The British Press; or, Morning Literary Advertiser. — London, England, 1826-03-25 00:00:00

milltr Lard Ellesborou7,h's Act, left it for them to say, whether it WAS wilful)y or accidentally done. The Jury band the prisoner Nut Guilty. IV ilteons Briggs aged 21, stood capitally indicted, upon the oath of James Barclay, of 11'etherby in the NVest Riding, labourer, with feloniously assaulting and robbing him of 245. on the King's hivh way. _ . This'll's.. a very aggravated case on the part of the prisoner.— The prosecutor known by the name of Scotch Jemmy, a poor feeble old man, who described the prisoner as the gentleman at the bars stated, that the prisoner overtook him, and knocked him down, and kept kneeling on his breast (the old man begging that he would not murder him); but not content with this, he knocked his head against some stones then-, until the blood came out of his mouth and ears, whemby he was ill for a great length or time. The prisoner made no defence, nor called any person to his cha ractez.—Guilty—Lkath. 'Co-morrow, being flood Friday. their Lordships will attend Vain, service, and aftervarda proceed to their respective Courts. LVFANTINE .ARITIIME77CIAN. However frequent, of late 'team, exhibitions of precocious ta lent, the development of intuitive knowledge must at all times excite a high degree of interest with the philosophical investigator of its cause, means, or agency, whilst it cannot fail of gratification to the curious observer of its extraordinary appearance. These phenomena are nevertheless of considerable variety, and their exhibition is consequently productive of sensations differing neeording to the character of talent displayed, or the disposition or fe, hogs with which it is approached. . A musical infant, for instance, tea y exhibit a wonderful preco city of acute sensibility to sound and touch, which, duly encou raged, will, during its infantine state, elicit the moat enthusiastic applause and encouragement from the admirers of that beautiful science. And yet, how great tweet, may be the advance of the child to musical perfectibility, there can exist little doubt of the pOssible attainment of equal execution in an adult musician of sufficient application, diligence, and perseverance. An infant arithmetician, on the other hand, evinces an intuitive knowledge of pearcely credible extent, in the development of the astonishing faculty of precocious calculation. Whilst, therefore, an exhibition of these powers excites admiration, it affords matter I for the most subtle investigation of the most profound philosopher; for wouderful as is this precocity of mental activity, ingenuity, and accuracy, die probability of its continued existence with its intim tine possessor is extremely slight, and its acquisition by the un gaited student at lam unprecedented. if not impossible. Herein then is to be found the difference between musical and arithmetical precocity-the former is dependant on acuteness of sense, and the hitter on mental intuitiveness; the one will not, the other may, fail its possessor; the former may be attained by a dili gent exertion of iugentous talent, whilst to the acquisition of the latter no talent has yet been found adequate, no ingenuity or appli cation commensurate with the vast extent of this mental deride eaten. It is not therefore surprising that instances of an early maturity of mind 'Moab] be more rare than these of sense, and although , there are at the present moment several musical prodigies under a i Male of exhibition in the metropolis, whilst for several years no instance of arithmetical precocity has invited the fostering patron age of a liberal public, that circumstance will rather justify regret titan afford matter of astonishment to reasoning and scienti. Nc men. Within a period of twelve years, however, three instances of ex traordinary mental calculation by children have attracted public attention. In 1815 George Bidder, a native of Devonshire, then nine years of age, appeared in the metropolis, and acquired a very considerable degree of notoriety. His father was a journeyman stonemason, and sect him to a village day-school until he was eight years old, at which time his wonderful faculty first developed itself. He was subsequently educated at the University of Edinburgh, through the liberal interference of several gentlemen of fortune, and is now in the immediate employ of his Hotel Highness the Duke of fork, retaining possession of his astonishing powers, his father and Wilily being most liberally provided tor. In 18111 another boy, an American, named Zerah Colborne. then about ten years of age, made his della as a candidate for a share of public patronage. He now holds an honourable appointment in one of the Government Offices, but is understood to have lost the faculty of mental calcu lation. We believe he also is indebted to the same Royal Duke for his liberal support and influential countenance. The third child gifted with arithmetical precocity was a girl (we think of the name tit Williams> about twelve years of age, end the daugher of a spitalfichla weaver. In 1:120 and 1821 she was to be seen at most of the low public-houses in the city, ostensibly as a hawking re. tailor of fruit, but in reality supporting herself and a drunken ' father by the exhibition of her wonderful faculty. She was rather a good-looking girl, and losing the intuitive knowledge she once' possessed, she became the victim of an unprincipled man, and is said to have died nbout a year since. There is now in the metropolis a fourth instance of the existence of mental precocity, in the person of a mere child scarcely six years of age, of the name of George Noakes, the uneducated sums of waits moving until very recently in a humble sphere of life. From a scientific investigation of the extraordinary talent pos. armed by this infant, entered upon by several gentlemen of high character and attainments, it would seem that the wonderful gift of mental maculation has never been so fully developed as in the pre. sent cue. Against trick or deception his infantine years may surely he considered a sufficient guarantee, and certainly, it his extreme yputh be taken into account, his possession of the power of solving arithmetical problems, without pen or pencil, and with perfect accuracy, will make it self-evident that the maturity of the taculty has never appeared at a more early age than in this instance. Anti not only is the power of mental calculation earlier shewn to exist limb the child, but it would seem also to be much more clearly and intelligibly developed by him, than hitherto by those who have peeceded him in the public favour ; for, in every instance of work. ' mg an arithmetical question, this interesting boy can and most steadily does explain the method by which he has arrived at its so lution, and that too by definition so clear, and in language so simple, that the merest tyro cannot fail of comprehension. At the highly pleasing examination referred to. an Honourable member of the house of Commons asked the child " the amount of- 32,000 times 74d." To which, in about a minute, he replied, s. 10001. " The method pursued in working the propo sed: questioo being inquired, the hole fellow said. " Why 32.000 pence is LAX. Ns. lki. ; 7i times 1001. is 750/. ; 7,1, times 33/. tie- &I. la 230!.; ' and 7501. and' 50/. is 1000 t." He atided-" And 1 can do it ten or twelve different ways:" and it was obviously pleasing to hint to be desired to explain that variety of means for the attainment of the same result. The following (taken down at the time) were then giver, by him at intervals of less than a minute: Secow D 51ETHOD.-32,000 farthings is 33/. 6s. 841. and thirty times 331 is. Bd. is 1000/. Taint) Al ET11013.-Thirty times 32000 farthings is 9110.000 farthings, and there are 960 farthings in one pound-so 960,000 ; farthings is 1000/. Fa U /Tit NI ET 1110 D.-Thirty-two thousand times seven and *WI is 240,000 pence-and as 240 peace is one pound, 240,000 is 1009/. FIFTH MET ITOD.-32,000 sixpences in 16,000 shillings, and 32,000 times three halfpence is 4,000 shillings; 16,000 and 4,000 snake 20,000, which being shillings, is 10001. Star 0 P.l ET11013.-32,000 times three halfpence is 4000 shil lings, and five times that is 29.000 shillings, which is 1000/. SSWEN TB 31ETHOD.-32,000 halfpence is 661. 13s. 4d., and lfteen times 66!. 13e. 4d. is 1000/. 1:1011T11 141 LT HOD.-30,000 sixpences is 15,000 shillings; 30,000 times three halfpence is 3.750 shillings: these together snake 18.750 shillings, which is 9371. 10e., a fifteenth of 937!. 10s. is M. 10s. and 9371. 10s. added to 02/. Ins. i s wing. Newt's 31gvtiort.-30.000 times aevenspenee halfpenny is 925.01* pence, which is 900,000 farthings, a fifteenth of which is 64,000 farthings, which make 960,000 farthings, and which is 10001. Texan l‘letrsoD,-98,000 times 30 is 2,800,000 farthings, which is 311410/., and a third of 3000/. is 1000/. Rare 1: S: Tit METHOII.-Sevetipence halfpenny is 30 farthings, and 3itettat timer 30 is 900,000 tarthingt; a twentieth part of 900,000 is 45.1100, which together make 915,1190 farthings, and one- Meted of 45.000 is 15.000 farthings; and 916,000 and 15,000 make 960.000 farthings. whichls 1000/. Tweet-no 51 ETHOn.-288,000 times sixpence is 144,000 Ail • : 288.080 thousand times three halfpence is 36,000 shillings; 000 shillings and 36.000 shillings make 160,000 shillings, 1, is 90001. and one-ninth is 10001. Whether or not other arithmetical prodigies have possessed the ability of describing the means whereby they armed at the solu tion of given problems, George Noakes is the brat instance of such ' astonishing precocity, combined with so great order and arrange ment as to permit the interesting development of the manner of cadetileting the sums proposed. One instance of thesingalar decision of this mental phenomenon was given a ter evenings since, on the agitation of a question which has long punted the most able mathematicians, and on the ulation of which, either as to the result or method of calculation, scarcely any twoof them are agreed ; we allude to the multiplication (4991. 19s. !ltd. by 991. 19s. Did. George, in answer, replied that ainultiplylrg of 1001. by 100/. and deducting from the product 99 farthings 1i9991. 17s. I lld. would be given. He was informed that odors had made it 99991. 15e. 10d. " Then," said he, " they es* of the 100 farthings both ways, but that will not give the sight answer." Here, then, is the decision of intuitive knowledge, from a child unable, fro,n his infantine age, to reason the point ' which has perplexed so many wise men, or even to explain why the course pursued by others will fail in producing a correct Yalu. ties I The problem itself is a puzzle to mathmisticians, several of whom declare their conviction of the child's accuracy, being themselves unable to prove him correct, or 'thew him to be in error. It should be added that this problem has been hitherto considered beat solved by the laborious and prolific mode of cubcing. whereby it is necessary to pen about 150 numerals, whereas the child arrives at she result by the most simple means, in from 20 seconds to half a minute. It h a singular fact with regard to this child, that during the tirris•axepirl by him in working a problem, his attention never uppers abstracted from surrounding obje to or irrelevant mover. sat M ar god, as ear aa opinion can be formed, he proceeds in his task with the greater facility in proportion to the increase of seeming teierraplior.. On his preliminary examination (fsw the father at its conclusion declared bus intention of forthwith calling public attention to the extraordinary talent of his child), lie gave *eventl instances of the extreme tenacity of his memory in the development of a pecu ' Rarity of very singular character, viz. the power of working diffe rent ptoblenx at the sante time, without the slightest appearance 0 confusion or asosyance. THE BRITISH PRESS. The father states that it is now about a twelvemonth vinee tha OUTINIAN LECTURES. boy first exhibited any sign of precocious talent, and that what first called his attention to that circumstance was the pleasure with which George informed him that he could " count a thousand," and shortly afterwards that he knew how to count a million. lsed little - We are per suader! that no apology can be necessary at this time, either trom us, or tram the Society that undertakes the lectures, fur giving publicity to an extract from them, which may be considered nation of lett decide • , a point in science, in At about five years of age he was w.— to exerute little pecuniary an inaitan . Mitten _ .etters to i. .‘ic upon commissions for his mother, at a chandler's shop in the neighbour- order to increase the stock of human information. hood, and whilst it never happened that the boy erred in the BATH, Fxs. 14. 113%. amount reguirer for the purchase of a variety of articles of house- In this time of increasing festivities at this place, we have had keeping, ft not Infrequently occurred that he would point out in- the Outinian lecturer, Mr. Richardson, who has given. at the Free accuracies in the maternal arithmetic on similar occasions. These mason's Hall, in Vork.street, for the first time, his lecture called appear to be all the reminiscences of his parents, as to the dawn of i the " Key of Ifurke's Sublime and Beautiful," in a complete state; that brilliant faculty, which, although yet in its infancy, surmounts and it seems to me at once to throw the necessary ligh: on that impediments that thwart the arithmetical ambition of men of au- great man's system. The first part of the lecture states the disco. lure years and hard-earned celebrity. very of the first edition of the " Sublime and Beautiful," try the In person this chltd is rather diminutive, appareritly delicate In late librarian of the Royal Institution,- with a curious and impor. his constitution, extremely restless in manner, docile in dispoi:ittin__, tam , though short, preface, which might have been lost had it not and of a very interesting countenance. White "at work" he is for that gentleman's successful search of it, to present to the always "at phy." running from one part of the room to another, ident of the Outinian Society. Some principal objections of directing his immediate attention, now to the latch of a door, then to Burke, which chiefly render it curious, are there stated ; and in de. the pattern of the carpet, and again to some other object of interest fence of them the lecturer observes—" 1 believe these objection,' to all children of so tender an age. It may be well to observe that are far from having been convicted of futility by the metaphysical he enjoys perfect t.ealth, possesses a wonderful elasticity of mind, writings on the same subject of the present century, but fully jail• and requires considerably more sleep than most children of his tilled my here addressing you." yearn. After a tninoteexamination, in the second part of the lecture, of We understand the Phrenologists have duly investigated the or- the principles which it was the object to establish, it thus con. ganic peculiarities of the child's pericranium, that a cast of the cludes--" On the whole, it appears to me that I have redeemed the upper nart of the head has been taken by Mr. De Ville, and that pledge given is the first part of my lecture, of my intention of fully the celebrated lie. Srurzheim has lectured on such proof of the In discussing the point there left unexplained ;so far succeeding, that fallibility of his system to crowded and admiring audiences. I flatter myself that the penetrating metaphysician who hears me, but has not given sufficient attention to this philosophy, to attempt to arrange the sybilllne leaves from which it is to be made out in that easily legible and intelligible order which it has been our en. dearour to place them, may be persuaded, even through our success in the adoption of that measure, that the trousle he has so relin quisliql to us was likely to be rewarded by its consequences. He may acknowledge that, with this Key which we profess to bear, commanding the egress of the blameless fugitive from the Gates of Pain, opening in this enchanting work, into the awful glooms of the Sublime, to conduct to the verdurous paradise of the Beau. tifal, we have moved, but with no sinful spirit. . The intricate wards ;' THE SILE TRADE.—TheMarrehester Mercury, in reply to the observations which have appeared in the London Cowries aril Morning Herold, and the Macclesfield and Manchester Couriers ' respecting their statement in a for mer number, of the improved state of the silk trade at Macclesfield, says, " With respect to the broad and most important fact, however, whether the silk manufacturers have or have not been getting up a case, to endeavour to deter Ministers from carrying their proposed measures into effect—we reiterate our clear, decided, and thorough con viction that such is the case, and this conviction, the result of a pretty keen observation of their proceedings, is cer tainly not to he shaken, either by the disclaimers of that body, even with the Mayor of Macclesfield at their head, or the abuse of their newspaper tools." Attempts have already been made to break the regu lation so recently adopted by mutual agreement, between the fustian-cutters and their employers, for establish ing an uniform and fair scale of prices for cutting fustian. The great body of the masters, however, are determined, if possible, to maintain that scale; and we hope, for their own sakes, the work-people will co-operate with them. At pre sent, we believe, they are very far from being fully em hloyed ; and to agree to work at reduced wages, for one ouse, would produce no improvement as regards their quantity of work, but it would force other masters to reduce their prices also, m self-defence.—Manchester Mercury. The important question respecting one of the Customs of the Manor of Taunton Deane, which was to have been tried last week at Exeter, stands over, with several other untried causes, until next Devon Assizes. The ancient records from the Exchequer, illustrative of the question at issue, were so numerous and bulky as to require a waggon for their conveyance, which proceeded to Exeter with its musty load under a proper escort. OLISTINATE LITIGATION.—On the fith instant a case, which was an appeal from the Court of Exchequer in Ire land, came before the House of Lords, where the question at issue was a matter of account, and the whole sum de pending 130/. The Lord Chancellor observed, that the case had now been in litigation twenty-two years. It had been for nineteen years in the Court of Exchequer in Ire land, and it had since been several times before that House. It was melancholy to see parties persevere with so much obstinacy, where the expenses must have amounted to fifty times the sum in dispute. However, if the parties persevered, he was bound to form his judgment upon it with as much attention and impartiality as if the sum at issue was three hundred thousand pounds. Should the case go back again to the Court of Exchequer, as perhaps, from the state in which it was, would be unavoidable, it might be a very good thing for solicitors and barristers, but it would he the most terrible blistering which could be put upon the backs of the parties. He therefore suggested to them, if they had not lost all common sense, to put the papers into the hands of some sensible man, and submit to his arbitration. If the public were to hear of these proceedings, how they would exclaim against the adminis tration of justice in the Court of Exchequer in Ireland, while in fact, not the Court, but the parties themselves were to blame. The Counsel for the appellant expressed his readiness to adept the suggestion of his Lordship; but the respondent not entertaining the same views, the case I went on. and must gradually ' Every bolt and bar Of massy iron, or solid rock, with care, Us fasten.' fie may allow first. (and others less profoundly instructed after. wards embrace his opiuien,) that the system of criticism just exhi. bited is calculated to indicate the principles which regulate the im pressions made upon our minds by the writings of Homer, Shalt ulnae, and Milton ; anal that even the language that we use to de scribe a similar pleasing influence on us from surrounding objects, in our least studious hours, cannot easily serve our purposes better, if we scruple to have recourse to the vocabulary furnished us by Burke. In that approaching season of the year, when all our pre judices combine to wean us from the attractions which certainly conspire, with the pursuits of business, now to detain us in the crowded city, we sh-11 more readily turn a listening ear to the voice of Poetry, emphatically questioning us in these words : Oh, how can'et thou renounce the boundless store Of charms which Nature to her votary yields, The warbling woodland, the resounding shore, The pomp of groves, the garniture of helds; All that the genial ray o f morning gilds, And all that echoes to the song of even, Ali that the mountain's sheltering bosom shields, And all the dread magnificence of heaven ?' " Now, while delighted with the simple pleasures here recon:. mended to us, we turn our backs on the scenes among which our meeting here chews it natural for us still willingly to linger, though it should he Where Fear, Distrust, Malevolence abide, And impotent Desire and disappointed Pride.' And, while reasoning on the sentiments which unsophisticated Nature thus excites in our minds during the salutary contemplation she encourages, let us not be led too hastily by the arguments of the beet living philosophers, to distrust the attempts of a great man to classify those - blending or contrasting characters, which produce the effect of her enchanting variety. Allow a writer who has so many claims on our respect, from the acknowledged possession of both useful and ornamental genius, and of the most laudable ap. plicatinn of it, that full and fair trial of the accuracy of his pro found and elegant conjectures, which supposes the possibility of time, fur the reflection of iris readers, to be necessary to appreciate them. The abuse of scientific inquiries during the course of the last century has tended to reader unpopular that minute diacrimi. nation and methodical arrangement against the habits generated, by which we were not in those days sufficiently guarded; and yet improvements in language, founded on the precision requisite to the reasoner, have been sought perhaps with more assiduity as well as success, during that time, than at any former period. Part of the labours of the late Mr. Horne Tooke have been employed in pursuit of this object, confessedly with such success as to have im. mortalized his name. That writer had recourse to the assistance afforded by etymology to pursue his inquiries with the judgment here acknowledged, though certainly carrying his expectations too far of a future advancement in science by its means. Others have worthily followed the sumo course. Edmund Burke adopted a similar mode of providing for his fellow creatures the similar ad. vantage of an ameliorating expression of things by words. Not having to propose to himself the task of tracing them learnedly to any roots discoverable ia other languages, he exhibits rather a re semblance in the office prescribed to him, of that assigned to our General Father at the first formation of language; when in the terms of the great poet (for the origioal employment of winged words): the total kind Of birds, in orderly array cn wing, Came summoned over Eden, to receive Their names of him.' And when that endowment of Adam with extraordinary powers, by . the Deity, took place, which he himself is made by the same poet to describe in the fallowing manner As thus he spoke, each bird and beast behold Approaching two and two, these cowering low With blandishment, each bird stooped on his wing; I named them as they passed, and understood Their nature. with such knowledge God endued illy sudden apprehension.' I have occasionally, also, in the course of my lecture, hinted at a similitude between the mental operation which we are now cnntem. plating, and that which distinguished the admirable Linnaeus, be. mg celebrated in a passage of an elegant poem on gardening, by a deceased poet of eminence, which is as follows : Countless are vegetation's vernal brood, As are the stars that stud yon cope of Heaven ; To marshall all her tribes in ordered file, Generic or specific, might demand His science, womProoa Swede, whose ample mind, Like ancient Tadator's philosophic king, Stretched from the hyssop creeping on the wall, To Lebanon's proud cedars.' And if the system of the philosophical orator proves only as service. able to, and as calculated to form a bond of union betweenonen of let ters,to promote the successful study ache same subject, as that of the conprehensive naturalist, It Is not certainly, on the score of the in ferior difficulty of arranging general and abstract ideas, compared with those made palpable to the senses, nor of the inferior import ance of the human mind to the other parts of nature as an object of study, to direct the views of the benefactor of his fellow -creatures, from which it will derive a limitation of its claims to respect. But these are trifling considerations , when it is the question, a s m y ar guments hate just led me to render it, whether all ;that is dear to us, whether the laws and constitution of our country, with our hap piness in this world and the next, are to be the victims of a f a lse philosophy. To return, then, to this momentans subject. IVe are conscious (anti we act as if we were) that such employment of our reason as would improve and perfect logic and grammar, is what merits to be continued without scruple, till the advantages of the ancieht and modern systems of thinking on those subjects shall have been thoroughly investigated, and the superior claims of either to judgment or to invention ace in consequence acknow. ledged. To this we seem to agree, unmoved by the complaint of a fancy-smitten critic of merit, that " the philosophical, the geome. tricot, and systematical spirit so rau:h in vogue, which has spread itself from the ectences even into pulite literature, by consulting only reason, has diminished Lid destroyed sentiment ; and made our poets write from and to the head rather than the heart." To this statement there might have been little or no objection when the critic wrote, or understanding the general rule in the sense lie did himself. To observe such a medium as this, may be to culti vate reason and sentiment each in the just degree only, which it; re quisite beet to prepare mankind for the perception of rational hap. piness, and s4pulate it to the performance of genuine duty. And, while the idtiffilon of this method prevents our entangling ourselves in the puulit formalities of the dry dialectician, it equally saves us from the contrary discredit of that mixture of folly and injus. tice. displayed by the affected contempt of the manly energies of reason, though intliepensible to repress the ever-recurring spirjt of mawkish sentiment. For, by restraining these energies to insure the clue preference of the excellencies of the heart over those of the head, we risk to divest both of their utility; while deceived by a similarity (in a sort of warmth) between two qualities in words and actions otherwise extremely different ; we may be said, in this I manner, to seem to perceive, invariably, the dictates of the heart in those of the imagination. "And can any one have a better claim to be heard on similar sub. jeers than he, whose zeal, after affording an unrivalled proof of his qualification fur the task, allowed him not to remain idle in public danger; when,untleunted by the prospect of imputed inconsistency, he without hesitation flew to his post, for the defence of our Holy Religion and our matchless Constittoioo ? He will be proved, by all our lectures on the present subject, faithfully to have adhered to the principles which then prompted his heroism. While he points out to you all the parts of die fair edifice of Reason for very opposite merits, in the construction of which he has deserved the moat exalted praise, he will ever be found carefully reminding you, to prevent any philosophical critic's plausible misrepresents. tion of his words, as either meaning the positive and serious assertions of a spirit of unfounded theory, in hypothetical state ments, pretending not to be proofs, but mere eloquent illustrations, or testifying in other remarks that he is vain—is presumptuous enough to describe what has been due to his contrivance in the fabric (elaborately wrought thoug it be), as visible any where but in the superstructure. For that, amid the officious counsels of worlely conceit, a voice dlirerent from all others bad been dis tihgniOtel—"rhe strain he heard was of a higher mood'—it was the voice of his great employer ; and that (still ringing in bla ears) pronounced the words—..' Other foundation shall no man lay.'" It appears by the evidence appended to thiChancery Report, that the property now vested in securities, in the name of the Accountant-General of the Court f Chan cery, amounts to upwards of thirty-nine millions. SEAMEN'S Site Nores.—Our attention has been called by a letter to the Editor of the Liverpool Courier, to the present system in the out-ports, of paying seamen their advances by ship notes, which it is asserted, and we have reason to believe with truth, is productive of inconvenience, uncertainty, and fraud. A greater number of men are engaged and ship notes issued than are necessary, or in tended to he paid ; the consequence is, tradesmen are liable to heavy losses; seamen are charged an exorbitant pre mium, though seldom proportionate to the risk and loss by ship notes; thus the honest seamen is frequently com pelled to make up the loss by the dishonest and unprin cipled. The ship note system also evidently holds out an inducement, if not an actual bribe, for desertion from the ship. The mariner knows a ship note is mere waste paper, which the law does not recognise; and if he deserts the ship, breaks his engagement with the captain, and defrauds the tradesman, by making away with the cash and clothing obtained for the note, not being amenable to the laws, he can put all parties at defiance. When more men are shipped in this careless way than are wanted, and several sent back as superfluous, this opens the door to fraud; and disappointment, if not disaffection, must result from such refusal. Thus, the bond which should unite men to their masters become loosened, if not broken and destroyed. It is apparent to tradesmen, who have suffered most severely by this defective and nefarious system, that a stamped order, made payable twenty-one or thirty days after date, signed by the merchant or ship-owner, would remedy the present grievance. It is apparent, that such a plan would render seamen better disposed towards their captains, more provident of their clothing, more hound to the ship, whether in British or foreign ports, and secure all the advantages, without the disadvantages of the pre sent insecure, illegal, and vexatious mode, or of that which is sought to be obtained by the merchants by the coercive act, that of imprisoning deserters for three months. Basta) or Fisit.—We have been favoured with the following communication from a highly respect&ble Cor respondent, upon whose veracity we place the most unli mitA reliance:— " In the winter of 1829, I stocked a new pond of mine, consisting of four or five acres, with various kinds of tirh, amongst them nine jack were reckoned, none of them exceeding one pound weight etch a month or two after it was found necessary, in consequence of the pond leaking, to takeout the fish, when, with the nine jack, were found eighty young ones, at the time not above five Inches long they were all turned into other ponds until the repairs were done to that from whence they were taken. In the spring of 1821 the nine original jack, with 26 only of their produce, were turn e d into the new pond, with plenty of smaller fry to feed en. I should here state that only a very trifling increase in size was perceptible in any of them. In the beginning of this present March, I had the pond laid dry ; the number of jack answeted to that put into the water, viz. 35 in all, they had neither decreased or increased in number, but the size at them individually was very disproportionate, and which is • curious fact. The biggest, indeed the only large fish in the place, weighed alive sixteen pounds and a quarter, in creasing three pounds a_year, or fifteen during the live, whilst the smallest hardly reached one pound and a half in the same space of time, the remaining fish of the kind were of all sizes, but none reached half the weight of the large one: As these facts ire well substantiated, they may furnish interest to those who are fond of in birmation upon subjects of Natural Ilistory."— Taunton Cowier. 1% . 1f ALE FI /I NG.—The nnmher of whale fihhing, ships sent nut from Britain this season, it wi'l be seen by the subjoined list, is reduced below that which has been known for many years. The harardoun °attire of the voyage, as proved by many late casual ties. and the general want of success at Greenland in particular, where the fishing almost completely failed last year. have no doubt deter tuned many to withdraw from an undertaking which has been found very unproductive, and fur which the frtquent reduced prices rf oil Offered no adequate return. Only seven whale fishing ships go to Gremlin:l; viz. two from Aberdeen, two Whitby, one Hukl, one Greenock, and the M a ry, one small brig, of Ih7 tons. from Peterhead. The number to the Davis' Awaits Fishery is 87, viz. thirty-one from Hull, four London, two Whitby; three Newcastle, one Berwick, six Leith, four Kirkaldy, nine Dundee. font Mon. trove, ten Aberdeen, and thirteen Peterhead ; making a total at both fisheries of 94. MARKETS. SMITHFIELD, FRIDAY, Mason 34. The market this morning exhibit. rather a .mall show of Desists, hut the weather haring thrown a dullness over the trade, there Is little doing. the best Beef woe. off of Monday's term.; the larger kind. somewhat lower. Sheep also are not over plentitui ; yet b.!. per stone is by no meaus so readily given as on Monday for the best Webers ; ifs. lOd. la a more current value fur them. Of Lamb. we have a tolerably fair .prink ling the primest .old at from 6.. Cid. to 70. The market present-4 a good .apply of Veal, and the trade P 4 generally brisi!, at Monday ' s quotations. To sink the aid, per stone of Blbs. Beef ...... 4s Od to tis Od I.Veal Mutton. Gd 44 4d Putt 44 Od to 5s Lamb lts 6d to 7a Od ROAD OP CATTLIII TIM DAT. Beasts :IV; Sheep 4,040 y Clans 14. Plp 70 BAY-MARKET. fray ..... 8M Od to 90. Od f Clover • ...... 1001 Od to 106. Od I:trotter ...... 61. Od to SO. Od Inferior...... BS. Od to O.S. Od Strow ........ 86. Ott to 406 Od NEWGATE AND LEADENDALL--(HT Tns CARCASS . , Beef . ...... 3. Od to 44 Od I Veal ...... 80 to 50 4d Mutton . 4d to 44 4d Pork ....... 48 Od to 5. 4d Lamb . [From the Londott Ncw Price CUrrefft.l FRIDAY, MARCH 24. . COITON.—The purchases of Cotton this week are about 1,500 pack ages, consisting or 600 Sande bd. a ; 350 Pentium; at win. ; 200 Bemisis 1,51 d. a bid. and Inconsiderable parcels of other descriptions. There are scarcely any Smyrna Cottons at market ; the consequence is that the few on sale rate at prices quite out of the usual proportion to the other qualities, 40 bags, duty paid, having sold at 10id, a lid. By public aide yesterday, 91 bags Cotton; 15 Demerara, 10d.al0td., the remainder, St. Domingo, *d. a Sid. SUGAR.—The demand for Musc,vades since Tnesday last has rather fallen away, yet the late prices are not only fully supported. but we think all Sugars, from 58s. upwards, are rather higher ; the Inferior browns are in plentiful supply, anti rate low in proportion. 'The request fur Refined goods has rather given way this week, yet few parcels of low goods are offered for sale, and no Lumps wider 755. ; the wholesale grocers appear rather to suspend their purchases for the home consumption of the country. Molasses are 2gs. a 25.. Gd. ; for good West India 2tl-. a 275. Is the nearest quotation. There have been few purchases lately of Foreign Sugars, and very few parcels are on sale; the East Indiadngars continue In some request. COFFEE.—There were four public sales of Coffee on Wednesday ; the ordinary descriptions of Jamaica sold 2s. a Ss. lower, good ordinary 525. line ordinary 56v. a stis. ; St. Domingo, In several instances, had pre viously realised 5.55. and though no sales were reported under that price, yet, after the public sale, It could not be obtained, being much higher in proportion than the ordinary Jamaica descriptions. The politic sale yes terday, consisted of 236 casks 420 bag' British Plantation, and 1150 bags Brasil : the latter, good ordinary, was taken In at 525. Gd. and fur which 525. was offered ; a small proportion of the Demerara Coffee sold rather lower; the Berbice, and other British Plantation descriptions, taken In; generally the market Is doll at the reduction we have stated. HOPS.—flops have remained dull fur such a length of time, that one or two sellers, it Is reported, have forced sales privately at a considerable reduction on the nominal prices. TEA.-11ohens are at 2d. advance; the Congou kind at 2d. add. and low Congous at lid. pretit. The orders from the country for 'lea are very extensive. ...;11'11;ETRE, by public wale, In considerable parcels, sold 2h. 6d. a. 225. SPICES.—The request for Spices, which was considerable, particularly for Pepper and Nutmegs, has entirely subsided, and the prices have given way. at • public side Pepper, light, mold at 4ed. and .tici.s Nutmegs, middling, its. a 3.. Id. ; Cassia Buds, 71. 10*. a 51. ; Pimento 90. a 10d. OlLS.—Fish Oils are heavy and lower. H).:51 P and TALLOW.—The faU in the Exchange at St. Petersburgh from 9.1 to 9i. has occadoned a decline In Russian produce. Tallow from :As. has fallen to :324., and heavy at the reduction. Hemp is 411. Ins. SILK.—The depressed state of the Silk trade has occasioned a further decline In the prices of Silk. R 31.11, BRANDY, mad HOLLANDS.—The Spirit trade continues In • very depressed state ; several sales of proof Leewards, and 2 to 4 over, are reported at 2s. to 21. Id. per Imperial gallon, or about Is. Bd. to Is. Pd. per old. ; la the Jamaica descriptions very few purchase* are lately stated. In Brandy there are no transactions ; parcels may be bought lower than the late nominal quotation■. limier', pale, quoted 2*. 2141. per new gal lon, but no sales reported. IRISH PRO VISIONS.—Beef and Pork continue at nominal quotations, Beef 1154. a 120 s. Bacon moves off more freely. The fine qualities of Butter scarce ; the inferior still neglected. PRIVILEGES OF FREEMEN OF THE CIT" A quvrtion at' very great interest, came on before the t I!: 9 Aldermen, on Tuesday la,t. It arose in an argument bit t, 1,. Vice Chancellor, upon the sallject of property left by Stir fra Drake. In the year 17112, Sir Francis Drake, Admiral of the Red, in consequence or a victory gained over tt.e enemy i n t h e West 1-," dies, with other °them antler Lord Rodney, present e d with I C freedom of the City of London, by a vote of the Court of Comn,c: Council, and was in pursuance of that vote made a livery ni „, c r the Company of Grocers, and sworn In a freeman. Sir Fr an ,, took the several oaths required of all persons honoured with the freedom of the City—not being free by birth, servitude, p un h or otherwise than as aforesaid. He nmeried Pooley °Wow some , time afterwards, and, in lieu of dower, settled upon her the aura of 15,0(101. in the 3 per cent. Consolidated Bank Annuities, I s IN he died without issue, and the Rev. George I.Valeot Onslow wee constituted executor to the estate. His widow some time after m u . vied Mr. Sergeant Onslow. She had received, by the statute of distribution, the share of property to which she was entitled. ' widow of that Baronet, and for some years it was suppled our was no further chins upon the part of the Learned Sergeant, It however occurred to him, that the privileges of a citizen of Ued a , which he believed extended to his wife as'the widow of a freeman; might be made available in obtaining an increased therein ti property, and he accordingly claimed in opposition to Mn. Flu*a near relation, we believe, of Sir Francis Drake. The case came before the Vice-Chancellor, who, aft er t w i t ,. heard connect, ordered that the Lord Mayor and Aldermen shoi.,A be applied to, certify the custom of the city of London on the.. points:__ First, Whether Sir Francis Drake, having been presented wi t h the freedom of the city under the above-mentioned circumstan ces , was a freeman of the city of London in the sense, meaning, iota operation of the custom of the said city of London, relating to the distribution of the effects of freemen who die intestate, and if the custom of the city of London as to the distribution Of petsotud estate applies to such a freeman as Sir Francis Drake was then Secondly, Whether there is any custom of the city of London, by virtue whereof the widow of a freeman, having the benefit ad provision at' such settlement as the settlement In the pleadings i n this case, Is debarred from the customary share of his perms! estate ? These questions were first proposed to the Recorder of the City of London, but were submitted, at his suggestion, to the Court of Aldermen, for their certificate by the Recorder. Mr. \VAKEFIELD, who appeared as counsel for the executor, stated that his attendance was merely complimentary. Mr. SHADWEI.L. as Counsel for 31r. Sergeant Ondow, em u tended that Sir Francis Drake had been a freeman of the City of London in the most complete sense of the word, and had been en. titled to all the privileges of one of that body. The conferring of the freedom of the City upon meritorious individuals comprehend. ed, of course, all the advantages to which persons who obtained t h e freedom in any other way were entitled, otherwise it would be mere mockery to propose such a mode of conveying the sense the Corporation entertained of the great efforts of the naval and military heroes of the country. Mr. Shadwell cited some authorities in sup. port of his position. After which, Mr. SPAN It IE addressed the Court for the other claimant to the property. Me argued that the freedom of the City, conferred, as it had been, upon Sir Francis Drake, was merely honorary, and not burdened mill the inconveniences which necessarily attended those who became freemen under different circumstances. If an equal portion of the duties were expected to be taken by the first of the Nobility of the land, to whom the freedom of the City had beta voted, there would be but few who would consent to the honour. The custom of the City of London took away from parents the right to choose guardians for their children, and placed them undtt the control of the Chamberlain of London. That regulation might be a wise one, but how must the Duke of Wellington be surprised at being told that his daughters must, at his death, be placed ac. der the care of the Chamberlain of the City of London! Alderman WAITHMAN asked whether Sir F. Drake had not, of could not, have exercised his privileges as a freeman of the City? and Alderman BROWN whether, if a person were to be admitted to all the privileges of a freeman, it was hot reasonable to expect that he should submit to any inconveniences which might be mews.. bla from those privileges? Mr. Sergeant SPANRIL thought a honorary freeman might exercise his privileges, but certainly did not suppose that he was to be subject to the inconvenien ces alluded to, much less to such a disposal of his property as he might never have contemplated. The law was, in fact, never known to have been applitti to cases of this description, and he hoped that the Court would find intim negative upon the propositions submitted to them. Mr. StrAnw ELL replied. What he understood by honorar y freedom was, the possessio n o f t h e p r i v il eges , wOrout being suh.. ject to the burdens which might be incompatible with the situation of the person on whom the honour was conferred. The Cot; fur submitted the questions to the City Law (MOM who will gis e their opinion before the next Court of Aldermen. The Recorder will then certify in the Vice-Chancellor's Court, ia the name of the Lord Mayor and Aldermen. COTTON CROP OF THE UNIT.ED STATES. ETAT/MINT AND TOTAL AMOUNT OP THE COTTON CROP OP TEE UNITED STATES, POE THE TZAR ENDING OCTOPI& 1, 1825. [ From the New Orleans Price Current.] NEW ORLEANS. To same Bales. period ls,t. Received from Louisiana and Mississippi Teline,ee and N. Alab.una 68,895 7,616 40$ 226 Mobile Across the Lake Arkan.as Flurida 111 i.•mui Ou hand Oct. 1, 1524 mii 5K2 , 4 Deduct Quantity received from Mobile 7 la Ditto ditto Florida 228 - 7.811 Total at New Orleans, which includes Louisiana, litissiattippi, Tennessee, and North Alabama, and of which there remained on baud, October I, 3,737 bales FLORIDA. The whole crop of W. Florida le estimated at 6 to 7,000 bales, of which there have been received at New York New Orleans Philadelphia Total As there was no shipment to any foreign purt dur ing the year, the remainder must have readied New Orleans and Mobile without being specified, and Is Included in the crop of those places. ALABAMA. Export% from Mobile, foreign and coastwise :44919 On hood at Mobile ............. 37 Export from Blake ........ 2,521 226 253 3,000 43,956 '2,840 T0ta1.... .....3;96 The crop of the north part of the State k Included In the capon from New Orleanq:____ . 129,94 ... 7,749 3116 GEORGIA. Exports, foreign and coastwise, Uplands ........ Sea Islands... On band, probably 12%481 T0ta1.... ..... 135,000 SOUTH CAROLINA. Export, foreign and coastwise, Uplands ...141,074 Sea 141 ands 18,253 -- 160,000 Deduct amount received from Georgia. and included In the export. hum that State 39,100 Received from North Carolina through Wilmington .. 1,000 Cheraw ....... . . 12,000 Camden B,OOO Columbia 23,800 63.000 On ►and about Total ........ 97,000 Those Items are below the estimates of well- Inf,ameil merchants residing in those places. NORTH CAROLINA AND VIRGINIA. Received at New• York from Wilmington 12,298 Newborn 5,352 ........... ...... 2,678 1,554 1,0'23 6ti2 306 --- 23,881 reter.burgh and Richmond.. 10,921 Norfolk end Fredericksburg.. 431 -- 11,352 Total received at New York 8.5,223 Received at Cheraw, Camden, and Colombia, and deducted from the Scuth Carolina Exports.... 22,600 Shipped from Wilmington to Charleston.. 1,000 To Europe and elsewhere 2,000 _ . . - 8,000 Shipped from Petersburg to Europe and elsewhere (New York excepted) estimated at 11,000 to 14,000, 5ay........ Total. . ....... 72,000 Total Crop of the United States 669,249 Crop of tut year Increase ...... . ..... ........ Amount received at New York for the year ending Ist October, Itr..S 173,629 Deduct for what was received from the West Indies and South America, and 13 bales from Calcutta 15:,: JS 134,318 46,000 509,158 Leaves In round numbers ;or nearly one third of the whole crop of the United States) . 175,000 IMPORT OP COTTON, It ICC. AND TOBACCO INTO NEW vont, PROM JANUARY 1, TO DICICMIIIR 31. 1825. 1824. Cotton. Rice. Tobacco Cotton. Rice. Tobacco Prom Balm Tierces. Mids. Boles. Tierces. Rhrls. New Orleans.... 51,201 Florida ... ...... 2,218 1,198 Alabama 35,710 . .... . 17.079 ... . G corgi a Youth Caroilmt 16,917 19,931 ...... 1 18,:90 18,&1 , -- North Carolina 24,592 1,656 245 12,564 3,48 217 Virginia .... West Indies Other parts ••••• 2,603 213 1,201 710 ;1 437 ---- Total . ... 167,010 24,846 10,700 I 118,219 20A•36 9,991 EI P °I-141 ° " ..... 1 138,933 19,900 6,761 85,938 14,251 5 , 910 reign Porta.. 1 A remarkable increase took place in the flock of Mr. T. Snell, of the parish of Beaford, last week, 17 of his ewes having, in three successive days, yeaned 42 lambs, which are now enjoying " the sports of the field " with their pro lific parents; one of the ewe' produced 4 lambs, six had three each, and ten doubles. Wiuthington Plymouth Edenton.... Murfreesboro' Swansburo' MIDDLESEX TURNPIKE TRUSTS. Lord Lowther's Bill to Col7selrc: tatethe Turnpike Trusts in the neighbourhood of London, consolidates 15 trusts, beginning with those of Kensington, Brentford, etc.. and repeals forty.seven Acts of Parliament regarding those 15 trusts. The provisionss of the General Turnpike Act are to be extended to thaws Musts ; and the whole of them are to be under the management of " Parliamentary Commissioners" and " Local Commissioners,* to be named by the Act—thuse Commissioners severally to fill up vacancies, as they occur in their Boards by deaths or otherwise.. No meetings of the Commissioners to take place, except the Parliamentary Commis. sioners be present ; and " no Justices of the Peace," acting for the places in which any of the trusts may be situated, to be eligible to aet as Commissioners, or exercise any of the powers created by this Act. Officers, and other persons employed by former Trustees, to be under the control of the Commissioners, to accompany them. &c. The Bill then proceeds to describe the rights and duties of the Commissioners, vesting all property io the roads, &c. in them; to enact that maps and plans of intended improvements in themads, by pulling down the houses and widening some of the roads, be deposited with the Clerk of the Peace for Middlesex, that the Commissioners proceed with such improvements, &c. It also pro vides, that " where any pavements are liable to be repaired by any parish, such parish omitting to repair them, the pavements shall be amended by th e Commissioners ' orders, and the expense charged upon the parish." It gives them like power as to lighting watering, and watching the made, where parishes or districts omit those duties ; the watchmen to be vested with the power of consta bles, and the Commissioners to have authority " to give rewards to such watchmen for vigilamce or courage displayed in the apprr hension of offenders, or otherwise in discharge of their duty, or who may be disabled or wounded in the execution of their duty:' The Bill likewise gives gives " the power to remove Toll-gates, as the Commissioners shall from time to time direct ;" and enacts that " Lessees of 'foils shall be responsible for persons employfd by them ;" that " the Commissioners may remove Collec;as whenever they shall think proper ;" and that " the Lessees are not to appoint Collectors who may have been removed by the Com missioners." They will also have the power "to reduce, advance, and alter Tolls ;" and they are required to make annual reports to Parliameu t. SKIPPING INTELLIGENCE. LIVERPOOL, THURSDAY, Mairca 23. Arrived the Isaac Hicks, Morrison. from New York l sailed 17th Feb. has been 17 days ill the Channel. 'Saw a great number of vessels when they made the land, bot did nut .pea► any of them. !Delmont, Emulation, from Demerara, sailed 30th Janney. Stapleton, Bl'Come, from klaranham, sailed 27th Jauuary. The George, for Liverpool, was to call to a few days. Two brigs and I snow off, at 6 o'clock. _ _ Ho AAAAA D, MARCH 22. The Delaware, from Savannah, for Liverpool, was off. Arrived the Elisabeth, Fisher, from Waterford, for Liverpool. The Amelia, Anderson, from Liverpool, fur St. Thomas, DO spoken 12th Inst. in bat. Li. 22. I. 8. 28. with loss of main yard and topnunt. Venus, Scott, from Buenos Ayres, has arrived at Diaratham. This Market has had a prodigious supply of Cod-fish these few days past, which have been selling at Is. to Is. 4d. per fish. Sailed yesterday, the Three Sisters, Dixon, for Mantas. Sailed this this day, the Grog, Hlnden, for Cape Breton ; tnus, Gabb, for Me:4ns; Churchill, Tootuod, fur Comma; George Canning, Borstal!, for Naples Mary, Beresford. fur Barcelona; Phresis, Jeukinson, for New York. BIRTHS. March SI. at Wartnaby House, Melton MnwarllN the Mon. Mn• Davidson, of a daughter. March 22, at &bootcr•s MI, the Lady of Sir T. W. Blomelletd, Sart. of aeon iiSittingbourne, un the 19th, the Lady of Col. do Laney nuclei. C.B • Grenadier Cuard4. °fa daughter. MARRIED. March 22, at Clifton, W, F. ELlott, of Stobs and Wells, le the county of Roxburgh, Bart. to Miss Boswell, eldest daughter of the late Sit Alexander Roswell, of Auchlnleck, In the county of Ayr, Bart. At Great Dunmow, C. P. Chawner, Esq. to Marianne, third dallabtu cr the Rev. A. Richardson, D.D. Vicar of that parish. On the 16th ult. Colonel de la Salle, late a dhWinguished officer In the French service, to Miss Marla Glenn, formerly of this town.—Taunto n Courier. [This Is the sane young fentak who, a little while back, eat " such a figure," tinder the novices of Counsellor Tuckett, her guardian. and Mr. Harry Leigh, her Solicitor, In the Bowdltch abduction cure' It Is to be hoped that the " late distinguished oMcer In the French r,rvice" had been previuthdy Informed of the lady's " strature, eventful Elston," by some diAnterestall person.]-11InneheNter Guardian. At Bair Vado,Sc, Dumbartonshire, on the 16th current, William 'rrittoth Esq. only son of George Tritton, Esq, West-hill, Surrey, to Jane Denny tooth second daughter of James Buchanan, Esq. of Ardencoanel, grind" daughter of the late and niece to the present Earl of Caithness. DIED. Ifareh 20, In Portman place, Edgewa his 24th guar. Mr. Thorns" Beetle, 13 At `it Petersburgh. on Saturday. the 13th February, 0. 9., William Ihnuttity, E.q. in the faith year of hie. age. On She 10th !wt. aged 21 year, Mary Ann wife of Mr. W. Priced. and eldest daught er o f Arthur Fonika, Egg. of Re a, dland House, Gloucester - shire, and of the Lodge, at. Dorothy, Jamaica. Recently, at Marlzet Welghtou, aged Ili, Anue Holmes. Abe retained the we of her senses to the !sit ; and, but a few &tyro previous to her Je cease, bad her Mat tooth extracted. Three children liurriee her wh,we united age-. amounted to 104. On Saturday. the 4th tilt. at Germantown, in Philadelphia County, ' United State. Donahy Surnerlco, widow, aged 100 year, 10 month*. ell., 2 dart. She had been a wid ow a b out SL years, and bad 10 childre n, " andelilldren. and 25 great grandchildren. - _ HIGH WATER TRIM trAir AT LONDON-RRIDGE. Morning ......... 10 afte r 3 Aft ernoon I at THE BRITISH PRE: Strand, and pubii•hed Office, by .1. W. CAR R. CANNON, vain, , N o. B r ig hao rea ttnck of St Way isb:Ae.Gisirecisomons g ail ~-- - - Ord jr ) It/a/raj Clfflce, Ma at O n e o'Clo THOLTSA Palter te nd "' age,. Et. Gs Catalogues tine W:irchoul to Wednerulay and on the 31 Samples , r 1 be Excise On THE Co Mere: fierew give • That a Gen Bosse, in lel prom Eleven b3Lloi on the That Si' of the Bane Service undo see. 70, *lib agreeably to I In order to of the Prom.; James 13 I we rank to Indio T" Mere hereby give , That a Hi PAN Y Will FRIDAY, ti noon, at the Letter, viz.: " To the 1-1 " Honour ludis Stock, an early Sp intention to •" That ham, in con subsetjuentl pecuniary di tern plation no human f ticulttes hat prevented h up his aff.ii by a desire Which he is Honourabli from the fit to surmoun Pounds we mated loss vented to ; with the ci fortunes, a and uninte r 4 rI L ICI SIMI .f the 27 - .1 APPLIC ACT to Treasury the experm II ii Matthias James Ili John Cor William Crawford Sir Char Atilerti Emanuel John Thomas This ( mium, 1 ranee, wl • First ( Fervor take noti Offices, is daily the abos IS elestield PEAL] Distress wsal, al This wi ealculat subsoil weekly the pen The B Poyr The H ditto D. Dal W. Ep lbs. 1 Lady 1 Rail Col. P Sub elastic] and C Nessr and C ... almim,am /7 N t i i) o p u r n o t prom respec EIA such and o the A Till, TI have doom Ones expel Shari Sehe ever] TI Ofik Low