The Sun. — London, England, 1829-09-30 00:00:00

great coats descend as low as the ancle, and are of a nut liroviin : the collar is also of cloth, large, fiat; _ and veil supple. ;..".;:iiir,onie coats are very open at the breast, and are nulvrow in the waist. The buttons are very small; no false pockets. The favourite colour for coats is blue, olive, brown, black, and raven-grey. At a ball in the country, two or three dancers wore very remarkable kind of shoes which had neither buckles nor strings, but were like women's shoes, though cut rather rounder on the instep. A young gentleman had on an olive green coat, but toned over the breast, as high as the cravat, by two rows of buttons covered with cloth. These buttons were of the same size with those on the waistcoat. With a black coat several men of fashion wear a waistcoat of white, stitched and quilted; white pan taloons, white cravat, and the ends of the shirt-collar rounded. The waistcoats are of various kinds of silk, of light colours. Several are seen of an opal-green, light-blue, or violet. They have, in general, a strait collar terminating in a very conspicuous point in front. They are fattened only by three or four but tons; the rest remains unbuttoned. The lapels turn back so as to leave the breast entirely uncovered. Under waistcoats of white, quilted and stitched, are much worn beneath a silk waistcoat, notwith standing the season. The favourite waistcoat is celestial blue silk, another is brown, with blue and rose-coloured flowers embroidered on it : one has been seen of watered Chinese silk. Some waistcoats are now in preparation, which are remarkably rich and elegant. Having no kind of monotony, nothing fixed in either of the patterns or shades, they bear the appellation of waistcoats for every season. On one is seen a barbel, on the other a lily of the valley, a rose, a scarlet-corn-poppy, a tulip, a heartease, a daisy, and two butterflies of South America. It is, without doubt, in the sole desire of giving pleasure, that such fashions have been invented ; for our beaux will wear such an assort ment on their bosoms which will compel them to adopt a cause of gallantry towards the fair, who may study botany by the patterns on their waistcoats. The newest waistcoats now worn are of kersey mere, the colour of the Cachemire shawls, or of pearl-grey ; some are of nut-brown, antelope-brown, touterelle, Spanish-brown, London-smoke, and cur rant-red. The buttons of silk and velvet waistcoats are of chased gold. Waistcoats are made either with a strait collar, or a collar en schall. The continued rains have made black Cachemire and Merino pantaloons the order of the day ; never theless, Nankin, and white pantaloons, are yet in favour. Dress pantaloons are always made so as to mark out the shape of the leg, but they are worn shorter. Though they fasten tinder the foot, the strap is introduced into the shoe, instead of be neath it. The under-dress pantaloons fasten in front by hooks and eyes, and are very wide ; they are of Nankin, or of white, with narrow stripes of some striking colour. The pantaloons called a Ja»zbe d' .Elephante, are beginning to be less wide and long at their ter mination. An exquisite wears his clothes so tight that custom permits him to loosen the buckles of his waistcoat and pantaloons before he sits down to table. Pantaloons with stripes of some striking colour, and a white ground, are generally adopted in un dress. These pantaloons are wide, and close in front by hooks, or small buttons. They ought to come high over the lower part of the body and the hips, without forming any plaits. Besides the shirt-collar, a fashionable man wears, between the neck and the cravat, a colerette laid in small plaits, which goes beyond the cravat in a line at the top. Several shirts have been seen with the plaits laid across, in flutings. The most fashionable shirt buttons are in the form of an S, and are composed of several precious stones, or of brilliants. The shirts over the breast exhibit broad folds. Some have stripes interwoven in the linen, about three inches in breadth. Between each of these is a fold of lawn plaited across like the frill of a shirt. At the base a stitched band keeps the folds together. Some pretended fashionables have their shirts made of Indian taffety. In morning dress the shirt is often of white jaconot with narrow stripes of blue, or of flame-colour; or sometimes, with sprigs of various colours. Some fashionables wear half-colerettes of white muslin, laid in small 'plaits, which come above the cravat two or three inches; these are very conspi cuous when the shirt is of coloured gingham, and the cravat black. Some exclusives wear the frills of their shirts wider on one side than on the other : the widest is laid in a vast number of small plaits, and the narrow side is fluted. Among the higher classes ruffles are worn. The cravat most admired in deshabille, and even in half dress, is figured over in large spots of black. These cravats should be very long, and the ends folded over the breast. At evening dress parties, some gentlemen wear as a cravat, a muslin collar laid in large plaits ; this collar, or stock, fastens behind with a silver buckle. The bow of a cravat is not now at the lower part, but in the centre; sometimes it is tied near the chin. The throat is not now discovered. The cravat is very flexible, and fastens by a small knot, with one loop only. The shirt is closed over the breast by five or six small buttons of plain gold. White silk stockings are only worn with white pantaloons, or those orNankin, or of light colours. Black silk stockings are always worn with black pantaloons, Silk stockings should be of a colour to suit the pantaloons. Those of a white ground, with broad blue transverse stripes are very much worn. A man of fashion was lately seen at a ball in the country, with white stitched pantaloons, with silk stockings, with broad satin ribs, and which had a very tasteful appearance. The shape of the hats has undergone some slight alteration; the crowns are higher, and rather conical; the brims larger, and not so much raised on each side as formerly : they are all placed forwarder on the head, the collars of the coats being so high be hind as to render this mode requisite. In full dress, white knit gloves are worn, and in deshabille those of the same kind, coloured. Except at balls, and at the theatres, a man of fashion always wears black glazed gloves. An exquisite wears sometimes on the forefinger of the right hand, a gold ring enamelled with black, which fillS up the space from one joint to the other. On the fourth finger of the left hand there are so many rings that the finger cannot be bent. Of all the names successively given to the beard worn by some exclusives, is that of Saint Anthony, which is now the appellation given to this hairy ap pendage. A necessaire, or mullunt-in-parro, is an indispen sable article for a fashionable young man, but very expensive. The box must.contain, besides the in strumeats for the teeth and nails, a small vessel of vermillion, smelling-bottles, two covers, two plates of vermillion, an inkstand, a sand-glass, a silver pen, &c. &c. The shoes are square-toed. Some men of fashion, it is said, have actually been seen at evening parties with half-boots of satin, made exactly like those worn by females. Gentlemen have now two sorts of visiting cards. When a man of fashion wishes any one to know he has left his card, his name is written with a pencil on a square piece of plain vellum. An engraved card is sent by a footman. ENORMOUS EEL.--Yesterday some fisher men of this town took a very large conger eel below the Scalp : it measured, when dead, six feet seven inches in length, and weighed four stone nine pounds. Mr. SHUT TLIEWORTH, druggist, of High-street, purchased the gigantic fah,..Boston Gazette, FROM THE GAZETTE OF LAST NIGHT. War Office, Sept. 28, 1829. 4th Regiment of Light Dragoons—F. B. Pearson, Gent. to be Cornet, by pus chase, vice Cumberlege, promoted. Sept. 3, 1829. 11th Light Dragoons--Ensign C. Macartney, from the 84th Foot, vice Bagot, who retires; Sept. 9. A. M'Do nough, Gent. vice French, promoted ; Sept. 10. To be Cornets, by purchase. 9th Regiment of Foot—Lieut. W. F. Ker, from half pay of the 23(1 Foot, to be Lieutenant, vice H. R. Duff, who exchanges. Sept. 3. 23d Foot—Assistant-Surgeon J. Forrest, M.D. from the 20th Foot, to be Assistant-Surgeon, vice J • Morrison, who retires. Sept. 3, 27th Foot—Lieut. C. Manly to be Captain, without purchase, vice Furnas, deceased ; Sept. 10. To be Lieu tenants—Ensign B. lE. S. Hutchinson, without pur chase, vice Manly ; Sept. 10. Ensign C. Roberts, by purchase, vice Neynoe, promoted ; Sept. 29. To be Ensigns—T. P. Touzel, Gent., without purchase, vice Hutchison ; Sept. 10. G. A. Wilson, Gent. by pur- chase, vice Roberts ; Sept. 29. 42d Foot—Captain R. J. N. Kellett, from the half pay, to be Captain, vice P. Campbell, who exchanges, receiving the difference. Sept. 3. 48th Foot—Ensign J. C. J. M. Ross, from the 61st Foot, to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Mackworth, promoted. Sept. 29. 59th Foot—Captain W. Fuller, from the half-pay of the Regiment, to be Captain, vice T. Triphook, who ex changes, receiving the difference. Sept. 3. 61st Foot—T. N. Kemp, Gent., to be Ensign, by pur chase, vice Ross, promoted in the 48th Foot. Sept. 29. 70th Foot—Capt. J. Tredennick to be Major, without purchase, vice Greene, deceased. Sept. 3. Lieut. G. Goldfrap to be Captain, without purchase, vice Treden nick. Sept. 3. 79th Foot--Lieut. Hon. R. Boyle, from the half-pay, to be Lieutenant, vice J. Mills, who exchanges, receiving the difference. Sept. 3. 84th Foot—R. R. Curtis, Gent. to be Ensign, by pur chase, vice Macartney, appointed to the 11th Light Dra goons. Sept. 10. 88th Foot—Lieut. Hon. C. Monckton to be Captain, by purchase, vice Gore, who retires ; Sept. 10. Easign E. H. Hutchinson to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Monckton ; Sept. 10 ; G. P. O'Malley, Gent. to be En sign, by purchase, vice Hutchinson. Sept. 10. 98th Foot—M. Bayntutn, Gent. to be Ensign, by pur chase, vice Broadley, promoted. Sept. 29. Royal African Colonial Corps—Ensign J. M. Isaac to be Lieutenant, without purchase, vice Pates son, deceased. Sept. 3. UNATTACHED. To be Captains, by purchase—Lieut. C. F. Neynoe, from the 27th Foot ; Sept. 29. Lieut. A. Mackworth, from the 48th Foot ; Sept. 29. To be Lieutenant, by purchase—Ensign E. 0. Broadley, from 98th Foot. Sept. 29. BREVET. Lieut.-Col. F. Cockburn, of the 2d West India Regi ment, to have the rank of Colonel at Honduras only Sept. 3. HOSPITAL STAFF. Hospital Assistant J. to be Assistant Surgeon to the Forces ; Sept. 10. Purveyor's Clerk M. Wreford to be Deputy Purveyor to the Forces. Sept. 3. MEMORANDA. Assistant-surgeon E. Overton has been allowed to re sign his commission. Nov. 26, 1828. Paymaster Pettigrew, of the Royal Waggon Train, has been allowed to retire from the Service, by the sale of an unattached commission. Sept. 29. Lieutenant J. A. Richardson, half-pay 16th Light Dra goons, has been allowed to retire front the service by the sale of an unattached commission. Sept. 29. Paymaster R. Shearman, of the Royal Staff Corps, has been allowed to retire from the service by the sale of an un attached commission. Sept. 29. The date of the commission of Captain Douglas of the 29th Foot, has been antedated to the 11 th June, 1828, hut he has not been al'owed hack pay. The exchange between Lieut. lion. R. Boyle, from the half-pay, and Lieut. Reed, of the 34th Foot, stated to have taken place on the 23d July last, has not taken place. DECLARATIONS OF INSOLVENCY. William Davis, Pinner, Middlesex, baker. William Parr, Bread-street, Cheapside, Manchester• warehouseman. Frederick Mathew, Woodbridge, Suffolk, grocer. BANKRUPTCIES ENLARGED. Job Barker, High Holborn, straw-hat-manufacturer, from Sept. 25 to Nov. 6, at eleven, at the Court of Com missioners. Rue Langley, Oxford-street, perfumer, from Oct. 6 to 16, at twelve, at the Court of Commissioners. BANKRUPTCY SUPERSEDED. Jonathan Syms, jun., of Trowbridge, Wilts, clothier. BANKRUPTS. William Thomas, Bath, woollen-draper, to surrender Oct. 2, 23, at eleven, and Nov. 10, at ten, at the Court of Commissioners. Titleard and Miller, Old Jewry. John Nichols, Bristol, builder, Oct. 12, 13, and Nov. 10, at eleven, at the White Hart Inn, Bath. Young, Temple Chambers, Fleet-street ; Hodgson, Bath. George Fall, Bread-street, draper, Oct. 2, at ten, 23, at eleven, and Nov. 10, at ten, at the Court of Commissioners. Jones, Size-line. Louisa and Jane Amelia Getliff, Ashby-de-la• Zouch, Leicestershire, dealers, Oct. 8,9, and Nov. 10, at eleven, at the Queen's Head Inn, Ashby-de-la-Zouch. Austen and Hobson, Gray's-inn; Green, Ashby-de-la-Zouch. William Hunter, Strand, merchant, Oct. 9, at eleven, 16, at one, and Nov. 10, at eleven, at the Court of Com missioners. Oliverson, Denby, and Davie, Frederick's place, Old Jewry. Henry Kelsey, Bolton-row, Hanover-square, silk-mercer, Oct. 2,9, at twelve, and Nov. 10, at eleven, at the Court of Commissioners. Harmer, Hatton-garden. Edward Burn, George-street, London, Oct. 6, at twelve, 13, at one, and Nov. 10, at two, at the Court of Commis sioners. Willis, Watson, Bower, and Willis, Tokenhauie yard, Lothbury. Benjamin Seeley, Holloway-road, horse-dealer, Oct. 6, at one, 16, at three, and Nov. 10, at two, at the Court of Commissioners. Norton, Jewin-street, Cripplegate. Charles Vandrant, Brewer-street, Golden-square, en graver, Oct. 2, at twelve, 9, at eleven, and Nov. 10, at one, at the Court of Commissioners. Fisher and Norcutt, Holborn-court, Gray's-Inn. James Gastrell and James Dew, Bristol, haberdashers, Oct. 12, 13, and Nov. 10, at eleven, at the Rummer Tavern, Bristol. Dew, Bristol ; Holme, Frampton, and Loftus, New Inn, London. Thomas Hole, Woodbury, Devon, tanner, Oct. 6,7, and Nov. 10, at twelve, at the Globe Hotel, Exeter.- Anderton and Scott, New Bridge street, Blackfriars ; Terrell, Barton, and Smale, Exeter. James and Frederick Harris, Bristol, carpenters, Oct. 14, 15, and Nov. 10, at one, at the Commercial Rooms, Bristol. Evans, Stevens, and Flower, Gray's-inn-square Perkins, Bristol. DIVIDENDS. J. Fozard, Conduit-street, Hanover-square, mercer, Nov. 6, at twelve, at the Court of Commissioners—W. Warburton, Harmond-street, Hampstead-road, jeweller, Nov. 6, at twelve, at the Court of Commissioners—L. Shewring, Bristol, ironmonger, Oct. 19, at one, at the Commercial Rooms, Bristol—G. Agg and W. Gee, Mor cott Mill, Gloucestershire, silk throwsters, Oct. 22, at ten, at the White Hart Inn, Evesham, Worcestershire—G. Hilton and R. Hilton, Manchester, merchants, Oct. 22, at two, at the Star Inn, Manchester—C. Harris, Alcester, Warwickshire, saddler, Oct. 22, at ten, at the White Hart Inn, Evesham, Worcestershire —L. Williams, East-road, Hoxton, victualler, Oct. 20, at three, at the Court of Com miasioners•—J. Harris, Picket-street, Strand, linen-draper, Oct. 20, at eleven, at the Court of Cotnmissioners—W. Grayburn, Nottingham, draper, Oct. 10, at eleven, at the Punch Bowl Inn, Nottingham—T. Molineux, Manchester, victualler, Oct. 3 I , at two, at the York Hotel, Manchester, CERTIFICATES—OcT. 20. - - W. Sands, Lteds, tailor—R. Major, Frome Selwood, Samersetshire, wools'apler—J. Baker, Hockwold, Nor folk, butcher—G. Stokes, Frome Selwood, Somerset hire, clothier—J. Price and W. Unwin, Highbury, Middlesex, victuallers—G. White, Worthing, Sussex, whitesmith— R. Clarke, Northampton, boot manufacturer. PARTNERSHIPS DISSOLVED, T. Hudson and J. J. Lee, Manchester, fustian-manu facturers—J, Holroyd and W. Crossley, jun. Leeds, cloth dressers—W. Williams, R. Williams, H. Jones, 'l'. Da vies, and R. Jones, Brecon, lime- merchants --J.. Bishop and J. Budge, Crewkeree, grocers—E. Hodgson, S. Hodgson, and A. Burton, Hellos-street, Cavendish-square, dress-makers --IL Nixon and J. Charlesworth, Barnsley, linen-manufacturers —J. and B. Bromley, Sheffield, leather sellers—T. Rolph and G. Chase, Shepherd's-court, Brook street, Grosvenor-square, builders—J. Gardner, J. Taylor, and J. Bell, Manchester, cotton-spinners—C. anti J. Hawthorne, Oxford-street, hosiers—R. S. Stafford and C. Verduin, George - stree t, Minories, agents—J. 1.. Hilton and J. Lees, Saddlewortb, cotton-spinners—S. and J. Corder, James-street , Covent-garden, tea-dealers-1 Leech and T. Buttel, Ludgate-bill, wine-merchants. VALUE OF IMPORTS INTO GREAT BRI TAIN FROM FOREIGN PARTS• (CALCULATED AT THE OFFICIAL RATES OF VALUATION.) Years ending sth of January. 1827. i 1828. 14,487 10,824 275,592 83,353 105,125 3,061 68,174 119,4'11 21,793 273,326 1,310 40,1167 258,917 31,297 70,087 156,625 49:961 2,569,245 66,152 33,247 ,117,390 15,566 449,196 40,400 H 9,166 32,1144 114,768 154,265 26,94)6 13,985 48,615 1,316,802 12,(77 55,766 46,291 3,828 E. 96,054 558,50'7 6,453 1,084,749 126,620 21,797 12,300 13,700 60,158 88,783 32,609 74,359 330,391 192,508 67,740 25,658 105;647 99,067 410:260 234,916 40,302 116,177 38,284 22,965 139,591 70,007 87,702 78,701 42,132 229,160 75,915 1,060,314 212,1-16 275,525 170,399 242,709 4,115 241,981 199,531 18,213 416,447 3,602,841 866,973 2,984,040 49,213 127,836 47;705 367,313 58,555 87,783 242,168 81,315 19,528 64,754. 5,72(i,1)97 47,4,419 27,839 142,565 1,682,449 Species of Imports Almonds of all sorts A nnotto Ashes, Pearl and Pot Barilla and Alkali Bark, Oak and Cork Tree --, Quercitron Borax Brimstone Bristles Butter C mphire Caisia Lignea Cheese • Cinnamon Cloves Cochineal and Granilla Cocoa Coffee Copper, unwrought, in bricks and pigs Cork Corn, Grain, Meal, and Flour Cortex Peruvianus Cotton manufactures of India Dit.o, ditto, of Europe, &c Currants I)ye and Hardwoods, Fustic Logwood Mahogany Elephants'Teeth Figs Fish, Cod, eke. of Newfoundland Flax Gum, Animi and Copal Ar.bie -, Lac of all sorts -, Senegal Hemp, undressed Hides, Raw and Tanned Jalap Indigo Iron, in bars Isinglass . Juniper Berries Lead, pig LeinOtisand Oranges Linens, foreign Liquorice Juice Mace Madder and Madder Roots Molasses Nutmegs Oil, Castor - of Olives , Palm II Train and Blubber Pepper Pimento Pitch and Tar Quicksilver Rags for Paper Raisins Rhubarb Rice Saltpetre Seeds, Clover -, Flax and Linseed —, Rape Sumac Silk, ?taw and Waste Thrown Manufactures of India -, -, ---, ditto of Europe, &c Skins and Furs Smalts Speller Spirits, Brandy —, Geneva ,Rum Sugar Tallow 'Pea Timber, Deals and Deal Ends ---, Masts and Spam .... —, Staves ,Fir —, Fir and Oak Planks —, of other sorts TobaccO Turpentine, Common Wax, Bees' Whale Fins Wines Wool, Cotton -, Sheep's Woollen Manufactures (includ- ing Carpets) Yarn, Linen Raw All other Articles Total official Value of Im ports into Great Britain from Foreign Parts 6,039,95 143,467,747 ;43,396,527 VALUE OF THE PRODUCE AND MANU- FACTURES OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, EXPORTED FROM GREAT BRITAIN TO FOREIGN PARTS, ACCORDING TO THE REAL OR DECLARED VALUE THEREOF. Species of Exports. Alum Apparel, Slops, and Negro Clothing Arms and Ammunition Bacon and Hams Beef and I',,rk, salted Beer and Ale Books, printed Brass and Copper Manufactures Bread and Biscuit Butter and Cheese Cabinet and Upholstery Wares Coals and Culm Cordage Corn, Grain, Meal, and Flour Cotton Manufactures -- Yarn E , rthenware of all sorts Fish of all sorts Glass of all sorts Haberdashery and Millinery Hardware and Cutlery Hats, Beaver and Felt - of all other sorts Hops Horses . . Iron and Steel, wrought and un-1 wrought Lead and Shot Leather, wrought and un wrought Saddlery and Harness Linen Manufactures Machinery and Mill Work Mathematical and Optical In struments Musical Instruments Oil, Train, of Greenland Fishery Painters' Colour; Plate, Plated Ware, Jewellery; and Watches Salt Saltpetre, British refined Seeds of all sorts Silk Manufactures. Soap and Candles Stationery of all sorts Sugar, refined: Tin, unwrought - and Pewter Wares and Tin Plates Tobacco and Snuff British ma nufactured Umbrellas and Parasols.. Whalebone Woollen Manufactures All other Articles' Total real or declared Value of the Produce and Ma nufactures of the United Kingdom, exported from Great Britain to Foreign Parts Total official Value of Fo reign and Colonial Mer chandise exported from Great Britain to Foreign Parts 1,817,528 136,396,339 136,152,198 10,066,502 9,806,247 9,92E1,65- METROPOLITAN POLICE. Last night the New Police appeared on duty for the first time. From the slight observation we had an opportu nity of making, they seemed well fitted for the dis charge of the duties they have undertaken as far as regards bodily power. Such as were stationed along the great thoroughfares of Holborn and the Strand moved backwards and forwards at a slow pace, without any indication of that offensive inquisitive ness and unnecessary meddling which too often marked the conduct of the watchmen. Many of them have rather the appearance of respectable tradesmen than of persons taken from the more humble classes. Their dress is not so glaring as to attract notice, and their insignia of office are in a great measure concealed by a dark-coloured great coat. In one of the narrow streets near Charing cross, a silly ainl wanton trial of their assiduity was made by springing a rattle from one of the garret windows. The Police in the neighbourhood were soon on the spot from whence the alarm proceeded, but found their attendance useless. A crowd was ' collected, but soon dispersed, after indulging their curiosity by an inspection of the police uniform. PROPER RESENTMENT.—A young gentle man of this city returning home, at a certain time, found his father with a gun at the cellar stairs, and was told that the family dog exhibited symptoms of hydrophobia. The news was extremely p sinful to the young man, for kis at tachment to the dog was very strong. Poor Tray was soon observe 4 near a window, and a rope being passed around his neck, he was dragged out and thrown into the dock, where it was supposed he would of course perish. A few days afterwards, to his surpri se , t h e young man no ticed h:s old friend sitting in a tailor's shop at some dis tance, in good health, and of sane min.!. The dog, how ever, did not recognize the acquaintance, nor would he ever take the least notice of any one of the family, but maintained at all times an indignant reserve. 2t4,126 40,211 168,747 159,296 158,535 7,203 102,705 43,271 291,579 4,616 31,194 272,625 253,193 63,316 255,871 103,264 2,945,023 42,659 181,543 1,875,156 Years ending sth of January. - 1827. I 1828. X. 1,9'72 367,920 620,600 21,494 106,828 172,575 111,517 571,149 7,654 119,760 67,130 143,692 141,541 53,g59 [0,522,407 3,491,26 8 315,794 191,543 430,121 319,949 1,169,105 180,305 19,898 4,901 47,419 005,618 239,512 260,957 101,730 ,181',6t 228,504 36,191 70,891 10,852 100,562 150,196 113,203 .23,010 5,513 168,383 140,514 182,210 704,403 171,034 242,99 11,928 23,741 37,486 4,982,90 8 92 ,357 X. 2,290 399,390 406,312 32,491 87,394 212,390 106,925 786,803 8,068 145,R48 56,407 154,042 127,832 70,915 13,956,825 3,515,568 437,812 182,081 527,110 499,534 1,391),428 175,293 17,112 7,172 62,131 1,214,918 256,181 250,265 5H,431. 1,595,1P6 201,551 32,139 68,393 18,464 124,983 169,449 121,039 17,912 5,881; 230,092 227,695 193,046 4463,430 187,887 301,753 14,98 38,010 45,316 5,2:7,861 1,027,00:1 X. 1,640 419,486 335,512 26,517 71,681 239,268 101,377 678,531 11,547 181,397 59,032 144,838 112,568 40,591 13,515,638 3,591,915 499,743 211,3'24 492,072 485,981 1,385,616 196,905 rio 18,641 65,092 1,226,836 117,656 261,735 89,26 2,000,033 262,0$ 19,393 56;6 I 55,585 138,004 181,818 151,387 25,017 4,774 255,795 226,205 204,36 4 1 , 0 38,537 147,130 266,634 19,415 41•?20 63,582 5,120;226 1,144,792 COMMERCIAL POLICY of the COUNTRY. [OUGHTS ON THE PRESENT STATE AND FUTURE COM• MERCIAL POLICY OF THE COUNTRY; WITH VIE PLAN OF A PERIODICAL WORK, TO BE CONFINED EXCLU- SIVELY TO COMMERCIAL SUBJECTS. BY CATAIN IWKONOCIIII, ROYAL NAVY. The object of this Pamphlet is two-fold; first, to express certain opinions of the author respecting the causes of the present distress ; and next, to propose what really appears to us a de sirable means towards promoting the removal of that distress ; whether the previous theory of it be correct or not, we shall quote a large part of it verbatim. It is usual, at present, to attribute the sufferings of the country to over-production; but it is certain that a reduced rate of production would not relieve . . . them ; on the contrary, this would perpetuate the want of work and those low wages, which are as yet only occasional,—and the evil may be more properly termed therefore, under-consumption. On the other hand, however, there can be no doubt that the world is not yet clothed, or otherwise sup- - plied, up to its extreme limit. There are consumers enough in it, to ask, as yet, our utmost powers of production, if we could get at them, or they at us ; and they have products in abundance, or could soon procure them, to give for our manufactures, if only the exchange were certain and habitual, and their tastes and habits were modelled accordingly. The radical mischief, then, is imperfect communication; —and this theory, which agrees with all the facts leads to a long series of interesting conclusions. It is really remarkable how much more the arts of production have been studied among us, than those of distribution and consumption. Our po litical institutions, in so far as they bear on the point at all, are almost without exception, hostile to that free, cheap, and convenient communication between man and man, nation and nation, which essentially contributes to consumption ;—and many of them are even framed as it were expressly, and with evident loss, to obstruct it. Our roads are thronged, with tolls, although they could be maintained at much less expense by assessments. Our ferries are left, each to its own resources, and are accordingly all encumbered with debt, and maintained by very heavy charges. We have taxes on carriages with springs, from which those without are exempted; —a higher rate of toll is, in like manner, exacted from the former than from the latter, although the injury done by them to the roads must be less ;—in other words, we favour a rude, laborious, and slow means of communication; and throw direct impedi ments in the way of its improvement. In our towns every species of trade is a privilege, more or less jealously guarded according to circumstances ; but only to be obtained as a right by purchase, service, or descent. In war, our first step is to con fiscate the mercantile property of our enemy's sub jects, as though they were not our own customers, our tenants, who yield us a profit, while they secure one also for themselves; or as though it could ever thus be so much our national interest to cripple their resources, as to retain their custom. And, even in peace, though we live by trade, we waylay it at every turn to plunder it. And, although its very essence is the circulation of goods and capital from hand to hand, yet at every transfer we have an additional tax, as though the object were to impede it. And at the same time that we thus increase the expense of collecting a revenue, we add to the cost of paying it, by the loss of time, and the trouble, and direct expense, incurred in observing the forms and regulations by which alone fraud can be pre vented in so complicated a system*. And the same remarks are scarcely less applicable to the direction which improvement has taken in the mechanical arts. Our goods are now produced in a thousand new and better ways ;—but with the ex ception of some i►nprovements in our domestic com munications (of which the purpose, too, was to faci litate supply, although their indirect effect has been to favour consumption also), —and a few packets, which are impelled here and there, but also chiefly at home, and at great and disproportionate expense, by the new power of steam—our merchandize is distributed in just the same conveyances, and by just the same methods, as a hundred years back. No general principle has been seized, or consistently acted upon, by which the communication between the producer and the ultimate consumers of his wares,might be materially facilitated, and the number of these last proportionally increased. And abroad especially, our manufactures are still poured into certain great ports, and there left, without any stre nuous efforts being made, or contemplated as im portant, to speed them farther on their destination ; although it is obvious that, as the largest pitcher, when tight, will soon fill, the value of a port or market depends almost exclusively on its means of communication with the adjoining interior. And the causes of all this neglect of the arts of consumption are obvious; bat the fact itself, with some others connected with it, has scarcely, we think, been so distinctly contemplated as might be wished ; and the inferences to be drawn from - the whole are very important. Up to a recent period of our history, we have been more tasked to pro duction than to find consumers, and our conduct has been analogous ; but now our situation is completely A very interesting inquiry, parliamentary or other wise, might be framed on the above hints. What is the amount of the road-money collected annually in the whole kingdom, and how much by tolls, and by district assessments ? At what rate per cent. is each collected in the several counties ? What is the operation of high tolls and ferries on rents and improvements, as much as possible contrasted with cheap, or no tolls or passages? (This might be best answered by a st dement of the dis tances within which different great towns draw their sup plies, connected with a detail of the local circumstances in which they are severally placed.) What is the differ ence in the price of labour where corporation, or other exclusive:privileges, are jealously guarded, and where not? What amount of injury to trade, even in time of peace, can be directly traced to the uncertainty of our mercantile communications in time of war ? At what expense per cent. is a revenue collected by indirect assessment, com pared with what the same amount would cost if obtained directly from person or property ? And how much over and above the tax paid, is lost, en an average, by mer chants, from the time, trouble, and actual cost of attend ing to custom-house, excise, and stamp-office business ? These are some of the questions which would be thus put, and the following may be taken as a sample of the information they would elicit : From a pretty extensive inquiry made lately by the writer of these remarks, it appears that in retired districts a great majority of the tolls are let under 3001. a year,—many are under 200/.,—and the average throughout the kingdom does not probably exceed, if it even attains, 5001. ;—yet each, including the wear and tear of house and gate, the expenses of letting, tacksman's profit, &c. cannot cost much under 1001., and the revenue is thus collected at a ra•e varying from 20 to 50 per cent. The southern roads out of Dublin are maintained by assessments; the northern by tolls ; and along the first, upwards of two thousand houses have been built within the last twenty years, and rents, ten miles out of town, are 10/. an acre;—while along the latter not above twenty houses have been built, and at three miles distance rents are not above 61. an acre. Various descr'ptions of work, executed by corporation servants, (such as meterage, &c.) are still charged at the rate of two and three guineas a week, while in every thing else the severest day labour, not requiring skill, is now under one. In the case of Gilds and Macdonald versus Sir Paul Baghott, lately tried iu Edinburgh, a manufacturer swore that he would give a much higher price for yarns lioim-made, rather than be forced to import them, because, in the latter case, he might be altogether stopped in the event of a war ; —yet, if he buys high, he must sell high, or wi.hout a fair pro fit. The chief business in an importing mercantile house is to attend to entries, clearances, and permits, besides the whole expense incurred by bonded cellar rent, moving and removing, &c. And in certain home manufactures, as of spirits for example, the expense thus altogether incurred is a very large addition to the tix paid ; by a recent regu lation, distillers being even prohibited from mashing and distilling at the same time; and thus one-half of their whole investment in buildings for their manufacture being necessarily always unemployed. 39,505 12,293 190,647 72,093 156,76 L 6,105 11,474 132,179 : - 12,130 2'78,677 14,010 41,251 311,066 (37,196 121,946 207,051 36,650 2,502,666 56,884 161,525 2,087,333 altered : and if we would prosper as we have done, our measures must change in the same degree.— Hitherto our productive powers have been behind the demands even of our own market. We have _ _ • desired, notwithstanding, to protect this from intru sion, as a sphere for our trade to which we had a peculiar claim,—we have so protected it by duties, — theoretically this may have been false policy, as by raising costs, and creating a variety of direct impe diments to communication, it sent us into foreign markets under a disadvantage,—but practically, we were not dependent on foreign markets, unless for supplies of raw produce for our home consumption, or to he wrought up in our manufactures,—our capi tal, skill, and activity, with our bounties and draw backs, enabled us to procure these without loss, — the rather, that the returns themselves acquired a factitious value immediately on importation, through the operation of the same restrictive policy which protected other branches of domestic speculation,--• ' we were nowhere met by any strong competition,— profits, consequently, were every where high,—and these, although they were thus chiefly, or rather en tirely, taken in the home market, and from one por tion of our own community to be given to another, were favourable to the accumulation of capital in the hands of the more industrious portion, which reacted in turn on their productive powers, and accelerated their growth. It seems by no means certain, then, that up to a given point in our pro gress to opulence our protecting duties were disad vantageous to us. When the system was first or ganised, there was a virtual choice before our prede cessors whether they would accumulate capital by a great trade and low profits abroad, or by a compa ratively limited trade at home; and in the unsettled times in which their choice was made, with their inability at that period to maintain a great trade, and the moderate competition which they then also en countered, it may be presumed that they chose not unwisely, economy- against speculation, filling one pocket out of another, but the hoarding and repro ducing pocket out of the spending one, the Savings Bank fund out of that destined for current expences. But it is essentially necessary for us, their succes sors, to observe, that as there is a point in all eco nomy when mere saving ceases to be prudence, so there is a crisis in the political progress of a mer cantile community like ours, when the home market cannot thus entirely supply the place of the foreign one ;—when,as the Savings Bank refuses to make a return for more than a limited sum, so the home con- sumption becomes inadequate to employ capita swelled beyond a limited amount ; and in both cases investments must be sought elsewhere. And this is just the point at which we have now arrived; and the fact cannot be too firmly grasped, as supplying the principle upon which all measures of relief must be founded. It is scope that we want, extended scope of action. In the infancy of our growth, the bars by which we surrounded ourselves protected us; but now we have filled our cage, and they con fine us : and we exhaust our strength in vain and impotent struggles with their fastenings. And our great misfortune at present is, not that we have reached this point (for, if the emergency be rightly met, this may be to our great advantage, even like the young trader, who, driven from his Savings Bank, commences a prosperous business, and soon learns to despise his previous petty gains) but that we have come to it suddenly. Had we approached the crisis by degrees, our minds would have been prepared for the change of system which it im poses : and one obstacle would have disappeared after another, till we should scarcely have felt the transition. But first the immense consumption caused by the war, and afterwards the fever of spe culation with which we were seized four years ago, kept up the value of the home market, and main tained our prepossession in favour of old maxima and institutions : and they still cling even to those most anxious to shake them off,—as witness that system which has been of late years called free trade, but which, by merely removing certain prohibitions, and lowering certain duties, on import, has rather faci litated the entrance of foreigners into our market, than materially assisted our merchants in penetrating into theirs. It has thus begun at the wrong end; and the result, indeed, has proved, that in this or some other way (but we think in this) its views are inadequate to the occasion. Besides admitting competition, provision must be made to meet it, and also to find a vent for the excessive production which, by stimulating the powers of the country, it necessarily occasions. The costs of that production must be therefore reduced as much as possible, and consumption fostered by facilitating communication in every possible way. And thus, we are persuaded, can health still be restored to our commercial system. Such, then, are the conclusions to which an at tentive consideration of facts bearing on the present state of the country, seems to lead ; and, if rigo rously followed up, they obviously suggest a variety of deviationi from existing maxims and institutions. In taxation, for example, as a source of necessary revenue to Government, they recommend direct im posts on person and property, in preference to taxes on consumption : and they are especially opposed to those which impede the circulation of goods and capital from hand to hand, or make it unnecessarily expensive, by means of customs, excise, and stamp duties, or by tolls. In protecting domestic industry again, in so far as this might be necessary at all were the wheel once properly revolving (which would probably be to a very limited extent, for even with our present burdens and impediments, we maintain a considerable export trade, and if these burdens were lightened, our powers in this way would be indefinitely increased, and in our own mar ket we might require little or no favour), they ad vise bounties on home production, making labour cheap even at the joint expense of the community, rather than duties on foreign production, making it dear at still the same, or even a greater expense; and this in harmony with what has been found the unavoidable operation of an unavoidable burden, the poor laws, and in opposition to the policy which ex plodes bounties, and continues duties. (It is here, however, to be distinctly understood, that bounties on production are meant, not bounties on exporta tion ; the latter, as tending to raise prices at home, appearing quite inexpedient; but the former, which give the home market equally with the foreign one, the benefit of the encouragent bestowed, seeming in many eases, if required, even a debt at our hands. and fully warranted either by the direct benefit to be derived from them, or by particular circumstances making out a strong claim on the consideration of a paternal government*.) Farther, the views above explained are averse to every thing that discourages our intercourse with foreignerS, by making it either insecure or expensive :—and, on the contrary, in regulating private speculation, they especially re commend, for the present at least, the improvement of the domestic communications of other countries, as a field still in great measure unexplored, without successfully cultivating which, however, the means of distributing our manufactures must always remain essentially imperfect. And in thus suggesting one beneficial investment of capital abroad, they open up the question how far a yet more extended emi gration of it (an emigration kept moderate by in creased facilities for its profitable employment at home, but in so far as it may go, directed abroad to the developement of the resources of other coun tries) would not be far more beneficial to us than any emigration of onr labouring population, inas much as it would multiply transactions between * The domestic fisheries, which keep up a valuble nursery for seamen, home corn, which maintains a yeo manry population, and prevents our all turning manufac turer, and West India sugar, which is the staple produc tion of a portion of our fellow-suljects labouring under se vere difficulties partly of our own creation, seem to be cases strictly in point. But there are also others ; and in all, we are persuaded, protection could be much more cheaply and effectually bestowed by direct bounties to themselves, than by duties on competing articles. And fraud could thus, too, be made almost impossible; and as extracting i money from G overnment , i ns t ea d o f contri buting to t, the continued claim to protection, as circum stances vary, would be more rigorously scanned,—an especial advantage when the public makes a direct sacri fice to favour individual interests, Ste. :hese countries and us, and call millions into the market as consumers of our wares, and employers of our home labour, who are now coarsely supplied with only their own productions. We shall not, however, insist farther on these points at presents nor stop to inquire how far the conclusions thus pointed at may lead, or to what extent they may be also subject to modification; but shall pass rather to another, which seems to us scarcely less important than them all. ------ -- There is - no branch of science more interesting at ' this moment than that which bears on commercial regulation ;—nor any mere important,—or more vs* ried,—or complicated by so many different inte rests, which having grown up for the most part since the establishment of the system by which they are regulated, are in no degree studied by it, but are opposed to it and to each other, and are thus kept constantly struggling, and at present ineffectually struggling, with difficulties not merely caused by necessary taxation and competition, but by a mass of obstacles of pure invention, and which could consequently be removed instantly were their ope" ration distinctly perceived. There is thus no sub' ject in which it might be pronounced, prima f ac ie, that there was so much ro )m for discovery and ire. provement, or in which, accordingly, opinions will ' be found so widely to differ, or where right con' elusions would seem to depend so much on a large examination of isolated facts and views, each cos' tributing its quota. And yet it is remarkabl e enough, that, in a commercial country like ours' and at a time of such peculiar difficulty as the pre' sent, there is no periodical work specially set spot to collect these facts and suggestions. And th e omission is perhaps the more extraordinary, becaus e the acquisition of recent commercial intelligence ba s another, a lower, but still most important interest at the present moment ; inasmuch as there is ne regular course in trade, but on the contrary a utile versa) tendency to glut,--and it would guide indivi' dual speculation,—and the most ruinous sacrifices Nould thus often be avoided*. But again too, there is at present no interest more important than 110 commercial interest—none on whose return to pros; perity the return of the whole nation to ease se' comfort more essentially depends—none better er y titled consequently to be heard in all matters bes r ; ing on its concerns ; and yet, it is odd enough, a n much to be lamented, that it has no special orge e by which to raise its voice, or make its collected °, individual appeal to public consideration, as ne" one portion, now another, of its interests may b : overborne, and its representations forgotten, eyel i d Parliament, amid the pressure of other business, 0 , 1 , of concerns more generally interesting. The srd cultural interest has been long better provided, 11 °. 1 the benefit to it has been two-fold. In its sever ; journals, a mass of information and authority I° o been gradually brought together, which has gr oS t into a system now admitted by all—a system be it observed also, the dictum of pure theory'!" indeed of any one party in the original differenc es ' opinion which prevailed as to good husbandry , " but a modification of many theories, in which p il ; tice has been enlightened by science, and abstfo c science has been bent and instructed by practical er perience. And the interchange of ideas among agriculturists, by means of these same journals, s, the common consent to which they thus gra dus"l come on subjects connected with their i n tereo t o f give them a unity of purpose, and concentration r effort, where these are concerned, not greater 0 1 tainly than they ought to have (for all classes, men are entitled to band together in the peacee v e i pursuit of their peculiar objects), but to an eq u og amount of which, others, whose interests are 13 less important, may reasonably aspire. 10 1 It may be most confidently maintained, then , t r nothing would more eminently conduce to the r e , storation of commercial prosperity, by the introdild tion of right principles into commercial practice and regulation,—nor more fairly and legitimately elit„„ e . r the in fl uence of commercial men as a body, by . trj, ing them an audible voice in arrangements reed ing their own concerns,—than the establishmen t i e h an exclusively Commercial Periodical work ; o , ll o §, by bringing together all kinds of facts, suggest° le and representations connected with trade, Wit e , gradually exhibit order among their confusion, geviil, rid principles amid their details, and harmony $ lll ,l/ their conflicting claims. It would thus not le e D' pioneer the way to improvement, but be in fo'd , fore-horse in the team, dragging the others fore l o ij And the following, subject to amendment, 11° seem not unsuitable as the plan of such a w ork. i d It would be published monthly, a shorter Pe r ,. scarcely admitting of sufficient consideration efse oot terials; and a longer, losing for them that redid and immediate interest which, to be useful , tvi o should possess : and it ought to be divided int°,rbe departments,—reasoning and matter of fact. 0 first should consist of original papers, embracielteir wide a range of subjects as possible; and tn, oils selection the influence of whatever peculiar eV glti the Editor may entertain, should be very littlehor for the object of the work is to give all parties' fo re ing ; and ingenious reasonings should be thereer of admitted from all quarters. Some little pa l ott selection, and in particular, perhaps, of compre,s,eor; must, however, be vested in a responsible P t ! by and the right of temperate comment, guide ie 0 what he may consider sound general pall-idyl be inseparable from such an office. But it sliglitilalf really temperate, and the editorial tone esseutbere conciliatory, for several reasons. On principl e s t hse are fewer real grounds of dispute among tlie ° , o o is generally supposed ; and in verbal contlioietlt when the terms employed are mutually OP ore 3 there is frequently agreement where there eli4 ef sll dissent ;—and when the object is truth not ..„„eu this ought to be pointed out, and both par ties :V l with. It is also a mistake to suppose thr'noed! ' competing interests are always essentially eProili for, " to live and let live," is the maxim frets, lid of prudence as well as morality ; —and should be pointed out wherever possible'tioei° besides all, upon this condition of modera t e general tone, and many sources of intellig eu t ip rf a be opened, which would otherwise be shu gdit at sonable displeasure. And whatever value 011000 may place on his own speculations, h e altogether inexcusable if, for their sake , h r: this d is any channel of correspondence; for it,i) o - o k, an d partment that he should himself special*?ll e oriel', sefu i which his services would be most u Y cQ ngltl i This portion of the work, then, - s houl d digests of recently:published travels or 0 1 1 1 tbf.! journals, extracting the commercial cream ffel;ohird —of views, indeed, of whatever new get* I n o°l f ' and statistical information can be procure d . L eo,! way—of analyses of papers laid before Par', oo c o , l , l d il 0 compressing, but yet exhibiting, the informs" etits,l, tained in them—of heads of bills passing. or l 04 passed, bearing on commercial interests, er should occasionally also be subjected to re v !! an d r+ of reports (arranged, perhaps, alphabetical:l;o6,l much as possible raisonnes) of market s, el qttritied ing to trace the causes of their passing ii° ° oo ,De r n ee to indicate stocks in hand, as well as t he tb e .o vessels known to be proceeding to them, ir!pere,, to catch the first appearance of gluts , or .ori t Cool demands. f We are persuaded that no& g i is * As an example in point, a letter lately cioryc::,0011.; the news p liters, stating that there was 84 . yeiP w goods in Van Diemen's Land for the pet pt 10 ;p p that they were selling under cost, We Pu ra , the % o ! what authority this rests, but supposing it pr°lforl might have been checked, had the state a. 003 o ile d the market, and the number of vessels o' l , , e , A ° 0 1 each previous mor tit, been easily ascertainlul4, the reg first of the arts of distribution would be, a n on , • distribution of early and important inform er by aeillp t Gluts may be caused in two ways, °T at ' ,hp fe e d excess in the supply of imports, above oe, can r population, or their means of ForniPlin i r' 3l oty, °.° and dispose of; or, by a failure in the sul' a t o ' d , are t' w depreciation in the value of exports. DI wa y he y by the same circutnstances reversed. It' t _ no . o in t it ! , ob . a . 01 , s h u ttoili g w o nzn n a m n n e commanded, , forexpenditure, e mpl ,bbyy the s e u s b l h locg non usicaf of a bank, by cutting roads and facilitatiog u sa. ; an d 11' the c° 114:61 • oprreblictjeudd icious , trie,setsreicvtaiorinsousiemkprnedeinatgs inkae with those of tt - e harvest and for ei g n supplYrare