculiar value. • The figures for 1843-4 are taken from the Report of the pliniNter of Public Works, the last published. The figures for 1845 have been obtained from Mr. Brackatone Baker, lotrotary Qf the Deudra YAlley Railmgy. SAMPLES OF AMERICAN ACCIDENTS, On the 12th instant, a son of Mr. Blaisdell was run over by a train on the Easton Railroad, at East Boston, and killed instantly. Another accident on the Erie Railroad occurred, when an extra train from Middletown, as it approached Spring Valley, ran into a country waggon containing two men and a boy. One man, Mr. Edward Stuart, was killed instantly. The other, Mr. Nehemiah Wright, is not expected to r ecover . The boy escaped. The men resided in the neighbourhood. As usual, the railroad account of the melancholy affair exonerates the com pany's servants from all blame. A most terrible accident occurred on the Portage Railroad on Monday last. The locomotive was thrown from the track and upset against an embankment, when a section boat which was attached to it was thrown for ward by its impetus, crushing the engine, and instantly killing Colonel Thomas D. M'Gough, a gentleman con nected with the road, and so severely injuring another man named James Bighlan, as to leave no hop es o f hi s recovery, besides less severely injuring some four or five others. One young lady had her hip dislocated; another lost two of her fingers, &c.—Hollidagsburgh Pa. Reg. 2d. A very serious accident occurred upon the track of the Norwich and Worcester Railroad on Saturday, within the limits of the city of Norwich. Just as the Long Island train had left the depot for Boston, it came in contact with a heavy freight train coming into town. The concussion was tre mendous, and did serious injury to nearly the whole train. One of the engineers says the damage cannot be less than six thousand dollars. Happily, however, no person was killed, and the only one seriously injured was Mr. Fisher, the conductor. Mr. Stowell, the superintendent of the Norwich Company, jumped from .the freight train, and saved his life, as did the engineer. ACCIDENT ON TUE MEXICAN GULP RAILWAY. Yesterday, as the train was returning from Terre-aux- Bands, the front car, by the loosening of one of the wheels, got off the track, and three of the following ones rushing on, were immediately overturned. They con tainwhetdpoenlrygo: few coloured persons, of whom five or six were grievously bruised and A negress had her lege shockingly crushed , in great danger. No I V. O T i ffi n we are informed, received any injury.- ••••••• ->QUIII DIY. -- On Guy Pawke's day n large number of boys assembled round the Wellington statue, and saluted the passers-by 'with " 2loase to remember the Ciuyl"m-Ptetch, DUTCH MAIL. THE HAGUE, Nov. 9.—The Stadt Courant announces that the ratifications of the commercial treaties concluded on the 13th of September last, between the Netherlands and Russia, were exchanged on the 30th of October at St. Petersburgh. If we may believe a journal of this town, the plans and other documents, relative to the construc tion of a sea-port at Scheveningen, have been laid before the administration of the Hague. It is affirmed that the question has been proposed what sum the town of Hague will contribute to the expense which the construction of this port will require. We have already mentioned the heroic conduct of some Dutch sailors on the occasion of the shipwreck of the English ship, the Helen, Captain Orfour. We art now informed that besides the 101. sterling granted by Lloyd's, the town of Yarmouth has sent, through the English Consul at Rotterdam, the sum of 501. sterling, which has been distributed among the four Dutch sailors who saved the whole crew of the Helen. THE HAGUE, Nov. 6.—The deputies of the persons concerned in the fisheries have lately presented an ad dress of thanks to the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, of Finance, and Colonies, for the serious interest which (as the address says) was manifested by these gentlemen in the treaty with Belgium, respecting the national fishe ries. The deputies affirm that the changes made in the treaty, in the article respecting the fisheries, have already had a favourable effect, and promise to be yet more ad vantageous in future. MAESTRICHT, Nov. s.—Reports have been for some time in circulation here, respecting the station of the railway from Maastricht to Aix-la-Chapelle, which re presented the intended sites as very disadvantageous to the general interests of the trade. In consequence, several inhabitants have got up an address to his Majesty, in which they petition him to be so good as to refuse his assent to the plan already submitted to him for the erec tion of the said station, and to be pleased to order, that instead of placing this station without the city, it may be erected within the walls. THE HAGUE, Nov. 9.—According to a letter from Batavia of the 27th of August, all the Dutch ships then in the road which were still disengaged, had been freighted by the factory of the Netherlands Commercial Company, for the purpose of being laden with sugar for Cowes, Isle of Wight. VIENNA, Nov. I.—The joy of the public at the im provement of the health of the Archduke Palatine was clouded by the news of his relapse. The Archduke John immediately went to Ofen ; but an express has this moment arrived with the satisfactory intelligence that the state of the venerable patient is so much improved that there is no further cause for alarm. EGER, OCT. 30.—This morning, at nine o'clock, the inhabitants were alarmed by a report resembling thur, der, accompanied by shaking of the houses and breaking of the windows. The powder magazine, near the city, had been blown up. One of the officers of cur garrison, who had the superintendence of the powder magazine, is said to have gone into it this morning, and had scarcely shut the door behind him, when the whole building was blown up. Bricks, beams, and even iron doors, were scattered to a distance of above 300 feet. The dead body of the unfortunate officer was found, dreadfully mutilated, at the distance of eighty paces, whereas the soldier on duty, with his sentry-box, was scarcely touched. VIENNA, Nov. 3.—The accounts just received fro-n Ofen, respecting the Archduke Palatine, are again un favourable. Archduke John is gone to Ofen; part of the attendants of the Archduke Stephen, who had already arrived here, have returned to Ofen. This morning his Highness the reigning Duke of Nassau left this city. RAILWAYS. The Northern Gloggentz Venice Milan Leghorn Peath Our exchange was very much agitated to-day, and the prices which could not be kept up yesterday, fell still lower to-day, and in spite of many efforts to keep up the shares in the railways, they fell considerably. The lowest price of the Northern Railway was 161 i, and that of Venice Milan 1041. The prospect is in general very gloomy, and under such circumstances the discouragement increases. Notwith standing this money was not scarce.—Allgemeine Zeitung, Nov. 6. REVOLTING OUTRAGE. (From the Cork Reporter.) CORK POLICE OFFICE. —THURSDAY. (Before the Mayor and Capt. White.) It will be remembered that in our last impression we made allusion to a charge which had been brought against two officers of the 67th Regiment, for having perpetrated a brutal and unmanly outrage on the person of an unhappy woman of ill-fame. The woman con cerned in this case had sworn informations before the magistrates on Monday last, but afterwards, from some cause then unknown, refused to substantiate and follow up those informations. It has since been said that she had been induced, by a considerable bribe, to forego the prosecution. On Thursday last the unhappy woman was again brought before the bench, when the magistrate, having ordered the Court to be cleared, demanded whether the woman would follow up the informations. She replied, that she would take no further steps in the matter. Captain White advised the woman to pause and con sider before she came to such a decision. The woman still persisted in refusing to prosecute. Captain White said it was not in his power to force her to substantiate the informations against her will •, such a proceeding would be opposed to the principles of the constitution. But he was sorry that such a shocking crime should escape due punishment. It was his duty as a magistrate to believe the parties accused guiltless of the charge, as the complainant withdrew her informa tions; but though the woman, in her first informations, might have unintentionally exaggerated the circum stances, still he had no doubt she had sworn truly. If the indecent outrage sworn to by her were perpetrated, it stamped with deep disgrace the parties guilty of it. They held a respectable position, and must have known the duties appertaining to that position. They held the rank of gentlemen, and must have been conscious of what belonged to gentlemen. They were British officers, and as such they were aware of the indelible disgrace that must attach to them from such conduct. Under these circumstances, and as the woman had withdrawn the charge, he was unwilling to believe that gentlemen holding her Majesty's commission would be guilty of an offence that outraged humanity. His Worship seemed very much moved while address ing the complainant. Mr. J. J. O'Brien said he could bear testimony that the bench had now, as on all occasions of which ho was cognisant, fully discharged its duty. As the woman had refused to follow up her first informations, it wawto be presumed that the parties were innocent of the offence, and if she again, after once refusing, were in duced to substantiate her informations, it would mate saakgeeotfhepuebffliece t m o e f ra h h e ty r i e t vi w de a n s ce be w t i t t e h r t a hat ju t r h y e . the bench to compel the w oman to p roceed. Fr m ioa a ir t l t yt e h r deam should end there. It was not in the p ower of The MAYOR replied, that it was the knowledge that it was out of their power to compel the woman, and also the wish not to outrage public morality, by the publica tion of so shocking a business, that induced them to suffer the woman to withdraw the charge ; for an accu sation of so disgusting and revolting a nature never came under his cognizance ; but the bench could do no more in the matter. The woman was then permitted to withdraw from the Court. POLICE INTELLIGENCE. MARLBORO UGH-STREET. Mr. Edward John Kinnersley Baker, of 52, Park street, Grosvenor-square, was summoned before Mr. Hardwick for having unlawfully assaulted a young , me dical gentleman, named William Fenton, living at 29, Sale-street, Edgeware-road. The complainant said he was walking in Burlington street on Saturday last, when the defendant crossed over the street on perceiving him, and, on coming up to him, i mm ediately struck him on the face and grappled with him. Complainant struggled with the defendant, and both fell on the pavement together. The defendant left him, uttering threats of future violence. Complainant had more than once been attacked by the defendant in a similar way,. and so persevering was he in his violence that complainant went about the streets in constant fear. Complainant added, by way of explanation, that the assault had its origin in some family matters, which, if necessary, he was willing should be explained. Mr. HARDWICK asked the defendant to explain his conduct? Defendant—This is only an ipse dixit state ment, and therefore it appears to me that there is no necessity for making any defence to it. Mr. HARDWICK—I totally differ from you, and I call on you for your defence. Defendant—Oh, then I shall state the reason why . I assaulted the complainant. The complainant persists in carrying on a clandestine correspondence with my sister, and, although all the family are averse to any acquaint ance with him, he will persevere in his clandestine meetings with my sister. I wish first to ask him who was in his company when I assed him on Saturday? Complainant—Your sister was with me; but I deny I 4hulotiu4 corrvips/Avutt witiA iatly, THE RIVER PLATE. NEGOTIATIONS FOR PEACE. ' (From the Liverpool Times.) We have been favoured with a copy of a pamphlet con taining the official doeuments presented by the Govern ment of Monte Video to the Assembly of Notables, on Sept. 3d, explaining the progress and results of the ne gotiations arising out of Mr. Hood's mission. It wil be seen from the following summary of these documents, that the Government of Monte Video has at once agreed to the whole of the conditions proposed by Mr. Hood, in the name of England and France, and therefore that it is not answerable for any delay which may have arisen in the: settlement of these long-continued differences. The Buenos Ayrean Government had also accepted them en mayor parte—in their principal parts—whatever that may mean. The first document is a message from the Monte Vi dean Government to the Assembly, dated Monte Video, Sept. 3, 1846, and signed by Jonquin Suarez, Jose de Bejar, Jose A. Costa, and Francisco Magarinos. It states that the other documents are laid before the As sembly earlier than such documents usually are, because the Government feels that " it is indispensable to calm the anxiety of all, augmented (as it is) by the abuse which has been made, out of the walls of Monte Video, of this negotiation, to convert a message of peace into an instrument of war." The second document is a letter of inquiry, dated Monte Video, July 5, 1846, and addressed to Mr. Ouseley, the British Minister, by Senor Francisco Ma garinos, in the name of the Monte Videan Govern packet fro m E ng l an d, h e has ment, begging information as to the object of Mr. Hood's mission. tof Mr. H oo d' s mission. to Mr. O use l ey , i n t h e The third is a note of M r. Ousele y's , dated July the 6th, in answer to the a bove, in which h e states that, T owingnhoe information is a o ( t , m e ta i non-arrival olnetotfe rth eo o b f j e t e addressed name of the Monte Videan Government, on the 7th of July, in which, after alluding to the rumours arising out of the mission of Mr. Hood, and to the position of public affairs in the republic, it is stated that the Go vernment is willing to assist in bringing about a pacifi cation, only requiring, as a .sine qua non, that" the per fect and absolute independence of the republic" shall be maintained. The sixth is a note of Senor Magarinos to Baron Deffaudis, the French Minister, dated July 7, communi cating the preceding correspondence with Mr. Ouseley; and the seventh is a note from the Baron, dated the 11th, and simply acknowledging the receipt of the preceding. The eighth is a further letter of inquiry as to the object of Mr. Hood's mission, addressed to Mr. Ouseley and Baron Deffaudis, by Senor Magarinos, in the name of the Monte Videan Government, on the 11th of July; and the ninth a note from these Ministers, of the 13th, in which they state that they are unable to give the in formation asked for. The tenth is a letter of Mr. Ouseley's of the Ist August, to Senor Magarinos, informing him that Mr. Hood (who had arrived from Buenos Ayres) was desirous to pro ceed with a flag of truce to the camp of General Oribe; and the eleventh a note, signed by Senor Magarinos, giving him permission to do so, provided the:h'rench Mi nister and Admiral have no objection to his doing so. The twelfth was an application from Mr. Ouseley, dated 11th August, for permission for Mr. Hood to re turn from Oribe's camp to Monte Video; and the thir teenth, a permission to do so. The fourteenth is a note addressed to the Monte Vi dian Government, by Baron Deffaudis and Mr. Ouseley, on the 18th of August, inviting it to agree to a pacifica tion, on the bases proposed by Mr. Hood. " These bases," it states, " have been accepted in their principal points—en su mayor parte—by the Government of Buenos Ayres and by General Oribe." The fifteenth is a reply of the Monte Videan Govern ment, dated the 27th of August, and signed by Senor Magarinos, in which it is stated that the Government of the republic had already accepted, " without hesitation, on the 14th of July, 1845, the original basis of pacifi cation adopted by the two powers, and that it equally accepts the modifications which have been made in these bases, and the new propositions which have been pre sented by the Plenipotentiaries. The propositions are then given separately, with the assent of the Monte Videan Government , . The first proposes an immediate suspension of hostili ties; this the Monte Videan Government accepts with satisfaction, and proposes to extend to the whole of the territory of the republic. The second and third are as follows: — Second. An armistice being established, the English and French Plenipotentiaries demand of the Government the disarming of the foreign legion, and all other armed foreigners, who form the garrison of the city of Monte Video, or who are in arms in any other part of the re public. Third. At the same time that this disarmament is effected, General Rosas shell cause to be evacuated the whole of the territory of the Oriental Republic, by officers and soldiers of t h e Argentine ar m y . To the above P roposition the Monte Videan Govern ment he agrees,.,struction the following terms:— of the mediating Governm ents to their nenipotentiariee, and the repeated notes of those Pkenipotentiaries, have regarded the evacuation of the Monte Videan territory by the Argentine troops as an essential preliminary, to precede all negotiations for the re-establishing of peace. With this understanding the (Monte Videan) Government had accepted the mediation from the time when it was offered. Now the evacuation of the territory forms only one of the bases of the nego tiation. The disarming of all foreigners is required, and is to take place immediately, and at the =awe time as the evacuation. Still the Government of Monte Video accepts the second and third propositions, as it has ac cepLed the firts. It trusts only that the Plenipotentiaries, iS carYiPE Cut thu reacciplva CR reciPMfrit rotlizu HULL, NOVEMBER 11. STOCK EXCKANGE.-Our market to-day is not so firm or brisk as it was yesterday. Little alteration, however, is ob servable in our quotations. The sales are—Eastern Coun ties, York Extension, 395. 6d. p.—North British, New Quar ters, scrip, 235. p.—Ambergate, Nottingham, and Boston, 2/. 16s. 6d.—Blackburn, Darwen, an d Bolton, IA p.—East Lan cashire, 18 5 4—Ditto, No. 1, New, 4 p.—Fleetwood, Preston, and West Riding, 2 25.—Glasgow, Dumfries, and Carlisle, 14s. p.—Leeds and Dewsbury, Branches, 7 1 ,E p.—North-Western, 15s. p.—North Staffordshire, 31. 2s. 6d. p.—Northern Coun ties Union (York and Glasgow Union), lls.—West Riding Union, 31. 16s. NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, NOVEMBER 11. STOCK EXCHANGE.—The sales are—East Lancashire, No. 2 (late Ormskirk), 4%—Edinburgh and Northern (New port), 30s. p.—Liverpool, Manchester, and Newcastle Junc tion, % dis.—Newcastle and Carlisle, 112 scrip—North Bri tish, Quarters, 555. p.—llitto, Extension 225. p. —North Staffordshire, 3% p.—York and North Midland (East and West Riding), 15% SHE HELD, NOVIMBER 11. STOCK EXCHANGE.—The sales are—East Lincolnshire, 4s. p.—Great Grimsby and Sheffield Extensions, 3 3 % dis.—Ditto, Quarter Shares, 31s. dis.—Ditto, Docks, 3 % dis.—Manchester and Lincoln Union, 16s. 6d. dis.—North Western, 16s. 6d. p.—Sheffield and Lincoln ' 15s. 6d. dis.—Sheffield, Rother ham, and Goole, dis.—Manchester, Midland, and Grimsby, 20s. 6d. die.— YORK, NOVEMBER 11. STOCK EXCOMIGE.-The sales are-Eastern Counties, York Extension, 31. 162.-London and York, 2%-Manches ter, Buxton, Matlock, and Midland, 3/. 63.-North British, Halves, 165y-Ditto, Quarters, 31. 175.-Ditto, Extension, 1 3 / 4 -North Western, 11. 18s. 6d.-West Riding Union, 3 3 / 4 - York and Carlisle, %-York and Newcastle, New, 18 3 4 cum new-Ditto, Preference, W. 85.-York and North Midland, Preference, 10%. EDINBURGH, Novraisint 10. STOCK EXCHANGE.-The sales are-Aberdeen, 194 Airdrie and Bathgate, 4/. Ss.-Arbroath and Forfar, 281.- Ditto, Halves, 15/. 5s. -Armagh and Portrush, Bs. &L-Ayr and Galloway, 11. 7s. 6d.-Belfast and County Down, 3s. British and Irish Union, 21. 35.-Caledonian, 241.-Ditto, New, W. 53.-Caledonian and Dumbartonshire , 1 /. B s. 6d.- Clydesdale ,Junction, 341.-Cornwall and Devon Central, 11. 165.-Deeside Railway, 2/. 17s. 6d.-Direct Northern, 1/. 16s. 6d.-Dundee and Arbroath, 371.-Ditto, New, 2.1/.-Dun dee and Perth, ex new, 251. 59.--Ditto, New, 1 0/.-East Indian Railway, 16s. 3d.-East of Fife, 11. 14L-Edinburgh and Bathgate, 21.155.-Edinburgh and Glasgow, 761.-Ditto, Halves, 201. 158.-Ditto, Quarters, 191.-Edinburgh, Leith, and Grantors, 221. 55.-Ditto, Preference, 231.-Edinburgh and Northern, 154 Bs.-Ditto, Newport, 31. 19s. 6d.-Edin burgh and Perth, 1/. M.-Glasgow and Ayrshire, 69/. 15s. -Ditto, New Stock, 341,-Ditto, Quarters, 17/. 7s. 6d.- Ditto, Halves, 8/.-Glasgow, Dumfries, and Carlisle, 31.115.- Glasgow and Dundee Junction, 1/. 13s. 9d.-Glasgow and Garnkirk, 40/.-Glasgow General Terminus, 9/. 10s.-Glas • Row and Greenock, 16/. 12s. 6d.-Ditto New, 81.105.--Ditto, Preference, 81.55.-Glasgow, Kilmarnock, and Ardrossan, 1/. 18s.-Great North of Sco tland, 2/. 7s. 6d.-L: v. e, Belkt, rigumixot AlowliWitive WOW' -.......--..,.....--,...*.......--..............••--- 1/. 3s. 6d.-toffden and York, IL 17s. 6d.- Ditto, Halve; 1/. 155.-Midland and Eastern Counties, Berwick, 32/. 10s.-North British, 37L-Ditto, Halves ,l -Ditto Quarters, ex hew, 3/. lbs.-Ditto, ditto, IsT?l r y Scrip, 1/. IL.-Ditto, Fifths, 71. 10s.-Norh Staffordshire, 51.25. 6d.-North Wales Mineral, 19L-Ditto, New, 91 . T . , 155.--isreweastle air - Scottish Central, 75. 6d.-Ditto, New, 10L 175. Kfi. -Scottish Grand Junction, IL-Scottish Midland, 131%..u.., -Shrewsbury and Hereford, 7s. _Shrewsbury,Osicl and Chester, 4/. 10s. -Stirling and Dunfermline, 1 8 1 . 33 c : Stirling', and Midland, 2/. 185.-Strathern Junction, l."- -Wishaw and Coltness, 48/. 10s. GLASGOW, NOVEMBER 10. STOCK EXCIIANGE.-The sales are-Aberdeen, lolh"'"' Airdrie and Coatbridge, 445.-Ayr and Galloway, 275. 9d- -- ' Caledonian, New, 445.-Caledonian and Dumbartonshirej 325.-Direct Bombay and Madras, 165.--Pundee and Perth, 251.-Ditto, New, 9/. 108.-Dunblane, Voone, SI?, Callendar, 281.-East of Fife, 35a.-East Indian 11.ar way, 14s. ' 9d.-Edinburgh and Glasgow , lg. -- 1 1) 1 1 5. t---- Halves, 201/2 -Edinburgh and Northern, Ditto, Newport, 82s. 6d. -Glasgow, Kilmarnock an d Ayr, halves, 19s. 6d.-Glasgow, Dumfries, and Carlisle, 7lsirr. Glasgow, Kilmarnock, and Ardrossan, 375.--Gl7aslw' and drie, and Monkland Junction, 428.--Madras, 3-,ll°"'itio, Arcot, 3s. 6d.-Midland, Halves, 61. 18s.orth 37 1 / 2 -Ditto, New Quarters (scrip), 343.-Seottish C'3ervtr..4ll 208 -Scottish Midland Junction, 13%-:South -E d Coltr l69 ' Dover, New (iss. at 15L), No. 4, 628.-Wishaw an 48/. Ils.-York and Newcastle, Preference, 71. WORKS by ROBERT J. CULTERWELL, M.D. M.R.C.S• $ ' One Shilling each, by post One and Sixpenni , 0 N 1 Astern au. SINGLE and MARRIED LIF (An Original Medical 111storP) CONTENTS: AnaIYSIS of the Affections Early Conventional iteßT_ersil:yll3' direction-MaritalMaternal Anticipations and Rerlities-LaWS et e r r g c j w ss sad Infertile IT niluene Phenomena of Gestation --On I . ol ag i 0 .... LOG nions-Incongruous Alliances- Mar rs ieaCe Matches-Curiosities of Twenty-three 'Years' Medical •••~". Lc. licc. 2. On CHASTITY and its INFRINGEMENTS (An Essay for 1846.) se' - of human ills and frailties I din cour., ._, A Those taught by nature, an d b y art acqnu "• Of griefs conceal'd, and disappointments keen, Which young and gentle, the matured a nd Past The lonely and the mated-all sustain. In kindl spirit, herein counsel's EiTIL , 4 .g 4113 Hew he a lt h , how hope, how kapPilim• •l' 61. 3. WHAT With tDOieEtATTab, Tables an lC, c lth oin d p gl r l f niiii 011 1, 0 , Contents s.-How to ensure perfect digeation,e y_P . ,7;, good night's rest, a clear head, aid a contenl..lneeple, servanee of the instructions herein contained tp_o.i on , waY i ii; old vously delies `e, even to the most shattered 00 1 1 , 17 0 h is I ,lo ' the greatest amount of physical happinesS, /Mu full period of life allotted to men. w hat V . ' " How we should live—what eat, what drink l a Ti reach in health full threescore years an"' Oelosee rcies These interesting little volumes, although bearing f o un R ef og very delicate import, as their titles imply, ill Dos As a, surable and general utility, for they tell of matters. tore able ti understand ought to know, but will_e a utge ted 9 * these enlightened times, except that quality Pre' ite t)6 s • questionab e hannels, is at a very terrible disco unt. _, Ado _ 0 In the exposition hereby offered of the till now 4704 . 02700 nature, ef human disappointments and their ways:_,. 0 .0 contended that every reader shall become his * pen 0 "; lair any mere than their own lawyer, but it IS lee iota should know the simple principles if our *lon e r g2 h . d icta whereby our existence and the issue thereof 111 i n o ur iV esi til lor* states depend, the duties that are expected of the capacities in the family circle, and the terms oil w hic h c i ia y to I ' n ' o teo , happiness of the present and future race of niank i n„ h ey By such knowledge, and which is herein ""' s ricl Itt'sl3', l " health will be found to be in our own keep in t ir et is et within the attainment of all; by the availment her our o ur to , isl our duty to ourselves, we secure the lit a advantsg e t tea whi t' easi t to follow, and finally by the cultivation of our fuel, ad the 1 1410 consistent with degenerate health, the mind as ore!_„,„ea th e , be exalted to the summit of perfection, as bast loeuw - writ: of God's creations. ,y f l i &O lg ati e The author's justification Mr this seeming et ll °-.,Lt be - :st *- WM and the avowal of their integrity of purpose* ''." rat etco by their perusal—his accredited qualifications 0 11 •`,, t , .1 4 P! topics broached involve his legitimate study and PUrs'a i rrelro, To be had of Sherwood, 23, Paternoster-roorl Carn e t 1 ! "' leaw - Fleet-street ; Hannay, 63, Oxford. street ; Mann t..,e' treet ( those direct from the Author, 11, Argyle-place, Regen t „men/ on Great Marlborough-street), who may be advised per'_, en till •- matters daily till Three, and in the Eveningilfrora S°' i 0 0 1 ON THE SECRET INFIRMITIES OF T - 01/ MATURITY. yofiS' P WITH "ewENTY-FIVE COLOURED ENGAt'flyeior.zaielpOr Just published, Twentieth Thousand, in a sealed' postage 2s. 6 , 1., or pest paid, to any address, for 3s. 6 d. i n i tioe direct from the Author's residence. I. SELF - e- PRESERVATION : A Mecli cs and ,(„to t oov on the Secret Infirmities and Disorders of Yon.** 4 , e Aloe* Illustrated with Twenty-five Coloured Plates inr it aive . . o .ol Physiology, and Diseases of the Urinary and Relu v _. and , explaining their various structures, uses, and functiornts, the injuries that are produced in them, by solitary el i : 0 0$ 0 excesses. With Practical Observations on the Tree:Mwl-a d Debility, Local and Constitutional Weakness, and o the Urethra. By SAMUEL LA'MERT, CONSULTING S VP ', „ 9, Bedford-street, Bedford - square , Lonu=b a o;',;te Matriculated Member of the University if Ed lll ,,,,bn„iceP . Member of the London Hospital Medical Sate d ' , Apothecaries' Hall, London, Sec., Sec. ..e O 4IP• n i CONTENTS Or TEE TREATISX. its P,' 01 ,10,: o CRAFTER I. On the Philosophy of Marriage, our„, e i th f s 1 .) , a rAP a c and Obligations, and on Infelicitous and Unproo ll 7 b y Gobi Or' CHAPTER 2. On the Anatomy and PhysiologY ef„: y ieg Organs, their functions structures, and secretions, I' thl 0 1 ; Mental and Physical Power are dependant apon th eir e flCSt:sa —CHAPTER 3. On Solitary Habits ; their various , th e I. Animal Economy; the concealed cause of Debility l eeso f etv I ore a .0 5 of the Stomach, Lungs, and Brain, and genera _ is ., Mental Faculties. Czarrea 4. On the Secret Diouf: i t WI 0 : and Maturity, and the Treatment of Nervous and 0 1 4 0" Mental Debility, and Premature Decay.—CnArr us, the Disorders arising from indiscriminate ;1 116 Gleet, Strictures, and ether Diseases of the Urethra. 4 11 , 5 11,1 ce a REVIEWS Or THE WORK. " The author of this singular and talented work 10 a 1 7,44 , ble e fled medical man, who has evidently had ceneidera io the trr fitment of the various disorders arising fre gi „ ievaUlb Excess , frantic., of early indiscretion. The engravings are alt.' ditien, by demonstrating the consequences of excess! of ito re' act as a salutary warning to youth and maturity , Pr at f `gip ; many questions may be satisfactorily replied to, th e evee to the most confidential friend."—Era. ...wien e r ' i t: Published by the Author, and may be had at his eel from Kent and Richard.), 52, Paternoster-row • HanDwefis ad .'9 o ' Oxford-street; Starie, Tichborne-street, Qu adran t ) 1 ,11- Leadenhall-street, London; Newton, 16, Church-0 1 'w -- re °lo and by all Booksellers. At Home fir Consultation daily, from Nino Vil a .; ,n coa l , o9 l " - Five till Eight ; and all letters immediately replied_V the fee of 11 ., for advice, Ico.-9 BEDFORD-STRL-r-' - ` SQUARE. LONDON 1 o° cit 0 A POPULAR TREATISE en the HEALTH, LIFE - 00 14 of the BODILY FUNCTIONS. NINETEETH EDITION, price 2s. id. ; Free by r es t Wore Envelope) 3s. 6d., THE SILENT FRIEND. A ine w o en the loss of the reproductive powers, Witk rne str l i , cl- 0> )5 10 tion. The baneful effects of Indulgence, neglemetlistote. condary Symptoms, ko., are fully pointed out. 111 jay 0* o e. cravings ; followed by obserrrations en Marriage* PERRY and Co., Consulting Surgeons, London their devnfa• - Published by the Authors, and may be had i " 146) Sold by Strange, No. 21, Paternoster • Tow ; Gordon, . co. , 63, street ; Purkis, Compton-street, Soho ; Hannay a nd .02 0 4. street, and 37, Royal Exchange ; and all booksellolt.' of - ts Part I. of this Work is particularly addressed orb feotieo prevented from forming a Matrimonial Alliance, Off. jetro g. , of lain disqua li fications, and will be found an avallat i ," 4, eing the means of perfect and secret restoration to illasu i ." - t hee lo ;bo7t Part 11. treats perspicuously upon those forms t ato tieu . , , j es in their primary or secondary date, arising frern u'Lli c hew numbers who neglect to obtain cempeteat te eth o to 1 ' upon themselves years of misery and suffering. • if ft? The CORDIAL BALM OF SYRIACUM is exclustv o e eA te d de s ,; , the cure of nervous and sexual debility, irregularitl'bite, O y er renness, loss of appetite, indigestion, consumptive 33 0 ' ,stP ties arising from venereal excesses, &c. Price Ile* fr tie. The Five-pound cases may be had as usual. go 0 :01 The CONCENTRATED DETERSIVE ESSE a I4 h . plar;o 4 o oe , syphilitic remedy for searching out and purifying fasto l l ll/ nereal contamination, scurvy, blotches en the hey . 40 0.1ti0. ulcerations, and those painfid affections arising fra n2 4o. went, secondary symptoms, and all eruptions of th e • , 40* and 335. per bottle. 10100 , PERRY'S PURIFYING SPECIFIC PILLS, P** - a e eu;.o - 11 g. per box, are the most effectual rem ed l e t 111'- !eV flammation, irritation of the bladder, ke., Ass 1 00 0 ;4 business. Consultation fee, if by Letter, 1 Aminu te deLa n e ir 1 I •„ i n Or * cessary. Messrs. Perry are in daily attendance - y es 19, Berners-street, Oxford-street, London, front l c . five till eight; and en Sundays num eleven till tff ~.-...- ..., 6°ll ,„ Al _.,. 00 GRAND POLISH BALL AND CONCEa• 11.- ..- 1r ~,, l if e , Il e t HALL, ON WEDNESDAY, THE 18TH IN .-- oPr t r ° tl , " . 0 h ave it in our power to announce that the c o e el s$ ing entertainment will, this year, be on 1 1 ,, 0 15 r otiel e iot ee usual splendour. Notwithstanding the " e 7 f i r daftrote rangements preserved from the Lord ga d the ; 1 44 further embellishments have been Addeo of t he 0 , 1 jeof mittee of Management to render the seen e , ° , 3 wintry - 0k of the 18th worthy of the object for whic h n 'f o„„ o ll , and a select concert, at which on! ", d otal,' the, nent vocalists have promised to nes e ' v 0 0° 0 ' will take place in the Council-roan ; j ai die o a pi magnificent tapestry worked by nerd I L% o ° l Poland, and presented by them W c osC, t - er Stuart will also be exhibited in som e ~ t his OP - t be part of the hall. A remarkable featur e (: 00 137 1 2:400 - fete is the patronage granted to it, 1 3 1 o f tilershe citizens of London, but by a large nurnu, e ',„ro, ell'"' OP eracy, and no less than six Cabinet giet - an d tbe in forl is no doubt that some of them vall 7, - a -- the 6°- 0 1 0 ect Everything conducive to the brillanei . ha re 6 . 'l' oiPg of the elegant and numerous compel:lY t h i s n ot ee r P r s old' has been most liberally provided; and it le _ di , b e en at e that more than half of the tickets have aire'tif,g oPP ebo icl To the votaries of amusement it is a tet °l l;l2 to b nity which they must not neglect, if tee "^ Obi, one of the most brilliant balls of the Y.enr•_,:tii the S gt The Earl of Lonsdale had an interview 7' oi n g ial +- cellor of the Exchequer yesterday, a t bl 5 Pl lO l dence in Downing-street. o SOO v otcbnia EADVERTISEMENT.]—A SsocialsT- st , 0 • CUEED BY HOLLOWAY'S OINTMYNT AND ri Ll ' g r c, -- i.10 1, _,, be ir , % gentleman residing is Arbour-square, Conun e _ .„Ars xi. ~tui, , , _,I been several years in India, where, about seir7 ii,eo. rl io r, t;: t -- , almost suddenly covered with s dreadful ski " the I n° lotil er ;:1 1 lepra, since his return to Europe has been two n ett) lion .01 waters in Germany, besides trying of remedies both at and abroad. A t 149 perfec t c ve ral le o s (w ithout u t be u sed x i i ire , . 104 Ointment and Pia, which quickly effected It o i f o r se _,,, ie n ~, pimples, blotches. or eruptions on the skin , eviledieinec res SP" , I , 00110 Y ," duration, might be eradicated by theSe O n° sold by all dealers in medicines, and at Tror oo6 " ----'-' anshment, 244, Strati, London. I , bit s ' On the 9th inst., in Sing-stre et , Cev ent.gardellt ' ate ' duk e le.iu... j, C. Stevens, of a son. s ha g arin gro. On the 9th inst., the wife of jo . rA i n gtorit go Esq., of a daughter. n d e rtseet '--- On the 10th inst., at Compto park' S. Torr, of a son. Westyl i f de- loft f 011 On the 10th inst., at Conduit-street - 0 ...- William Thompson, of a dat!ahter. skive , o On the 10th inst., Mrs. Willi e° .:.a. Camberwell, of a daughter. On the 4th inst., at theifpariAßsillb fhpu'rcb of W. b_ i to tb i et: wr ....dap .W-e--51 Rev. J. Morehead, M.A., Rector of Basip„ksapsB.6, the pc — la, eldest daughter of the late Major F. Du' W /Alictail Cavalry. fAil°ll' On the 10th inst., in London, the Martilenbov, secona daughter of the late Sir Richard 1' On the 7th inst., at Woodford, Sarah , . OaPo w Arnold, (tree, 13/111 F. On the late li9ntsht.,Lalocertts.le blissenden Abb. , 10th inst., in Upper B+ toff George Fox, aged 68. p e c G h On the 10th inst at Coombe I:odge, sr: thewai smOitnh,threelilcOttohf cin.sstliatthtthage .4119%0.1_10: TongtoOt I°. t9pt.hailgies:t.Bo,.7.t DerehDirestenr Mrs. Nl:eY'llx —fin': ;es:: Git° tl. ; grs• 13 " On the 10th inst., at Dfasbrougb, orash.re, the sot. On the 11th inst., at Champion-hill SarreP ay, M.A., Rec tor of Bidborough, lient. Gay, Yo O• : )f 5'4 1 sr - - London: Printed and Published by Iviaa r. Strand; Printer, at T/Af 0,(9121 7 "' v.! WI wit it ip - - --''., .~ SCOTTISH AGRICULTURAL REPORTS. (From the Caledonian Mercury.) EAST LOTHIAN.— During the first three weeks of the month showers were both frequent and heavy, the total . fall of rain in October being three inches and four-tenths. On the morning of Monday last the ground was white with hoar frost, a thin coating of ice covered the small pools of water on the road —still the weather, on the whole, has been very mild for the season of the year, the thermometer generally ranging from 45 to 55 degrees. A few fields were sown with wheat at the close of last month and the commencement of this ; but, from the continued wetness of the land nothing more has been done until within the last two or three days, when some farmers have been 'making a beginning by sowing the last ploughed or driest portions of their bean land. What has been done is neatly finished off, but notwithstanding the earliness of the harvest, there is scarcely as much sown as there was last year at this time. However, dry weather for another week or fourteen days would allow a great deal to be sown, as a large proportion of the land intended for winter wheat has been already ploughed. There is also a greater breadth of stubble turned over than is usual at this period. The mild weather has been favourable for the growth of the turnip crop. The Swedish variety generally have improved considerably, though the late sown of all kinds are a light crop still. Where stock have been already put on them, it is under stood that they are not standing anything like the same amount of eating as they have done for the last two years. Pasture grass is more abundant than it has been for many years. The quantity of keep that has been got from young grass has allowed old pastures to get well up, so that should the winter prove tolerably open, fewer turnips than usual will be required for sheep stock, and which may tend to make the inferiority of this crop less L felt. From the wet state the land has been often in, it has been at times rather difficult to remove turnips even from the driest soils, and sheep, where folded on them, have had frequently to be removed to pasture fields.— Oct. 31. WEST LOTHIAN.—In consequence of the pre dominance of rain during this month, the sowing of wheat has been considerably retarded, and unless the weather assume a more favourable aspect, in many cases the seed will not be got into the ground this season. Early-sown wheat, however, looks well, and, if any thing, threatens to be a shade too rank. The turnip crop has turned out better than expected, The alarm regarding it has passed away, and all varieties may be pronounced to be in a healthy state, growing apace, and a fair crop generally. During this month pasturage has been luxuriant beyond usaal at this season, and the young grasses thick and thriving. Wheat is a fair yield, and may be averaged at 34 bushels per Scots acre, sound in quality, and weighing from 58 to 63 lbs. Barley at 40 bushels—from 50 to 51 lbs. ; and oats at 48 bushels —from 38 to 39 lbs. Beans are much under an average. Oats are found to meal well, but distillers complain that the produce from barley is below that of ordinary years, weight for weight. In no part of Scotland has the de struction of the potato been more complete than in West Lothian. But we do not despair of this crop, as it is probable that the disease will run its course and disap pear.—Oct. 30. FIFESHIRE.—The few patches of grain which were outstanding at the beginning of the month have all been secured, after having suffered from sprout and otherwise. The weather has been exceedingly wet, very unfavour able for all out-door work, and little or nothing has been done to the wheat seed. We never, within our recollec tion, saw so little wheat sown at this season. The wheat after fallow is looking well, except on some damp spots, where the seed has perished from excess of mois ture. The weather, although wet, has been warm. There have been only one or two frosty mornings, which have had almost no effect in checking vegetation, and the pastures are everywhere as green as if it were mid summer, Turnips upon thick dry ground have been improving, but there has been too much rain for them in general, and they are a light crop, and small in the bulb. The potatoes may be said, especially in the north of Fife, to be a complete failure. The few that remain in the ground µill not pay the expense of lifting—and they are only taken up in many instances to get rid of them as a weed. The potato failure is of a much more serious nature than was generally anticipated, and its effects are only now beginning to be felt, not only in the want of the potato itself, but in the want of the pig, the high price of provisions, and in the scanty meal of many.—Nov. 3. KINCARDINESHIRE. — It is very fortunate that the har vest was got so early and well secured, for, had it been as late as usual, it is more than probable a largo portion of the crop would have been much injured, as since the 19th of September, the weather upon the whole has been excessively wet, with a mild temperature. At that pe riod the land was remarkably dry, indeed drier than we recollect to have seen it at that period of the year, and the turnips were suffering much from want of moisture, but they at last got a proper soaking, and for sometime bygone those on undrained land have been kept far toe wet. The heavy rains, however, put a stop to the mil dew with which a good many of the early fields had be gun to be effected ; and as most of the withered leaves have now fallen down, the crop has a more fresh appearance than it had a month ago. The late turnips have improved a good de: since harvest, aid may yet turn out a middling crop but there are complaints that, the bulbs of both the early and late are increasing but slowly. The grass fields are still quite fresh and green. Very few of the field potatoes are yet taken up, or are considered worth the labour of raising and picking. Little can be added to what we formerly stated regarding the corn crops. They are generally allowed to be yielding fair to the straw at the thrashing mill, but that the bulk in the stack-yard is a good deal less than that of last year. As to quality, early barley, off good soils, weighs about 53 ns. per bushel, and a small portion of the best from that to 54} lbs. Oats are fully as varied in quality; and, where injured, as they were in some cases by rust aad mildew, the return will be very deficient, and the grain decidedly bad.—Nov. 4. SOUTH DISTRICT OF FORFATUMIRE.—AIthough during the first three weeks of this month an extraordinary quantity of rain fell, and, in consequence, wheat sowing has been put a stop to, yet at the period we write, the work of the plough and general field operations are well advanced. The new crop of wheat continues, from most accounts, to thrash out well, although, as might have been expected, the quality is a good deal affected by the damp weather. Although there is little specu lative inquiry, and in the face of considerable deliveries, this valuable article continues to bring high prices—but this is not surprising, when it is admitted at all hands that a great increased consumption is at present going on. A feeling being now generally prevalent that our barley crop is of inferior yield, has caused an unusally spirited demand for this article, which, since our last report, has in consequence advanced from Bs. to 103. per quarter, the price being 395. for 53 lbs. per bushel. If the trade in this article may seem somewhat too spe culative and unhealthy, it cannot be so said of wheat and oats, the su)plies of which seem pretty nearly suited to the consumptive demand.—Nov. 3. FRENCH ACADEMY of SCIENCES SITTING OF NOVEMBER 2. Most of this day's sitting was occupied with commu nications on the recent discovery of the mode of render ing cotton explosive. Our readers are aware, that since the first announcement of this discovery having been made by M. Schonbein, M. Otto, of Brunswick, and at least :a dozen ether persons, have declared that they have done the same thing, and some of them have even published the process by which they render cotton ex plosive. The truth is, that there was nothing so very wonderful in the mere announcement of the discovery, for it has long been known to chemists that any vege table matter walld acquire explosive properties when treated by nitric acid; and a French chemist long ago announced thst, by operating upon starch with nitric acid, ho prodiced a fulminating power of great force. The wonder lay in the perfection to which M. Schon bein was said to have brought his preparation, the secret of which he still keeps to himself as regards the modes operandi. If we are to believe the statements that have been made by parsons of high respect ability, the explosive cotton of M. Schonbein is a per fect substitute for gunpowder, possessing weight for weight, much more strength than that article, and, at the same time, being free from the many serious objec tions which attend the manufacture of gunpowder. On the other hand, it does not appear that any of the spe cimens of other discoverers have given fully satisfactory results, that is to say, they are by no means of so de structive a property as the cotton of M. Schonbein. Many charges of illiberality have been brought against that gentleman for not making his process known, and endeavouring t make a good speculation of it for his own interest, ender the protection of patents. We do riot join in this outcry. If M. Schonbein, who is re ported, we know not how truly, to have disposed of his patent right in England for 40,0001., could make a million sterling of his different patents, we should not think him too highly rewarded, if it be true that his cotton is so much more powerful than that of his com petitors, as its friends represent it to be. The man who invents the most rapid and the most effectual means of destruction as regards war, is the greatest friend to the interests of humanity. Before gunpowder was invented war was a very favourite pastime of the rulers of nations, for it served to gratify their bad passions without presenting the chances of utter ruin to them. By risking a portion of the money derived from the labour of their subjects, and sacrificing a few hun dred lives, they wore able to play at the game of ambi tion, and, having always the hope of success before them they had a constant excitement to violence and outrage. Nor did the pastime cease with the invention of gun powder. The scale on which it was carried on was greater ; but in a few years, when military tactics had been improved, and fire-arms had been made on surer principles, the game became too hot for the gamesters, and they were glad to retreat at length from the struggle of vain glory. The bow End arrow work of the ancients was nothing more than eh.ld's play to the fields of Aus terlitz and Waterloo, and vhen once a suspension of hos tilities had taken place, Government began to reflect that the game was too costly. Thirty years of peace have served to give birth to better ideas ; but there is every now and then an indication of a desire to in volve nations in warfare. We are quite sure, however, that if any man could invent a means of destruction, by which two nations going to war with each other would see large armies destroyed and immense treasures wasted on both sit in a single campaign, they would both hesitate atr. i T is ing upon another. We repeat, therefore, in sense the greatest destructor is the greater , sschonbein's .gist ; and, supposing what is said of Nr in ventiontulanthro- - true, we think that all .1 means of conces the event of differences, try all sion and conciliation before erovernments will, in must be such from this digre t 'sia in which the strong as the comparatively weak _orning ton trial of strength, , rear 2oiers. We must return, however, on to the question before the Academy. M. Otto, gi rinolswicU, hci *toed tjlby Pr9t.loo V 74-