The Sun. — London, England, 1859-10-18 00:00:00

....~-~ -- ---------------- ______ „.......--- „. ---- THE SECOND RORDE, .. 4 ErY sPEEcH. TILE DOCK YARD C0313110,-- ---4---- - (From Cie Exaniiizer.) 1 ds have emblisb _ e d tile T ' tnncror of the Feeneh at Ber- I pursued in he . , r Maiesty's docsyax e nted to invest agate the Sy steir i The speech of , - i The committee appoi the most remarkable and pregnant event 1 a voluminous report, . . deaux is bestowed. The k• It will serve the Italian cause more care and labour has evidently been. on which a vast arriouret of of the wee • than all the blood and treasure spent in the late field of inquiry was large, diversifiefl , made the m. ';vision of and oomph-- 011- cated, he who only has m war, and has already spoken comfort and enc and "i a outcie all labour in these huge e stablishments . rag,ements to the friends of light and liberty* over Europe. study is fully competent to pronou core approach the The speech is a buffet dealt on the Garonne, to merits and demerits. l`yre there_ ounce heir are leased be felt on the Tiber and the Arno. lire n s decided judgment on tee various übject with a full consciousness of cur unfitness. to imagine the boon the ear administered. by the to pronounce any Emperor propagating itself through Christendom, fact of the committee not described by Pope in the, points involved, and shall narrate rather than like the celebrated yawn , - criticise; and indeed the " Dunciad." From the burnifrg cheek of the arch since reached the vener- We have no doubt that bishop the blow has long being unanimous would alone inspire BB with more than ordinary caution. 1 • ommNee able countenance of the Holy Father himself, .and reached him at the most opportune of all possible due regard to the interests of the public the Lords of the Admiralty selected the c . , with every moments, just as he was raisinb . his j paternal arm 3ut the expe to repeat the correction of Perugia. _ with an entire conviction of their service, and that the several members have given rience of the Imperial rebuff will not be confined to correctness ; nevertheless we cannot but attach Italy. We feel the gratifying conviction that the their opinions Ultramontane faction in the Church of Rome will considerable weight to the objection raised by Mr. feel the same wholesome and h u miliatin g sense- Chatfield in his dissent from the report. T hat gen tlemantions through its entire nervous system , even to its IS the maste r s hi p wri g ht of De p tford, and Go extreme fibres in Ireland, making the ears of ut- he says " while I alone have represented the vernment ship-building department, there have most Cullen tingle. The consciousness that the Imperial slap in the . been two officers of the committee who are profes face was incurred by the commission of a gross I sionally engineers, And to this circumstance, per= haps, may be attribute!' the proposal of the ma discretion must have greatly improved its effect. The cardinal-archbishop approached the Emperor i ciples, and to adopt the systems practised in the ority to regulate the dockyards upon factoryprin with that presumptuous address, as if it were ex pressly to catch what he got. Flattery was never private trade. It is also duties of the chief engineer with those of the mss • more offensive ; unasked advice was never obtruded prnposed so to mix up the with greater imprudence or effrontery. if Louis ,confusion, and divided responsibilities would Napoleon wss ignorant of " the secret of the pros- deg tershiwrieht, that, if the suggoetion be adopted, perity and glory of "his reign," he learned it from of both departments." As a dissent has the clergy of Bordeaux, who, like their order in all nience result therefrom, to the great practical inconve times and places, see nothing but the Church, nod of five members, of whom Rear interests but those of the mitre and the stole : • been recorded . it is proper to state that the com mittee consisted "We now, site, pray with more fervour, if posrible, that - tea. Mr. Chatfield, whose professional standing Adiniral Smart was chairman ; with - him were as- Ged may give you the means, as He has given you the SOCUI, desire, to reziain faithful to that Christian policy which has we have mentioned ; Mr. Murray, chief engineer called down a blessing upon your name, and which is, per- of Portsmouth; Mr. Laws, storekeeper of Chat haps, the secret of the prosperity and the source of the ham ; and Mr. Robert Bowman, civil engineer and glories of your reign." ship-builder. One of the principal recommenda- The plain English or plain French of this, is that tions of the majority of the committee, composed the Emperor owes his power and importance exclu- of all the members except Mr. Chatfield, is to sieely to the Church ; and why did the Church patronise him, why did the French clergy make enlarge the sphere of the superint endin g duties of chief engineer in the dockyards, and con- Louis Napoleon what he is ? No explanation was mat ever franker or more characteristic. B ?caus e his tract those of the master shipw ri g hts. -In ters of this description much allowance must rule was a blessing to France ?By no means—in be made for that bias in favour of parti such a motive there would have been an admix ture of earth, for which there is no place in breasts cular systems which is , with rare exceptions, ob served in persons trained in different habits of life; of priestly purity. By his services to the altar alone the Emperor purchased their high-minded but Mr. Chatfield app ears to us to use the language of plain common sense in asserting that whatever and single-minded devotion. For what had he done ? is essentially a part of the hull of a shi p is legiti- He had " restored the Church and the priest mately within the province of the master ship hood their crown of glory !" He had " bleu- wr i g ht, while whatever constitutes a portion of an pirated his great destinies by restoring to the Vicar engine falls within the business of the chief engi of Jesus Christ his city, his people, and the in- neer. However, the committee have decided other tegrity of his temporal power !" wise, considering that the dockyard smitheries, the Now we know the meaning of " a Christian saw-mills, and the block-mills should be transferred policy" in the mouth of a Cardinal -Archbishop. Of from the shipwright to the engineer department. course the Emperor had only "to remain faithful" They also recommend that the dockyard mill to it to continue to enjoy the same distinguished wrights shop be abolished in all the yards whore favour. And to press such fidelity . the more upon there is a factory, and that the locksmiths, plumbers, him, the address proceeded to remind him how he braziers, and others of this class of operatives, had formerly sketched out that policy for himself : should be transferred to the factory. To all these •• We pray with unswerving confidence, with a hope changes Mr. Chatfield objects, arguing that if the which deplorable events , and sacrilegious acts of violence chief engineer is to have the .superintendence of h a ve not been able to shake, and the motive of this hope, these several departments he ought also to have the the realization of which appears now so difficult, is, after God, you, Sire, who have been, and still wish to be, the control and selection of themachinery in the victual eldest son of the Church ; you, who spoke these memorable ling yards, and the appointment of the men in the words :—' The temporal sovereignty of the venerable head flour-mills,bakerv, and chocolate and mustard mills, of the Church is intimately connected with the fame of sincehe is . . Catholicism and the liberty and independence of Italy.'" • boundt ' o keep in good working order the It was doubtless thought a marvellous stroke of engines and boilers which supply the motive power, art to reproduce "these memorable words," uttered • - - and to repair defects in the machinery. - Mr. Chat under other circumstances, when the events that field, in support of his dissent in reference to these departments, quotes the decision of the Admiralty , of now agitate Italy were yet in the womb of time. But the Archbishop must now feel that it may not the.F eb ruary, 12th 1849, which placed the whole be wise to remember everything memorable. King- '• e • smithy department under the master shipwright, craft proved more than a match for priest-craft at the chief engineer being distinctly made subordi- Bordeaux. The Emperor made the memorable nate to him ; but the majority of the committee words infinitely more memorable by the adroit turn propose to reverse this arrangement. This is the main, but by no means the sole, point of difference, he gave them, at the same time putting a perfectly and we have put it thus prominently forward that fair and honest construction on them : the general reader may perceive at a glance the "I thank you for having recalled my words, for I enter- • leading tain the firm hope that a new era of glory will arise for the features of the controversy, which turns on Church on the day when the whole world will share my the division of labour. conviction that the temporal power of the Holy Father is The instructions given to the committee are spe not opposed to the liberty and independence of Italy." cially to report on expenditure, so as to unite effi- This was only a preliminary rap over the ciencv with economy, and their attention was in knuckles ; the box on the ear was yet to come. consequence directed to the cost of constructing a There had not been a syllable about the liberty and man of war. This comes home to the pocket of independence of Italy in the archiepiscopal address . , every tax-payer, as a contributor to the navy esti any more than about the liberty of France, which mates. It appears that the cost for shipwrights' was not what the clergy bargained for when they labour on eight corvettes of 1,462 tons each, lately brought their loyalty to •rnarket. It was a sharp built in the dockyards, and not fitted for sea, aye rebuke in itself to tell the clergy of Bordeaux that I raged 109 s. 8, 1 -l. per ton, and on one of those fitted there are such things in the moral world as liberty f or sea it was lls. per ton. Statements, how and independence. It was a truth they had no ever, have been furnished to the committee show• notion of until Louis Napoleon seized the opportu- ing that two ships of this class, but slightly infe nity of enlightening them ; but, they know it now r i or i n t o nnage, named the Cossack and the Tartar, on the word of an Emperor and " the eldest son of originally contracted for by the Russian Govern the Church!" , meat, but now in her Majesty's service, "were The heavy blow, however, and the great dis- I built in a private yard on the Thames for about 48s. couragement was delivered in the succeeding pas- per ton for shipwrights' labour; and that the cost i for shipwrights' labour on such ships, if built with scantlings, fastenings, and workmanship similar to ships of her Majesty's navy, and fitted fur sea, would be about 525. only per ton." Allowing, then, amply for any superiority in the quality of work, the difference in cost is enormous. A comparison is instituted between ships of the same tonnage built at the yards of Devonport, Sheerness, Chatham, and Woolwich, and not fitted for sea, and the extreme difference per ton is £4 4s. 6d. and £6 IBs. od. This large variation applies to the Pearl, built at Wool wich, and the Cadmus, at Chatham, and it should be noted that both these ships were built from the same drawings and from. the same scheme of scant lings, frame bolted and otherwise bolted through out. Another case is cited of the Shannon, built at Portsmouth, and the Chesapeake, built at Chatham. They were both 51 gun frigates ; the tonnage of the former was 2,651, of the latter 2,335 ; the Shan non cost £5 ss. 10d. per ton, and the Chesapeake £3 19s. 7d. The Mersey, of 3,727 tons, cost for shipwrights' labour £14,842; the Orlando, £19,505; and yet they were of the same tonnage, form, and dimensions. Such discrepancies certainly demand a very sifting investigation. The majority of the committee desire to assimi late the management of work in the Royal dock yards to the system observed in private establish ments. To any such change Mr. Chatfield objects, and brings forward some very strong arguments against the practice adopted in the private yards. He quotes the authority of Mr. Brown, now lead ing man of shipwrights at Woolwich, who says that in the Government yards, in planking a ship, every plank is examined most minutely ; if there is any defect it is taken out, and if any rent it is im mediately caulked, but no such exactitude is ob served in the private yards. Here, then, is one cause of increased expenditure, but the outlay is more than compensated by the superiour sou ici ness of the ship. Mr. Brown maintains that the Government work " is three times as well done and worth three times the money." Mr. Bascomb (mea surer of Woolwich yard) condemns ships built by contreet, and points out many instances in which shipwrights " scamped the work!' This dis honesty is corroborated by many other witnesses. In the gun beats received at Deptford yard numerous defects were detected ; wormholes were discovered, causing leaks, the 'fastenings were im perfect, and the caulking inferior. The floating batteries are exposed to similar censure. One, named the Trusty, reported on at Sheerness yard, entirely belied her name. Both the materials and the workmanship were bad. Indeed, Mr. Chat field does not hesitate to state in emphatic terms, that " the practices of private trade, if introduced into the public departments, will be ruinous to the British navy." He then adduces proofs of the soundness of ships constructed in the Government dockyards. He refers to four men of war respec tively built at Portsmouth, Deronport, Sheerness, and Chatham, whose sterns were opened when con verted into screw propellers, and their state was most satisfactory. We are as much inclined to insist on a strict eco nomy as the most exacting Radical, but a mere money cheapness frequently proves but wanton extravagance. An article may be dear at any cost, and we may pay too much for gold. As the great bulwark of our power, the Royal navy must be effi ciently maintained, fur if we lost the command of mwoerualdions cease o f to a the sea s we s h ou ld a l mos t b e d war f e d i n t o th e di mensions e t r i ln e an c e n ti.e of principality. tiiem c 0 m Lo e n r d e ia on l world. The manufacturing districts would lose s e s e s t s a n k i e i d i s s t t a o t o i o p n e s r i \ l v o c u u s l c t l o p b a e ss es i ti i in to a f t u e i d - ei i 6 n , n p l o l u an n d ds s : their coloni a l mar k e t s: All cur transmar i ne for tTriei Aillings, and pence, and certainly it is not in our dockyards that financiers, with more presumption than knowledge, should essay their experiments.— No ro iny Herald. sage " I cannot now enter into details which the grave cws tion you have touched upon would give rise to, and I con fine myself to reminding you that the Government which replacid the Holy Father on his throne can only give him counsel inspired by a respectful and sincere devotion to his interests. But he is anxious, and with good cause, ns re gards the day, which must soon come, when Rome will be evacuated by our troops ; for Europe cannot allow that the occupation which has lasted for ten years shall be indefi nitely prolonged; and when our army withdraws, what will it leave behind it? Anarchy, terror, or peace? This is a question the importance of which no one can deny. But, believe me, in the times in which wo live, to resolve it, we must, instead of appealing to ardent passions, endeavour calmly to fathom the truth and pray to Providence to en lighten peoples and kings on the wise exercise of their rights and extent of their duties." It was here that the tingling of mitred ears, near and remote, began in earnest. Churches and chapels instantly it reached, St. Peter's first." The clergy had just had the assurance to assert that the occupation of Rome was the. chief glory of the empire, and the main source of its strength. "I am sorry you think so," replies the Emperor, " as that occupation has already lasted too long, and cannot last much longer. In fact our army must withdraw, and pray, my Lord Archbishop, has your wisdom considered what the state of Rome will be upon the evacuation ? Yon take it upon you to counsel me, but it would be more within the sphere of your duty and office to tender your advice to the Pope's Govern ment, which must speedily be left either to enjoy the peace of which he has laid the foundations in good government, or combat the anarchy which he has sown the seeds of in misrule. And now, since you have kindly given me this opportunity of telling you my mind, you shall" hear a little more of it, and perhaps what I say may reach to other dioceses, to Orleans perhaps, and Poictiers—let me have no more of your appeals to the passions, which holy men cught rather to calm than excite. You forget in what times you live. I must teach you to understand your epoch. Not even the Papacy itself is above responsibility to the opinion that n3w sways the world. It' the Papacy will only its temporal power as it has hitherto used it, it must rely on itself for its defence. I understand the hoeour of France better than you do, and it is out of.the question that her arms can continue to be disgraced ,by ;supporting even the Head of the Church himself against the fair and reasonable de mands of his people. Go back to your cathedral, nnd instead of implorinte heaven to protect the Pope' in resisting the will of his subjecte, and the im provement of his dominions, pray that he may re give the light he so much wants both in exercising his rights and discharging his duties." lire 'have developed the imperial correction a little, even at the risk of diluting it, which now can do no harm, the Archbishop of Bordeaux. having had his box on the car with all the intensity of the briefer and more vigorous original. It grill be interesting to watch the sequel of these things, and particularly what steps the Church will tike with "her eldest son " after such rude behavi• our. And " the Phinaculht c Patroness of Bordeaux," will she continue after this to extend. " her maternal protection " to the Emperor ? " You will acquit yourself," said the addre ss , o f a d e b t of gratitude to•her by preparing a triumph fur her son in the person of her Vicar. Such a triumph is worthy of you, Sire. It will put an end to th e anxieties of the Catholic world." Ungrateful and graceless Emperor, who will neither pay his debts to heaven nor to its•represen tative on earth. Ile has plainly got the heretical notion into his head that the triumph of Rome is not the sane as the triumph of F - ,:ance in the pre sent state of It•aly and Europe. And he has hi' u p on a way of Li own of putting an end to the anxieties of the Cttitolic world. Tits Bordeaux speech has done nnt.!li already to relieve them. [ADvE::;r:s.i3: - E - _ , ..T.] —Mr. Ilcnison, L ib i g . atc _hiii , has just publiihe:l n new illastrated pamptgr,t on watches (flee by post for two f.tamps). It s h ou ld 00 cal by all wh o are prices ztn:l. i mpor t ant aiiotzt buyin.,?; :t as it (toner :ins pr inforumtion to—lVliat watch to buy ! to buy it an 4 how to tz A SWELI.MOTISMAN AT THE GREAT EASTERN.— A. well-known Liverpool pickpocket, named William ' . aniuel,;on, dressed in the latest fashion, with a mock dia mond ring on his finger, and a real gold chain. round his neck, was amongst the visitors to the Great Eastern on Wednesday, but had no sooner stepped on board thanhe was accosted by Detective-officer Carlisle, who politely requested him to walk into one of the cabins, where he searched him, and found in his possession a purse coat tilling a railway ex cursion ticket, available for a month; £2 in gold, about 30s. in silver, and a recipe for making mushroom ketchup, also £4 or £5 in loose silver, six empty portemonnaies, and several cambric pocket handkerchiefs. Upon making inquiries he ascertained that the purse containing the railway ticket, &c., belonged to a Mrs. Purdie, of Shaw-street, Liverpool, who was one of Sartmelsou's fellow passengers in the steamer which had brought him alongside. The unfot tunate swell was takes before a magistrate who, after hearing the evi dence committed him for trial at the Beaumaris sessions, [ADVERTI. Pills.— Autumn nients.—Thel e are tliscases peculiar to caila season; bat autumn usual !,yn.).uch. increase's the sic:: lift. Fever, diarr hcea, cholera, i nn many chest complaints, frequently pre vail at this tim: , purifying the blood is the m ost rational and certain antidote to all of them. This can be accom plished most re 2 :lily and effectually by a course of Iloilo way's eNtimable pills, which act directly by expelling all impurities, and healthily stimulating- every organ. They Z•rveder fr-IIY as is digestion, and promote wholesome acti in the kid" , s, liver, and lungs, and stren g then the T Y s. These pi lls may be taken with benefit and safety by all invalid and h amae ,: , tatever be the malady, for their purifyi n g mci na . t. 9 -re admirably adapt them to all ages, con atitutiona, traates. THE SUN, LONDON NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE PROMOTION OF SOCIAL SCIENCE. BRADFORD, FRIDAY. The Conference assembled at 11 o 4 clock this morning to hear the address of the president of the Department of Public Health. The Right Hon.?:,W. COWPER (the president) spoke as follows :—Health being a gift of nature is often taken as a matter of course, but like all othei 4 such gifts, it will fly away if not carefully guarded, and the public health of a large modern town re quires for its preservation almost the labours of Hercules. Man's life is a struggle, and the very existence of his body is the result,of an unceasing contest between destructive and repairing influ ences. At every breath he exhales, at every action of muscles and nerves, a portion of his substance wastes away and is cast off, and at every breath that is drawn in and every -mouthful that is di gested that waste is repaired and that loss is sup plied. The forces of nature must be directed by his skill, lest they injure instead of serving him. He must never rest in his unceasing struggle to over come the tendency he finds in everything around him to get into a wrong place. Even cleanliness, the most obvious of simple duties, is the result of the never-ending removal of impurities from places they defile to their proper receptacle, and the cleanliness most important to health is just that which is least regarded—cleanliness of the air that is breathed. The most refined persons, who would indignantly refuse to en ter a room with soiled walls, and muddy floor, and dirty company, sit complacently in ball rooms and theatres, where every one is breathing impure air, soiled with the fumes of gas or wax candles, and with other pernicious exhalations. The impurities in which they are steeped are dis regarded, because they are not visible, and people who are most particular about the materials of their dinner cannot spare a thought for what they are breathing ; and yet one is no less important than the other. The accurate fitting of modern houses leaves few crevices for the passage of air, and builders are well satisfied when they have prevented any escape of air, except up the clihnuey. But the law of ex pansion by heat has provided that vitiated breath shall rise towards the great ocean of air rolling for a height of 50 miles above us, in which all impuri ties are lost by dilution, but our impervious ceilings stop the intended ascent, and drive down the cooled carbonic acid gas to be again inhaled with injurious results. But a hole in the ceiling and a hole in the wall, permitting the natural movement of air, makes nature our friend again instead of our enemy ; and if we take the precaution of admitting the external air by a channel passing round the back of the fire place, our current of air flows in warm instead of cold. But cleanliness in the atmosphere of towns is not so easily obtainable. From tall chimneys and short chimneys, from furnaces and chemical works, from sinks and gully-holes, from back yards and middens, from gutters and lay-stalls, innu merable pollutions are continually pouring. Na ture has provided against all these defilements of the air, if we but investigate her laws and take the trouble of obeying them. The smoke that shrouds our great towns in perpetual gloom might be rolled away to let the sunshine appear if we would but take the trouble, for opaque smoke is but ill-burnt coal that ought to have been consumed in the fur nace. With reference to the refuse of towns, the theory is clear, but the practice is lax and careless. Every animal and vegetable is nourished by assi milating to its own use particles of the material substances, such as air, water, and food, which are continually circulating through its organism; but by a general law, the substance which has been so used is rendered unfit for a repetition of the same use until it has been decomposed and entered into a new combination. Care is, therefore, required to hasten and render harmless the decomposition of the refuse which might accumulate near the habitations of animals and men. Nature is fond of moving in circles, and the elements which rise from the earth for the nourishment of plants, and thence nourish animals, and the roe nourish men, will, if restored directly to the earth, afford nourishment and fertilisation to the soil from which they proceed, while, if allowed to wander in the air they will exude a poisonous influence. So all water brought from rivers or wells for distribu tion through a town should, after passing through the houses, complete its sanitary course by washing the refuse into the earth, and ultimately regain its original purity by percolating into the river or spring. At Rugby and at Watford this law of na ture is strictly observed; an apparatus of pipes and hose conveys the liquid sews ge from the streets to the farm, which it irrigates with profit. But in the case of large towns, where the drains carry away a great bulk of water and gravel from - the surface drainage, and where irrigation is not in request, this natural method is inapplicable, The most tempt ing arrangement is at once to convey all into the nearest river, and these outrages against the purity of rivers, that ought to be the pride and pleasure of towns, are everywhere attempted to be perpetrated. The Thames being the thoroughfare of literary as well as business men, having on its banks, within reach of every whiff of odour the Ilouses of' Parlia ment, has found competent defenders, and has by act of Parliament been declared exempt from the filthy task of receiving the contents of the sewers , and ✓is hereafter to become a_ river again, in stead of a gigantic drain. But the Mcdlock, at Manchester, and numberless rivers of other towns, large and small, still want defenders, and it is necessary to declare and maintain that the cleansing of houses and streets must not lead to the pollution of rivers. The necessity which the Me tropolitan Board of Works believe to exist of cast ing into the sea, at enormous expense ' that which, if separated from the water and gravel with which it is mixed, would fertilise half a country, is discre ditable to the mechanical and chemical skill of the nation ; but I am still in hopes that so wasteful and clumsy a proceeding may be rendered unnecessary, and that, if the attention of competent persons be drawn to so important a matter, means of deodo risation will before long be discovered, by which those salutary processes which the soil is adapted by nature to produce will be artificially attained without too much inconvenience or undue cost. Some invigorating and manly exercises are necde i for the health and recreation of men who are em- ployed in sedentary or monotonous occupations. Gymnastic grounds have been established near Primrose-hill, in London, and also in Liverpool, by the munificence of an individual. The pastfines of races, running in sacles, and dancing, which are being revived at harvest homes and similar gatherings, show that the universal taste for trials of strength and for humorous games is not wanting even to this grave generation ; and the success which has attended the revival of old English sports at Wenlock, under the name of Olympian games, is very encouraging. Every town should have its parks, where the popu lation may disport themselves on holidays and Sun days, and get health as well as recreation from the beauties of nature. It cannot be expected that many towns will receive gifts as noble as that which was conferred on Halifax by Mr. Crossley, on Derby by Mr. Strutt, and on Birmingham by Mr. Adder ley ; but every town may secure a park for itself by the imposition of a moderate rate to reps the loan by which the land is purchased. Comprehensive, and at the same time minute records of the number and causes of sickness and death are absolutely ne cessary for a sure and steady advance on this sub ject. The official supply of statistics, which is quite accurate as to numbers, is at present insufficient for our purpose. The'registration districts are not set out with any view to produce vital statistics, but simply follow the subdivisions required for pooe-law relief. They are not coincident with the limits of any sanatory jurisdiction, and do not separate people according to the conditions or occupations we desire to compare; so that in local or detailed inquiries the Registrar-General's reports will often not avail. An improvement in the registration of the causes of death is urgently needed, and there is no rea son why it should be combined with the registra tion of marriages; but it should be placed as far as possible in the hands of medical men. We want a registration of sicknesses that do not termi nate fatally. The easiness with which this might be procured is shown by the weekly publication of illnesses occurring in the public establishments of the metropolis, which was for some months pub lished by the General Board of Health from infor mation gratuitously supplied by the medical officers of health of the metropolis. But though the re turns of mortality are not as complete as might be desired, yet, under the able interpretation of Dr. Van, they give us broad and intelligible results. In fixing the aim to which we should direct our efforts it is desiralde to ascertain as ler as we can the pro- portion of the annual mortality which is prevent able by means within our reach. It is estimated that if all the population were living in a healthy condition, and life were only terminated by natural decay, the ordinary age at which men.and women would depart would be eighty. But it is more important to know that in 64 out of 623 registration districts the average annual death rate is less than 17. in 1,0(a) persons living. 'Nese dis tricts are salubrious in their natural features, and • their populations, amountinr , to 1,000,000, is chiefly employed in agriculture ; but, on the other hami, the cottages are exposed to many of the evils that most denounce ; they are not model districts, but they arc districts from which the chief evils we are seeking to remove arc absent, and they furnish a fair practical standard of what is possible to at tain. While, then, persons die at the rate of 17 in 1,000 in these standard districts, above 22 in 1,000 die on the average of all England, and 36 in the worst urban districts ; and as 419,815 persons died in 18,57, if the mortality of the rest of England had TUESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER IS, 1859. been no greater • than it was in these 64 districts, 91,652 lives would have been preserved in that year. England has been divided by the Registrar Gene ral into two classes of registration districts of about equal populations, one consisting mainly of urban and the other of rural inhabitants, and it is found that the rural death rate reaches only 22 in 1,000, while the urban is 26. The facts we possess at pre sent support the theory that unhealthiness prevails in proportion to the density of population ; but this, like other branches of the subject, requires elucidation. An examination of the soils on which epidemics mostly prevail, would, I believe, lead to :me remarkable conclusions, for the different in fluences exercised over certain diseases by clay and gravel soils has been too much overlooked. But the light we now possess is sufficient to prove the startling fact, that in England alone a hecatomb of victims, at least 100,000 of our people, are being annually sacrificed to ignorance and disregard to the laws of health, and that in addition to these 100,000 deaths, far more than a million of persons are suffering from serious illness from the same cause. For the more complete confirmation of this fact, we require that the total mortality should be separated and distinguished according to the diseases by which it is occasioned. An important contribu tion to this knowledge has been made by Dr. Green how. He has extracted from the general returns the mortality occurring from diseases which prevail under those evil conditions of life which are most within the power of the community to remove. These are-1, typhoid fever ; 2, diarrliceal diseases ; 3, pulmonary affections ; 4, contagious diseases of children, consisting of scarlatina, measles, and whooping cough ; and 5, the nervous diseases of infants. On comparing the mortality of districts at the top and bottom of the scale of health it ap pears that the difference between them is nearly equal to that mortality which occurs exclusively from the five classes of disease thus selected : AVERAGE MORTALITY TO 1,000 LIVING. More Exclusive preventible of those Diseases. Diszases. 5 • . 11 12 • • 11 16 .. 11 16 11 20 11 22 , . 12 Total. Rural districts England and Wales 23 London Birmingham .... 23 Leeds Manchester Liverpool district .. 33 _ 25 12 From which it appears that if the excessive morta. lity from these more preventible diseases could be reduced everywhere to the amount which is found in these selected rural districts, one-half -the deaths in England would be prevented, and two-thirds of the deaths in the district at the bottom of the scale. I think no one will deny that the prevalence and fatality of these five classes of diseases could be checked by the energetic employment of compre hensive sanatory measures. Typhoid fever has its home in illsdrairel places, and requires for an ally some impurity in the air. It never springs up in the homes of the wealthy, though it sometimes in vades them by means of contagion. The nature and locomotion of the cholera poison has not yet been discovered, but all experience shows that only amid the decomposition of organic substances can it de velop its crushing power and acquire its full viru lence. This is also notoriously the case with its kindred diseases. A large proportion of fatal dis eases arise from working in overheated and too dry workshops, and from inhaling dust, fluff, or other arid impurities. The death rates of young children afford an instructive test of sanatory circumstances, allowing only for the different demands upon the time and attention of the mothers in different places. The sensitive and delicate frames of very young children show more directly the influence of their dwellings than the more hardened and resist ing constitution of adults. It is naturally found that where most deaths of infants are recorded there are also more weakly and scrofulous children, who drag on a'debilitated existence, and perpetuate a race deficient in stamina and vigour, both of body and mind. In Mr. Simon's report to the Board of Health in 1858, it is stated that every year more than 23,000 children under five years of age die of inflammation of the respiratory organs, besides nearly 4,000 whose deaths are attributed to phthisis; and these 27,000 deaths are so unequally distri buted that the corresponding death rate, in propor tion to the infantine population, ranges from 213 in the healthiest district of England to 2,897 in the unhealthiest. In Combe's work on Physiology it is stated that 100 years ago, when the pauper in fants of London were received in workhouses, and brought up amidst impure air, and with unwhole some treatment, not above one in 24 liyqd to be a year old, so that out of 2,800 received into them, 2,690 died; but when the conditions of health came to be better understood, an act of Parliameat was obtained obliging the parish officers to send the in fanta to the country, and this frightful mortality was reduced to 450 instead of upwards of 2,000. The large establishment for pauper children at Norwood used a few years ago to be ravaged by epidemics, and to suffer a high rate of average mortality. The sanatory arrangements that have been adopted have reduced the average death rate to 20 in 1,000, which is one-third or one-half of what prevails among the classes from whom they are drawn, who have not the benefit, as it is in this instance, of becoming paupers, and neither typhoid fever nor measles have ever originated in the new building. In the district school of the Step ney Union the death-rate has fallen to 17 in 1,000. The military school at Chelsea affords a striking example of the results of sanatory improvements. Dr. Balfour improved the ventilation, apportioned the diet more judiciously, and secured.opportunities for cold bathing, and by such measures has suc ceeded in reducing the mortality, which on an ave rage of 10 years had been 9.5 per 1,000, 4.8 per 1,000 on an average of eight years, and the num ber reported unfit for military service from si ramous and other diseases has been reluccd from an average of 12.4 to one of 4.6 psr 1,000. One personal visit to the single room with stained walls and sickening smells, where a whole family swarm for bare shel ter—inhaling sickliness at every breath, drinking green and stagnant water, and swallowing damaged fool—will stir up a more fierce and indignant de sire to come to the rescue and do battle on their be half, than the largest array of incontrovertible figures. We want the acknowledgment both by law and custom of a higher standard of the necessaries of life. The poor law protects life by offering to every one in the land who . needs it necessary food; but as yet the necessity of protecting life from the influence of poispnous dwellings has not practically been acknowledged. The principle is in the Statute book. The rudiments of physiology, and anatomy, and hygiology ought to form part of education, par ticularly is girls' schools ; for until wives, mothers, and servant-maids understand the rules of health and something of their meaning, our object can never be accomplished. Many things which appear trifling in themselves are, in this point of view, of great importance. It is provoking, for instance, to see the pr:judice with which people adhere to old clumsy fire-grates which give out a minimum of heat with a maximum expendi ture of fuel. Dr. Arnott has bestowed on the pub lic a valuable improvement, and the experiments on that and other newly-invented grates, which are recorded in a blue-book of 1857, might with great advantage be extended. Warmth is an important condition of health, and it is only by our deficiency of mechanical skill in the arrangements of our dwellings that warmth has so often to be sacrificed to the ventilation of the apartment. It is very re cently that it has generally been admitted that for the proper government of a town its authorities must be armed with sanatory powers. The common law promises redress for chemical as well as me chanical injuries, and will prescribe the abatement of everything that can ha proved to be a,nuisanco. lint as the cleanliness of a town requires co-opera tion, the ruling body mu,t take the direction. If government is maintained for the protection of per son and property from breaches of the law, why may it not protect, from breaches of sanatory law,, the lives of those subject to its authority, an d'health, which is the capital and stock in trade of the labourer The local authority must in all towns be charged with jurisdiction over the air, and be responsible for preventing its purity from being unnecessarily ielled. The e :penscs of a local act have become unnecessary, end the ample powers of the Public Health Act and the Local Government Act may be adopted without expense, and to such an extent only as may be suitable to the circum stances of the place. One of the greatest advan tages of the last-mentioned act is the facility it affords f altering the boundary of municipal go vernment in conformity with the extension and contraction of the area over which the jurisdiction ought to extend. The law is no longer in fault, hut I ant sorry to say the administration of the law often is. If the good that is to be accomplished by sanatory administration could be be better un derstood end more widely appreciated, benevolence and tl , e noble ambition of taking care of the vital interests of the poor would bring forth eandidat C 3 for town councils and local boards where the disre gard of such results now leaves the field uncontested to such low motives as notoriety, personal in terest, cr the mistaken economy of saving the rates rather than the poor. Scarcely any performance el o als h t e icti.lei N oea N it - tt r lvnp i altua,l3r!spioa- purpose iiropm:,ropeiefti..se.yo:3::elilee,etamstleseritiNslhit:oriiirs,ftpttal;:eni parish lives ee a s_ o " r h a i T s i s c o i , t view fellow-citizens. taken of chief bates, but submits to much that isrepugnant to his a fi n e d ial h a ca n l d th i : pable but rates sn s uo t lunt economy'. ontb ß alflas a inntd t e e gus7 ; fl.: t loori li sc a lti:: : iel. that are saved require faith to discern. But it is easy to demonstrate to any one w h o w i ll li,ten that the refusal of rates for effective drainage and water supply is as extravagant in finance as it is heart less in feeling. If health be not protected by the local rates, the want of it will draw on the poor rate. Sickness breaks in upon the independence of those whose wages only suffice for their support in health; and when an epidemic has forced a Man to receive parish relief he returns to the same resanrco with less repugnance on slighter occasions. Fevers are known to spend their greatest virulence on men in the prime of life, and the extravagance of per mitting, widows and orphans to become chargeable on others is as great as allowing the loss of strong and skilled workmen. Dr. Farr has made an in- genious estimate of the average pecuniary . -value to the community of each human liL, and his figures prove what sommon sense would not question or deny, that it is as profitable to the public purse as it is consonant to every other human interest to execute the dictates of natural laws for the preser vation of life. It seems to me an evidence of the backwardness of our civilisation that sanatory sub jects have so little place in general politics. And it is remarkable that the working classes should never have been made to see how greatly these matters affect their interests. Many agitations have been set on foot among them which have come to nought because not founded on what the rest of the community have admitted to be wisdom and justice. But there is an agitation which I believe would be successful—an agitation for the essentials of a healthy existence. A cry for a new charter might succeed : and certainly would not be treated with disdain, if the five points of that new charter were to lote pure air, pure water, good drainage, unadulterated food, and open spaces for exercise. Such a cry as this would rally together all those who, however they may differ in party politics, arc agreed respecting the brotherhood of a common humanity, and whose heart's desire is to see no one wanting the simple necessaries of a healthy I;fe. Hitherto calamity only has been able to rouse the public to a sense of the importance of this subject. The losses of our army in the Crimea awakened the military authorities to the necessity of consulting sanatory commissioners. During the two years and a quarter that the campaign lasted, out of an army of which the average strength was 34,500, 20,800 died from all causes ; but of these deaths only 5,000 occurred in action, or from wounds inflicted by the enemy. Two-thirds of the whole mortality arose from other causes more de structive than shot, bullet, or bayonet. An equal number of men of the same ages would, according to the average death-rate of the more healthy dis tricts of England, have suffered a loss of only 610 in lieu of 20,000. The astounding discovery that the pi , 2ked men of the army, the most favoured regi ments, were dying at a greater rate than the most neglected classes of the community, was required. before the ignorant and barbarous customs of bar• rack life could b. remedied. The periodical ap- preaches of cholera aroused attention to precautions which have saved thousands from other less strik ing diseases. But it becomes a wise nation not to wait for panics, but to make timely and scientific preparations against every invasion, whether of disease or more visible foes. The health of the people ought to arrest more of the attention of rulers, if it were only that a good digestion and healthy feel ings promote content, while the lean and bilious Cassios always excite apprehension in those who stand round Caesar's throne. The present is a time when we may expect to secure the attention of the public. The great questions in agitation are hardly sufficient to occupy men's minds, or to supply the am munition for party warfare. And it may be seriously questioned whether the discussions about the distri bution of politicalpower,the adjustment oftaxation, and the extension of commerce, important as they are. are likely to lead to a greater increase of the national welfare than the improvements under dis cussion here in the social condition of the people. That improvement, to be real, must extend to the three great parts of our earthly nature—the moral; the intellectual, and the physical. The three can ' not be separated. It is in vain that schools and institutes draw upwards to a loftier region, if they are to be counteracted by repulsive homes, in which the atmosphere is so debilitating as to impart even to the women a craving to get from strong drink the stimulus which nature is there prevented from supplying. And now I come to the part which should devolve upon the Queen's Government in the general effort for the sanatory improvement of the people. There are some who would exclude this altogether from the functions of Government, just as there are some who contend that the Govern ment is the only body in the country that should be debarred from promoting education or the teach ing of religion. But voluntaryism in pestilence and plague has not yet been erected into a con scientious doctrine, nor have the opponents of com pulsory cleanliness declared themselves to be the party for dirt, but they have found a cry a matter of the first importance in such controversies. Their cry is " no centralisation ;" and they declare that, if the Administration at Whitehall is to have any authority to protect health, the sacred principle of self-government ie invaded, and England will be centralised. No I feel as strongly as any inc that centralisation, in its proper meaning, is re pugnant to British notions, and ought to be utterly repudiated. It exists in France, where the local authorities are nominated from the capital, and have to act under directions Elm the Minister of the Interior; but what we have in England is only central superin!endence, as in the instance of the Poor-law Board, which is authorised to compel ob servance of the law by the boards of guardians, and to take cognisance of failures or breaches of their duty, and in the inspection of factories, coal mines, and prisons. The central action which is in accord ance with our constitution, and highly beneficial, is that which renders the responsibility of the local governments a reality, which by skilled inspection and official reports secures publicity to their con duct, and only intervenes when the powers of the local authority are grossly neglected or flagrantly abused. For some years we had a distinct sanatery department of the Government represented in Par liament, but it had no power that could he called centralising, in the obnoxious use of that term. It is true it attempted to guide and to teach, but it had no vocation to coerce. It colleced the experi ence of particular places where experiments had been made for general information. It published reports on the most pressing and difficult sanatory questions, and its advice 'was sought from all parts of the country on legal, medical, and engineering difficulties. It aimed at becoming the brain of the sanatory body, diffusing energy anti guidance through every limb, b u t it never assumed the pre tension of becoming arms or legs, and of substitut ing its own acti on for any other. The powers of the General Board of Health were, doubtless, too limited, and it was taunted with having so little to do. This taunt might have led to the extension of ,its powers to larger spheres had not its opponents succeeded in its destruction. But out of its ashes arose a pheenix which may hereafter take a higher flight. - The medical officer of the Board of Health has become the medical officer of the Privy Council, and has to watch any extraordinary epidemic or excessive amount of fatal disease which may require inspection and report. While Mr. Simon holds that important oflice, its full benefits will be un doubtedly secured. By his comprehensive report on vaccination, he dispelled the doubts and suspi cions of the efficacy of that practice which were lurking even in educated minds, and has laid a foundation in which may safely be rested the justi fication of more effective measures for the abolition of small-pox. 'I he State has a direct interest in guarding against a deterioration of our race. The English workman is the best in the world; the Bri tish soldier has never crossed bayonets with his equal; but the crowdinfs ° of the population in large tow ns without efficient sanatory provisions,-and the want of prudent reeulatinis in many occupations, have an undoubted ° tendency to enfeeble our people. The day cannot be far distant when the improve ments in steam will expose our island to that which every continental country has endured—a struggle for life or death with a foreign invader on our own soil, and our national glory, and possibly our na tional existence, may depend on the undiminished vigour and boldness of our men. I can have no ap prehension about the result ; but I wish to keep in mind that the physical strength, the healthy frames, and the contentment of the people arc no slight ele ments of our national greatness ; and I am confident that in the enlightenment and right feeling of the present generation we shall find a hearty response when we declare that the public health is of funda mental importance, and demands the co-operation of every one who can give a helping hand in every class, from the lowest to the highest in the land. It •is no small help to me in presiding over this depart nient to have the support of so many of those who have taken the earliest and most prominent part in instructing the public mind upon matters relating to the public health. Close to me sits Dr. South wood Smith, who first expounded clearly the con nexion bet Ween the prevalence of fever and the ab sence of drainage, and who for so many years has devoted the energies of - his benevolent mind to the exposit ion of sanatory trat h—M•r. Edwin Chadwick, to whom we are indebted fin' those comprehensive and detailed reports which formed the lever by which the puhlie mind was first moved—Mr. Sin cox, whose admirable reports to tho city of London furnished model; for that species of literature, and whose untiring and fruitful labours in his official capacity we cannot estimate too highly or acknow ledge too thankfully—Dr. Farr, whose magical mastery over figures in analysing, combining and abstracting, forcing them to speak out the truth, has popularised statistics and invested them with a living interest—and our noble President, the Earl • of Shaftesbury, who, directing the Board of Health during the cholera epidemic, exhibited the practical sagacity and self-denying zeal by which lie set a bright example .in so many branches of practical benevolence. (Loud cheers.) THE BUILDERS' STRIKE. -1. -- It has been intimated in previous reports that there are some members of the Masters' Association who are in favour of a more moderate course than that which has heretofore 'been supported by the majority. The protracted discussions at the re• cent meetings were sufficient proof of this difference of opinion, taken in conjunction with the fact that some of the leading employers have constantly shown a great desire to terminate the struggle, if possible, by undertaking to bring under the notice of the executive any proposals emanating from the operatives with that object. The uniform failure of these attempts on their part led last week to the impression, on the part of the men, that ere long a separation would take place between the moderate and extreme sections of the employers' association, and what transpired on Saturday and yesterday seems to confirm that impression. On Saturday the following official communication was received by the Masons' Committee : " To the Masons' Committee, Sun Inn, Lambeth. " Gentleznen,—l invite you to return with the others in Mr. Jay's employ to your foitaer places of work uncondi tionally, without the declaration. " I remain yours truly, " JOHN llawnEs, Foreman of Masons. " Oct. 15, 1859." Yesterday, in reply to a written application, Mr. Thos. Crisp, th© foreman of Mr. Battersbury, Cam den•town, sent the subjoined : " Gentlemen,—Mr. Baitersbury has boon to the yard this morning, to tell me that ho has unconditionally with drawn the document from all branches of his business. Yours, truly, " Taos. Ciusr. " October 17th." This intelligence was confirmed at the Paviors' Arms, where the mceti:ngs of the other four build ing trades are held, With the addition, that Messrs. Wardell and llake.•, of Westminster, had also with drawn the decle.ration, and in both quarters it waa stated that other employers are likely to take the same course. The firms above mentioned will, in the aggregate, employ, a considerable number of those now " locked out." - Mr. Potter, the Secretary of the Conference, re turned to town on Saturday, after having visited some of the principal towns in the manufacturing districts for the purpose of organising local com mittees to procure a continuous supply of funds, if such should be unfortunately required, for the fur ther maintenance of the' position taken up by the trades' societies in resisting the document or decla ration, and will leave town again this day, to be present at a great demonstration of the trades of Birmingham this evening. Similar meetings are expected to be held in other towns for the same purpose. Yesterday the Conference made their thirteenth weekly payment to the men on strike, and the eleventh to those locked out. They paid, as before, 12s. to the skilled and Bs. to the unskilled labourers on strike from Messrs. Trollope's, and the usual dividend of 4s. to the masons, carpenters, plas terers, and Woolwich men. To the stone sawyers and labourers they paid 35., or ls. less than they have hitherto received. This shows a total of 6,079 men, and of cash expended £1,091 Gs., as compared with 5,786 men, and £1,209 last week, or an in crease of 203 men and a decrease of £llO 14s. paid. The result is explained by a considerable number of men having been " called out" from the jobs they were at, and the diminution of the dividend to the labourers. In explanation of this latter step the Conference state that it has always been doubtful how far they were justified ori ginally in placing the labourers and skilled opera tives on an equality with respect to the dividend, seeing that in the first place there was a difference made baween the skilled workmen and labourers in Trollope's ease ; and in the second, that the funds from which these dividends have been mainly paid were subscribed by the skilled trades in the metropolis and the provinces. But in addition to this reason, there was the fact that the skilled building operatives who are in work are contributing an average of 6d. per day to the sup port of those on rilze and locked out, while the labourers, though bound to contribute in like manner, in proportion to their earnings, have not done so. There are about 8,000 members of the " lodges" enumerated in the preceding return, at work, and yet the whole sum they contribute weekly in the shape of " levies" does not amount to more than £7 or £B, while au analysis of the re turn shows that they constitute nearly one-half of the whole of the claimants on the funds, and their resistance to or acceptance of the " document," cannot in any material degree affect the ultimate issue of the struggle, because their services are only ancilliary to those of the skilled operatives. The following return shows the number of skilled and unskilled labourers thus paid for the past week, and the amount received by each body respec tively : (1. Masons .. .. .. 351 122 s. 0 0 Carpenters .. .. .. 1,071 . 214 4 0 Painters .. .• .. 180 36 0 0 Plasterers .. . .. .. 630 126 0 0 Stone sawyers .. .. 74 it 12 0 Woolwich men .. 1-14 28 16 0 Labourers —Lodge 1 .. 340 51 0 0 ~ „ 2 .. 152 22 16 0 » 3 .. 151 23 2 0 3 / •• 4 268 40 4 0 , 5 . 103 16 4• 0 31 » 6 •• 42 1 63 3 0 ~ ~ 7 .. 149 22 7 0 A/ " 8 . • 31 5 2 0 » 9 .. 323 48 9 0 1, ', 10 .. 190 28 10 0 » „ 11 (paid vial Woolwich men) „12 .. 20 3 0 0 •13 .. 13 1 1 0 Nonl ' sociely men .. .. 700 10 5 0 0 Trellope's men .. .. 118 54 0 0 6,079 £1,098 6 0 It would appear, however, that the diminution of the dividend, and the distinction thus for the first time made between them and the skilled artisans, produced as soon as it was known great dissatisfac tion, which is likely to pervade the whole of these lodges. Just as the Conference was about to close the business of the day a riotous, violent, and dis graceful scene occurred at the Paviors' Arms. A body of labourers, headed by a man known as Jim Macarthy, made their appearance and demanded instantly to see Mr. Potter and Mr. Noble, whose names were coupled with epithets of the coarsest description. They were informed that the members of the Conference were at that moment busy, but if they would wait for a few minutes they would be attended to. This did not satisfy the leader, who, using the most horrible imprecations and foul lan guage, rushed by the door-keeper and up-stairs, followed by his companions, into a large room adjoining the committee-room, where they com menced hooting, yelling, and stamping, and swear ing that they w ould pull every brick of the house down. Mr.Macintee, a member of the Conference, immediately made his appearance, and quietly in quired what they wanted, but it was some time before any voice could be heard amid the clamour, tumult, and confusion ; but in answer to the demand for more money, Mr. Macintee said the Conference had done the best they could for them, and if they were not satisfied they were quite at liberty to act for themselves. This statement led to a renewal of the confusion and violence, and a personal attack upon Mr. Macintee seemed imminent, when Mr. Potter entered the room, and the leader advanci ng to him in a menacing manner demanded to see the books. Mr. Potter replied he had no objection to produce ,the books at the proper time, but before entering into any communication he wished to know the name of the person who asked for them. This request.vas met by evasion and fi c ti t i ous names for some time, but at last he gave the name of Macarthy, and as residence, " No. 181, Ireland." Mr. Potter, however, could not dr aw f rom hi m a distinct statement of his busi ness th ere, b ut in the midst of the confusion, Macarthy seeing that four police-constables had entered the room, suddenly made a rush to the op en window, and would have jumped i n t o the street had not some half-dozen of those in the room seized him by the legs, and held him back. The appearance of the officers, however, produced a sudden calm, which enabled a member of the Conference to charge Macarthy and anothe r man , w h o h a d t a ken a pro minent part in these riotious proceedings, with having received the strike money twice over, and that on more than occasion. Upon heraing that aclilayrgreel,4l,acarthv left the room without making and was followed by his companions, who threatened to return to-day and pull down the house, if their demands were not complied with. Of course measures will be taken to prevent the renewal of such disorderly and violent proceedings. EXTRAORDINARY PIT ACCIDENT.—A most extra orainary- accident occurred on Wednesday, at Messrs. Hall, Ho!croft, and Pearson's pits, at Kingswinford, near Dud ley. Daring the day, while the men were engaged in the'r usual work, about 50 tons of coal fell, burying 11 of the men. The scaffold pales and supports, however, sayud the men's lives • and only one man was severely injured. It was seven !lours betbre the men could be got out.--Man elrester Guardian. FAMILIES OF SOLDIERS SERVING IN INDIA. -I'llo 11r o nieft, of 1,346 ions, Captain James Jaelcs,u, belonging to 1:Ir. llenry Sharpies, of Liverpool, chartered by her INlakisty's Emigration Commissioners, under directions f the Horse Guards, sailed from Birkenhead, on th e 14th 1 : () inst., for Calcutta, with 20 married couples, 218 mar ried women, 7 single men, 10 single women, 155 boys be tween the ages of 1 and 12, 132 girls between the same ages, 12 male and 9 female infants, making a t o t a l of- 5 83 souls. equal to 418} statute adults, under charge of Surgemi Superintendent Edward Kearney, aided by the services of a suitable matron, and a few married soldiers, who will act as constables during the voyage. The paSsengers consisted of tha wives and children of the , soldiers b e l ong i ng to the 60th Rifles, and the 3d, 31th, 35th, 60th, 67th, 69th, 71st, 73d, 75th, 79th, 8 in 20,.84th. 88th, 90th, 97 t h , and 99th Regi ments, now serving in India, from whom they have been separated since the breaking out of the mutiny. AQUA TICS. TRADESMEN'S FOUR-OARED RACES. The members of the Arundel Alliance Rowing Club and the Prince of Wales Aquatic Club both contended yester day in four •oared races for silver prizes, from Lambeth Pier to Battersea Old Bridge. ARUNDEL ALLIANCE ROWING CLUB.—The following were the results in this race : Blue Mr. F. Kerr Mr. J. Castles Mr. 11. Waghorn Mr. W. Williams Mr. E. Lancaster, coxswain. _ Red , Mr. J. May Mr. J. Philips Mr. C. May, coxswain. 31Ir. J. Hobbs Mr. T. Cotter White Mr. R. Allen Mr. A. Speer I Mr. J. Abs o l om Mr. E. Smith Mr. E. Knightley, coxswain. Blue took the lead, and kept it all the way, but only won by a couple of lengths, losing their yoke lines during the race. Red end Whitorowed a very desperate raco to Pim lico, White leading there by half-a-length ; but at the New Bridge Red were too much for them, and went in second by two lengths. PRINCE OF WALES AQUATIC CLEl3.—This race con cluded as follows Blue Mr. W. Dineen Mr. C. Scott I Mr. J. Dineen Mr. J. McQuire Mr. J. Hayes, coxswain. Rod Mr. F. Payne Mr. C. Eyles Mr. H. Dobson Mr. T. Fricker J. Burton, coxswain. Blue took the lead, holding it by a trifia to Vauxhall bridge. At this point Rod came up, and a very determined race followed to Pimlico Pier. Here Blue again went ahead, and increasing their lead, won by two lengths. THE CHAMPIONSHIP OF THE THAMES. The stakes in this match, £4OO, were, says the Durham County Advertiser, duly handed over last week to Robert Chambers, champion of the Thames, together with L 5 sent to him by the liberality of Lord Kihnorey, for which Cham bers requests publicly to thank his lordship ; and on Friday last, attended by his faithful friend and trainer, the veteran Henry Clasper, he returned to Newcastle, his blushing honours thick upon him, where he will, no doubt, be as warmly received by his admiring countrymen as his great victory deserves. Previous to his departure Chambers stated it to be his intention to do all in his power to excite the sympathy of the northerns on behalf of Henry Kelly. COUNTRY MARKET& COLCIIESTER—OcT. 15. A short supply of what to-day at the corn-exchange, and the best qualities were is dearer, Fine barley in good demand ; feeding samples rather dearer. Beans and peas supported late rates. Wheat, white 42s to 52s Beans, Mazagan..32s to 34 4 red 32s to 44s I Middle & small 36s to 405 Barley 16s to 46a White peas 4os to 42 5 I Oats lBB to 28s Grey.. 32s to 365 CHELMSY RD—OcT. 14. A liberal supply of wheat ness transacted for good qua; taken slowly. Prices is to 2 Wheat, white—. 42s to 53s red 40s to 46s Barley 32s to 40s Chevalier 34s to 44s Grinding 26s to 31s Malt 60s to 66s Chevalier 63s to GBs Oats 24s to 33s rind barley, and a firm busi.• ales, but inferior sorts were s higher. Peas, Partridge 3Bs to 40; White 38s to 403 Boilinrr „... 38s to 423 Dun 33s to 365 Deans, Tick —4os to 425 Harrow Ticks 41s to 443 ZMazagan 368 to 333 OXFORD-Om 15. A large quantity of wheat on offer to-day, with a good attendance of buyers, and there was a fair demand. The generality of the transactions were at 2s over last week's rates—viz., for white, 46s to 528, red 42s to 468 per qr. Barley plentiful, and a few prime lots were soon caught up at is advance. Best samples were worth 40s, and inferior sold as low as 28 8 . Oth er gra i n d u ll. Oat s 198 to 295, but little doing. Beans, 38s to 50s. Hog peas, 398 to 428; boilers, 45s to 50s per qr. Flour, 32s per sack. Hay, lion/. £3 lOs to £1 Os per ton. DERBY—OcT. 15. A middling show of wheat at market yesterday. Trade was inactive, at an advance of is on the currency of last week. Barley in moderate demand, and as dear. Oats in rather heavy demand, at about late rates. Beans were a small show, and maintained quotations. White wheat, new, 46s to 52s Barley, grinding.. 27s to 300 Red do. Old white 46s to 52s New do 24s to 30 Red do. 403 to 46s Beans.. 47s to 49 1 Barley, malting... .363 to 44s I Beans, new —s to ----0 YORK-Orr. 15. A fair attendance at market today; yet, notwithstand ing-, very little business was transacted. A small show of wheat, with a slow sale. Malting barley in good demand/ at late rates ; inferior qualiiie,z the turn lower. Sprint , corn scarce, and dull.. Beans heavy, at late prices. Wheat .38s to 423 Oats . 22s to 2t 4 White do '.4ts to 50s Man 40s to 44 4 Barley .28e to 38s Peas to FOREIGN MAIL PACKET LIST. In the follovvinz table E signifies that letters aro despatehel by evening mails from London, and 31 by morning Nest DESTINATIONS. Despatch' Port of Mail of Mails. Despatch. due -----' Australia and Mauritius, via Southampton Nov.l2, hi Southamp. Nov. 10 Ditto, via Marseilles Bahamas and II :walla via New York Oct. 28, E Liverpool.. Oct. 2 7 9 Canada, .lc. (by Canada. pckt.) Oct. 18, E Li verpoo l .. Oct. 1 - Cape of Good Mope, Ascen sion, and St. Ilelena China, Pcnano• and Singa pore, via Southampton Ditto, via Marseilles Gibraltar, via Southampton.. Oct. 20, 11 Southamp. Oct. 19 Honduras and Blewflelds .... Oct. —, M SOutliamp. overdu e India (Calcutta) and Ceylon, via Southampton Oct. 20, 31 Southamp. Oct. 19 Ditto, via 3rarseiiles India (Bombay), via South ampton Ditto, via MarseillesO c t.l9 Lisbon, Brazils,Buenos Ayres, Oct. (t Oct.. 2 18 7, , 3 11 1 Southamp. Oct. 21 ) and F. Islands Lisbon, Vigo, and Oporto O ct. —, il Southamp. Oct. 21 Malta, Egypt, and Aden, via Ditto, via 1 arsenics Oct. 19 Mexico and Havana ........ Nov. 2, 31 Southamp. Nov. 1 Newfoundland ........... Oct. 21, E Galway United States and Br . itish N . . 131.1 1 Southamp. Oct. 19 America (by British packet) Oct. 21, E Liverpool Oct. 19 Ditto (by U. S. packet) .... Oct. 19, E Southamp. W M est Coast of Africa, a deira, and Tenerilfe ....... Oct. 24, E Liverpool Nog. 9 West India, California, Vene zuela, Chili, Peru, Grey town, New Granada, &e. .. Oct. 17, 11 Southamp: overdue We observe, through a notice in the Ponl,roke shire livald, of Friday, that Mr. Woodin is still astonish" inn the natives in the provinces with his never-ending " Oho of Oddities." His last performance appears to have t Awn place at Haverfordwest. [ADVERTISE]IENT.]—The following are some of many thousand extraordinary cures without medicine effected by Du Barry's delicious Health Restoring . Rovalenta Arabia' Food of Indigesti o n (dy s p e p s i a ), flatulency, constipation , nervous, bilious and liver complaints, cough, asthma, col' sumption, and debility :—Cure No. 41,617. IVinchestect December 3, 1817.—G entlemen,—l am happy to be able to inform you, that the person for whom your Revalenta W"0 has derived very great benefit from its use ; dis tressing, symptoms of dropsy, dyspepsia, and constipatio o of long standing have been removed, and a feeling of re-. at. red health induced. Having Witnessed the benefiol effects in the above mentioned case, I can with confidence recommend it, and shall have much pleasure in doing S° whenever an oppo r t un it y o ff ers, & e., & c.—James Shorlapat late surgeon 96th Regiment.—Cure No. 52,422. Bridge; house, Friniley, April 3, 1851.—Thirty-three . years diseased lungs, spitti ng o f bl oo d , li ver derangement, deafness, sing: in in the ears, constipation, debility, shortness of breath and cough, have been removed by your Revalenta Idea. My lungs, liver, stomach, head, and cars are a" right, my hearing perfect, and my recovery is a marvel to all my acquaintances. James Roberts, timber merchant' In tins, at ls. 6d. •, 11b., 1 35. ; 21b., ss. 9d. ; 51b., 125.; 12113.0 265. The 101 b. and 121 b. tins carriage free, on receipt of post' office order. Du Barry and Co., 77, Regent-street, London . Fortnum, Mason, and Co., 182, Piccadilly; Abbis, 6( , ), Graeechurch-street ; 4, Ch eaps id e ; 63, and 150, Oxford' street; 330 awl 451, St ran d ; 49 and 60, Bi s h o psgate• street ; 85, Tottenham-court-road. Also at Dublin, Bewley and Draper ; - at Edinburgh, Raimes and Coq at Liverpool, Ni xon an d Th ew; a t M anc h ester, Sharp alla Scott; at York, Raimes, Blanchard, and Co.; at South" ampton. Randall and Son. BIRTHS. 13ICKRR-CAARTEN.—On the 16th inst., at 8, Upper West" bourne-terrace, Hyde-park, the wife of Alfred Bicker' Caartcn, Esq., of a son. KNATennum.-HuoEssEN.—On the 16th inst., at 12, John" street, Berkeley-square, the wife of Edward lillgeSSCl l ICnatchbull-Hugessen, Esq., AI.P., of a daughter. STYLE.—On the 15th inst., at St. Leonard's-on-Sea, the Hon. Mrs. William Style, of a daughter. MARRIAGES. - - Cueztrat—KEW.—On the 15th inst., at St. Barnabas , South Kensington, Gresham P. R. Crozier, Esq., eldest sou of F. 11. Crozier, Esq., of the Elms, Lymington, Ilauts, to Laura, youngest daughter of William Rat, Esq., of the Priory-road, Wandsworth-road. MEITER — KNEN ETT. —O n the 15th inst. at St. Thomas's; Arbour-sq uare, M r. Charles William Meiter, only son 01 Mr. C. Moiler, Stockholm, toElizabeth, second daughter of Thos. Knevett, Esq., late of ll.M.'s Custcms. BEATIIS. AYLWTN.—On the 16th inst., at 40, Meellenburgh-squat ey Robert Aylwin, Esq., age 62. Aux. - N.—O n the 14th inst at Smarden Kent, Gallia Allen, Esq., aged 78. , , PITZGERALD.—On the 15th inst., Cecilia Maria, widow of the l a t e Right Hon. Maurice Fitzgerald, Knight of Kerry. GRANT.--On the 15th inst., at Chester-terrace, Regent's - Park, Sir Thomas Passel Grant, K.C.8., F.R.S., aged I. lIALL.—On the 1-Ith inst., at Alfreton, Dertyskire, Ger vase Cressy Hall, Esq., aged 61. HEAD.—On the 25th ult., drowned while bathing, John Head, only eon of the Right Hon. Sir E. W. Head, Bt., Governor-General of British North America. WELLs —On the 16th inst., at Redleaf, the Rev. Frederic Wells, of the London Oratory, aged 33. LONDON : Printed and Published by MURDO YOUNG of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at The Sun Office, No. 1 12, Strand, in the Precinct of th e S avoy , in th e coun ty f Niddiescx, Tueslay, October 18, 1859.