The Sun. — London, England, 1859-08-06 00:00:00

ROYAL PRINCESS'S THEATRE. Under the Management of Mr. Charles Kean. THIS EVENING, THE CORSICAN BROTHERS. Fabien and Louis dei Franchi. By Mr. C. Kean. To conclude with A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM. Commence at 7. THEATRE -ROYAL, HAYMARKET. Lessee, Mr. J. B. Buckatone. THIS EVENING, SHOCKING EVENTS. THE CONTESTED ELECTION. After which, OUT OF SIGHT OUT OF MIND. To conclude with HALLOWE'EN. Commence at 7. NTW THEATRE - ROYAL, ADELPHI. Sole Proprietor and Manager, Mr. Beni. Webster. Mr. B. Webster's Benefit. THIS EVENING, a new comic drama, in two acts, entitled AN OLD OFFENDER. Mr. J. L. Toole, Mr. C. Selby, Mr. Billington, Mr. C. J. Smith, Mr. Eburne, and Miss H. Simms. After which, the first time, ONE TOUCH OF NATURE. Messrs. B. Webster, Billington, Eburne, Miss H. Simms. Followed by the new burlesque, THE BABES IN THE WOOD. Messrs. J. L. Toole, Paul Bedford, C. J. Smith, Eburne ; Miss Woolgar and Miss K. Kelly. Acting Manager—Mr. Wm. Smith. Doors open at a quarter-past six—Commence at seven. Box Office open from 10 to 5 —no charge for booking. No fees to servants permitted. A registry kept of all articles found. ROYAL STRAND THEATRE• Lessee and Directress, Miss Swanborough THIS EVENING, CAPTAIN CHARLOTTE. Mies M. lton. After whisk, A SCHOOL FOR COQUETTES. Misses Swanborough, Oliver, and Lavine. Followed by THE VERY LATEST EDITION OF THE LADY OF LYONS. Commence at 7 o'clock. VERDI'S OPERA OF MACBETII. The whole of the first Act of this Opera, now _the CAN produced for the first time in this countr y (the remaining three acts being in course of rehearsal) , is sung nightly at TERBURY HALL CONCERTS. THE DELEPIERRE FAMILY, Consisting of three Juvenile Violinists, , Jules, Juliette, FOUR, SIX, and and Julia Delepierre, aged, respectively, EIGHT years. The perfect execution by these Lilliputian Artistes of some of the most difficult and brilliant Solos, Duets, and Trios eve; written for th e elan, has excited mingled wonder and admi ration in Continental Musical Circles, and drawn forth enthu siastic tributes of praise from the Public Journals of France and Belgium. They will perform TWICE EACH EVENING, in addi tion to the usual Entertainments. THE WEATHER.—SUN OFFICE, Avetrwr 6. THZAHOMITER, IN THZ BIWA. 72—highest since noon yesterday. 67-lowest this morning and during the night. 68—this day at noon. BAnotairruu--30 . 13. WIND, South-Westerly ; light, with dull cloudy wee. ther, and slight rain. HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE. Tins DAY. —Morning, 7h. lm.—Afternoon, 7h. 26m. To -Mop-Morning, 7h. 64m.—Afternoon, Bh. 27m. THE SUN. SATURDAY, AUGUST 6, 1859. Well, it would seem, if we may believe the Moniteur, that we are to have peace in right good earnest. We shall be truly glad to find it prove so. But to make assurance doubly sure we cannot sufficiently express our thanks to the Government for their unceasing determination to strengthen our defences both by land and water. We are not only to have an army of reserve but a navy also. This is as it should have been long long ago. It was in vain that we pointed out the suicidal prac tice of not only dismantling our ships on their re turn to port, with their rigging well seasoned, and their whole equipage very little the worse for wear and tear ; but the greatest folly of all was in the discharge of the men. The insanity, for we cannot call it policy or economy, of discharging the very heart and soul of our national safety is beyond or- dinary comprehension. But so it was, and dearly bought has been oar experience of its utter folly. No wonder that our naval estimates have been swollen to such magnitude with very little to show tor it. It is said that the life of a ship averages about twelve years ; but this is absurd. We know many, very many ships, which have lasted twenty, nay, even thirty years, and are still British hearts of oak, fit to do duty on salt water, and able to give a good account of an " ugly cus tomer" in double quick time. But all that sort of economy was against the " system" of dockyard jobbery, and the nation had to pay dearly for in competency, sheer extravagance, and shameful waste. Nobody was right but the Jack in office ; and the poor Jack, cast adrift after having perfected his knowledge as a gallant seaman, was sent to the right about to bestow his well-trained abilities on a foreign country! If ever there was madness in the mismanagement of our best defenders this caps it all. Such has been the disgust created in the minds of seamen at this sort of conduct that many thousands have left the Navy from sheer aversion to rt. country which could tolerate such ungrateful conduct. And to talk of patriotism to a man who is left to otarve, or to wait till State necessity finds it imperative to seek his services, is only adding insult to injury. For what reliance can be placed on the faith of those who only condescend to be civil when they want your services ? People in power may talk of one's duty to his country ; but what avails patriot ism to a starving man ? His first duty is to him self; it is the law of nature, and the cherished sense of embittered wrong only tends to make more sour instead of sweetening the moody anguish of his forlorn hopes. Aristocratic pride and official pre sumption, added to unquenchable selfishness, have lost England the good hearty services of many ex• cellent men. " My country's blind ; corruption veils her eyes, Or paints her heroes in a strange disguise. Her tars are brave, intrepid, and so forth, But mourn the bar opposed to friendless worth." This it is that rankles in the heart of many a gallant sailor, and will continue so until a better system be adopted in our naval administration. And now we really think that the eyes of the coun try are opened to the long continued system of abuse which has been practiced with such disre gard to the welfare of the service. While we wish to be just to the present advisers of the Crown—let us also be just to the Emperor NAPOLEON. It is to him that we owe this sudden con. version in our rulers to the absolute necessity of put ting the country in order, for fear of invasion and the loss of our dearly cherished prestige of being Lords Paramount on the wide waters that guard our native isle. The forlorn state of our navy in the face of such extravagant outlay was only arrested the other day by the fearless intrepidity of Sir jogN PAKINQTON—a mere civilian—but a true hearted Briton, who boldly took the bull by the horns, a nd set about the restoration of th e nav y i n a spirit of chivalry worthy of a NELSON. And he having set the example, his successors are now com pelled to follo w out : his patriotic exertions. The only marvel is that things should have been allowed to have drifted so utterly—so ruinously to leeward. Of course, no one is to blame when once the murder is out ; but if it were a matter of praise instead of one of censure, we should have had a hundred claimants for the laurel ! This comes of Whig hypocrisy and Tory make-shift, for ravenous aristocratic pride and grasping greedinws are at the bottom of it all. Again we thank Louis NAPOLEON for having shown us our weak point and so having touched up our metal, that we shall be in better condition hereafter to give him a warmer reception. The honourable gentleman, the member for Bod isin-.Dt. MICHELL—has vindicated his character triumphantly. He stands before the House, and •••: * , ~ , '\\. 4 , m i. 0.0 , • m A ,,, , --..r+ 4 .•: ~ , , • •-: :1111' - • t,101.17:11. ,1 ~ # ': • r. - -- -, . 'P k ' „ 'P.,' •.:4,:.'; .‘ `l t ,' -,_ .... 14- , - ' :/tt . „., ...`' L•-• .i" f,,,eeyl 1 - ....''. (, '": :i':V ,,.* '' , ' ROIT '. ~". 1 ":- Icri , vs • .ii,,,,,, - - "rr. / ...' ",''‘'..,,_ ' before the country, altogether acquitted from any blame whatever —although he does not intend to resist the petition against his return at the last general election, and although (notwithstanding that petition) he does, at the same time, propose, very soon after the close of the present session of Parliament, to vacate his seat by the constitutional loophole, afforded to any and every member, through the acceptance of the Escheatorship of Munster, or of the Stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds, of the Manor of East Hendred, or of the Manor of Hempholme Than the explanation given to the House of Commons yesterday, by Dr. MICHELL, of his whole conduct in the transaction, nothing could well have been more frank, more manly, or, all things considered, more entirely satisfactory. It is due to the hon. and learned gentleman the member for Sheffield, however, in the first instance, o remark that he had given full notice to Dr. - MICHELL of his intention to make the statement so materially affecting that gentleman's reputation. An inadvertence alone prevented the member for Bodmin from being present in the house when Mr. ROEBUCK arraigned his (Dr. MICHELL'S) conduct and character in the matter of that rumoured collusive agreement. Yesterday, however, in obedience to the order of the House of Commons, to the effect that he should be there in his place at 6 o'clock in the evening, Dr. MICHELL, after apologising to the hon. and learned member for Sheffield for his accidental and wholly unintentional non-compliance with the request that he should be present at the previous sitting, ex plained, as clearly as words could possibly explain anything, the real facts of the case as affected him self, the petition against his return, and his in tended retirement from the representation of Bod min by the acceptance of the Stewardship of the Chil tern Hundreds. Those simple, honest facts, as the phrase is, lie in a nutshell. " If there is any fault," said Dr. MICHELL manfully enough in the House of Commons last evening—" If there is any fault it is in the rules of this house, wherein it is so costly that no man of small means is ever able to sit in this house, provided any per son chooses to bring a petition against him, whether it be right or wrong." Adding, "My means are sufficient to keep me as a gentleman ; but if I have to take people 300 miles from their homes I may have to spend some £2,000, £3,000, or even £6,000. Under such circumstances, if I obliged all my friends to come up—believing there is not the least charge against me through them, and knowing there is not through myself—l should place myself in inextricable difficulties during the whole future period of my life. If I had an estate of thousands a-year I would have fought this peti tion; and I now say that if the House will bear me out in the expense I will fight it still; but I am not going to ruin myself and those who are dependent on me for the honour of a seat in this House. I appreciate that honour as much as any man, but I do not appreciate it to the ruin of myself and others ; and it is on that ground, and that alone, that I do not defend this petition." The cordial cheers which greeted every sentence of this manly and most honourable expla nation, indicated clearly enough the feelings of the assembled representatives. Mingled with these hearty cheers, moreover, there was much good humoured laughter, as when Dr. MICHELL offered to resist the petition if the House would itself but bear him out in the expense, and still more, when he remarked in regard to that petition—" In the first place, when this petition was presented, I thought they were in joke, for all petitions are almost alike"—observing, in pursuance of the same theme, " Petitions are got up something like what the old law used to be—they charge you with everything, and make sure to catch you on something." Whereat the House was in "roars of laughter." Furthermore, in explicit recapitulation of the motives which had really actuated himself from first to last in this transaction, Dr. MICHELL said yesterday—" I thought the better plan—not knowing I was fighting against the rules of the House—was to allow the petitioners to withdraw the petition, and so exonerate me from all the charges that had been made in it. Under that idea I said I did not wish any longer to sit in the House, and that I should at any time be ready, with the sanction of the house, to do anything that was right and pro per. These were the principles on which I acted. Under those circumstances I leave the case in the hands of the house, and I have no doubt the House will feel as I have felt, that it would not be right in any man to go to a ruinous expense in order to defend a seat in this house, however much he might prize such a distinction." And so the matter would have ended yesterday with the cor dial cheering which greeted Dr. MICHELL when he had completed his explanation, but that as soon as he had withdrawn from the House afterwards there still remained before the House—awaiting its ,decision—Mr. ROEBUCK'S resolution. After a little difficulty in finding another teller to abet the hon. and. learned member for Sheffield in carrying the quesilion, put by him, to a division—that division, upon 'being taken, showed a clear majority of 184 against the motion in a House of 244—the ayes being no more than 30, and the noes as many as 214. The complete exoneration of the hon. mem ber for Bocimin being signalised by the " loud cheers" which greeted that announcement. One point has, we think, not been sufficiently urged upon the workmen who have struck in the building trades—we mean the power of public dis cussion to redress just complaints. The history of the present quarrel is now pretty well known, and its object is clear—that object is, that the workmen should have more daily leisure, but that the leisure should cost them nothing. In one aspect of the case this is obviously a demand for higher wages. The workman will receive more per hour. But its primary object is stated to be more time with their families and wives, more time for rest, more time for self-improvement, and, if we were to complete the account, we fear we must add in many cases — more time to tipple. An indirect advantage also is, that numbers of persons now unemployed would find work. Obviously, indeed, the masters must employ one-tenth more men, or about six thousand more skilled artizans. The scheme therefore in volves a great increase of wages on the whole. The 220 masters who have united must pay, and the labourers, as a body, receive, it is said, £338,000 more per annum. This is a serious sum on both sides. So far as those who strike make it an ob ject, they ask the money for others and only the time for themselves. Indeed, it is the time on which they lay stress. Now, if this be their real object, is there one which could be more appropriately sought through the press ? The Early Closing Association has done wonders by this simple agency, one so open to both sides. By public meetings properly re ported, and by argumentative communications to the daily and weekly press, almost any good cause ma y, by a little perseverance, command the support of the public. We will not now attempt to decide the question whether ten hours be too long a time for a day's work in the building trade ; but we are sure of one thing, that if it b is e so, this one his of maybe t s easily prove_ d and once p roved, it gen eral opinion would be all power jects on which THEUSUN, LONDON, SATURDAY EVENING, AUGUST 6, 18b9. ful. The public which wants the work done would know that they ought to pay a tenth more for it, and the master builders would be able to charge it; since, though there might be a superabundance of labour, that labour must still be made use of under the conditions which public opinion sanctions. Economical principles are indeed almost omnipo tent ; still even they must be modified by the notion which exists in any place of what a day's labour should be. It appears to us that the building trades have, most unwisely, like the Austrians with Sardinia, precipitated the war in a manner which injures them in public opinion. They had not, like that Power, exhausted diplomacy, and yet they make themselves judges in the matter by invading the territory of the masters, or by doing what looks like it. They attack one firm by a combination, and provoke an immediate combination on the part of the masters. In all probability, after ruinous losses on both sides, we shall have a Solferino and a Villafranca between the men and their masters. The beginners in the quarrel may gain something ; but the nine hours for ten they will certainly not gain ; they may also gain nothing but starvation and pawnbrokers' tickets, and return to find them selves yet more beaten by still better machinery — for almost all strikes have improved machinery and superseded labour. On the other hand, the mas ters may concede something—in wages, or in a Saturday half-holiday—but not more than they would have good-temperedly conceded to pro longed, intelligent, and fair discussion. But, in the latter case, both parties would have been in the meantime gaining—the workman his wages, the master his profit on them. We fear, however, it is now too late. Passion is enlisted ; victory is sought. And as the mode in which the demands are made exhibit about the worst possible general ship, we can but apprehend dreadful suffering for ; the vanquished operatives, and no trifling losses for victorious masters. Mr. DILLWYN was quite right in withdrawing the Endowed Schools Bill on Thursday. Mr. LowE made, indeed, a specious defence of the committee's bill, entirely opposite in character as it was to Mr. DILLWYN'S Bill ; but, without entering into the technicalities of the case, we will state the prin cipal effect of each. Mr. DILLWYN'S Bill takes the case of Endowed Schools in which the founders have laid down no creeds, and no sectarian distinctions whatever, though they may have mentioned religion in general terms. In these cases the courts of law have ruled that " religion" means religion in the precise form of the Thirty-nine Articles, the Church Catechism, and the Prayer-book ; and that, on the purely technical ground that this is the only religion known to the Courts of Law. Mr. DILLWYN contends that this is a narrow and unreasonable construction of liberal and unsectarian documents, and his bill pro vides that where the deeds are of this character, for the future, the courts shall be prohibited from such sectarian interpretations, and that in the matter of trusteeship and instruction the school shall be open to all denominations. Mr. LowE's bill, as we must now term it, seems a little liberal to Dissenters, but in practice is just the reverse. It proposes substantially to abide by the old misconstruction, or narrow-minded construction of the word" religion." For, it provides that the prac tice of the last twenty-five years shall decide whether the schools shall be rigidly Church of England schools or liberal schools. The only concession is a " conscience clause," by which the children of Dissenters may, on the written request of the parents, be exempted from learning the Church catechism and attending Church services. But the unfairness towards Dissenters is this. The schools, in the case of liberal founders, have already, by the unjust technicalities of the judges, got into the hands of one sect e xcluswely ; and that, in the vast majority of such cases, for much more than twenty five years. It was endeavoured by the DILLWYN Bill to reverse this injustice, not violently, but by leaving things to their natural course—declaring that such schools are, so far as religion is concerned, perfectly open schools. Mr. LOWE'S Bill proposes, on the contrary, to stereotype the present unjust exclusiveness to all future generations. It is all the worse in this case, because no one is wronged by giving equal claims on an educational charity to all. The children of Churchmen within the reach of such a grammar school, have no natural claim on its benefits beyond other children; they have none by the hypothesis, on the ground of the founder's intention ; they have none but what rests on an abuse of his liberality ; on a pre scription which ought never to have been tolerated —a prescription which arose when Dissenters were fewer and persecuted, and the dominant Church grasped at everything. Mr. DILLWYN has, there fore, done rightly in refusing the bill of the ex member for Kidderminster, and member for Caine, and Lord LANSDOWNE. Let the overreach ing temper of the narrowminded Churchmen be shown up, session after session, if they will per sist in refusing bills like that of the member for Swansea. Was it an oversight or was it " a great fact," that the Times of Tuesday last gave " unmutilated and entire," the letter of its Melbourne corre spondent. That gentleman is a warm friend of the Ballot, which has been adopted with sucl , . satisfaction to all parties under his own observa tion there. Yet, strange to say, never before have we noticed a sentence from him favourable to secret voting ! We have had quotations against it from a contemptible paper hundreds of miles off, but no quotations in its favour from the ablest Melbourne papers, and none from the pen from which we most of all expected it. On Tuesday, however, we read, in reference to the addition of an immense number of names to the register under the new Act, not less than 152,000 in that small colony " It will be curious to observe in what manner the immense body of electors under the screen as well as the protection of the ballot will work at the coming election. As to the Ballot, I think it has worked well here. It has greatly diminished the expense of elections ; and has made them as peaceful and •rderly as if no election were going on." We shall await indeed with some interest the result of the first elections in Australia, not by the Ballot merely, but by Universal Suffrage also, for the franchise is now so extended as nearly to include all adult males. Indeed, the numbers prove this. The population, exclusive of Chinese, is 464,000. Of these 204,622 are males of all ages. And more than half of these males, 152,000 names, are already on the register. A wonderful proportion of adults ; explained, of course, by the nature of the immigration. If the result be ever so successful we may expect all the old commonplaces about the dif ference between a colony and the mother country, and the Ballot not being applicable here, though it may succeed there—the fact being that many of the differences are in favour of the mother country. The elections there were in all respects what ours were till the Ballot was iitroduced. The publichouse-keepers especially were a great power—they have now lost their influence. Street rows were common, and all the usual kinds • of disturbing and intimidating appliances— they have all ceased. Canvassing was urgent and harassing to quiet and dependent electors—it has given way under the Ballot to public declarations of opinion, through the press, the placard, and the platform ; and public catechising " open and above board," is, we are told, the only and the very useful ordeal which candidates have to pass. Indeed, things arc managed, in this respect, much as they are in our own West Riding of Yorkshire. In Australia, so far from persons promising and be lying their promises, the fact is, that it would ruin the prospects of any candidate if it were known that he canvassed and extorted promises. The natural working of the Ballot is to make canvas sing discreditable, and to cause the electors gene rally to resent such an interference with the liberty given them by the law of secret voting. NDIA, CHINA, & AUSTRALIA MAILS. [BY ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH.] SOUTHAMPTON, SATURDAY MORNING. The Ripon, Captain Christian, has arrived with the India, China, and Australian mails. She left Alexandria July 22d; Malta, 26th; Gibraltar, 31st; and brings 170 passengers, 10 packages specie (value not stated), seven cases valu ables, 1,453 bales silk, and general cargo. She passed the Indus at 9.30 a.m. yesterday. Her Majesty's ships Hibernia, Orior, Cadmus, and Lapwing, at Malta ; Liffey, Quail, and Vulture, at Gibraltar. The Portuguese schooner Dos Amigos, at Gib raltar on the 28th, landed there the master and crew, seven in number, of the Oldenburg brigan tine Bertha, which had sprung a leak, and foun dered on the 25th, 15 miles off Adra. She was bound to Falmouth, laden with rye. Gibraltar exchange on London, 50a- ; Paris, 5.29 ; Marseilles, 5.30 ; Genoa, 5.31. THE GREAT EASTERN STEAM-SHIP, This colossal and magnificent vessel will, we understand, be delivered up to the company by the contractors, in an entirely - complete condition, on Thursday week, the 18th inst. The fittings up are of the most splendid description. It is said that the furniture of the saloon alone has cost upwards of £5,000. It is, we are informed, the intention of the directors to proceed to sea forthwith with the Great Eastern by way of testing her sailing powers; , but instead of crossing the Atlantic, as was at one time contemplated, it is now intended to go only about half-way towards the American side of the water ; it being believed that that distance will, in every respect, adequately test the qualities of the noble vessel.—Morning Advertiser. His Excellency the Prince Ottojano and suite have left Alaurigy's Hotel for Naples. Lord and Lady Clermont have left Claridge's Hotel for a tour on the Continent. Lord and Lady Calthorpe and the Hon. Misses Calthorpe, and Major the Hon. J. G. Calthorpe, will leave town in a few days for a tour on the Continent. COUNTY COURTS.—The Lord Chancellor has ap- pointed Allen Maclean Skinner, Esq., Q.C., to be judge of the county courts of Staffordshie held at Oldbury, Walsall, and Wolvurhampton in the place of Mr. Sergeant Clarke, d eceLsed . TILE VICTORIA BELL.—The Howe bell for the clock-tower of the Town-hall, Leeds, the casting of which was entrusted to the firm of Joha Warner and Sons, Crescent Foundry, London, is the finest model and speci men, in point of design, casting, and quality of tone, ever accomplished in England. The dimensions are as follows —Diameter at mouth, Eft. 2 in. ; height, tft. ; thickness of sound bow, bin. ; weight without clapper, 4 tons 1 cwt. Oqr. 11b. ; note, B. The bell is named after her Majesty, " Victoria," cast on the waist. Above the name is a profile of the Queen, with the back hair slightly drooping. Round the skirt above the sound bow is the following inscription: " This bell, weighing 4 tons 1 cwt. Oqr. llb., was cast by John Warner and Sons, of London, for the Town-hall, Leeds, in the year of our Lord 1859. Cuthbert Brodrick, architect." The bell will be suspended for the inspection of those who are interested in church and clock bells during next week, from ten till four, on presenting their card. In the Huddersfield Committee this morning the counsel for the petitioners withdrew from the scrutiny. The committee adjourned till Monday, to consider decision. Mr. Leatham will be declared duly elected. The Beverley, Hull, and Preston committees are still examining wit- nesses. Mr. SPURGEON AT NORWICH.—The Rev. C. H. Spurgeon preached two sermons at Norwich on Wednesday in aid of his new "Tabernacle fund." The rev. gentle man addressed about 2,500 persons in the afternoon.in St. Andrew's-hall, and an immense concourse-5,000 or 6,000 —in Chapel-field in the evening. The collection made ammo . ' the 2,500 assembled in St. Andrew's-hall realized about £2S, and the rev. gentleman expressed to his evening audience his disappointment at so inadequate a result. The response was, however, still smaller, only £23 being raised. This is not the first time Mr. Spurgeon has complained that those who go to "hear" him do not respond liberally to his fervid appeals. THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.—The Chatham,' of 539 tons, Captain Joseph Ginder, belonging to Messrs. Somes, sailed from Southampton on Thursday for Algoa Bay with 239 emigrants selected by the Hon. William Field, the commissioner appointed by the Cape Colony to conduct their emigration. Of the number embarked there were 116 English, 84 Scotch, and 39 Irish ; 41 married couples, with 69 children, 63 single men, and 25 single women. They were under the care of Surgeon-Superintendent James Robert Tunraer ; religious instructor, Griffith Jones. THE Loss OF THE ARGO.—An official inquiry, directed by the Board of Trade, into the circumstances 1 1 under which the screw steamer Argo, chartered by the Atlantic Royal Mail Steam Navigation Company, was w recked on the coast of Newfoundland on the 28th of last June, was commenced at the Custom-house, Dublin, on Thursday, before Frank Thorpe Porter, Esq., J.P., with Captain Harris, R.N., as nautical assessor. Mr. O'Dowd appeared on the part of the Board of Trade. Dr. Towns end, with Mr. J. M. Cantwell, appeared for the Trans atlantic Royal Mail Steam Navigation Company. The proceedings were adjourned. THE LATE WRECK ON THE GOODWIN SANDS. —llAvar., Aug. 3.—The French barque which was lost on the Goodwin Sands on the night of the 31st July, was the De Rudder, of Granville, Captain Roger, from Buenos Ayres to Antwerp, with tallow, hides, wool, bones, &c. The master and mate were drowned ; the remainder of the crew were saved by the Eolus (Swedish vessel), bound to Malaga, which transferred them to a pilot boat, by which they were landed at Calais. THE CONDEMNED CONVICT AT WEST BROM wicir. -.No intimation of a reprieve for William Worsey, condemned to death for the murder of his wife, has yet been received at Stafford. His execution will take place on Saturday next at eight in the morning, should no inti mation to the contrary be received from the Home •office. ACCIDENT ON CHATHAM LINES.—On Thursday morning a soldier belonging to the 84th, named M`Ginn, was discovered lying in the trench, near the sallyport, ap parently dead. He was removed to the garrison hospital and medically inspected, when it was found that his back and three of his ribs were broken, and he was otherwise so seriously injured that he is not expected to live. He must have fallen into the trench the previous evening, when on his way across Chatham lines to the huts at Brompton. The poor fellow has a wife and one child ; he has been 13 years in the service. THE PRINCE OF WALES ON LOCHLOMOND.—On Monday last the Prince of Wales joined the steamer Prince of Wales at Inversuaid, and sailed down this far-famed loch accompanied by Professor D. Sym Playfair and Col. Bruce. His Royal Highness and the gentlemen with him took luncheon in the steamer, and proceeded by rail from Balloch Pier at four p.m. to Edinburgh. —Glasgow Even ing Mail. RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF AUSTRIAN MAIL PACKET SERVICE FROM TRIESTE.—The following notice has been issued by command of the Postmaster-General :—" Infor. Illation having been received that the Austrian postal ser vice by sea, between Trieste and Greece, the lonian Islands Turkey and Egypt, is re-established, letters, &c.; for the countries mentioned, may in future be forwarded by tho route of Trieste, if addressed via Trieste,' or ' via Belgium.' Letters, &c., for Alexandretta, Latakia, Mersina, Tripoli, in Syria, an Janina, in Albania. cannot, for the present, be forwarded via Trieste." ~ ~' ! HARBOUR IMPROVEMENTS IN NEW ZEALAND. Letters from Nelson, New Zealand, mention that a con siderable sum of money was likely to be voted by the Pro vincial Council for Harbour Improvements, and for the erection of a new lighthouse. The hill empowering the President of the India Council to raise a new loan was printed yesterday , a nd dif fers from previous bills by allowing more latitude as to the form of security to be issued. Hitherto only bonds or de bentures have been specified, but it is now provided that the loan may be in the shape of stock or annuities to be transferrable free of charge at the Bank of England. It is al ways difficult to form all anticipation as to the probable preferences of the public in matters of this description; but there is a strong impression among practical peened s that the creation of a 5 per cent. Stock, to be manag at the Bank of England in the same manner as the ordinary funds, would find more general favour than any other ar rangement. The amount of the current debentures, none being less than ,c,500, has been a great impedi m ent to their circulation. BEAUTY.—" Would to Heaven," said Schiller, " it were possible to banish the notion, and even the very word Beauty from use." he had read a hundredth part of the profound inconsequentionalisms which philosophers, from Plato down to Hegel and Sir William Hamilton, have written concerning Beauty, or a thousandth part of the shallow platitudes uttered by those who are not philosophers, it is not to .be wondered at that Schiller should have groaned in spirit at . the bare word. For our own part we, after reading the last new book, on the subject, feel as though we, too, coul I be content that the word were banished, so that for our solace the thing itself w ere left. Literary Gazette, LI-k_TEST NEw „. ; Minister of War. The brigade of Modena is to IL' • I consist of three regiments of infantry of two bat talions each ; a battalion of riflemen, a field battery, The following telegrams have been received at Mr. Reuter's office : TURIN, AUG 5 (Evening.) The Ministry has resolved upon recalling the Piedmontese Governor at Parma. FLORENCE, AUG, 6. Colonel Cipriania has left for Bolorgna. PARIS, AUG. 6. M. de Bannevillo has been appointed second French Plenipotentiary at the Conference of Zurich. TRIESTE, AUG. 6. CONSTANTINOPLE, July 30.—The Sultan arrived at Salowitz on the 26th inst. An Albanian Prince has arrived here on a political mission. ATHENS, July 30.—The French Ambassador, M. Thouvenel, arrived here the day before yesterday on his journey to Constantinople. The Paine of yesterday evening says :—" Accord ing to a letter from Florence it is supposed that Gariteldi would take the command of the Tuscem arms." Th: same journal further states :—" The Emperor Napoleon will visit the camp at Chalons, and will stay there till Tuesday next." BERNE, AUG. 5. The French Ambassador (Marquis de Turgot) here has made known to the Federal Council the Emperor's satisfaction to see Switzerland selected for the conferences of the three Powers. TURIN, AITG. 5. M. de Desambrois, representative of Piedmont, has arrived at Zurich. A denial has been given to the news published by the correspondent of the Nord respecting a pre tended interview between the Emperor of Austria and the King of Sardinia, which was said to have taken place at Villafranca. The official journal of Lombardy denies the reports published by certain papers as to the object of the mission of Count Reiset, and states that the French diplomatic agent has received such instructions from his Government as are favourable to the wishes and interests of Italy. The disturbances at Crema have not been of any political character. In the Duchy of Modena a great concourse of political electors have inscribed their votes. ST. PETERSBURG, AUG, 5. Baron Haber, manager of the Bank of Darm stadt, M. Hanseman, director of the Discount Bank at Berlin, and Baron Mulkens have received the concession for establishing at St. Petersburg a general society for banking and trading (society generale de banque et de commerce.) The capital of the company is to be 200,000,000 f. in 400,000 shares of 500 f. each. The statutes of the company have been confirmed by the Emperor. FRANCE. PARIS, FRIDAY. M. de Reiset was to leave Turin to-day for Parma. The rumour that his mission had been modified is not confirmed. The Patrie says that, according to letters from Toulon, the sailors of the fleet who have served the regulated time are at this moment being sent back to their homes. PARIS BOURSE, Aug. s.—There has been but a limited amount of business doing, but there is a great degree of steadiness in the market. Threes, after having been done at 69f, 55e., and 69f. 60c., are now at 69f. 80c. Mobilier varied from 840 f. to 847 f. 50c. Austrian and Lombard 567 f. 50e. to 5701. ; Orleans, 1,3651. to 1,3751. ; Lyons, 8721. 50c. to 880 f. ; Northern, 9351. to 937 f. 50e. ; Southern, 515 f. to 520 f. The following were the quota- ions :- 4 per Cents. 97 Do. end month 97 3 per Cents 69 75 Do. end month 69 95 Bank Shams 2850 Credit Mobilier 850 Do. Account 858 75 Credit Fonder 655 Belgian 4t 9Bi Piedmontese (5) Roman B7 Austrian .. — Spanish Threes Home Debt 4l 38 RAILWAYS. Cash. Account. Orleans Northern 935 .. 935 New ditto BlB 75 .. 817 50 Lyons and Mediterranean BBO .. 880 Geneva 5:32 50 .. 537 50 Southern Western 560 ~ 560 Eastern Sardinian Austrian Exchange on London, at sight, paper, 25f. The. - money, 25f sc. ; three months, paper , 24 f. 95 c.; money, 24 f. 94c. half a battery of mountain artillery, and a squadron of Guides. The same paper announces that Mar quis Fontanelli and Chevalier Malmusi have had a n audience of his Majesty the Emperor of the Yrench, and received encouraging assurances re garding the future destiny of the country. ITALY. The King of Sardinia has addressed the following autograph note to the Podesta of Milan : " Dear Count Belgioioso, The testimony of pious remembrance offered by the people of Milan on the 28th of July to the memory of my noble father has deeply affected my heart. The Milanese, associating themselves spontaneously to the domes tic sorrow of their King, prove that the bonds which unite me to them are bonds of love. I re joice at it. In honouring the memory of Charles Albert for the first time, they have at th 3 same time shown that years and events have not dimi nished their reverence and gratitude towards the originator of their independence ; and I thank them in the name also of Italy. Although I did not want any further proof to be convinced of the affection and loyalty of my Milanese, it has never theless been so pleasing to me that I feel it neces sary to certify to them how fully I have under stood their feelings. Your honourable mumeipa lity, in conv e yi ng my sentiments to their fellow citizens, will fulfil one of the dearest wishes of my heart, " VICTOR EMMANUEL. " Turin, July 31." A Paris letter, in the Independanee of Brussels, says Count de Reiset, who had an interview two days ago with the Marquis Dabormida at Turin, is stated to be of opinion that he will not find in the Piedmontese Government the support which, it had been hoped, he would obtain. His mission, it may be remembered, is to prepare, by conciliatory means, the populations of the Italian States to consent to the return of their Sovereigns, subject to the condition of the latter making con cessions, more or less liberal. If I am well informed, the Marquis Dab ormida did not disguise from Count de Reiset that the Government of King Victor Em manuel had attained the last limits of concessions in recalling its commissions from the revolutionised States, and he is represented to have added that it was impossible for the Sardinian Government to support a measure contrary to its well-known sym pathies in favour of the liberation of the Italian States." The Opinione of Turin announces that about 50,000 French troops will provisionally remain in Italy, owing to the precarious state of some of the provinces. They are to be stationed at Pavia, Milan, Casa' Maggiore, and Piacenza. Tho Piedmontese Gazette of the 3d contains various Royal decrees, viz., one suppressing a pro visional office in the department of Foreign Affairs ; another revoking the full powers granted to the Governor of Lombardy, and investing him with those which formerly belonged to the Lieutenancy under the Austrian rule ; a third, already an nounced by telegraph, extending the laws of the press to Lombardy ; and a fourth, authorising the purchase, by the State, of the railway connecting Alessandria and Novi with Stradella and Pia- cenza. The Modena Gazette of the 31st ult. publishes decrees signed by the lately-elected Dictator :-1. Organising the army in a brigade to be called the Brigade of Modena; 2. Entrusting the command •f the brigade to Major-General Ribotti; and 3. Provisfonally appointing Colonel Frapolli to be AUSTRIA. The Vienna Gazette publishes the following autograph letter from the Emperor of Austria to Baron de Bach :—" My dear Baron de Bach,—l have learned with emotion that the population of all classes have zealously made voluntary contri butions towards the extraordinary expenses oc casioned by the war. The patriotic donations made so abundantly ; the creation of corps of volunteers, considerably facilitated by the gene ral co-operation of the people ; the readiness everywhere manifested to supply horses to the army ; the very useful measures adopted by patriotic associations ; and, particularly, the spontaneous co-operation in providing for the wounded supply me with new proofs of the most satisfactory kind of the abnegation and devoted• ness of my faithful peoples, which are always manifested in times of serious trial. I follow the impulsion of my heart in expressing my warmest gratitude to all those who have taken part in these numerous acts of patriotism and philanthropy, which I shall never forget ; and particularly to the inhabitants of my faithful residence and capital of Vienna, who have set a brilliant example. I charge you to give general publicity to this manifestation of my gratitude. " FRANCIS JOSEPH. " Luxenburg, 28th July." PRUSSIA. A Berlin letter, in the Swabian Mercury, says:— " The changes in the organisation of the army can not be made without the assent of the Chambers. The following are the principal features of the re form which is in contemplation :—The obligation for serving will be again imposed on every one. The duration of active service is to be fixed at three years, with one year in the reserve. The four years following will form the first ban of the landwehr, Ewhich will not comprise men upwards of 29 years of age, instead of 33, as at present, or married men. The next four years will form the 2d ban of the landwehr, which will not go beyond 35 years. In this manner the defensive forces of Prussia will be much increased, without throwing any burden on the finances. With 17 millions of inhabitants she may raise an army of 800,000 men." LITERATURE The Semi-Detached House. Edited by Lady Theresa Lewis. Bentley. This is a charming little story that abounds in sparkling dialogue and amusing adventures, and whose characters are admirably drawn. There is nothing dull or commonplaca in any part of the book, it is a simple tale that is pleasingly told, and yet while it professes nothing it may serve to im part one or two lessons to those who have need to learn. We find Lady Chester, at first giddy and thoughtless, gradually acquiring a better sense of what was due to her friends and the knowledge of higher motives in life than mere amusement. She arrived at her new villa full of fancies, but as time passed on, and she became acquainted with the new neighbours she had so despised, she discovered their good qualities, and strove to be of service to them. There is great knowledge of character manifested in this sketch of life. We meet with some excellent portraits. Mrs. Hopkinson, in par ticular, is naturally drawn ; it is too often the habit with novelists to describe her style as essentially vulgar, with no redeeming points ; but this writer has shown more discernment in representing her as uneducated and commonplace, yet possessed of a kind heart and a clear head. By obeying the dic tates of her strong sense, and following the im pulse of her good nature, she never went far astray, and was welcome to the society of those of refinement and high breeding, who could never tolerate the pretentiousness and absurdities of Baroness Moses. The career of these wily speculators is rather a good point in the story. It is satisfactory to find that Rachel escapes from their clutches, though her crafty uncle has laid a snare for her, and tries with the utmost of his cunning dexterity to entrap her. The gentl e and gracious manners of Blanche and Aileen, are ag reeably described, and affo r d a re f res hi ng con trast to the want of taste in some, and deficiency of culture in others. Blanch e , who is more promi nently brought forward, is a delightful person, fresh, and uncontami na t e d w ith the contact with the world of fashion, of which she was a brilliant ornament. Her only faults proceed from want of thought, and it is very gratifying to find that being called upon to act more for herself than she had ever been before, in consequence of her husband's absence, her innate advantages of disposition be came matured and perfected, while much that was frivolous and flighty passed away. Lord Chester, the little that is seen of him, attracts by his dash ing, spirited demeanour, while Captain Hopkinson is a good specimen of a British seaman. With its superior talent in delineation of character, with the life and spirit infused into its pages, and with the natural, easy style that pervades its narration, this story has every chance of meFting with suc cess and becoming a ge neral favourite. It may be confidently recommend ed to all who desire an hour's amusement in the p erusal of a delightful volume. THE BUILDERS' STRIKE. We are sure we only express the feelings of all sincere and enlightened friends both of masters and men, when we give utterance to our earnest wish that something could be done to adjust the differences between the two classes. Their inte rests are identically the same, and sooner or later they must come together again in the same relation to each other as before. Surely then it would be infinitely better that an arrangement could be come to now, before irreparable mischief has been done both to masters and men. Can no one, equally the friend of both classes, tender his kind offices ? If so, he surely will not have to appeal to either class in vain. We believe there are faults on both side but as we wish to heal, not to widen the existings ; breach, we will not refer to the mistakes made by either party. Let each see whether some conces sion cannot be made to the other. We have great hopes that some earnest and enlightened_ mediator between the employers and employed will come on the stage without delay ; and if so, all may yet be speedily and satisfactorily arranged.—Morniny Advertiser. EXTRAORDINARY SUICIDE BY NICOTINE. Yesterday evening a long inquiry took place at the Bedford Hotel, Upper King-street, Bedford. square, before Mr. Wakley, coroner for West Mid dlesex, touching the death of Mr. John Henry Herban, aged 42, which was occasioned by his swallowing nicotine, or essence of tobacco, a deadly poison, uner circumstances of a.very extraordinary and lamentable nature. _ Frederick Albert Blake, an intelligent and ac tive officer, of St. George, Bloomsbury, deposed that about nine o'clock on Tuesday morning he was passing through Upper King-street, Bedford square, when he heard screams from the residence of the deceased, who was the proprietor of an hotel, as also a wine merchant. On entering the house he met Mrs. Herban, who was on the floor scream ing, and incapable of answering any questions put to her. Some of the domestics explained the cause of what he witnessed by taking him upstairs, wili he discovered the deceased on the floor of his cham ber; he appeared lifeless. He (witness) ran off for Mr. Berrington, a surgeon residing in Holborn, who promptly attended. Mr. Wakley said that the conduct of Blake highly praiseworthy. He (Blake) was one of tin best officers he had. The widow of the deceased, who was so deeply affected that she was obliged to be supported into the room by Blake, gave evidence that her hit( husband had been in a low despcniing way fip sonte months past, in consequence of severe losse> in several speculations connected with railwa; companies. By the Coroner—She was not aware that he had nicotine in his possession. He had not threatened to destroy himself. He was a good husband and father, and of moral habits. Mr. Berrington said he had made a post morten examination, and ascertained that death was caused by nicotine. It was the second instance of self destruction by the said deadly poison ur on record. It caused death instantaneously. Verdict, temporary insanity. BETTER NEVER. (From the Times.) The Emperor of the French has followed up his promise in the Moniteur by acts tending to reas sure his neighbours. The disarmament of all the snips of war armed or in course of arming at the different ocean ports, and the disbanding of all sailors who have served for five years, are facts which we accept with satisfaction. They relieve us of all disquietude of an immediate character, Ind give us assurance that the peace of the world is not at present to be disturbed. It would be scarcely gracious to inquire why this great armament was ever placed in 'such a state of forward preparation, or against what shores those fleets and transports were once in tended to operate. It may have been but an un necessary menace, intended as a warning to certain maritime Powers not to interfere between France and the prosecution of her Italian policy. It may have been but a costly precaution to protect what the world is rather inclined to consider an inade- quate result ; or it may have been but a demonstra tion intended to make manifest the power and ex tend the influence of France, and to show Europe T A: o h t a ic t e. gre mr at forces hatever mayshe ca have concentrate at veheenthereason sho fo r r t building and arming all these ships and calling out all these trained sailors, we are content to accept the lesson, and to con it over for present and future instruction, glad to be relieved from the necessity of emulating a continual wastefulness, and from the apprehensions which overgrown inac tive fleets or armies always must inspire. We are ready, without too rigorously criticising the past, to give our Ally full credit for the wise and prudent act which relieves his own finances from a burden wholly unnecessary, and which prevents his arma ments from being a standing menace to his neigh bours. We believe the assurance which is put forth information France, ation and confirm, which tha all o tin putting own tin goff so h ur is ces of war harness the Emperor Napoleon acts from no sensa tion of faintness. He disarms only as a strong man may disarm who would enjoy a season of repose, and, being secure that none will attack him, can afford to allow himself the luxury of unen cumbered rest. At short warning he could recall the sailors who are now sent back to their shore going industry, or to the fisheries and coasting trade, whence they were drawn ; and the ships, whose last trip previous to being put out of com mission is to test their boilers, will require no long delay to prepare them again for sea. It is a cour teous expression of an intention to ue at peace with the world. He does not beat his sword into a reaping -hook, but he burnishes it carefully, re moves every speck of rust, and puts it away ready to hand in a convenient armoury. The opportunity invites us to imitate the exam isghrboomuorv. ed,Nwoow may th well ta e ll ll l consider whether we cannot in our turn i nve nt pie ground for ollr apprehension pow erfu n e some system which may give us the same power of easy transition from a peace to a war establish ment which he possesses. When we return from war to peace we are accustomed to break up our forces, turn loose all our soldiers and sailors, and act generally as though there was no possibility that we should ever again be at odds with any notion under the sun. At the next threat of dis turbance we have to create everything, to re manufacture all the stores we have wasted, to entice, painfully and by dilatory allurements, by ones and by twos, a great army and a great navy. When we have done for the moment with our instruments of war, we toss them all away ; when the French return to their inter vals of peace they lay their instruments of war carefully by. Now is the opportunity for consi dering whether we cannot amend this inconside rate and most costly habit. Surely we shall now devise some system of manning our navy so that the process of manning a ship of war may have rather more the air of a piece of naval discipline, and rather less the appearance of a contested election. It cannot be necessary that our ports should present the discreditable spectacle, so common at all times, of ships waiting six or more months for a crew, while according to the French system, as described so admirably by our Marseilles correspondent the other day, a whole fleet could be armed and the crews marched on board in less time than it would take us to get a single ship to sea. It is true that we have not all the facilities which a French Emperor has. No aspiration for military or even naval glory would ever persuade Englishmen to consent to a conscrip tion. We cannot impress seamen or shipwrights to build or to man a fleet, any more than we could impress those five thousand builders who met in Hyde-park and distribute them in gangs over our public works. It could not be done under any pres sure of necessity. A great danger would produce half-a-milion volunteers, but no apprehension would induce our countrymen to trust any Government with the power of impressing a single sailor. But it is this admitted and inevitable necessity which should impel our Admiralty, and all the keen wits which so large a service comprehends, to invent some substitute for this great reliance of the foreigner. If the authorities would seriously bend their minds to it, it is not a very difficult problem. Men are only to be influenced by force or persuasion, and when it is made apparent that force will never again be tolerated, we must aceept the conditions of the other method, and resolve to use money, or money's worth, to accomplish our purpose. a The oo . v evil e d o o f the not present h the m systemen when n u P w o o n htahvee gotur - f them. At immense expense and with enormous difficulty we man a fleet. We give extravagant bounties, we get a great mass of untaught hu manity, we despatch it as quickly as possible into blue water to be fashioned into a respectable sea force, and at the end of three years the crews are come to work well together, and are fit to be trusted. in any enterprise. Just at this period the ships return to harbour and are paid off. In three months this disciplined and effective body of man of-war's men is scattered all over the globe. Thor are to be found in every man-of-war which flies a pendant. The force perfected at such pains and ex pense, and so powerful in its unity, has been wan tonly and wastefully shattered ; and while these men are seeking employment in America or Sweden, ..Captain Stentor of the Boreas, is injuring his lunge and playing the stump orator in some no r thern seacoast town, vainly endeavouring to induce the vagabonds of that neigbourhood to go to sea with him. Now, a man may find a reason good or bad. for any nonsense ; but there can be no valid rea son for so pernicious an absurdity as this. To keep the trained crews of a fleet is an object cheaply attained by any necessary expenditure. If you want a thing, and watt it suddenly, the cheapest intogoio be but the market w h en it i s to be sold plan and articles tobuy are tif obtained only inferior suddenly i an d make shiftn market overt, you must buy it leisurely, and keep it by you for use. You don't sell your horse every time you dismount from him, nor your gun directly the shooting season is over, nor your grates when you put your fires out; yet it is easier to find a ,horse or a gun, or to fix new grates, than it is to put your hand upon a disciplined crew of seamen. As a matter of economy it would, we believe, be cheaper to pay in time of peace for a larger force of seamen than the country at the 'moment may require, than to have to give bounties and fall back on the crimps every two or three years. It is not the wages of the seamen that consume the money, it is the waste. Wages con' stitute only a comparatively small part of the Navy Estimates. It does not seem to be beyond the power of the human intellect to devise some scheme by which any surplus of trained man-of-war's men might be retained for the service of the navy Suppose we were to pay them only a portion of their ordinary wages, and allow them to enter on board coasters, on condition of being forth coming at short notice ? What say you, Y e groaning British shipowners ? Here is a bounty el l British bottoms in the coasting trade—is not this a notion worth your adoption ? But, however the object is to be attained, and whatever may be ite ccb threeaoo s nn t r , sa a tm t h t ao a aN i n, n et f e hea d swhs i t tedah m ani ynd u sdi s t inngn b o e tfa . ioncreyc Weef future of e rst a eao n miwgdl n oepua o trtrr t hsyi. enNarygofiffhbeutoiyehrerthdin.as neigh' e he :: gram shall h and n d marchinexcusable o n if b wedd o a n n e ot of tranquillity arrange a similar easy system o f rising without effort from a stat of peace to a ste t° of war. THE WRECK OF THE P ARANIATTA.—Latest counts from this noble steamship, lately stranded on th e Anegada reef, b roug h t to Southampton by the mail stealne i. Teviot, state that the Paramatta had worked herself I 1 P: right by grinding away the rock on which she is lying' Her paddle-floats were taken off, and the ship lightened T E other ways, and very little doubt was entertained that, the weather co n ti nue d fine, she would be got off. A large quantity of apparatus, consisting of Stamshaw clay, cas k „' warps, and o th er appliances, was sent out from Southavri ton on Tu es d ay l ast by the Atrato, to-assist in the work °f floating th e l Paramatta' also seven divers and two Wallypumps, pumps, and a n engineer to drive them. THE MALTA AND C AGLIARI E LECTRIC rry LE GRAPH.—Some an x i e t y h as l ately been felt as to the de/ of the steamer Lady Sale, which left Malta some weeks ag e to repair th e ca bl e b etween that place and Cagliari, vik i since the 6th of March, has been disabled, no later tiding: having been received of that steamer since the 3d of . 1 %7 when she telegraphed heie progress as far as Marini and the buoying of the cable off that Island. A sa l !,, a s vessel which arrived at Malta from Marsala reports tha t the steamer had been in there with damage, and had l e; at Thursday, the 21st of July, to resume operationa l _ . hoo to splice on io the two ends the stouter cable which.sio,'" t i r e brought out from England over the spot where a ruP: ;01) has twice occ urre d, an d w h ere cora l reefs and volcanic ic' are known to exist. Cc ac ra. mi l ilt 101