The Sun. — London, England, 1829-10-15 00:00:00

0 111 Is a, dy wal pitl TWO Vol 4. Bvo. with a Pon trait, pRIVATE CORRESPONDENCE 0 Dr. DODDRIDGE. E'lited front the Originals, by his Great Grandron JOHN DODDRIDGE HUMPHREYS, E.q. Printed fur Henry Colima ant Richard Bentit7, S New Bculington•street. ' ll . AO - ...M... ,4, , ...e •_, .., ''.::4 ‹ .., :;... 1 . if - .4°.. - , ..,.. "- r fi &. ,.,\-_ , 77 0, ~, - ...,,.43.1 / 1 . ,_ • ..:: ~....,1 1 \^..• i' *'-' ,)////,./•',, ' L .,V ',,,. t , ' IN ,- ; - 71. k , , A .i \ \ -- - 1 .A. 07 -,.. -zib . 7 ---. . - f, -- % - 1.) rt% , .-li „ . e , . 71 - _...7 . T. ; ~ , .,71 , -,,,-..„ v .. -. t i.- 0 - , Ir;;- 4 ~ " PY - •-,----- -'- , ' • .. arkiNt ' 4 1 , 1i . 1 41 w''' . }y 40 f On Saturday stxt will he published, in One Vol. Bvo , with Plates, TRAVELS IN THE INTERIOR OF. MEXICO in 1826, 1627, and IS2B. By Lieut. Printed for Henry Colintrn and Richard Bentley, 8, New Burlington -street. LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 15, 1829. No. 11,572. This day was published, in 3 vols. post Bvo. STORIES of WATERLOO; and other Tales. " Period of honour, as of woes, What bright careers 'twas thine to close !"—Scorr. Printed for Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 8, New Burlington -street. PRICE 7D. Oa •Settrclay next will be published, in 3 vole. post Bvo. TALES of MY TIME . Ily the Author of " Blue Stocking Hall." Printed for Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 8, nurlington-street. Of whom may he had, just published, j3I.UE STOCKING HALL. Second Edition, in Ti*K..e Vols. 279. TRIAL OF LOCOMOTIVE CARRIAGES. THE MARKETS. nle, thy was published, in One Vol. Bvo. with Twenty five Illustrations, T RAVELS in CHALDIEA, including a JOURNEY from BUSSORAH to BAGDAD, and BABYLON, performed on foot in the year 1827, with Observations on the Sites and Remains of Seleuria, and Ctesiphon. By Captain AIIGNAN, Of the Non. East India Company's Service. Printed for Henry Coiburn and Richard Bentley, 8, :New Burlington -street. SECOND EDITION. In 2 large vols. Bvo. with 70 Plates, price 2/. 2s. bound and lettered, 8 T. PETERSBURGH: a JOURNAL, of TRAVELS to and from that espital through Flanders, along the Banks of the Rhine, through Prussia, Russia, Poland, Saxony, Silesia, 13araria, 4a4 France, By A. B. GRANVILLE, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. " A book which contains a great deal of useful informa tion."—.Timee. "it should find a place in every drawing-room in Eng 'and. "—A t las. " lie enjoyed opportunities of Peeing more than any writer upon that city with whom we are acquainted."— Literary Gazette. " Hls picture of St. Petersburg!' contains the most copious and detailed description of the gigantic edifices of this extraordinary city, which has hitherto been laid before the p nb lic."—Quarterly R ev i ew . " It will be read by every person who has either tra velled in the countries visited by the Doctor, or who is desirous of becoming acquainted with them."—Globe. Printed far Henry Colbnrn and Richard Bentley, 8, New Burlington -street. WAVERLEY NOVELS—NEW EDITION. This day was published, ►FIIE ANTIQUARY, Vol. I. forming Volume V. of the NEW EDITION, price ss. in cloth. This Volume, besides an Introduction and Notes, is embellish e d by a Frontispiece by C. Stanfield, engraved by J. Phelps, and a Vignette by A. Cooper, R.A., engraved b y Ambrose Warren. Printed for Cadell and Co. Edinburgh; Simpkin and Marshall, London; and every Bookseller in Great Britain and Ireland. Volumes I. 11. 111. and IV. of this Edition, comprising WAVERLEY and GUY MANNERING, are again re printed, and may be had of all Booksellers. DUNCOMBE'S ACTING EDITION of PLAYS contains : Black Eyed Susan, the very successful nautical and S. d. domestic Melo-drama, as performed at the Surrey and all the London Theatres 0 6 The Red Rover 0 6 Nothing Superfluous, a Comic Drama 0 6 The Warlock of the Glen 0 6 Forest of Bondy 0 6 Law and Lions, a Farce Williams' Visits, with Songs, &c. Paul Pry, a Comedy The Forty Thieves 0 6 Plague of Marseilles Frankenstein .. 0 6 Wives by Advertisement Vidocq, the French Police Spy Home, Sweet Home 0 6 Gambler's Life in London 0 6 Alonzo the Brave and the Fair Imogine 0 6 The Roebuck The Bear Hunters, or the Fatal Ravine 0 6 &c. &c. Published by Duncombe, 19, Little Queen- street, Hu, born, and all Booksellers. VOFFEE MART, 1, Skinner -street, Snow- N.-. 1 hill, London, tw o D oors f rom Fl ee t- mar k e t ; Esta blished in 1811, by W. DEACON, under the direct Sanction of the Committee of West India Coffee Planters and Merchants, for the sale of their Coffees on Commis -81", of th e fi nest qua li ty , an d at t h e L owest P r i ces t h e Markets would admit of. S. DEACON having succeeded his Father and Part *era in the above concern, respectfully solicits a continu ance of the very liberal patronage so many years con ferred on the above establishment, and which he trusts the quality of his goods, and reasonable charges, will secure to Iltoeha, the finest imported, and fresh roasted 3s. Od. per lb. lialabar, very fine, often sold for Bourbon, do 2 6 berbiee, the finest imported, fresh roasted 2 3 Plantation, Best British do 2 0 D o . Very good do 1 9 bo. Common do 1 6 Cocoa Nuts, the finest imported do OlO Raw Coffee and Cocoa, 4d. per lb. less than Roasted. Sir Hans Sloan's, Prepared, and Plain Chocolates— Cocoa Paste, &e. A Qqarter of a Pound may be had. CIIELTENHANL U nrivalled opportunity for a PerPon to embark in the Business of a Linen-Draper and Silk-Mercer. TO BE SOLD BY AUCTION, By Messrs. BRADLEY and BARNARD, Order of the Executors, in One Lot, on the Premises, High-street, Cheltenham, on THURSDAY, the 22d day of October instant, at Two o'clock precisely, (unless die- Posed of by Private Contract before the 10th of October inst., of which notice will b e g i ven .) THE very Valuable STOCK IN TRADE of Mr. J. G. DAVIS, d ecease d ; cons i st i ng of 1 ,300 Yards of Brussels and Black Bombazines. Kidderminster Carpets. Black and White Crapes. Nrsi4n and Brussels Rugs. Printed Muelins and Ging broggets and Table Covers. hams. Quilts and Counterpanes. 3,000 Yards of Rich Gros de 120 Pieces of Printed Fumi- Nap, Gros de Zane, Le tures. vantines and Satins. 1 ,4n0 Yards of Damask and 50 India Silk Dresses. Plain Moreens. 150 Real India and Norwich tlich German and Scotch Da- Shawls. mask Table Cloths and Crepe Lyons, Crepe Royal, Napkins. C repe a l a G ree k an d Ori parnaak and Diaper Table ental. Linen in the Pi ece .. Embroidered French Silk Purniture Ditnities. Dresses. G erman, Scotch, Irish, and India and British Muslin,. 13 arnsley Sheeting& China Crape Dresses. Irish LinensandLong Lawns. Ditto Shawls and Scarfs. 100 Pieces of French Cam- Batiste and Masaniello Dresses brie, and French Cambric Parisian Tucks. „ Pocket H an dk erc hi e f s . P a l m y renes . ' lO Pieces of India Silk Hand- Silk and Cotton Hose. kerchiefs. Velvet Palls and Cloaks. Cloths. Mute Dresses. welch Flannels and Blankets.lTrunchcons, Page Rods, &c. t t liiir Inventories may be seen and the Stock viewed, on "d'rs Tuesday, and Wednesday, the 19th, 20th, and of October, on application at the Premises, when the oditions of the Sale will be produced ; in the mean time P : her p art i cu l ars may b e o b ta i ne d o f M essrs. B ra dl ey an d , t onrd, A ccoun t an t s an d A uc ti oneers , N o . 3, Queen ere, Bristol; or of Mr. J. B. Coward, Milsom-street, one of the Executors. e 0 „ 1. , 110 Premises where the business was very successfully ..""locted by th e lat e Mr. Danis for upwards of Twenty s f - ' t are centrally situated, possession of which can be i tl , 4 "led until Christmas next ; and the Executors will q4 tl ediately treat with the purchaser of the Stock (if re- PIZ') to Let on a Lease, the Capital and Newly-Erected PIO j 'eas with a handsome Frontage, situate near the 111 Hotel, High-street. • COAL MAR] Adair's —.. 33.5. 6d. 33 3 38 0 30 9 Peiaw _ 0 Pontop Windsor 30 0 31 0 ranticld 32 0 Townley.---- 32 6 WallsEntlßewieke&Co. 38 3 Ditto Bell Robson Co. 37 6 Wall, En.l Brown's 37 3 Wall, End Boundary 31, 0 Ditto Clarke and Co. 39 1) Walls End Carr and Co. 36 3 Ditto Cramlington—....— 33 6 Ditto Hotsrtr-----., 36 ii Ditto Heaton--. 3B 3 Ships at market, s!)—.9llips ET.—Oct. 14. Walls Elul Newmarch— 375. 9d. Ditto Northumberland 37 0 Ditto Peareth--- 317 :3 Ditto Perkins and Ca— 37 0 Ditto Ithlilt 38 Eden Main ----. 37 0 Lambton's Primrose 37 0 Walls Flat S 9 3 Wall's End Lumley— 3S 0 Walls End I 38 0 Walls End Stewart's 39 0 Russell's Hetton's W. E. 3.9 0 Pemberton Llangenneeh 40 0 W. E. Henderson -- 29 fi Wall's End Elgin SO 9 Warde's Llanelly --.. 40 0 Walls End small --. 20 0 Ellison small '2l 0 sold, 3734—Unsold, COUNTRY CORN MARKETS DURING THE wErK. Wheat. I Barley. 1 Oats. Beans. ----- ---- Per Quarter. s. to s. s. t o S. s. to s. r. s. Abingdon---.... 58 S 2 32 38 21 32 42 Andover----- '7O 74 39 30 21 46 Birmingham—. 72 82 39 36 24 36 46 3ridport 56 '74 :12 39 26 21 54 Cirencester 52 '7B 38 32 Faringdon 54 86 36 40 26 38 46 Guildford Henley .54 83 20 35 20 30 40 Hereford 64 84 38 45 36 40 Highworth Maidenhead Oahingham --...... 56 76 30 36 18 32 43 Reading 6O 89 32 37 21. 31 42 Salisbury 56 78 32 4(1 24 31 55 Southampton . 54 78 37 40 23 32 48 Stroud 66 80 31 , 38 22 32 42 Tewkesbury 65 87 4 , 0 42 30 38 51 Uxbridge 48 81 35 38 23 33 43 Vantage 50 80 30 36 22 32 42 Warminster 44 80 36 42 21 35 56 Windsor.---. 50 82 36 40 23 39 L 4 Worcester-----. 70 77 36 40 ,24 32 44 CHELTENHAM MARKET.—Oct.I3. Per Bushel. s. d. to s. d. Per lb. d. to d. Wheat Barley Oats Beans 4 9 5 6 Lamb 7 8 Pease 5 0 8 0 Pork 6 7 Hay 31. 10s. to 31. Iss. per ton. per ton. LEWES MARKET.—Oct. 13. White Wheat (per quarter) £3 2 0 to £3 6 0 Red ditto Barley Oats, New 1 0 0 1 2 0 Beans 1 18 0 0 0 0 Oil Cake. New l2 0 0 per thousand. HULL MARKET.-Oct. 13. We have had a dull and lifeless trade during the past week ; and to-day being our annual fair, we have had quite a holiday market, and very little business transacting. The samples of new Wheat shown to-day were in worse condi tion than we have had them since harvest ; the salt damp parcels of which were scarcely saleable, while the best runs met a dull sale at a decline of Is. to 25.. per quarter: Not withstanding the bad condition of the new Wheats, we had comparatively no demand fur o!d, and, could sales have been effected, a similar reduction wo'ild have been sub mitted to. Oats, Beans, and Pease, are each dull sale, but we do not notice any alteration in value. Our brewers are not yet in the market, consequently the price of new Barley was not fairly established ; for the few samples shcwn from . 30s. to 345. was demanded, as in quality.-Rapeseed and Linseed support late prices. Wheat, Old -s 585. 68s. New -s. 455. 50s. - Foreign -a. 60a. Ms ln bond... -s. - 5 . - 5 , Oats, Poland -s. 206. 21a. Old -a. -s. 265. Sinall or Feed.... -a. 12s. 18s. - Foreign -a. 20s. Vs -s. -s. Barley, Norf. & Sut. -s 20s. 285. Line. & Wold -a. 28s. 305. Foreign Beans Sts. 366. 38s. F0reign......... -s. 365. 381 Pease, White -s. 30s 365. Grey Tares -s 295. 30s. Foreign -a. 20s. 23:. Rapeseed, in b0nd......n0ne. Free, per last -1. 201. 30/. DUMFRIES M RKETS.—Oct. 7. s.d. s.d. .... s. d. s.d. Wheat, Imp. Bush... 7 0 to 7 9 Butter, 16oz 0 oto 0 9 Barley 4 0 4 4 Eggs, dozen 0 0 0 0 Oats 29 33 Beef, per lb. Flour, 141 b. Oatmeal 24 2 6 Veal O3 04 Potatoes, cwt. CATTLE.—There were 1835 head of Cattle at to-day's market, about 400 of which were left unsold, and the prices differed little from those of last week. THE MANUFACTURING DISTRICTS. We have looked with intense anxiety at the ac counts from the manufacturing districts during the week, in the hope that things were not really so bad as they had been represented; but though we find some consolation in the assurance that trade is re viving to a considerable extent—yet we regret to find that nothing has been done on a large scale, to administer to the immediate necessities of the vast population who are now reduced to the lowest depth of misery. The receipt of some large foreign orders in the cotton, wool, and silk branches, enable the master manufacturers to put on several additional hands; but the combination men at Manchester, seem disposed still to hold out for higher wages.— This pertinacity on their part, we fear, has tended to check the current of public: benevolence, and must retard their return to a better state of things. The address of the frame-work knitters, of Hinckley, to Mr. Secretary Peel, was worthy of serious conside tion, because, though sufficiently explicit in unfold ing the full extent of distress, it was couched in temperate and appropriate language. The memorial truly remarks:" The affluent know little indeed of the miseries of the poer ; and could they, for a short period, change conditions, perhaps some alteration in the state of affairs might take place—they would not only see but feel the necessity of something being done." This is the true way in which to put the question. The distress has been admitted, because it was incapable of denial; but when will the remedy be supplied ?—York Courant. DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY BY INCENDIARIES. We have already noticed some outrages that had been committed at Ardingly by the breaking of the windows of a newly-erected cottage, the property of the Rev. Mr. Hamilton, since which a still greater spirit of excitation has been evinced by the labour ing poor of the above parish, owing to a report that their children were to he placed out to the farmers for a portion of years; and, as it was understood that the affair was to come under the consideration of the Cuckfield bench of Magistrates on Saturday week last, about one hundred and fifty of them, armed with bludgeons, marched into the town, with the intention of opposing any such meaFure. They assumed a very threatening exterior, and suspicions arose that they intended an attack on some ob nraious property which came into the hands of Mr. Rogers, the tithe contractor. On Saturday morn ing it was discovered that the corn barn and hay stacks, fifteen in number, with carts, threshing-ma chine, tarpaulin, &c. were on fire. The property was totally consumed, and from the circumstance of partially burnt matches, as well as certain threaten ing letters, being also found, there is but little doubt that the calamity was the work of incendiaries. It is conjectured that property to the amount of 1,2001. or 1,4001. has been thus wantonly destroyed.— Brighton Guardian. PROVIDENTIAL ESCAPE.—OWiUg to the great quantity of rain which has lately fallen, a tunnel in Freiston Inge was on Wednesday last burst by the pres sure of water, and the bank fell in 15 feet. A child of Mr. H. Cans., fume', of that parish, bad been playing upon the bank, and had pn'y left it about five minutes be fore thechasm was made..—Boston Gazette. (continued from our Paper of Friday, Oct. 9.) IVEDNESDAY.SECOND DAY. The course was far from being so crowded to day as it was yesterday. The company was more select, however, consisting chiefly of gen tlemen and men of science. Persons who vEited the ground for purposes of amusement did not experience the same degree of gratification which those experienced who visited it on the preced ing day, in consequence of all the machines which exercised yesterday not having exercised to-day. Still the experiments, though limited, were highly interesting to scientific men. Messrs. Braithwaite and Ericksson's engine (the Novelty) proved itself to-day to be as good (proportionally) at drawing a load as running without one. It drew, in one hour, three times its weight, a distance of 204 miles ! The car riages of Messrs. Stephenson, Ackworth, and Brandreth were also on the course this day, and took several trips, but merely by way of exercise. One of the horses engaged in working Mr. Brandreth's carriage fell through, we understand, the floor, but was extricated without much in jury. The weather became wet, and the rail ways clogged with mud, which made it necessary to suspend the prosecution of the experiments before the day had half elapsed. The attend ance of spectators this morning was by no means so numerous as on the preceding day, but there were few of those absent—the engineers, men of science, &c.—whose presence was most wanted. The Earl of Derby paid the railway a visit in the course of the morning, and seemed to take a great interest in the proceeding. THURSDAY.-THIRD DAY. The principal conditions on which the prize was at first offered were these :-Ist. That each engine entered for the competition should weigh not more than six tons, and be capable of draw ing after it, day by day, on a level plane, a train of carriages of a gross weight equal to three times the weight of the engine itself, at a rate of not less than ten miles per hour, with a pressure of steam in the boiler not exceeding 501bs. on the square inch. 2. That the engine and boiler should be supported on springs, and rest on six wheels, and the height from the ground to the top of the chimney should not exceed 15 feet. 3. That the engine should " effectually consume its own smoke." 4. That there should be two safety valves, one of which should be completely out of the reach of the engineer's interference. On Tuesday afternoon, however, the judges drew up a new set of conditions, which were published to-clay, and which made a number o modifications on the original ones. We subjoi a copy of the new conditions : " TRIAL OF THE LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES. " LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAIL-WAY. " The following is the ordeal which we have de cided each Locomotive Engine shall undergo, in contending for the premium of 5001., at Rainhill. " The weight of the locomotive engine, with its full complement of water in the boiler, shall be as certained at the weighing machine, by eight o'clock in the morning, and the load assigned to it shall be three times the weight thereof. The water in the boiler shall be cold, and there shall be no fuel in the fire place. As much fuel shall be weighed, and as much water shall be measured and delivered into the tender carriages as the owner of the engine may consider sufficient for the supply of the engine for a journey of 35 miles. The fire in the boiler shall then be lighted, and the quantity of fuel consumed for getting up the steam shall be determined, and the time noted. " The tender carriage, with the fuel and water, shall be considered to be, and taken as a part of the load assigned to the engine. " Those engines that carry their own fuel and water shall be allowed a proportionate deduction from their load, according to the weight of the engine. -‘-‘ The engine, with the carriages attached to it, shall be run by hand up to the starting-post, and as soon as the steam is got up to 501bs. per square inch, the engine shall set out upon its journey. " The distance the engine shall perform each trip shall be one mile and three-quarters each way, in cluding one-eighth of a mile at each end for getting up the speed and for stopping the train. By this means the engine with its load will travel one and a half mile each way at full speed. " The engine shall make ten trips, which will be equal to a journey of 35 miles, 30 miles whereof shall be performed at full speed, and the average rate of travelling shall not be less than ten miles per hour. " As soon as the engine has performed this task (which will be equal to the travelling from Liver pool to Manchester), there shall be a fresh supply of fuel and water delivered to her, and as soon as she can be got ready to set out again, she shall go up to the starting post, and make ten trips more, which will be equal to the journey from Manchester back to Liverpool. " The time of performing every trip shall be ac curately noted, as well as the time occupied in get ting ready to set out on the secoid journey. " Should the engine be enabled to take along with it sufficient fuel and water for the journey of ten trips, the time occupied in taking a fresh supply of fuel and water shall be considered and taken as part of the time in performing the journey. "J. U. RASTRICK, Esq., Stourhridge, C. E. d " NICHOLAS WOOD, Esq., Killing worth, C. E. " JOHN KENNEDY, Esq., Manchester, " Liverpool, Oct. 6, 1829." Mr. Stephenson's engine, " The Rocket," weighing 4 tons, 3 cwt., performed, to-day, the work required by the original conditions. The following is a correct account of the perform ance :—The engine, with its complement of water, weighed 4 tons, 5 cwt., and the load at tached to it was 12 tons, 15 cwt., and, with a few persons who rode, made it about 13 tons. The journey was 1i mile each way, with an ad ditional length of 220 yards at each 'end to stop the engine in, making in one journey miles. The first experiment was 35 miles, whic is exactly ten journeys, and, including all the stoppages at the ends, was performed in 3 hours and ten minutes, being upwards of 11 miles an hour. After this a fresh supply of - water was taken in, which occupied 16 minutes, when the engine again started, and ran 35 miles in 2 hours and 52 minutes, which is upwards of 12 miles an hour, including all stoppages. The speed of the engine, with its load, when in full motion, was from 14 to 17 miles an hour; and had the whole distance been in one continued direction, there is no doubt but the result would have been 15 miles an hour. The consumption of coke was very moderate, not exceeding half a ton in the whole 70 miles. At several parts of the journey tile engine moved at 18 miles au hour. Ackworth s Darlington engine was with drawn, on account, we believe, of some part of it failing accidentally out of order. It is nearly of the same size and weight as Mr. Stephenson s, and like that engine requires the addition of an engine tender to carry its water and fuel. Judg ing from several short trips which it performed on the rail-road by way of exercise, we should pronounce it to be a machine of great power. PRIDAY.--FOURTII DAY. To-day a public notice appeared, from Messrs. Braithwaite and Ericksson, stating that, in con sequence of the alteration made in the conditions of the competition, the definitive trial of the new engine bad, with the approbation of the judges, been deferred till Saturday at eleven. Friday became thus a dies non in the competition ; the engines of Mr. Stephenson and Messrs. Braith waite and Ericksson being the only two which, to use the language of the turf, have been placed by the judges. SATTiRDAY.--FIFTII DAY. 1n the expectation of witnessing the Novelty perform its appointed task, the attendance of company on the ground was more numerous to day than it had been on several of the preceding (lays. Three times its own weight having been attached to the engine, the machine commenced its task, and performed it at the rate of 16 miles in the hour. Mr. Stephenson's engine, the Rocket, also exhibited to-day. Its tender was completely detached from it, and the engine alone shot along the road at the almost incre dible rate of 32 miles in the hour. So asto nishing was the celerity with which the engine, without its apparatus, darted past the spectators, that it could be compared to nothing but the ra pidity with which the swallow darts through the air. Their astonishment was complete, every one exclaiming involuntarily, " The power of steam is unlimited !" The experiments will be continued during the present week. ON THE TRADE TO THE BLACK SEA. WRITTEN BY TIIE RUSSIAN COUNCILLOR OF COY MERCE R SICARD, RESIDENT AT ODESSA, AND PUB, LISRED IN TIIE JOURNAL OF TIIAT CITY. Fifty years ago the commercial world possessed scarcely any information respecting the trade of the Black Sea, and its geography was also very imper fectly known. Pevssonel in his Treatise, written in 1762, states that le had only been able to gather some facts relative to the trade of that sea from Turkish, Greek, and Armenian merchants, with whom he had become acquainted at Smyrna and Constantinople. Moreover, he did not find him self in a situation to finish his work, such as it was finally published, until after his residence in the Crimea, as French Consul with the Kahn of Tar tary. In the year 1770, a M. Anton Duvalz, of Paris, projected a joint stock company for trading on the Black Sea, but his plan failed for want of local knowledge, as it also did in 1783, when he, for the second time, attempted to carry it into effect.— " The commercial intercourse of the several coun tries bounding this Sea," says Peyssonel, " is as yet far from being sufficiently known, for the Porte permits no foreign flag to enter it. This trade is therefore covered with an obscurity which no individual is capable of removing, and the very confused ideas which prevail respecting it are to be attributed to the reports of travellers, and the ex tremely limited knowledge of a few merchants, who have had courage enough to engage in the Black Sea, through the intervention of natives, in whom they are necessarily compelled to confide." Completely devoted to the subject, and enthusi astic in the prosecution of his views, Peysonell con ceived the plan of connecting France with the trade of the Black Sea. For this purpose he proposed to establish a French commercial house at Kaffa, by which an intimate intercourse with the Crimea might be formed. In the execution of his project he, however, required several stipulations —namely, that the head of the commercial house should be dexte rous and cautious; that he should speak the lan guage of the country, wear the oriental dress, and follow all the oriental customs, in order that no offence might be given to the natives; that lie should select natives for factors, and place them under the particular protection of the French Con sul residing with the Kahn; that he should avoid warehousing foreign goods in Baktshiserai, the re sidence of the Kahn, lest the rapacity of his agents should induce them to take possession of what arti cles they might fancy without paying for them, &c. Under these preliminary conditions and precau tionary measures, accompanied by a multitude of others of the same decription, Peyssonel contem plated the bare possibility of forming a European commercial establishment in the Crimea, as the part of the coast of the Black Sea where the most civili zation, or, to speak more properly, the least bar barism existed. It must be confessed that greater precautions could not be employed were it in the present day proposed to set up a commercial factory in Tombuctoo. Peyssonel also gives the following picture of the navigation of this Sea :—" The danger ous navigation of the Black Sea," says he, " has not, without reason, hitherto deterred merchants from mak- ing shipments on it. This Sea, it is true, is very stormy, and the harbours being few, no insurance can be obtained; •so that the trader is obliged to take all risks upon himself. The greatest risk, how ever, consists in the want of experience and skill on the part of the mariners, and the awkward manner in which the cargoes are stowed. The captains have no charts, their compasses are wretched, and they have no idea how to work a ship with an unfavourable wind." He afterwards observes :—" Great efforts have at different times been made to procure the consent of the Porte to the free navigation of the Black Sea. The late Marquis de Villeneuve ob tained a firman for sending two tartans through the Bosphorus, but a change of ministry took place be fore there was time to act on the permission, and it was withdrawn by the successor of the Grand Vizier who had granted it." I shall not stop here to examine the political cir cumstances under which the Tartars, Abases, and other races of men with which the coasts of the Black Sea are peopled, exist. They are all disci ples of that Koran which once threatened to extend its dominion over the whole of Europe, and which finally reduced the greater part of Asia and Africa to barbarism. Sufficient information has been cd , leered respecting the character of these tribes. I shall, however, mention one fact which is not so well known, and which will afford an idea of the melan choly situation in which the inhabitants of the south of Poland, bordering on Tartary, were placed less than fifty years ago. Count Stanislaus Potocky, on whose estate the little towns of Tultshin and Uman now stand, was obliged, when he began to build a mansion for his own residence in the former place, to bring a number of troops from Great Po land, and maintain them at his own expence, to pro tect his labourers against the daily depredations of the hordes with which those districts were then over-run. The same state of things prevailed on the whole coast of the Black Sea while it remained under the exclusive dominion of the Turks, of whose 'patriarchial simplicity and generosity we have heard so much. An entire sea, an immense territory, the ancient communication between Europe and India, were placed under interdict, and closed againt every European nation. The whole of the south of Europe, animated by the genius of Peter the Great, sensibly felt the obstacles to its prosperity. In vain were commerce and civilization summoned to that quarter from different parts of Europe,—in vain were numerous efforts made for that object. The interposed Turks opposed every plan of improve. ment with an obstinacy which injured themselves, while Europe, silent and hopeless, submitted to this state of things ! But, as Voltaire said, " Light comes now from the north ;" an 4 it really is the north to which the Black Sea is indebted for its freedom. The convention of Kainardshi, concluded in the year 1774, opened the navigation and all the ports of the Black Sea to the Russians, who have since gradually conquered the whole of its northern coast. After the precedent set by Russia nearly all other European States obtained, in course of time, the privilege of a similar free navigation. If some excep tions still exist they are owing to that capricious policy of the Porte which European subserviency or apathy serves to" - confirm. There still are per sons who maintain that the possession of both the shores of the Bosphorus carries with it a positive right, which authorises the Porte to grant or re fuse a passage at pleasure, as if the water of the sea with reference solely to its navigation, were not common property. Certain portions may be ap propriated to fisheries, or other objects, but the possessor of the land never can have the right of prohibiting the free navigation of the surface of the sea. This, however, is not the place for discussing this question. Among the thousand reasons, there fore, which might be urged against this alleged right, I confine myself with a reference to the au thority of Vote!, Book 1., chap. 23,# to this observation, that as Russia has legitimately recognized possessions on the coasts of the Black Sea, no other power can have the right to impugn her sovereignty, so far as to deny her a passage to those coasts. The assump tion of such a right must necessarily be incompatible with her sovereignty and an offence to the state. Be this, however, as it may, it is matter of fact that the portion of European trade which enjoys by favour a free passage employs at present in the Black Sea all the year round from 1,200 to 1,500 sail of shipping, the annual freight of which amounts to 18,000,000 or 20,000,000 francs; that the fo reign trade, which consists chiefly of commissions for foreigners and very little of transactions on Ras• sian account, occasions an annual interchange of im ports and exports to the extent of more than 24,000,000 of rubles; that this maritime traffic operates, besides, in a direct mariner to give increas ed occupation to the inland trade between the south of Russia and Germany; that, finally, in con sequence of the migrations which are constantly taking place to and from all points of the west, multiplied commercial communications, relations of friendship, and reciprocal wants, are created, which cannot fail henceforth to unite the northern coasts of the Black Sea by indissoluble bonds with wes tern Europe. On contemplating the rapid and ex tensive increase of navigation, commerce, and every branch of active industry here exhibited, and the regular stream of immigration from the west of Eu rope to the south of Russia, it is obvious that the views of profit must be great,' and the impulse of reciprocal wants powerful, to occasion this extraor dinary movement, wbith, - by its vibrations, brings silo — many and such distant countries into contact. The ports of the Mediteitanean lave now no communi cation with India; those of the coast of Barbary, subjected to the unavoidable results of the arbitrary government of their Deys, are little else than mere lurking holes for pirates; the Archipelago is in a state of poverty and confusion, and the whole of Turkey is daily falling more and more into decay. It is true that the sun of commerce has lately risen on Egypt, but there it only shines on the personal interests of one man, and consequently affords no security for the future. Under the Government, therefore, or rather un der the paternal protection of the Czars, the Black Sea will henceforth be the goal to which the Medi terranean trade will flow; that trade will be directed to this quarter with zeal and success, and to the great advantage of all parties; the south of Europe will be for ever secured against scarcity, for the exchange of its productions for our corn and other articles will take place with increasing facility. It is already the mart whence the colonial produce ne cessary for our consumption is derived; and these reciprocities, these beginnings of mercantile ex changes, and of all kinds of relations, must increase and become more solid and extensive, as the popu lation of our immense territory is as yet far from having reached one-tenth part of its natural propor tion ; and foreign trade will, as it hitherto always has, in future experience a friendly reception, favour, and protection, in the Russian ports of the Black Sea. On the other hand, Russian Georgia already presents a wide field for commercial enterprises, and a new market for the most valuable productions of Europe. For a considerable number of years past Georgian merchants have travelled through Germany to the Leipzic fairs, where they are in the habit of laying out several millions for manufactured goods. Their purchases are transported overland to Odessa, where they are shipped for Redout-Kale ; they are then conveyed up the Phasis, and arrire at last at Tiflis, whence they are distributed over different points of the interior of Asia. Considerable parcels of Cham pagne, bought in France, or at second-hand at Odessa, have already taken this course; but the Georgian merchants are now making arrangements for establishing a direct intercourse with London and :Marseilles, where they will purchase the Eng lish and French articles suited to the Asiatic mar- kets, and ship them direct for the mouth of the Phasis. Two cargoes, worth from 30,000 to 40,000 ducats, purchased personally by Georgians in Mar seilles, are now at Constantinople, on their way to Redout-Kale. Russia, ever disposed to protect foreign trade, permits the free transit by land of goods for Georgia, and, on their arrival there, levies only an ad valorem duty of five per cent. To give a ready welcome, encouragement, and protection to trade, industry, and foreigners, is the system ob served by Russia in the government of her Asiatic dominions. Erivan, Nakitshevan, and Mount Ararat, anciently the political and religious territory of the Asiatics, now of the Armenians, who are united with Russia, will become the central point of the resources and the enterprises of that wealthy and eminently-indus trious people, who, delivered from Asiatic tyranny, and placed under the protection of Russia, will at length be able to spread themselves in security over the whole of Asia, arid to find a suitable field of operations for the employment of their capital and their activity. The picture of the commerce of the Black Sea, under existing relations, which I have endeavoured to sketch only by its more prominent traits, as merely the principal facts are cited, differs in an ex • With respect to a strait, it may be observed, that if it unite two seas, the navigation of which is common to all or some nations, the nation which is in possession of the strait cannot refuse passage to the others when that pas sage cannot endanger or injure it. If refused without a justifiable ground, then those nations are deprived of an advantage which nature has bestowed on them ; in a word, such a passage is a remnant of the original common pro perty of mankind. traordinary manner from the view exhibited by Peyssonel for the information of Europe and the whole world, when this sea was under the dominion of the Kahn of the Crimea and the paramount so vereignty of the Porte. Peyssonel, who wrote two volumes to give some account of the trade of these countries, after detailing a multitude of conditions, cautions, and limitations, obtains at last a glimpse of the bare possibility of establishing one or two French commercial houses on the coast of the Black Sea; and even then it was still to be apprehended that the Porte might refuse its sanction to the ma dcrtaking. Brilliant, however, and rich in results and hopes as is the present aspect of things, the picture, nevertheless, has a dark side, from which the eye turns away with regret. Commerce and civilization retreat with dismay at the voice of the Sultan, who can by a single word place the industry of Europe and Africa under an interdict, At any moment he can paralyze all the speculations, de pending on maritime conveyance, of every part of Europe f or th e Bl ac k S ea, an d completely frustrate the most extensive and judiciously formed combina tions. In vain do the south of Russia, all Europe, and part of Asia, study to create reciprocal advan tages, and establish durable connexions, which would confer the greatest benefit on the Turks themselves' As soon as the awful non plus ultra results from the walls of the Seraglio, the flags of Europe must with all humility be hauled down. A thousand ships may be collected; their voyage is interrupted,— ended. All engagements are broken, and the funds transmitted to Constantinople are driven out of cir culation and lost. The Porte takes at pleasure t iny part of the cargoes, fixes arbitrarily the price to be allowed for merchandise, which is often not one half of its real value, and even never pays that. Trade thus checked and harassed in ',muses and speculations, sustains serious losses which propagate and spread in every direction--from the counting house of the merchant to the workshop of the ar tisan and the hut of the labourer. The treaties, according to their letter, stipulate freedom to trade and navigation, and protection against the arbitrary domination of the Turks in both Straits,—the're storation of property, and indemnification far what may have been spoliated. But in vain are all these securities provided. The Sultan is Lord of both Straits, can do what he pleases in them, and ever, completely close them in the face of the most formal compacts to tilt contrary. I will not dwell on this discouraging and degrading part of the picture; com mercial Europe well knows it, and can bear witness to its truth. With pain has commerce submitted during several years past to this mischievous ep pression, for the Porte has, at different times within these seven years, repeated the same odious acts of caprice; and having committed those aggressions unpunished, will again repeat them more frequently in future if not prevented by force. I say by force, for a government which places itself out of the com mon law of nations, and publicly recognises that po sition,—a government which openly avows an inter:- tional disregard of treaties,—possesses no feeling of right and wrong, and that feeling can be impressed upon it only by force. Russia, which had suffered the greatest offence, which was profoundly wounded in her dignity as well as in her dearest interests, has been compelled, after all means of conciliation were exhausted, to resort to force. The aggressions and defiances of every kind which she had experienced were too irritating, too insulting, to be longer en dured, in spite of all the forbearance which naturally accompanies the consciousness of superior power. Besides the individual losses of Russian subjects, southern Russia is, in every respect to its maritime trade with the rest of Europe, placed in a state of sequestration; its commercial communications cut asunder, and, consequently, the sale of its produc tions impeded; all improvements in internal trade, manufactures, and agriculture, are suspended. In fine, the progress of civilization is retarded, and a century of efforts and labours for the developement and welfare of Russia, whose welfare is so intimately connected with all the rest of Europe, may be re garded as having been made, if not entirely, at least to a great extent in vain. Under such circumstances •it Was unquestionably necessary that we should be extricated from this injurious and unjustifiably pro duced situation, and there is clearly . an equal neces sity for exercising a similar power of protection with regard to the future ; for the sword of the Sultan will hereafter—as hitherto it has been—be waved with menaces over our heads; and who can require that any state shall go so far as to submit the whole of its economical existence to a third party, especially when that third party is a Turk ? Force has be come, indeed, indispensable to rescue us from a su zerainty which was founded on nothing but the par tial advantage of local circumstances. It is necessary that it should be exercised in the interest of all that is most dear to Russia—in the interest even of all Europe, which, though silent, suffers not the less severely. In vain would it be supposed that Eu rope can be deceived on this question. The facts are palpable and speak loudly. All the ports and coasts of the Mediterranean have been considerably injured since the commencement of this war, and are placed by it in a strikingly disadvantageous situ ation. About 300 sail of Austrian ships are laid up, unrigged, in the harbour of Trieste, in consequence of want of employment. Fortunate must those con sider themselves which, having remained in the Black Sea, are freighted by the Russian Government for transports. More than 400 Genoese vessels are thrown idle, and upwards of 100 English ships are excluded from a trade which they must have ex pected to turn to their advantage, since they prose cuted it with with great industry. The French, who in consequence of the ancient relations and great pecuniary sacrifices of their Government alined their attention at an early period to the navigation of this sea, have, for some incomprehensible reason, as yet played no part in it, certainly lose nothing by the present state of things; but were it to continue much longer, France might abandon the hope of as suming the attitude which becomes her in this sea. During the whole of last winter the greater part of Europe was in a state of anxiety respecting the first necessary of life ; but that anxiety would have been completely removed if supplies could have been obtained from the immense masses of produce col lected on the coast of the Black Sea. England, Holland, and the north of France, purchased Rus sian corn in the Baltic for 32 rubles the chetvert, which might have been had for 12 on the Black Sea. Tallow, for which they paid at the rate of 10 or 11 rubles, might have been bought in Odessa for 7or 8. In short, all the trade of Europe is in jured, merely 011 account of the circumstance that there are two straits, net a m le broad, and that the Porte assumes the right of closing them, solely be cause it possesses at any moment 'the power of ag gression. The facts, at least, appear to prove that this view of the case is correct. It is, however, to be hoped that this state of things will be reviewed, and that the compulsory introduction of reason and justice on the banks of the Bosphorus will not be opposed. -;` The vengeance of Russia is the vengeance of the world." Russia requires the fulfilment of con cluded treaties, and the free passage of both straits for the ships of all nations. These demands are, in respect to national rights, perfectly consistent with the strictest justice; nay, they even tend more to favour other European nations than Russia, as the shipping of the latter is still inconsiderable. Essen tially, all that is aimed at is, to secure the 18,000,000 or 20,000,000 of francs which western Europe ob. , tains for freight in the Black Sea, and therewith to connect all the other advantages which the common use of that sea has already afforded, and promises for the future. Russia, as the Journal des Debuts of the I 2th of July most truly observed, has also en gaged in the contest for " the triumph of civilization and humanity ; and it remains to be seen whether vilization and humanity will triumph." Meanwhile there are Turkish partisans on the side of commerce as well as politics, and the blockade of the Dardanelles by Russia has not failed to pro voke their declamations. However, the right to blockade an enemy cannot be questioned, protreiN the force employed be sufficient to maintain it ; and none of the many I?lockaties whiel4 bays rocensly fr' )0 00