The Sun. — London, England, 1862-10-23 00:00:00

F VE IS of EMINENT STA TESMEN, b y THOS. HOOD, Esq., 'in FUN, every week. I. ow Ready, handsomely bonnd in Magenta cloth, gilt, price 4s. 641 ; post free, 55., the ECOND half-year - 1y VOLUME of FUN, with numerous Engravings by talented artists, and humor ous Articles by the following distinguished writers : W. Bailey, Esq. W. S. Gilbert, Esq. W. Barber, Esq. T. Hood, Esq. E. L. Blanch ird, Esq. T. S. Jerrold, Esq. G. W. Brick,eman, Esq. W. J. Prowse, Esq. F. C. Burnand, Esq. Godfrey Turner, Esq. H. J. Byron, Esq. &c., &c., &c. Office, 80, Fleet-street, London. DANGEROUS W OMAN," A7l in "SATURDAY NIGHT," every week. One Penny. CLOTHING for the RELIEF of the LAN CASHIRE and CHESHIRE OPERATIVES. Depot, Bridewell. Bridge-street, Blaekfriars, E.C. The Lord Mayor and Committee beg to announce that, by the kindness of the Governors of Bridewell, a portion of that Building has been placed at their disposal for the RECEP TION of CLOT T ING for the use of the SUFFERING POPULATION in the DISTRESSED DISTRICTS. They therefore invite contributions of Clothing of all kinds and of Blankets, and request that they may be sent to the above-mentioned place. ISlansion House, E.C., 18th Oct., 1862. r * * For full particulars of amusements see first page. ROYAL ENGLISH OPERA, COVENT-GARDEN. This Evening, DINO HAFI. Commence at 8. THEATRE-ROYAL, DRURY-LANE. This Evening, at Seven, THE COLLEEN BAWN. And at half-past Nine THE RELIEF OF LUCKNOW. THEATRE-ROYAL, HAYMARKET. This Evening, A DAUGHTER TO WitMARRY. After whicGh,. OUR AMERICAN COUSIN. h DUCK HUNTIN And JACK'S RETURN FROM CANTON, Commence at 7. NEW THEATRE-ROYAL, ADELPHI. This Evening, THE GREEN BUSHES. Followed by THE SHILLING DA Co Y. mmence at 7. ROYAL PRINCESS'S THEATRE. This Evenin,, DELICATE GROUND. After which, at 8, Sheridan Knowles' Play of LOVE. With PERFECTION. ROYAL LYCEUM THEATRE. This Evening, PEEP O'DAY. Followed by KILLAR NEY. Conclude with IT MUST BE TrtUE, 'TWAS IN THE PAPERS. • Commence at 7. ASTLEY'S ROYAL AMPHITHEATRE. This Evening, MAZEPPA. Brilliant Scenes in the Circle. f;onciuding with a Comic Ballet. Commence at 7. W. S. WOODIN'S CABINET OF CURIOSITIES, Polygraphic Hall, King William-street, Charing-cross. Commence at 8. MR. and MRS. GERMAN REED, with MR. JOHN PARRY, Every Evening- (except Saturday), at the Royal Gallery of Illustration, 14, Regent-street, at 8. ARGYLL ROOMS, Great Windmill-street, Hay market. Open every evening for Promenade and Dancing. CANTERBURY HALL.—EVERY EVENING.— Grand Operatic Selection and Cantata -Unsworth, Eugene, and Duley, the great comic trio, &c. Commence at 7. THE OXFORD, 6, OXFORD -STREET, EVERY EVENlNG.—Donizetti's "Don Sebastien," and other grand Operatic Selections, with full band and chorus.—The comic performance of Miss Caroline Parkes—Mr. Maclagan's En tertainment Drew Dean, the youthful Flutist—Unsworth, the original of "any other man," arc, Commence at 7. NOTICE. Ail remittances are, henceforth, to be made to Mr. JOHN CHAPLIN, at The Sun office, 112, Strand, who has been appointed, by the Lord Chancellor, Receiver and Manager of The Sun newspaper, and the outstanding debts due in respect thereof. SIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE. Tam Day.—Morning, Ih. 27m.—Aftenaoon, lh. 45m. To-moßnow.-Morning, 2h. sm.—Afternoon, 2h. 26m. „.- ' _ • A,' Dlni , !• THE SUN. LONDON, THURSDAY, OCT. 23, 1862. A Confederate raid through Maryland into Penn sylvania, a fierce battle in Kentucky, with the usual Federal report of the enemy repulsed, though con fessing to severe loss, is the result of the military news by the City of Baltimore. The reasons for the fresh attack on Maryland, or rather on Pennsyl vania, we are left to conjecture, but they can be in no way difficult to divine. The Southern troops are known to be in the greatest want of all things, and therefore desire to supply themselves at the cost of the North. Maryland, they do not wish to offend, for she is a slave State though a border State : the active STUART crosses the Potomac, therefore, at a part where it nearly approaches the borders of Pennsylvania, rides through the Slave State into the wealthy Free State, and takes possession of two undefended small towns. The principal booty is mentioned as five hundred horses ; the chief damage the destruction of a Railway Station. Besides the plunder and destruction the Confederates doubtless think it worth while to keep up the prestige of the first invasion of Mary land, to show that they were not too much cut up at Antietam Creek, to be the first to resume opera tions, and altogether to exhibit a bold front. For the affair in Kentucky, indebted as we are to Mr. STANTON only for our knowledge, it is im possible to accept his statements without adding a large percentage to the Federal disadvantage. The battle was fought at Perrysville, nearly in the centre of the State. Desperate fighting commonly means that the Federals had, at least, all they could do to hold their ground. The numbers engaged appear to have been about 18,000 on each side. The Federals confess to a loss of 2,000 h illed and wounded, including many valuable officers ; also to momentary defeat on their left ; for once it is not added that the loss of the enemy was double their own ; if it were as great or greater, it ought to have been known, provided BUELL'S report be correct, that the enemy were repulsed and fell back. If the account of the Confederate General :MORGAN being routed by DUMONT, and having to fall back from Frankfort • and Louisville towards Cumberland Gap, in the south-east corner of Ken tucky, be correct, Kentucky must have been pretty 'well cleared of Confederate troops by the two Fede ral General s DUMONT and BUELL. The only body of ti le rn remaining would be these whom BUELL d had riven from Per rysville to Harrodsburg, and Dumo N • T Would be at liberty, by the rout of MoR GAN> to unite with BUELL and drive BRAGG out of the State. Such is t the position of things in the Y s large and wealthy State e of Kentucky, according to Federal statements, must subtract from the representation sucV discount as we think proper for informati on endor,le d byalways Mr. S ecre t ary S TAN TON . One thing must always be b orne i n m i n d . I n Border States, lik e Kentucky, ky,the slav e h o ld ers are part of the fierce, brutal, sav age the population ; all the ruffianism of such States is naturallyit was at their command ; just as it was i n Missouri when at tempted by these w..etches to crush freedom there. t Hence, the Confederates find a suppl y in enu of savages ready for any deed of bl oo d , while the decent part of the inhabitants do not ri se to arms unless under strong provocation. This fact, of all the villany and ruffianism of the Border States being at the command of slaveholders, gives the South an appearance of greater influence in those States than it really possesses. Ali the better por tion of the people are opp-)sed to the war, and are quiet and little heard of. The ruffians, armed by rabid slaveholders, rake themselves conspicuous enough. When we turn to more general views of the position of affai ;xs, there is much that looks dark on both s id es . ' P ile N or th fi n d s its paper rapidly a ei.reeiating, and th. e, premium on gold has, without THE SUN, LONDON, TIVIR,SDAY EVENING-, OCI I O I 3ER 23, 1862, any special cause, risen higher than ever. It once reached twenty-nine per cent., though it is now one or two per cent. again lower. Yet the real resources of the North can hardly be touched yet, for war taxes have hardly begun to be levied, and what has been done has been accomplished by merely incurring debt. The South has had already to make ♦ast personal sacrifices of the comforts, and almost of the necessaries of life ; if the North will do the same the South will have but little chance of wearing it out. The South must be utterly ex hausted long first. Indeed it seems to be on the verge of exhaustion. It must by this time have pretty well used up the military stores which the traitor FLOYD accumulated within its jurisdiction in the reign of BUCHANAN, and what it has taken from the Federate is about balanced by what it has lost to them. As to money it had only paper from the beginning, the silver soon vanished. I n d ee d with apostolic simplicity they co u ld say — s il ver and gold we have none. Cotton bonds were issued on cotton subscriptions, asked from those who had nothing else to give, Customs they have none, in response to their ad captandurn tariff, issued to atttract the notice of Europe. And now the last expedient is announced to be—" A resolu tion introduced in the Confederate Congress, autho rising the Secretary of the Treasury to purchase or impress one million bales of cotton at a fixed price ; and also to send agents to Europe to sell this cotton_ The resolution also proposes the repeal of all laws prohibiting the export of cotton from ports occupied by the enemy, when such cotton is pur chased by foreign Governments or subjects." The Confederate Executive, in fact, proposes to turn merchants—to buy at the depressed prices caused in their own country by the war it has created, and to sell at the extravagant prices to which it has raised the price of cotton in Europe. How they are to get the cotton out of " ports occu pied by the enemy," and to secure money in return for it, is not mentioned. Un less they have means unknown to Europe for raising the blockade, no project could seem more hopeless. General BRAGG has, indeed, issued a proclamation, urging the North-Western States to make a separate peace with the South. Can he think, by their aid, to open the Mississippi ? We should rather expect that the North-West would be the last to allow that river to run through foreign territory. It is their only great outlet to the ocean ; and, come what will, we ex pect to find them determined to secure one side, if not both sides, of the great watercourse to the North. But Southern taxation must surely have reached its limits, when one -frith of all produce, agricul tural and other kinds, is to be taken to carry on the war. It is a production tax of 20 per cent., not a net income tax. Whatever labour value the producer has thrown into his article, this, as well as the value of the original material, the Confederate Government proposes to confiscate. Connecting such a measure as this with the con scription, which leaves at home only old men and boys, it seems clear that, if the North holds out but a year or two more, Slavedom will be utterly beg gared, both in men and money. But without doubt the fact which most threatens the republic, "whose corner-stone is the Divine right of Slavery "—is that this Divine Right is now in danger of sharing the fate which has befallen so many similar "Divine Rights." The North is awakening to the necessities of its military position. It has been slow to do so, but it has awakened at last. It now sees that it cannot fight the South while slave labour liberates every blackguard white, and every fanatic proprietor of slaves, to do battle for slavery. It should have seen this last year, and spared itself two Bull's Runs, the disastrous expul sion from before Richmond, and the invasion of Maryland. Better late than never, though eman cipation of rebel slaves will be far more difficult in January, 1863, than it would have been in April, 1861. The North is, however, becoming unanimous nor, while it would not have been unanimous then, It now sees, what no arguments would have proved to it then, that it is not strong enough to crush the Rebellion without crushing the cause of the Rebellion. If we may use the expression—slavery has already bruised the heel of the North, the North will now bruise the head of slavery. The rage of the South shows that it dreads the decree of emancipation far more than another vast levy. All the fine• spun tales of southern tenderness over the negroes, and the negroes' indifference to freedom—all, vanish at once. It turns out, that when the negroes hear of I the PRESIDENT'S procl mation the fear is that they I will rise and demand their freedom—the freedom about which they cared nothing—that they will so prize it as to massacre all their masters and their families who do not freely grant it to them, which we should say would serve the masters right. These same masters have massacred in war thousands of white men. The sole object of the war has been to rivet the black man's fetters, and if, as in the case of the refugee Anderson, the alternative is—liberty to the bondsman or the death of his enslaver, the bondsman has a perfect right to the white man's lif e . Any Englishman will at once affirm that any man, black or white, is justified in killing the man who would prevent his obtaining free dom. At heart the Southerns, notwithstanding all their bluster, know as well as other men this inera dicable law of nature. Every slaveholder, be the laws made by the oppressing race what they may, knows that, as regards Ms slave, he is guilty of a wrong hardly second to murder. If the slave can successfully take the law of nature into his own hands and escape, GOD and Christendom justify him. If the slaveholder or his agents hinder that rightful escape, he is justified in killing his assail ant rather than submit to capture. It is this simple, fundamental fact in human nature, this divine right of the slave to his freedom, whi c h makes the South quail. The North is coming fully to realise its bearing, and the South will soon learn what it is to fight against the love of freedom. The calamity which has during these last few terribly anxious months befallen the manufacturing districts in the north, but more especially in Lan cashire—and under the lamentable effects of which the operatives there are now so very grievously suf fering—has brought to light more than one great compensative advantage. Very recently we took occasion to comment upon the circumstance of its having tended in a remarkable manner to demon strate before the whole world, beyond the reach of contradiction, the fact that in oneness of feeling, of sympathy, of loyalty, of patriotism the sixty vast and scattered colonies of England are, in deed and in truth (and not merely nominally), integral parts of her imperial dominion. The contributions spon taneously poured in to the relief of the distress in Lan cashire from th e en d s pf the habitable globe, fHroirandosttha fr o th en, remotest corners of Ca na d a , f rom Australia —contributions al ready amounting to many thousands sterling— have evidenced, as we maintained th e o th er even ing, beyond the denial even of Mr. GODWIN' SMITH, the cordiality of the attachment of our colonial fellow citizens (fellow-citizens, that is, of the same Empire) to the old Mother Country—a cordiality of attachment all the more manifestly unaffected by reason of its being now elicited, not by any re kindling of pride because of some recent enhance ment of her imperial glory, but by that gentler and far more potent incentive to this, we repeat, " spon taneous" demonstration of good feeling, a kindly pity for our home misfortunes. Hence the value of these fraternal tributes, offered to t he manufacturing population of the north of England, by the inhabi tants of our remotest possessions. It is not by any means, however, to the force and to the significanceof the import of these occurrences, that we are here again desirous of directing the attention of our readers. It is rather to that other equally notable and in some respect still more affecting corellative advantage resulting from the very same conjuncture of circumstances —circumstances so disastrous in themselves, but so consolatory and encouraging to the empire at large in their consequences! " Advantage" seems an ina dequate word in itself by which to designate this dire calamity now desolating those populous dis tricts of the North devoted to the labours of our cotton manufactures. Yet as an advantage we are willing still to refer to it—our simple pur pose being here to emphasise the recognition of the fact, rather than to expatiate upon it in any higifiown terms of eulogium. And that Fact ! Is it not as recognisable, as resplendently visible upon the Latent as that other Fact, upon which we have already been commenting, in express words—namely, the world-wide sympathy for our home-sorrows, manifested by our colonial fellow-citizens, we had almost called them fellow countrymen. And with reason—for are we not all descended more or less directly from the same Anglo -Saxon forefathers? Are we not each pre pared upon occasion to assert our ineradicable devotion to the institutions of our fatherland, by averring—not as any mere grandiloquent flourish of affected patriotism, but as the enunciation of our loyalty to the land from whose free institu tions we derive under Heaven the guarantees of our most sacred and cherished birth rights—Civis Britannicus sum? Reverting to that other Fact, however—was it not eloquently indicated by one of the closing sentences of the Royal Speech read by the Lord Chancellor in his capacity as the re presentative of the Royal Commission, by which the last session of the Legislature was terminated according to the customary ceremonies of prorogation ? Meaning of course nothing less than the noble, touching, exemplary, far more than heathenishly philosophic, be cause truly and eminently Christian patience with which the poor operatives in the North have been bearing up from first to last, are still to this present hour bearing up, under the almost over whelming pressure of this dire calamity ! Some thing of the same kind, it must be allowed, was evidenced some sixteen or seventeen years ago in Ireland, when the unfortunate people of that sister island were actually dying by hundreds from the effects of sheer starvation. The same loyal submis sion—the same calm, and—we repeat the word, for it is not only the aptest we could use, but the only one applicable under the circumstances—the same truly and eminently Christian resignation. Else where in how many other countries—(does not His tory upon many a blackened and blood stained page declare the terrible truth to which we ale now in this incomplete sentence referring) —elsewhere, in how many other countries, have not the starving people risen in armed insurrection under the pressure of similar calamities ? Cala mities similar in their nature, though bearing fio resemblance whatever in their origin ! No work— no bread : poverty first of all, destitution after wards, starvation, literal starvation threatening them in the end! Circumstances like these were immediate precursors indeed of the dire events which marked the outbreak of the first French Re volution, of the French Revolution I The bakers' shops were pillaged—riot and bloodshed were i❑ the streets—the starving population, who could obtain no work, and who therefore could earn no wages, and consequently could buy no food, were out by thousands, and at last by hundreds of thousands, armed with every deadly weapon upon which they could lay their hands—goaded to that revolution ary outburst by the knowledge that they owed all their miseries and all their pitiable degradation to the grinding and accursed influence of a most cruel, be cause in one dreadful sense a most refined oligarchi cal mis-Government. In Lancashire nowadays, in Ireland more than three lustres since, the peo ple knew on the contrary full well that for misfor tunes rising at last to the extremest horrors of famine the free and benignant system of their constitutional and enlightened Government could be held in no way whatever responsible. The absolute reality of this has, indeed, upon each occasion been patent to the whole world—beyond the reach of the denial of even the most malignant enemies of England. The Irish Famine—arising from the disease of the po tatoes I The Cotton Famine now afflicting the manufacturing districts in the North of England— arising from a casualty no less beyond the reach of prevention by our Government, namely, that most afflicting casualty—the great civil war now rend ing assunder the North and South of the grand American Republic, world-famous for nearly a cen tury as the United States. Solaced by the recog nition of the ready and ample aid afforded years ago to Ireland, nowadays to Lancashire—consoled by the thought of the loyal patriotism manifested by our compatriots upon each of those ever-memo rable occasions—there is a crowning comfort in the consideration of the glorious and lasting good that result from the one calamity, and of the glorious and lasting good that may yet, with GOD'S help, result from the other calamity. From the Irish Famine—dated the triumph of Free Trade Principles. From the close of the American civil war who shall say that there may not be dated in turn the abolition thenceforth and for ever of the abhorred and inhuman system of Negro Slavery ? GOD grant it ! A charming little memento of a very notable gathering of celebrities has this moment reached our hands. We hasten gladly to acknowledge the receipt of it, because, by so doing we are enabled to notify the fact of its publication. It is a small pamphlet*, or rather less of a brochure than of a livraison, extending to sixty-three pages in all— the work attaining, in this manner, a sort of literary grand climacteric, at the very instant of its nativity —a wonderfully readable, and even enthralling " volumette,o or " bookling," in which are contained all the speeches (the report giving as nearly as pos sible the ipssissirna verba of the different orators) at the Banquet given to M. VICTOR HUGO, at Brussels, on the 16th of September. The charm of this re port is, that it is not merely a report. The speeches being strung together, like pearls, upon the thread of a very acceptable narrative. Aided by the reporter, who is also the writer of the run ning commentaries, connecting speech with speech, we are there, as it were, present in spirit at the han s quet. We do all but taste the viands and quaff the wines—we partake at any rate of what were the chief glory and zest of this banquet— " The feast of reason and the flow of soul I" To the watchful eyes, the listening ea rs, and the ready hand of M. GUSTAVE FREDgiux ) we are indebted for this faithful record of the proceedings attendant upon this noble demonstration and of the brilliant orations deliveredatit. Eleven orators took part in these proceedings. Chief amongst them all of course, the Hero of the occasion, the Author of Les illiserables. And after him without an instant's doubt, M. Louis BLANC, whose powers we are never in any way reluctant to recognise because of our having, fourteen or sixteen years since, crossed foils with him ourselves in these columns of The Sun—in a rather protracted correspondence, published almost from day to day. An interchange of arguments be tween M. LOUIS BLANC and ourff,elves, the thought of which yet survives somewhat agreeably in our remembrance, and which we may hope, if still re tained in his recollection, has not for that reason become embittered. If for nothing else, for inas much as the little book before us.contains within it a faithful report of M. Louis BLANC'S speech upon the 16th of September it would be welcomed as something intrinsically valuable and singularly well timed. About that speech there have been so many sinister rumours —rumours that this report will tend so effectually to dissipate. Referring to the oration then about to be reported by him, M. FREDERIX observes in a manner so eminently French !—" He speaks as he writes. Only to his style so comprehensive and so exact, to his views so ingenious and so profound, his voice adds, I know not what point that touches us, ah, so pro foundly ! There is in that eye full of fire and in that voice piercing and rhythmi• cal, of Louis BLANC, a sort of fascination!" We could find in our hearts to go on translating this eloquent "Souvenir " o f th e 16th o f Sep tember down to the elating sentence, only that, first of all, we lack / both time and space, and secondly, supposing 'we possessed at the mo ment the amplest allowance of either, we have a reasonable amount of respect for the laws of inter national copyright. Enough, therefore, if we now commend to those who care to have it, this very wel come importation. * Souvenir du Banquet. Ecrit par M. Gustave Frederic, Offert a Victor Hugo par MM. A. Laeroix, Verboeckhoven, et cie. Bvo., pp. 63. Bruxelles : le 16 Septembre, 1862. COURT CIRCULAR. BRUSSELS, OCT. 21. The Queen, and his Majesty the King of the Belgians, attended Divine Service at Lacken on Sunday morning. Their Royal Highnesses Princess Helena, Princess Louise, Prince Arthur, and Prince Leopold were likewise present. Her Majesty was attended by Lady Churchill and Lady Augusta Bruce. BRUSSELS, OCT. 22. The Queen remains at Lacken, waiting for a change in the weather to embark for England. A storm of unusual severity s ill prevails. The Prinee of Wales arrived at Lyons at the same time as the Prince Royal of Prussia. His Royal Highness travels under the name of Baron Renfrew, and the Prince Royal as Count de Lingen. The royal party attended the Grand Theatre the evening of their arrival, and were expected to leave Lyons the next day for Italy. His Excellency the Russian Ambassador is cx petted at Chesham House to-day from Brighton. The Duke of Newcastle has arrived at Thomas's Hotel, Berkeley-square, from Clumber Park, Worksop. The Earl and Countess Russell come to town to day from visiting the Duke of Bedford at Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire. The Countess of Ellesmere arrived at Bridge water House yesterday from Worsley Hall, Manchester. Her ladyship will leave town in a few days for Burwool, Surrey. Viscount Palmerston comes to town to-day from Broadlands in order to attend the Cabinet Council. Lord Henry and Lady Ulrica Thynne have left Maiden Bradley for Worthing. The Hon. Lady Airey and family have arrived in Grosvenor-place from the Continent. Her ladyship will leave town in a few days to pass the winter at Brighton. Sir George Cornewall Lewis has arrived at Kent House from Harpton Court, Radnorshire. The Right Hon. Frederick Peel, M.P., and Mrs. Peel arrived at their residence in Chesham-place last evening. THE ARCHBISHOPRIC OF CANTERBURY.—Yester day morning the conge d' elire, addressed to the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury, was presented to the Rev. Dr. Alford, who will proceed to the election within 12 days of the present date. Of course there will be no opposition. The last opposition to the election of a bishop recommended by the crown was in the case of Dr. Hampden, Bishop of Hereford, in 1848, when the dean and one canon voted against him, the majority of the capitular body:being in his favour. In the event of a vote of the Dean and Chapter being adverse to a royal nomination, or if they should fail to elect within twleve days, the crown can appoint by letters patent. The Archbishopric of York will not be vacant until aft , r the confirmatitn of the election of Dr. Longley by the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury is com pleted at St. Mary-le-Bow Church, Cheapside, and which will take place on or about the 7th of November. The following address is in course of signature in the Archdeaconry of York, and will be presented to the Archbishop in the course of a few days :—" We, the under signed clergy of the Archdeaconry of York are unwilling that your grace should quit the diocese without some ex pression of our regret at the loss of one whose wisdom, kindness, and self-denial we have largely experienced, and so gratefully acknowledged. We trust, however, that the change which we ourselves lament will conduce to the general welfare of the church. We rejoice that by your elevation, under God's good providence, to the premacy of all England, our national church will receive the benefit of the mature experience acquired during an active episcopate of 24 years in the northern province. We pray that the blessing of God may ever rest upon you, and that His grace may guide you in the discharge of the high functions of ;hat office to which you are now called ; that you may long enjoy health of body and vigour of mind, and that you may be the honoured instrument of promoting what we are assured is the dearest wish of your heart, the glory of God and the eternal good of man." THE CONVICT ROUPELL.—Mr. William Roupell, who was convicted on his own confession at the last sitting of the Central Criminal Court of forgery, and sentenced by Mr. Justice Byles to penal servitude for life, is still in New gate, no order for his removal having been received by the authorities from the Secretary of state for the Home De.. partment. Mr. Roupell, who is habited in the prison dress and has had his beard and moustache cut off, and his hair considerably shortened, is subjected to the strictest prison rules, to which he conforms with resignation. He is taci turn in his habits, and has never said a word to the officials who attend on him in reference to the subject of his confine ment. He has written nothing in prison since his convic tion, the rules in such a case forbidding communication with any person out of doors, and there is reason to believe that he has left nothing in the shape of documentary state ments which can tend to throw any light upon the che quered history of his past life and conduct. It is expected that he will be removed to the convict establishment at Portland in the course of a few days. THE CASE OF MRS. M`LACHLAN.—We (North British Mail) understand that the report of Mr. Young, the Crown Commissioner, in regard to the case of Mrs. M'Lachlan, was sent off on Tuez3day night to the Home Secretary, so that in a few days an answer may be expected. The convict continues to maintain a behaviour altogether Lecoming one in her position. She gives commendable heed to her spiritual advisers, the chaplain of the prison (the Rev. Mr. Doran), and the Rev. H. S. Paterson, who are unremitting in their daily attentions to her best interests. She speaks but little, and occupies her time mostly in read ing the Bible, and other good books. Her husband has frequent interviews with her, and we believe, with the ex ception of Mr. J. A. Dixon, one of her agents, no other person but those already mentioned and the prison officials see her, although applications have been most numerous and influential. There is no condemned cell in the North Prison, so that the prisoner has been confined all along in an ordinary apartment. With the view, however, of shut ting her off completely from the outer world, since her conviction, two cells at the far end of the corridor of the top flat of the prison have been boarded up. Means have been employed to keep the prisoner quiet and under strict surveillance continually. Female warders, accordingly, are constantly with her, and none but the two rev. gentlemen named, the prisoner's husband, her agent, and the prison officials, are permitted to see her. MR. COBDEN AND INTERNATIONAL MARITIME LAW.-Mr. Chilton, president of the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce, at a meeting of the Council of that body yester day, announced that Mr. Cobden would be in Manchester to-morrow (Friday), and would deliver an address on the subject of international maritime law. Mr. Chilton be lieved it was the intention of Mr, Cobden and some other gentlemen to form an association for the promotion of this object, of which Mr. Cobden has been so zealous and able an advocate. Mr. B. A. Macfie remarked that it would be desirable to co-operate with the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, and it tended to increase the cordiality and unanimity between the two bodies, as the subject was one of many others upon which it was desirable the two bodies should be in accord. RAILWAY CARRIAGES IN AMERICA.--The cars, as the Americans designate their railway carriages, on the road from Cleveland to Cincinnati, are among the nicest I have ever seen. They are not only brightly painted, gilded, and upholstered, and furnished with retiring rooms, but are warmed in winter, cooled in summer, and thoroughly ven tilated always, in a manner that could scarcely fail to satisfy a Times correspondent. In the warmest days of an Ameri can summer, with the thermometer at 100, and the train en% eloped in clouds of dust, these cars are clean, airy, and cool. By ingenious machinery a constant current of air is cooled and passed through them. In winter, these cars are warmed and ventilated with hot air, supplied in great abun dance. These cars, it is true, are not very exclusive. They seat 30 or 40 passengers. The gentlemanly conductor walks through the entire train to examine tickets, when it is in rapid motion; so the boy who sells newspapers, books, and sugar-plums has free access, and the coloured gentleman who supplies the passengers with water, where that luxury is not kept in well-iced reservoirs in every car. But the lack of exclusiveness is compensated to the traveller, who wishes to see the people of the country he is passing through. —Once a week.. EX-PRESIDENT TYLER.—It is related of him that, shortly after, his neighbours, in a spirit of pleasantry, elected him to the almost men's.' office of overseer of the public roads in his vicinity ; and that, instead of resenting what amounted practically to an insult, he not only ac cepted the post, but actually performed its duties in such a rigid manner, and exacted from the jesters so strict a ful• filment of the requirements of the law on their part, that they were glad to beg him, although vainly, to resign. Macmillan' s Afagazine. Slavery, as seen by the traveller in the South, presents only its softest and most amiable aspects. There is something fascinating ire the respect with which every white person is treated, and the obsequious alacrity with which he is served. E very negro, to whomsoever he may be , ong, must be respectful and obedient to any white per son. The superiority of race is asserted and acknowledged. If there are hardships and cruelties in this servitude, they are rarely seen by a stranger. The negroes are careless and happy, or stolid and stupid. Some are trusted with untold gold—some, I am sure, rule their masters and mistresses, and haVe things pretty much their own way. The servants of old families, where generations of black men have served generations of whites, all have the pride of family and ancestry, and look down with aristocratic contempt upon the common niggers of the nouveaux riches. That slavery has either a strong fascination, or same redeeming features, may be judged from the fact that English, Irish, and the Northern American emigrants to the South, what ever their former opinions, generally follow the customs of the country, and become the owners of slaves,—Once a eek. Importing Tea without colour on the leaf pre vents the Chinese passing off inferior leaves as in ihe usual kinds. Horniman's Tea is uncoloured, therefore, always good alike. Sold in packets by 2.280 Agents. `file Italian Cabinet," says the Petrie, "has just decided that Parliament shall be convoked for the 15th November. The decree to that effect is to be immediately presented to the King for signature," LATEST E WS. PARIS, OCT. 23. The following appointments of First Secretaries of French Legations have been officially announced to-day:— M. de Massignac, to the embassy of St. Peters burg; M. Frezals, to Berne ; M. de Rayneval, to Berlin ; and M. Bonnieres de Vierre, to Turin. M. Saint Ferrol will proceed as Second Secretary of Legation to Vienna. BRUSSELS, OCT. 23, 10 A.M. The Queen is still detained at Lacken by the violence of the weather. This morning, however, the hurricane has slightly abated, and her Majesty will, if possible, leave to day. TURIN, OCT. 22. To-day being the anniversary of the Union of the Southern Provinces with the Northern portion of the Italian kingdom, fetes have been held in all the principal towns. The cities have been illu minated, public alms have been distributed to the poor, and other popular rejoicings have taken place. Perfect order has been maintained. The anniver sary has also passed in the Sicilian provinces without disturbance. A branch railroad at Reggio has been opened to-day. The Dzscussione of to-day says that the Finance Minister has disposed of a large amount of Trea sury bonds in foreign countries, and that the Credit Mobilier has discounted 20,000,000 lire of these securities. Garibaldi has been removed from the Varignano to the town of Speszia. He now lodges in a house belonging to the Minister of the Marine. The weather was fine and the removal borne well by the patient. The state of the General's health is slightly im pro Ted, although the papers still express much ap prt hension. FRANCE. PARIS, WEDNESDAY. La France of this evening says that M. de Sar tiges will leave Paris for Turin at the commence ment of November. M. Drouyn de Lhuys received the Corps Diplo nig tique yesterday, and spoke for a considerable time with Monsignor Chigi, the Papal Nuncio. The Opinion Nationale of this evening states that M. de la Tour d'Auvergne will leave to morrow for Berlin, to present his letters of recall. La Patrie announces that the Council of State has resumed its sittings. The Emperor will preside on Friday next, when the question of the bakers will be taken into consideration. M. Fould, Minister of Finance, has returned to Paris from his visit to Marseilles. The Emperor has presented to Count de Kisseleff, as a special mark of his esteem when on the point of definitively quitting the Embassy of Russia, the ILsignia of the Legion of Honour in diamonds. The Count bad already received the Grand Gordon from the Emperor's hands on May 10,1859, the day on which his Majesty left for the Italian campaign. „ PUNCII” AND THE CARDINAL. Our humorous contemporary has hit it this week. Mr. Punch, to do him justice, is a very religious man. His hump 's, we almost imagine, a bump of veneration. We do not recollect, in his long career, a single sentence, or a single wood-cut, exhibiting the slightest tendency even to smile at religion. With all his mirth, drollery, caricature, lampoon ing, joking, jesting, and so forth—he never sees a laughter-provoking side in religion. We have often been struck with this. We have wondered how by no possibility, religious matters never move him to a laugh. Mr. Punch must have a very serious side to his inner man. But Mr. Punch does laugh him self and makes us all laugh with him, at counterfeits of religion. When a " worldly Wiseman" tries to talk in the language of religion—when a man who should be a meek Christian bishop sets up for a temporal prince, and plagues Italy and all Europe with his non possuinus, and his curses—why, Mr. Punch does religion the good service of making ludicrous those who would make the sacred thing itself ludicrous. Ever since England was England we have had this spirit among us. Our Wickliffe, and a host of followers, Catholics as they were, were not Papists; and the Holy Father got pretty well shown up by his children—wicked Hams as they were ! And now to these last evil days, if Popes, and Cardinals, and Anglican bishops play the fool at the expense of religion, Mr. Punch, therein religions' best friend, straightway puts the fool's-cap on them. Long may he live to do so. Card:nal Wiseman may see to a shade, this week, what every real English man, be he Catholic or Protestant, thinks of his canting pastoral. He will learn that he cannot drive past his " dear lambs" engaged in loading their bludgeons, and using their bludgeons, and afterwards write whining oily letters to those whom he did not quiet at the time, without incuring uni versal contempt. What all Englishmen do think of this pastor is that he was the shepherd who piped to the Pope's lambs while playing the Break-head Dance at the Garibaldi mound. The West Africa Company (whose prospectus will be found in our advertising columns), with a capital of £250,000, in shares of £lO each, intro duces itself to the public at a very opportune mo ine pt. The object of the company is to establish trading stations, factories, and depots on the coast of Western Africa, for the purpose of collecting and shipping the valuable products with which the in terior of the country abounds. The company also propose to introduce machinery for the preparation of the cotton raised in that pert of the world for the European markets, for which a very large revenue may be most certainly anticipated. The officers of the Niger expedition, and also Dr. Livingstone and other African travellers, state that indigenous cotton is growing in abundance through out vast districts, covering many thousand miles of territory in Africa, and all that is required to make it useful to Europeans is buyers on the spot, who will give the natives that which they require— namely, manufactured articles—in exchange for that which is now almost beyond price in the Lon don market. The promoters of the company are all excellent men of business, and they may safe'y calculate upon entire success. The company, no doubt, will be the means of contributing towards the total extinction of the foreign slave trade, as nothing is better calculated to attain that desired re sult as the full development of the resources of the interior of Africa. The traffic with France appears to be steadily in creasing. In the month of September 11,409 pas sengers landed at Boulogne from Folkestone and London, and 12,776 embarked for England, making a total passenger traffic of 24,185 or 5,422 more than in the corresponding month of 1851. The total passenger traffic in the first nine months of 1862 has amounted to 131,936 at Boulogne, and 108,634 at Calais, being a large increase at both ports when compared with the corresponding period of any previous year. This, it is considered, may be ascribed quite as much to the abolition of pass ports and removal of most of the French Custom house restrictions as to the influence of the Exhibi tion. The tidal service between London and Paris, via Folkestone and Boulogne, has now been regu larly performed in nine hours and a half for some months with great punctuality, and the services via Dover and Calais have likewise been accelerated, both in connexion with Paris and with Belgium and Germany. The international goods traffic is also increasing by way of Boulogne, and there have now been for several months daily cargo boats both to Folkestone and London-bridge. In the prison chaplain's report read at the Salford hundred sessions yesterday, it is stated that " though tens of thousands of our operatives have been reduced to poverty, the fruitful cause at all times of crime, few of them compa ratively have had recourse to dishonest means to supply their wants." The increase of committals of all classes in the year was 742. Of these 101 were debtors, and the chaplain remarks that this difference between the crime of a " year of famine" and that of recent years of comparative plenty, is " in nowise remakable." A SKETCH FROM THE CAKPAGNA.—Every one who is acquainted with the environs of Rome, and especi ally if he enters the Eternal City from Viterbo, necessarily preserves for some time an unpleasant recollection of the pastures of the Campagna. Spreading around in a circuit of many miles, they encircle the old walls with a zone of green. This zone bursts here and there into irregular mounds, which in places almost rise up into the dignity of hills. It looks like an angry sea, tossed and beaten by a storm into shapeless waves, and then suddenly, with all its fantastic heavings, turned into earth and carpeted with green sward. It was in a little valley opening out between two of these hills that, for the first time, I met with one of the barbarians to whom I have alluded. I had left the road, with its stones and dust, and found reason to congratulate myself on the change. The hard blocks of basalt that formed its pavement were far less agreeabl e than the springing grass; and the delicious perfume of the wild mint which I crushed as I walked, made me soon forget the blinding dust from which I had suffered so much. —Once a Woks IRAN CE. BOURSE, October 22.—fhe market has been heavy, but the prices of yesterday have been main tained with only a slight variation, Threes, for the Account, being now at 71f. 25c. Railway Shares also quiet, but firm. The market' again improved towards the close, and left off as follows :-- It per Cents. 9B 25 Do. end month 3 per Cents Do. end month 7l 50 New 3 per Cents Do. end month — Credit Mobilier 1210 Do. end month 1210 RS IL i Bank Shares 3250 • Credit F oncier 12.55 I Piedmontese Fives 73 Italian Loan . 73 05 Roman Austrian • Spanish Threes sla • Home Debt WAYS. Cash. Account. Orleans lO5O „ . 1052 50 Northern .... New ditto OO . - - 1110 .....'-' ...... Lyons and Mediterranean 1182 50 .. 1187 50 Geneva — .. 365 Southern - .. 882 50 Western • Eastern .... Sardinian Austrian f,nn.hard North of Spain Saragossa 622 50 .. 625 Ditto to Barcelona 353 75 .. 351 25 AMERICA. (Per Anglo-Saxon, by Telegraph to Father Point, and from Londonderry.) NEW YORK, OCT. 11, Evening. General M'Clellan's headquarters are at Harper's Ferry. Chanibersburg, Pennsylvania, surrendered to the Confederates on the conditions that private property should be respected, but that public property would be removed or destroyed. The Confederates are moving in the direction of Gettesburg to destroy the bridge at that point and prevent the approach of General M'Clellan's troops. The Confederates destroyed the Chambersburg railway station, and carried off 500 horses. The report of a battle having been fought at Perrysville on the 9th inst. was incorrect. General Buell officially reports that an engage ment occurred at Perrysville on the Bth inst., last ing from 10 a.m. till dark. The enemy was re pulsed, but not without some momentary advantage on the left. The main body of the enemy fell back in the direction of Harrodsburg. General Buell adds,—" Our toss is probably pretty heavy, includ ing valuable officers." COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE. NEW YORK, OCT. 11, EVENING. Money tighter. Exchange on London advancing. Bankers' bills, 141 to 1411. Stocks dull. New York Centrals, 103: ; Illinois, 782 ; Erie, 541. Cotton advancing—middling uplands, 561 c. to 57c. Flour unchanged. Wheat declining. Corn and provisions quiet. Coffee very firm. Sugar advanc ing. Molasses very firm. DEATH FROM EXCESS OF JOY.—A melancholy instance of the effects of excessive joy, which Mdme. de Girardin so vividly pourtrayed in her drama La Joie fait Peur, has just occurred at Gimbrede (Gers). M. Troye, cure of Gimbrede, was last week visited by his mother, with other relations, to attend public worship at his church. Mdwe. Gimbrede was almost beside herself with joy at the thought of hearing her son celebrate mass arid preflch a sermon, but she had scarcely heard the first words of his discourse when she fell from her seat, and was carried in sensible into the sacristy. Her son, seeing what had hap pened, hastily descended the pulpit stairs, but from exces sive agitation fell into a fainting fit. M. Troye soon re covered, but it was found that his mother was beyond all human aid. Is A YEOMAN AVOLUNTEER ?—At the Edinburgh Small Debt Court, on Friday, Mr. Bayne, a member of the Midlothian Yeomanry Cavalry, summoned the keeper of a tollbar for return of certain tolls levied on him (1) for his horse end (2) for his carriage, while proceeding to inspec tion and review in July last. Mr. Forsyth stated that during the inspection week his client was daily in the habit of despatching his horse and accoutrements, in custody of his groom, to the exercise ground, at Porto belle. The pursuer himself drove down afterwards in a private phaeton, and in full uniform. Toll dues were in varibly exacted, as well for the horse as for the carriage. He maintained that tho yeomanry were totally exempted from these tolls, in respect of the 37th section of the General Turnpike Act, and section 71 of the Mutiny Act of 1860, both of which were applicable to officers and soldiers; and of the Ist section of the statute of 1861 extending these exemptions to all volunteer forces ; and he submitted that under these various clauses the exactions complained o f were unauthorised and illegal.—Sheriff Arkley, in giving jud gment, sail the Volunteer' Act of 1861 did not, in his view, embrace yeomanry corps at all, and he considered that these corps were entitled simply io the limited exemption conferred on them by the General Turnpike Statute. He therefore held, in the present case, that as the pursuer had not himself ridden his horse on the days in question, the dues corn plained of were legally ex i g i ble, . 1.,...... IHE HYDE-PARK .RIO7S. The Monde (the clerical journal) has the follow ing remarks on the late meetings in Hyde-park in favour of Garibaldi:— "It is, at the least, singular that the English nation, which passes for being reasonable and re flecting, does not feel how extremely ridiculous it appears in the eyes of France with its Garibaldi= meetings and its Hyde -park b ring matches. We could understand very well in France a summons to quit Rome, and we should reply to it with the politeness which characterises us ; but we under stand less those cries hurrahs, and insipid speeches which invariably terminate with the sacra mental words That it may please the Govern ment of her Majesty to use its efforts to induce ihe Emperor Napoleon to recll his troops from Rome.' Of what use is all this outcry ? Whom does John Bull think of terrifying ? But supposing it should not please the Emperor to withdraw his troops; if he leaves John Bull to himself to cry and vocife rate until, tired of the occupation, the comedy comes to an end, on which side will be the laughers in Europe ? That the occupation of Rome displeases you, good neighbours, Lo one con tests; that it hinders the % realisation of your pro jects, nothing can be more true ; that it should re duce your Mazzinian proteges to powerlessness, that is most annoying; but do you think with your meetings to again set the demolished hero of A spro monte afloat, and to open to him the gates of the Eternal City ? Do you think yourself again at that period of happy memory in which we were ready to indemnify all the Pritc herds in the world, and when a sign from Lord Palmerston was sufficient to cause poor France to pass through a needle's' eye ? Or do you judge the true French nation according to the measure of our Piedmontese writers ? Great would be the error. Learn, good neighbours, that if there is a pressure more insupportable to us than any other, it is' yours. We do not trouble ourselves with your affairs. Have, then, the goodnes to let us alone." IHE BLOCKADE AT MEXICO. The rigorous manner in which the blockade of the Mexican ports was enforced having caused remonstrances on the part of the English squadron, Admiral Jurien de la Graviere addressed the fol lowing letter to the captain of the English vessel of war, the Phaeton : " Monsieur le Commandant—ln reply to the letter which yon have done me the honour to address to me, relative to the effects of the blockade established by the French navy off the port of Tampico, I have the honour to inform you that I am authorised on my own responsibility to moderate as much as possible the rigours of that blockade, the object of which is to prevent the in troduction of articles contraband of war. In conse quence, so soon as I can communicate with the com mandant of the Berthollet, I will modify the instructions which have been given to him. No obstacles will therefore be raised until further orders, to the entrance of neutral vessels into the port of Tampico, when it shall have been proved that they have not on board any articles contraband of war, or passengers who may seek to land for a hostile purpose.—l have the honour, etc., JURIEN DE LA GRAVIERE." DEATH OF LORD ARUNDELL OF WARDOUR.----In telligence has been received of the sudden death of Lord Arundell of Wardour, which happened at Wardour Castle, his seat, near Salisbury, on Sunday last, from an attack of paralysis. The deceased peer, who was in his 58 t h year, succeeded to the title on his brother's death in 1834, but never took a prominent part in public matters. He was the head of one of our oldest Roman Catholic families, and a count of the Holy Roman Empire. He is succeeded in the tittle and estates by his eldest son, the Hon. John Francis Arundell, who was married only on the Monday before his father's death to Miss Errington of Northumberland. Mr. WESTERN WOOD M.P., ON AMERICAN AVFAIRS.- Ar. Western Wood, one of the members for the City of London, presided on Tuesday at the annual dinner of the West Kent Agricultural Society at Bromley, and, in addressing the company, made the following allu sions to the fratricidal war in America :—He hoped, for the sake of the honour and glory of this country, that her Ma jesty's Government would persevere in that course which they had laid down and so religiously followed, and which had received the approbation of the country at large, and that they would continue to observe a strict neutrality be tween the contending parties. We had nothing to do with their quarrels, and could only offer oar sincere and earnest prayers that it would please God to point out to the belli gerents the enormity of the offence they were committing, and induce them to consent to a peace which would restore g not only prosperity to themselves, but to a most important portion of our country. THE CASE OF STEPHEN EDWARD MEANEY.-- It will be remembered that, owing to the manner in which the jury brought in their verdict of "Guilty" at the trial at the Middlesex Sessions, the passing sentence was de layed till Mr. Bodkin, the Assistant-Judge, could consult with the Judges of the Court of Criminal Appeal, Meaney being allowed to be liberated on his own recognizances £BO, and two sureties of £4O each. It seems, however, that this latter condition has not, up to the present time, been complied with, for the defendant is now in the mis dem2anant ward of the House of Correction, at Coldbath fields, wearing the prison dress, picking oakum, and re ceiving the usual rations of a convicted prisoner. THE UREAT EASTERN.—W e are informed that the repairs of the Great Eastern were commenced about a fortnight ago. The screw was alongside her on the 6th instant, and it was expected to be fixed on the 11th instant. When it is fixed the repairs will soon be completed, and we shall have her here most likely about the middle of next mont h.—Liverpool Mercury . TRADES' GARIBALDIAN DEMONSTRATION. —A largely attended meeting of the officers and leading mem bers of upwards of 20 of the principal trade societies of the metropolis was held last evening at No. 2, Bouverie-street,. Fleet-street, for the purpose of considering the propriety of the London Trade and Friendly Societies taking part in the proposed public demonstrations to Garibaldi on his visit to England. A deputation from the London Trades Council was also present. Mr. Cremer, carpenter, having taken the chair, explained the object of the meeting, and a private communication from General Garibaldi having been laid before the meeting, after an animated and enthu siastic discussion, the following resolutions were una nimously agreed to :—" That this meeting, composed of officers and members of various metropoli tan trade societies, having been made acquainted with tho intention of General Garibaldi, as soon as the state of hi; health will permit, to pay a visit to England for the pur er pose of thanking in person the English people for the sym pathy they have displayed towards him and the cause in which he is engaged—the unity of Italy—and having heard that it is intended to give the illustrious Italian patriot a public welcome to London, hereby recommend the Trade and friendly societies of the metropolis to take part in such demonstration." "That every Trade and Friendly Society willing to co-operate in such demonstration of welcome be requested to appoint a delegate or delegates to aid in carry ing out the object on behalf of their respective societies, and that the persons present form themselves into a provisional committee, to act until the delegates are chosen." A sub committee was then appointed to prepare an address to the trades, and the meeting adjourned. PRICE OF BREAD. Yesterday the placards of some bakers on the Surrey side of the metropolis intimated to customers a reduction of the 41b. loaf; weighed on deli very, to the price of sd. per loaf, and of very good quality Bread of a superior make ranged in price from 6d. to Bd. GREAT FALL OF THE BAR OMETER.—On Sunday last the barometer at Brackley, Notts, sank through 017 01 an inch in 14 hours, and the reading (corrected for tempe rature and reduced to sea level) was as low as 28.93 inched in the evening. The Mayor of Derry, Mr. B. M'Coskell, ba g received an anonymous letter from some illiterate persona' naming certain parties who, it was alleged, were conspiring to murder him. The parties named seemed astonished a t the charge, and solemnly declared that there was not the s lightest foundation for it. The Austrian Gazette eulogizes M. D ro uyn d e Lhuys, and s eems to think that his accession to dace ' 6l'r be favourable to Austrian interests. In the Austrian War .Budget, now under con" sideration, there is one item in which rats and mice ar e es pecially intereted—as a sum of 2,500 f r. i s d ema nded f or the fe e di ng o f cats to be kept in the victualling magaz ines l of the army. A Vienna journal states that more than 1, 000 stray dogs, whose own ers cou ld no t b e di scover ed, we re destroyed in that city during September. The Opinione of Turin states that at a late sitt i _ v e g d of the municipality of Milan, Councill or G r i ve lli _ A that 10,000 f. be s e nt to G e neral Garibaldi, t o b e distributed by him among the Garibaldians requirin g ass i s tance. 17 a long debate, the motion was negatived b y 18 votes to b f According to an official ret urn , t h e produce , O to l cotton of the present year, in Malta and G o za, amour , ~ 84,244 cwt., being an increase of 62,020 c wt. over . 16 7_ Attempts, it is said, have been made to introduce the rican plant, but hitherto, owing to the prejudices of .A 133 ~e people, without success. The City of Baltimore, from New York' b u l brought £ 230 , 000 in gold, making a total of a- h ° o £660, 000 from America w ithi n th e past On ~~