The Sun. — London, England, 1869-02-11 00:00:00

THE CONVENT CEASE. lite ease of "Sarnia v. Starr . .progresses Yesterday the defendants' evidence was given. Before the ordinary proceedings had commenced, however, Mr. Hawkins called his lordship's attention to a leading article that appeared in the Times yesterday morning, commenting on the case in a manner that was likely to greatly prejudice the defendants' case before they had had an opportunity of bein g heard. The Lord Chief Justice : I have not had time to read the Tinzes this morning, further than the report of Yes terday's proceedings. The foreman of the jury aaid he had just inquired of his brother jurymen, and they informed him that they had not seen the article. Mr. Hawkins handed the paper to his lordship, who looked over the article. The Lord Chief Justice said : I confess I think it would have been better if the writer had waited until the case had ended, because observations made in the public press are likely to prejudice a case; at all events it is likely to give annoyance to persons interested. From the cursory glance I have had of the article I don't think the defen dants have much to complain of. Mr. Hawkins : I an: not in the least making this app'.i• cation to your lordship because I believe that the jury will be prejudiced by it, but it is painful to the defendants to have thcs, - comments made before their case is ended. If your lordship will just read the end of the article I think you will be of a different opinion. The Lord Chief Justice: It appears to me to be a em inent or criticism on conventual and monastic institutions --on the system—rather than on the interests and rights of these parties. Mr. Hawkins : I will not say more than ask your lord ship to express an opinion upon the matter. The Lord Chief Justice : Whilst I am ready to give the fullest latitude to the observation made by the writers in the public press on what passes in courts of justice, it is very desirable that nothing should be said before a case is ended. Mrs. Starr, the defendant, deposed : lam one of the defendants, and was formerly the Mother Superioress at Hull and Clifford. I have ceased to be so since July 1367. I entered the convent of the Sisters of Mercy in Begot street in July 183;;, as a postulant, and was admitted as a sister in 1850. In August 1855 I went to Clifford. I had been appointed superioress a week after I went to Clifford. Three sisters went with me. It was a new foun dation. I was appointed on the authority of Dr. Briggs, the late bishop, who delegated his autho rity to a priest, Mr. Clifford. That appointment was for six years. Miss Saurin entered the convent in Bagot-street in 1850. There was a rule and a set of customs. This is the bock of customs prevailing in Bagot-street. It is a transcript of what was used in Bagot-street, and was the book in force at Hull and at Clifford. There has been one alteration made since with regard to visitors. That alteration was made about four years ago. (The rule was read.) That was the same custom in substance as the old one. Ido not know where to get a copy of the old one. The alteration was made by the community in Bagot-street, and in 1863 I got a copy of it and introduced it in our hook of customs. The rules are the same for all convents, but the customs may differ. The convent at Bagot-street had no autho rity over me after I left. When postulants first come into the convent the rules are read to them, and they are allowed them to read and study themselves. Besides the rules and customs there are certain instructions as to the rules. They were put into print in 1866. These instruc tions were read to the postulants by the mistress cf novices. I was acquainted with the plaintiff while at Bagot-street, not more than with the rest of the communicants till after my profession. We were not closely connected. She was in the laundry, and in the school. After I was a professed sister she became the same. I was then a little more acquainted with her, through the absence of the superioress, who gave me the charge the while. The plaintiff complained of being badly treated by her, and I tried to reconcile her. In 18:56 I went to Clifford, and shortly after I applied to the superioress at Bagot-street for an additional sister, and I named three or four, Miss Saurin amongst the number. I mentioned her because I thought she would be useful in needlework and the laundry. She had not education sufficient for teaching. We taught needlework in the industrial schools. I was not aware of any difficulty about her coming until after she came. I only made one application for her, and not several, as she has stated. I gave her a junior class to teach the alphabet and to instruct in needlework and housekeeping. The latter duties were trifling, as there were but three or foursisters in the house, and she had a lay sister under her. I went to Dublin in 1865, but plaintiff did not accompany me. I saw her mother on that occasion, and she expressed her satisfaction at her being with me, and her dissatisfaction at her having been sent from Bagot-street. She spoke of her daughter being in the laundry at Bagot-street as bad treatment—as an indignity towards her on their part. The convent in Hull was established in January 1857, as a branch of the Clifford establishment, and I continued superioress of both. The number of the sisters increased, and we had three or four postulants. Some of them subsequently became sisters. The number of sisters at Hull fluctuated, but we never had more than four at one time. Postulants are called sisters by courtesy but not by right. At Clifford we had three or four altogether. We had as many as twenty-four, including postulants, at the same time in the establishment between 1857 and 1866. In January 1857 I went to Hull, and returned to Clifford in February. Plaintiff then went to Hull. I remained at Clifford until April. I was in weak health at the time. Mrs. Kennedy was left in charge at Hull during my absence. In August 1857 Mrs. Kennedy was appointed by the bishop, Dr. Briggs, Mother Assistant. Up to this time the plaintiff broke the rule of silence fre quently. I observed some of it myself, but principally I was informed of it by others. In April or May Mrs. Kennedy told me she had a great deal of trouble with her in Hull, in her intercourse with seculars, particularly the young, women who attended the night schools. She also complained of her irregularities in being late at the duties of the commu nity, such as spiritual duties in the choir, and meals in the refectory—in short, a great want of punctuality. I spoke to the plaintiff about it, and cautioned her to be more reserved for the future towards seculars, and to be more regular at her duties. She promised me she would try, She at first denied the charges, and tried to excuse her self. In July 1857 Miss Saurin was at Hull. I went back there. In 1858, 1859, and part of 1860 we were much together. In 1858 she was housekeeper, and had needlework to teach as well a junior class in the night school. I observed that she was then irregular and unpanctual in coming to her duties. She did not observe the rule of silence, but spoke to the school girls, the children of the schools, unnecessarily. -Unneces sary talking to children is a breach of the rule—a disobe dience to orders, but the particular circumstances,l cannot recollect. The Lord Chief Justice : Can't you tell us the particu lan of the disobedience? Defendant: I cannot call them to mind. I noticed veant of sincerity in her. When accused of a fault she had com mitted she would deny it and give equivocal and evasive answers, and afterwards be obliged to admit the fault when I proved it was true. I had to speak to all the sisters about their faults. We expect a sincere admission of a fault before it is proved. She would endeavour to throw the blame on the other sisters for her own faults. A novice 7 2,2 inn L...,.. long time in the out school, and that had caused her to be late. Plaintiff, when she was accused of it, denied it, and said it was all a mistake. I reproved for her stratagem with the novice in trying to deceive her. There was some confusion about this part of the case, when The Lord Chief Justice, appealing to the learned counsel, said : It is such stuff. What is the use of pur suing it further ? It was only idle talk. Let us get on with something more material. Defendant : Plaintiff habitually denied her faults when she was accused of them. I frequently spoke to her of her want of truth, and she admitted it during 1858 and 1859, as well as her disobedience and her non•obseryance of the rule of poverty. I observed she had many things she ought not to have had, such as working materials, and I told her she would have great remourse on her death-bed from her want of poverty. She had pieces olcalico which she said remained after she bad made some ceremony work. I had supplied her with the calico, and she ought to have returned it to me inottad of applying it to her own use. The Lord Chief Justice : Did she take it away, or did she give it up to you? Defeudant : I think she did. The Lord Chief Justice : Then she did not apply it to her own use. Defendant : `;he may have done so. The Lord Chief Justice : But she did not. Be cauti ons in what yo u s t ate. Defendant : One of the sisters Lest a devotional book— " Devotions to Jesus," Plaintiff knew 1 L the sister. I f oun d it seorcted among ad given it to st her clothe s in a caL:uct in a c e ll. I asked her why she had taken the book, because she knew I had given it to the Oth er s i ster. She said she h a d found and was keeping it for me. I said that could scarcely be the ease, as she knew I had given it to another, and that it was no longer my book. She admitted she had done it, that it was wrong, and that it was a breach of "poverty." The book had been given to Mrs. M'Owne. In that year she also took a pair of boots belonging to Mrs Kennedy, at the time of Cardinal Wiseman's visit, without permis sion from me. The Lord Chief Justice : Then she could not borrow a '3?;l4Yot - your tier : h ion . r -4` Defendant No ; there are certain things they are al lowed to borrow, but not boots, without my leave. The Lord Chief Justice : Would you consider that a very grievous fault? Defendant : No ; but I did not know whether she intended to keep them. The sisters are not allowed to eat between meal; except in illness, and then dispensa tion is granted. On going into the pantry I saw her stand ing before a ham. I asked her a question, but she could not answer me, her mouth was so full—(laughter)— and all the lower part of her face was besmeared with grease. (Loud laughter, in which his lordship joined.) When she saw me she turned quite pale, and appeared almost fainting for a few moments. Then she sprang from the place where she was, very frighted, and looked seriously, but I did not like to reprove her, because I thought the confusion she had suffered a sufficient atone ment. Up to 1861 I remarked that when she was at table with me she scarcely ate anything. About two ounces, or less, would generally be the amount of food she would take at a meal in my presence, and then she appeared to eat it with disgust and disrelish, as if it appeared to make her ill. I thought she was ill. She seldom came to meals with me as a duty, but she made an excuse to stay away about housekeeping. It was not her duty to cook. We generally had a lay housekeeper and a servant to do that. It was her duty to carve and have the meals served out. She had not permission to eat at other times, but I desired a sister to prepare things and give them to her at meals and between meals, such as beef-tea and custard puddings, because I was afraid she would be ill from her indiscreet abstinence. I never gave plaintiff my permission to prepare those things for herself. I noticed partiality on her part in the distribution of food. It was pointed out to me by Mrs. M`Owne at Hull in 1858, 1859, and 1860. She gave more and better food to the seniors than the juniors. I changed them without seeing what was on the plates. The Lord Chief JusCce : Then the seniors got the best of it. Mr. Mellish : No ; the worst of it. The plates were chlinged. (Laughter.) Defendant : I took one plate myself one day. I did not that day get enough for my dinner. (Laughter.) I charged plaintiff with partiality, but she denied it. the Lord Chief Justice : how is it served ? Would the first cut of a leg of mutton be given to the senior, and so on ? Defendant : No; indiscriminately. But I saw that the person who brought in the food lifted the covers and saw what was there, and changed it about. The Lord Chief Justice : Did Miss Saurin do thisi Defendant : ; another person. The Lord Chief Justice : How do you know Miss Saurin gave her directions to do it and to shift the plates about? You assumed it? Defendant : Yes, I assumed it. When I charged plaintiff with it she admitted her partiality, and said Mrs. M`Owne had no right to complain, because she made it a point to give her a good dinner to keep her tongue quiet. (Loud laughter). Delicate sisters have less food given to them. I sent plaintiff to Clifford in 1858, on account of her bad example to the sisters, and not to get up the school, and to keep her especially from the unauthorised intercourse with seculars. In September 1860 I took plaintiff to Dublin. She saw her relations there as often and as long as she wished, I saw Mrs. Sanrin, but nothing particular occurred between us. We returned to Clifford at the beginning of November. I went then to Hull. I did not in 18G0, or at any other time, ask Miss Saurin to tell me her confession to the priest. She once told me of her own accord the advice a priest had given to her, and she did it to excuse herself from disobeying me. I complained that her letters to her father and mother and her relations were too tender in their affections. She said that she had asked her confessor, and that he had told her she might write affectionately to her friends. Miss Saurin was in the habit of volunteering her confessions until I rebuked her. The other sisters wrote affectionately, but not so excessive. The Lord Chief Justice : Are not sisters allowed to write to their parents in terms of tenderness and affection ? Defendant : Not in excessive terms. The Lord Chief Justice : Then I am to take it that if a sister writes, she may write affectionately, but not with excessive tenderness. Do you remember bow Miss Saurin wrote? Defendant : No; I don't remember anything particular. The tone of her letters was different from those of the other sisters. Mr. Mellish : Now, here is one letter addressed " My dear and very dearest uncle." Is that too strong? (Laughter.) The Lord Chief Justice : That uncle is a priest, and therefore it is not writing to a secular. Mr. Mellish : I am not so sure of that. Plaintiff :We are taught reserve of language. The extreme even of natural affection is to be repressed within reasonable bounds. The Lord Chief Justice : Do I understand that a nun is not to love a father and mother as much as a secular. Defendant : They may, and perhaps more. The Lord Chief Jnstice : But not to express it. Defendant : 'They are not to be excessive in their mani festations of affection. They are taught they must be modulated by religious reserve and decorum. I never required her to tell me her confession. If a superior did it she would be deposed. I never absented myself with Mrs. Kennedy from recreation that Miss Saurin should bo left alone. Miss Saurin came from Clifford to the retreat at Hull from 1860 to 1864. Mrs. M`Owne wrote me respecting the plaintiff. Her letters have been destroyed within the last two years. Her reports were unfavourable. She said she was disobedient, and would do just as she liked. The Lord Chief Justice : You say the letters have been destroyed within two years. When were they destroyed? Defendant : Yes ; about two years since the action was commenced. They contained matters of conscience, and I would rather suffer any penalty than allow the letters to be produced, as they contained private matters relating to Mrs. M`Owne. They would have been useful to us in other respects. The action commenced on 10th Novena. ber, 18430. The Lord Chief Justice : I should have taken care, and so would any judge, that those parts were not read. I doubted the expression "within two years," and that is why I asked the question. Defendant : The letters were destroyed early in 1867. The defendant then went on to chronicle other misdeeds of the plaintiff's— burning candles in the " refectory," which had been left by the plumber, washir hes in her cell, &c. The case was ag a i n adjourned. LAW AND POLICE. THE AUTROItITIES OF ST. PANCRAS.—In the equity courts on Wednesday, before Vice-Chancellor James, a case was tried between the Vestry and the Poor-law Guardians of St. Pancras. The question at issue was whether a building erected some years since by the Vestry for parish purposes, and since disused, belonged to them or the poor-law guardians, and it turned upon the con struction of a section of Mr. Gathorne Hardy's Act. The Vice-Chancellor said the Act was not meant to inter fere with any existing trust, and as this property was vested in trust for th e vestrymen, the property did not to the guaLdi—, PilLICy of COPYRIGIITS.--At the Southwark Police. court, on Wednesday, Mr. Graves, of Pall-mall, prose cuted a carver and gilder, of Great Dover-road, South wark, for having infringed 20 of his copyrights. The offender was fined £lOO, with the alternative of 20 months' imprisonment. THE REPRESENTATION OF WEST 3IINSTER. Tn the event of th e petition against M r . Smith being sue o.essful, it is rumoured that Sir John Lubbock will be invited to contest that city in the Liberal interest, whilst Mr. Smith's friends talk of putting forward Lord Claud Hamilton as the Conservative candidate. The possible result of the petition is keenly discussed, and a canvass for Mr. Smith's on both siaes~'sThere successisor, mo more or less ac ti ve, is going on re political activity n ov , Westminster than has been seen for many years. in WANTED, A PIIRENOLOGIST.--Considerable amusement was caused in the United States Senat e on the 27th ult., by the presentation by Mr. Howe of a m e . morial praying for the appointment o f an able phreno logist to examine all candidates for I n t ernal Revenue appointments, to see whether benevol ence, conscientious ness, causality,antdhecoenni/d) that thearisonbe atioievierrmnionsetnptromrialiynennot protuberances, to so common to othec in that fromh e a m n e d t n h i e r fi fraudse o d r n Nr: referred nw o l o n Retrenchment ng e rdepartment. s uirtr RELEASE OF FENrAN Pnrsoxmts.—Timothy. 1 - annix and Thomaq Walsh, who were sentenced by Mr. Tustice Olfagaii at t ite spring assizes of 1863 to one year's .mpris6arnen m t each fro the date of th e i r arrest, for 11::Vivg taken part in the attempted rescue of Captain Mackay, were discharged from Cork county gaol on Mon lay. Their release having been expected, a crowd assem bled before the prison gates to greet them ; and when Mannix and Walsh walked forth free men, great tabu 3iasm was manifested. A procession having been formed, the entire party, preceded by two bands, walked into the city. On reaching the residence of Mrs. Mackay the crowd stopped, and the band played several airs. In the ,cipouelayien3ginnactoinoinieaeltiaoinnsw, itaiindwhsitcohp. evening t wo b ands paraded the principal thoroughfares, poinegre awterienteecirmvaelsFbeenfloar: telociAtiozl. TIM SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 11, 1869. NEWS. ELECTION PETITIONS, The remarkable victory won in that most Pro testant of cities, Londonderry, by an advocate of dis establishment over a son of the then Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, Lord Claude Hamilton, has stood the test of the longest election inquiry which has yet been held. Mr. Dowse has been declared duly elected. This is the ninth member whom the Conservatives have failed to unseat on petition ; in addition to which they have withdrawn several other petitions. The Liberals have failed at Lichfield and Walling ford. The most serious:case at - present is that at Tam worth, where Sir Robert Feel is charged with having debauched the constituency with drink, in the endeavour to get his old chief, Sir Henry Bulwer, returned, rather than his distant relative (to whom ho is more kinned than kind) Mr. John Peel. DRADPOIID POLITICS. 1 1 The split i n the Liberal partyat Bradford still con tinues. Mr. Thompson, who defeated Mr. Miall at the election of October 1867 (after the death of Mr. Wickham), has consented to stand. The Radicals decline to accept him, and there is some prospect of Mr. Miall being put forward for the third time. The admiration of the public for Mr. Baron Martin's decision in the Bradford election case is not so general as has been supposed. The Bradford Times complains, and the Standard echoes the com plaint, that substantial justice has not been done. It is pointed out that evidence was given shewing that Forster's and Miall's supporters had freely dis tributed beer at certain houses. Agency, however, was not established. Mr. Ripley was unseated for treating. He, as well as Mr. Forster, was declared to be innocent of allowing the illegal practices. Mr. Forster is allowed to remain seated because what was done by his vice-chai rman was w i t h out his knowledge. Why, then, it is asked, should Mr. Ripley be unseated for doing that of which the judg ment declarel him to be personally innocent ? THE TELEGRAPHS DILL. The Telegraph, in a sub-leader, assures the public that the Government have not the least intention of allowing the Act for the acquirement of the tele graphs by the State to become a dead letter. Unavoidable delays have taken place, but the neces sary arbitratio n as to the amount to be given for the lines is soon to be continued, and a Money Bill is likely to be introduced this session. The Telegraph declares that the Chancellor of the Exchequer intends to drive a hard bargain in the interests of the public. Both of these announcements are satis factory ; for it would be beneath the dignity of a Government to refuse, on account of party jealousy, to carry out an Act passed almost unanimously ; it would be equally an evil to allow the shareholders to carry off more money than they are entitled to have.. THE LORD - LIEUTENANT OF WESTMORELAND AND to bo aged" upon. • raupers might DO mane - am supporting on this principle." This suggestion seems open to one grave defect. The number of paupers is so large that it would produce the articles neces sary to supply the wants of paupers many times over. ISlsMitrOlc on the bill for teguestfating the pro/lefty Of "thb ex-King of Hanover has been published. The Prussian Chancellor insisted that an Hanoverian Legion was directly supported by a 'personage residing at Ifietaing— meaning King George—and that the Prussian Govern ment- 'was perfectly justified in withdrawing the money used for this purpose, or, in other words, in confiscating the propertg from which these funds were realised. The legion, furnished with Austrian passports, had been transferred from Austria to Switzer. land, and thence to France. The French Goverment, though it could not refuse theso refugees an asylum, had nevertheless separated the officers from the men, and had forbidden all military exercises. The yearly cost of the legion could not be less than £45,000. The most important feature in this version of the speech is the entire absence of the offensive remarks relative to the French Emperor, which caused such ill-feeling in Paris. Has the speech been edited ? round. - The pear is par excellence, the fruit of Cali fornia, each grown tree now standing yielding 40 bushels annually of the most delicious pears. Nor is there any drawback, for disease is unknown, and the fruit neither suffers from frost, severe cold, nor furious storms. 'Strange, too, to add, though their growth is so rapid and their bearing so early, the trees are not subject to quick decay, many in the mis sions, after having produced for 30 or 40 years, are in as good condition as ever, not once having failed to bear a crop during the last 20 years. A Frenchman might exclaim, " This is the land for the grape I" and he would be right. It certainly has no superior, if an equal, for the growth of the vine and the manufacture of wine. The yield is larger, the freedom from disease greater than in the best European vineyards. Seldom is the crop less than 1,000 lbs. of grapes per acre, ranging up to 20,000 lbs., and this with little labour ; for, though in Europe the vine is trained with a stock four feet high and fastened to a pole put up annually, in California it stands alone. Three hundred varieties have been cultivated, and all have given proof that every wine can be produced even superior in qua lity to that imported. In 1867 the vines planted, and soon to be in bearing were estimated at thirty millions, nearly all being the result of some five years' labour. flock, champagne, port, and claret are the varieties of wine already exported. In 1867 the quantity manufactured was four and a half millions of gallons, and for next year seven millions is the estimated produce. In 1868 five millions gallons of wine and three hundred thousand gal lons of brandy were made. A spur has been given by the reduction of the tax on grape brandy to 50 cents a gallon, and a large distillery has lately got into operation at Calistoga. Seven hundred tons of grapes were consumed in the manufacture last season. But the most interesting branch of in dustry which the marvellous young State has in augurated is the cultivation of the mulberry and the silk worm. The general absence of rain from May to November, and of explosive electricity, is said to be a highly favourable climatic condition. The worm is very healthy and produces fine cocoons, which sent to France for examination were pronounced superior in excellence, and exceeding in measure ment the European by 50 to 100 yards of silk; and iu consequence large orders were received from French establishments requiring new blood. But it is not only the worm which thrives so wonderfully, for the mulberry tree grows with the same rapidity as the fruit trees, yielding immense quantities of leaves. Eight hundred thousand cocoons were, the Commissioner tells us, brought into the market in 1865, and six times that number in 1866, while two large silk factories were manufacturing silk of great excellence. Silk culture was introduced mainly through the exertions of Mr. L. M. Prevost. Salmon and white fish are plentiful in the rivers, and a variety of sea fish abound on the coast. The hills and plains furnish grass for immense herds of cattle and sheep, and farming is a great branch of industry. Perhaps the finest scenery in the world is to be found in California, for the country combines everything which makes up a beautiful landscape. It has mountain ranges almost unequalled in magnitude, studded with beautiful vallies, through which run perennial streams. It has grand lakes and rivers, and the noblest of known forests. The valley that com bines the most striking and the most beautiful scenery in one view, with a series of the greatest of waterfalls, is the Yo Semite, and the groves found along the slopes of the Nevada hays become one of the world's wonders. That of Calaveras contains trees running from 250 to 360 feet, and in some the trees range up to nearly 400 feet ; several of them being more than 33ft. in diameter. We have already in a former number touched on the Californian produce of grain, which is rapidly becom ing the mostimportant expor tof the State. The yield per acre is astonishing, some times equalling 60 bushels, and the quality is such that it fetches the highest price in the New York Market, being espe cially rich in gluten, while its dryness makes it peculiarly valuable for export, more especially to tropical climates, being less liable to ferment and rot; and it is said to absorb moisture and increase in weight in transit. Of barley, Mr. Hill, on a farm of 100 acres, raised a crop of 14,900 bushels. We cannot then wonder that a country so favoured for agriculture should in a large degree become agricultural, and the basis of Californian stabilityis derived from the most genuine source, and that one which never fails. The census of 1860 gave a population of 379,994, which has now increased to about 600,000. On the previous census, that of 1860 showed an increase of 150 per cent. in ten years in the acreage enclosed ; and fifteen-fold in value, while the live stock in creased from four-fold to two hundred-fold, and in value twelve-fold. The annual growth of San Francisco is computed at 10 per cent., that rate having proved the law for ten years past, though the actual increase for last year was over thirteen per cent. Calculating the population to be 143,000 at this rate the increase in 1872 would make it 207,000. The greatest marvel of the State, how ever, is the progress of its manufacturing industry. Even in 1860 there were 8,468 establishments with a capital of $22,051,096 using raw material valued at $27,051,674, the cost of labour being 528,402,287, and the product of the year's operationss6B,2s3,22B, leaving a profit of $12,799,267, or 58 per cent, on the capital invested. No official returns have lately been made, but enough is known to show an enor mous increase, of which the best proof was fur nished in a recent exhibition of Californian industry, held at San Francisco. Beside the silk, to which we have already alluded, woollens take a high rank. All the wool raised on the Pacific Slope was consumed in its own mills as well as considerable importations. Blankets of a very superior quality were principally manufactured, but there are excellent cloths as well. Paper, rope, tobacco, sugar refining, and a great variety of other manufactures thrive, but the main industry is di rected to supplying machinery of all descriptions for the mines ; steam engines, both stationary and locomotive, quartz crushing, pumping, and all manner of devices for raising and reducing ores. The growth of the distilleries has necessitated the manufacture of glass, which is now among the numerous articles of its commerce. When we give the railroads constructed in the State, it will not surprise our readers to learn that rolling mills are in operation, and everything necessary to build and Rtipply a line with all its requirements. Indeed a machine unknown to Europe, of which a minute account was given in our colvons, has lately been at work in aiding in the building of the Central Pacific. Nor must it be overlooked that one of the greatest feats of railway engineering ever accomplished was by this State in surmounting the difficulties of the , Sierra Nevada. The railroads at present in actual operation are as follows :—Central Pacific, Sacra mento to State line, 138 miles long ; San Francisco and San Jose, 50 miles ; California Pacific, from Vallejo to Sacramento, 60 miles; Valleja Junction to Calistoga, via Napa, 36k miles; Sacramento Valley, from Sacramento to Shingle Springs, 45 miles ; Central and Yuba, from Folsom to Marys ville, 40 miles ; Marysville to Oroville, 30 miles ; Almeda to Oakland, 20 miles ; Petaluma to Rud sill's Landing, 3 miles—total number of miles, 422 k. Besides the railroads enumerated, there is one six miles long in Contra Costa county, which is used exclusively to transport coal from the Mount Diablo mines to water navigation. California, though not destined in the future to be supported by its precious metals, was made by the discovery of gold. It was conquered from Mexico in 1846 and afterwards purchased. In 1850 it was admitted as a State, but thiti Was not accomplished until two years after the discovery of gold in the spring of 1818. James M. Mars'oll having erected a saw mill on the south fork of the Ani ,^:ican river in the present town of Coloma, saw, as the watt; rushed through the tail-race, shining particles of metal, which he recognized as gold. This was in March, yet in July of that year 4,000 persons were working on the American river, extracting from $30,000 to $40,000 of gold a day, which had accu mulated by November to one million sterling. Next year the numbers increased to 15,000 persons, reaching before the close of 1849 to 55,000; soon the product mounted to 00,000,000, and in the year 1853 the gold obtained was $65,000m0. From that date California has be- Ol t/ ADVERTISEMENT.]—Henceforth no one will doubt the Arg , !'4 properties of Du Barry's h ea lth-restoring Revele lat f a bla 6,sl 9 c 6 Invalids' and Infants' Food, since to the thousands 0 „ i v,pe, it has already received from Invalids whose p_osition s of deemed hopeless, we may now add that of his Holinee s r , year cia whose health has been perfectly restored by it after thi.rdisystgoif unsuccessful medical treatment. We quote from the f the io - Midi " July 25th :—" Rome, July 21, 1866. The health 0 re d 44 Father is excellent, especially since, abandonin all otlr e 01 0 :0, dies, he has confined himself entirely to Du Barry's„. er y 03 0( 1 Arabica Food, of which he consumes a plateful at 0 , 1 1 -V It has produced a surprisingly beneficial effect on hitq l jy ix of his Holiness cannot praise this excellent food too I„,'„,T 59, 1 1 Aim extract a few out ofmore than 63.000 cures:—Cure the Marchioness de' Brehan, of seven years' liver L' sw itans , wasting away, debility, nervousness, with a nervous y e to ol je all over, bad digestion, constant sleeplessness, and t!' safer s ia• tolerable nervous agitation. Cure No 1.771 : Lorci., 4 , 7o pePoo, Decies, Lord-Lieutenant of Waterford, of many years ,i';', 0 p01: 10 0, No. 49,832: "Fifty years' indescribable agony frora . ,"' s pa or, nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, sickness, and vomiting.—Maria Joly." Cure Ne• _ to ed l l ' jar flatulena2/0: James Roberts, of Frimley, Surrey, of 30 years' dise r „ s ss. t oe witting of blood, liver derangement, and parlial deef; fl ore vi g'o portent Caution—Beware of the many unsavoury and sloppy imitations to which, without authority, I ' 3 OA name is most audaciously attached. O, s., In tins, at Is. 11d.; o 1 lb. 2s. vd.; 2 lbs. 4s. 6d.; 5 lb s ' e lly r 0 225. ;24 lbs, 40s,—Also Du BARRY'S REVALENTA ABA S I f ° o o LATE POWDER is packed in tin canisters; for 12 cups a t 51 6 e cups at 3s. 6d., for 48 cups at 65., for 288 cups at 305., . 4 56 6 ,411a 0 at 555.—being about one penny per cup. The 3 0, ' T'peo are sent free of carriage in England on receipt % o ot, Order. — BAßßY Du BARRY and Co., No. 77, Regent don; and all Grocers and Chemists. Births. th e e wife 4 Upper BURNEY—On the 10th inst., at Tooting , -- Charles Burney, Esq., of a son. lace' tb BANNERMAN—On the 9th inst., at 46, Grosv erl°.r -P si P Lady Arabella Bannerman, of a daughtor• _, 0 • .1: • , D o ONsLow —On the 9th inst., at 22, Wilton-P l a c e' a ' Onslow, of a daughter. (ev , Marriages. ak Go% • JONES —BEAUMONT—On the 9th inst., at a , - „ 0 "L- 11 3 Hanover-square, Henry Jones, Esq , of nolg, eltle" sions, Grosvenor-gardens, to Sophia. Louisa , t° daughter of the late Geo. D. B. Beaumont, s i l,,,: n lvtle g WITCIIELL—JACKSON On the 9th inst., 0 3 ,, " " ° Ft . "' h Major Thos. WI to be ll° 1 chell, Military Train, second daughter of Wm. Parry Jackson, E,s(l' Deaths. O ce ' the L n a m d A y N A — r BANNE ii PO "" O ab n a t i h a e ß l a o n t n h erm in a st n *.,. at 46, Gr05ven0r ,..,..4 SSET - On the 9th inst., at Tohidy Park, Corny!'" ' F. ji a „,;:ft, Esq., aged 37. Are, IV(11. Busu—On the 'JI2; inst., at 69, Torrington -0 V - ;O / Bush, Esq. ' - f GAINES • On the Bth inst., Charles Caines, Bo4', of street, aged 56. . r y. PA ' , ire, PALMER—On the 7th inst., at Brighten,, Il u e ll i ' , rds'" Esq., of Clifton Lodge , near liefforu, &-e ° aged 69 /_% . 0 ,00 1 12 , London : Printed and Pablishod by WILLI",„,„ $ 12 .:0f of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at Tun fitlN 0b 2 02. 1 ' Strand, in the Preclnet of the Savoy, 111 t4C 111.1cicileoez.,—Thursday, February 11, 1869. MISCE come the first of gold-producing countries, haviag exported, from 1849 to the close of 1866 urva rd ,i of $785,000,000, all but 565,000,000 b e i ng extract/ 7 ' from this State. The total product, up to ()etel ' ber, 1867, is estimated a t a billi on , th e return lo r the last year being $20,000,000. The mines ntl ll wrought, besides gold, are silver, quicksilver, or per, and coal. Tin, lead, antimony, sulphur, sin ° borax, and sulphate of magn es i a are f ou nd. Pel l ; leum abounds, more especially i n th e so uth, t Mattole district. From San Francisco the silver °. Nevada and other States i s e x p or t e d, an d althou'o u the Union Pacific Railroad will make some cha n g e !' it is probable that the precious metals, more esP': cially silver, will be continued to be directed to S 3 ' Francisco for export to Japan, China, and In ji 3t to which that metal usually finds its way as its be ; market. Of the populatio n no t l ess th an 60,000 a,. ; Chinese, whoare fast growingi n f avour i n the lab ° , iii market, although at prese n t th e y may b e robbed or murdered with impunity by a .white man, ev en se in the presence of many o f th e i r coun t rymen , A/ l i%, evidence is not receivable. O n th e ra il ro ads 111 %, sands are employed • in vineyards they supplan t t ai whites. Without them woollen manufactures 0 ",, not be carried on; to agriculture they take n ti 3 l t i,e, rally, and all washing is i n th e i r hands. Stilj supply of labour is not equal to the deta 3 „ although wages are as f o ll ows , pa id i n gold A Skilled mechanics from $4 to $6 a day; farm bo r , X3O to $4O a month, with b oar d ; woo d chorre ti : pi. 50c. a cord ; female do mes ti cs , $3O a moo its :hese advantages combine to give to C a liforeia o bright future, though they a r e no t a ll. The Gol(k"ed Gate is the gate to the P ac ifi c , an d more manti c decided than is Sa n dy H oo k t o the At 131,113 Ocean. Straight across th e C on ti nen t i s the 1 ?I i 5 , road to every bit of land wa s h e d by the Pa c ci o (except the western c oas t o f S ou th A mer ica) lr. o , Europe, and the northern continent of Anier.i,b, San Francisco is a great station on a world's 111 :° r3 , way, and that the road whi c h soon w ill b e most ' versed. It is the station to which will radili e b lines of the Pacific Ocean ; it i s th e s t a tion in vl.; is I will centre all American travel westward ; I ` l ,o the station for which E uro p eans w ill a im' journeying to any o f th e P ac ifi c i s l an d s , to fit. ern China, and the islands of the Chinese j 4 to Australia, and to New Zealand. Here, th i cP ,'r an advantage that cannot be e xaggera t e d, antyibe haps not fully estimated. Al rea dy a line (t het finest steamers afloat ply to Hon g k ong , and an°, l Da to the Sandwich Islands. Pres en tly a third W l ' oo , directed to Sidney, and even no w th e harbour c ep . tains numerous fleets belonging to this pa t o i gaged in the coasting tr a ffic, w hi c h ex tends ~,b Sitka down to the coast of South A m e r ica. r'l l ' 9 o;t has been said fully to support the assertion , 10 5 California is pre-eminently the land for men of, l er e and enterprise. The settler will not only fiud! ci , a golden country, but a pleasant soc iety, wh i o re recent English traveller has declared to assuirc tha t the fat, good-natured rosy English type, thaa ile v of the solemn, thin, cadav e rous, b u t m ore int° tual, Eastern American. COURSING FIXTURES. MARCH. 0 li e' Ashdown Park Hurts Fourth S. Lancashire (Ch am pi on ) County Louth (Champi o n), I re l an d 10 :; Scottish National Open, Lanark!: OCTOBER. 6 Ancastor and Willoughby, Li nco l ns hi re ........................ Ormosby 261 Huntingdon Club.. N 0 VEMBER. Sundorno, Salop Oothan and Eston WATERLOO MEETING-FE8.17. (Over Altcar.) Patron-Right Hon. the Earl of Sefton. _ 1 0 0 The Waterloo Cup, value £1,600 in specie, by subB :ESA'crj 00 of £25 each ; 64 subs; the winner to receive the second £2OO. 1. Mr 0. F. Allison 33. Mr J. Ingleby 2. Mr J. F. Armistead 34. Mr R. Jardine 3. Mr J. Bake 35. Mr F. Johnston 4. Mr W. J. Barden 36. Mr J. Johnston 5. Mr F. Bartholomew 37. Mr 11. B. Jones 6. Lord Binning 38. Mr W. J. Lcg li 7. Mr J. Blaekstock 39. Mr S. C. Lister 8. Mr J. S. Bland 40. Mr J. Lonsdale 9. Mr G. Blanshard 41. Lord Lurgan 10. Mr W. G. Borron 42. Mr S. Mallabel e t ne 11. Mr T. Brocklebank 43. M r C. E. Mar if 12. Mr J. Brundrit ' 44. Mr W. IL Masse' 13. Mr R. B. Carruthers 45. Sir C. Molyn° l , "0 0$ 14. Mr C. J. Chesshyre 46. _don. C. 0.3 1011 15. Mr W. H. Clark 47. Mr T. Neville 16. Mr E. Croft 48. Mr R. Paterson 17. Mr J. Cunningham 49. Mr T. L. Real 18. Mr W. D. Deighton 50. Dr Richardson 19. Mr James Dunlop 51. Mr J. Savage 20. Mr J. Evans 52. Mr N. Saxton 21. Lord Garlies 53. Lord Sefton 22. Mr J. Gibson 54. Mr T. Smith 23. Mr W. M. Gilmour 55. Mr J. SpinkS 24. Col. Goodlake 56. Lord Stair ~e r 25. Mr A. Graham 57. M r E. W. Stook ~ 26. Mr T. Green 58. M r S. Swinha tl 7 o o 27. Mr C. A. Hailey 59. Mr G. A. Thorn? 28. Capt. Hathorn 60. R . Mr Todd . , i de 29. Mr J. Haywood 61. Mr B. W. 1 0-- , 30. Mr J. Ilodson 62. Mr R. C. VYn e . : o 31. Mr J. Hole 63. Mr R. 11. Willia 32. Mr J. Hyslop e 4. Capt. Wyndh a T ec od The Waterloo Plato for the 16 do gs b ea t en in the, ' a al ties for the Cup, amountin g t o £lOO , t o bo divid ° under :- 1. Winner to receive ... ... 1. Second ditto .. ... 2. Dogs to receive £7 108 each 4. Ditto ditto 5 ditto ... `l o 8 100 a The Waterloo Purse, for the 32 dogs beaten in '4 - NO course for the W a t er l oo C up , amoun ti ng to £2" divided as under 1. Winner to receive 1. Second ditto . 2. Dogs to rece i ve £l5 each... 4. Ditto ditto 10 d tto... 8. Ditto ditto 5 ditto... xlO O .• • bo ••• 30 0 " 4 0 40 £2b" The Great Waterloo Cup, G 4 subscribers, at £25 enc the money £l,6oo—to be divided as under :-- X s ° ° 1. Winner to receive ''• ••"•• "' 200 1. Second ditto • ... 00 2. Dogs to receive £5O each... 1 11 0 4. Ditto ditto 30 ditto... ... : 6 0 8. Ditto 20 ditto... ... 0 1 6 H. Ditto 0.0 ditto... 32 1, 240 The Waterloo Purse and WiLterloo Plato £1. 600 the The Waterlog Plate, value £lOO in specie, taken fr ° e fo r Cup Stakes, for the 16 beaten dogs in the first tl the Waterloo Cup. fr°the r The Waterloo Purse, value £260, in specie, taken. „ i d f°' Cup Stake, for the 32 beaten dogs i n the first Nu the Cup ; the winner to receive £lOO. CUMBERLAND. Mr. Disraeli's Government did not forget to reward its supporters, and the late Premier exercited his power up to, and even after, his resignation. 'There were, it is currently reported, a very large number of lesser appointments made after " the inter view " with her Majesty, and while prepara tions were being made to "turn out." But the one which attracted the most notice was the appointment of Mr. llenry Lowther to the Lord-Lieutenancy of Westmoreland and Cumberland. The union of two counties is unusual and objectionable. Mr. Lowther's great zeal in the Conservative cause has made him objectionable to his political opponents, and a stand ing resolution of thellouse of Coannons rules that "It ' is a high infringement of the liberties and privileges of the Commons of Great Britain for any lord of Parliament, or any lord-lieutenant of any county, to concern themselves in the election of members to serve for the Commons in Parliament." Moreover, the appointment had. all the savour of a private arrangement between the Earl of Lonsdale, who suddenly resigned, and the late Government ; the Earl wishing to keep the Lord-Lieutenancy in his family. A petition setting forth these facts has been presented to Parliament asking for inquiry into . the matter. DOCKYARD ECONOMY. The spirit which led the Admiralty to sell old ships for an extraordinary low price, and then to buy back the copper got from them for about double the money, seems to animate all our dockyard "bar gains." At Portsmouth recently there was sold for 6: 1 :d. per sack a large quantity of sawdust. The sacks in which th e sa id sawdust was packed cost ls, a piece, and several day s were spent by the labourers in filling them. But th ose who laugh at the quill-pen economy would probably think such matters beneath notice. It should be added that the announcement annears in the papers of the adoption in the dockyards of Mr. Seely's system of accounts. Under the new system the true cos t o f every ar t ic l e made and eve ry ship built at eac h wi ll b e ascertained, and soit com parisoncyariAe th r e enc e i c e o r n e( o l i p n o y ss a i n b c l l e. efficiency of a different sin, JOHN ACTON ON ROMAN CATHOLIC POLITICS. Sir John Acton has made a remarkable speech on the politics of the Roman Catholic party. He pointed to the fa c t th a t th ere were forty Roman Catholics fewer in the present than in any previous Parliament since Emancipation; but that fact did not discourage him. It was only transitory. The Conservtltives at the late election called in the aid of a very P powerful aux ili ary in the shape of the " opery " cry, which served as a mask by which bad Christians m i g h t appear good Churchmen, and a watchword which reconciled for the moment the clergy of the Establishment with the worst of the population. The very serious loss which the Liberal cause sustained in Lancashire was partly due to the great dread of Fenianism and the artifice by which. the Conservatives endeavoured to confound all Irish men and Catholics with Fenians. He thought they had, consolation for the small number of Catholics in Parliament in th e cons i deration that it was not desir- Ale for them to take an active part in the unquestion ably invidious work which the present Parliament had before it in the despoiling of the Protestant Church in Ireland. So far from being disappointed at athe result of the elections, he believed the Act which had thrown open the franchise - to the great mass of the p opu l at i on, instead of an injury to Catholics to be a greater benefit to them even than the Eman cipation Act. It h a d put an end to the domination of one class over another, which had been the great obstacle to civil and religious liberty, and must inevitably be followed by the downfall of the domination of race over race, and religion over religion, in Ireland. Ile regarded this as a certain and not remote conse quence of the Reform Act. He thought that the Ballot was most necessary to quiet Ireland, because the tenants' vote was the root of the enmity existing between him and the landlord. He considered the disestablishment of the Irish Church certain to be effected; but he did not they his co- re li g i on i sts to have any po r t ion of the revenues of that Church; rather they should be prepared to make a sacrifice by surrendering the M aynooth grant. He added an interesting incident by way of skewing how differently Mr. Gladstone's policy was viewed even by those who thought alike on many other topics. Shortly before his death the late Mr. Keble met Dr. Newman for the first time for twenty years, and in the course of conversation on the proposal to throw out Mr. Gladstone for Oxford, Dr. Newman said, "If I were in Oxford I should be obliged to vote against him, for he is going to put down the Irish Church." 31r. Kebl e said, "Well; but is it not just ?" This story sets at rest the dispute raised a few weeks ago as to Mr. Keble 's opinion on the Irish Church question. THE MARQUIS OF 'WESTMINSTER. The Marquis of Westminster is lying at Eaton Hall seriously out of health. His lordship, who is probably the richest man in England, is in his 7th year. His eldest son is Earl Grosvenor, M.P. for Chester, who was one of the leaders of the Adul lamites three years ago. MANCHESTER PROTECTIONISTS. The secretary of the Manchester Chamber of .commerce writes denying that the Manchester men are lapsing into the " heresy " of protection. If there are a few backsliders, the Chamber knows nothing of them. The great mass of the manufac turers believe that the commercial treaty with France has been a great boon, and they desire to have it renewed at the expiration of the trial decade. THE TAXATION OF THE CLERGY. "An Essex Rector" points out in the Times the ex cessive taxation with which the clergy are burdened. He urges that the dwellers in towns really know ring of f the p oor - ra t e, s i nce it is levied only on the ir d re, while th e d we l lers in villages have it assess e on their whole incomes. Further, while other ratepayers are allowed large deductions before the assessment is made, the cl ergyman i s taxed to the very l as t shilling- of his income. Nbd is expected to gi ve so liberally as a clergyman;o n o bo y dy is so h eav il y taxed. In the "Essex Rector's " own case he has to pay one-third of his income in rates and taxes for the village school and parochial charities. UTILISATION OF PAUPERISM. A West-end London Poor -law Guardian suggests that paupers should made to produce all requisites for pauper maintenance. awl pauper use. lie would open workshops at which the paupers should be employed at the various trades to which they have been brought up. These shops might be provided by obtaining the use of sonic of the vacant railway arches with which London abounds. "At these shops let there be produced the neces saries required for carrying on the workhouses, and let there be at hand also such labour, skilled and other, as may be requisite to do the necessary repairs of workhouses. It may happen ono union would occasionally suffer from a dearth of labourers of some sort, while a neighbouring workhouse would have a superfluity; an interchange of such labour could easily be arranged and be Paid_for upon a 4Cille ROMAN CATHOLIC CHAPLAINS IN PRISONS. The Aldermen of the City of London have again considered the question of Roman Catholic Chaplains in gaols. It will be remembered that the question was referred to the Gaol Committee to consider and report upon. But that was too much for the Protestantism of some of the aldermen, and notice was given of a motion rescinding that reference. This motion, coming up on Tuesday, was passed by a majority of 10 to 5. And so the City of London prisoners who won't hear the Protestant chaplain are to be preserved against such advice as the " emis saries of the Papal Church " might give. Only that advice might lead to their reformation. The Town Council of Liverpool have also had a similar subject under discussion. There is an immense number of Boman Catholics in the Liverpool work house ; but the representatives of the " v, - orrhy burgesses " are afraid of paying a priest to attead them. An attempt was made on Monday to appoint a Roman Catholic chaplain, but it failed, the Council passing a resolution in favour of the voluntary system by 14 to 9. AIONEY-LENDERS. Unhappy is he who, holding her Majesty's com mission in the army or navy, is in want of funds. The money-lenders will present him with such tempt ing offers that he will want great strength of mind to resist their temptations. "A Guardian," who came across one of the circulars with which his ward was being tormented, opened a correspondence with the lenders, and discovered that they only wanted 72 per cent. on £240, and the payment of that amount for £2OO received. Not bad interest this ! THE EMIGRATION MOVEMENT. The emigration question is beginning to occupy a good deal of attention, and steps have been taken to resuscitate the National Colonial Emigration Society, which suspended its operations in July 1800. The society in its time did good service. Lord Lyttelton was its president, and during the cotton famine it assisted some 1,500 per sons to emigrate. Strangely enough, it was just at the outset of the severe and long-continued dis tress that the society was dissolved, the committee believing that there was sufficient demand in this country for skilled male and female labour. No such belief can exist at the present time, and therefore the members of the old committee have again enrolled themselves into a society with the same object, but with a slightly different title. It was proposed to invite the co-operation of the East-end Emigration and Relief Committee, and to hold public meetings as soon as possible in the City and in the West-end. It was stated at the meeting that there was an intense desire for emigration among many classes, and that the bulk of the work men thrown out of employ by the Government reductions would be unable to find work. Mr. Verdon has taken up the cause of the Victorian colonists, and defends them from recent attacks made upon them respecting their appropriation of the pro ceeds of land sales, which were intended to assist emigration. Mr. Verdon explains that the colonists are perfectly at liberty to alter the law which they themselves made, and that there is no im perial obligation on the subject. Some system is necessary in selecting emigrants, and as Victoria is the most concerned in the matter she has the right of choice. If more suitable persons had been willing to emigrate, the whole amount originally intended would have been available for their use. Emigration is subject, like other national movements, to various complex laws, and it is useless to insist upon each year furnishing the same result. The Australians claim their self-government as an inherent right, and though they will listen readily to any suggestions from tne nome Government, they will not submit to dictation. THE DEATH-LIST. In spite of the warm winter, the death-list in the Times is a long one. High Churchmen will regret to learn the death of Mrs. Carter, wife of the well known Rector of Clewer, who died on the 17th, aged 08; it was but a few weeks ago that Mr. Carter lost his aged father. Savans will equally sympathise with Sir Roderick Murchison on the death of his wife, at the advanced age of 80 ; the deceased lady was about three years older than her husband. One of the saddest notices is that announcing the death of five children of 31r. Hercules Scott, of Kincar dineshire. They were all carried off by that terrible scourge diphtheria, in seven days—a fearful week for the parents. THE WEATHER. Lord Frederick Cavendish writes from Eastbourne that his thermometer rose at two o'clock on Satur day to 80 in the sun. In Yorkshire the farmers are crying out terribly. They say that during a whole year past the weather has been entirely wrong. A remarkably mild winter in 1807-08, followed by an open spring, a blazing summer of five months, a rainfall greatly below the average for the first nine months, and very much above it for the last three months, giving nearly a total average, were the great features of 1808. The temperature of May was hotter than .Tune, which, though hot, was exceeded by July. Strangely, the August temperature, though high, was not so high asthat of `' 7epteinber. June, usually wet, was drier than July, which, generally wettest, was driest of all ; and it was not till December the flood waters fell. These results have caused a most abnormal state of things, and the great fear now is that spring frosts and a low temperature may undo all benefit that has hitherto accrued to the country. During the winter there have been only five nights of frost, the lowest temperature registered being 25 . 50 deg. Cabbage and brocoli are running to seed, potatoes have grown to a solid mass in the pits, the fruit-trees are out in blossom, the turnips have rotted, and the wheat is "proud." SILK SUPPLY ASSOCIATION. Some gentlemen interested in the trade have pro posed to form a Silk Supply Association on a basis similar to that o f the C o tt on S upply Association. The principal object is to stimulate the production of silk in every country where the mulberry-tree sup plies the necessary food for the silkworms, an d especially in those districts of India where the culti vation of the silkworm has almost ceased, notwith standingspecial natural advantages for its propagation. The association also proposes to encourage the pro duction of the best kind of silk worms, an d t o o b tain the aid of the British r epresentat i ves a b road in nromotine and extendine the cultivation of silk. FOREIGN NOTES., THE IfASTEEN DIFFICULTY. The state of affairs in 'Greece mint for the preeent bs given up as wholly incomprehensible. "Positive informa• tion" that the crisis is at an end, and that the declaration has been accepted, reaches London and Vienna in aband. ante ; but at Paris the most complete ignorance prevailed up to Wednesday evening. N o Communication had been received from Athens for forty-eight hours. The Morning Post, which gives intelligence that small bands of Greeks have broken into Epirus and Thessaly, firmly believes nevertheless, in the triumph of diplomacy. As in all times of doubt or difficulty, the ,old alarmist rumours are reviving. A project of alliance between France, Austria, and Italy was published first in the Journal du Havre, and has reappeared in a more definite form in several papers, notably the Journal de Paris. Of course, a general distribution of spoil on the Mine, in the Tyrol, Silesia, and on the Danubm, nre thA objects of this tiCIACiIiC. It appears to nave been brought to life by the single fact that the telegraphic wires between Vienna, Paris, and Florence arc at present incessantly worked by the diplomatists. On the other side, it is noticed that the Prince of Montenegro, who has Just paid a visit to St. Petersburg, met with a brilliant reception from the Czar, who, not satisfied with the ordinary measure of courtesy, sent his aidc•dc-camp to accompany the Prince to Berlin. SPAIN. A Bayonne paper says it is certain that a Carlist move ment is preparing in that town, which is close to the Spanish frontier. A small army is being organised almost openly. The trains arriving from Spain bring almost every day recruits of a very mixed charaater, and in en rolling them the future chiefs scarcely give themselves the trouble to conceal themselves. These defenders of the throne and the altar are then disseminated by small detachments in t 46 villages nearest the frontier, in which arms and ammunition have been for some time past accumulated. The Constitutionnel is informed that a union between the two royal branches has been effected. Tho ex-Queen has come to an understanding with Don Carlos, by which it is stipulated that Isabella shall abdicate in favour of her son, and that Don Carlos shall bo regent during his minority. It will be rather interesting to know whether any provision has been made for ensuring that when the young prince arrives at his majority the bargain will bo fully ratified. COUNT BISMARCK. Some of the French papers, ever ready to ridicule the Prussian Chancellor, express a doubt whether any project for assassinating Count Bismarck has been formed save in the fertile imaginations of frightened diplomatists; and the Literte wickedly suggests that this may prove as great a fiasc o as another alarming event did some time ago. Count Bismarck was travelling by railway, and on arriving at ono of the stations was obliged to have recourse to a locality which shall be nameless. Here the potentate was ignominiously fastened in by some wag, and the train went on without him. Intense alarm prevailed amongst the Prussian officials when the statesman was found wanting. The New Free Press, however, asserts that in the present case Count Beuat did not warn the Prussian Chancellor without good reason. In one of the cities south of Vienna a young student had expressed his inten tion of assassinating Count :Bismarck, and though the information was at first disregarded, details were after waFd9 furnis hed,whicla left no doubt on the subject, -! LAtlenzthtiONuot Judd tll6 speOdsiogyaedbYtitil DIPLOMATIC ETHICS, Though by no means a statesman of the first order, the Marquis de Moustier, who died on Friday, was very experienced and skilful in diplomacy, a " profession" to which he had been brought up. His dert'l recalls to mind a story which caused great excitement at the time. In 1853, just before the Russian war, he was ambassador at Berlin, a post of great difficulty just then, as Prussia was undecided whether to go with the Czar or remain neutral. The King was inclined for war, but his Minister, Manteuffel, hesitated to involve his country in such a doubtful conflict. It is said that a confidential servant of the King was induced, no doubt for a large con sideration, to abstract the private correspondence that passed between the King and the Czar, which was placed every night on a table in the royal bed room, and which the King was in the habit of reading the first thing in the morning. The papers were removed during the night and replaced before they were wanted. The fraud was discovered, and, significantly enough, M. do Moustier was speedily removed from Berlin to Vienna. It was a smart performance, the only fault of which lay in its being found out. Honour and principle, it is hardly necessary to say, arle expected to be laid on the shelf by those who act as the representatives of states. INDIA. At the great banquet given at Calcutta on the 11th of January, Sir John Lawrence once more enjoined tho policy of non-interference in Central Asia. The opposite course, ho urged, would almost certainly lead to war, impoverish the country, and involve a fresh burden of debt. On the western frontier we ought to be strong and ready, but not go beyond it. Our true policy is to con solidate Pritish power within the national boundary of the hills, to organise an economical but efficient Adminis tration and to give the people of India the best possible gOvernment. THE INSURRECTION IN CUBA. The news from Cuba is more unfavourable to the Spanish cause. The insurgents captured Puerto Principe on the same day that Count Valmasecla, their chief general, entered Bayamo. At Havanna a reign of terror exists. Not only has General Dulce to contend with the Cubans, but also with the Spanish volunteers them selves, whose excesses lie is unable to control. The intense hatred between the Cuban and Spanish factions in flavanna has at length merged into open hostility. Murders are committed every night. The Cubans fire from the housetops upon the volunteers and soldiers passing through the streets, and the military retaliate by entering the houses and indiscriminately massacring the inmates. New York advices report that the newiyrecruited volun teers provoke the resistance of the people, and then fire upon them indiscriminately. BRITISH EMIGRATION 70 AMERICA No. VI.—CALIFORNIA. (Flynn the Anglo-American Tizzies.) Hitherto our remarks have had reference to States as homes for emigrants. But we now ad dress another class, the young man of enterprise, of means and education. United testimony proves California to be the most rising country in the world, that it has risen most rapidly, and that its progress during the next few decades will be mar vellous even in the eyes of those who expect so much. Generally, foreigners attribute this to its auriferous soil, leaving in their minds a very erroneous impression. Taking California all in all, climate, soil, productions and position, mountain, valley, and water, it is the best territory on the face of the earth. Couple this with the fact that it is in the hands of a population noted among Ameri cans for their extraordinary energy and resource, and the reason is obvious why so much has been done and so much more is anticipated. It may be as well to explain here why a laud so gifted is not the best adapted for the immigration of poor families. The first reason is the distance and con sequent expense. California cannot be reached except at an outlay ruinous to an impoverished family, consuming the very means essential to start them in the new land. When there their main stay, labour, is brought into competition with that of the Chinese coolies—a strong, hardy, industrious race. Obviously such disadvantages are fatal to that class of emigration. But, on the other hand, the latter fact appeals directly to another class as com bining advantages unequalled elsewhere in such re sources, coupled with such labour. The State extends along the Pacific coast for 750 miles, averaging in breadth 230, making an area of 188,981 square miles, or 120,947,840 acre s , o f which 89,000,000 acres are adapted for profitable agriculture, 40,000,000 being fit for the plough, and the rest for grazing, fruit-growing, wine culture, and other industries. The agricultural area alone exceeds that of the United Kingdom or of the peninsula of Italy, and is placed as follows:—In the basin of the Sacra mento and San Joachim rivers fourteen million acres of arable land, in the coast valleys sixteen millions, and in the Colorado desert, 0 wens river valley, and the Klamath Basin ten millions, making the forty millions ploughable acres. The Eastern States are sometimes said by travellers to be tame in scenery, wanting in marked characteristics, and wearying in sameness, but California is perhaps in the most striking contrast to this of any tract on the face of the globe. Her mountains tower in stupendous snow-capped ranges, steep, rugged, and barren, with valleys like Gardens of Eden in fertility and beauty, extensive marshes spread here, and sterile deserts there, while broad grassy prairies alternate with dense ranges of forest. The Sierra Nevada runs in a mighty barrier along the eastern boun dary, and another chain pursues a parallel course along the coast. Between is a valley 500 miles in length, averaging 70 in breadth, scarcely equalled in fertility and climate on earth. Into this valley rush the streams that pour from the mountains bordering it on each side, collecting into the two magnificent rivers the Sacramento and the San Joachim, the one flowing south and the other north till they meet half way in the estuary, forming the splendid harbv“. .£ Ll,o moab rising city in the world., San Francisco. Along the entire length of the Sierra Nevada is a belt of gigantic pines, firs, cedars, oaks, furnishing an inexhaustible supply of wood. This valley is the main feature of the State, - and its im portance as a producing district, we venture to say, is unequalled. - Along the coast are many extensive valleys, such as the Salinas, the county of the Los Angelos, and the San Diego, and all that portion on the western slope of the range, if less fertile, is still more cool, owing to the near neighbourhood of the sea. The soil and climate of the State are etni uently adapted for wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, hops, tobacco, hay, and sorghum ; in certain loca- lities to Indian corn, cotton, and the sugar•caue. Everywhere to such vegetables as are to be found . _ in Europe, and notably to all manner of fruits, such as the apple, peach, pear, plum, cherry, apricot, nec- tarine, quince, fig, tend grape ; and along the south- ern coast to the orange, lemon, citron, olive, pome- granato, aloe, filbert, walnut, bard and soft shell almond, currants, prunes, pineapples, and the banana plantain, cocoa nut, and indigo. Strawberries, rasp berries, gooseberries, blackberries, figs (so good as to be driving those of Smyrna out of the Pacific market), grapes, and the hardier fruits, as the apple, peach, and pear, grow in abuu- dance every portion of the State ; and the trees are noted for their rapid growth, early, regular, and abundant bearing, as well as for size and quality. The Land Commissioner of the United States in a late report asserts that fruit trees plaute I in California attain the size in two years that they do in three or four on the Atlantic side. At Petaluma a cherry tree, in two years after graft ing and three from the seed, had a trunk 71- inches round ; a plum tree of the same age was 11 feet high ; and a peach tree, one year from the bud, was 8 feet, with a circumference of 8j inches ; • while an almond tree, planted iu January, 1855, being cut down to within a few incheFt of the earth, had grown iu three years 20 feet high with a Um* 24 inches j~~ Prz, Agent Sold it the Agent 8, Observ i hazes LL tr it, 11 A. OVANT( hold „ able Po 'el r ' 4l, fr UT - -° ) Re-en gel ), a Tar g \ T ombs+ s tabli e n IV. It( Itic hales livni d Malle l . a /rat app( • Private b Rr M ongay, VIA I G ENEIII under tet kiln. till f A R 1?; Rooms and Co. an attrat Dance MI Mu; THE for devili ORIGIN, ~ A Si V ery Fin Old Crus, Shippi t Sparklin lery, Sarno, bottles Sl Consign l celebrate Bordeaux Whiskies. also be ei number of others SOIEis O RN sort $° ]ink s, ke., in I abirA Sp TEN N A W. 0., L. Mr. T, MINER of 4;311' Gti , the EOLO guinea s , ?RAC MIN ER 149, s tr. THE The II Fire Rev T he mod Bonus fo value as render lea ve is tl thirt y IT, SEAN off G Nati on The re , 4879 less SUs ( Williaßm' the S eer: shAueeduolg street, Lc Qualifi Governor' "M ---- A.T. I N Ri( Under th whereby ' 4 1r1e of al th l,,kingdi li and t annd v4 se prov suitable el The Coi entirely in ° me% I trim n•Presid i xreaatire DoN A Solicit e d e xPendit , i at Walto. Ban Office, lI RII blac Patro P Or th destitut o a nd of a proaperot 00 e hu stitution inerea; en dowed assista nc e Subs cr institutic Its The 'al Secretary Office s, Banker lane ; ny 1) 1I B au( Office ) : t ~ t i~ t ;