The Sun. — London, England, 1829-12-08 00:00:00

THE ARMY. The Coloneley of the 66th (Berkshire) Regiment of ?dot has become vacant by the death of General Oliver Nicholls. Detachments of the undermentioned Regiments arrived join their town y ester d ay morning from Norwich, on route to their respective depots, viz- : The 10th Foot, from Norwich, on route to Bristol, for Londonderry. 'the 12th Foot, ditto, for Kinsale. The 17th Foot, ditto, for Chatham. A Detachment of the Ist Regiment of Dragoons pro ceeded yesterday evening by the canal boat to Manchester, to join the Regiment at that station. REGULATIONS REFERRED TO IN HIS MA JESTY'S WARRANT, FOR REGULATING THE GRANT OF PENSIONS AND ALLOWANCES TO OFFICERS OF THE LAND FORCES FOR WOUNDS RECEIVED IN ACTION. I .lf an officer shall receive a wound in action which shall occasion the loss of an eye or a limb, or the total use of a limb, or shall receive bodily injury fully equal to the loss of a limb, he may be eligible to receive a gratuity in money of one year's full pay of the regimental rank or staff aPpointment held by him at the time he was wounded. 2 . If an officer shall be wounded in action, and it shall appear, upon an inspection made of him by a board of army rned ical officers, assembled by order of the Secretary at War, th at such has, in consequence of his wounds, lost a t r b °r an ey e , or h as tota ll y l ost t h e use o f a li m b, or that he has sustained a severe injury in action, fully equal i n every respect to the loss of a limb, he may be recom mended to his Majesty for a pension, at the rate fixed in the annexed scale, for the rank held by him when he was Wnurled, - an d commenc i ng one year a f ter t h e woun d was reeelv ed, the co n ti nuance o f w hich shall depend upon sub sequent examinations before the Military Medical Board. e 3• , 11 the officer shall have lost more than or.e limb or " r "e may b e recommen d e d f or a p ens i on f o r eac h li m b v e ye so lost in action. , 4. If the wound received by an officer in action shall 's so severe in its permanent effects as to be nearly equal, out not fully equal, to the loss of a limb, such officer full be recommended for a gratuity of eighteen months' Pay of the regimental rank or staff appointment held abt n) y a him , w hen wound e d . I n w hi c h case n o pension shall subsequent time be granted to him under this regu lation. 5 . If any wound received in action shall be certified to e severe and dangerous, but in its permanent effects not e qual to the loss of a limb, the officer receiving such wound m ay, in consideration of the expence attending the cure t!itereof, receive a gratu i ty , vary i ng , accor ding to the na ty,:e of the case, from three to twelve months' full pay of the rtiemgiemiental rink or staff appointment held by him at lee was wounded. 6. If an officer shall have held a pension for a wound r e ceived in action for a term of five years, and shall have leen e xamined, twice at the least, before a board of army medi e ai officers, he may be recommended for the perma ,ielnt continuance of such pension ; but if the officer, before e expiration of the term of five years, shall have so far ttrovered f rom hi s woun d , or i n j ury i s not f u ll y equa l to ~1e , l oss of a li m b , t h en h e shall cease to rece i ve suc h pen th'c'n, and s h a l l have a gratuity of full pay, accord i ng to e degre e of injury, as laid down in Article 5. b 7 ' If, within the period of five years after a wound has a eo n received, an officer does not apply for the pension, or, b PPIYin g f or it, the wound shall not have been proved to o fficer' s and peranently equal to the loss of a limb, such claim tom a Pens on shall not at any subsequent pe riod be entertained.PL 8 . No gratui ty allowance for any would that shall be wound w granted after th iv or lapse se of five years from the time the ,as received 11 ° pensi on for t h e l oss o f one eye , f rom a wou nd re Yeived in action, shall be granted unless the actual loss c' w t visi on shall have occurred within five years after the :0 11 4 . was received, and be solely attributed to such coc a As a genera l ru l e , th e pens i on s h a ll b e gran t e d ac „ gto regimental rank; but in cases i n whi c h officers 'tn br evet ran k s h a ll h ave b een employed, at the t i me theyth ose Were w oun d e d, i n di sc h arge o f d ut i es super i or to it'se attached to their regimental commission, the pen sions shall be given according to the brevet rank. 11. These pensions being granted as a compensation for the permanent disability by wounds received in action, 'nay be held together with any other pay and allowances t ° which an officer may be entitled, without any deduction 00 account thereof. (Signed) HENRY HARDINGE. SCALE REFERRED TO IN THE PRECEDING REGULATION. Ranks. Rates of Pension. Command• • I%fhal, General, or Lieut.- General }To be specially aie. ut—Gene:allg Chief at the time a £4OO Par-General, or Brigadier-General commanding t . t o llri ga d e 350 `-°1 Lieut.-C o l one l , "Adj utant -G encra l, Quer ,t 7 - Alaster-G enera l , *D eputy -Adj u t an t-General, 14 Chief of the Department, *Deputy-Quarter h6; aster-General, if Chief Inspector of Hospitals 3OO 1, / ! ) : Commanding _1" "D eputy' -Adjutant. General, 4Deputy-Quar ter.Master •General, Deputy Inspector of Hos- CPitals a .......................... ............. Ca ptains * Assistant-Adjutant-General, *Deputy- Assistant- Adj u taut- Genera l, Assistant-Quarter ter-Master- General, *Deputy-Assistant- Q uarter- Ma ster-Gener a l, *S ecretary to t h e C om mander of t.lie Forces, * Aides-de-Camp, *Major of Brigade, 'Surgeon, S ta ff or Reg i menta l P aymas t er , a .eutenant be - Advocate, Physician, Purveyor, Chaplain 100 c.lu"l Adjutant, Assistant-Surgeon ets Ensign, 2d Lieutenant, Volunteer, classing as, Cornet or E ns i gn, Reg i mental. Quarter- M aster , APothecary, Hospital•Assisiant, Veterinary Sur geon, Deputy Purveyor 5O co rr ,, h , e officers marked thus to have the allowance ac ruing to their army rank, if they prefer it. (From the Limerick Chronicle of Saturday. ) 111 : 1 2' a head- quarters of t h e 60t h Rifl es are now s t a ti one d 14; r " Castl e B arracks, and those o f t h e 62d at t h e N ew , le i". Both R eg i men t s exc h a n ge d quarters on Thurs a, 411 iast, when they paraded the streets with colours flying L 4 full hand. jeut ..Culonel Gamble, R.A. is appointed Principal Pl"Jrnandant of the Ordnance Department at Malta, in 7 . ! of the Ron. Colonel Gardiner, ILA. c o "t—Col one l Ll oy d , R . A . i s appo i nte d t o th e Chief „, " dl land of the Artillery at the Cape of Good Hope, in l 'oont of Lieut. Stokes. ..e?CloaroPtaiandu Hustler, Royal Engineers, holds the Chief L that Department at Dublin, in place of ieut.-General Fyers, deceased. Lieut.-Colonel Churchill, /I- p. is appointed Aid-de etarnyioitl.(: Li eut.-General Sir Edward Barnes, Governor of L l M4 .lor Dundas, R.A. is appointed Military Secretary to eu t.- Gen era l Si r Lowry Cole, Governor of the Cape of 11 Rope. t, aJnr P. Macdonald, h. j p... is appointed Aid-de-camp of a . . ok ior-General Sir John Keane, Lieutenant-Governor I.‘natea. li t 4ent. M'L e r o th, 38th Regim en t, is appointed to the e u iting Servic e a t B r i s tol. L v. le ut• Cambell, 46th Regiment, is appointed tt - the C am , Service at Maidstone, in addition to Lieut. as ", 61,1 th tl ie B , u rßeon Short is appointed Surgeon to the Forces in Th e district, in place of Surgeon Nilson. .rpb_toat, e Adjutancy of the General Hospital and Invalid Chatham is vacant. th,, recruiting parties have been sent out this week, by ~,e_,P_,,rtsmouth Division of Royal Marines, to Shrewsbury 4" Hereford under the charge of Lieutenants Quested rid Chapronirre. L itv 'r he Res erve C ompan i es of t h e 88t h R eg i men t, a t T ra l ee , e co mmenced beating up through that town for recruits. A La. considerable reduction in the Staff of the West Indies j t Z i ` tt elY taken place, which included Ist Assistant-Ad (,.-nt-General, 2d Assistant, and Ist Deputy-Assistant -4,1143rt0r-Maste- General, and two Illajors of Brigade, one eMerara, and the other at Antigua. The latter ap taro% ° ent was held until the reduction took place by Cap in .4P.lr k', 93d Highlanders, who performed the duties TI, efficient and officer-like manner. Q oo e Government of Sir Lowry Cole, at the military anrl l ;i il °Pei has become quite popular with both iliry general " vm ans• He has done more in a short time for the erno im n provemNt of the Colony, than former C hief rs Nov,,„ }cars. me morandum from the Horse Guards, of the 25 th etr a vel :ert conveys his Majesty's pleasure that those Offi no on • • to h e :, retiring from the service have been permitted_ . ..(1 local rank on the Continent, may be conside . red ) '°R . that rank in any country abroad, not subject to Al ajeSt Sir y domini o n. i eurY Hardinge has issued a circular from the War 14 42 0 n the subject of preserving a correct record of every fid " 8 service and claims. The Secretary at War con eritly relies " that dee irregularities and frauds, so dis creditable to-the Army, and. injurious to Abe public jute-. rests, which have been recently proved to exist to so great an extent, in keeping the regimental records, will for the future be prevented by fidelity and vigilance." KING'S COURT. 1119 MAJESTY held a Court yesterday at his p dace at Windsor. The KING, attended by the LORD STEWARD of the HOUSEHOLD, arrived at the Palace at half-past two k, in a carriage and four, with outriders, escorted by a detachment of the Royal Horse Guards. The Earl of FIFE and Colonel THORNTON (aids-de-camp to the King) followed in a second carriage. His MAJESTY immediately proceeded to hold a Court, which was attended by the Duke Of CLARENCE, the LORD CHANCELLOR, the F IRST Loan of the TREASURY, the Loan PRIVY SEAL, the SE CRETARIES Of STATE for the FOREIGN and COLONIAL DEPARTMENTS, the FIRST LORD of the ADMIRALTY, the MASTER of the MINT, the Right Honourable STRATFORD CANNING, Mr. HENRY W. ADDINGTON, and Lord GLEN LYON (in waiting.) Mr. ADDINGTON was introduced to an audience of his MAJESTY by the Earl of ABERDEEN, as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and kissed hands on being ap pointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Madrid. His MAJESTY held a Privy Council, at which Parlia ment was further prorogued from the 10th inst. to (it was understood) Thursday, the 4th of February, then to assemble for the despatch of business; for which purpose a proclamation will forthwith issue, and is expected to ap pear in this night's Gazette The ceremony of the investiture of the Duke of CLA RENCE as First and Principal Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath (in the room of the late Duke of Yoax ) took place. The following Knights Grand Crosses were present :—The Duke of WELLINGTON, the Earl of ROSSLYN, and Sir GEORGE MURRAY. Sir GEORGE NAYLOR, Genealogist of the Or4er, attended the ceremony in his robes, carrying the insignia of his office. The Royal Duke appeared in the robes of his office as First Knight Grand Cross, which were made by Mr. WEBB, the King's robe-maker. The Right lion. STR,ATFORD CANNING was intro duced into the presence of the two junior Knights present, and received the honour of Knighthood, and was invested by the KING with the Grand Cross of the Order as a Civil Knight Grand Cross, the insignia being borne on a crimson velvet cushion by Sir GEO. NAYLOR. The Knights Grand Crosses were then called over, and the ceremony concluded. The LORD CHANCELLOR, the Duke of WELLINGTON, and the Earl of ABERDEEN had audienc6s of the KING. The Earl of FIFE and Colonel ARMSTRONG were the Lord and Groom in waiting. A dejeune was prepared for the Cabinet Ministers and others attending the Court. The KING left the Palace with his suite at five o'clock, and returned to the Royal Lodge. The Cabinet Ministers left about the same time, most of them coming to town. The Duke of WELLINGTON proceeded on a visit to . the Duke of BUCKINGHAM, at his seat at Stowe, Bucking hamshire. FASHIONABLE INTELLIGENCE. ARRIVALS. The Duke of Pevonshire, at Devonshire House, from Brighton ; Owen Williams, Esq., M.P., at his house in Berkeley square, from his scat, Temple House, Great Marlow, Bucks; P. E. Turnbull, Esq., at his house in Raker-street, from Paris; the Right Hon. Stratford Canning, M.P. Mrs. Canning and family, at Thomas's Hotel, Berkeley-square, from Somer.hill, Tonbridge ; the Rev. C. D. Willaume and family, at ditto, from Ilants ; Lord Lilford, at ditto, from his seat Lilfoid Hall, Oundle, Northamptonshire; the Hon. Colonel Lygon at his seat, Spring-hill, Worcester, from a tour ; Captain and Mrs. Newberry, in Manchester square, from the Continent; Captain W. Saltwell, in Pall-mall, from Paris ; Mr. and Mrs. James Simpson, at Batt's Hotel, Dover-street, from Yorkshire; Captain Carrow, at ditto, from Paris. DEI'A RTU RES. The Duke de Montebello, from Batt's Hotel, to Paris ; Mrs. Stewart Hall, from ditto, to Southampton ; Mr. and Mrs. Pres ton, from ditto, to their seat near York; the Dowager Marchio ness of Salisbury, from Arlington-street, for Hatfield; the Earl and Countess Spencer, from St. James's-place, for their seat, Althorp, Northamptonshire; Mrs. and the Misses Tibbets, from Warren's Hotel, Regent-street, for the Marquis Cornwallis's seat, in Kent ; Mrs. and Miss Desborough, from ditto, for their seat in Huntingdonshire; Marquis Tweedle, from ditto, for his scat in Scotland ; Sir Alexander Muir Mackenzie, Bart., Mr. and the Misses Mackenzie, from - ditto, for their scat in Scotland ; Hon.'. Captain Spencer, for Althorp, Northamptonshire ; Mr. and Mrs. C. Brownlow, on a visit to the Earl of Darnley, at his seat, Cobham Hall, Kent; Lady Church, from Crawley's Hotel (late Cook's), Albemarle.street, for Sudbury; Sir Lawrence and Lady Palk, from Bruton-street, Berkeley-square, for their seat in Devonshire; Mr. and Mrs. Gray, from the Pulteney Hotel, Albemarle—street, for Berks ; H. Gilbert, Esq., from ditto, on a tour ; Captain Forbes, from Hanover-square, for I. The Duke of WELLINGTON, Mr. Secretary PEEL, the CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER, and Sir HENRY 11/tam:GE, have during the last week paid a vi it to BINCIIAM BARING, E%q., at Buckenham-house, near Brandon, where they had a grand hattu on Friday and Saturday, and the slaughter, we understand, amounted to about 600 head of game.—Norwich :Mercury. MARRIAGE IN HIGH LIFE.—We under stand that the preliminaries are arranged, and that in a short time P. DAVIES COOKE, Esq., of Yorkshire, will lead to the hymeneal altar, Lady HELENA KING, the lovely daughter of the Right Hon. Earl of KINGSTON. Mr. COOK E and his brother are now at Mi tehelstown Castle, on a shooting party.— Cork Constitution. - - It is said, that where the Bishop of BATH and WEtt,s has provided the poor with allotments of land, the applications for relief out of the rates have ceased.— County Chronicle. TIIEODORE HUNT, an opulent silk merchant, brother to THOMAS HUNT, who recently left 200,000/. to Guy's Hospital, was on one occasion on a visit to his brother at Petersham. During dinner, he happened to stick his fork into a potato in the dish, when THOMAS broke out into a violent passion, and asked THEODORE if he thought himself in a public-house. The latter was so greatly offended at the application, that he immediately took his departure, and the brothers were never reconciled to each other afterwards. THEODORE died first, and was buried in Bunhill-fields. His property was estimated at 50,0001. The legacy bequeathed to THOMAS was 100/. The latter was deeply disappointed, and in his will ex pressed a wish to be buried at Guy's Hospital, that his re mains might not be deposited near his brother. On Sunday M. DE MARTIGNAC was re ceived at the Castle with particular marks of distinction. The Courtiers anticipate his return to the Ministry; but let M. DR MARTIGNAC beware. His position is delicate, and he will lose all the present advantages of it by the least connivance with the men whom France has for ever repudiated. It is believed that he will put himself on the list of candidates for the Presidency of the Chamber of Deputies. His great talents, and the valuable qualities which we are pleased to recognize in him, justify this pre tension ; but if we cannot succeed except by the support of the extreme right, he would prepare for himself only a shipwreck of his hopes. The lion. M. fovea COLLARD is certainly the man who will unite the majority of votes. Paris Letter. Mr. T. P. COOKE seems to have taken his nautical sketches flOyi.the.l46,#ntl if the following anec dotes which are related of him be true, he seems to have experienced the vicissitudes of a sailor's life, and if he reaped not its advantages whilst in the profession, he has at least turned the knowledge he acquired to good account since he quitted it :—This son of TleEsvis, when a boy of eight years old, in consequence of seeing a nautical spectacle at one of the theatres, imbibed a predilection for the sea, which became very speedily gratified by a friend of his family who commanded a ship taking him out as a cabin-boy. In the year 1'796 he embarked on board his Majesty's ship the Raven, and sailed immediately, via Gibraltar, for the blockade of Toulon. Being ordered to the Mediterranean, lie was with the Earl Sr. VINCENT in the great and distinguished victory which gave the gallant Admiral his title, and partook in many minor actions: the bravery he displayed in boarding an Algerine corsair pro cured him the thanks of his captain, for his coolness and intrepidity. Accident alone prevented him from being present at the battle of Camperdown ; for, having sprung her main-mast in a violent gale, the Raven bore away for Cuxhaven, and, upon the coast adjacent, underwent the horrors of being wrecked in a season of peculiar incle mency. For two days and ni3lits the crew of this ill-fated vessel were subject to incredible misery. The cold was intense; and while clinging to the fragments of the shat tered ship, many brave seamen, wasted with toil, dropped in the chillness of death to a dirk stormy grave. Mr. COOKE contrived, by dint of great exertion, to reach the shore alive, when, being carried to a barn adjacent, he was recovered, and soon after was sent home. The fatigue he underwent during the calamity bad impaired his health, and he became severely afflicted with a rheumatic fever, which, from its long duration, had nearly proved fatal. When recovered he listened to the wishes of his friends, and left the Royal Navy, being at that time rated as a Midshipman. LITERATU F. FOREIGN QUARTERLY REVIEW.—No. IX. This is a remarkably good Number, full of • variety, information, and amusement. If it have any defect, it is that the majority of the articles are a little too long, a little—notwithstanding the useful character of their intelligence—too much spun out. The leading paper, entitled " Bourrienne's Memoirs of Napoleon," is a temperate and impartial analysis of that most entertaining production. Notwithstanding the hacknied nature of the subject, the article is full of novel facts, brought forward and argued upon in a sensible and business-like style. The ob servations upon Bourrienne's account of Bona parte's conduct at the Assembly of Ancients, and that of the Five Hundred, are particularly intelligent, and to the point. This was the great crisis in the Emperor's life, the one in which he hazarded most with the greatest probability of losing all. A word from the President would have destroyed all. That word was not spoken, and he was safe. Nothing, however, could equal his indecision, indeed we might almost say, his personal apprehensions, on this memorable occa sion. He entered the Assembly with the avowed intention of paralysing it, and was himself the only one paralysed in it. Had the Directory possessed one spark of moral influence, Napo leon must have perished on the scaffold. But depraved, imbecile, prejudiced, jealous of their authority, yet without the means of confirming it, they fell an easy prey, even to the clumsy machinations of so great a bungler as Napoleon then, for the first time, proved himself to be. How different was the conduct of Cromwell on a similar emergency ! Cool, wary, intrepid, he struck the decisive blow with the utmost energy of purpose, even though opposed to a House of Commons, which, though de generate, was a thousand times superior, both in moral and intellectual worth to the feeble repub- , lican government of France. But as a states man, Napoleon must certainly be pronounced inferior to Cromwell. " The Present State of Spain " contains many valuable practical remarks on the existing state of that impoverished coun try, than which, according to the Reviewer, nothing can be horse. Manufactures destroyed or annihilated ; agriculture in the lowest pos sible state of depression ; property, whether public or private, precarious and insecure ; reli gion worn as a cloak only to shelter the most shameless venality ; a due administration of the laws unknown ;—nothing can more effectually point out the inevitable results of despotism, than the present anomalous condition of this once prosperous and always fruitful land. In his ac count of the state of crime in Spain, the Reviewer has the following observations : " STATE or Cnxaxg.—Assassinations and highway rob bery are the crimes most complained of. " The administration of justice is extremely slow and uncertain, occasioned by the privilege of appeal on the most trivial grounds, and partly, as many allege, and we believe truly, by the corruption of the judges, who are no- toriously subject to the influences of wealth and power. The consequence is that, in most instances, individuals prefer submitting to an injury rather tha❑ risk a suit. " The system of legislation, with respect to criminal matters, is as bad as possible. A person robbed or as saulted is bOund not only to prosecute, - but, if unsuccest--- ful, to pay all expences; and is, indeed, forced to lodge a sum of money with the alcalde before any steps are taken in the business. In cases of murder and assassination witnesses are afraid to come forward, as it very often hap pens that they are imprisoned, until they establish their innocence. But even when braving all these dangers, in.. diviiluals boldly denounce a crime, there are at least five chances to one that the culprit escapes from prison, or compounds his felony with the judges ; and in that case the accusers have every thing to dread from the vengeance of the criminal. The banditti are numerous and power ful ; not only over-awing those amongst whom they live, but keeping all the petty aleahles in their pay; so that they are enabled to prosecute their murderous career with impunity. Even wken a robber or assassin has been con victed end sentenced, there is no certainty that punish ment will follow. Thus, from execrable laws, still more execrably administered, it is commonly said in Spain, that not one crime out of ten is ever brought before the courts. We believe, indeed, that this proportion is over-rated ; but if we take it at one in three or four, we shall not cer tainly be beyond the mark. " The late chief of a gang of banditti, which kept the south of Spain in terror, is now protector of the diligence from Aranjuez to Seville. We have been told, that the produce of a year's robbery by himself and a numerous party, amounted, all deductions made, to only fourteen dollars. The great expense was incurred in bribing the alcaldes, and inferior officers and soldiers. In the south and east the carriers and muleteers pay a regular contri bution to the banditti who infest their routes; by this means ensuring their own safe passage, as well as that of the goods and passengers entrusted to their care. This contribution costs from two to ten pounds a quarter, ac cording to the number of men and mules employed. These conventions are very rarely broken." " Greek Romance," is an account of most of the old Greek productions of this nature, which is more entertaining than useful. We have a curi ous, but brief, biography of some of the earliest romancers, whose works, however, with the high exception of that incomparable satirist, Lucian, are to be admired rather for their quaint absur dities, than for the richness of their invention, or the sterling qualities of their style. The sun of-the classic Greek literature was low in..the West, ere the small stars of the romancers be_ gan to twinkle in the horizon. " Dialects and Literature of Southern Italy " gives some valu able details on a subject as yet unhacknied. The sketchy anabsis of Meli's Odes (the Anacreon, as he is styled, of Southern Italy) teems with interest. " Pacho's Travels in Marmarica and Cyrenaica " abounds in entertaining details re specting a country " in which "—to use the words of the Reviewer—" the sight of a tree is a phenomenon." " Early Roman History" is elaborately written, and displays an evident anxiety on the part of the learned writer to sift the truth from the falsehood, in a history the early part of which abounds in the most pre posterous fables, many of which, consecrated by the genius of that chivalrous and imaginative annalist Livy—the Walter Scott of the Latin Chronicles—have become time-honoured and arc not to be refuted. " Notice of M. Dumont" is an elegantly penned eulogium on a learned Genevese gentleman, who was for years a dweller in England, enjoying the society of its noblest and most intellectual classes. F rom th e quality . of its panegyric, which is exuberant to profusion, we coiti;.l.l. the popular opinion that has attributed i hip ::;ti!e to the experienced pen of Sir .1. Mlntosh. EDWARDS'S BOTANICAL REGISTER, OR ORNAMENTAL FLOWER CARDEN AND SHRUBBERY, Continuer] by JOHN LINDLF.Y, Esq. Professor of Botany in the Univert , ity of London --- No. 10, Vol. 11. New Series, Coloured Plates. This Number contains Mr. l3entham's very valuable and interesting characters of the genera Labiatx, an article replete w ith information of the greatest importance to the Botanist. From the choice and rich collection of Robert Barclay, Esq. of Bury Hill, is figured a fine specimen of " Fuchsia thymifolio," a native of high land in Mexico. Humboldt observed it near Pazcuaco, at an elevation of about six thousand feet. Although, properly speaking, it is only a half hardy shrub, yet, like most of the other Mexican species of this interesting genus, there is little doubt but it will endure our winters in the open border, with the protection of slight covering. If it be not covered at all, the root should be planted deep in the ground, and as winter ad vances, the mould raised and pressed round the branches so as to exclude the air ; with this pre caution it will be much stronger, and the blos soms larger in the ensuing year. It flowers continually during all the summer months, the blossoms being at first of a purple-greenish rose colour, gradually changing to deep red, so that there are many different hues upon the plant at the. same time. It is propagated readily by cuttings. We pass the two handsome " Pent stemons" as well as the " Microstylis" and " Dendrobium," and two others, in order to notice at greater length the remarks introduced into the description of a figure of " Isopogon formosus," a handsome green-house shrub from the west coast of New Holland, blossoming in July, and propagated by ripened cuttings, struck under a bell-glass. " This plant," says the Pro fessor Lindley, " the most beautiful of its genus, is said to have been introduced so long since as the year 1805 to the Kew Garden. As f►r, however, as the public is concerned, the date of its introduction may be more properly fixed in 1824, when it was raised by Mr. Mackay, from seeds collected in the neighbourhood of Lucky Bay, by Mr. Baxter, on his first visit to the coast of New Holland. It is right, that in all questions about the period at which plant s have been introduced, this distinction should be borne in mind, and that the world should be aware that the introduction of a plant to his ajesty's garden at Kew is a very different affair from its introduction to Great Britain. An object cannot be properly said to be introduced from one country to another, unless it is after wards disseminated by such means as the intro ducer possesses ; a practice which is adopted in every establishment in the world, save in that one which ought to set an example to all others." RAILWAYS. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. Silt,—Having read a letter, signed " Alpha," in The Sun of 20th instant, I beg leave to for ward you the enclosed circulars, and to solicit your particular attention to No. 5. I have for warded these papers to all parts of the kingdom, and perhaps you may do me the favour to let " Alpha" see them. _ _ _ Your constant reader, and obedient servant, THOMAS GRAY, The original Projector of the Railway scheme. Nottingham, Nov. 21, 1829. (No. 3.) SUMMARY OF THE NATIONAL ADVANTAGES TO BE DERIVED FROM RAILWAYS, VIEWED IN COMPARI- SON WITH TILE THREE-FOLD SYSTEM OF CONVEY- ANCE BY TURNPIKE-ROADS, CANALS, AND COAST- ING VESSELS. To the EDITOR of the NOTTINGHANI REVIEW. SlR,—The capital required for railways will be much less than that required for canals, whilst the former would attract the revenue of all our present systems of conveyance, on account of the superior economy and speed which railways would daily afford to every branch of our internal commerce. The rapid returns on the less outlay of capital cannot fail to excite the attention of persons inte rested in turnpike-roads, canals, and coasting ves sels, who might participate in this measure in com mon with the rest of society; for no injury could arise to canals, &c. until railways shall yield a much more abundant return for the capital invested in them. Whatever can be saved to the public by the introduction of any superior method of internal communication, must be deserving of universal con sideration ; but as no national view has yet been taken of this measure, the general interests of the people are overlooked, or sacrificed to inferior systems. The annual expense incurred by turnpike-roads and canals exceeds the whole amount required for the construction of a general iron railway. The capital sunk in horses is buried with the carcases of these animals every four or five years. The annual expense of the repairs of roads is enormous; and the turnpike-roads of this country are already burdened with an accumulating debt of seven millions. One locomotive steam-engine, which would re main in efficient operation for a number of years, will daily perform the work of several hundred horses ; the original construction of a railway is much less expensive than a canal—its annual repairs less than those of the common road, although the traffic upon the railway should be ten times that upon roads and canals. The locomotive engine would effect as much every day upon a railway, as four canal-boats carrying 30 tons each, or as one boat in four days ; a boat is delayed five minutes at each canal lock ; a railway has no such impediment, nor can it be effected by frost, drought, or flood. The annual work done upon canals will fall short of twelve hours each day, the railway would admit of coaches, caravans, and waggons, working day and night the year through. The intolerable delay attending the conveyance of goods by coasting vessels, the time lost in waiting for tides and fair winds, the melancholy wrecks on all our coasts every winter, the expense of insurance, risk of capture in dine of war, all tend to render our present system of commercial intercourse oppressive and ruinous. By a railway every commercial transaction throughout Great Britain and Ireland, would be promoted by the greatest economy and facility; all merchandise of whatever description, which is now forwarded coastwa y s, and all the Irish trade to Lon don W sent round the Land's-End, would be for warded at one-half the expense and in one-half the time, without encountering risk of damage from sea, or capture by an enemy in time of war ; hence all insurance and the vexatious lawsuits attendant thereon, might be saved on every commercial transac tion wiihin Great Britain and Ireland. Notwith standing the boasted speed with which steam packets make the passage from London to Scotland, it would be found, if we reckon the time required for the extremely circuitous course by sea, that the journey by railway would be performed in one-half the time. A steam-packet carries two engines of immense powo.r, whereas the passengers and merchandise it conveys might, be transported on railways by one locomotive steam-engine of much less power. The coal and corn trades form the most import ant feature of our internal commerce, and the ad vantages which these would derive from the intro duction of railways are incalculable. The coal an nually consumed in London alone amounts nearly to two million chaldrons, and there can he no doubt that were this article considerably reduced in price in the capital, that the consumption thereof would soon reach double this quantity. The collier avers ages, perhaps a voyage in each month, and returns from London in ballast. The locomotive engine would impel a gang of coal waggon, carrying the full freight of a collier, from Newcastle to London in three days, and return with the waggons loaded for the different districts through which the railway might pass, making the whole journey from New castle to London and back again in one week, yielding annually the profits of fifty-two journies in lieu of twelve voyages. The voyage by sea in about 500 miles, by the railway the distance wili be reduced nearly to 200 miles. By the establishment of a grand trunk railway from London to Edinburgh, every branch of trade would be greatly improved; the distance between these two capitals is about 400 miles, and supposing that each mile of railway should cost 12,000/., this undertaking would require a capital of 4,800,000/., and in order to show the immense benefit to be de rived annually from it, let us calculate the probable revenue at the lowest estimate. Coal from Newcastle, 2,000,000 cbahlrons at ss. .Manufactures from Scotland, Lanca'hire, and Yorkshire, cattle, corn, glass, lead, iron, stone, fish, vegetables, &C. &c.. Colonial produce from the East Indi.i r West 500,000 500,000 500,000 India, and London Ducks, hops, porter, manures, &c. &c Conveyance of passengers on the whole line, in each direction, parcels, and correspond ence £1,700,000 When we contemplate the millions of tons of merchandise which would annually circulate in each direction along this grand trunk (as it will of course be intersected by branch railways, so as to connect it with all populous districts), it is more than pro bable that the revenue would be double or equal to 50 per cent. on the outlay of capital. But the manifold benefits which this measure would throw open to the general commerce of London, and throughout the interior of the country, can oidy be justly appreciated when they become universally known and understood. The recent attempts made to run steam car riages on the common turnpike roads, have not only proved unsuccessful, but altogether impracticable; and had the most sanguine expectations of the pro- jectors of them been realized, still time would have proved that mechanical power will always produce ten times the effect on railways. I am, &c. THOMAS GRAY. Nottingham, May 27, 182 S. (No. 4.) THE LONDON COAL TRADE. The skill and science of this enlightened age will appear rather questionable, when we see what the poor inhabitants of the capital pay for every neces sary and convenience of life, and nothing shews more plainly the total disregard to economy, than the cir cuitous routes adopted for supplying the metropolis with lady food ; it draws its supply of coal also from a distance of four or five hundred miles, rather than encourage the mines within one hundred ! ! The congregated mass of individuals in the capital, aided by the designing members of their corporation, suppose that coal is necessarily dearer in the metro polis than in other large cities; whereas the very reverse would be the case, were honesty and troth allowed their proper share of influence, in the direc tion of those who superintend the administration of municipal affairs, for then every encouragement would be given to free competition in every trade, and coal would be sold in London at one half the present price.—l am aware the corporation are op posed to this scheme merely from corrupt princi ples; yet, this is the corporation who press forward for reform in Parliament, and for the abolition of slavery ! ! 1 hope the citizens of London may see the pro priety of supporting this measure ; the price of coal in the capital has always been a great curse upon its poor inhabitants, and now that the times present a favourable opportunity for supplying them at one-half the expense, surely those individuals, who have so frequently subscribed their names to public charities, will not now belie those acts of benevolence, by withholding their influence in sup port of a measure of permanent benefit, not only to the poor, but to the whole population of our vast metropolis. What strange anomalies in our civil government—societies for the encouragement of arts and sciences, of commerce and agriculture; yet, how few individuals, who propose or project useful improvements or inventions, meet with assistance or encouragement Charitable institutions for the relief of the poor, at a time when the most cruel exactions, of ten times the amount of all our Christian charities, are wrung out of the necessities of these very objects of charity !! I am also perfectly aware that the opponents of this measure will advance the old humdrum com plaint, that our nursery for seamen would be se riously injured by this novel scheme, but, in or der not to waste more time than the subject de serves, let it suffice to remark, that these sticklers for the good old times will find, that in propor tion as we improve our internal communication, we also improve every branch both of our home and foreign trade : surely our trade to the East and West Indies, North and • South America, our trade in Europe, and our fisheries both at home and abroad, afford a pretty extensive nursery for our seamen, without being in the least apprehen. sive of any injurious consequences, which may be predicted, from a discontinuance of sending coal coastways; the very limited number of hands em ployed on board our colliers, would afford but trilling augmentation to our fleets, in case of war, if we deduct the number of those who claim exemption from the King's service, such as captains, appren tices, and carpenters. The truth of the whole mat ter lies in little compass—none but those, whose particular interests might be affected, and those who have fattened out of the old system, would sound the trumpet of allirm ; the public may now, how ever, pay them off in their own coin, by supporting its own interest, just in the same manner as those kind friends who feel such a deep interest in the nursery for our seamen !—The proprietors of coal mines in the north, would be enabled to carry 04 their business without that abominable waste of capital now sunk in shipping ; for although it may, ultimately, be returned to them, through the 160: price of coal in London, still this individual capital would not be required, as the expellee of coal wag gons, in lieu of shipping, would be comparatively trifling. The opening of the London market to all the inland collieries, may form a serious °lnjection in the minds of those gentlemen, bi 4 the convey ance by rail-roads would th;,o,w ppea th e t ra d e 0169 interior towns thy northern colli er i e s ; an d a il r Ya proprietors equal rightof moreto the remote Londoncol trade,. proprietors of coal mines, in the midl a nd count i es , have ipost with a s souloVe , lieries ! The proprietors of the northern collieries ~~il, however, find their opposition of no n‘4il.-.—Do they suppose that their selfish arguments can weigh a feather agains; tile overwhelming influence of the inhalAitants of the metropolis, and of all towns In the south of England ? Will they dare to erect their puny heads against such a phalanx ? In this en. lightened age, will the millions of consumers of coal, corn, and all the necessaries of life, suLnit to the dictates of a few arbitrary monopolists of the coal trade ? No, indeed, all the hired sophistry which they may advance will soon be brushed away, it is • nothing but the indifference, or the ignorance of the public respecting this glad, which prevents the mea sure from making greater progress ; let the inhabi tants of London only once get a proper insight, and thorough knowledge of this scheme, and then all opposition will not only soon be frustrate], but our enemies will be borne down by the torrent of natio nal: conviction.—Setting aside the coal trivie alto gether ; the interest of the inhabitants of popu lous districts throughout the country, and the impor tance of their daily intercourse with the metropolis, will be found sufficiently formidable to arrest the selfish interference of any compact of corporate bodies, or of any companies whatsoever, and to con vince them of their own insignificance, when weighed in the scales of national justice. THOMAS GRAY. Nottingham, Sept. 5, 1828. (No. 5.) ON LOCOMOTIVE STEAM-ENGINES AND INCLINED PLANES. After the many years of experience, and the daily proofs of the wonderful power of the steam engine, which gives motion to the whole machinery in every room of a manufactory, and the certainty, speed, and safety with which steam-vessels navigate the sea, the man who can now hesitate to recom mend the general application of the same power, in lieu of horses, to our inland conveyance, must be pitied for his ignorance or despised for his obstinacy. Moreover, after the demonstration of the utility of the locomotive steam-engine on land, daily proved by Blenkinsop, ever since the year 1811, it will re quire more than human ingenuity to form an apo logy or explanation, how and where the eminent engineers of London have been exhibiting their skill. For the conveyance of merchandize it will, eventually, be found that no system presents the economy and facility of transport as that of Mr. Blen kinsop, in this opinion I am even supporte.l by the remarks of those very persons who profess to advo cate the system of working the locomotive steam engine solely by friction. Railways might be so constructed that vehicles heavily laden should be impelled by the adhesion of the wheels of the loco motive engine to the rails, and also by the power of its traction upon the cog-rail. Vehicles of lighter burden might be impelled by friction; for instance, mail and stage coaches, carrying comparatively little weight, and requiring great speed, might all be im pelled by means of the adhesion to the rail, without having recourse to the cog-rail. By the additional aid of the cog-rail, the whole power of the loco— motive engine may be most effectually and most eco nomically employed ; whereas on working the en gine solely by friction, we can only calculate upon a power in proportion to the weight of the engine, and should the loaded waggons attached to the lo • comotive engine exceed the proportionate di aught of the engine working by friction or tuilie ion, tile wheel thereof would revolve without advancing; the friction or adhesion of the wheel to the rail va ries with the weather, and, in a country like this, nothing can be more variable. By meats of the cog-rail, one locomotive engine would effect as much or more than two engines impelled solely by the ad hesion of the wheels to the rail, but in order to form a correct estimate of the true economy of the cog-rail, it will be necessary to ascertain the amount of annual tonnage on any given line of rail-wad of considerable extent, and by making an expel iment with the cog-rail, it will be found how mach more may be accomplished by one locomotive engine work ing on this principle, than by several whose opera tion shall be confined to friction or adhesion. As the transport or conveyance of merchandizc, cattle, and live stock of every kind, will be found:of infi nitely more importance in a national point of view, than the conveyance of passengers or correspondence, it cannot be supposed that these considerations will be overlooked whenever this scheme shall arrest public attention. fear lest the public should be persuaded to follow the plans adopted in the collieries, by having recourse to inclined planes, stationary steam-engines, or the reciprocating steam-engine, all which may be useful in small private concerns, or %%mre the coal trade is the only business carried on; but ; on rail-ways for national purposes, they should b e avoided as much as possible for this plain reason the multiplicity of machinery—the consequent ex pense attending the annual waste of capital, and the accidents which would unavoidably occur from their general adoption on public lines of read, are quite sufficient to arrest the attention of companies, in order to consider well before they commence laying down the rails. As there appears, however, a disposition to esta blish inclined planes, with stationary steam•engin es , rather than incur the expense of levelling the whole road in a direct line, it becomes my duty to offer a few more remarks in opposition to this course, which would multiply the number of steam•engines in ura excessive degree. It is my humble opinion that: the number of engines likely to be required an thr2 inclined planes, would, if converted int's loc;onroOve engines, very shortly defray the expense of levelling the whole line of road in every direction. Thu question is not, what a stationary engine r.,ay do as an auxiliary, but how much more effeet,'.ve the power when employed as a locomotive engine ? Moreover, the number of stationary engines required, should in dined planes be resorted to, would, if converted into locomotive engines, be sadlicienr for the com merce of the country. There will be other and more serious objections to inclined plarL's, besides those which present them selves on the first opening of these new communi cations between town and town ; for, as the system becomes general, it will be found that the derange ment of any of the multifarious machinery belong ing to stationary steam engines (which will occur at times, in the same manner as in all works of a similar nature) would have the consequence of ex tending its effect throughout the whole line of communication with which they may be connected, As far as the transport of merchandize may be im- pedcd, the evil would only be the same as is now commonly suffered from canals, but when the con veyance of passengers or correspondence shall be taken into consideration, the ollieetions to inclined planes became strong, if not insuperable. A multiplicity of machinery is the great ev't to be avoided, and experience teaches us that OK ; daily e xpense may 'no diminished in proportiott as out power is simplified and concentrated. Why should we study mathemr.cics or mechanics, unless the demonstrations they unfold be practically applied to our internal resources ; the knowledge of these branches of science is not worth the applica-. tion merely as an uevirement or pastime; the vul ture of the mind, like that of the earth, can only be attested by a plentiful production. THOMAS GRAY , ' Author of " Observa:ions on a Genera Iron P.aikvav, &e." Nottingham, Aug. 1,182 Q, TYPHUS Fpygn.—We are sorry to state that this dreaclft;l disease is now very prevalent in Carlisle._ There re at present nineteen patients in the Fever House. Carlisle Jo 14 rtia,). SIMPIN.G TRADE.—During the week most of the Baltic trailers have arrived in gaiety, and they have experienced dreadful weather on the voyage home. The frost hail commenced so early as the Ist ult., so that seve ral of the ves,tels had went dawn. The weather was par ,rnt:ift. e y , a u t . e h g i a p r pe \ r ‘ i , f a al rs t i . ) l:: . u: ticularly severe about the t. , Oth, snd reports of loss of seve ral ships were current at the Sound. The Adventurer, Captain AbamsoN has no par.: Ca;.:'.ain ADAMSON, just arrived from Riga, has In onOit the intelligence of the loss sf the Sir James Craig, he ojt titulars s(Tc(o f ; a l f arther h ffo tnTfa la st s t , 81 l e i " d t e l r t the crew wer e saved, and that it was reported at Elsjnoze that the rig g i ng and .saiis woadd be got out of the wreck. The vis , els returned are, upon the whole, well leade 1 with g eargces of Russialt produce.— ScoOntott• •~, r. e , a : t` 44- • •j • , , • • IC_C;