The Sun. — London, England, 1860-09-12 00:00:00

o B' TO FORETELL WEATHER. "fhe for lowing manual of the barometer has been socoPilei d by Rear-Admiral Fitzroy, and published by the Board of Trade . amiliar as the practical use of weather-glasses is, at . sea as well as on land, only those who have e watched their indications and compared them refully are really able to conclude more than that Vie rising glass a usually foretells less wind or rain, Ss falling barometer more rain or wind, or both ; a high one fine weather, and a low the contrary. But, useful as these general conclusions are in most cases, they are sometimes erroneous, and then remarks may be rather hastily made, tending to discourage the inexperienced. " By attention to the following observation (the results of many years' practice and many persons' experience) any one accustomed to use a barometer may do so without difficulty. " The barometer shows whether the air is get ting lighter or heavier, or is remaining in the same state. The quicksilver falls as the air becomes lighter, rises as it becomes heavier, and remains at rest in the glass tube while the air is unchanged in weight. Air presses en everything within about 40 miles of the world's surface like a much lighter ocean, at the bottom of which we live, not feeling its weight because our bodies are full of air,b but feeling its currents, the winds. Towards any place from which the air has been drawn by suction e air presses with a force or weight of nearly 151 b. on a square inch of surface. Such a pressure holds the limpet to the rock when, by contracting itself, the fish :has made a place without air d under its shell. Another familiar instance is that of the fly, which walks on the ceiling with feet that stick. The barometer tube, emptied of air, and filled with pure mercury, is turned down into a cup or cistern containing the same fluid, which, feeling the weight of air, is so pressed by it as to balance a column of about 30 inches (more or less) in the tube, where no air presses on the top of the column. " If a long pipe, closed at one end only, we re emptied of air, fill e d w ith water, the o p en end kept is water and the pipe held upright, th e water would rise in it more than 30 feet. In this way water barometers have been made. A proof of this effect is shown by any well with a sucking pump, up which, as is commonly known, the water will r i se nearly 30 feet by what is called suction, which is, in fact, the pressure of air towards an empty place. " The words on scales of barometers should not be so much regarded for weather indications as the rising or falling of the mercury, for if it stand at changeable' and then rise towards fair' it pre sages a change of wind or weather, though not so great as if the mercury had risen higher • and, on the contrary, if th e mercury stan d above' 'fair' and then fall it presages a change, though not to so great a deg ree as if it had stood lower ; b es id es which, the direction and force of wind are not in any way noticed. It is not from the point at which the mercury may stand that we are alone to form a judgment of the state of the weather, but from its rising or falling, and from the movements of im mediately preceding days as well as hours, keeping in mind effects of change of direction and dryness or moisture, as well as alteration of force or strength of wind. "In this part of the world, towards the higher latitudes, the quicksilver ranges, or rises and falls, nearly three inches—namely, between about 30 inches and 9-tenths (30.9) and less than 28 inches (28.0) on extraordinary occasions ; but the usual range is from about 30 inches and a half (30.5) to about 29 inches. Near the Line, or in equatorial places, the range is but a few tenths, except in storms, when it sometimes falls to 27 inches. " The sliding-scale (vernier) divides the tenths into 10 parts each, or hundredths of an inch. The number of divisions on the vernier exceeds that in an equal space of the fixed scale by one. "By a thermometer the weight of air is not shown. No air is within the tube. None can get in. But the bulb of the tube is full of mercury, which contracts by cold and swells by heat, accord ing to which effect the thread of metal in the small tube is drawn down or pushed up so many degrees, and thus shows the temperature.e " If a thermometer have a piece of linen round the bulb, wetted enough to keep it damp by a thread or wick dipping into a cup of water, it will show less heat than a dry one, in proportion to the dryness of the air and quickness of drying. I In very damp weath er , w i t h or b efore rain , fog, or dew, two such therm ome t ers w ill b e nearly alike. " For ascertaining the dryness or moisture of air, the readiest and surest method is the compari son of two thermometers, one dry, the other just moistened and kept so. Cooled by evaporation as much as the state of the air admits, the moist (or wet) bulb thermometer shows a temperature nearly equal to that of the other one when the atmosphere is extremely damp or moist ; but lower at other times, in proportion to the dryness of air and con sequent evaporation —as far as 12 or 15 degrees in this climate, 20 or even more elsewhere. From 4 to 3 degrees of difference is usual in England, and about 7 is considered healthy for inhabited rooms. " The thermometer fixed to a barometer intended to be used only as a weather-glass shows the tem perature of air about it nearly, but does not show the temperature of mercury within exactly. It does so, however, near enough for ordinary practi cal purposes, provided that no sun, nor fire, nor lamp heat is allowed to act on the instrument partially. " The mercury in the cistern and tube being affected by cold or heat, makes it advisable to con sider this when endeavouring to foretell coming weather by the length of the column. " Briefly, the barometer shows weight or pres sure of the air ; the thermometer, heat and cold, or temperature ; and the wet thermometer, compared - with a dry one, the degree of moisture or damp ness.g " It should always be remembered that the state of the air foretells coming weather, rather than shows the weather that is present —an invaluable fact too often overlooked ; that the longer the time between the signs and the change foretold by them, the longer such altered weather will last; and, on the contrary, the less time between a warning and a change, the shorter will be the continuance of such foretold weather. " To know the state of the air, not only barome ter and thermometer should be watched, but the appearances of the sky should be vigilastly noticed. "If the barometer has been about its ordinary height, say near 30 inches (at sea level).h and is steady, or rising, while the thermometer falls, and dampness becomes less, north-westerly, northerly, or north-easterly wind, or less wind, less rain or snow may be expected. " On the contrary, if a fall takes place with a rising thermometer and increased dampness, wind and rain may be expected from the south-eastward, southward, or south- west ward. " A fall with a low thermometer foretells snow, " Exceptions to these rules occur when a north easterly wind, with wet (rain, hail, or snow) is impending, before which the barometer often rises (on account of the direction of the coming wi n d alone) and deceives persons who, from that sign only (the rising) expert fair weather. " When the barometer is rather below its ordi nary height, say down to near 29 ; 1 ,- inches (at the sea level), a ris e f oretells less wind, or a change in its direction towards the northward, or less wet; but when it has been very low, about 29 inches, the first rising usually precedes or indicates strong wind ; at times heavy squalls from the north-west ward, northward, or north-eastward,—after which violence a gradually rising glass foretells improving weather if the thermometer falls; but, if th e warmth continue, probably the wind will back (shift against the sun's course), and more southerly, or south-westerly wind will follow, esp ec i a ll y if the barometer rise is sudden. "The most dangerous shifts of wind, or the heaviest northerly gales, happen soon after the barometer first rises from a very low point ; or, if the wind veers gradually, at some time afterwards. " Indication of approaching changes of weather arid the direction and force of winds are shown less by the height of the barometer than by its falling or rising. Nevertheless, a height of more than thirty (30 0) inches (at the level of the sea) is indi cative of fine weather and moderate winds; except from east to north, occasionally. " The barometer is said to be falling when the mercury in the tube is sinking, at which time its upper surfac e is sometimes concave or hollow; or when the hand (see note in page 2) moves to the left. The barometer is rising when the mercurial column is lengthening ; its upper surface being convex or rounded, or when the hand moves to the right (see note in page 2). „ A rapid rise of the barometer indicates unsettled weather ; a slow movement the contrary ; as like wise a steady barometer, which, when continued, and with dryness, foretells very tine weather. I,eather and consid or snow erable fail is a si gn o f s t ormy ( ) . " A r Al ternate rising and an apid d rata sinking indicates unsettled and threatening weather. The greatest depressions of the barometer are cksi " a Glue, barometer, column, mercury, q ui l ver, or band. a t mospheric fluid which We " b Or atmosphere, or the tit breathe. " c Or exhaustion. " d A vacuum. e Thirty-two degrees is the point at which water begins to freeze or ice to thaw. " f Evaporation. g The two thus combined making a hygrometer ; for which some kinds of hair shift. , grass, or seaweed may be a make "h It differs, or stands lower, about a tenth of an inch for each hundred feet of height directly upwards, or verti cally, above the i sea ci, l t , average height being 29.94 inches Alt the mean, sea r lev el t,___nlitland. Allowances must, there. 1 0/* ) Da "e for wir°Dl4"ll% land or in buildings. A with gales from S.E., S., or S.W. t • the greatest elevations, with wind from N.V., N., or N.E., or with calm. " Though the barometer generally fal's with a southerly and rises with a northerly win I, the con trary sometimes occurs ; in which cases, the southerly wind is usually dry with fine weather, or the northerly wind is violent and ccompanied by rain, snow, or hail ; perhaps with ightning. "When the barometer sinks considerably, much wind, rain (perhaps with hail), or snow will fol low ; with or without lightning. The wind will be from the northward, if the thermometer is low (for the season) —from the southward, if the thermome ter is high. Occasionally a low glass is followed or attended by lightning only, while a storm is beyond the horizon. " A sudden fall of the barometer, with a westerly wind, is sometimes followed by a violent storm from N.W. or N. or N.E. " If a gale sets in from E. or S.E., and the wind veers by the S. the barometer will continue falling until the wind is near a marked change, when a lull may occur ; after which the gale will soon be renewed, perhaps suddenly and violently, and the veering of the wind towards the N.W., N., or N.E. will be indicated by a rising of the barometer with a fall of the thermometer. " Three causes (at least)a appear to effect a baro meter : ~ 1. The direction of the wind—the north-east w i n d tending to raise it most—the south-west to lower it the most, and wind from points of the com pass between them proportionally as they are nearer one or the other extreme point. "N.E. and S.W. may therefore be called the wind's extreme bearings (rather than poles). " The range or difference of height shown, due to change of direction only, from one of these bearings to the other (supposing strength or force, and mois ture to remain the same), amounts in these latitudes to about half an inch (as read off). " 2. The amount—taken by itself—of vapour, moisture, wet, rain, or snow in the wind, or current of air (direction and strength of wind remaining the same), seems to cause a change amounting in an extreme case to about half an inch. " 3. The strength or force alone of wind, from any quarter (moisture and direction being un changed), is preceded or foretold by a fall or rise, according as the strength will be greater or less, ranging in an extreme case to more than 2 inches. " Hence, supposing three causes to act together —in extreme cases—the height would vary from near 31 in. (30.9) to about 27 in. (27.0), which has happened, though rarely (and even in tropical lati tudes). "In general, the three causes act much less strongly, and are less in accord ; so that ordinary varieties of weather occur much more frequently than extreme changes. "Another general rule requires attention ; which is, that the wind usually appears to veer, shift, or go round with the sun (right-handed, or from left to right),b and that when it does not do so, or backs, more wind or bad weather may be expected instead of improvement. " It is not by any means intended to discourage attention to what is usually called `weather wis dom.' On the contrary, every prudent person will combine observation of the elements with such in dications as he may obtain from instruments; and will find that the more accurately the two sources of foreknowledge are compared and combined, the more satisfactory their results will prove. " A barometer begins to rise considerably before the conclusion of a gale, sometimes even at its com mencement. Although it falls lowest before high winds, it frequently sinks very much before heavy rain. The barometer falls, but not always, on the approach of thunder and lightning.c Before and during the earlier part of settled weather it usually stands high and is stationary, the air being dry. " Instances of fine weather, with a low glass, oc cur, however rarely, but they are always preludes to a duration of wind or rain, if not both. " After very warm and calm weather, a storm or squall, with rain, may follow ; likewise at any time when the atmosphere is heated much above the usual temperature of the season. " Allowances should invariably be made for the previous state of the glasses during some days, as well as some hours, because their indications may be affected by distant causes, or by changes close at hand. Some of these changes may occur at a greater or less distance, influencing neighbouring regions, but not visible to each observer whose barometer feels their effect. " There may be heavy rains or violent winds be yond the horizon, and the view of an observer, by which his instruments may be affected considerably, though no particular change of weather occurs in his immediate locality. " It may be repeated that the longer a change of wind or weather is foretold before it takes place, the longer the presaged weather will last, and con versely,the shorter the warning the less time, what ever causes the warning, whether wind or a fall of rain or snow, will continue. " Sometimes severe weather from the southward, not lasting long, may cause no great fall, because followed by a duration of wind from the northward, and at times the barometer may fall with northerly winds and fine weather, apparently against these rules, because a continuance of southerly wind is about to follow. By such changes as these one may be misled, and calamity may be the consequence, if not duly forwarned. "A few of the mere marked signs of weather, useful alike to seaman, farmer, and gardener, are the following : " Nether clear or cloudy, a rosy sky at sunset presages fine weather; a rel sky in the morning bad weather or much wind, perhaps rain ; a gray sky in the ramming, fine weather; a high dawn, wind ; a low dawn, fair weather.cl " Soft-looking or delicate clouds foretell fine wea ther, with moderate or li g ht breeze s; h ar d e d ge d , oily-looking clouds, wind. A dark, gloomy, blue sky is windy, but a light, bright blue sky indicates fine weather. Generally the softer clouds look the i less wind (but perhaps more ra i n ) may b e expecte d ; and the harder, more ' greasy,' rolled, tufted, or ragged, the stronger the coming wind will prove. Also, a bright yellow sky at sunset presages wind ; a pale yellow, wet ; and thus by the prevalence of red, yellow, or gray tints, the coming weather may be foretold very nearly; indeed, if aided by instru ments, almost exactly. " Small inky•looking clouds foretell rain ; light scud clouds driving across heavy masses show wind and rain, but if alone may indicate wind only. " High upper clouds crossing the sun, moon, or stars in a direction different from that of the lower clouds, or the wind then felt below, foretell a change of wind e ■ " After fine clear weath er , th e first signs in the sky of a coming change ure usually light streaks, curls, wisps, or mottled patches of white distant cloud, which increase, and are followed by an over casting of murky vapour that grows into cloudiness. This appearance, more or less oily, or watery, as wind or rain will prevail, is an infallible sign. " Usually the higher and more distant such clouds seem to be—the more gradual, but general, the corn ing change of weather will prove. " Light, delicate, quiet tints or colours, with soft, undefined forms of clouds, indicate and accompany fine weather, but gaudy or unusual hues, with hard, definitely outlined clouds foretell rain, and probably strong - wind. 1 " Misty clouds forming, or hanging on heights, 1 show wind and rain coming —if they remain, in crease or descend, fly l o f oru t bt h ee e ca y ormi r y i e - , se or disperse th e seaill improve birds weather ,,tien w and far to seaward, moderate wind and fair weather may be expected ; when they hang about the land, or over it, some times flying inland, expect a strong wind with stormy weather. As many creatures besides birds are affected by the approach of rain or wind, such indications should not be slighted by an observer who wishes to foresee weather. " There are other signs of a coming change in the weather known less generally than may be desirable, and therefore worth notice ; such as when birds of hleonmge,and flight, rooks, s wa ll ows , or others, hang ab ou t fly up and down or low—rain or wind may be expected. Also when animals seek sheltered places, instead of spreading over their usual range ; when pigs carry straw to their sties ; when smoke from chimneys does not ascend readily (or straight upwards during calm), an unfavourable change is probable. " Dew is an indication of fine weather ; so is fog. Neither of these two formations occurs under an overcast sky, or when there is much wind. One sees fog occasionally rolled away, as it were, by wind—but seldom or never formed while it is blowing. " Remarkable clearness of atmosphere near the horizon, distant objects, such as hills, unusually visible,or raised (by refraction)f and what is called ' a good hearing day,' may b• mentioned among the signs of wet, if not wind, to be expected. " More than usual twinkling of the stars, indis tinctness or apparent multiplication of the /noon's " a Electrical effects are yet uncertain. " With watch hands in the northern hemisphere; but the contra in south latude. This, howevr, is only ap parent ; the wind is actually circulating in e the contrary direction. " c Thunder clouds rising from north eastward against the wind do not usually cause a fall of the barometer. A high dawn' is when the first indications of day light are seen above a bank of clouds. A low dawn' is When the day breaks on or near the hor;son, the first streaks of light being lo do. " e In th e t very ropics, or regions of trade w i n d s, t h ere i s ge nerally an upper and counter current of air, with very light clouds, which is not an indication of any approaching change. In middle latitudes such upper currents are not so frequent (or evident ?) except before a ohange of fNucla refraction is sign of easterly rind. weather, THE SUN, LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 12, 1860. horns, haloes, ' wind dogs,'a and the rainbow, are more or less significant of increasing wind, if not approaching rain, with or without wind. " Near land, in sheltered harbours, in valleys, or over low ground, there is usually a marked dimi nution of wind, during part of the night, and a dis persion of clouds. At such times an eye on an overlooking height may see an extended body of vapours below (rendered visible by the cooling of night) which seems to check the wind. "‘ Lastly, the dryness or dampness of the air, and its temperature (for the season), should always be considered, with other indi c ati ons o f c h ange , or con tinuance of wind and weather." THE ITALIAN COMPLICATION. (From the Morning Post.) At the stage which the Italian question has just reached, with the vast addition to the military and naral resources of the national cause now received from Naples, in presence of the insurrections throughout the Marches, and in prospect of the further effects which those insurrections must pro duce in the temporal authority of the Pope, it is not perhaps altogether inexpedient or ill-timed to review in a summary, yet comprehensive, manner the actual relations of the chief European Powers, as more especially modified by their political inte rests and traditions, with the Italian Governments and people. " a Fragments or pieces (as it were) of rainbows (some times called wind-gals') seen on detached clouds. THE FRENCH EMPEROR AND THE POPE. The position of France, it is impossible to deny, is one of peculiar difficulty. It is chiefly, if not entirely, owing to her efforts that 22,000,000 of Italians have been enabled to offer their allegiance to King Victor Emmanuel ; that the foundations have been laid of a great Italian kingdom but little inferior in population to the French empire itself, but far surpassing that empire in the wealth of its natural resources, and equal at least as regards the intelligence and genius of its citizens. For the happiness of the Italian people, for the interests of European peace and progress, the establishment of this kingdom is a consummation devoutly to be wished ; but it is a consummation which certainly was not contemplated on the Ist of January, 1859, any more than it formed the basis of the arrange ments concluded at Villafranca. It is neither in accordance with the first principles of human na ture, nor, let us add, with the strongest traditions of 1 French policy, that the sovereign who rules on the banks of the Seine should elevate to a pinnacle of almost equal greatness an Italian prince, and con solidate his empire over the fair realm that is " en circled by alps and sea." It is no disparagement to the policy of the French Emperor to affirm that he never, even when he was mo s t b en t on ma ki ng Italy free, intended to make her powerful. The frank avowal made by Lamartine in 1848, that the traditional policy of France was directly opposed to the creation of any strong Italian Government, would be unhesitatingly echoed by statesmen of all party shades in France—by Republicans as by Im ner;al;c...m. I—, /3 —l.-----t t., .... 1-, 24...,/a,la....aluLu• -ri,... few enunciations of an opposite principle, recently put forth for the first time, have been given to the world with all the reservations and qualifications of a new and most startling theory; and we greatly doubt whether a second politician could be found in France so favourably inclined, as Napoleon 111. has personally shown and proved himself, to promote the prosperity and power of the Italian people. It is quite possible that early antipathies against Aus tria may have had as great a share in determining his policy as early sympathies for Italy. But the re sults have been the same, by whatever cause pro duced. Only, the course of events has been so diffe rent from what was originally intended, that whilst the campaign of last year terminated by secu ring a less degree of independence than was promised to the Italian people, it conferred a far greater amount of power than was originally designed on an Italian Prince. (From the Times.) Among many other innovations in the conduct of crowned heads towards each other which have been introduced by the Emperor of the French, none is more remarkable than the practice of addressing through semi-official journals admonitions and lec tures to foreign Governments. The practice is, to say the least of it, exceedingly unsatisfactory. If his 'sole motive is to communicate his advice and opinions to his neighbours, means are at his disposal at once more usual, more courteous, and more efficient than the plan of admonitions from the pen of M. Grandguillot or M. de Lagueronniere. France has diplomatic agents as able and zealous as those of any country in the world. Why cannot she trust them to communicate to her neighbours any facts or opinions with which she is desirous they should be come acquainted ? No answer can be given to this question, on the supposition that all this good advice means nothing more than it purports to mean—the kind and officious zeal of a friend, who, seeing his neighbour about to commit some great imprudence, comes forward to warn him of his danger before it is too late. Such warnings, however, are not generally given in public, nor through indirect and unavowed agents. They are given privately, 'and with all the force that the certainty of their origin can give them. That if, on the other hand, the object be to appear to dissaude from a course which it is really wished nevertheless should be perse vered in, we can well understand why the Emperor of the French should em r tny his semi-aneial Dress to advertise to all Europe his disapproval of the supposed intention of Sardinia to intervene in the affairs of the Papal States. Should any misfortune happen to the Pope, the Emperor is thus provided with what he will treat as a complete exculpation. " I was bound," he will say, " to the policy of non intervention. Had I violated that policy myself, I could not with the slightest colour of reason or justice have denied to Austria the same privileges, and thus the liberation of Italy, won by the arms of France with so much blood and so much glory, would have been endangered at the very moment when we fancied it secure. But I did all I could ; I took care that no sacrilegious hand should be laid on the Vicar of Christ, by garrisoning Rome with French soldiers. As for the patrimony of St. Peter, I left it to the charge of one of the best officers whom the African wars have produced, and I earnestly entreated my ally the King of Sardinia to abstain from a step so painful to my feelings, so injurious to the interests of religion, and so offen sive to the feelings of every good Catholic. What could Ido more ?" It is with this object, and also with the object of what partners call " advertising himself out of the concern," that the Emperor of the French directs these semi-official warnings to be administered, they become perfectly intelligible. The truth is, that the policy of the French Emperor with regard to the affairs of the Pope has assumed a complication so extreme that it can be accounted for on no principle of ordinarily fair and intelligible dealing. The Emperor has not one, but three policies, with regard to the Pope— one for the Legations, another for Rome and its vicinity, and another for the remainder of the Papal territory. In the Legations, the Emperor is a strict advocate for non-intervention ; in Rome and its neighbourhood he intervenes in the strongest and most practical manner ; in Umbria and the Marches he does not exactly intervene himself, but permits a French general to discipline the levies of the Pope, and to give there the skill acquired under the standards of France in a series of active and bloody campaigns. Moreover, he lectures his ally the King of Piedmont through his newspapers, and advises him to abstain from measuring swprds with Gen. Lamoriciere. In which of these courses is he sin cere ? Under which of these thimbles is the pea of the Imperial policy to be found ? Is the Emperor of the French in favour of intervention or non-in tervention, or of a mixed policy—of intervention and non-intervention in equal shares ? His policy is not merely ambiguous, it is absolutely self-con tradictory. He can take no step with regard to one portion of the Papal dominions which will not be a reflection on his policy in some other part. Should he intervene to support Lamoriciere, such a step would be convicted of inconsistency by his previous inaction in the Romagna. Should he leave Lamo riciere to his fate, such a step would - be inconsistent with the occupation of Rome. It is really time that some definite line of policy were traced by the French Government, and that Europe were relieved from the doubt and anxiety which so unprecedented a state of relations as those subsisting between the Pope and the Emperor of the French cannot fail to produce, In the meanwhile, all that we have to guide us is such sentences as these in the columns of the Constitutionnel :—" We should grieve to see Piedmont accomplish an aggression which would incontestably separate her from the Imperial policy. France being the protector of the Pope of Rome, cannot but disapprove that any armed assistance should be given to the insurrection in the provinces. We hope that Piedmont will not renounce the principle of respect for inter national rights, which alone can preserve our alliance with her. We also trust that the King will avoid a political fault which would be a misfortune for Italy." Thus speaks the oracle; but surely never oracle spoke at once so plainly and so delusively. The Emperor of the French and the King of Piedmont have been for a good while in partnership, and must be well aware of each other's method of doing business. The King of Piedmont must understand that it is not on a question of assisting insurrection in the provinces of a neighbour, even though that neighbour shiauld be the Pope himself, that the Emperor of the French is disposed to quarrel with him, for the occupation of the Romagna affords an unanswer able proof to the contrary. Nor can any one, after the events of the last two years, gravely say that France is the protector of the Pope in any sense which would make it an outrage to her policy for Sardinia to assist his insurgen?suljects. Is not the permission to occupy the FErnilia with Piedmontese troops part of the consideration which France has given to Piedmont for the provinces of Savoy and Nice ? And, if this was consistent with the pro tection of the Pope, cannot a transaction of the same kind he arranged on the same accommodating prin ciple ? But there is still another reason why we confess we are disposed to attach very little weight to these admonitions of the Constitutionnel. France advises and remonstrates, but she is advising and remonstrating with a Power which she can, if she pleases, compel to the most implicit obedience. If France is in earnest in the matter, her Government has only to intimate to Piedmont, not in public, not in the Constitutionnel, but by a few words spoken in the Cabinet of M. Cavour, that she will not permit any interference by Piedmont with the affairs of the Pope, and no interference will take place. We have all read how the pious Charles V. sacked and plundered Rome with a cruelty unknown to Alaric himself, and at the same time put up prayers in his private chapel for the safety of the Pope. This device deceived nobody, and we con fess that we shall be much surprised if the admo nition of the Vonstitutionnel be more successful. But, if France did less than Italy expected, she did far more during the war, and, by the transfer of Savoy an Nice, effected more after the war than was agreeable to three at least amongst the other four great Powers. On the feelings of Austria at the termination of the struggle it is unnecessary to dwell. Baffled, and humiliated, and cowed, and weakened, the House of Hapsburg came forth from ' the contest with its political prestige even more effectually destroyed than its military strength. It seemed as if the wounds which it had received were but the forerunners of other and more fatal blows, beneath which the empire would sink for ever. It is impossible, however, to doubt that with the meet ing at Toplitz a closer understanding has grown up between the Austrian and Prussian Governments, and the approaching conference at Warsaw, it is commonly believed, will furnish an opportunity t o the Czar of sanctioning and strengthening the agreement already established between the Courts of Vienna and Berlin. It would perhaps be prema ture to describe these imperial and royal delibera tions by the ominous name of a " Coalition ; " but they have an evident reference to the Italian com plication, to the marvellous successes of Garibaldi, to the complete overthrow of all Austrian influence in Central, of all Russian influence in Southern, Italy; but, above all, they are mainly occasioned by the close relation between the Venetian and the Hungarian questions, and by the part which France may be disposed to play in the event of the Italian question affecting the general peace of Europe. There are numberless indications of a complete un derstanding between the leaders of the national party in Italy and the leaders of the national party in Hungary. Garibaldi's staff contains almost as many Hungarian as it does Italian elements. It is impossible to doubt—at least judging from all appearances it is extremely pro bable—that a general rising in Hungary will precede and facilitate a rising in the Venetian territory. But no Russian or Prussian, any more than an Austrian, statesman can contemplate the bare possibility of a rising in Hungary, with ont having his thoughts engaged and his interests engrossed by its reaction upon Poland. It is in this sense that we interpret, simply because this interpretation is the nearest, plainest and most in telligible, the communication said to have been recently made by the Court of St. Petersburg to that of Vienna—" That the present state of matters is no longer tolerable, and that measures must be taken to restore Europe to what would be deemed by these Courts its normal state of tranquillity." Amidst these clashing interests and hostile feel ings the policy of England is plain and clear. None can doubt her attachment to national freedom and independence. The present Government has thrown the whole weight of its moral influence to assist the Italian cause. England has just concluded with France a treaty of commerce which she regards as a fresh starting-point of still advancing material pro sperity. She is bound by traditions of race and by dynastic ties to Prussia. For the sake of Turkey she has no wish to see Austria maimed and crippled in what constitutes her real strength. She can only regard with satisfaction the great p o liti ca l and social experiment in which Russia is now en gaged in the attempts to raise the condition of her serk For all these reasons she is especially ql.lalified to act as the, mediator between the rival sta'es ; and her mediation can have no other object in view than to reconcile their conflicting interests and to secure the peace and prosperity of their peoples. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, The following is an extract from one of the Hon. A. Lincoln's speeches, delivered during the cam paign of 1858, with Senator Douglas : The Declaration of Independence was formed by the representatives of American liberty from 13 States of the confederacy-12 of which were slave holding communities. We need not discuss the way or the reason of their becoming slave-holding communities. It is sufficient for our purpose that all of them greatly deplored the evil, and that they placed a provision in the Constitution which they supposed would gradually remove the disease by cutting off its source. This was the abolition of the slave trade. So general was the conviction— the public determination—to abolish the African slave trade, that the provision which I have referred to as being placed in the Constitution, applared that it should not be abolished prior to the year 1808. A constitutional provision was necessary to pre. vent the people, through Congress, from putting a stop to the traffic immediately at the close of the war. Now, if slavery had been a good thing, would the fathers of the republic have taken a step calculated to diminish its beneficent influence among themselves, and snatch the boon wholly from their posterity ? These communities, by their representatives in old Independence Hall, said to the whole world of man—" We hold these truths to be self-evident : that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This was their majestic interpretation of the economy of the Universe. This was their lofty, and wise, and noble understanding of the justice of the Creator to His creatures. (Applause.) Yes, gentlemen, to all His creatures, to the whole great family of man. In their enlightened belief, nothing stamped with the Divine image and like ness was sent into the world to be trodden on, and degraded, and imbruted by its fellows. They grasped not only the whole race of man then living, but they reached forward and seized upon the far thest posterity. They erected a beacon to guide their children's children, and the countless myriads who should inhabit the earth in other ages. Wise statesmen as they were, they knew the tendency of posterity to breed tyrants, and so they established these great self-evident truths, that when in the dis tant future some man, some faction, some interest should set up the doctrine that none but rich men, or none but Anglo-Saxon white men, were entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, their posterity might look up again to the Declaration of Independence and take courage to renew the battle t , `eir fathers began—so truth, and justice, all the humane and Christian - ;nzuished from the land; Aare to limit and -hich the It does so happen that each of the parties about to contend in the Papal States is absolutely in the power of the Emperor of the French. Lamori ciere is his subject, who must throw up his com mand if he is directed to do so, and the King of Piedmont in his present position is, perhaps, still more dependent on the will of his great ally. Surely, it is too bold an experiment to expect Eu rope to believe that a war carried on between two persons each of whom is under the control of a third person is carried en without that third person's consent. However, the denouement of the drama cannot be much longer delayed. It is impossible for the Papal Treasury, very feebly supported as it is by the con tributions demanded of the faithful all over the world, to maintain long in idleness its band of Con dottieri. These gentlemen at least, do not make " war for an idea." If nothing is to be had by plun dering the enemies of the Pope they will infallibly take to plundering his subjects. They will stand alone in united Italy, detested by the people among whom they live, and menaced by the revolutionary enthusiasm of the whole Peninsula. Their fate may be considered as certain unless the Emperor of the French intervene to save them, and, notwith- t g utionnel, we do discoloured by not expect to see tile , anrious campaign, in standing, the lectures the blood and dirt of an 14— ~ie , iiiith the ban which it would be borne side by 'i -- i-vernment t o r f i c o the l ou r C ed n s fl t a i ner of an army which every civilised tx,.., must regard with abhorrence. THE WEATHER AND THE HARYEST.—Up to yesterday the weather continued fine in Norfolk, and in many parts of that county the wheat crop is now secured, although the barley harvest is not so forward. From Essex, Suffolk, and other counties on the north-eastern side of the kingdom the accounts received as to the progress of the hirTest ere highly liyearabi,. THE RAILWAY ACCIDENT NEAR MANCHESTER. The following evidence was given at the inquest on Monday after our parcel had been despatched : Mr. James Shaw, passenger superintendent of the East Lancashire section of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, was called and examined by Mr. Grundy. He said-1 remember Monday last, the 3d of September. We had four excursion trains advertised for that day—two to Blackpool, one to •Liverpool, and one to Manchester for Belle Vue. They all started from Colne. The tr in for Manchester was put on in pursuance of an application from Mr. Jennison, the proprietor of the Belle Vue-gardens. We were led to expect about 1,000 passengers for the Belle Vue train. I produce the printed list of trains which were appointed to run that day. I provided a train of 24 carriages, one engine, and two guards, for the accommodation of the traffic I expected for Belle Vue. This train after leaving Colne was appointed to call at all stations between Colne and Ratcliffe to take up passengers. Before the train arrived at Burnley I received a telegraphic message from the station-master at Burnley apply ing for an engine with all the carriages that could be spared, saying that there were 350 passengers at Burnley, a great many at Barracks, and many hun dreds at Nelson. On receiving that message I sent an engine with 18 carriages. I received a second message from Burnley before the second train ar rived at Accrington, and after the first had come in. The message said, " Burnley is clear ; but carriages all full ; Burnley, Barracks, Rosegrove, and Hun coats cannot be taken on ; send carriages." I found, however, that the two trains had cleared the line as far as Accrington. At Accrington there were 400 passengers booked for Belle Vue. They got away from Accrington by one or other of the two trains. Just before the train of 18 carriages got away from Accrington I received a telegram from Haslingden with the following words :—" About 400 for Belle Vue; send plenty of carriages." When the first two trains left Accrington, there being no room for Haslingden, I hsd to mak e u p ano th er t ra i n o f 23 carriages. The guards of the third train were Chippendale, who was put in charge of the train, and Tomlinson, who was the assistant-guard. That was the train which afterwards grew into 31 car hiaees, and to whi,h aving been added at Ramsbottom. Both the guards had been in the service of the company many years. Chippendale had been 12 years, and Tomlinson probably five years. They were occa sionally used to work excursion trains, and they are well acquainted with the line, having for a great portion of their time been working that dis trict. All the trains arrived safely at Manchester. Each train went to Manchester with one engine. In the course of the day I arranged with the loco motive superintendent for two engines, so as to in crease the power, and arranged with. Mr. Cooper, the station-master at Salford, bow the trains should be started from Manchester, the train con sisting of 18 to be reduced to 14, and those carriages to be attached to the third train which left Manches ter, making '4B carriages; but these carriages were afterwards reduced to 24. The second train was to remain of 31 carriages, as it had arrived, with two engines to draw it. I know, from the quantity of carriage accommodation required, that we had at least 2,500 passengers, and the object of the altera tion of the carriages was to apportion the engine power to the number of passengers. Mr. Goodier, my inspector, and myself, went to Manchester spe cially and voluntarily for the purpose of conduct ing these trains from Manchester. I saw the first train comfortably off. I myself accompanied the second train from Salford. The first train left Sal. ford a little before 11 o'clock at night. We fol lowed in the second train at 10 minutes after 11 o'clock. On arriving at Ramsbottom one of the carriages was taken off by my direction, because I had discovered a defective draw-bar. The draw-bar is the hook at the end of the shackle, and if it were broken the whole weight of the carriage would fall upon the chains. We next stopped at Helmshore station. I was in the carriage about the tenth from the engine. When the train came to a stand at that point it was the duty of the guards to get off and assist the passengers. Before doing so it was their duty to release the break. If the breaks were not released the engine could not start, the two en gines themselves being sufficient to hold the train in case it remained together. Immediately after the train came to a stand I felt, from the rebound of the carriages, a slight shock, and then heard something snap. The carriage, the coupling of which snapped, was four or five carriages behind me. At that point I looked out, and saw Chippen dale, the guard, on the platform. Chippendale said he thought a portion of the train had broken loose, and was moving back. I jumped out of the car riage instantly and ran up to the engine in front. I ordered the first driver to detach his engine from the other one. I got upon the engine and told him what had occurred, desired him to make all the speed he could, and cross on to the other line leading down to Ramsbottom. We ran down the line whistling all the way. I had two objects in view —first, to get before the carriages on the other line, which had been detached, and if possible to reach a crossing which is about half a mile below the Helmshore station, and to stop them by means of our engine. My second object, providing we could not catch them before reaching the crossing, and so turn them on to the other line, was to stop the other train which I expected to be following. We ran down the line about 400 or 500 yards, and I saw the car riages in front of us, and I felt sure that my first purpose was about to succeed, but as I got a little nearer I observed some people on the line, and, getting nearer still, I found that the detached por tion of the train had come to a stand. I stopped the engine before we got down to the wreck, and then saw that a collision had taken place. I felt our engine go over something, which I afterwards found to be the top of one of the carriages. I first got a lamp, and went back over the course taken by our engine, to see if we had run over any one. I found we had not, and then returned and despatched volunteers to all parts to fetch medical assistanc After we had got out two or three injured persons I took the engine back to Helmshore, and ran it on to the opposite line with a view of conveying the wounded to the hotel. The carriage to which the engine was attached was taken up to Helmshore. On coming back again to the scene of the wreck I observed a loose chain hanging from the carriage, and rattling on the ballast. When the train was formed at Accrington I saw that it had two break carriages and two guards, which I thought were sufficient. The third break carriage was, no doubt, added at Ramsbottom, but I cannot say exactly. The guards were sober and active, so far as I saw. I got out myself both at B ur y an d R ams b ottom, and observed their conduct. I have been in the ser vice of the conwany for more than 14 years, and have been 10 years passenger superintendent of this district. Excursion trains have been very numer ous during the whole of that period, and this is the first accident that has ever occurred. By Mr. Leresche—Between Bury and Accring ton we invariably have two guards to every train, that being a busy section of the line, and the line being of stiff gradients. We don't profess ever to put on more than 30 or 31 carriages to any one train. Newell's break locks 12 wheels at once, and the ordinary break only four wheels. The breaks on this train to which the accident occurred were ordinary breaks. Tomlinson commenced work at 8 o'clock that morning, and Chippendale about 10. Chippendale was the chief guard and Tomlinson the assistant-guard. If Tomlinson was at the break at the rear of the train, it would not be in compliance with the Bth regulation of the company as to the duties of the guards ' • and if Chippendal e was a t th e break in the front of the train, that would also be a violation of the rules of the company. Both guards are, however, equally competent. The fact that the . last break in this train had three common carriages behind it is not in accordance with the rule, which says that the last carriage shall be a break van ; hut I consider there was no danger in having three carriages attached behind the break, seeing the break carriage was laden with passengers. Suppos ing the last carriage had been an empty break vain, it would have reduced the consequence of the colli sion, but, being a carriage full of pa ssengers, the result would have been the same as actually occur red. The reason of the regulation for a break car riage being put at the tail of the train is to prevent accidents of this nature. The momentum arising from the rebound of the buffers in three carriages only would not be adequate to break the couplings of such carriages as were in this train. Assuming the carriage now at the station to be the one that parted, I may describe the fracture thus :—One of the side chains is entirely torn from its place under the framework of the carriage, and leaves one por tian of the staple affixed to the end bar of the car riage. I am now speaking of the Birkenhead second class carriage. The other side chain is partially gone ; a portion of it is detached, and the hook and two links on the other side are gone. The draw-bar of the carriage is all right, but there is no shackle attached, nor is it made for one, I found at the sta tion a carriage answering to the description given by the witn esses G r i n d ro d and Ashworth. Thre is nothing wrong about the couplings of that carriage, although it is possible that a link may be missing, as some of the shackles have a small link. There is a small broken link which I first saw in the possession of Mr. Newall's man, and this may be a broken link which at one time belonged to this whichshackle. Th e s h ac kl e on the first-class carriage and mercy, gnu. must have had such a link, and it could not be - hooked on the draw bar without an additional link, virtu es m i g ht no t b e eiss„ so that n o ma n wo uld h ere afte r unless th e eng i ne were u sed to compress the buffers. circum scr ib e t h e grea t p r i nc i p l es o n ass- should expect that the shackle and the side bars - temple of liberty was being beilt.—Pottseq/e /on. -Id be broken with one jerk, as the two draw ban were out to the full length. I should say that the side chains were en, as I never saw a passenger train without side chains, and the working of the train would have shown there was a missing shackle. I don't believe that the side chains were unfastened, because the very breakage shows that they were fastened. The circumstance of my finding one chain dragging from the last carriage shows that such a breakage had taken place. It is a violation of the rules to allow passengers to travel on the outside of the carriages, and for a guard or any one else to smoke. I never yet saw a guard smoking while on duty. Mr. Newall and Mr. Lees found a broken shackle on the line, but on inspection it was found to be an old one. TILE HARVEST AND REAPING MACHINES. A writer in a contemporary says :—Having been en gaged in the construction of reaping machines ever since their re-introduction into this country from Ole United States, I may perhaps be allowed_ to say that Messrs. Dray and Co. were quite right in refusing to accept the suggestion of your Kentish correspondent. In order to cut off the ears of the corn in the field and leave the straws standing, those ears must all be nearly at the same level int the same crop. In dry, calm seasons some fields may be found in this condition, but in such years DO advantige, bu." the reverse, would result from the practice which ,he recommends. In wet seasons, on the other hand, the crops. if not actually laid, always vary consideraNy in their inclination in different parts of the same ,Meld ; so that the only w ay of cutting them by machinery is to attack them below' the level of the ears which are most inclined —that is, practically, to cut as close to the ground as possible. More money has been wasted in the last ten years owing to the want of a clear conceptio.n of what can and what cannot be accomplished by serf-acting mechanism in the field than would have sufficed to introduce the reaping machine into thousands oaf parishes ; and, even at this day, the great obstacle to their general use lies in the fact that agvicul• • turists require them to do too much, and that the manufacturers, instead of attempting to simplify,„ and consequently to cheapen, are induced to com— plicate them, in the endeavour to perform impossi-. bilities. Let farmers be content to cut moderately heavy and tolerably upright corps by simple machinery, and be willing to bestow upon their regular staff of labourers a small portion of the profit arising not only from the cheapening, but also from the acceleration of their harvest operations, and they will have no difficulty in getting cut by hand the fields in which mecltanical reapers cannot operate with advantage. The advice of your other correspondent that nut' ' ears should be cat off by a subsequent operati on, ' and dried by blasts of air, is practicab:e, and nit ‘y, I believe, be carried out with great advantage in. our climate. By the Jury—Should say that the breaks were not applied in time. One break, if applied imme diately after separation, might have stopped the train from receding, and the occurrence been pre vented. It was the duty of the guards to apply these breaks. They ought to have been applied im mediately before the train came into the station, and released when the train came to a stand. It was the duty of the guard to remain at the break after taking his break eff until the train had been brought to a perfect stand, so as to allow for the pressure on the successive series of buffers to expend itself. Whether tnis was done or no I cannot say. By Mr. Leresche—Supposing that the guard had gone from his break without alto .ving for the re bound he would not have acted wi.;ll common dis cretion, but rather with a want of caution• as to amount to an impropriety. I cannot call it an ex treme want of caution, nor is it a breach of any of the company's rules Supposing the guard had done so that would aceount for the accident. I cannot say that I am competent to judge of the strength of the chains ; they are not so strong as ours. I do not feel competent to say that the chains pro duced are not strong enough to support a train of 31 carriages on such an incline. I think they would be all the better if they were stronger. One chain is not broken. The chains belong to the Birken head Company's carriages. I remember those Bir kenhead carriages being brought to the station for the inspection of the jury, and the stationmaster informed me that the coupling broke in shunting into the siding. Having had my attention drawn to that ciraumstanee I still adhere to my opinion. T do not think there was any danger in the circum .tance of there neing only iv minutes' difference in the time of the second and third trains leaving Ramsbottom, supposing that to have been the case - . By Mr. Baldwin—To the best of try belief the engine on which I went after the receding carriages did not run over anybody, nor did we run into the ruins of the carriages where the people were lying. I do not know that Mr. Dearden, of Burnley, attri butes the injuries he received to being run over by the engine. I heard at the time no complaint of my having run over any one, nor have I heard of such a thing since. I have heard a great many unfounded rumours in reference to the matter. By Mr. Robinson—There is a rule against put ting an engine behind a train, but to assist a tram up an incline is male an exception. At the conclusion of the examination of Mr. Shaw the inquest was further adjourned until Wednesday morning. There still remain a large number of witnesses to be examined. At the close of the day's proceedings Mr. Shaw mentioned that he had received a communication from Col. Yollard, R E., from the Railway Department of the Board of Trade, who will go over the line on Tuesday, and probably assist in the investigation before the coro ner on Wednesday. THE ATTEMPT TO MAKE BOMBAY THE MAIVCILESTER OF INDIA. (From the Money Market Review.) Our great cotton interest at hone is watching with natural anxiety the movement which is taking place in India with a view to the extension of cot ton-spinning and weaving in that country, _under the forcing effect of the differential duty which has been imposed by Mr. Wilson. The Bombay Times and standard, received this week, declares that " the number of spinning and weaving companies now in course of formation threatens, if carried out, to create quite a revolution in the market for Eng lish manufactures." It may be interesting to glance at the statistics of the subject, as they are presented in the latest advises from Bombay. At Calcutta, we may remark, there are no new mills building. The number of existing mills actually in working order in the Bombay Presidency is as follows : Looms, Spindles. Broaeh Spinning Mill 17,000 Oriental Spinning and Weaving Company Bombay Spinning Mills 31,566 .. The Throstle Mill Company lO,OOO .. Total .. Three of these companies are now extending their works; experience having taught them that they cannot work a small spinning mill profitably, owing to the heavy expenses of European management. They must be spread over a wider surface, in order to work with prot. The extensions announced are as follows : Spindles. Looms Oriental Spinning and Weaving Cora- _ Pant Bombay Spinning Mills The Threstle Mill Company lO,OOO .. Total.. We now come to the undertakings which are described in the local reports as " begotten of Mr. Wilson's attempt to double the customs revenue from English yarn." They are as follows : Bpindles Looms. Victoria Spinning Company Ahmedabad Spinning Company 2,500 .. Bombay United Spinning Company Coorla Spinning and Weaving Company 25,000 .. 330 Royal Spinning and Weaving Company 40,000 .. 800 Great Eastern Spinning and Weaving Company Manockjee Petty's Spinning and Wtav- ing Company v50,000 .. 1,000 In embryo Total 200,740 .. 3,560 The summary of the above stands thus : Spindles. Looms. New Working Extensions . ... 27.536 .. 225 - -- - .. --- New establishments Grand total To make these statistics complete. we will show the capital which ea2h company represents:— . . Broach Spinning Mills . R5.5,00,000 Oriental Spinning and Weaving Company 15,62,000 Throstle Mill Company Bombay Spinning Company Victoria Spinning Company Ahmedabad Spinning Company .. Bombay United Spinning Company 5,00,000 Coorla Spinning and Weaving Company - 10,00,000 Royal Spinning and Weaving Company 15,00,000 Great Eastern. Spinning an , Weaving Company 15,00,000 Manockjee Petty's Spinning and Weaving __ . CCompany - 25.00,000 In embryo Total It seems, then, that, in round numbers, there are 300,000 spindles and 4,000 looms about to be set up in Bombay, upon a capital of one million sterling. The movement is canvassed with the greatest interest in the local journals. One of them indulges in the following anticipations : Another writer says—The following facts rat ty be of interest to your agricultural On the three days, August 30, 31, and Septe.. - ber 1, expecting the wet weather to continue, D had 30 acres of wheat reaped and placed underr cover in barns, hovels, cattle and iruplement shedN, &c.—in fact in everything that had al• roof to setting each sheaf upright on the grow d. thus em-- posing the whole of it to the action of the air. Each acre of sheaves occupied an area of 4130. superficial feet. The wheat was cut when dry and carried imute diately ; it is now in excellent order, and my people commence thrashing it to-morrow. Had the wet weather continued, the whole+ might have been removed in a few days, and stacked either out of doors or under the same roofs, making room in the former case for 30 acres, a nil in the latter case for at least 20 acres more. To show that in the extreme case of the weather not permitting the wheat to be cut dry it might still be saved, I may mention that two waggon loads of sheaves standing in the field throughout the wet week ending Aug. 25 were carried on that day in the pouring rain and placed under cover. They were then soaked throughout, and are now, Sept. 10, fit to thrash. I had one field of 10 acres dried in the straw on three kilns in a malthouse, each of which was 25 feet square, and contaikiOti upwards of an acre of sheaves. COUNTRY .MABXE7S. It seems clear that, unless the local mills are to use up their own yarn in cloth, they would flood Bombay in a single year with more twist of a low description than it re quires in six or seven. The success of these mills will plainly, therefore, depend upon their power to work up the yarn into fabrics suited for the Indian market, and Bombay , must become a great weaving city for her spinning mills to achieve success. Can she ever become so ? Having rivalled Manchester in the productions of low yarn, can she rival her also in the production of coarse grey goods ? The question is a very important one. The Oriental Spinning and Weav ing Company is manufacturing longcloths and madapo lams, we are told, of a superior finish. It is even stated that the fabric is preferred by our dealers to the produce of the Lancashire looms. Should weaving become a success in the island there is little room to doubt that Bombay will at no distant time be cons erted into a vast manufacturing city. The mills now in course of establishment can turn out sufficient yarn to keep six or seven thousand looms em ploy. d The experiment is already set forth on a scale sufficiently large, and we recommend its patient trial with out further extension. If it fail—not much harm will have be en done; if it succeed, Bombay is destined to be not only the commercial capital of India, but one of the first manu facturing cities of the world. Now, we have no doubt whatever that there is a vast deal of exaggeration in all this, and that the mania for establishing spinning and weaving com panies will soon receive a check ; but the animation which at present prevails in this branch of enter prise places in a more striking light than ever the hardship attempted to be inflicted upon stir home interest, in which a vast amount of capital is em barked. Our spinners and manufacturers are pre pared to meet upon equal terms any and every corn petitor, but to give an exceptional bonus to the manufacturer in India is utterly opposed to the spirit of our commercial policy. [AnvEuTiszuENT.] Pills and medicine invariably ag. .Trayate and perpetuate diseases ; their annoyance, die appointment, and expense may be avoided by, persons in indifferent health sending. only their address to E S. Barry, Esq., 77, Regent-street, W., London, and they will receive gratis and free by post the " ItlvAtans' Owr GUIDE," or Natural Restorer, without medicine or ex pense, of perfect digestion, strong . nerves, sound lungs, and refreshing sleep, to the most enfeebled, insuring the removal of indigestion (dyspepsia), constipation, liver complaints, nausea, epilepsy, paralysis, debility, nervousness, palpitation, cough, asthma, o nasumption, dropsy, flatulency, diarrhoea, dysentery, biliousness, fevers, sore throa s, catarrhs. vide noises in the ears, rheumatism, gout, impurities, ernptiuns hysteria, neuralgia, irritability, s'eeplessness, acidity, PalPs: tation, heartburn, h ea d ache, despondency, cramps. sPE"I.. i sinking, lite. roilthitis,—" U nquest i ona b ly the sa f e st Cimae to health," LIVERPOOL-SETT. 11. There was a fair attendance of both millers and dealers at this morning's market, with a better disposition to buy up wheat, which may be quoted at about late rates. Flour was not pressed for sale, and consequently no cheaper. in In dian corn there was an inac ive business done, at 3d to 6d per qr decline upon Friday's rates. Oats gave way ld per bushel. Oatmeal was in moderate request, at late prices. Beans, peas, and barley remain without alteration in value or demand. The market closed firm. BRISTOL-Sm. H. A good business passing in wheat to-day, with a fair at tendance, and some considerable sales made at rate! 4s +o 5s per qr below th e ver y hi g h es t p o i n t made. Grinding barley scarce, and prices fully maintained. LEEDS, SEPT. 11. The fine weather has a depressing influence on the trade to-day, and the business doing in wheat is only for immediate wants. Old wheats 2s lower on the week. A few samples of new wheat, quality inferior; prices varying from 52s to 62s per qr. Beans, oats, and other artiolof held for former rates. NEWCASTLE-lINDER-LYNE-SEPT. 10. At this corn market there was but a limited show of wheat for the season, but the demand was slow, and prices declined 2s to 3s per qr—white making 645 to 67a, anct. red 60s to 635. The samples of barley shown were few, and prices irregular. Oats in small supply, and the turn. dearer, from 29s to 34s per 24 stone. Beane made from► 46s to 50s per qr. NORWICH CATTLE-SEAT. 8. The show of store cattle to-day was excellent, many lots being of superior condition end quality. The weather being fine, and farmers engaged in the harvest, trade was on the whole rather dull at prices in favour of purchasers. At the close nearly half the beasts remained unsold. Scots, 4s to 4s 6d ; shorthorns, 3s 6d to 4s 6d ; Irish, 3s to 4s 6d ; Devons, 4s Od to 4s 6d (estimated weight wlrsn fat). Fat beasts a small show, and sales consequently good, at . 8s 6d to 9s Od per 141 b. Sheep—There was a good supply of sheep in the pens. Lambs, breeding ewes, and keeping sheep were is lower, and sales slow. Fat sheep, 8s 6d to 9s 6d per stone ; prime, Os to Os Pigs—A fair supply. Store pigs, 25s to 30s ; fat pork, 8s Ocl to 8s 6d per qtnne Greyness, baldness, and other diseases of the Hair, their cause and remedy with " Hints on the Hair, its Care and Cul ture," by F. M. HERRING, 32, Basinghall-street, London; post free, 6d.—" A very useful little treatise, that may be con sulted with advantage, conveying a considerable amount of information respecting the beneficial effects to be derived from the proper care and cultivation of the hair."—Morning Herald.' —[A VT.] [ADVERTISEMENT].—Mothers an Nurses will 11nd Du. Barry's delicious Ravalenta Arabica Food admirably adapted to remove all disorders of stomach and bowels to wnieh infants and children are at all times liable. It strengthens, nourishes, and is used with more advantage than Milk in rearing infants. We quote one out of many testimonials :—Amsterdam, December 31, 1852. —Dear Sir,—Our child, up to the age of eleven weeks, xv es very deli cate an d wasting away, and milk, sago, and arrowroot turned sour on its stomach, causing great mi tering. We thin fed it upon Du Barry's Reva lenta rabica, which agreed wonderfully with her; and she is now, at the age of nine months, a plump and lively little girl. —Daniel Serves.. Avoid Pills and Medicines : they invariably aggravate and perpetuate diseases ; their annoyance, disappointment, and expense may be avoided by using Du Barry's Fk..od which, at a few pence per day, eaves 50 times its cost in other remedies, removing effectually, without purging, constipation, indigestion (dyspepsia) nervous, bilious and liver complaints and all their consequences. Certificat No. 3(3,418. We find it the safest remedy. .Andrew Ure MD., F R.S., Dr Harvey, Dr. Wurzer, Dr. Shorland, Dr. raropell. Let invalids avoid the fearful dangers of spu rious and injuriou , imitations offered under a variety of false pretences. Nevill's imitations are prohibited by the high Court of Chancery under a penalty of £5,000 against Alfred H-oper Nevill and his agents ; and the pretences that Nevill has a patent for Arabica Food and that Dta Barry's are connected with such patent are utterly false. No canister is genuine without the name Barry Du Barry and Co.,egent-street, i n f u ll , ontheseal and wrapper. and 7 pe 7, rs who attempt imposition in one article must expect to be distrusted in all others. Packed in tins 11b. 2s. 9d.; 21b. 4s 6d. ; 51b. lls.; 121 b. 225. ; 241 b. 40s. The 121 b and 241 b. canisters are sent carriage free on receipt of Post-office order by Barry Du Barry and Co., 77, Re gent-street, London ; Fortnum Mason, and Co. ; Abbie, 60, Gracechurch-street ; 4, Cheapside ; 63 and 150, Ox ford-street ; 330 and 451, Strand ; 49 an d 6 0, Biskopsgate- Phi and Co, street ; Batty, 16, Finsbury Pavement grocers.t; Phillips tea-dealers; Petty, W ood, and Co., King William-street, City ; at 127, High Holborn; and all 13IRTR8. ASTLEY.—On the Bth inst., at Cromer, the Hon. Mrs. Delaval Astley, prematurely, of a son, who only survived his birth a few moments. CASTLE.—On the 6th inst., at Weimer, Kent, the wife of Major Castle, of a son. LYNEs.—On the 9th inst., at the Vicarage, Afelchbourne Bedf.rdshire, the wife of the Rev. John Lynes, of a daughter. MARRIAGES. DIXON—LITTMAN:v.—On the 11th inst., at All Saints', Fulham, Albert Dixon, Esq., of 10, Bedford-row, Lon don, sclicitor, fifth son of H. J. Dixon, Esq., of Astmt lodge, Hove, Sussex, to Mary Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Henry L aumann, E sq., LL.D., Parson s - green, Ful ham. GEARY—HUN T .—O n th e 11th inst., at St. Gil es ' - i n -the Fields, Th omas G ear y, Esq., of the Middle Temple, the youngest eon of Thomas Geary, Esq., of Edith Villas, North-end, Fulham, to Louis eldest daughter of Thos. Hunt, Esq., F.R.C.S., of Alfred-place, Bedford-square. DEATHS. CREAMS/DN.—On the Sth inst. , at Oxford, Si r R o b ert A. KC.H., &c. • Chermside, M.D., DANE.—On the 9th ipt., at John Hollywood, co. Dublin, Lieut. D gth inst., very suddenly, a t Bl encogo, Cumberl On and th . e 8 t h Light Dr agoons. George Dixon, E s - ., q J.P., a ge d 67. Frseu.—On the 9 th inst., at Theberton-street, Mr. Thos. rx.oN. Bane '1 Finch, aged 69 . , tivilE.—ch? the 7th , inst., ve r y su d denly, at Northampton ~ ro ., e , Islington, Captain N. S. La m b e , l a t e of Bovill's -14 Z a n, Ardleigh, Essex, aged 58. NEGusOn the 10th inst., John Negus, of 158, Bishops gate-street without, aged 55, SEINDLER.—On the 6th inst., at 1, Albany-terrace, Old Kent-road, Mr. Thomas Shindler, of her Majesty's Cus toms, aged 39. .osiDoN : Printed and Published by MURDO YOUNG, n No. 112, Strand, Printer, at The Sun Jffice, No. 112, itrand, in the Proninot of the Savoy, in th• annuity of Middicesz, %dated% &Amber 1Z 1650$ 8 T' }ina El John] lienry P. R Met sr The In ma, 1838 186 d 1845 1848 1851 The Intern The Two every For Chain D'' Juat Of all . Ruch al CINE! for tlu Child. R° In ci Weekl IIPPE to adn thems Coni Esq., inond Grote ' Jones Willia bet an lloppi No. Thu aboi Min Kat diat 1,311 will for Fro ISre , a.rd Pic; Pen 25th whit Wall 8 , LOA War( men. Seen Seim any Rail NAI N( llbov Ores Sept, Th 25th Par Amin, of int Del With( Th 4 Foi Pro; Polio taken out it 142,1 A MI Just in g Sent ,rfe, is, A: INI etrn c i Early of Ma Ironic Cif and over Cu (ono Th, Wei Lotic "C Shoul 23d 3 little whiel old al Sol Corn' th ee , %boy, Lees of h e !Noel 8 TT , Also tnen The] end Vri: