The Sun. — London, England, 1860-04-30 00:00:00

DEODORISATION OF THE TIIA]IES. --0- The following report on the practicability and probable efficacy of the plan proposed by the Metropolitan Board of Works, for deodorising the sewage of London by means of perchloride of iron, has been presented to the Improvement Committee of the City Commission of Sewers, by Dr. Letheby, their Medical Officer of Health : To the Hon. Commissioners of Sewers of the City of London. Gentlemen,—ln accordance with your instruc tions I have considered the question submitted to me at the last meeting of the board—viz., the probable efficacy of the proposed plan for deodorising the sewage of London by means of perchloride of iron, and I have the honour to sub mit my report thereon. The question is manifestly of the greatest im portance, and it nmst be acknowledged that it is surrounded with difficulties ; nevertheless it must be dealt with, for the state of the river during the last two summers, and the certainty of its becom ing as bad as ever during the hot months of the present year, are matters for serious consideration. It is true that little or no mischief, as far as we can discover, has yet been done to the public health ; but in the face of all experience, it would be rash indeed to conclude that our present immunity from disease is sufficient proof of a total absence of dan ger, and or the non-necessity for interference. Who, indeed, can say what little or last condition may be necessary, or what accident may happen to call into activity the zymotic powers of disease which may now only be waiting for their final development ? For my own part, I have looked with anxiety upon the subject, and I have watched ith care the state of the river during the last two years, and the con comitant condition of the public health ; for I could not shut my eyes t o th e f ac t th a t a ll k now l e d ge de rived from antecedents has proved beyond doubt that cholera and its congeners have shown a special affinity for those places where putrid miasms are abundant. There the visitations of epidemic disease are most frequent, and there they acquire the strength which enables them to migrate into sur rounding districts. As your medical adviser, there fore, on matters connected with the public health of this city, I have considered it to be my duty to direct your attention again and again to the state of the river ; and to this end I have kept myself constantly informed of its chemical condition, and have sought, by the aid of experiment and observation, to discover the true cause of the mischief, and to find a remedy for it. Not only have I tested in the laboratory the powers of almost el ery disinfectant that has been proposed, but I have also visited the principal towns in England where. processes of deodorisation are largely carried out, and I am bound to state that the result of all these inquiries, guided by the principles of chemistry and hygiene, is not favour able to the proposed scheme of the Metropolitan Board. The plan which is recommended is to cast into the sewers during the hot weather a concentrated solution of perehllide of iron. This is to be used in the proportion of about six grains to the gallon of sewage ; and the precipitate which it forms with the sewage is not to be removed, but is to be allowed to flow into the Thames with the rest of the liquor. The result of this will be, not a prevention of the putrefactive process, but merely a delaying of it. At the utmost its effects will last for only about nine days, and then the putrefactive change will continue in its usual way. This is not only theresalt of my own experience of the process, but it is also admitted to be the expe rience of Drs. Hofmann and Frankland, who have advised the beard op the subject ; for they say " that the suspended matter, even when separated from the deodorised sewage, rapidly passes, in warm weather, into a state of active putrefaction." The same opinion has been again and again expressed by Dr. Hofmann in respect of the solid matter which is cast down from sewage by the addition of lime. He has even gone so far as to say that, on sanatory grounds, no process of disinfection is per fect that does not destroy the organic matter of sewage, as is the case with chlorideof lime, and the permanganates of potash and soda. When chloride of iron is added to sewage, the u most effect of it will be but to fix a small portion --about one-third—of the ammonia contained in sewage, and to precipitate the sulphuretted hyro gen as a black and filthy-looking compound. This precipitate will be rapidly cast down, and will carry with it the suspended matters of sewage, lcaYne a clear liquor in which the organic miasms are untouched; and here it is that chemistry, when unassisted by pathology, physiology, and hygiene, is liable to the most serious errors, and may give rise to a dangerous confidence in her abstract specu lations. Doubtless the removal of a filthy odour like that of sulphuretted hydrogen may in some degree be an advantage ; but there is not the re motest proof that these arc the only or even the prin cipal agents which excite disease, and there is no scientific reason whatever for believing that their removal is sufficient to interfere with the origin or spread of epidemic di ease. But worse yet. Not only is the clear liquor still charged with ammonia and organic miasms, and so far is not disinfected, but the bulky precipitate, which contains all the suspended organic matter, will soon subside, because of its high specific gra vity, and will settle upon the banks of the river, where it will be left by the receding tide, and where its disgusting appearance will assuredly excite alarm ; besides which the putrefactive changed through which it will p ass w ill ren d er i t no less offensive than the present mud, which Dr. Hofmann has characterised "by far the most serious evil which results from the discharge of the London" sewage into the river." If the - process recommended to the board had for its object the separation of suspended matters from the sewage, and the disposal of the clear clefcecated liquor, it might perhaps have been applied with some prospect of success ; for this, in truth, is the basis of the plans adopted by, the Metropolitan Board, and now in process of execution. Those plans are the result of careful inquiry and delibe ration ; for when with Messrs. Bidder, Hawksley, and Bazalgette, I examined the processes which are already in practice at Leicester and elsewhere for the defceeation of sewage, I was fully convinead that. no process of disinfection would be sueeesSful that did not provide for the final and complete re moral of the suspended matters of sewage. The mere addition of a precipitant, without the separa tion of the feculent matter so precipitated, was abundantly p rove d b y exper i thent and observation to be a wasteful and worthless proceeding, `Even in the c a se o f t h e iron solution, ' which is proposed to the board, it has in every instance most signally failed as a practical deodoriser. More than two years ago I made a large number of experi ments on the deodorising power of perchloride of iron, and the results were communicated to you in 'my report on sewage and sewer gases. I f oun d that it was th e l east 'effeetiv and at that tim e the most exp ens i ve of all the' deodorisers known. I calculated that, if it were used in proper propor ton to check finally an d completely the putrefac tion of Sewage, it would cost nearly forty-eight nail lions a sear to deodorise the sewage of London. Sines: that time, the price of the solution has fallen VI a twelfth part of what it then was ; but its cost as an effective deodoriser is still enormous. It is not ten or twenty or forty grains of the solution, that will have the proper hygienic effect upon the river; but it must be used in the proportion of hun dreds of grains to the gallon, to put a final check upon the putrefactive process. This I have demon strated by actual experiment, and therefore speak of it with confidence. Nor do the results of my experiment stand alone, :as proof of this conclusion ; for your own engineer, Mr. Haywood, inquired into this matter, at your request, as far back as the month of March in _ 1848 ; and he reported to you that when Ellerman's solution was used in the proportion of three gallons to a cubic yard of night soil, it was not so perfect 'in its deodorising power as five pints of a solution of chloride of zinc. The solution of perchloride used by Mr. Haywood was supplied to him by Mr. El Lerman himself. Later still the subject was inquired into by Mr. Hodgson, and reported on to the Metropolitan Sewers Commission. His report bears the date of April, 1848; and, like Mr. Haywood, he found that Ellerztan's solution was but an imperfect deo= doriser ; in point of fact, he only sought to remove ammonia and sulphuretted hydrogen, and these required as much as eleven and a half quarts, or nearly three gallons of Ellerman's liquid for a cubic yard of night soil, whereas the fluid of Sir Wm. Burnett (chloride of zinc) required but one quart. These and other experiments were so unsatisfac tory that the liquid was not used either by the City or the Metropolitan Commissioners. Again:—About four years ago, Mr. Davy, the Professor of A gricultural Chemistry to the Royal Dublin Society, undertook a series of experiments for the purpos e o f ascertaininr, what substances might be successfully used as deodorisers of th night soil. The salts of iron were used among oers , and he says of sulphate of iron, ';vhicli is the homo logue of the perchleride, that its efficacy was but little superior to that sand. And lastly, we have the experimental and prac tical failure of Mr. Ellerman's plan, under his own immediate supervision, as the best of all reasons for concluding that the process is not effective. Some years ago his deodorising establishment w as at Whitechapel, and although it was in a colony of nuisances, and sanatory measures were not then prosecuted with the rigour which they now are, yet his works were so intolerably offensive, that the parish authorities were obliged to take proceedings against him, and his factory was closed. I in spected it at that time for the parish, for these was thEn no local Board of Health, and my conclusions were that his process was a signal failure, and was wholly inoperative as a sanatory scheme. I will not venture to pursue its history further, except to say, that for more than a dozen years it has been a profitless and useless speculation. Nay more :—the salts of iron, in one form or another, have been be fore the public as possible deodorisers for nearly 100 years, and yet, as far as I know, with singular want of success. In 1762, the salts of lead and iron were recommended as antiseptics by De Boissieu, and from that time to this they have been the subjects of numerous patents ; the last of them all was the patent of Brown, and its modification by Ellerman, in 1847 ; but where, I would ask, with all this his torical prestige, is there the slightest proof of its practical utility, or even of his theoretical capa bilities ? This is by no means an unimportant question, when we consider that the adoption of this scheme is not only for the sake of the public health, but also at the cost of a large sum of public money. I refrain from entering more deeply into the sub ject, for the reference to me merely requires that I should express my opinion of the proposed scheme. It is, therefore, sufficient for me to say that, as far as my knowledge and experience and experiments have gone, I am led to the conclusion that the use of perchloride of iron as a disinfectant of sew age, and a purifier of the Thames, will be a serious failure, unless indeed means are taken for the sepa ration of the solid matter from the sewage, and the disposal of the clear liquid alone. You will perceive by the tables in the appendix what kind of matter there is in the sewage, and how much of it is to be dealt with ; and I may here remark that under ordinary circumstances, when the down-flow of fresh water in the river is suffi cient to dilute the sewage, and to keep back the oceanic wave from the sea, little or no inconvenience is occasioned by it ; for so rapid is the oxydising power of atmospheric air and water, that the de composing products are quickly hurried through their phases of putrefaction; but in summer time, when evaporation is great and there is a scarcity of fresh water, whoa the sewage becomes more abun dant, and the sea water advances to meet it, then it is that putrefactive decomposition sets in and the river becomes offensive. At the present time the total quantity of solid matter in the Thames at London-bridge is not more than 25 grains in the gallon, and of this only about three grains are or ganic. These are the proportions of its constituents throughout the whole of the winter season, and up to nearly the end of May; but at that time the fall ing off in the supply of fresh water begins to be felt, and soon the proportion of saline matter amounts to upwards of a hundred grains in the gallon, and the quantity of organic to about ten. At this stage of saturation, with a high tempera ture, putridity begins ; and as the summer ad vances, and the proportions increase to upwards of 300 of salt and nearly 20 of organic matter, the de composition is most active. iro guard, therefore, against these changes, it is not enough to check the putrefaction of the sewage with a few graics of per chloride of iron, but provision must be made for the hindrance of that decomposition whic'h will as suredly occur with the organic matter that is already pickled as it were in the sea water, and which soon becomes tainted by the decomposing sewage. This it was which added to the putridity of the river during the last summer, and which maintained it in its offensive condition, notwith standing the use of nearly 500 tons of chloride of lime, and upwards of 4,000 tons of the caustic al kali. The mistake then was, as I fear it hereafter will be, that the suspended matters of the sewage were not retained, but that the precipitate formed with the disinfectant was allowed to flow on into the river, and so to become a dangerous nuisance ; and let me add, that whatever opinion may be formed of the necessity for adopting some tempo rary expedient as a palliative of the stinking con dition of the river, it is surely not necessary to re sort to chemical artifice for that which is no other than an elaborate disguise of an unremoved nui sance. I have the honour, Gentlemen, To remain your obedient servant, Guildhall, April 20, 1860, 11Y. LETHEBY. TIE ATTEMPTED INSURRE;;TION IN SPAIN. A letter from Madrid, dated April 22, says : "iWhat will they do with them ?" is the question which rings through Madrid since yesterday. I need not tell you it refers to the recent capture, generally considered most embarrassing to the ;Spanish Government. On receipt of the intelligence the Ministers met in council, but could come to no decision as to the course to be adopted, and agreed to refer the matter to O'Donnell. It might be thought he had enough upon his shoulders already, without this fresh load. It is not unlikely that this new complication will bring him soon to Madrid. Many think he will be here before the week is out. I hear that the Queen is, as her countenance yesterday betokened, much chagrined at the cap ture of her cousins. Within the last few days she expressed to persons about her a strong 'wish that they might escape. She could never, she is known to have said, sanction a stntcnec of death on her own near relatives. It appears to many that she has been ill served in this affair, and that the Plinees should have been suffered to escape. Some of to-day's newspapers seem inclined to boast of the capture, since it is a proof that the Cir'overnment Was not, as had been insinuated, more disposed to favour their flight than to effect their apprehen sion. Supposing such connivance to have existed, I cannot see that it should form subject ofreproach. Montemolin and his brother would have been much less burdensome to this Government if at large in Naples or England than they now are as prisoners at Tortosa. There are only three things that can be done to them—shoot, imprison, or pardon. Of the first I cannot think that there is the least probability, It may •be clamoured for by a party, and alrea - iy some of the Radi cal paper s ask whether there is to be distinction of persons, or whether equal justice is to be dealt out ; they recall the fact that Charles and Ferdinand - Bourbon have long since been degraded from all their honours and dignities, and declared rebels, and they hint that if they are spared injustice has been done to Ortega, Carrion, and the two others who have suffered. Such arguments, however, will hardly suffice to drive the Government to an ex treme measnre which would cast much odium upon it, and to which, moreover, it is probable the Queen could never be brought to consent. Then conics the alternative of imprisonment. Are the princes to be shut up in a fortress, as Louis Napoleon was at Ham, until death, escape, or some extraordinary turn of Fortune's wheel shall release them P This course has its disadvantages. In Spain, however closely walled in and guarded, they would be more present to the mind's eye of the Spanish nation than in foreign exile; they would be a mark for sympathy, a banner of an unfortunate cause. The plan of imprisoning them—whether in Spain or in one of her colonies—is met with objections many by the supporters of the Queen's Government. The third course then remains—pardon and expulsion from Spain • and for this I suspect that many ad vocates will be found, and that more would be but for the apprehension that such clemency would be made an Opposition arm and would occasion trouble to the Government, " Let the prise • nerS be tri e d," I h ave heard it said ; " they will cer tainly be condemned, and in all probability to death ; let them then be pardoned, conducted to the frontier, and dismissed as persons from` whom there is nothi ng to fe ar.eontemptuous mercy would go far t o d estroy the Such are little the prestige ia thathears o T n h e re mains to them." , i S uch mooted for adopti on b y the Government. O'Donnell ere are disadvantages in all. W e shall see if strikes out something original, and presenting Ie grounds for objection th an any of the above three.s It is not yet known 'whether the prisoners will be tried by a civil or a military tribunal—by a Judge of First Instance, or by a court-martial of mcaiplittaairnys such as that which condemned O r t ega. They were taken by gendarmes (guardias civiles), a force, and should therefore, it is said, be brought before a military court, unless it appears that the gendarmes were acting under the orders of an alcalde or other civil authority. These and other points will doubtless shortly be cleared up. Uldecona, where Montemolin and his brother were taken, is, as you may see by the map, at a very short distance from the place at which they landed from Palma. It is said that the Princes, when they fled before the indignant countenances of Ortega's deluded battalions, went at once to Ulce cona, and remained there until captured, changing their abode from one house to another, and having adherents on the watch against surprise. So far as we aro yet informed, there was nothing very romantic or remarkable in the circumstances attend ing their apprehension. They were found dressed, at two in the morning, in the topmost room of a mean house, and they at once submitted to the gendarmes. After taking chocolate in the house of one of the local authorities, they were packed off to Tortosa in carts. An English merchant steamer had been cruising, it is said, since early on the morning of the previous day off that part of the coast, but made off when the Colon man-of-war would have spoken her. It is supposed that she was there to take away the fugitives, and some imagine that it was her suspicious appearance and manoeuvres that put the authorities on the alert, and gave them a clue to the whereabouts of Monte• molin. On the other hand, there are persons who doubt whether any such clue was required; in other words, they think the authorities had a very fair ' idea of where they could lay' their hands upon the brothers, and that if these were taken it was rather owing to the supineness and mismanagement of themselves and their friends than to lack of oppor tunities afforded them for getting away. These are, of course, all on dits and suppositions, but it certainly seems rather strange that the fugitives and their friends and harbourers did not better profit by the blindness (wilful or otherwise) which allowed them to remain so many days unmolested in one place. One would have thought that the respite might have been profited by e ith er t o see k safer hiding or to get away in some cunning dis guise. But probably the steamer was waited for, and the delay proved destruction. We have some particulars of Ortega's death. He seems to have met it bravely, himself giving the words " Make ready" and " Present," and then commencing to recite the creed, which was quickly cut short by the volley. His death was instanta neous. Well merited though it was, it has excited considerable sensation and some sympathy in Ma drid. Here there are always plenty of people ready to make of anything a weapon of offence against the Government. If Ortega had been spared the very persons who now talk of undue severity, blood thirstiness, &c., would have pointed a scornful finger, sneered at the weakness of the Cabinet, and hinted favouritism and, perhaps, foreign influence, and would have said that, since Ortega was let off, Carrion and the two others had been murdered. It is the old story of the countryman and his jack ass. Drive the beast as you will, sling it or carry it, you will still be found fault with. The struggle here is ever for place ; patriotism is much talked of but little known, and is set down for the most part as an unprofitable virtue, and any arm is good enough to damage a political opponent. Nobody doubts that the Carlist plot had very ex tensive ramifications, and, up to yesterday, some thought that, notwithstanding the recent miscar riage, another attempt would, perhaps, shortly be made, and resources displayed the existence of which had not been betrayed by Ortega's failure and the insignificant outbreaks that followed it. If anything of the kind was contemplated, it is presumable that the capture of the two prisoners will check it. On the other hand, surprise has been expressed at the small number of the arrests that have been made. Either, it is said, the Government is extremely ill-informed or it is remiss in its duty. The fact, doubtless, is, that the Government has a moral certainty in nume rous cases, but no proofs. The chiefs having been taken, subordinates are comparatively unimportant, and there is little profit in arresting a host of per sons to let them loose afterwards for want of evi dence. The baffled conspiracy has had one good result to set off against the trouble and annoyance it has caused, and the still greater difficulties likely to spring from the capture of the pretender. It has shown the spirit of the army to be good, and that the troops are not, as in former days, to be led away by the first general who chooses to " pronounce" (no matter for whom or what) and promise promotion to the officers and abridgment of service to the men. " Viva la Rebut! Viva the union of the army 1" shouted Cel. Rodrigue z Vera, when Ortega's pallor and faltering showed him that treason was meant. And the soldiers responded to the cry and sent bul lets after the traitor. Ortega lacked decision and audacity for the part he aspired to play. When a colonel stepped forward and presumed to question him, saying that the division wished to know whither it was being led, Ortega's game was quite clear. He should have run his questioner through the body, or have denounced him as mutinous, and called upon the officers to arrest him. Such bold ness could hardly have failed of its effect, for the troops would have inferred from it that Ortega felt himself in the right, and was sure of support, and this, combined with the habit of discipline and the prestige of his rank, would have awed them into obedience. Such a course would probably have saved Ortega's life, by gaining time for him to reach the frontier. As regards the good and loyal spirit of the army, .O'Donnell is well convinced of it, so much so that, as he lately wrote from Africa, the news of the Carlist attempt gave him not the slightest uneasiness. ARRIVAL OF TWO AUSTRALIAN LINERS AND LARGE IMPORT OF GOLD. LIVERPOOL, APRIL 28. This morning, Messrs. James Baines and Co , the owners of the Black Ball Line of Australian Packets, received telegrams announcing that two of their Australian fleet—the Ocean Chief and the Lightning —had arrived, the former at Queens town, after a passage of 93 days, and the Lightning, off Minn Head, South Coast of Ireland, in 77 days, both from Melbourne. The Ocean Caief had on board the follow ing saloon passengers :—Mrs. Hart, Mrs. Under wood, Mr. J. P. Jami es o n , Li eu t . : Cooke, and Messrs. Chas. Black, Harvey, Stanwick, and Dr. Thorpe, and 155 in the steerage, She had also 32,281 ounces and 6 dwts. of gold, of the value of £129,128, consigned as follows :—English, Scottish, and Australian Chartered Bank, 11,294 oz. 3 dwt. ; Bank of AUstralasia, 10,109 oz. 10 dwt.; Bank of New South Wales, 5,000 oz. ; Oriental Bank Cor poration, 4,085 oz. 18 dwt.; Messrs. Banked Brothers and Henderson, 1,701 oz. 15 dwt. and small shipments 90 oz. The Ocean Chief had also the following cargo on board :-1,386 bales of wool, 2 bags of wool, 3,828 bags South Australian copper ore, 305 kegs of nails, 1 bale of candle-wick, cases of miscellaneous goods, and 1 trunk of boots. She is commanded by Capt. Wm. Brown, and has con siderably outstripped her metropolitan competitors. The Lightning, commanded by Capt. Clarke, has made a more rapid passage, sighting the Irish coast in 76 days from Melbourne. She has on board the following saloon passengers :—Mr. and Mrs. James Mason, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Warnock and infant, Rev. Mr. add Mrs. Thomas, captain, Mr. and Mrs. Buckle, Mrs. Drummond and infant, and Miss Drummond, Messrs. W. Austin, J. G. Cameron, Spraight, and S. Samuel; and 185 in the second cabin. She had also on board 13,479 oz. 17 dwt. of gold, of the value of £53,924, to the follow ing consignments :—Bank of Australia, 5,534 oz. 19 dwt. ; English, Scottish, and Australian Chartered Bank, 5,292 oz. 11 dwt. ; Oriental Bank Corpora tion, 2,765 oz. 11 dwt.; and small shipments, 66 oz. and 14 dwt., in addition to the following cargo :- 2,455 bales of wool, 48 bales of sheep skins, 4 bales 8 hhds. of felt, 38 bales of leather, 6 bales pieces, 14 bales of rags, 5 bales of bags and blankets, 4 crates (10 tons) zinc, a quantity of loose scrap iron, 128 kegs of nails, and 280 tons of Australian ore. The Wool by this arrival will arrive in good time for the colonial wool sales, commencing in London on the 3d of May. The following vessels sailed before the Lightning : —The Oreyhound, White Star line, out 102 days, with 5,000 ounces of gold (X 40,000), and 2,350 bales of wool, for Liverpool ; Moravian, 101 days, for London, no gold, 2,367 bales of wool; Isca, 99 days, for London, 225 bales of wool Monarch, 96 days, for London, 29,452 ounces of gold (£1l8,808), and 1,823 bales of wool ; Norwood, for London, 96 days, 9,645 ounces of gold (£38,580), and 3,253 bales of wool ; and the Montmorency, 92 days, Black Ball line, for London, with 9,047 ounces of gold (X 36,188), and 1,091 bales of wool. PENZANCE 11' . EW LIFEBOAT. The National Lifeboat Institution sent last Fri- day one of its best single-banked lifeboats, accom panied with a transporting carriage, to Penzance. The boat is 30 feet long by 7 feet wide, and rows six oars. A few days ago a harbour trial of her took place at Limehouse, ia the presence of the builders, Messrs. Forrest, the insp ec t or o f lif e b oa t s to the ational Institution,-ani others, filer self righting qualities were fully and satisfactorily developed. The water they shipped was self-ejected through patent valves in about 20 seconds. The following are some of the remarkable qualities of this lifeboat : 1. Great later stability. 2. Speed against a heavy sea. 3. Facility for launching and for taking the shore, 4. Immediate self-discharge of any water break ing into her. 5. The important advantage of self-righting if upset. _ _6 7. t ge. . st o Strength. wa room for a nu m b er o f passengers The ransporting carriage of the boat, which vv . as built by Mr. Robinson Camden ees!: ew B, i s T l o a w u n n te o 'ch i ad mirably a d apted for its of rs purposes. : d offy an ingenious contrivance th e b oat, with the carriage. With their oars in their hand s , th ey are enabled t o o b ta i n headway before the breaker s have time to f orce t h e boat broadside on the b eac h .. The hauling up o f th e lifeboat onher carria ge 4 accomplished with equa l facility. The lifeboat and transporti ng carr i age is £22o,cost o f than siderable proportion of w hi c h, i t i s hoped, a con whin b e raised in Cornwall. A commo di ous and susta l - a tial house has been built for th e reception of t lifeboat, her stores, and carri age . I n fact, the e t - l'- is probably not a more compl e t e lif e b oat e at P st i •' b e lishment on the whole coast than 'E n_ zance. Arrangements will forthwith be by t i l made - ' e local committee for the organisation of the creN,p , and for the appointment of an efficient coxswain , for the boat, who will have the charge of the sta.' tion, and will, every time she is required, go afloat.: in her. The National Lifeboat Institution has now 103: lifeboats in connexion with it—a truly noble fleet, and only outnumbered by the navies of commerce. and war, but the largest life-saving fleet the world.. has ever yet seen. Some of these boats were even, last year instrumental in saving 227 of our fellow creatures from a watery grave. It is, therefore, evi dent that a large sum is required by the institution to maintain its numerous lifeboat establishments in an efficient state, and that the good and sacred work in which it is actively engaged, can only be perfected by endowments, and the continued liberal support of the public. A free conveyance to the lifeboat and carriage was readily and generously given by all the railway companies from London to Penzance. 7HE PULLINGER FRAUDS. William George Pullinger, the perpetrator of the gigantic frauds upon the Union Bank of London, is the son of a deceased gentleman, who was a mer chant in the City, and largely engaged in the East India trade, and was a highly respected member of the Clothworkers' Company. In the earlier part of his life he served a short time in a merchant's office, and resided in the neighbourhood of Stepney green. He then became a clerk in the banking house of Sir Claude Scott and Co., where he re mained for some years with great credit to himself, and in 1847 he left for a more lucrative situation at the Union Bank. It appears that up to the period of his being promoted to the office of chief cashier, five years ago, his conduct was irreproach able. In his new capacity, however, he had greater command over the funds of the bank, and could not withstand the temptation which his new position gave him, and which he carried on with much in genuity and disastrous consequences to the bank. During the last few years, and up to the time of his arrest, Pullinger lived at 30, Ampthill-square, Hampstead-road, and from all we can hear his style of living was not beyond that which might be ex pected of persons in his situation of life with an income of £6OO a year. i The house was well fur nished, but nothing to i ndicate extravagance, as in the case of Itedpath ; and he had very rarely com pany, his circle of acquaintances apparently being small. The directors are prosecuting an inquiry which, it is hoped, will end in the recovery of a portion of the missing capital. It is known that Pullinger was a considerable loser by speculations on the Stock Exchange. In one instance he asserts that he was swindled to a large extent ; but, the party being deal , there is no likelihood of any portion bein g disgorged. It, is well understood that Pullinger was the means of putting several firms " on their legs ;" but whether he will make a full disclosure of the assistance he has rendered remains to be seen. Pullinger also dabbled largely in betting on horse racing. He was on very intimate terms with a con fectioner in the City and a trainer at Newmarket, and at the latter place a flue stud of race-horses, with an extensive range of new buildings and other out-houses, suddenly turned up which excited some attention as to where the means came from. Since his incarceration in Newgate he has not hesitated to converse freely upon the frauds charged against him ; indeed, he has evinced rather an anxious de sire to lay bare his delinquencies and unburthen his mind. For a long while he knew that a crisis must • come which would terminate in his imprisonment for life, and his only regret now is that he should have brought so much disgrace upon other parties. It appears that shortly after his arrival in Newgate the rev. chaplain of the prison addressed him upon the enormity of the frauds, which apparently im pressed. Pullinger with the idea that the rev. gen tleman wished him to divulge the full extent of his crime to him (the chaplain). He replied that that was a matter between him and the bank authorities mid at present did not come within the course of duty of the rev. ordinary of the prison. He has ex pressed his perfect readiness to give the fullest in formation with a view of assisting the directors in their investigation of the frauds. Hearing that one of the clerks, Littleton, had been apprehended on suspicion of being a confederate, he repeated his re gret that he should have been the cause of bringing so much disgrace upon the young man and dis credit upon the officers of the company. It has been said that the peculations of Littleton took place a day after Thillinger's apprehension, but that is not the case. The deficiency in his till occurred some time previously, for Littleton, when asked- at the police-station what he had had, observed that Pul linger asked him fur the money out of his till, and he gave it him; but he added that he knew he had done wrong. Littleton's salary, as one of the cashiers, was £250 per annum. Pullinger has been visited by his wife, a very lady-like person, two or three times in Newgate, and he has expressed himself in rather strong terms at the conduct of the clergyman, at whose church at Hampstead he was a regular attendant, in visiting her, and, under the guise of consoling her, endeavouring to persuade her to make a full revelation of her husband's sin. He declares most solemnly that his wife was wholly unconscious of his treacherous conduct to the bank; and although he h-ad obtained permission for the clergyman to visit him, in accordance with her request, he had since informed the governor that he declined to see him. He thought that as Mrs. Pullinger had sub scribed to the different charities connected with the parish, the clergyman had inferred that it must have been money belonging to the bank. He de clared, however, that all the gifts came out of his salary, and not a fraction from the frauds on the bank. In alluding to his turf transactions, and to what he called the " accursed gambling by bet ting," he said that, although he was a great winner on many of the races, and he mentioned names (which we obviously omit), yet his sacrifices in betting were beyond hie calculatioa. His circum stances, when the frauds were detected, and he was arrested, would ecem to show that his means were exhausted. he had effected a bill of sale upon his household furniture, and appears to have borrowed of his friends. Is is clear that when he was searched at the Bow-lane police station, all the cash that was found upon him was 3d. His house was exa mined at the same time, but no money was to be seen. Pullinger has been asked several times whether he intended to employ a solicitor to de fend him, He replied that he did not wish to give the beak any trouble, and intended to plead guilty. He had quite made up his mind that he would never have his liberty again. He will be brought up with Littleton next Friday at the Mansion-house, but from the mass of accounts which will have to be gone through, the• proceedings will occupy several days. Much has been said as to the apparent lax way the affairs of the bank have been managed, in allowing such a series of gigantic frauds to go on so long undiscovered. A rather amusing anecdote is told of its chairman, Sir Peter Laurie, who, when the Redpath speculations on the Great Northern Railway Company were made public, commented from the judgment seat at the Mansion-house upon the management which could allow such a state of things, and said that it must have resulted from a want of proper vigilance on the part of the officials, adding that it was impossible that anything of the kind could happen at the bank (Union) with which he was connected. THE DISCUS,UO v" IN THE PRUSSIAN CHAMBERS. The late decision of the Prussian Government against the authority of the Federal Diet is re marked on at some length by the Constitutionnel, which looks on the determination in question as a very grave proceeding "On the part of a petty State such an act would only have been a revolt ; but og the part of Prussia it is almost a revolution. The discussion in the Chamber on the matter was opened by an explicit declaration of Baron de Schleinitg himself, to the effect that, ' whatever happens,' the Government was detetrhitted to persist with firmness in the path on which it had entered. After him several mem bersspoke, and all, putting aside more or less the preliminary Veil Which enveloped the vote of the Diet, discussed the question in the point of view of the rivality of Austria and Prussia. To cede to Austria now,' M. iiuncker said, would be a more shameful and more dangerous defeat than those of Olmutz and Bronzell, in 1850 !" The blow di rected apparently against Hesse was,' said M. Mathis, in reality, against Prussia.' And, in order more strongly to express what he thought, this speaker recalled to mind the remark of a man whose observations have sometimes served as warn ings to Europe We must degrade Prussia, in order to demolish her !".rhe man who made that remark:was the Prince de Schwarzenberg." After commenting on the incidents of the late debate in the Prussian Chamber, the writer comes to the following conclusion on the conduct of the Berlin Cabinet : "We will not say that Prussia has cast down the glove to Austrian Germany ; or that the Reformists of Gotha who yesterday could hardly agitate their flag, and were obliged to emigrate with it from town to town, saw it hoisted in the Prussian tribune by M. de Vinckc. Still less will we say that the edifice of the Diet, restored thirty years ago by Austria, has become visibly weakened, and that the support which it formerly received has also become shaken ; that, in short, the new policy which restores to the populations a part of the sovereign power is becoming acclimatised and takes root in independent Germany. We will say nothing for fear of quitting the domain of facts, and of losing ourselves in the regions of Germanic re veries. among being preoccupationsit tvi will ofthe by bein g i i r n 7 o vc o e n v g e le •i be s co in m contestible that the crisis qzgr . avated, .and that take its place olitical ' world,"--ceatignani. forcedaropean THE _PAPAL STATES. The following letter has been rceei - ved from Rome, dated the 21st inst. : - " I must inform you that the moral influence at tached to the mane of Lamoriciere has produced an immense effect in Rome. The King of Piedmont is, in consequence of the General's appointment, it is said, to form two armies of observation—one in the Romagna and the other in Tuscany. As to Rome, where hitherto everybody kept away from the Go vernment, we see an emulation among the young men of the wealthier• classes to offer their services in the new army. The Pope's gardes nobles demand to be employed on active service, and nobody re fuses to obey the orders given by the General in his well-known energetic manner. He has declared to the Government that the personnel of the Roman army is capable of as much efficiency as that of any other, but on condition that it be commanded by skilful and courageous officers. He proposes to or ganise an army of 40,000 men, of which 15,000 are to remain in the garrison towns, and 25,000 to be employed in active service. His object is t 9 establish his head-quarters at Ancona, whence he can prevent any invasion of the Papal territory by an enemy's army, and at the same time prevent any insurrection iu the Marches or in Umbria, There is no deficiency of fire-arms, and the general is occupied in organising three batteries of rifled cannon. If the general can overcome the habitual in ertness of the Government, and succeed in obtaining an energetic assistance from those who should sup port him he will accomplish the noble object he has proposed to himself. But that is more difficult than anybody can imagine. It is useless to deceive ourselves, the greatest blot on our Government is inertness. It is to that failing that we haVe to at tribute our backward.ness in material civilisation. If the necessary energy bad been displayed for the last 11 years to organise a good army we should not now be in the sad situation in which we are. If during the same interval our legislation had been reformed and placed in harmony with the just re quirements of the age we should have less to repent of, and the revolted inhabitants would have no excuse. If within the last 25 years the Govern ment had accepted the offers of various public com panies who proposed to construct railways we should have had an element of prosperity already developed without adding to the charges of the Treasury. If the Government had had sufficient ' forethought to place native troops instpsd of Aus trians at Bologna we should not have so shamefully lost the Romagnas. In fine, if a loan had been negotiated in the course of last year, our finances would not now be in such a deplorable position, ' and we should not be speaking of an issue of paper money or of mortgaging the church property. Unfortunately for us I do not see any mode of escaping from one or other of these expedients. Notwithstanding reports to the. contrary, the Chevalier Neri has scarcely obtained anything either in Belgium or France, or the Chevalier Guidi at Naples. Of the two expedients proposed the last would be the least dangerous. Paper-money has left too disagreeable a recollection—the expedient of mortgaging the Church property might enable the Government to contract a loan on less onerous terms. To conclude, if General de Lamo riciere finds the Government energetic he may suc ceed, and even now his name is sufficient to prevent a popular movement in case the French troops should be withdrawn. In the meantime the party opposed to Cardinal Antonelli is more compact than ever. That party rejoices in having appointed Monsignor Merode Minister of War provisionally. UGLY SYMPTOMS. We have drawn upon ourselves piteous remon strances by venturing to liken this halting Reform , Bill to a sickly innocent. We are told that, so tar from being innocent, it is the cause of all the troubles that afflict the country. Just so. It is the nature of an innocent to turn the house topsyturvy, interrupt the common household course of things, expel its progenitor from his own room, and very often to go off in a convulsion when all the mischief is done. If innocence could exist only under the condition of being the cause of no evil, we should 'apologise and retract it at once. This Reform Bill stops everything itself, and does not move itself. Allthe public business is in arrear. We are nearly half way through the session, and nothing has been accomplished. Half the Treaty business has yet to be worked off. There are the Wine Licences, when, as the Ministers will have to meet a curious alliance of knaves and fools, they will have to fight a hard fight. There are the Paper Duties to be taken off, and some measure to be adopted to pre vent the' Emperor of the French putting them on again for his own bene6t. The Stamp Duties are still unsettled. The wild notions of the Post-office Secrettry, who forgets that he is managing a mono poly, and fancies that he is only collecting a re venue, have to be corrected at the cost of much public time. There is not yet a vote passed in the Committee of Supply. Law Reform, which stood out so large in the sessional programme, has had so little chance Qf hearing that, even the Bankruptcy Bill cannot find an hour for its discussion; and that Bankruptcy Bill is more practically important than a thousand Reform Bills. There is a complete legislative block. So far as we can perceive, August might find us in the same position. The debate on the second reading has now gone on for almost more nights than we can count, and if nothing be done it may go on for as many more. To-night Mr. Bentinck takes up the wondrous talc, and some great fixed star—per haps Mr. Gladstone—will rain his light upon the evening. There is no symptom, however, that to night, or even Thursday night, will see the end of it. We believe the bill will be withdrawn. It has long been determined that it shall not pass. The plain common-sense of the matter is, that the House of Commons is not inclined to commit suicide. This eighth Parliament of Queen Victoria is ydung yet. It has a right to consider that it has a long life be fore it. It is not a year old. It is full of youth and ambition and vigour. It does not want to be cut up and boiled in the bubbling pot of a general election, in order to be rejuvenated. It must be a very fas cinating Reform Bill which would receive the sup port of a House of . Commons under such circum stances. But this is not a fascinating Reform Bill. Its very endurance by the Bright party is a confession of utter defeat, and is suggestive of some secret compact, .perhaps rather tacit and implied than declared and absolute. To the Derby party it must be odious, and its only chance of pass ing is its becoming under the plastic infiu enee of a committee just what their Reform Bill would have become if it had been suffered to be put under the same process. Decidedly this is not a fascinating bill. It is not likely to excite any English Parliament to any deed of heroism. There aro certain gentlemen' in the house whose seats are secure, and whose elections cost them nothing, and whose nature it is to make hustings speeches, who would just as soon it passed as not. There, are also a few Conservative leaders who have never ceased to regret their own folly in commit ting themselves to any reform and who would per haps buy a release from this most disagreeable pledge, even at the expense of an interview with their constituents, But, with these exceptions, the passing of this Reform Bill means money out of pocket, a month of hard, disagreeable work, and possibly a fall from the Parliamentary firmament. Perhaps it might have facilitated the progress of the bill if a public announcement had been made that a Reform Act should not be followed by a dis solution. The idea, we believe, has occurred to many, but perhaps it has been thought so candid as to verge upon indecorum. A maiden may be very anxious for a husband, a barrister for a brief, or a politician for a seat, and each may tremble at the thought of losing the object of his solicitude ; but it is part of the respectable hypocrisy of social life that a perfect and stoical indifference shall always be assumed in such matters. We believe that if such an assurance had been volunteered even Mr. Horsman would have indignantly repu diated any suggestion of an unwillingness to test the confidence of the electors of Stroud. But still it might have helped the bill. If the house will not move this bill on or throw it out, it may be better to withdraw it than to waste the session. But the worst of this course is that we shall have the same difficulty over again next session. The office of leader of the House of Commons will come to have but one duty—that of advancing a Reform Bill to a certain stage, and then letting it drop. There may be a new Sisyphus each session, but there will be always the same stone: Toalay Lord John is enduring this purgatory. We do not pity him. It is the Nemesis which pursues him for his mistakes in that other world of opposition. We told him last year, prosy preachers as we were then thought, how it would be. Day by day, six days a-week, we tried to induce him to let Lord Derby's Bill go into committee, and there to mould it. He would not do so, and here he is, in his own turn, at the same hopeless work. Not one step has the cause of Reform moved since Lord John carried his reso lutions. Lord John now, as Mr. Disraeli then, is laboriously rolling up the stone to the second read ing point. Lord John now, as Mr. Disraeli then, is out of breath, and is giving up the hope of pre venting it from slipping down again. We recur to the advice we gave last year— ,, P ass something !" Better for all purposes, public and private, to pass something. For the conduct of public business it is absolutely necessary to get this ob stacle out of the way, and to pass something . For the sake of our position with foreign Powers, wich, if it is not at this moment very threatening, at least renders it important that we Ahould be able to' appear before the world as an united nation, it is most desirable to get rid of all points of internal discord, and to pass something. For all questions of administrative reform it is absolutely necessary, if you would do anything beyond talk about first principles, and population statistics, and poor law ratings, to pass something. These are the public reasons. There are very important and private reasons also. To every man who works in hope of a little grouse shooting this year or next year we would suggest that his interest renders it of the utmost importance that he should pass something. To the Tory who wishes to see his way into some small little oasis of office we suggest that he cannot hope fora chance while this fatal engagement stands in the way. The Conservatives have signed the bond, they have sold themselves to that county ten-pound demon, and they can never be free until they have passed something. To the Whigs it may be hinted that they will, not be allowed to go on for ever producing little models that won't work, clumsy little machines that will not get the steam up. They must do their work soon, or it will be taken out of their hands. They have promised Mr. Bright to jump into that quart bottle, and now that Mr. Bright is not in a con dition to be very truculent they had better com promise by performing some more possible trick, and—pass something. Pass something-some thing that all parties will agree upon. We don't presume to prescribe, but something that will pass Oily through both houses. Arrange the machi nery, if you will, so that the registration shall re quire two clear years before a dissolution can take place. Declare publicly that so snail au alteration will not require a dissolution. Leave the seats, if you please, as they are. According to present ap pearances the places you intended to enfranchise will only use their power to send railway men to Parliament, and this interest is quite strongenough there at present. Compromise the matter in any way, but do put an end to this grievous block, and let the public business and domestic legislation go on. Do pass something.—Times. TUE LIME LIGHT ON IVES MINSTER BRIDGE'. For some evenings past the completed portion of the new Westminster-bridge has been lighted by the new lime light, and has presented a brilliant appcaranCe. There are 10 lights on the bridge— about one third of the number of the old gas lights. The light is of a pure white colour and of dazzling brilliancy, making all the old gas-burners in the proximity appear as dull as thoughthey were burning in the bright sunlight at noonday. It was to this description of light that ProfeSsor Faraday referred when he stated it was so intense that it could be distinctly seen for a distance of 95 miles, and the correctness of this statement was verified during the Ordnance survey of Scotland, when one of these lights, placed as a station mark on the top of Ben Lomond, was distinctly seen at the Klock Layd, between 90 and 100 miles distant. A single jet of the lime light of medium size is equivalent to 40 argand, or 80 fish-tail gasburners, or to 400 wax candles ; and its intensity and brilliancy may be in creased by augmenting the quantity of gases sup plied. As compared with the illuminating power of common gas, a single jet, consuming four cubic feet of the mixed gases of hydrogen and oxygen, is said to be equal in illuminating power to.that ob tained from 400 feet of ordinary gas. The mode in which the light is produced is by the combustion of lime under the great heat caused, by the flame of the mixed gases. A stream of common gas, which is used instead of pure hydrogen, is conducted through one pipe, and a supply of oxygen is sent through a second one, each being attached to sepa rate gas-holders. These pipes terminate near the lamp in one single tube, where the gases are allowed to mix in their way through a curved jet to what may be called the wick of the lamp, which is simply a lump of lime, held in close proximity to the mouth of the curved tube by a piece of metal. In lighting the lamp the first step is to direct the stream of hydro gen upon the lime; it is lighted, and gives forth a small flame of a pale yellow colour. In a few seconds after this pale colour gives place to a deep red, caused by the combustion of the metal cal• cium in the lime, under the great heat of the hydrogen flame. When the lime is in this state the Oxygen is turned on, and instantly the bright white light is produced, which will continue as long as the " wick" remains unconsumed. The supply of lime is kept up by the action of,simple clockwork machinery, which raises the material as it burns down, at a rate of speed varying ,according to the progress of the combustion. There is nothing of an expensive character about the light, and with ordi nary care it may be used with perfect safety. At present the oxygen gas is conveyed in bags to the pipes, as the gas-holders provided are not sufficiently large to contain the quantity required for the night's consumption. The works required for the completion of the remaining portions of the new bridge are being pushed forward with considerable activity. The carriage -way and footpath on the eastern side of the old bridge are in course of re moval for the purpose of lowering the surface, and a large portion of the centre and two adjoining arches has been taken down. It is necessary to lower this part of the bridge in order to admit of persons crossing it during the progress of the works, as the travelling cranes overhead would be only a few inches above the highest part of the old road way. The removal of the crown of the centre arch and carting away several feet of the roadway will afford the necessary accommodation. As soon as this alteration has been effected on the one half of the bridge the foot passengers will be reqUired to pass on that side, the western half will be imme diately taken down, and its place supplied as soon as possible .by another section of the new iron bridge. AN ORDER OF BRITANNIA. After a most interesting detail of chivalrous acts of courage performed by captains in the mercantile navy, the Cornhal Magazine asks—" Why is there not an order of Britannia for British seamen ? In the merchant and the Royal navy alike occur almost daily instances and occasions for the display of science, skill, bravery, fortitude in trying circum stances, resource in danger. In the first number of our Magazine a friend contributed a most touching story of the M'Ciintock expedition, in the dangers and dreadful glories of which he shared, and the writer was a merchant captain. How many more are there (and, for the honour of England, may there be many like him !)—gallant, accomplished, high-spirited, en terprising masters of their noble profession ! Can our fountain of honour not be brought to such men ? It plays upon captains and colonels in seemly pro fusion. It pours forth not illiberal rewards upon doctors and judges. It sprinkles mayors and alder men. It bedews a painter now and again. It has spirted a baronetcy upon two, and bestowed a coro net upon one noble man of letters. Diplomatists take their Bath in it as of right ; and it flings out a profusion of glittering stars upon the nobility of the three kingdoms. Cannot Britannia find a riband for her sailors ? The navy, royal or mercantile, is a service. The command of a ship, or the conduct, of her, implies danger ' honour, science, skill, sub ordination, good faith. It may be a victory, such as that of the Sarah Sands ; it may be a discovery, such as that of the Fox ; it may be heroic disaster, such as that of the Birkenhead ; and in such events merchant seamen, as well as royal seamen, take their share. Why is there not, then, an Order of Britannia? One day a young officer of the Eurya ins may win it; and, having just read the memoirs of Lord Dundonald, I know who ought to have the first Grand Cross. AUICIAIN ON THE .FIUDSON. American artists are rapidly making the un travelled portion of the English public familiar with the scenery of the great Western continent. Mr. Church's " Falls of Niagara" and the " Heart of the Andes," recently exhibited, have found a com panion picture in Mr. Cropsey's "Autumn on the Hudson River," now on view in the studio of the artist, who has been for some time settled in Lon don. The painting is b. perfectly faithful view of the locality—a valley running inland from the Hudson, between West Point and Newburg—in the vicinity of the Sleepy Hollow of Washington Irving, and Sunnyside, the pleasantly-named re treat in which the last years of that popular writer were passed. The point of view is well chosen for variety of effect. It comprises a lake-like inlet of the river, the distant river itself, mountains, and an undulating foreground of forest and wood. The singularly vivid colours of an American autumnal scene, the endless contrasts of purples and yellows, starlets and browns, running into every conceiv able shade between the extremes, might easily tempt a painter to exaggerate, or revel in variety of hue and effect, like a Turner of the forest. But Mr. Cropsey has resisted the temptation, and even a little tempered the capricious tinting of nature ; his autumn is still brilliant, but not quite lost to sobriety, as we have s ometimes, we think, seen it in that Western World. The re sult is a fine picture, full. of points that are new, without being wholly foreign and strange t o the European eye. It is too grand in size, pe rhaps, for d our ordinary exhibitions, as it would r splace a dozen glens in the Highlands and valleys inN orth Wales. But if exhibited alone it will do much to increase Mr. Cropsey's reputation among us. It will take the ordinary observer into another sphere and region, while its execution will bear any tech nical criticism.-2'iliet. SPOIVTANEOUS GEIV_ERATION. Professor Pouchet of Rouen, whose labours tend ing to establish the fact of spontaneous generation we have several times had occasion to mention, has just addressed another paper to the Academy of Sciences, on a method of collecting within a very small space all the microscopic bodies contained in. a determined volume of atmospheric air, with a view' to show that the immense quantity of spores and germs, which his adversaries allege to exist in the atmosphere, is greatly overrated. The instrument contrived by M. Pouchet for this purpose consists of a glass tube hermetically closed at both extremi ties by brass rings. The upper ring receives a coP per tube shaped at its outer extremity like a very small funnel, while its inner extremity consists of a very fine hollow and tapering end, presenting eu orifice of not more than half a millimetre in diame ter. Through the lower ring a flat and circulas plate of glass covered with a film of glutinous matter, is introduced, and brought within a dis tance of a millimetre from the taper end of the tube. The apparatus is then closed and made to communicate with an aspirator by means of a tube attached to the lower ring. By the action of the aspirator, the ambient air passes through the tube, and issuing from the small orifice, strikes against. the glass plate, where it" leaves all the minute mi croscopic atoms it contains, which are found agglo merated in a small heap in the centre. The quantity of air thus filtered, we may say, is exactly, ascer tainable from the capacity of the aspirator, ' - which is known ; and it may thus be proved that all the minute particles contained in a cubic metre of atmospheric air, may be concentrated in a space not exceeding a cubic millimetre. From the experi ments he has made with this aeroscope, as he calls it, M. Pouchet concludes that the great abundance of germs and spores supposed to exist in the air is a mere creation of the fancy, and that henceforth, whenever an experimentalist declares that he has found the eggs or spores of proto-organisms in the air, he should be hallenged to produce them. M. Pouchet proposes to examine the air of hospitals, marshy plains, and mountains with his aeroscope. COUN TRY MA RICHT& NORTHAMPTON—Arian, 28. At this corn-market wheat was not very abundant, witk a healthy sale, at rather over the rates of this day gen night, prices ranging from 50s to Ms for white, and 48e is 62s for red. There was a good business passing in barley, malting 38s to 445, grinding 36s to 40s per qr. Oats in fair sale, the turn in seller's favour, quoted at 30s to 35$ per 24 stone. Beans, old, .42s to 52s ; peas, 38s to 445. Rye, 36s to 40s; malt, 68s to 725 ; flour, 33s to 37s per sack. NORWICH-Arim. 28. A larger supply, and the wheat trade rather dull, but prices unaltered. Barley scarce. White wheat. 53s to 51s J Red wheat 50s to 52s Malting barley....42s to 46s I Chevalier barley 34s to 40s Distilling do.. ....25s io 27s Oats.. 24s to 285 Flour, 35s to 35s 6d per sack from the miller. CAMBRIDGE—Arum 28. There was a moderate supply of wheat, and, with a firm demand in the trade, white moved off at 49s to g 2,3 t • red, 45s to 48s per 36 stone. There was, a small show of barley to-day ; malting, 36s to 40s ; grinding, 30s to 345 per 30 stone. Oats at 22s to 28s for new ; old oats, .—s to —s. Beans in limited supply, and a steady sale —new, 40s to 48$ ; old, —s to —s per 38 stone ; peas, 40s to —s per 36 stone. White cloverseed, 865 to 89s; red, 46s to Os per quarter. YORK—. The supply of wheat was my attendance of farmers and fa last week's rates. Wheat, red .50s to 51s Oats.... 2ss to 30s White do .5 is to 60s Beans 44s to 46s Barley .36s to 45s Peas .... to Malt, 68s to 70s per qr. ; rye, 34s per qr. ; flour, 39 to 41s per sack. .PRIL 28. it large, but there was a fair letors. Trade ruled slow, at STAMFORD—Arum 28. Yesterday there was a fair sale of wheat, with a tolerable supply, at the extreme rates of last week. Wheat .. . 503 to 53s Oats.. 26s to 32s I White do 54s to - 56s Beans 42s to 454 Barley 40s to 45s I Ditto, old ........46s to 483 LEICESTER-Arm _2B. _ There was a tolerable supply of wheat to-day, a fair attendance, and trade firm. White wheat, 48s to 52$ —red, 45s to 48s per 36 stone; a very fair inquiry for fine barley, grinding, 30s to 33s ; malting, 38s to 44s per qr.; oats, 28s to 34s per 24 stone. Beans—old, 52s to —O, now 42s to 46s per 33 stone. ''Fine flour, 33s f 'Seconds, 31s I Thirds, 29s per 20 stone. DIIBLIN—Ar nu 27. We had a dull market to-day, and we do not alter the quotations of Tuesday for. anything. s. d. m. d. Wheat, white 33 0 to 35 0 Do., red 3l 0 to 33 0 Do., now Barley Oats Do., black l5 0 to 15 6 o. d. s. d• Do., now — 0 to 0 Bere Rapeseed Oatmeal 1.5 0 to 17 0 Bakers' flour Indian corn FOREIGN MAIL PACKET LIST. In the following table E signifies that letters are despatched by evening mails front London, and M by ramming mails. • ______ Dim DESTINATIONS. Despatch Port of iNi ail of Mails. Despatch. due. Australia and and Mauritius, via Southampton May 12, 31 , Southamp. May 10 Ditto, via Marseilles Bahamas and Havana via New York May 12, E Liverpool.. May 10 Canada, &c. (by Canadn. pckt ) May 2 , E Liverpool.. May 2 Cape of Good Hope, Ascen sion, and St. Helena May 5, E Devonport June I China, Penang, and Singa pore, via Southampton May 4, MlSouthamp. May 2 Ditto, via Marseilles May 10, 'CI May 13 Gibraltar, via Southampton . ) May 4. M Southamp. overdue,' Honduras and Blewlields .... May 17, MSouthamp. May /I India (Calcutta) and Ceylon, via Southampton May 4. M Southamp. May 2 Ditto, via Marseilles India (Bombay), via South ampton May 12, 11 Southamp. overdue Ditto, via Marseilles Lisbon, Brazils,Buenos Ayres, and P. Islands May 9, M Southamp. May 5 Lisbon, Vigo, and Oporto May 7,M Southamp. May 1 Malta, Egypt, and Aden, via Southampton May 4,M Southamp. overdue Ditto, via Marseilles Mexico and Havana Newfoundland May 5, E Liverpool.. United States and British N America (by British packet) May 1, E Liverpool.. May 2 Ditto (by U. S. packet) West Coast of Africa, Ma deira, and Teneriffe ' May 23 E Liverpool.. May 10 West India, California, Vene zuela, Chili, Peru, Grey- • • town, New Granada, [ADVERnsEMENT.]—Holloway's Pills and Ointment.- - Cherish Hope. - Let no sufferer despair of cure till a fair trial has ,been given to. these incomparable medicaments. Mar vellous cures are constantly reported of invalids being .re stored to health when all hope had long since vanished. Alt complaints of the chest, all irregularities of the heart, all im purities of the blood,all derangements of the stomach and liver. are banished by Holloway's ,preparations. The ointment must be well rubbed over the parts affected twice a-day at least, and oftener in urgent cases. The use of this ointment. aided by Holloway's pills, will cure all sores, ulcers, -fistulas, and skin diseases. However old or obstinate, to their power all eventually yield. • [AnvEnustmENT.]—Nothing can be more interesting than the numerous extraordinary cures without medicine of indigestion (dyspepsia), flatulency, constipation, nervous, bilious, and liver complaints, cough, asthma ' cent;' pation, and debility eff ec t e d by D u B arry ' s deli cious Health-restoring Revalenta. Arabica Food. W e give a few :—" Winchester, December 3, 1847• Gentlemen,--I am happy to be able to inform you that the person for whom your Revalenta was procured has derived very great benefit f r o m it s us e ; distres s i ng symptoms of dropsy, dyspepsia, and constipation of long stand ing have been removed, and a feeling of restored _, health induced Having witnessed the benefier effects in the above mentioned case, I can with conn" deuce recommend it, &c. ' &c. John Shorland, late Bure n 96th Regment."—Cure No. 48,314: Miss Elizabeth e° - man, Gateacre, near Liverpool—A cure of ten years' flys' pepsin, and all' the horrors of nervous irritability.—Cu re No. 46,814—Mr. Saud. Laxton, Leicester, of two years dial rhoea.—Cure No.-'s2,6l2—The Dowager Countess of Castle stuart, of man y years nervousirri tability,bile, and indigestion' In tins at ls. 6d. ; 11b., 3s. ; 21b., ss. 9d. ; 61b., 125.; 265. Tie 10Ib. and 121 b. tins carriage free, on receipt of pow': office order. Du Barry and Co., 77, Regent-street, Londe!' Fortnum, Mason, and Co., 182, Piccadilly; Abbis, Gracechureh-street ; 4, Cheapside ; 63 and 150 oxforo street ; 330 and 451, Strand • 49 and 60, Bishopsef_ ta. street ; 85, Tottenham - court-road. Also at Dunn" Bewley 'and Draper ; at Edinburgh, Raimes and Cc ''. at Liverpool, Nixon and Thew ; at Manchester, Sharp tir Scott; at York, Raines, Blanchard, and. Co. ; at;So ut ampton, Randal 'and Son BIRTHS. ALLOM.—On the Mat inst at Richmond, Surrey, they/Jill of Albert James Allout, ' Esq., Colonial Secretary of -1-°. bago, W. 1., of a eon. EDEN.—On the 25th inst., at Baden Baden, the Hon. Airs' Eden, of a daughter. of SCOTT.—On the 27th inst., at Carmarthen, the wife . Lieut.-Colonel R. Scott, of a daughter. MARRIAGES. CROSSE—NORTHCOTE.—On the 26th inst., at Crediton, Herbert E. G. Crossei*Back, Lieut. 59th Regt., to Fel Hinton, the only child of Henry Northcote, E s q., ef_ Middle Temple, barrister -at - law, and of Okefield Crediton, Devon. DALGLISM—Mowsox.—On the 25th i ns t. at MaY 6eld ' near Dundee, William Ogilvy Dalgleish, Esq., 1111 „,i ge ; of Woodburne, Fife ehir e , to Elizabeth Frances, th e daughter of Francis Molison, Esq., of Mayfield. DEATHS. D gr eat l e i d th 3 e 4 2 an st d h 3isns, Royal lk al fr. Ex F c r h e a d n er g i 7e c 2 k m D ak en e t r , 0 0 1 c al a o ; Strand, and at the H ouses o f P arl i ament . r T. FRLEMANTLE.—On the 26th inst., at S wa nbourne Ba the inghamshire, Capt a i n St ep h en G. F rem antle, 1 1 :N'' is youngest son of the late Vice-Admiral Sir Thos. Franc Freemantle, ROBERTS.—On the 27th inst., at Limehouse, John R° lelertef ' Esq., aged 82. teli WRA.TELEY.—On the 25th inst , at Hastings, Mrs. W— a wife of his Grace the Archbishop of Dublin. LONDON : Printed and Published by MIIRDO YO of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at The Sun Office) is . of Strand, in the Precinct of the Savoy, in the oQ Micldleoex, Ilouday, April 30, 186 N ~. f`~ ~y