The Sun. — London, England, 1859-09-12 00:00:00

THEATRE -ROYAL, HAYMARKET. Lessee, Mr. J. B. Buckstone. THIS EVENING the performances will commence with THE HAPPIEST DAY OF MY LIFE. With THE CONTESTED ELECTION. After which, OUT OF SIGHT OUT OF MIND. And ;HALLOWE'EN. Commence at 7. ROYAL STRAND THEATRE. Lessee and Directress, Miss Swanborough THIS EVENING, THE GOOSE WITH THE GOLDEN EGGS. After which, A SCHOOL FOR COQUETTES. Misses Swanborough, Oliver, and Lavine. Followed by THE VERY LATEST EDITION OF THE LADY OF LYONS. Commence a►t 7 o'clock CANTERBURY HALL CONCERTS.- EVERY EVENING.—The Music of Verdi's Opera of MACBETH (now first made public in England at these Con certs), the extraordinary Violin Performances of the cele brated Infant DELEPIEBR.E FAMILY, and the usual Vocal Concert. Comic Vocalists —Messrs. George Hodson (the Irish Come dian and Mimic), W. T. Critchfield, and E. W. Mackney. Several interesting Pictures are added to the Fine Arts Gallery. The suite of Halls have been re-decorated and beautified, and constitute one of the moat unique and brilliant sights of the metropolis. THE WEATHER.-SUN OFFICE, SEPTEMBER 12. THBBMOMMTBR. IN TSB SHADB. 68—highest since noon yesterday. 65-lowest this morning and during the night. 66—this day at noon. _ _ _ BeRomETEn-30.24. WIND, S.W. ; light, with fine summer weather. HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE. THIS DAY.—Morning, 2h. 2m.—Afternoon, 2h. 17m, To-MORROW -Morning, 2h. 31m.—Afternoon, 2h. 45m, The news from China has startled the national expectation. There, at least, everything was con sidered to be all smooth without any adverse tide or bore rolling unexpectedly. But people very often reckon without their host as much as indi viduals, and John Chinamen has given us another proof of his versatile duplicity. Those who know more of the Chinese character, from " mer cenary trading" with them, always looked upon the late peace as far too good to be true, and recent events now prove their doubts to have been too true. Thus it has often turned out when civiliza tion treats with Barbarism,—as if to show by an example of frankness, how much it trusts to the confidence of human nature by its own generous and undoubting conduct. But there is such a thing as being civil overmuch, more especially when confidence formerly misplaced, had to repent its error. In the present instance, however, there was really me, cause to doubt the sincerity of the Chinese, seeing that, having made the Peace, all that was now sought was to have that peace confirmed by the formal sanction to the Treaty by the Emperor of CHINA. Until the ratifi cation of the Treaty there was no treaty at all, such is the modern loop-hole invented for delay and re pentance, if the weaker party wish to back out t Unfortunately for us the distance between the highest contracting parties in the present instance, seems only to have given additional force to this crooked road to the fulfilment of pledged faith, and the Chinese amply availed themselves of the circum stance. They not only barricaded, as it were, the mouth of the Peiho, or Yellow River, by which access is to be had to Pekin, by driving piles into it at the entrance, but they also placed chains across it so that no vessel could pass ! Nor was this all ; the forts which we took last war and demolished, were all repaired—not only repaired, but strongly and invisibly fortified ! Indeed, so invisibly, that our Admiral, the French Admiral, and all their sharp ships' crews were unable to perceive any sign of fortification, or detect a single gun mounted on the parapets ! No ; all was dis guised as completely as the guileful character of the Chinese could make it. There seems to be so much mystery about the matter that we refrain from any comment on the conduct of these in command of the expedition — which was merely of a complimentary character to do honour to the Ambassadors on their way to the Imperial Court. The sad catastrophe which ensued —.of which we know but little, but that little is so truly disastrous to our hopes—must sooner or later be avenged. Meantime we have to deplore the loss of many brave officers and gallant men, amounting to nearly five hundred, with the loss of some gun boats sunk, and several most severely damaged ; indeed, so much so, that the object of the expedition was entirely defeated, and the ambassadors com pelled to return to Shanghai. A rumour was spread that the Ameri can ambassador was received at Pekin. He was one of the neutrals in the former business along with the Russian ! We shall not yet be surprised to learn that the Chinese have taken counsel of both these same Neutrals, and organised their present tactics accordingly. If so, had we not better trust to ourselves in future, and let others work out their own purposes hereafter as best they may' The Great Eastern seems " born to difficul ties," and yet she braves them with heroic sturdiness of heart. If anything great could be achieved without exertion, and that too often, of a desperate mind resolved as fate, greatness would sink to nothing and be not. Be attempts anything beyond his fellows is, of course, either a fool or a madman—perhaps both. Indeed few know " - How hard it is to climb The steep where fame's proud temple shines afar." Yet haw many have felt the baleful influence of that malignant star which jealousy is ever on the watch to cast on a hapless spirit who endeavours to enlighten the world and benefit mankind by the labours of lon2ly nights and meritorious days, in the wish for fame, and the accomplishment of the fond ambition of his soul! Without such aspirations life were not blessed : with them the world has been blessed,", enligh tened, and glorified in the wondrous achieve ments of Art, Science, and Philosophy. The mishap which for a moment has clouded the progress of the Great Eastern will only eventually tend to achieved in very spite of p ro ve how success may be difficulties. A g i an t may stumble , as a race -h orse may t r i p , but it is only to recover himself, and be again more the cynosure of wondering and applauding eyes. Among the greatest m asters (now living) of the science of diplomacy-, as expressed by the forei gn policy of our English Government, Sir GEORGE HAMILTON SvnAouß stands for ward conspicuously. His excellency has long occupied, in this high in tellectual departwent, one of the most prominent position s in the estimation of his fellow-cuntry men. Anil deservedly he has so occupied it. His career just ifies his reputation. If not facile prificeps in his art- —he is second only to such men as Vis count. STR ATFORD DE REDCLIFFE, Or Sir HENRY LYTTON 13 ULWER—like himself, professional ambas sadors .and experienced plenipotentiaries. . It is a privilege to obtain an opportunity of learn ing any thi n..g. whatever in relation to the mechan ism, or the habitudes of the diplomated service from Ulf Nips of chiefs in that very service, chiefs 4,'' A .'• look 'ill4sq, ~, N.,..-E, -, , , . , .. , N: . , . , . f,,, a... ;, . .., A 2 , - . . ; ~, -.....„,.. cl -,;_., ir , k. " - • . r 2,411,,,. DU IT ; . lil kii , ms. ?"" % bI E i r Dui ,' iiii . _t i -. 1.. ,.. • • Su . - , THE SUN. MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 1859. so long world-famous and so eminently distin guished as Sir HAMILTON SEYMOUR, or Sir HENRY BULWER, or Lord STRATFORD DE REDCLIFFE. Lis tening to them upon the subject of their own pecu liar metica—it is like lifting the curtain, hitherto hanging in ponderous folds at the porch of some long-concealed arcana. It is like lifting, at last, the ringed-stone of that secret and subterranean garden of ALADDIN. It is like hitting, at length, upon the magic word, the " Open Sesame," which cleaves an entrance into the hidden cavern of Diplomacy—the true cavern of Trophonins. The opportunity for precisely these kind of wel come and most unlooked-for revelations was actu ally afforded only the other day down at Whitby, in Yorkshire. It was upon the occasion of the annual soiree at the local Mechanics' Institute, where, as recently as last Wednesday, Sir HAMIL TON SEYMOUR, in his capacity as chairman, in dulged his hearers by laying bare the guiding principles of his profession. Reading, as we have done, very carefully indeed, and with the liveliest interest well imaginable, the record of these frank and manly observations upon Diplomacy by our great Diplomatist —we cannot however, help acknowledging, atthe close of them all, that Sir HAMILTON appears to us to make too light altogether of the rare skill attained in this profound science by himself and one or two of his own immediate contemporaries. When, for ex ample, he observed on Wednesday that " Diplomacy was a very embarrassing thing to those not conver sant with it, but most remarkably simple and easy when they knew how to do it ;" adding that, in point of fact, " there was no mystery, no difficulty at all about it !" We cannot help comparing him in our minds to a HOUDIN, or a Wizard of the North, dazzling our eyes, cheating our senses, be wildering our judgment, and taking our imagina tion captive by some astounding marvel of legerde main—and yet saying to us with a shrug of the shoulders, in the very midst of our astonishment— " It's. the easiest thing in the world ! you could all do precisely the same thing, if you only knew how ."' In fact, Sir HAMILTON immediately does go on to remark what is precisely the same thing to all in tents and purposes, when he adds that any man of good abilities and close application would suc ceed [viz., as a diplomatist], while [somewhat of a platitude, this !] a person who hoped to lead a life of pleasure would neither manage his own affairs nor those of his country well." It is as much— this—as though a TITIAN or a TURNER were to say—" You can any of you make just as good a Painter as myself ; all you have to do is to watch the face of Nature and master the rules of Art, to get together pigments, brushes, and canvas, a mahl stick and an easel—and lo ! the thing is done, voila tout ! You are a TITIAN ! you are a TURNER !" Or to revert to the very words of Sir HAMILTON— " Diplomacy is most remarkably simple and easy when they [that is, anybody and everbody] know how to do it." Precisely—that is the very point, " When they know how to do it"—when ! But Sir HAMILTON good-naturedly lays down the rules. He says—" The following were the great points which a diplomatic agent was to observe or avoid : 1. The moment he arrived at his post he could not bestow too much care and labour to gain the confi dence of the people among whom he was placed : that was the keystone to the whole. 2, He must bear in mind the country which he represents, and be careful not only to represent the commer cial and political interests, but also the cha racter, the manners,"and the morals of his native land." Admirably explicit, not a doubt of it, but about as encouraging to a would-be diplomatist who has to begin from the beginning as though a master-artist in the presence of a chef d'ceuvre were to say "Practice !"—(meaning genius)—or as though an engineer, addressing himself to an un scientific audience, were to explain the complicated machinery of a stationary or a locomotive engin e by the one word " Steam." " These," said Sir HAMILTON SEYMOUR on Wednesday evening last, after specifying the two guiding principles of diplo macy just particularised—" these are some of the elements of the diplomatist," We are as wise after this and as advanced as ever. Referring later on to the reputation diplomacy has for secresy, Sir HAMILTON observed—" It had been said that there was a ghost in every house ; the ghost in the diplo matic house was secrecy, but he had never seen it. A distinguished member of the House of Commons had recently asked him confidentially to impart the principle of mystery in his science, and he had some difficulty in assuring him there was really none. The affairs of nations were conducted like those of individuals. When a man wants to sell his estate or his pig, he does not conduct in detail the sales at the market-cross, but meets his friend in the inner parlour and settles the conditions over a glass of brandy-and-water if he has any dust in his throat. The secrets of diplomacy are just this, and to deprive our diplomatist in such transactions of so much secrecy would be to compromise our national interests, to refuse the amount of protec tion which every man but a fool takes care to secure for his own ; and this was his answer to all the ob jections we heard about secret diplomacy. In a word, he wished that any public negotiation should be conducted with the same advantage which a man enjoys in conducting any private transaction. Than which certainly nothing could be more de lightfully naive ! For it is like saying " There is really and truly no secrecy whatever in diplomacy. . . . And surely, having said thus much, it would be the height of folly not to have a certain amount of rational concealment !" There, undoubtedly, was the ringed stone laid bare ! BUT no one could lift it, but one endowed like Sir HAMILTON SEYMOUR ! There was the " open sesame" pronounced—there was the cavern opened to view—BUT 10 ! the mystic aperture confronting us was as inscrutably dark and impenetrable as the gulf of Erebus. Our thanks are due to Sir HAMILTON for this— " Diplomacy explaining to the nation 1" But—we can't for the life of us help adding the second line of the familiar couplet— "We wish he would explain his explanation." The writer of a pamphlet now before us—an Anglo-Indian—who has spent ten years in the " covenanted service," fully sustains one of Mr. BRIGHT'S principal representations in his celebrated India speech. Mr. BRIGHT maintained that India was a country too vast in its dimensions, too diver sified in its populations, and with too many inhabi tants, for one Governor-General to administer its concerns satisfactorily. He also maintained that the mere nominal change to Government direct by the QUEEN, while the old directorate was retained under the name of a Council, would prove to be the retention of old and mischievous policies, and leave the great evils of the Government and administra tion unredressed. A glance at the pamphlet of M. N. S., on the Future of _lndia, affords but too BRIGHT boldly ad vocate d the division u obvious corrobo ra ti on o f M r. B views.iGsioTn'sof Ii `I r. into at least three or four Governments—the Punjaub, the North, East, and Scinde, if we remember rightly, He would th us b r i ng th e to form the fourth. country under the rule of each Government within the powers of each, and create a wholesome rivathelry b e t wee n four Gover nors, each r esponsible for prosperity and good order of his own colony. It is, indeed, the bane of Indian administration THE SUN,R PLONDON, MONDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 'l2, 1859. that every one almost has too much to do ; that is, if he did it. Hence, in the civil departments work is always hopelessly in arrear, and justice delayed till the very delay becomes a penalty intolerable to the injured party. " One of the crying evils of says M. N. S., "is the very large extent of the districts committed to the charge of the magistrates. Imagine one man being held responsible for the safety, the immunity from crime, and the col lection of the revenue of the whole of Wales. And yet this is not a greater anomaly than the magistracy and collectorship of Goruckpoor, the extreme points of which are more than sixty miles from the magis trate's office, with a population of hundreds of thousands." And what is the grand error of main taining but one magistrate for such vast provinces, is also the error in regard to the supreme magis trate in India. All are overpaid for work beyond their powers. The system, indeed, of individual and personal responsibility for Governors of all grades is adaptedto India, because, the natives understand it; but it should be not an extravagantly but reasonably paid service for a reasonable amount of work. The Governor-General is " the referee from all parts of India; he has more work on hand than any Gover nor-General, however herculean, can perform ; he is sadly overburdened ; the consequence is, every department in India suffers from delay." M. N. S. says that Mr. BRIGHT'S opinion, he feels certain, is the correct one; that it is, as the hon. member maintains, utterly impossible for the Governor-Gene ral to oonduct singly the duties of the Governor of our immense Indian empire. The writer, therefore, would have a general reduction of salaries from the Viceroy downwards, but, therewith, a reduction of the work to be done to reasonable dimensions. He gives, as an illustration, the task assigned to himself when he must have been, we should think, a young man, as he has now seen but ten years of the service, which is entered very early. These, then,were the duties of ayoung Englishman among a people of a strange tongue and in a tropical climate : " 1. Magistrate for a population something below 1,000,000 souls, with power to sentence to seven years' imprisonment, and to inflict 100 lashes. 2. .Collector of revenue, and tax-gatherer for the dis trict (on an average, 30 agricultural suits filed daily). 3. Civil Judge, with power to try civil suits to any amount (about 80 civil suits were filed daily—value of suits from one rupee to one lac and upwards). 4. City tax-collector, and to perform all the duties of municipal committees, sanitary boards, &c. &c. 5. Road overseer, and general architect. 6. Jail superintendent. 7. Treasurer, with an expendi ture of 15 lacs, or £150,000 per mensem. 8. To superintend education and mofussil schools. 9. Surveyor. 10. Miscellaneous duties of all kinds, such as supplying provisions to troops on the line of march, correspondence with superior authorities upon appeals, procedure, dismissals of native ministerial officers, &c. Often as many as 500 letters were written in a month, the ave rage was certainly not below 10 letters per diem." and he adds that even this does not comprehend all the duties which fall to the lot of district officers, although it illustrates their variety. It is evident that, for the cure of these radical and obvious evils, we must begin at the beginning. A splendid vice-royalty, to restore or build up the fortunes of needy peers like Lord DALHOUSIE or Lord CANNING, is a lucrative convenience that our aristocracy will not easily surrender, not even for the salvation of India. A seat in the superfluously large Council for India, and the extravagantly overpaid covenanted service, are plums which the upper section of the middle classes, who have made India their preserve so long, will be fought for with all the influence which a long and splendid patronage has given. It will not be without a struggle that the first elements of good government will be secured for India. They must be secured, however, if we are to escape another mutiny ; if we are to content the country; if we are to reduce that fatally large native force, which even now exists chiefly to create posts for Anglo-Indians ; and, if we are to have every part of India improved in its government, social con dition, and commerce, as much as the Island of Ceylon, which forms properly the southernmost province of India. Had India been only governed, as it might easily be, on the same reasonable prin ciples on which the Government of Ceylon has been administered, we might by this time, instead of a mutiny and a population ground to the dust by taxation, have had a wealthy country, a reciprocal commerce enriching Manchester, Birmingham, end Sheffield, as well as India ; and instead of an empty exchequer threatening one day to empty ours, a revenue ample for Indian wants, ample to guarantee railroads and irrigation works, and to change the face of the land. We will not at present advert to other wants of India, imperiously as they call for attention, One thing we regard as certain—that we can no longer afford to leave India to Governors-General and Indian Secretaries with their Council. Indian Re form will soon become fully as important, indeed we believe more urgent, than Parliamentary Re form, though the latter ought to be the way to the former. 'lt will not do to go on till an avalanche of Indian Debt suddenly overwhelms our own Exche qner, and then to utter the silly old exclamation— Non putaram ! HER MAJESTr S SHIP SAPPHO. LATEST NEWS. reviewed the National Guard; the crowd shouting " Viva it Re !" Signor Ricasoli has published an order of the day, thanking the Guard, in the name of the country and the King of Sardinia, for their bearing and discipline, expressing confidence in the future, and hoping that the Guard and the regular troops would support the wishes of the country. MODENA, SEPT. 10. M. Parisi, ex-secretary in the Cabinet of Francis V., M. Guerra, keeper of the privy archives, and M. Solieri, ex-secretary-general in the late Ministry for foreign affairs, have acknowledged to-day before a notary the authenticity of the writing of the two letters from Francis V., abusing the Emperor Na poleon, France and the other Western Powers. This declaration is in reply to the article in the French Pays. BOLOGNA, SEPT. 10. The National Assembly has decreed: 1. That all those who have governed in the Ro magna from the 12th of June to the present time have deserved well of their country. 2. The ratification of the title and authority of M. Cipriani as Governor-General, with responsible Ministers. 3. That full powers be conferred on M. Cipriani for the preservation of order in the interior and for the defence of the country. 4. That M. Cipriani be charged to co-operate energetically for the accomplishment of the wishes of the Assembly to procure a more intimate union with the other provinces of Central Italy. 5. That to M. Cipriani is given the faculty of proroguing and re-convoking the National As sembly. One hour afterwards the Minister of Grace and Justice read a decree for the prorogation of the Assembly. ZURICH, SEPT. 10. To- day the French and Austrian Plenipotentiaries held a conference. A courier has arrived from the French Cabinet, and another has left for Paris. TRIESTE, SEPT. 11. The construction, at Pola, of two 50-gun screw frigates and 12 sloops and gunboats has been ordered. PARIS, SEPT. 10. Th 9, Prince Chimay has arrived at Biarritz, and has taken up his quarters at the magnificent Chateau d'Ardoin, which he has hired for the reception of the King of the Belgians. His Majesty travels under the name of Comte de Later. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. Sir,—l enclose a paragraph taken from the Over land Summary of the Friend of India of the 16th of July relative to her Majesty's ship Sappho, Com mander Moresby, supposed to have long since foun dered on her voyage from the Cape of Good Hope to Australia. All the officers and men had been, of course, given up for lost, but, if any reliance can be placed on this report, they, or at least a portion of them, are still alive. The Admiralty, if in posses sion of such information, ought surely to have made it public as soon as possible. As nothing appears to be known here of the important news I trust you will give it publicity. I am, sir, your obedient servant, Sept. 10. R. S. MOLESWORTH. " Tidings have reached the New Zealand papers of her Majesty's brig Sappho, which was supposed to have been lost on her voyage to Australia. She stranded off an uninhabited island some distance from Sydney, and became a total wreck. The por tion of her crew that was saved formed an encamp ment on the island. A merchant ship, when pass ing, found them in a very distressed condition. The few who had survived the exposure were living on the wild cats and seeds which they found on the island. Commander Moresby, from grief at the loss of his brig, had become insane."—Friend of India, July 16. The Duke and Duchess of Buccicuch have joined the Marquis and Marchioness of Abercoru at Brochett Hall, Herts, from Drumlanrig Castle, N.B. The Eart oi Dalkieth and a family circle have assembled at Brochett. The Marquis of LansdoWn has left L tnsdowne House for Bowood-park, Wilts. Lady Loftus Otway has left London for tl e Oatlands Hotel, Weybridge. The Earl and Countess of Derby intend to enter tain a succession of visitors next week at KnOwsley Park: Lancashire. The Duke of Bedford has left Belgrave-square for Woburn Abbey, Beds, for the autumn. His Excellency the Count de Persigny has left the French Embassy on a visit to Viscount and Viscountess Palmerston, at Broadlands, near Romsey. The Duke and Duchess of Manchester, on leaving Tandragee, their seat in the north of Ireland, intend to pay a series of visits on their way to Kimbolton Castle, Hants. FRANCE. PARIS, ►SATURDAY. BOURSE, Sept. 10.—The market openod heavy, with a further fall on yesterday's prices, but there was afterwards a rally. Threes, after having been done at 68f. 30c., rallied to 68f. 55c, Mo biller varied from 800 f. to 806 f. 25c.; Austrian, 550 f. to 550 f. 25c. ; Lombard, 552 f. 50c. to 553 f. 75e. ; Orleans, 1,366 f. 50c. to 1,366 f. 25c. ; Lyons, 865 f. to 866 f. 25c. ; Northern, 920 f. to 922 f. 50c. The market continued du. following were the last c 4J,- per Cents. 94 751 Do. end month — I 3 per Cents 6B 50 Do. end month 6B 55 Bank Shares .. -- Credit Mobilier .. 806 2.5 Do. Account ..... 805 1 to the close, when the [notations : Credit Foncier.... 670 Belgian 4t .. Piedmontese (5) 85 25 Roman B6 75 Austrian — Spanish Threes IHome Debt 441 RAILWAYS. Cash. Orleans Account. .. 1367 50 Northern 920 .. 920 New ditto BO5 .. 808 75 Lyons and Mediterranean 867 50 .. 867 50 deneva . •• •. 520 - • • Southern Western 575 .. 572 50 Eastern Sardinian 412 50 410 Austrian Lombard . ... 553 75 .. Exchange on London, at sight, paper, 25f. 121 c. ; money, 2M 10c. ; three months, paper, 24f. 971 c.; money, 24f. 95c. AMERICA. LIVERPOOL, SEPT. 11. The Royal Mail Steamship Asia, Captain Lott, has arrived with advices from New York to the 34st ult and 102,450 dols. in specie. The Etna, City of Washington, and Ariel had arrived out. The Bavaria, from Southampton, and the Jason, from Galway, passed Cape Race_on the 30th of August. Colonel T. B. Shaffner had sailed from Boston in the barque Wyman, on a voyage of exploration to the North Atlantic, in search of a feasible route for a line of telegraphic communication between this country and Europe, by way of Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Scotland ; his object being to examine the seas, the bays, and the lands con templated to be traversed. The papers contain notices of the brilliant ap pearance of the aurora borealis. Disturbances had again broken out in Kansas. A false report had been current in New York of the foundering of the United States' frigate Con gress, with all hands. Damage to the extent of between 100,000 dols and 200,000 dols. had been occasioned at New Bed ford by fire ; two vessels were destroyed. The Ohio Slate Journal mentions the manumit ting of 21 slaves, men and women, the property of the late Mr. Pleasant Burnet, of Mecklenburg, county Virginia. Only those of his slaves who had served faithfully, and who were capable of taking care of themselves, were manumitted. Some good land and tools were provided for them. Mr. Fortune, in a letter to the Washington Con stitution, says his success in cultivating the tea plant in America far exceeds his most sanguine expecta tions. He also states that the tea plantations in Upper India are succeeding admirably. Vice• President Breckenridge had deprecated the use of his name as a candidate for the Presidency. A negro had made a povel attempt at escape from Sing Sing prison. Being unable to swim he ob• taine-d a board in which he cut an aperture for his head. Over this hole he placed wires in the form of a hat. He availed himself of an opportunity to leave the prison and after covering the wires with some loose straw he started along the shore in just sufficient depth of water for him to feel the bottom. Unfortunately for him, some boys who were sitting on the bank took a fancy to bring the straw ashore, and the negro, on hearing their intention, aban doned hope and made for land, where he was im mediately arrested. He afterwards escaped again and had not been found. A destructive fire had occurred in Victoria and Gould streets, Toronto. Advices from Venezuela to the 10th ult. state that General Castro, having been detected in an attempt to overthrow the organic law, had been 'thrown into prison. The Federalists who marched to his release were defeated by the Constitutionalists, a nd fell back upon La Guayra, where they were unsuccessfully attacked. The Federal expedition against Puerto Cabello had been arrested by these proceedings. Advices from Havannah to the 24th ult. report that sterling exchange was 141 to 15/ premium. The transa-tions in sugar had not been important. The stock was 235,000 boxes, against 130,000 in 1858, 200,000 in 1857, 215,000 in 1850, and 105,000 in 1855. Stock of molasses light; clayed, 3 rials; Muscovadocs, 4 rials, nominal. American advices from Nicaragua assert that the United Mates treaty with that Republic had been ratified, that the French treaty will have to be essentially amended before it is accepted, and that Sir W. G. Ouseley's will be totally rejected. The Republic, it is also stated, decline to give any Power special privileges over the Nicaragua route. In the New York money market there was an abundant supply at the rates ruling during tbe previous fortnight, the standard rates to brokers being 51,- to 6 per cent., with an increase of busi ness. In foreign exchanges there was a large business, but a declining tendency. Bankers' bills on London, 60 days, 110 was the outside price, and there were for this description considerable sales at 109 i ; Paris, sf. 171 c.; Hamburg, 37c. to 37-Ic. per mare banco. Cotton was quiet, leaving off with a tendency to slightly lower prices. At New Orleans, on the 30th, middling uplands were quoted 121 e. SPAIN AND MOROCCO. The Gibraltar Chronicle of the 29th ult. has the following intelligence from Ceuta : " At half-past 5 p.m. nn the 27th the Moors again showed themselves on the heights of what is called Old Ceuta, and made themselves strong behind the walls ; but a steamer and a launch were sent in that direction, and opened a fire, the garrison at the same time firing some shells, which killed 14 Moors, and compelled them to disperse. On the 28th, at the same hour, they again made their appearance, and the same events took place as on the preceding day. Troops were expected to-day at Ceuta, which, according to intelligence received, must have embarked at Alicante." The Chronicle of the Ist publishes the subjoined extract of a private letter from Tangier, dated the 29th ul t.:— " The affairs of Ceuta have created an inexplicable sen sation at this place. The people of the surounding coun try are determined to shed their blood rather than allow the Spaniards to extend their fortifications. The populace of Tetuan, whose fanaticism and hostility towards Chris- tians as well as Jews are so well known, provide themselves with arms and fly to the assistance of their brethren in what the Holy War.' The authorities of Tangier and Tetuan gave orders to the keepers of bazaars prohibiting the sale of powder and ball to the mountaineers who come daily to make purchases; but long before this order was issued, the stock on hand of these articles had already been disposed of to advantage. Guard s have also been placed at the gates for the purpose of searching the mountaineers and preventing them from carrying any kind of arms. With respect to the encounters that have taken place before Ceuta nothing positive is known, and consequently I don't communicate the many rumours current on the subject. M. Blanco, the Spanish Charge d'Affaires, who has been at Tetuan for 10 or 12 days, has had several interviews with the Minister, Sidi Mohamed El Katib, and it is believed that they have not come to terms. Whenever M. Blanco had occasion to go out during his stay at Tetuan he was escorted by a party of soldiers, as the Moors had sworn, by the powers of the Prophet,' to stone him to death. This state of things, it is augured, will not end well, particularly on account of the state of panic and perplexity in which the empire is row placed by the illness of the Emperor; but no one is more embarrassed than his Excellency Sidi Mohamed El Katib, owing to the compromises and troubles arising out of those questions." - - A Tangier correspondent, writing on the Ist inst., says:-- " I have read in the Chi onicle of the 29th ult. that, in the engagements which took place before Ceuta, the Moors were repulsed by the Spaniards, losing a considerabiy larger number between killed and wounded than the latter. Here the very reverse is stated, as the Spaniards are represented to have been compelled to retire. This version seems the more probable on account of the inferiority of their num bers. The arrival of the Spanish squadron, of which men tion is also made in the Chronicle, is expected hero with impatience ; and it is believed that it will obtain as much satisfaction as the squadron of seven steamers which in February last came to this port, when the whole terminated in soft words from the Minister. •In" order to bring the Moorish Government to their senses it will be necessary to use no other means but the logic of the guns. The presence of such a squadron, instead of in timidating the Moroqueens, would only serve to renew the mockery which these people made of the Spaniards last February, when it was quite a farce to hear them talk and express the most absurd and erroneous notions respecting the Spanish nation ; and, never observing before in their waters a Spanish man-of-war, they run away with the idea that the seven war-steamers which presented themselves at that date were nothing more than hired foreign merchant vessels, engaged for a few days to carry the Spanish flag in order to frighten them. They cannot believe that Spain possesses a single war vessel, and consider it as the least nation of the globe." A letter from Tangier of the 4th says : "The Spanish war steamer Vigilante reached T etuan from Algeciras on the 30th ult., with despatches for the Minister of Foreign Affairs, which were delivered imme diately by the Vice-Consul. These despatches probably contain some new demand from her Catholic Majesty's Government. It cannot be the ultimatum, as the con sulate here continues its duty without variation. A rumour (which I consider unfounded) has been current here for some days past, to the effect that Sidi Mohamed El Katib, accompanied by the Kaid, was using his utmost endea vours to appease the Kabyles in the vicinity of Ceuta, reminding them that they were committing a great sin in opposing the will of the Emperor; for, accord ing to the precepts of the Mohammedan religion the Sultan is entiled to a blind obedience on their part, as he is considered to be inspired by the divine spirit, and acts under the express commands of the Almighty ; but, in spite of this, it seats that the other precept, which says ' that he who slays an infidel in the war will gain paradise, has rather more influence over them." Intelligence from Algeciras (published in the Gibraltar Chronicle of the sth) states that two bat talions of light infantry had arrived there in the short space of three days, by rail and steam, via Alicante, and were, for thA present, billeted upon the inhabitants. Other troops were shortly ex pected, which, when they arrived, would be en camped between Algeciras and San Roque. The master of a boat which arrived at Gibraltar on the morning of the sth from Ceuta reported that there had been no firing between the garrison and the Moors on the 2d and 3d. A body of about 1,200 men sallied out on the afternoon of Saturday to make a reconnaisance, and went as far the place called " La Mezquita" (the Mosque), without meet ing with any Moors. The troops destroyed all the parapets or obstructions in their way, and then returned to the fortress without firing a shot. On Sunday afternoon the Moors made their appearance again in front of Ceuta and began to annoy the garrison, which fired several rounds of grape and solid shot at them. THE BALLOT 1N AMERICA. New York Hotel, Leicester-square, Sept. 1. Sir,—l have observed in the English journals recently much discussion on the subject of the bal lot, and frequent allusion to the manner of its uses in America. I think, from what I have read on the subject, that an opinion prevails here which has no foundation in fact, namely, that voting is always done in the United States by " open ballot." This is an error into which your writers have been led, perhaps, by the letter of Mr. Dana, of Boston, which relates, as it professes, only to the small state of Massachusetts. To arrive at such a conclusion, however, they must have forgotten the fact that in America each state fixes for itself the status of its voters and the manner of voting ; and the further fact that very few states have laws similar to Massachusetts to regulate the ballot. In the state of Ohio, where I reside, the ballot is not open as in Massachusetts. The voter appears at the poll with his ballot written or printed, usually printed, and hands it folded to one of the trustees (or judges) of the election, who announces the voter's name, which is registered by the clerk, and the trustee to whom the ballot was given im mediately deposits the same in the ballot-box ; no one but the voter himself knowing for whom the ballot was given. The use of different coloured ballots, and of com mittees "dogging" the voter to intimidate him, or influence his vote, referred to by Mr. Dana, a practised in Massachusetts, is seldom resorted to, except in our large cities, in seasons of high poli tical excitement, and then, even, it has had but little influence on the voter. I do not presume to write you this to argue the advantages of the secret ballot, nor to relate the perfection of the system in operation when it has been adopted, but to you, as its champion in this. country, I wish to correct a false impression which seems to prevail, that the secret ballot has been tried, and been abandoned as a failure in America. Not so ; it has, on the contrary, been found to work admirably, and I do not know of a single State, save Massachusetts (which always had her eccentri cities), where the system has been tried and not permanently adopted. On My return to the States, which will be soon, I intend to look more closely into the history of the ballot in the different States, and will give the re sults to the world. I write you this private note, as a stranger who has a strong sympathy for the cause you have espoused, hoping you may be able soon to effect what you have undertaken, thereby purifying your ballot, and rendering the liberty of the men of England secure.—l am, &c., _ _ 0. L. CLARKE. To Hon. F. Henry F. Berkeley, Victoria-square. THE ROYAL MAIL STEAMSHIP PERSIA.—LIVER POOL, Sept. 10.—Messrs. D. and C. M'lver have received the following letter from the Persia by a vessel w hi c h ar rived here to-day :—" Wed n esday, Sept. 7, lat. 5-32, long. 14 west.—Our port engine broke down in a g ale on Mon• day night, at 10 o'clock, the crank pin breaking short off. The whole of that night there was a tremendous sea, and at 3 o'clock yesterday, after vainly attempting to substitute a new pin, we bore up, intending to iltake Queenstown. We are now (9 a.m.) Clear, alongside the ship Ben Nevis (whose captain is very hove to about 300 miles west off Car e ill), and as the weather is moderating we are again trying to repair the damages, and may be able to proceed on om voyage. Between Monday night and Tuesday morning tie weather was very bad, but, excepting the crank pin, every thing else is all right, ship safe and passenge: s w(1." From the report of the captain of the Ben Nevis, whi c h brought the above, Messrs. D. and C. M'lver are of opinion that the Persia has proceeded on her voyage. She had two spare crank pins on board. FINANCIAL REFORM DEMONS'tRATION AT LIVET , - pooL.—At a conference recently held between the member, of the Liverpool Financial Reform Association and Mr. Cobden and Mr. Bailey, M.P., it was arranged to hold grand demonstration se of discussingstpruartipooninLh thesubject of direr: taxation. before the close of ir th e ( year, for the 1. taxation. Mr. Cobden promised to attend and take part in the proceedings. WAR WITH CHINA. A telegram, of which, as it arrived in cypher, the substance only can be given, was received this morning at the Foreign-office, through Alexandria and Constantinople, from Mr. Rumbold, Secretary to her Majesty's Mission in China, dated Aden, Aug. 29 : Admiral Hope arrived off the Peiho River on the 17th of June, and found that the fortifications had been rebuilt, but no guns or men were visible. The entrance into the river was barred with booms and stakes. The Plenipotentiaries joined the squadron on the 20th, and no notice having been taken cf the announcement of their arrival, an attempt was made on the 25th to force a passage, when on a sudden batteries, supported by a Mongol force of apparently 20,000 men were unmasked, and opened a destructive fire. After a severe action, the squadron was obliged to withdraw, with the loss of the Cormorant, Lee, and Plover, and 464 killed and wounded. The French had 14 killed and wounded out of 60. The Plenipotentiaries have returned to Shanghai. Rest of China reported quiet. No fears are entertained about Canton, as the Tartar troops had been disarmed as a matter of pre caution. A further telegram received from her Majesty's agent and consul-general in Egypt mentions that 7 officers were killed and 17 wounded. Admiral Hope and Captains Shadwell and Vansittart are mentioned as being wounded, but the other names are too obscurely given in the telegram to be safely published. INDIA. (BY TIIE RED SEA AND INDIA TELEGRAPH.) We have been favoured with the following telegrams : " ADEN TELEGRAPH OFFICE, AUG. 28. " H. GISBORNE TO CHARLES L. PEEL, ESQ., LONDON. " The Simla, from Calcutta, arrived to-day. " Lord Clyde, in General Orders, warns Euro peans of the disadvantage of taking discharge; only a few have withdrawn their names. The number of discharged iu Bengal will reach 6,000. " The Sikhs on the Nepaul frontiers have had two successful engagements with rebels. " The Five-and-a-Half per Cent. Loan, 51 to discount. " Exchange on London. first-class paper, six months, 21. " The English and French Secretaries of Lega tion to China are on board the Simla. " ADEN TELEGRAPH OFFIC, SEPT. 1. " H. GISBORNE TO CHARLES L. PEEL, ESQ., LONDON. " The Ottoman, from Bombay, with dates to the 21st, has arrived. Some excitement exists among the Mahomedans of the Punjaub. " The sth and 6th Regiments of Madras Cavalry have shown symptoms of disaffection at Hyderadad " The telegraph from Kurrachee to Lahore is completed. " The import market had improved. Prices were higher. The general export market had im proved. Cotton was in demand at higher prices. " Freights to Liverpool, 17s. 6d. to 225. ; Lon don, 15s. to 17s. 6d. " Exchange—London, six months, bank bills, 2s. and 3-16 ; Five-and-a-Half Loan, 6 discount." The following telegrams have been received ai Mr. Reuter's office : TRIESTE, SEPT. 10. The Austrian Lloyd's steamer just arrived brings the following advices : SHANGHAI, July 15.—0 n the arrival of the allied squadron at the mouth of the Peiho or Yellow River, its further advance was prevented by the Chinese. An engagement by land and water took place on the 25th of June at the Taku Forts. The English lost several gunboats and 464 men killed and wounded; amongst the latter are 22 officers. The squadron has returned. It is stated that the American ambassador has been admitted to Pekin. The hope of the treaty being carried out is given up, and a fresh war is considered imminent. CANTON, July 20.—A1l traffic with the interior is nterrupted. The allies still occupy the town. ALEXANDRIA, SEPT. 3 (VIA VIENNA). The vessels of the expedition to Pekin, having on board the French and English ambassadors, were fired at in the Peiho river with cannon balls. Three English war ships were sunk, 16 officers killed, and the English admiral ;wounded. The ambassadors were compelled to return. MARSEILLES, MONDAY. The Panther, with the mails from Calcutta, China, and Australia, arrived here at 3 o'clock this morning. Mails leave for London at 10 a.m. TRIESTE, SEPT. 10. CALCUTTA, Aug. S.—European intelligence has been received here through the Red Sea Telegraph for the first time. The civil employes have raised objections to the :hreatened diminution of their salaries. The Commander-in-Chief has issued an order of :he day, in which he addresses the European troops ,n a warning manner. The rebel fugitives in the mountains of Nepaul number about 8,000. COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE. CALCUTTA, AUG. B.—lmports flat. Exports Freights unaltered. Exchange, 2s. quiet. 2s. d. MADRAS, AUG. 13.—Exchange 3s. Id., 2s. '4d. CANTON, JULY 20.—Exports little doing; for im- ports no inquiry. SHANGHAI, JULY 15.—Silk quiet. Tea market favourable. Exchange, Gs. 4.1-(1. Freights, nothing done. PARMA, SEPT. 11. The National Assembly, after having received the report of the commission, voted unanimously and b 3 ballot the " decheanco" of the Bourbon dynasty, and the perpetual expulsion of all princes of that house from the government of these states. At the same sitting an address of thanks to the Emperor Napoleon was unanimously adopted, and the following proposals were taken into considera- tion—viz. : 1. The annexation of the States to the Kingdom of Sardinia, under the constitutional sceptre of King Victor Emmanuel. 2. The construction of a silver medal to be distri butcd among the inhabitants of those provinces which have taken part in the war. 3. The election of a monument to perpetuate the name's - of those compatriots who have died for their country since 1848. TURIN, SEPT. 11, 7 P.M. (oPPICT AL DESPATCH.) FLORENCE, SEPT. 11.—To-day, Signor Ricasoli __- BRITISH INDIA AND ITS FINANa (From the Derbyshire Courier) r itish India, at that grand starting•point o f all improh-e.s- The nation has arrived, with reg ard to B ment in this country, his hands signifi cantl y and when John Bull op ening eyes, and thrusting 1 , resolutely into his breeches' - pocket s, p ronounce s that " something must be done." oing something is to g appoint somebody with a good The first thin now in fashion tow ards d salary, who is to do what all the nobodies with good salaries have failed to do. Ministers have caught their somebody. Passing by Lord Elgin, who is too great and too independent ; repudiatil Sir John Lawrence, who is too go od, they haN._ pitched upon the arithmetical memb er for •Westn bury, Mr. James Wilson. Mr. Wil son is a man of figures ; he has had practical expe rience of the advantages of buying in the dearest and selling In the cheapest market ; he knows all about balance: sheets, the price of stocks, s h ares , bonds, scrip, aned. omnium. The national balance-sheet of India pr sents an unpleasant array of figures on the wrong side of the account, and so who but Mr. James W ilse of the Economist, can put it right ? T rue, his ante cedents furnish no gr eat security for successful financial arrangement, but let us hope that he may manage the affirirs of British India better than he did his own. To the Cutlers' Feast, at Sheffield, therefore, comes the Right Honourable James Wilson, "the second person," Mr. Alderman Matth ews assuresn us, " in our Indian empire, being, in fact , the Cha cellor of the Exchequer in India." if net, Mr. Wilson's address on the occa sion novel was amusing. It was the prou dest day of his life, nothing but the deepest sense of duty:, would have induced him to accept his "responsib le —and lucrative—appointment in India. But India, " the brightest gem in the British Crown," was 1 , danger. Duty !my country ! ten thousa nd a-year • " Ha ! thou hast touched me nearly !" From the poetical and heroic, Mr. Wilso n ascend s , to the financial and the practical. " Ge ntlemen 's he says, with a mental glance at the palmy daY ts of the Economist, when people believed its fa and relied on its figures, " gentlemen, finance is not mere arithmetif. Finance is a great policy. Jt l ies at the bottom—at the root of government in every fina country. Without sound finance no good governulen nce is possible. Without sound policy no soun d it possible." These are brave words ! Finance lifs, at the root of good government, and I, th e Bic e " ; Honourable James Wilson, am standing, whet h on my head or my heels I have yet scarcely learn ea , on the top of the financial tree. And what does Mr. Wilson propose to do ? reading his speech we defy any one to discover tue . announcement of anything approaching to a pr, e e, bable solution of the Indian difficulty. Free tra.c?.,, Mr. Wilson tells us, is " good all over the well -a re Very well—but India must possess trade, he l.° o f that trade can be made free. With millions r acres of rich land uncultivated, with tens of millions of natives willing to work, but at preset?: rice, paid a penny or twopence a scarcely clothed at all, fed on vegetables or a Aft , er day for th labour, and oppressed and pillaged, poor as they ar ore]: 0, by extortionate tax-gatherers ; something far me practical than the abstract financial policy of free trade is required before the first step in any 11111e lioration of their condition can be effected. of We agree with what is said by Mr. Wilson the importance of giving Christianity to the natives. This is most important. Let us trust that 0.11,1, schoolmasters, missionaries, clergy,.and bishops w il ts as years roll on, effect most beneal improveraell_ among the native population in this direction; But this will be a very gradual and protract."' process. We do not send out Mr. Wilson to In 11. - culcate the principles of the Christian religiel?l, but to rectify the finances of India, and to do with as little delay as possibl. Then there is " t cr ile difficulty of caste, of which Mr. Wilson's ki l : r - ; ledge must be of a very limited nature. He r i , eie d further, to railways, steam navigation, and to e - ministration of equal justice. We are already ° ll i tributing largely to the two former objects , a ll e. Mr. Wilson can teach little to such men as Si r A ,a Trevelyan about the administration of justice. 1 " . . - a so Mr. Wilson, after uttering the absurd ass ert l. that Peel put our finances in " a flourishing 011 4 tion," falls back on the hope that "the iniPr ev : s fiscal and commercial legislation" which, he sat; has done so much for England, may succeed ' °- India in replenishing an exhausted exchequer, 0 raising the social condition of 200 millions ; natives. , o.We will endeavour to give a more definite 00 nion on the financial requirements of India th an , t has been given by Mr. Wilson. He tells us the: " without sound finance no good government 1;4 possible." and we tell him that witho ut a souna monetary system no sound finance is possible. W e are glad to see that the importance of an improve' meat in the monetary system of India is no longer the despised opinion of a few Currency . Reformers whose watch is before the time in which they live, but is referred to in the recent Parliamentary port on India, and is admitted even by the bul lionist Times. The monstrous absurdity of paying the army and collecting the taxes in two•shillig pieces is too barbarous to be retained. raVe h r money is now recognised as a necessity fo r India. There can be no doubt that a pa per currency would be a means of giving the Ser e Y s i ,. and the natives in general a direct interest ill the stability aad prosperity of the British Govern' ment. But beyond this a currency is required t° develope the grand resources of India. Ther e creation of from abundance of capital in India. Land and labour are the natural elements of capital. There i 5 enormous undeveloped wealth in the fruitful bu t uncultivated soil of the country. And there ar e millions of able and willing hands waiting too be employed in the cultivation of this teeming il ; Money, the representative of all capital, and of land and labour, important elements of capital is alone wanting to develope the riches of the country. That money, in the shape of a Paper Currellei , receivable for taxes, and exchangeable for silver and gold at its market price, the Government has the power to supply, immediately, for the use of India. It might be lent out by a Board appointed for the purpose, for the irrigation, enclosure, and improvement of the land. And concurrently with this an improvement should be made, without delay, in the land tenures of India. Long leases, to be followed by the ownership of the land on the s i n a , t oe e rf l y ac ib e le n tdi c vy o a u ot r of a r g si encouraged. fu. s I T hr hieoi industrious os iandlwould. livn With indepen dent th e 0 0 payment of a moderate tax to Government, should increased consumption . in n h e e thee n t t i h en ir e creation of this body would arise an improveme nt o f all taxable articles, as well as in • immediate increase in the receipts from the land-tax. Whatever differ ence o f opinion may exist on the moonetary question, th ere can b e little rationa l objection raised to the payment of the troops, British and native, in Government paper money As little can be said against a system of Govern ment loans and advances which would rescue the natives from the extortions of the Hindoo money lenders, and enable them to borrow money at a reasonable interest instead of paying 20, 30, or even 100 per cent., as is sometimes the case at present. We commend these suggestions to the considera tion of the new Indian financier and of the Govern ment. The day of palliatives is past. If India is to be retained decided measures must be adopted. And no measure, or set of mehsures,we repeat, cal! sue ceed without that mainspring of all finan Cita prosperity, a sound monetary system. BALMORAL.—The weather at Balmoral has be en much finer than in the metropolis, and the royal faint y generallyseem thoroughly to enjoy the change The Prince On has also been more fortunate than usual in his sport. the day after the arrival, when the woods of Abergeldie were driven for deer, the Prince Consort had the good for tune to shoot a buck, ' and a second one has fallen to his taken rifle since. His royal highness, by way of variety, has a couple of days' grouse shooting, a species of sport, by the way, which the Prince generally does not much affect the Queen ; but he was accompanied by Sir G. Grey, and and Princess Alice watched the sportsmen. • The estate of Balmoral is not able to supply the wants of the Castle in this particular species of game, whatever it may do in the matter of venison, everything of minor importance being sacrificed to the deer forest.—Court Journal. ARRIVAL OF SPECIE.—LIVERPOOL, Saturday. The Eagle has arrived from Melbourne with 34,000 ounces of gold. She sailed on the 4th of June. The Rev. Horace Roberts, 111. A., who was on board the Great Eastern steamship when the explosion oc oiahvnjurperdovhidteennlteinal a e n s c d ap e t e ht e r r e s n , der ed eu oc curred, e a d o , h and assistanceAN,h o, aftteer histhe pub licly returned thanks yesterday at St. Katharine Colemans c hurch, Fenchurch-street. He subsequently preached an affecting sermon from the 13th verse of the 56th Poi's' which was one of the Psalms of the day, "Thou haat de livered my soul from death, and my feet from falling, pat I might walk before th e Lord in the land of the li vin g. LOCUSTS IN YORKSHIRE.—A fine strong specimen of the migratory locust was found aifew days ago on the waa of the parish church-yard, Bradford. The insect was a bout three inches i n l engt h , and was quite active when c au g ht. A similar vi s it an t was t a k en up in a cornfield near Harro gate a day or two previously. h De - THE LATE FLOGGING AT WOOLIVICII.—... O puty-Inspector-General of Hospitals, and principal medisV officer at Woolwich, J. E. T. Paratt, in a letter "'ith the editor of the Times, and dated Sept. 10, says : reference to the letter from your correspondent at Woo , ' .r i b c a ll g in the Times of the 9th, headed whose to state that yesterday morning I examined the ma_ a small case is therein described, and found the remains I f toile blade boil, the size of a shilling, over the upper part o " Military Floggint a _f sm all reached, and two or three small pimples, the size laceration. bone, where the mark of the lash appeared not to have peas, where the punishment was inflicted, the to have from which was so superficial as n'e uently had penetrated deeper than the skin, and coedsto i lacontacfly nearly healed." At the end of the letter the 1 and w" September , remarks, "The nian.was flogged on examined on the 9th" evidently not Du r i th e au alth oul aPpare Upon , halls 1 Roods Noll 411 11 In have tie s e Xhi sham J, hE tv , hEtvi Nl o e/ ow i mi bitt bitt, c Di ri ft AJ:ti