The Sun. — London, England, 1869-09-24 00:00:00

.LORD r, A RNA.RFON ON THE IRISH LAND QUESTION.' --4 The Earl of Carnarvon has been speaking at Aldbury on the land question. The occasion was that of the annual ',fleeting of the:High Clere Agricultural Association. His lordship, responding to the toast of his health, spoke of the swift rate of progress the political and social worlds ;were now making—travelling by express train. He ex pressed his :fear of "new-fangled experiments" with machinery, and wished to have "a steady driver." Nor did he care to sit either in the fore or in the last carriage of the train. '• He would sit between the two extremes. The way in which the country passed from one subject to another was remarkable. "Two months ago," said his lordship, "we were dealing in Parliament with the Irish Church. To-day, on my return to England, I find the whole country and the press engaged in the old controversy of Protection. To-morrow we are told, not to say threatened, that wo are going to deal with the land question. Last year a very eminent member of the present Government (Mr. Bright) said that he had a bill on the land question in Ireland in his pocket. A few weeks after that wo had a bill brought forward which was intended to settle certain unquestionable difficulties which exist in Ireland with regard to land. It was admitted on all sides that that bill contained some very excellent and satisfactory principles for dealing with it, but it was shelved because tho Government preferred to introduce a bill themselves. They had a speech from a noble friend of mine, who is now a Cabinet Minister (Lord Hartington), in which he very eloquently adjured men of all political opinions, and all parties, to lay aside their prejudices and give the Government their help in carrying the Irish Land Bill, whatever it may be. Of course, if that bill should prove to be a, remedy for the evils and - difficulties which unquestionably exist in Ireland, if that bill should be founded on just ,and equitable principles, and is calculated to place the relations of landlord and tenant on a satisfactory and equitable footing, well may every moderate man give his Support to that bill. If, on the other hand, I am to believe that certain platform orators speak the opinions of Government and their intentions ; if they are right in some of the extraordinary nostrums they have propounded On the subject—nostrums mixed up with eulogies of tFenianism, and abuse and denunciations of this country, I Am afraid there is not a very encouraging prospect for moderate men like ourselves—and all I can do is to advise her Majesty's Government to throw overas soon as possible those so-called allies of theirs, who only bring discredit on what they say is a right and moderate cause." Having thus pleaded for moderation, Lord Carnarvon yent on to denounce " heroic " remedies—heroism with other folks' property. Discussing Mr. Bright's scheme, he paid. " The scheme is recommended as purely voluntary and optional, by which the land was to be purchased at an Addition of 10 per cent. from all who liked to part with it. That might be a very good bargain for the landowners who want to put 10 . per cent. into their pockets, and a very good bargain also for the Irish peasant who is to have it for nothing, or very little more than nothing, but it would be a very extravagant bargain for the British taxpayer, and one which I should hope the Chancellor of the Exchequer will be slow to accede to." To make the measure compulsory would be confiscation ; in which the country is not likely to indulge. There is some talk in high places of governing Ireland for the Irish. ,The words themselves are harmless enough :—" The danger Of these words is that they raise vague illusions in the mind of an excitable peasantry. The same people who tell us we ought to govern Ireland for the Irish, tell us also that the instincts of the people never change. They say that the Irish peasant, being a Celt, desires land, and that the only way of governing him is to give him land; if We look back on Irish history and see the way in which Ireland was governed formerly, we shall see the whole country was parcelled out into certain districts, which belonged to certain tribes, and that on the death of the chieftain of each tribe the land was parcelled out afresh to all the members of the tribe. If the instincts of the people never change that is what is meant by the term governing Ireland for the Irish.' No man in his senses would wish to go back to such a state of barbarism." • The real Irish difficulty (Lord Carnarvon went on to say) is that caused by the absence of compensation to tenants for improvement. That is an injustice; one which ought to be remedied; one which can be easily remedied. " believe the real principle by which that difficulty can be ;overcome is by a proper system of leases. In every other part of the world leases are being adopted more and more. In Ireland it has been said, and it is a remarkable fact, that where leases have been given, there emigration has to a great extent diminished. In England we have no difficulty in dealing with any of those questions by means of leases. If the system were fairly worked, and political agitation were hot allowed to intervene, the difficulties under which Ire land suffers will absolutely disappear. The advantages of Proceeding under a written contract aro obvious. In the first place, it secures freedom of action for both parties. :In a country disturbed by political and agrarian feeling, you institute a more wholesome and safer agency. Stated in black and white the terms by which both parties are bound, neither one can avoid the obligation without feeling he has been wanting in good faith." Lord Carnarvon assured the meeting that he had always approved of small holdings; that is a certain proportion of small holdings. They are good because they afforded certain steps in the social ladder by which tho labourer can gradually raise himself into another condi tion, and ultimately into another sphere of life from that in which he started. "It has been the glory of England that in every single branch of public life those steps on the great social ladder of improvement have never een wanting. It is our glory that the highest place in law, !the most exalted position in the Church, the highest posi `tion in the land may all be claimed and obtained, howoverlow may be the sphere, and however humble may be the rank in which the man commenced life. And I trust that it ever may be so. Those traditions are the glory and strength of Conservatism. But the subject is not one for legislation; small holdings cannot be made by law. Attempt it, and the whole legislative fabric will crumble. Universal small holdings, too, are impossible. In Flanders, where they largely prevail, the small farmers are in a worse position than the English farm labourer. In many parts of Ger many the country is cut up into small divisions. The consequence is that one-half of Germany is forced to emi grate. Certainly that is not a state to which we wish to .reduce the farmers of England. Take, in the next place, the country where the success of the system had been so . remarkable—France. You have a very large portion of France divided and subdivided into small holdings, soil, 'ad climate, legislation, and every conceivable- cir cumstance in its favour, "and what is the result ? The result at this moment is one - universal cry of distress from the whole agricultural interest of France—a cry so loud, so' prolonged that the French Government have been obliged to issue a commission, and the length of the report of the commission, which consists of some twenty-six on twenty-seven volumes, be any proof of the extent of the evil, I think we may congratulate ourselves that it is not our case. The commissioners tell you that there is almost a total absence of capital and agricultural science and skill ; there is no machinery, and that proper drainage is not attempted. Lastly, we hear that the great bulk of the small French farmers are almost entirely in the hands of usurers. Labour, moreover, is scarce, and the land is crippled by taxes imposed in cases of transfers. If that be the state of the case abroad, it affords us very little inducement to apply the system to Ireland. The tendency of modern times is to make agri culture more and more a matter of capital and scientific skill. Where science and capital are applied the condition of the labourer is invariably improved—in wages, in position, and' in all_ the circumstances of domestic life. Remember whatever proposals are made in Parliament or ottt of Parliament, we have a duty to discharge to Ireland. We are responsible for the legislative panaceas to be put forward. We have no sight hastily, or from a false love of popularity, or any unworthy motive, to offer to .Ireland as a boon that which is no boon at all. In the next place, remember also you have a duty to owners of all property, no matter what that property is. Twenty five years ago, when Ireland was in a state of great distress, a considerable number of Englishmen went over to Ireland and sought pieces of land, and invested their capital in the same. What - are you going to do with these men ?Is their property to be confiscated ? If you are going to' do that, you will be guilty of the height of in justice. Lastly, remember that whatever principle is applied in Ireland to land, the principle is also applicable to every other form of property you please, whether invested in the funds, in the stocks, in the railways, or in the savings banks. Let us lay down not too hastily any principle which we are not, in all deliberation, prepared to apply to ourselves, and to every form cf property, whatever it be, or wherever it be, within the bounds cf the English empire, WHERE IGNORANCE IS Buss, ACC.—A FACT. — Party (who has brought back the " music stool in disgust), " Look c'cre, Mister Auctioneer, this plaguey thing aint no manner of use at all. I've twisted 'an round, and 01' woman 'av twisted un' round, but sorra a bit of toon we can get cut of 'un I " • A MODERN FALSTAFF.—The robbeli who lately attacked Baron Gazioli in Italy have been arrested and sent to Rome. They turn out to have been only two men and a boy, and as the Baron, a stout gentleman of CO, was accompanied by his two grown-up sons, all three Laving revolvers, their ready surrender of their property Li not thought very heroic. Their alarming account of the klEau44 tIVRAIN t 9 leui VrnovlAk qmiram LITERATURE. IILRELI This is not only a novel, it is no a prose poem. The story shews that the author is not only a romancist, bat likewise a genuine artist and poet. It is long since we have read a tale into which such fine workmanship has been put. Novels there are in abundance, wherein the plot is more intricate, the incidents are more sensational, the characters more numerous. But there is a quiet concen tration of energy combined with a true poetic instinct in this book which we have not seen for many a day. There is one point open to question in the narrative. sad we admit that it is unquestionably an important one Is it possible that the hero could, in so short a time as Mr. Saun ders depicts him, have been the subject cf two such absorb ing passions as those which he felt for the two chief women of the sto ? If Mr. Saunders appeals to Shakspere and reminds vs that Romeo was on his way from serenading Rosalind, when he fell in love with Juliet, we reply that Shaksp e draws a wide distinction between the two kinds of love which Romeo felt. The first was clearly but a passing ancy of idleness, spending itself in ditties sung to the accompaniment of a guitar. The second was an all-consuming passion, stronger ,than life itself. But John Cunliff's two loves were both of this latter character, both drove him nearly to despair and suicide, and they came so closely tcyfether that one was driven out by the other. Fickleness is common enough when the fancy only is eng ,ged, bu' when heart and soul are absorbed, it is surely unknown. And it must be remembered that Cunliff was no inexperienced youth. Ile was a man of the world, who had a ; his full share of the grand passion before. Perhaps Mr. Saunders would argue that inasmuch as the first passion was unlawful it was likely enough to be chased away by the second. We doubt it; nevertheless, our doubt has not impaired the pleasure with which we had read this very beautiful tale. John Rymer Cunliff, the country gentleman, the man who when he was at Oxford was considered safe to win success in any career that he a igbt choose, has at ;the time that we are introduced to him frittered away ener gies and talents in folly, and something worse. At last be encounters the young wife ( f an elderly husband, and after many meetings and much talk about subjects in which they find a c mmon interest, their frien lrhip becomes dangerously intimate. ( atherine Rhys is kept from falling by a kind letter which she received from her husband, in which he refers to the rumours he had heard respecting her and Cun'iff, but expresses his unshaken trust in her. Their last interview—or rather last but one, for there is another with tragic issues to come—is very powerfully described, and there is true artistic finish in the surroundings of that scene. A very different man from John Cunliff is Robert Chamberlayne, the honest, handsome, frank-hearted Kent farmer. Still more different is Chamberlayne's cousin, Elias Morgan, the Welsh farmer, with his stern Puritanism Elias Morgan, the Welsh farmer, with his stern Psi) tanism that will not allow him to shew either sorrow under suffering, or love for his daughter Hirell. A little while before the story opens, Chamberlayne, who had long loves Hirell, had been the bearer of good news to Morgan, had told him of a fortune of £7,000 that had been left to him. But the fortune turned out a phantom ; swindlers had devoured it, and Chamberlayne had the sad mission of going down to Wales to announce the bursting of the bright bubble. He found the farmer who had so long wrestled with penury, sunning himself in his supposed new fortune. His young brother was starting for college, his daughter was dressed in raiment such as she had only dreamed of before ; new rooms had been added to the house, a new waggon stood in the court ; and all these things Elias, scrupulously honest, the man to whom an unpaid debt was misery, had bought with money that did not exist. Above all, there was the new chapel, Morgan's chief pride and hope, and whose foundation his friend, Mr. Ephraim Jones, was there to celebrate. The table that of old used to be sparely supplied, lay covered with tempting viands. The message of sorrow is then told, "They will all want comfort from you," he is gently warned. " Comfort!" he repeated grimly. "No, air, my family will expect of me that I do my duty. You come to see how Idoit in this sore strait. You shall see ; you shall see me do it according to mylight—according to my light." The light v-ss a narrow one, but intense. First of all. it 'hewed him the well-filled table where the new plate was shining. " Kezia !" She bad =^-t come into the room, and was standing like one petrifies as wile looked at Elja.q. He stood at the head of the table, and motionel with his hand, as he said, sternly, " Gather these up—pack them as they were before. They go back ; they are not mine." " Elias ?" cried Kezia. " Mr. Lloyd ; oh, mercy ! wha is the matter ?" " ()hey me !" shouted Morgan The letters which he had written for Hugh to take with him to London lay on the table close to his hand. His eye fell on these next. He took them up quietly and tore eacn in two, and dropped both to U., ga, . i.:. Just then a soft rustle of silk drew his eyes to the door, and in a moment Hirell entered, coming quickly,l conscious of having loitered over her new dress. She noticed nothing strange at first, for she was full of tender expectancy or the surprise and pleasure of her father and Hugh. They all watched her approach, and trembled for her at the cruel severity of the voice that went to meet her and arrest her steps. " Hirell !" She stood still, her colour went, and she turned her soft, startled eyes from ono to another; thenlthey returned to her father's face with a look of great fear and trouble. It did not soften the indomitable sternness of that face, and only a sharp spasmodic quiver passed over it, as Elias stretched out his arm and pointed to her dress. ," Take it off 1" he cried ' • " go, take it off !— an d th ese gauds," touching her necklace with a cold trembling finger ; "off with th em , Kezia, take them off s !" Kezia, with her u sua l prompt obedience, came in timid ' haste, unclasped the necklace, and laid it on the tabl before her master. " Go with her," he said to Kezia, pointing to Hirell, "and take off that gown, and bring it here, and all her other finery and your own—all that has been bought with this money." Hirell, in her great perplexity and terror, allowed Kezia to lead her away, and as they went Elias turned upon Hugh. " Brother ! if I am not to have help from you, let sae have, at least, obedience, If you must grieve as a child, obey like a child. Those clothes that you had made at Dolgarrog, put them up—all of them. Give me that watch." Hugh roused himself, and threw the watch on the table by Hirell' pin n e fn klace. a r handkerchief." While Hugh was taking it out, a Leavy manning tread was heard along the passage—a form stood in the doorway, and all but Mr. Lloyd recognised the burly figure and strongly blotched face of the Calvinist preacher. the Rev. Ephraim Jones. " Well, friend Elias," he cried, In his loud, hoarse voice, wiping the moisture from his face. " Here you are. feasting like Job among his brethren, when the days of his trouble were passed. Well, shall I, like them, con dole with you over the evils that are gone, or rejoice with yon for the peace and plenty that have been showered ea your home ? " Elias looked at him, his clenched hand on the table, nostrils distended. " Do neither, friend Ephraim," be answered, in a voice of hard, calm agony. " Since you are come, assist me to set my house in order; for God bath commanded that Mammon shall depart from it ; and I am sorely troubled in destroying his idols and tearing his bonds from Us hearts of my children." The Rev. Ephraim is better than he looks. He is true as steel and of a tender heart, for all his blotched face. Poor Hirell comes back, no longer in silk array, but in her very oldest, most washectout dress. The sudden change from joy to grief is too great for her. She faints, and burly Ephraim helps her up tenderly, offering, in a loud, harsh voice, a compliment that comes from the heart—" Foolish maiden, what need hest thou of these things, thou lily of the field?" Though Elias Morgan sends back alt ins purchases there is oue luxury which he will not deny himself. " Friend Ephraim," said Eli as , t urn i ng to him with gleaming eyes, " the chapel shall not be stopped. What I have bought with this money for the uses of the flesh and the devil I take back from the flesh and the devil ; but rather than take that back which I have bought and consecrated for God's use, I will beg ; I will beg ' "And I, too, Elias," answered the minister, "I will beg for you rather than stop that work. One triumph you shall have—one sweet drop in your cup of bitterness." It is into this household of stern grim honesty, of narrow theological views, but of unshaken trust in Provi dence, that Robert Chamherlayne introduces as a lodger John Cunliff, the blase man of the world. Cunliff goes there in order t) be near Mrs. Rhys. A very different motive detains him. Pity is the mother of love, and Hirell's tender compassion for one who is evidently suf fering soon gives rise to new emotions. The two are betrothed. But, before that, Mrs. Rhys visits Cunliff to warn him that he is in danger from her husband. She sees Cunliff and Hirell together, and though they as yet do not know their own secret, she sees it at a glance, and a very painful scene follows. Cunliff has to return to toy: n, and whi'e there, comes into a baronetcy an 1 a splendid fortune. And old friend exhorts him to abandon his evil courses, to enter Parliament, and do good to the State and win fame fur himself, and to marry a wife who will help him up the ladder of renown. Then comes a sore . struggle, in which selfishness prevails. Cunliff, after a long absence and silence, returns to Wales, takes Hirell to his castle without telling her that it is his ; reads to her Tenayson's " Lord Lurleigh," but proposes to take a course utterly different from is ; a course selfish and dishonourable to the last degree. The scene is very powerfully drawn. We shall not do the author the injustice of telling the di noaement. Suffice it to say that the story is throughout pure in conception, as well as artistic in realisation. There are a few miner faults, especially one in the first chapter, where the hours of the day are confused, and there is a little uncertainty as to the thawing of some cf the minor characters, espe cially Hugh. But on the whole the book deserves high praise, and will no dcubt be widely rea.l. DuNvILLE and Co., Belfast, are the largest holders of Whisky in the world. Their Old Irish Whisky is re commended by the medical profession in preference to French Brandy. Supplied in casks and cases for home use or exporta tion Quotations on application to Messrs. Dunville and Co , Belfast; or 4, Beaufort-buililings, Strand, LondQn, W,C.—[Ad v.l tiaement. THE SUN, LONDON, FR, I PAY EVENING, S COLORADO, (From the Anglo-American Tinic.3.) No. ITI. Denver, the " City of the Plains," is the metro polis of Colorado, though not the State capital. Three years ago when Hepworth Dixon was there, he thus described it:—" Denver is a city of 4,000 people, with ten or twelve streets laid out, with two hotels, a bank, a theatre, half a dozen chapels, fifty gambling-houses, and a hundred grog-shops. As you wander about these hot and dirty streets you seem to be walking in a city of demons." Mr. Whitney, writing later, says that Denver contains from 7,000 to 8,000 people:; its regularly laid out streets are lined by blocks of brick houses, with seven churches, two seminaries and other common schools, one theatre, three daily newspapers, and one weekly, a national and other banking houses, as well as a Mint. It has several large hotels and restaurants, where everything can be supplied in abundance, cheap, and of good quality. Professor Whitney is now at the head of an exploring party in Colorado, and with him is the well-known au thor, Samuel Bowles, whose late work on the Far West is believed to be the fullest and best yet pub lished. Denver is 580 miles west of Omaha, and 586 east of Salt Lake City. Its first house was built in 1857, but was deserted in 1859. Under the name of St. Charles it again rose in 1858, and the following year the Leavenworth and Pike's Peak Express Company drove to it their first coach. Its situation is pleasant on a gently sloping plain, facing the Platte River, spanned by three bridges, near where it issues from the mountains, the city be ing some 13 miles from the foot of the hills, and it is probable that it now contains upwards of 12,000 inhabitants. At a glance it takes in 200 miles of snowy mountains, including Long's and Pike's Peaks, eastward the prairies stretch around the horizon, intersected by grey lines of roads and th e green threads of timber along the streams. The Platte can be traced for 70 miles, and the Spanish Peaks of New Mexico arise to the view in the south over 100 miles distant, as seen from the summits be hind Denver, numerous lakes being grouped or dotted about. For 90 miles the road runs North of Den ver, towards Bridger's Pass, seeking an opening along the giant wall to the left. One pass taken by Fremont, in 1845, penetrates the hills south of Denver, through the gorge of the Arkansas, passing over the range at an elevation of 9,200 feet, and turning round the South Park down the valley of the Roaring Fork crosses the Grand River and passes on to Utah. The road Mr. Hepworth Dixon and other authors followed, skirts, but did not enter, the great Alpine scenery of Colorado, the red tint of which induced the Spaniards to give it this name. Long's Peak is 40 miles to the north of the town, its summit covered with snow, and its base thickly wooded with pine. Sixty miles south of Denver, towards Pike's Peak, over a track of 20 miles, stand natural monuments of stone, upright shafts of rock, assuming fantastic forms, some crowning summits like immense castles, but most in size and shape like grave stones and monuments, studding the ground over hundreds of acres, which, in the midst of pine groves, give the same effect as a well-shaded cemetery. Near Colorado city, at the font of Pike's Peak, they culminate in one im mense gateway of solid rock, known as the en trance to the garden of the gods. Directly west of Denver the range is broken by the gorge of a stream (a branch of the Platte) through which a road is carried toEmpire City well within the mountains, 49 miles distant from Denver; a daily coach, carrying passengers for $lO each runs between these cities, connecting also Golden City, which lies at the en trance of the Canon. Up another gorge from this valley is Central City. Both these towns aro well within the Alpine range, and separated from each other by about 15 miles. Within 7 miles of Empire City is Georgetown ; these and numerous other settlements being mere mining locations. George town is at the foot of the Republican Mountain though 9,000 feet above the sea level, while the summit of the mountain is 12,000. The George town Miner is published there, and Mr. Barnard, its editor, reports the progress of mining operations. The yield of silver from Georgetown alone will ex ceed that of last year by 150 per cent., and the new machines being introduced for concentrating ore before smelting will probably increase the estimate. The mines of Empire City are gold, with easily worked veins of from 3 to 12 feet thick. The " Conqueror" has a shaft sunk 225 feet, and the ore is so soft that it is spaded up. The ores are pyrites of iron, with some copper and a large amount of sulphur and sulphate of copper, the gold being very fine, of which the miners estimate that they often get from 80 to 90 per cent. assayed at .850 to .880 fine. Twenty-five miles north of Empire City, as well as at Black Hawk and. Nevada, are these lodes, and a vast country of the same auriferous kind is found to the south of Empire City, stretch ing from 20 to 100 miles. Scattered over the Alpine region are mining camps, which continue to grow and extend, notwithstanding the difficulty of tran sport. The value per ton of ore is seldom below £3O. In Gilpin county, of which Central City is the capital, there are 150 quartz mills, which pro duce annually about £2,000,000 sterling of precious metals, the other mills and gulch mines in the Ter ritory raising the total to about £3,000,000. The value of the gold actually contained in the ores reduced is estimated at fully £20,000,000 sterling ; therefore the loss by working through an imperfect process is estimated at £17,000,000 ! Mr. Bowles considers that by the process of crushing the ore into fine powder, as is usual in Colorado, and then washing it on copper plates coated with quicksilver, that but 25 per cent. of the precious metal is obtained, the other three-fourths being lost in the tailings or refuse. From the bottom of Fossil Canon, near Curtis Grove, White River, to a height of 1,000 feet, five miles in length, a deposit of petroleum coal has been found, in lustre, fracture, and smell equal ling that from the Albertine of New Brunswick. The vein is in an enormous bed of sandstone, be neath which are petroleum shales, one bed of which resembles cannelite, and would, it is thought, yield 50 gallons of oil to the ton. It was traced for 25 miles in one direction, and was seen at points GO miles apart in another, and is thought to extend over the whole distance. Ihe tertiary beds of Co lorado are as rich in fuel and gas-producing mate rial as any ether coal region, but it is probable that the petroleum now in the shales and petroleum coals came originally from the oil-bearing coral beds of much older formations. Professor C. C. Perry, at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science just held at Salem, Mas sachusetts, read a paper on the flora of this region : " The woody bolt of comferons trees began at an ave rage elevation of 0,000 feet. Its densest growth was at between 7,000 and 9,000 feet elevation, and its termina tion was at an average height of 11,300 feet. The growth was most dense and varied where there was tho greatest and most regularamount of aqueous preoipitation.At still higher elevations the actual limit of tree growth was determined by conditions of temperature which satisfactori:y explained the peculiar features of vegetation there met with. This belt of trees terminated with singular abruptness. The probable explanation was that this timber lino marked the extreme point of minimum winter temperature be low which no phenogamous vegetation could exist. After alluding to the meteorological conditions of the region, the paper went on to point out the peculiar dwarfed tree growth scattered occasionally above the timber line. It was on the most open exposures above, that the Alpine flora was most diversified and attractive, presenting from June to September a succession of colours most attractive to the eye of the naturalist. Out of 142 species 56 were exclusively confined to these Alpine exposures. The usual characteristics of Alpine plants were a dWarfed habit of growth, late period of flowering, and early seeding, the forms being exclusively perennial. Of the 34 natu ral orders in the• Alpine flora 31 belong to Phenoga mous plants, the remaining three were of the higher order of Cryptogams." Of tho latter, ferns were repre sented by a single species not exclusively Alpine (Crypto gramia acrostichoides). Mosses were more numerously re presented, but still comparatively rare. Lichens were most abundant and afforded the greatest number of species. Tho superficial extent of these bare Alpine exposures •in Colorado Territory had been ronghly estimated at from 1,200 to 1,500 square miles. After a brief allusion to the fauna of the region, the paper stated that when accessible it would doubtless afford a favourite resort for sun.mer pasturage, and eventually yield choice dairy products, equalling these of the Swiss Alps, and produce delicate fibrous tissues rivalling those of the looms of Cashmere. As a summer resort it was unexcelled in the purity of its atmosphere, the clearness of its streams, and its picturesque and extended views. The paper concluded with some topographical details and with a list of Alpine plants*" 311SCELLANEOUS NEWS. THE EUROPEAN ASSURANCE COMPANY. Some light is thrown on the proceedings of the European Assurance Company, to - wind up which an application has been made to Vice-Chancellor James, and adjourned to Saturday week, arrangements being made for carrying on the business in the meantime. In a letter in the Daily News from Mr. P. W. Clayden, who, it will be remembered, was an unsuc cessful candidate at the last election for Not tingham, it was, says the writer, by no action of his own that he found himself an European policy-holder. Having, in 1854, insured his life for £5OO in the Eng lish 'Widows' Fund, the policy, otherwise than by his own deed, was transferred first to the British Nation Company, and then to the European Assurance Society. An examination of the prospectus served to show that the company was empowered by " special Act of Parliament ;" that it had (this was in 1807) an annual revenue of upwards of ;(2345,000 ; that its capital, subscribed by nearly 2,000 shareholders, ex ceeded 1:809,000 ; that Government, the leading banks, railways, Szc., accepted its guarantees; and that " the Royal Naval, Military, and East India Life Department was under the especial patronage of Iler Most Gracious Majesty the Queen." The fall of the Albert raised suspicions, Mr. Clayden wrote to the manager, to ask for the surrender value of his policy. The reply was a paper of questions to answer, and a request for a fee of ss. " I answered the questions and paid the fee, and was informed in about a week that my policy was worth £3O 19s. Gd. ; that the sum owing on it was £6 ls. 3d. ; leaving £3olBs. 3d. as tho price the society could pay for its relinquishment. This was dated Bth September. I then wrote accepting this offer. I got a reply on Tuesday night, saying that " in the present state of the Insurance World the directors decline to purchase any more of their policies." The application made to the Vice-Chancellor, will have, the writer says, to be resisted in the interest of the policy-holders. There must be, as in tho case of the Albert, a compulsory winding up with the policy holders duly represented. TIFE ALBERT ASSURANCE COMPANY. The London committee of the policy-holders of the Albert Insurance Company, of which Lord William Hay is chairman, are busily engaged in the conside ration of proposals both for reconstruction and for the transfer of the business of the committee, the result of which deliberations will be submitted as early as possible to the _policy-holders at a public meeting. Lord William Hay recommends policy-holders to continue to pay their premiums to the provisional official liquidator. TILE DUKE AND lIIS LIVING. The Duke a St. Alban's appears to be thoroughly satisfied with the result of the course adopted by him in reference to the living of Redbourne. In a letter to the Times, he domes that in allowing the inhabitants of the parish to select their own vicar he was influenced by the desire to obtain a cheap and passing popularity. Indeed, he would have been well pleased if the step taken had met with less public notice. His Grace repudiates the idea that he threw off any responsibility that properly belonged to him. He left it to the parishioners to select awl recommend, not to elect, there being in his mind a vast difference between the two. things. It was stipulated that there must be unani mity in the recommendation of the clergyman, and the Duke considered that it would have been open to him to refuse to appoint had an improper selection been made. Whatever credit is due for the happy result of the experiment ought to be given to the ,Redbourne people, who, we are told, have shewn the strangest sense of the responsibility thrown upo ,them, and in answering the appeal made 4hem, have scrupulously set aside all considens of p ersonal friendship and relationship. Humber of applications for the living amounted to 47 - cards of 500, but there was no canvassing. His Grace I..'7is had much pleasure in offeringthe living to the lie'` G. Godfrey, M.A., Queen's College, Oxford, at press it curate of the parish of Hinckley, Leicestershire, upon whom the choice of the congregation of the parish church of Redbourne fell. TIIE CHURCH CONGRESS. The Liverpool Church Congress is most unhappy in regard to its squabbles. Another withdrawal from connection with it has just taken place. The new malcontent was made in this wise. The Congress Committee has issued a list of churches in which special services are to be held during the time of the clerical visit. Ono of these churches is very High ; and its minister has issued a circular concerning the Sacrament of the Holy Communion. In this address he speaks of the bread and wine as "the Lord's body,' and "the Lord's blood :" ho directs that the one shall not ho taken between the fingers, and the mouth shall not be wiped after partaking of the other. Mr. llughes calling attention to this circular, demanded that the Church of St. Margaret, to whose worshippers it was issued, should Je left out of the Congress list. Tho Connnittee refused to comply with this request, but prefixed to the list an amendment that the Congress managers were not responsible for the various services. Mr. Hughes was not satisfied, and has withdrawn his name from the Reception Committoe. A BISHOP AMONGST THE MORMONS. The Bishop of British Columbia, speaking at Great Yarmouth, stated that he had spent a few days in Utah. Among the sadly-deluded people living there, he fowl/ clergvmen of the Episcopal Church, whose mi ss i on wa ,Y - iiio only witness of Christianity in all the territory c%f Utah. In Utah ho saw English faces and he heitrd English voices quite dillbrent from the faces and V(..!C,98 which he saw and heard in other parts of` Amencit,..,,and the poor people were melted to tears when they ,had amongst them a bishop from England. There was a congregation of those who had returned from Mormonism, and his lordship thought all must feel thankful that the Church had gone amongst them to give them the pure Gospel, and to bring them out of the degrading, the demoralising, and the horrible spiel). of Mor monism. EXTR-ArARLIAMEXTARY ITTTERANCES. Three M.P.s, all members for Cambridgeshire—two of them, Lord George Manners and Viscount Roys ton, Conservatives, and one, Mr. Brand, Liberal— have been discoursing at Manchester to a select party of their constituent=. An agricultural banquet gave them the opportunity, and each in reply to the toast of his health, " offered a few observations." The contagious diseases among cattle wag the principle topic for the speechmaking. Mr. Brand alluded to the land ques tion; but by a hint, and with a declaration that it was a grave subject not to be touched upon. Viscount Royston criticised the behaviour of the Government in the matter of the cattle diseases, and demanded more security against the importation of cattle plague. Mr. Brand, however, held that the Government had done as much as 'was really required. If the farmers used the power put into their hands, they would find it, h 3 thought, quite sufficient. Though if it were shown not to be enough, he would support a more effectual measure. Sir John Pakington has been speaking at Wor cester on *the much more important question of educa tion: Ile is not an opponent of the spread of know ledge, and was goner( US nongh to say he believed the presentA_dministration would deal with the problem on sound princis. lle goes so far as to panogyrise Mr. Foster. "With Mr. Forster, .Y.'ho is principally' cnargea with the great question of national educa tion, have the honour to be familiarly acquainted, and I recognise not only a very able man, but I recog nise a man who understands this problem of educa tion better than most other men understand it. I have had considerable consultation with him on the subject, and I am bound to express my candid opinion that this great question of national education is in perfectly satis factory hands, and I am sanguine enough to 'believe that when Mr. Forster's measure, what it may be, is beought before th e p u bli c , it will be ono which I shall glad to approve, and ono that no party distinc tion aball prevent me giving it my most cordial support." ~, LAND TENURE REFORM. The Associatioiffor " Obtaining thelteform of the Land Tenu re " is pl'ogressing. The list of its pro visional committee 'copiplete. Mr. Mill is the chairman, and those over wiropt he is called to preside are mostly well known men. Iliere are Mr. P. A. Taylor, M.P., treasurer ; Professor Bain, Mr. James Beal, Mr. Edmond Beales, Professor BeNei, Sir John Bowring, LL.B., F.R.S., Mr. Jacob Bright, ALP., Dr. John T. Clark, Mr. W. Cremor, Sir C. W. Dillte,llart 7 M.P., Mr. George Dixon, M.P., Professor Henry Fawcett, M.P., Sir George Grey, K.C.8., Mr. Thomas Hare, Mr. Frederick Harrison, Hon. Auberon Her bert, Sir Henry A. Hoare, Bart., M.P., Mr. John Holms, M.P., Mr. George llowell, Mr. Thomas Hughes, M.P., Mr. Alf re d - Illingworth, M.P., Mr. J. Boyd Kinnear, Mr. J. - Marsden Lathan', Mr. Duncan M.Larell, Mr. Lucraft, Mr. Edward -Ball, M.P., Mr. Walter Morrison, RP., Mr. John Morley, M.P., Mr. A. J. Mundella, M.P., Mr. P. 11. Muntz, M.P., Mr. Charles Neato, Mr. George Odger, Mr. George Potter, Mr. Thomas B. Potter, M.P., Professor James E. Thorold Rogers, M.A., Mr. Peter Rylands, M.P., Dr. Humphry Sandwith, C. 8., and Mr. Henry Vincent. NATIONAL raccATrox. We recently referred to a letter from the Rev. Mr. Oakley oi the education question. Mr. Oakley criti cised the pogramme of the National Educational League ; and -wi,!le giving his adhesion to the umci ples of compulsory education, and local rating, objected to the exclusio n f rom G overnm ent aid ofdenominational institutions and those which charge for admittance. To this letter Mr. Herbert Fry, the metropolitan secre tary of the League, replies in the columns of the Daily Ecici. 48 to 1110. diflicultv," Mr. Fry is to no withheld iron the masses until the clergy have settled what kind of religion shall ho taught, an injustice will be done. It is better that, while the discussion is going on, they should be taught that on which there is no difference of opinion. Religion can be inculcated independently of the secular schools. Then . as to free admission, "no charge" is a logical sequence of "compulsory attendance." • ,PIEIIIBER 24, 1869 THE TILLER OF THE SOIL. The pamphlet on the condition of the agricultural labourer, lately published by Canon Girdlestonc, is commented upon in the Tinzes by Mr. Flint, the Registrar of the Duke of Newcastle's Committee on Education. Exception is taken to the Canon's assumption that increased education is a specific for raising the wages of the labourer. It is seldom that a farmer, however well educated, when about to hire a man, asks whether ho can read or write. If educa tion will not tend to raise the agricultural labourer's wages, it does not seem likely that any person will boldly propose to grant money out of the Consoli dated Fund to increase those wages, and thus enable him to prolong his child's stay at school. Mr. lint thinks that in time landowners generally will share the feelings of the clergy as regards education. Figures prove that there is no dearth of schools generally speaking. Deficiencies wherever found, are being rapidly supplied. The problem really is how to bring 7,000 Church of Eno.- land schools, besides Dissenters and Roman Catholic schools, under Govornmont inspection, so that they may receive Government grants of money every year. A rate levied on local property as suggested by Canon Gridlestono would, the Registrar thinks, be a most dangerous expedient. REJECTED INDIAN STUDENTS. .A.Wntion has been drawn in sIU Me l'itar 14,210 tc what, as far as facts are at present known, Must Is, rted as a very hard ciao, arising out of the action taken the Civil Service Commissioners in connection with the last published list of selected candidates for the Indian Civil Service. In this list there appeared the names of foul natives. Ono stood third, another fourteenth, and two others occupied the thirty-eighth and thirty ninth places respectively. Three of these gen tlemen (Messrs. Dutt, Gupta, and Banerjea) wore from Calcutta; the other, Mr. Thakur, was from Bombay. All four had graduated in the Indian universi ties—three at Calcutta and ono at Bombay—and had won honourable places—one of them a very honourable place— in an open competition, in which as many as 323 candi dates, the immense majority of whom must have been Europeans, took part. These places they aro not permitted to hold. The circumstances are remark able. When natives of India were first allowed to compete in the open examinations, the limit of age was fixed at twenty-four years; that is to say, a man who had completed his twenty-fourth year was not eligible to compete. Subsequently the age was reduced to twenty-three, and in 1865 the limit was fixed at twenty-one. If, therefore, any candidate at the last examination, which took place in the month of June, was over that age when examined, he would be dis qualified. Now it happens, that very unfortunately for two of the native gentlemen who were so honourably placed by tho Civil Service Commissioners, that ago is reckoned somewhat differently in India from the way wo reckon it in England. An Englishman on being called to state his ago states always his last birthday ; a Hindoo will always state his next. An English youth, for example, who completed his fifteenth year on last Now Year's Day would say that ho was fifteen, but a Hindoo boy who completed his fifteenth year on the same day would say that he was sixteen. Out of this difference in the mode of reckoning the difficulties of the young Indian candidates seem to have arisen. The Indian universities require that every student at matriculation shall be sixteen years old. The Calcutta University puts the requirement thus :—A student upon matriculating must, "to tho best of his belief, have attained tho ago of sixteen years." Bombay requires that every student shall have " completed his sixteenth year." No question appears ever to have been raised as to whether these restrictions were intended to be construed as they would be construed in England, in which case a lad who had not actually completed sixteen years would be ineligible for matriculation, or whether they were to be understood, as they would bo ordinarily understood in India. There could be little doubt, in the absents of a construction clause, that they would be understood in the latter sense, for we are told that the custom referred to of reckoning a man's ago to be that which ho will attain on his next birthday is accepted in the Indian law courts; it was- fully argued and admitted, years ago, in the case of a conversion of a Hindoo boy by a missionary ; and the best evidence of its common acceptance is the rule that a Hindoo is of age when sixteen: which, in the chief text book of native law, " Macnaughten's Principles," is laid down as moaning that, "according to the doctrines of Bengal, the end of fifteen years is tho limit of minority." Mr. Chisholm Anstey, who has been a judge in the Bombay High Court, adds to a statement of this custom that, "according to his judgment and belief, no native of British India, upon whom the condition of attaining a certain ago is imposed by law, would, unless the sense thereof were previously ex plained to him, understand it to be a condition of having completed such ago." As a matter of fact, the candi dates in question, did enter their universities before they were sixteen years old, according to our under standing of sixteen years. It seems to have been suggested to the Civil Service Commissioners that if the young men were sixteen when they matriculated, they must have been over twenty-one when they passed their examination. Comparison of dates showed that this was so, and Mr. Banerjea and Mr. Thakur were thereupon declared to be disqualified. A third of the candidates had a very narrow escape. The Commissloners refusing to review their decision, Mr. Banerjea applied to the Court of Queen's Bench for a mandamus directing them to hear evidence as to the age of the disqualified candi dates, and the case will be heard in November. METROPOLITAN GOS3IP-7hursclay. Dull as the season still continues to be, there are signs that with the departure of the astronomical summer we are about to awake from our political hybernation. Already M.P.'s are returned from Swiss mountains and German baths, and there are speeches here and there, in which the Irish land question is discussed. Some of our influential jour nals, likewise, are beginning to admit this topic into their leading columns, from whence it was rigorously banished during the hot weather. There is likely to be no lack of life during the long nights now before us. Just at present, however, it is ecclesiastics rather than politicians who are most on the alert. The vacant bishoprics fill them with the keenest anxiety. Their eyes are lifted to the hills—the Scotch hills—where Mr. Gladstone is closeted with the Queen, and they look with daily in creasing eagerness for some announcement respecting the new rulers of the Church. If to-day's leader in the Times is in any way " inspired," that announcement will not be forthcoming for some time to come, but there will be an extensive rearrangement of dioceses. With reference to this subject, cDmplaints are very rife that there should be so much delay in the filling up of vacancies. This delay is due not so much to the Premier as to other persons. For instance, the Bishop of Salisbury died early in August ; his successor was mentioned within ,a week of his death, and yet the consecration does not take place until the end of October. Some persons are unkind enough to insinuate that this tardiness is not surprising seeing that it conduces to the payment of fees to certain officials, and likewise gives the Crown the opportunity of presenting to all the livings which fall vacant during the episcopal interregnum. It was in this way that the living of Stoke Newington, probably the most valuable in the gift of the Bishop of London, fell to the Crown last year. There is only too great reason to fear that Lord Justice Clerk Patton has met with an untimely death. The event is the more tragical inasmuch as it was but a few weeks ago that his brother was accidentally shot, and the report was at first spread abroad that it was Mr. George Patton who had been killed. The late judge—for I fear he must be spoken of in the past tense was exceedingly popular in Scotland when Lord Advocate, and even the Liberal papers admitted that he shone by comparison with the gentleman who was both his predecessor and successor It is the more lamentable, therefore, that his death should take place at a time when the Bridgwater disclo sures will lead to the most melancholy inferences. It is generally supposed that Mr. Moncreiff will succeed Mr. Patton in the post now become vacant, and that this promotion will load to important changes, including the appointment of a Secretary of State for Scotland. Popular opinion points to Mr. Baxter, the present Secretary to the Admiralty, as the person for that post. I have recently hoard an incident re3pecting Mr. Bright, which redounds so much to his credit, and so completely clears up - one fact in his career, that I think all your readers who love truth better than political prejudices will like to hear it. They will remember that during the cottcn famine Mr. Bright was severely censured for not contri buting to the Relief Fund, and that his niggardliness was contrasted with the munificent gift of £lO,OOO made by Lord Derby. All that time Mr. Bright was keeling on Lis wcrkmen cn three-quarters' time wages, and was sinking thousands upon thousands week after week, 3 ear after year, until by the time that the war came to a'r end he had I aid away a total sum compared with which Lord Derby's gift was a mere bagatelle. During all this time, while he was seeing the avingq of a lifetime disappear, ho said nothing to all the taunts that were uttered against him, At last, Mr. Garth, a lawyer, who was then a candidate for Guild ford, made a charge against Mr. Bright so sweeping and so false that the member for Birmingham was bound to take notice of it, and to correct his calumniator in no very mild language. Even then he did not refer to what he bad done for the men whom he was accused of oppressing. But a friend, un known, T believe, to him, went to Lord Derby, laid before him the facts, and asked if, after this, he thought the organs of the Conservative party ought to continue their attacks upon Mr. Bright. "Good God ! and he said nothing !" was Lord Derby's reply. Thenceforth the attacks ceased. Thoso who are well acquainted with telegraphic matters assure me that Atlantic tcic,giaphy is being overdone and that the lower rate will not pay. It is all very well, they say, to point to the fact that for the greater part of the day the cables are doing nothing, and that it is only for the companies to reduce their rates still more and make larger use of their cables, in order to increase their revenue; the fact is that there is not the business to be done. It is not everyone who wants to telegraph to America. It is for the most part only business men, and they would have used the cable as much at £3 10s. as at L'.l 10s. Some time ago an advertisement appeared in the papers stating that a gentleman was willing to give £5O for the best essay on longevity in man and the lo;ver animals, and the best means of lengthening life. The writer refused to let his name be known, and the essays were to be adjudi cated upon by Professor Rolleston, of Oxford. Fourteen were sent in, and the prize has just been awarded to Mr. Lankester son of Dr. Laiikester, the well-known London coroner. The strangest part of this incident has yet to be told. It is usual when a prize essay is written for the donor of the prize to see that the essay is published. But in this case the manuscript has been returned to the writer without any conditions. I believe, however, that the essay will see the light before long. All the papers have referred to the death of Mr. Watts, of the British Museum. They have not, however, spoken sufficiently highly of his remarkable abilities. He almost vied with Cardinal Mezzofanti in his knowledge of languages. When the Japanese ambassadors were over here, he was the only person who could converse with them in their own tongue. He was an accomplished Hungarian scholar, and knew well some of the most out-of-the-way languages in the world. His knowledge of books was equally extraordinary. If you wished to learn what had been written upon a special subject, no matter how recondite, he would bring you, in a short time, a list of books, with edition, chapter, and page carefully noted. He had risen quite from the ranks, and will be much missed by the readers at the British Museum. Another gentleman, to whom they are much indebted is Mr. Ralston, the, translator of " Kriloff's Fables," and the brother of the notorious Miss Shedden. My literary budget is very scanty this week. Mr. Hep worth Dixon is still in Russia travelling with a well-known St. Petersburg professor, who has paid no fewer than thirteen visits to England. Mr. Hannay is, I believe the author of the articles on Barcelona and other Spanish towns, which have been appearing in the Cornhill Magazine, and he is himself British Consul at Barcelona. Mr. Dymond is following the example of his former colleague of the Morning Star, Mr. Macarthy, by migrating to the United States. Mr. Rosenberg, of Bath, a well-known exhibitor to the London Water-colour Galleries, has, I regret to say, just died at a comparatively early age. His sister, Mrs. Duffy, the flower painter, who is perhaps even better known than himself, survives him. The " Church of Progress " means to recommence its "Sunday Evenings for the People" on October 3, at St. George's Hall, Langham Place. Another great insurance smash has occurred, and, if rumour be true, we have not got to the end of these calamities. There are ugly reports about two other officer. I believe that the Government will, early next session, in troduce a bill for compelling the inspection and publication of insurance office accounts, similar to the measure which Mr. Stephen Cave introduced without success last session. SETTLEMENT OF MAINE. On Saturday, August, 28, the 262 d anniversary of the settlement of Maine and New England, was celebrated at Fort Popham, mouth of the Ken nebec; vast crowds flocking to the spot from Bath, Augusta, Portland, and surrounding country. Capt. Popham landed here August 20, 1607, with two ships, representing the "London" and "Bristol" in terests under a charter of King James, dated 1606, giving authority not only to establish a trading port, but to assert the right of empire. A fort, mounting 14 guns was erected, 50 houses and a church built, a:shipyard established, and prosperity reigned till winter set in with great rigour, when Captain Popham died, and also his patron and kinsman, the Chief Justice, in England. Discou raged, the colony, with their ships, London and Vir ginia returned to London, but Popham's fortifica tions were distinct for upwards of 200 years. Although not a commercial success, the influence of the expedition induced another attempt to esta blish a trading port under a leader whose name is unknown, which did not last long, for being harsh to the natives, many of the command were killed, and the rest driven to Matinic to carry on their pursuits under civil government. The French ship of war, commanded by Captain Plastier, captured by two British vessels, was sent to Matinic to be disposed of, Captain Plastier being permitted to withdraw on condition he would never again ap pear there. Thus English rule was asserted, and from 1602 to 1620 English vessels are known to have sailed along the coast, especially to Ken nebec ; and the shores at that period were as well known to English, French, and Spanish navigators, as Labrador is to Americans now ; most of the explorers had charts of the coast, es pecially Weymouth and Smith. The latter not only gave maps of the coast into the hands of the Crown, but surveyed the site of the Plymouth Colony as early as 1614, and pointed out the spot where the Pilgrims landed six years later. The Tribune says this is a well-ascertained fact, though not generally known. The Popham settlement was the first in troduction of civilisation into New England, and on its arrival the Rev. Richard Seymour used the same services, as the Bishop of Maine on the 262nd anniversary celebration. Popham was nominated and elected first President of the country according to the records, and a letter written to the King, soon after landing, said, " Within seven days from this spot an ocean lies that reaches to China !" now happily proved by the Pacific Railway. Ex-Gov. Washburne presided, and addresses were made by President Harris and Prof. Packard, of Bowdoin College ; the Rev. Dr. Woods, former President of College ; Mr. Stevens, of London ; Dr. Neeley, of Portland ; Mr. 11. K. Sewall, of Triscassett ; the Rev. Mr. Leakin, of Baltimore ; Charlton Lewis, of New York ; Prof. Mathews, of Chicago ; and a Mr. Tuttle, of Boston. The Tribune gives the following interesting ac count of the researches of a special committee, con sisting ofcMessrs. Bourne, Sewell, Poor, Bailey, Dyke, Woods, Ballard, Harris, Gilman, and others, who on Aug. 26 last, invaded Pemaquid, where they found a meeting composed of nearly 2,000 citizens, of Bristol and Newcastle, who had heard of the ex pected revelations : " We start with the theory that Pomaquid was earlier occupied than any other portion of New England, and the investigations were actually startling compared to an ything previously known. A paved street was laid bare most artistically built, and about ono foot beneath the sur face. Ruins of wells and cellars, vats that must have be longed to a tannery, and other evidences of civilised in dustry, were found in unmistakeable forms. Capt. Smith and his cotemporaries made the region the centre of all their observations, and King Charles first denominated it New England,' and the very site of this Old Fort Frede rick he called St. Johnston. This was the home of Same set, and it was the seat of tho Warwenock power. Thirty sail ofvessel were counted here in 1622, and a deed of a tract of land to John Brown, whose soul went marching on from this place a few years later, bears date 1625, and was acknowledged (in the precise form now used) befee e Alfred Shurt, the former Secretary of the Mayor of Bristol, and it is now written in the records of the Maine Historical Society that Pemaquid was the metro polis of Now England long before Boston was settled. The plain deductions are that this region was inhabite4 by other than savages long before any recorded evidence. of English settlements. What the people were, and what they did, is to be most thoroughly investigated; but that there was a settlement here, antedating any mentioned in authentic history by many years, is now admitted by everybody who has heard the result of this week's investi fations. The details of the discoveries will be fully given n the forthcoming formal report, and will be of vast in terest to the whole country. Another matter of great in terest was the examination of the oyster-shell deposit at Damariseotta. Strata of opened shells just as they had be dumped' were found t o th e d epth of 25 feet, promiscuously dumped vast hordes of people must have fed upon the shell-fish abounding here centuries ago. Many of these shells are eight to twelve inches long. T ra _ dition sustains some of these marvellous discoveries, but as to the date of the occupation of this spot, or what race they were, is now purely conjecture, but able men are working at the problem. At any rate, th's Eastern coast now lays claim to having been earlier occupied by the Caucasian race than any other portion of this North Atlantic territory,: and in many regards our history will be revolutionised." lIE AU7 (MIN HANDICAPS. THE GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY HANDICAP . 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(Pd) CharnwoOd • ... 4 8 3lJeannie Deans .... 335 it ; . . 3 6 e Lumley ... ... 3 8 2 Allbrook . 6 i Tencdos ... ..• 3 (pd) V a ll At i on g ..- 4 6 4 Cardinal York ... 3 ( p d) A n l ace ... ... 3 6 4 Bel Giorno ... 48 2 Disuise ... ..• 3 6 4 Ladas .. 3 8 2 Wanderer - 3 - - Heather Bell ... 3 8 2 Bel ph egor ... 4 8 1 Defender ... 3 7 13 Abstinence ... 3 7 13 "Egoan ... 3 (pd) Miss Dayrell 3 7 12 St. Angola ... 3 7 11 Syhynx 4 (pd) Border Knight 3 7 10 Cocoa Nut ... 3 7 10 Fugitive ... ... 3 7 9 Reindeer ... ... a 7 9 Indian star ... 6 7 9 '' '' g 6 Wellington ..• - t Lawrence ...; 3 ,, 6 6 . 2 Adelaide ... .. 3 6 6 Present c . . 4 1 Juanita ... ..• f, 6 1 Longborough ..• . 1 • 1 Amaranth 0 ... : 3 b g 0 Antietam ... 3 y 0 Spid er o id r .. 3 er ::: .... 3 '' '' Y 1 1 5 1 Glenlyon ._ ••• 3 5 1 Grasshopper f ... 3 A )CTOBER BANDIO r o • b Ages , 3 4 Fugitive ... ••• 7:4 Skipjftck ••• g Ambitious ••• ' N 7 4 Border Knight ..• 7 ; War .. ••• " I Bra " Our ni t rdge a i ryA . nn 70,411, Chatelherault ••• 3 6 ' Birthday ... •• • 3 6 1 1 4 Orphan ... ••• 4 6 The Laird ••• 3 6 1 9 Curious.) ••• 4 6 Choral ••• 6 Royal Rake II 3 .* a 6 Bosworth ••• 6 Young Fenton ••• 3 3 (1 ) Sagittarius ••• 3 6 4 Bertha ... ••• 0 3 Prince ..• ••• a 6 4 Cherie ... ••• 6 , Teeswater ..• ° 3 6 ; Lawrence ••• 3 6 Wanderer ... ••• 6 Venation 4 1 g ••• 5 6 0 Van Mika. Peabody ... ..••••• 3 513 , Winifred ... ••• 5 5 ,,7 Vacuum ... ••• A. The Returned ..• ; 6 ' Aubade . . ..• f.REWITCH st l b j Abe 6 , Phantom ... ..• 4 3 6 9 9 Tramp ... ." 3 3 Conrad() 4 6 , Prouesse •'' u Our Mary Ann ..• 3 I Vanichka "• 3 6 , 6 Ladas ••• 3 , u 6 Lopez ... "" 3 u Stork ... *" 3 Dodona ". Red Cap ... *" 3 u Peabody ..• . I Provider ... 6 0 Gardener . 13 Atonement 4 Vallation g "' 3 Red Rice ... "* 3 Royal Head ••• 3i; Vladimir ... ••• : 3 511 Crown Princess .• 3 5 10 Storm King "' sb, Assineboino "' 3 " Miss Peddie colt ..• 6 Lady Evelyn fi ll y 51 13 Vacuum 5 ,"' K. Alfred's dam "" 3 3 / I Cherie ... '" 3 1 Lamlash ". 3 0 Toby ... "• s 5 Aubade "' RIDGESHIRE st j dg ° 6 1 Numa PompiliuS ••• 9 5 6 6 Prior e is 4 6 1; Phantom ..• "3 6 1., Standard Bearer 3 . 0 Robin Rover "" 3 S Toison d'Or "' 3 6 1 0 " Chanoinesse • 4 Miss Day rell ••• 3 0 6 Bosworth ... ". 3 6 Lopez ... •' Pompeii ••• 4 v, Macduff •" Anthee •" 3 6 Tramp 3 I 6 Defender ... "' 3 6 Curial% J 6 Cocoa Nut... •• 3 6 Par Away... " • 3 6 Anlace ••.3 6 Royal Rako •• 3 6 Neuchatel *** 3 6 ChateTherault •••• 3 6 Atonement "3 6 Bertha • • 3 6 Peabody '" 6 Teeswater... O' 6 Dodona ." 3 6 Jove ... 3 6 Provider " 4 ileronnianue ". 36 6 Vestminster :" 3 6 Winifred ... "3 6 Royal Head •" 3 6 Vacuum 3 6 Red Rice ... " 3 Vladimir ... ** 3 6 6 Wanderer ... 3 4 Allbrook ... • 4 5 1 ' Vallation g ••• 4 6 1 The Returned '" a 5 1 Kaupai ". 3 1 Juanita ... 3 1 Lady Evelyn I •" 3 61 Turret ... '" 5 b Assineboine 6 King Alfred's lIt'"" • 3 Antietam ... a" 3 5 Lamlash 3 Di Spanker i" 35 5 Cherie 5 Toby ••• 5 Aubade : 1 ., 3 Grasshopper f. THE NEWMARKET Age st lb Romping Girl ... 5 9 7 See Saw ... ... 4 9 7 Cock of the Walk... 4 (pd) Xi ...6 810 King Victor ... 5 8 9 Suffolk ... ...4 8 8 Rosicruciau ... 4 8 7 Grimston ... 4 (pd) Vagabond ... 3 8 7 Athena ... 4 8 5 Purveyor ... 4 8 4 President Lincoln 4 8 3 .Lictor ...4 8 3 Rupert ... 3 8 3 Typhon ... 3 8 3 Cornet ... 4 8 2 Paul Jones 4 (pd) Bel Giorno 4 8 0 Ryshworth ... 3 8 0 Outfit ... ... 5 8 0 Islam ... 3 7 13 De Vero ... 3 7 12 Robospierre 3 7 11 Cardinal York ... 3 (pd) historian a 7 10 Cap- a-pie 4 7 8 Satyr ... 5 7 8 Tramp ~. -3 7 7 Ladas 3 7 7 Tonodos ... 3 (pd) Lumley ~. ... 3 7 4 THE CES Age st lb The Palmer ... 5 9 3 Sec Saw ... ... 4 8 13 Cecil 4 8 9 Rosicrucian ... 4 8 9 Kidderminster ... 5 8 9 Cock of the Walk... 4 8 8 Taraban ... 5 8 7 Paul Jones ... 4 8 4 Cap-a-pie ... 4 8 4 Goodwood... ... 5 8 4 Duke of Beaufort... 3 8 0 Fair Wind 5 7 11 Gondolier ... 4 7 11 Sycee 5 7 9 Robespierre ... 3 7 9 Starter ... ... 3 7 8 Morna ... 3 7 8 Nancy ... 6 7 8 Tho Laird ... 4 7 8 S iderolite ... 3 7 Clemence 4 7 7 Legislator ... 4 7 7 Marquis of Carabas 4 7 6 The Special ... a 7 6 Etoile Filante ... 6 7 2 Birthday 3 7 0 Myosotis 3 6 12 John Davis ... a 6 12 Adrastia 3 6 12 Robin Rover ... 3 6 10 Tasman 3 610 THE CAME; Age st lb Knight of Garter... 5 10 7 Vespasian ... 6 10 6 Blue Gown 4 9 12 Friponnier ... 5 9 9 See Saw ... 4 9 7 The Palmer ... 5 9 6 Lan eret 6 9 f, Itosicrucian 4 9 2 Silenus ... 5 9 0 King Alfred ... 4 9 0 Saladin ... a 8 12 Plaudit ... ... 5 812 Coen ... 4 8 10 Xi... ... C barn wood ... 6 8 10 ... 4 8 8 'Typhoeus . ... iii i Nelusko ... ..4 8 6 Duke of Beaufort... 3 8 5 G ood wood ... ...4 8 4 Cornet ... ... 4 8 4 Osbaldoston ... 3 8 4 Van Aniburgh ... 5 8 3 Morns ... ...3 8 3 Taraban ... ... 5 8 3 & Ronan ... ... 4 8 0 Vagabond ... ... 3 8 0 Viscount ... ... 4 8 0 Bel Giorno ... 4 8 0 Historian ... a 8 0 Perry Down ... 3 7 13 Lady Zetland ... 4 712 Cardinal York ... 3 712 Starter ... 3 7 11 Clemence ... 4 7 11 Robespierre ... 3 7 10 Ladas ... 3 710 Islam 3 7 9 Dunbar ... ... 3 7 9 Epworth ... 4 7 9 Heather Bell ... 3 7 8 La Maladetta f ... 3 7 8 John Leech 4 7 8 Stork 3 7 7 Fair Wind . ... ... 5 7 7 Nancy ... 6 7 6 Benbow 8 7 6 Virgule ... 4 7 6 Border Knight ... 3 7 6 Brambridge 3 7 4 Skipjack 5 7 4 Etoile Filante ... 6 7 4 Michael de Bascoo 4 7 2 Mdlle. de Fligny f 3 7 1 Adrastis ... 3 7 0 The returns of the earnings of the Western Railroads for the first seven months ° f of ( f i 1869 show an increased t ra ffi c, on the latter 7,7 .5.,. 1050' ducting the decreased ea rn i ngs of the Obio Railroad of $110,981) of $3,460,400 : i S 9 j 0 1869• Chicago and Alton 82,460,362 6,9 1 , Chicago and North Western s 6, C;hicago,Rocklaland,and Pacific 2,770,409 09 Illinois Central 4,429,3 74 60 , 0 Marietta and Cincinnati Michigan Central 8 2 ;2 60 5 8 1: 3 8 1 5 0 2 2 : 9 90 4 , , ) ,0 01 *Lake Shore and Mich. So Milwaukee and St. Paul Ohio and Mississippi St. Louis, Alt., and T. Haute 1 17 46 6 96 2; 55 3 43 8 739 1 1, 9°6 2 616°1"411.5g Toledo, Web., and Western Total 532,167,218 fa gic 9 " • Includes the consolidated lines for J ul7, Southern previously. f al LITERARY.--MrS. Stowe is said to CO p ber reply to her critics on th e B yron article. — R° ;woe do e, has written a lett er , in which he says thatstyro's"iielt would not have induced him to print Mrs- ° i fe 4 article in the New York Ledger. But the t 01 1. e P t got £5OO for it from Macmillan, besides •In e r st foal from the Atlantic Monthly, and it paid the f ° T e d se ll - well, for this is the' only number which rose 00 0 0 0 editions.—Eighteen American ladies annoeo e f o jer De o as lecturers for next winter.—W. Res, l l l_ P OO on the Daily News and the P a ll Mall Gearftw„,cr spending a few days in New York, and losidieic, to o Boston. Ho hopes to "de the count* ' n i c he d( r,'"ite r ',; to San Francisco, and be ready to star.: ;gab 7 1 41 ', months.—Cyrus Northrup, Professor of D n • rt ° 11 131 0 turo in Yale College, and Collector of thaAhattli A Haven, has been elected President of tb,P, and etre varsity.—The publishing house of Macro in pr°A, established itself in Bleaker-street, New Ir,°, r dg ; DOSs once occupied by Messrs. Ticknor and ne'iji ,th . l poilj wards by Messrs. Fields, Osgood, and CO. 0. 12 ' Y,l brought out in London will be obtainable at ren tleP A pe A l New York, and the Oxford Uhiversity and °sole. Rego Series of Text Books will there be offered W on lid journal has been started in Florence, called .` Flora," dedicated to ladies. BIRTHS. wr :( 0 o f BONUS—On the 22d inst., at Hastings, t he a i d Bonus, R.E , of a son. DODSON —On th e 22d i ns t ., at O ony boro, .—° of J. G. Dodson, Esq., M.P., of a son. t! MARRIAGES. colst° ll tV e• EATON —WYLE S —O n the 21st i ns t., et , - ar3- g , to William Eaton,Esq., e l to Eliza, A a f t . ol). j , o o s f er T h he vv T i t e t s, a Sq, croft House, Rotford. A t t tle inst.+ IJ O tet SIIUTTLEWORTU PRESTON—On the - ,„s pea worth, Eaton-square, Lieut.-Colonel CharaT., pea worth, 68th Lt. lefty. to Rose I. Susan, only of the late Richard R. 'Preston, Esq• t o., DEATBS. Oh " DAVERN—On the 22d inst., at the Royal IfosPi tBl ' is• A° Captain John Davern, aged 87. 4 ,.. itt,,o , - 4 ., RUSHOUT—On the 19th inst., at Sezineot 11 01- a 6u• .fitP" in -Marsh, Sir Charles R. Rushout, Bart., age„,ooo - the 20th inst., at Clifton Villa, park, Matthew Wi. king, Esq., aged 75. s 74rgc London: Printed and Published by 1 WILLIA Ii of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at THIN SUN MOO 24 "-- 10 0° ' , 0 In the Precinct of the Savoy, in the COllll47°' Friday, September 21, 180.