The British Press; or, Morning Literary Advertiser. — London, England, 1824-02-09 00:00:00

PRICES OF BRITISH kr Bank Stock 2384 3 per Cent. Reduced, 914 4 3 per Cent. Cone. 91 f 4 3j per Cent. 4 per Cent. 1024 4 New 4 per Centx. 1061 1 long Annuities, 22 9-16 7-16 Imperial 3 per (kilts. Rank for Account l'ons. far Acct. 91110 t 91.991 PRICES OF FOREIGN 8 Austrian Scrip, al a pr. Ditto Bonds, t'hilian Roods, 71Ij 9 Ditto for Ate. 71N •1 Colomb. Bonds, "7 781 691 7 1 Do. for Account, 71i 70 70 904 70 60.1 70a I la 1 Neapolitan Bonds, 112 Ditto for Account. Prussian Bonds, 92 I Ditto Bonds (Inn). 901 911 Itussian Bonds. 9011 la a Ditto fin Acct. 91 90j 1 Portuguese Bonds, 87 a MAILS. AIRIVED—i French. Pox.—a Ilarnburgh ; I Gottenburg. Nritiolt 313rtliO. 'OCKS ON SATURDAY. India Stock, 2781 India Bonds, 82 84 pr. India for Account, South Ses Stock. South lies Old Annuities South Ses New Annuities Es. 8i115,1,0001. 34 57 pt. Ditto, 5001. 54 37 Re. Ditto, Small, SI 47 pr. Lottery Tickets, IV4 111 s. ITOCKS ON SATURDAY. Spanish 6 per Ct. Cons. 24; 3 t Ditto the Acct. 241 Ditto 170 & 266 floods, 241 Ditto 86 ditto 241 I)ittn 5 per Cents. 11923) 161 Ditto 11161. 6.. Bonds Spanish Don& IMMO. Er. Renton, 971. 96f. 76. c. 97f. 23e. 97f. Do. Ex. 251. 50e. 46e. 6k. NG 1)o. Scrip, a 411 pr. Danish Bonds, Ditto Marks Banco, 911 2 Mex. Scrip, 3 111 1 1 pr. 91es. Mines, 1 pr. Tha BRITISH PURE!' ronunenceii publishing on Saturday morning at live o'clock. LONDON. MONDAY, FiesauAar 9, 1924. The French Papers of Friday, and the Doile of Satin.- day, reached us last night. The Monitenr, in its offieal part, contains an ordinance of the King relative to the d'Administrotion de la Marine, the creation of whom was ordered by a decree of April 19, 191)1. Their number is fixed at ten ; they will be appointed by the King, on the presentation of the Minister of the Marine ; none will be presented unless they have been judged admis sible in a public examination, which shall take place at Paris, every year, in the first fortnight of Jul). None shall be admitted to the examination unless they prove to the Ministry by authentic documents, that they are at least eighteen years of age, and twenty-two at most ; that thy have completed their studies in the Faculty of letters; that they have obtained the degree of licentiate in jurisprudence; that they arc acquainted with either the English or Spanish language—that their conduct is regular—that they profess honourable sentiments —that their relations engage to allow them for four years fioo francs per annum at least, or that they themselves possess a revenue equivalent to that sum. The Commis of the Marine of the first class, aged twenty-five years at most, may be candidates fer the places of Veers of the administration of the Marine. The members of the jury for the public examination shall be appointed by the mater of the Marine. The Eleves shall have the same rank u the principal clerks of the Marine, and shall wear the same uniform. The pay of the Veers is fixed at Soo francs per annum, by sea as well as by land. The Epees shall serve in that quality for four years. In the course of the year preceding that in which they are to undergo their examination as Sub-Commissary of the Mr.- rine, the Elevrs shall be embarked on Ward a ship of war, with a crew of at least 100 men, in the quality of Commi sour resells ; they shall be embarked six months at the least, and a year at the most. Every year, in the month of September, there shall be a public examination of the Fleves who have served four years in the quality. Those who shall be declared by the jury admissible to the rank of sub-commissary, shall have the rank and reserve the ply from the day of the examination. The Ordinance ter minates by revoking the Act of 19th April, 1804; but the dispositions of that Act, which are modified by the present Ordinance, shall be applicable w those Eleves who are now in active service. (From the Mak, dated Saturday, Feb. 7.1 PARIS, FXII. & the death Letters from Rome, of the 9.6 th of January, of Cardinal lionsalvi. The Pope vas very ill. FRENCH Fusing, Fr. u. 6.—Five per Cents. opened at 96L 95e., closed at 96f. 70e. ; Loan of 182 , 4; Bank Stock, 1,710; Nea politan Rents, 82; Spanish Hems, 251. Exchange on London one month, 25f. 45e. ; three MOlltill, 25E 35c. The following Bayonne letter reached us last night ; it will be read with some interest. If credit can be attached to the statements it makes, insurrection against the tyranny that vow outrages Spain is organizing fast. All Galicia, and its hardy population, are said to be in arms, and the fortresses in that province beleaguered by them. The letter also asserts, that Cadiz had been the scene of ix° insurrections, which were only put down by the French troops. We arc much mistaken in our anticipations, if all Spain, before a few months pass away, will not be in open resistance, from one extremity to the other ; even the Sertii:es will point their daggers against the foreigners, who are scattered in detached parties within the Pyrenees. The present state of things cannot endure; it is every way too monstrous :-- BAYONNE. JAN. 31. We have letters limn Madrid of the 18th. The Gazette and the Rest3zrader, neither of them contains any news horn the provinces It even appears that fist the future these journals will not give any but what have undergone a strict censorship. Private letters, too, are silent ; and, in public, people speak with the greatest reserve. There is, however, a report that some private letters announce se rious troubles in Galicia ; that Colonel Amor is recruiting a body of troms ; that all the fortresses are, in a manner, surrounded by 'lie of partisans, which hinders the soldiers of the garrison from griing out singly. The amnesty is still spoken of, but people in general find it diffi cult to believe in it. Persons who pretend to be well informed, assert that distinctions are made, and that all those persons who took the oath to the Constitution, after it was recognised by the King, will not be prosecuted or troubled in any manner; but there are others slit) affimi that every Constitutionalist, without exception, will be treated with all the rigour of the laws. The King had been ad vised to put some appearance of justice in his punishments, by making diem to fall only on the chiefs and instigators of the revolution 4 but it seems that even if the King were so disposal, he would not be able to act accordingly, on account of die ascen dancy which the Monks and Priests have over him. for these two drys a very extraordinary piece of news hat been in circulation at Bayonne. It is said that there have been at Cadix two insurrections immediately succeeding each other; but the French trans behaved so well, that order was wholly restored. Two barracks, however, were burned. This news stands the more in need of confirmation, as we have letters from Cadiz of a very re cent date, written by persons of distinction who were in a situation to know every thing. Letters from Pampeluna say, that the French are carrying on immense works to strengthen the citadel, which seems to indicate the intention and the necessity of remaining there a long time. The prisons of the city become gradually empty in proportion as the ptisoners are able to pay the exorbitant sums denianded of then • To induce them to pay, the alternative is offered them either to do sn or 1”. sent to the galleys. Several young ladies in the city have been in this situation. There is a stronger report than ever that 12.000 men will shordy enter Spain, and that new divisions of troops sill be formed on our frontiers. Five or .is thousand conscript, will also pass through, to insult t h e corps which have been reduced by the discharges given. The military who are electors have received orders Prom the Irar Minister (eV and give their rote, A paragraph, which appeared some days since in this Paper, alluding to certain transactions with the Nizam, has, we regret to bear, been construed by the friends of the Mar quis of Ilast.ngs, into reflections en his conduct : such an imputation never could have been intended by us ; there is no individual for whom we have a higher respect than for Lord Hastings, nor is there an individual living to whom a charge of peculation or avarice could with less truth attach ; the whole tenor of the life of this distin guished Nobleman has been of a most contrary description. We think it but justice to make this unsolicited statement, and we do so with the utmost sincerity. We gave insertion to the paragraph as one of the leading rumours of the day, without intent:ing the slightest allusion to Lora liastings, to whom any imputation, such as we regret to know was drawn from the passing statt silent never, could apply ; his whole life is a contradiction to anything so utterly un founded and undeserved. Yesterday afternoon, at three &clerk, a Cabinet Council was held at the Foreign Office, Downing-street, rhich was attended by The Lord Chancellor, the Earl of Harrow:hr. the Earl of Liver pool, the Earl of Westmoreland, Viscount Melville, Mr. Peel, Mr. Canning, Earl Bathurst, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr. Wynn, he. The Cabinet continued in deliberation till five o'clock. On Saturday afternoon, at two o'clock, a Cabinet Coun cil was held at the Foreign Oflice, Downing-street, which was attended by the Lord Chancellor, the Earl of llar rowby, the Earl of Westmoreland, the Earl of Liverpool, Mr. Peel, Mr. Canning, Earl Bathurst, the Duke of Wel lington, Viscount Melville, Mrs Wynn, Mr. Huakiason,. Viscount Sidmouth, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The deliberations of the Cabinet continued for an unusual lengthened time, being three hours and s half; they not breaking up till half-put five. Yesterday morning Prince Leopold, accompanied by Major Cust, attended Divine Service at St. Phillips Chapel, Waterloo-place. His Royal Highness dined with the Duchess of Kent yesterday, anu afterwards returned to Claremont. _ _ On Saturday afternoon Prince Leopold came to town from Claremont. His Royal Highness stopped, on his way to town, at the apartments of the Duchess of Kent, at Kensington, and dined with the Royal Duchess. Their Royal Highnesses honoured the Italian Opera House with their presence in the evening. Yesterday Prince Polignac, Count Lieven, Baron and Baroness Werther, Count and Countess Ludolf, Count and Countess Molteke, Baron Fagel , M. Neumann, M. Falck, Lord F. Conynliam. and Mr. Planta, dined with Mr. Secretary and Mn. Canning 't Gloucester Lodge. A peerage has been offired to the Lord Chief Justice Abbott, which we are assured his Lordship declined. The Duke of Leeds has purchased Viscount Granville's house, Bruton -street, Berkeley-equare, which his Grace will tale possession of on the Ist of next month. The Speaker of the House of Commons gave a grand Parliamentary Dinner on Saturday, and gives another to day, at his house in Palace-yard. We learn by letters from Port Royal (Jamaica), dated Dec.2l, that Commodore Sir Edward Owen was waiting the return to port of the Gloucester, 74, Captain Rich. The Argus, Captain Dundas, had arrived from Bermuda ; the Bellettc, Captain Leith, from Vera Cruz, with 210,000 dollars ; the Pyramus and Helicon, from cruises. The Thais, Sir John Phillimore, had been spoke, bound to Vera Cruz ' with the Commissioners and Consuls for that place and Acapuka. Lately died—Lieut. R. E. Cotton, 4th Foot, Aid-de-Camp to Sir John Keene; of apoplexy, Captain Peat, of the ship Marshal Wellington (formerly of the Ifibberts) ; and, at Barbadoes, the Hon. John Beckles, his Majesty's Attorney-General at that Island.— ' Hampshire Telegraph. By the Unity, arrived in the Clyde from Pan, whence she sailed on the 23d of November, it appears all was quiet at that date, and business going on as usual.— Glasgow Courier. The cause of the Greeks, we arc happy to say, is very promising- The reqnisition for a public meeting in their behalf, in this town, has been numerously and most re spectably signed. We understand that it will be presented to our respected Chief Magistrate to-r.orrow.—Liverpool Mercury of Friday. Till mmmmmm WCFR.—Tbis office, which has become vacant by the death of the Right Hon. Mr. Steele, was on Friday conferred upon Henry Wm. Vincent, Esq., formerly of the Treasury, who took the usual oaths in the Court of Exchequer. The remains of the Countess of Harrington will be re moved on Thumlay next, from the Stable..vard, St. James's, for interment, in the family vault, in West minster Abbey. . _ CATHOLIC Assoc' Art ON.—At a late general meeting of the Catholic Association, held at Dublin, Mr. O'Connell proposed, in order to extend the number of members of the Association, and to increase its funds. to collect from a supposed population of seven millions of Catholics, in 2,500 parishes in Ireland, a sum of fifty thousand pounds a year, by a subscription from each of one penny a month, or a shilling a year. This sum to be thus apportioned, yearly : for expenses attending getting up petitions, five thousand pounds: for the support of the liberal press in England and Ireland, 15,0001; for procuring legal pro tection for the Catholics against Orange oppression, 13,0001. for the education of the poor, 5,0001. ; to assist Catholic Priests, and enable them to go to America, 5,00u1. ; for building chapels, taking farms. he. 5,0001. Motion was agreed to, and two committees named. The house of William and James Levin, of long stand ing and high character in the Ilamburgh and Baltic trade, stopped payment on Friday. It is understood that George Wornlovell, Esq., eldest son of Sir George Wombwell, Bart., will shortly lead the youngest of the two lovely and accomplished daughters of Orhy Hunter, Esq. to the hymeneal altar. On Friday, the iron gates at the new entrance to St. James's Park, at the end of Pall-mall, were thrown open to the public for the first time. _ A thumb-pottle of green grapes, for making tarts, was on Thursday exposed for sale in Covent-garden, for ss. Strawberries, in large potties, were also at market. FASIIION.IIILE INTELLIGENCE. The French Ambassador has issued cards of invitation for a Ittand entertainment on. Sunday next, at his house in Portland place. The ISulie of Gloucester will have a grand dinner party on Thursday, and another on Saturday, at Gloucester !louse. The Illarquis of Lanadown had a dinner party yesterday, at Lana down Brise, Ilerkeley-square. Sir Ileuri4e NVarrender, Bart. bad a dinner and en evening party, yesterd at hi+ house, Whitehall-place. The ►larchionesa of Exeter hal :issued tan]. of invitation for a party on Saturday next, at her se , t, Rochampton. Sir Thomas Farquhar, Hart, will have a grand dinner party on Friday next, at hi+ house in St. Janies's-street. Sir Robert and Lady N'Farlane hare arrived at their house in Great Cumberland-place, front their seat in Susmex. Lord and Ludy S:opfonl have arrived at Thoinas'r Hotel, Berke ley.aquare, from Scotland, arid Charles Tynte, Esq. from Sumer sershire. The I)mrager Counters of ll'arwick has arrived at her house in Chests!'field street. The Duke of Norfolk arrived on Friday, at his house in St. Jaunee's-square,fmno IVorkeop Manors, Nottinghamshire. The Duchces of Portland arrived on Saturday, at her house in St. Jamee's-rmare, loom her wet, IVelbeek, Nottinghamshire. The I)uke of St. Alban's and the Ladies Beauclerk, arrived nn Saturday, at their house in St. James's-square, fur the season, from their scat, liatton, Surrey.. _ The girl of liow!vrri has arrived In town, from his seat, Dal misty.Payk, rlinburgh.. . _ L'ady Louisa they arrived in town on Saturday, from the Duke of Portland's seat. Welbeck, Nottinghamshire. 3:r. and Lady Jane Peel hove arrived at their scat at Fulham, from Brighton. Earl Burford has arrived in town, from a tour. Sir Roger tiresley, Bart. arrived yesterday at the Clarendon Ho. tel. Bond...trial, Irian his seat in Derbyshire. timers: Brand has left ditto on a tour. Arrivals at the London Hotel, Albemarle-stmt:—Mr. and Mn. Lloyd and family, on a tour ; Mr. Jeffery and Mr. Husscll, trout Scotland. itt i s:mires from the Royal Hotel, St. Jamees-street :—Captain Farcarenee, H. N. for Portsmouth; Capt. Caylc and C. Fitz. geralti. EMI. from a tour. The Earl of Jersey has left town, for his seat, Middletaa Park, Ntordsaire. The Earl of Egremont has arrived at his house, in Grogram- Owe, luau his seat, Petworth. Sussex. Mr. and Mrs. üßerton and family have arrived at Stiller's llou•I. Jermyn-street, from the Continent. SOUTH AMERICA. MEXICO. Among the important subjects that now arrest the atten tion of Europe, there is none that commands more univer sal interest than the present political situation of South America. The vast extent of this great continent, its natural riches and resources, the mighty change that has taken place in its political relations, and its unbounded capabilities for future greatness and unlimited wealth, naturally give it a commanding interest throughout the civilized world. Spain was once the mighty mistress of that immense extent of territory, comprised between the 13. of south latitude, and the 31. 4s. north ; a space embracing, perhaps, the richest countries in the world, equalling the length of all Africa, and far surpassing the breadth of the vast Russian r inpire, which includes about IGS degrees of longitude under a parallel of which the degrees are only equal to half of those of the Equator.' The most northern point of the Spanish colonies, under the dominion of Ohl Spain, was the mission of San Francisco, on the coast of New California, about seven leagues to the north-west of Santa Cruz; their most southern possession was Fort Maullin, near the small vet lag of Carelinapa, on the coast of Chili, opposite to the northern extremity of the island of Chiloe. The Spanish power and language was thus spread over an esti nt of near '2,000 leagues in length. Under the administration of, Count Florida Blanca, a regular series of posts was established from Paraguay to the north-west coast ofl North America; and a Monk, in the distant mission of the' Guaranis Indians, could thus maintain a correspondence with the Missionary of New Mexico or the countries bor dering on Cape Mendocin, and their letters during the transmission searc-ly quit the continent. While Spain held the dominion of this great portion of the New World, her possessions were divided into nine great governments, which were nearly independent of each other : of these, five—the Vice-Royalties of Peru and New Grenada, the " Canitanias Generales" of Guatimala, Porto Rico, and the Car:lefts—lay within the torrid zone; the four remain ing divisions, comprising the Vice-Royaltiesof Mexico and Buenos Ayres, the " Catatonia' Generale s" of Chili and Ilavannah, including the Florida*, were composed of coun tries, of which a great part Was without the tropics and in the temperate zone ; but in the New World this position does not, as elsewhere, determine the productions of these fine regions. The union of several physical causes, such as the immense height of the Cordilleras, their vast masses ' and the elevation of the plains, which Humboldt has ca lcu-' lated to lie from two to three thousand metres (between six and nine thousand feet) above the level of the ocean, give to a part of these equinoctial regions a temperature formed for the growth of the wheat and the fruit trees of Europe. The geographical latitude has little influence on the productions of a country, where, on the declivities of its vast mountains, nature exhibits, together, a union of almost every climate in Sautheru America. The Cordil lera of the Andes displays, at immense heights, plains completely level ; such is that of more than 8,400 feet in elevation, on which the city of Santa Fe de Bogota is built ; wheat and potatoes there are abundantly cultivated. Of the same description is the plain of Caxamer•es, in Peru, the ancient residence of the unfortunate Atahualpa, which lies more than 9,000 feet above the level of the sea. The great plains of Antisana, in the midst of which springs the volcano that penetrates the region of eternal snow, rise to the astonishing elevation of more than 13,000 feet above the level of the ocean : these plains exceed the summit of the Pic of Tenerife by 1,300 feet and upwards, and yet are so level that the inhabitants of these countries have no idea of the extraordinary situation in which nature has placed them. But the entire plains of New Grenada, Quito, or Pero, do not exceed 40 square leagues; difficult of access, and separated from each other by pro- ' found valleys, they present insuperable obstacles to the ' transport of goods or internal commerce; crowning insulated summits, they form almost " islets," amid an aerial ocean. The inhabitants of these rigorous plains remain almost wholly there, and dread the descent into the valleys around them, where a suffocating beat prevails, dangerous to the p 1111 l itive tenauta of the higher Andes. Among the colo nies, over which enfeebled Spain once exercised the rights of supremacy, Mexico latterly betel decidedly the first rank, bah from its territorial wealth and its favourable position for commerce with both Europe and' Asia. Its actual state of civilization was much superior to that of the other Spa nish possessions. Many branches of agriculture, it is true, had attained a higher degree of perfection in the province of Caraccas than in .sew Spain. The fewer mines a country has, the more the industry of its people is turned to the cultivation of the soil. The fertility of the latter unquestionably is greater in the provinces of Cumana, of New Barcelona, and Venezuela, and more productive on the banks of the lower Orinoco, and in the northern part of New Grenade, than in Mexico, several districts of which are destitute of water, and barren of all vegetation : hut the plains in that country, unlike those of New Grenada, Quito, or PCT U, are of a surface that is uni form, and so approxitnated to one another, that they form but a single level in the lengthened ridge of the Cordillera. Such is the vast plain which runs from the I pith to the 40th degree of north latitude ; the extent of which equals, according to Humboldt, the distance from Lyons, in the South of France, to the Tropic of Cancer, which crosses the Great African Desert. This extraor dinary plain appears, according to the same great traveller, to decline insensibly towards the north. No measurement (he states) was ever made in New Spain beyond the city of Durango ; but all accounts he could collect mentioned that the ground lowered visibly towards New Mexico and the sources of the Rio Colerado. In journeying from the city of Mexico to the great mines of Guanaxnato the traveller passes for ten leagues through the valley of Tenochtitlan, which is elevated near 7,500 feet above the level of the sea. The surface of this beautiful valley is so uniform, ' that the village of Gueguetoque, which lies at the base of the mountain of Sencoque, is only about 300 feet higher than Mexico. From that village the traveller ascends, near notes, to Puerto de los Reyes, and from thence descends ' into die valley of Tula, which is 2251 toises lower than the valley of Tenochtitlan ; and across which the great canal of evacuation of the Lakes San Christoval and Zumpango passes to the Rio de Moctezuma and the Gulf of Mexico. To arrive at the bottom of the valh y of Tula, in the great plain of Queretaro, the traveller must pass the mountain of Calpuialpan, which is only about 4,e00 feet above the level of the sea, and of course less elevated than the city of Quito, though it appears the highest point of the whole road from Mexico to Chihuahua. To the north of this mountainous country the vast plains of San Juan de Rio, Queretaro, and Maya, begin. The plains are filled with villages, and considerable cities. l'htir mean height, Humboldt states to be equal to " Puy de Dome," in Auvergne, aced PO • be near thirty leagues in length, extending to the foot of the mountains of Gus t naxuate; for the rest of the way, inunense plains, appear ' ing like so many basins of old, dried up lakes, follow one another, and are only separated by hills, which hardly rise 1250 metres, or 1020 feet above the bottom of these basins. The four plains, or dried up lakes, which surround the Icapital of Mexico ; the first, the valley of Toluca ; the second, that of Tenochtitlan ; the third, the valley of Actopan ; and the fourth, that of Ittla, hav e a ll diff ere nt degrees of elevation ; they diffir acconlingly, as much in their climate, and natural capabilities. The first, and least elevated, is adapted to the cultivation of sugar ; the second to that of cotton ; the third thr European grain ; and the fourth, for agave plantations, which are considered as the vineyards of the Aztec Indians. On the road from Mexico, towards the east, in the direction of Vera Cruz, the traveller advances sixty leagues before he arrives at a valley, of which the bottom is only about 3,000 feet higher than the level of the sea, and where consequently oaks cease to grow. In the Acapulco road, descending from Mexico towards the South Sea, we arrive at the same tem . perate regions in less than seventeen leagues. The eastern descent of die Cordillera is so rapid, that when once the traveller begins to descend from the great central plain, the descent continues till he arrives at the eastern coast. The road from the capital to Acapulco, a distance of 7.43 !leagues, is very different ; the traveller continually ascends and descends, and changes every hour, from a cold climate to one of excessive heat; but the road of Acapulco is formed for carriages: whereas, of 84.5 leagues from ! Mexico to Vera Cruz, a very small portion only belongs to the great plain of Anahuac. The remainder of the road is a laborious and continued descent, especially from the small :fortress of Perote to the city of Xalappa, and from this site, one of the most beautiful and picturesque in the known world, to La Rincitiada. It is the difficulty of this descent which raises the carriage of flour front Mesicoto Vera Cruz, and prevented its competing in Europe with the flour of Phi ladelphia. A fine causeway, however, has been partly con structed along the eastern descent of the Cordillera: this work, which sprung from the energy of the merchants of Vera Cruz, would have, when completed, a decided in fluence on the prosperity of the entire of New Spain. The places of thousands of mules, the only transport along that difficult road, will then be supplied by carriages fitted to transport merchandises from se a to sea, and con nect almost the Asiatic cominerce (if again revived) of 1 Acapulco with the European trade of Vera Cruz. The I commerce of Mexico has now but two outlets—the ports of Vera Cruz and Acapulco ; by the former, its commerce, I under the rule of Spain, was carried on with Europe, the coast of Caracas, the Havanna)), United States, and Jamaica ; die latter was the central point of the South Sea! and Asiatic trade, and received the vessels which came from the Philippine Islands, Peru, Guyaquil, Panama, and the north-west coast of North America. The two harbours ' are in every way different—the port of Acapulco appears an immense basin, and as if formed by the industry of man, That of Vera Cruz, from which an annual commerce of 60 millions of piastres was carried on, scarcely deserves the name of harbour •, it is a dangerous anchorage among the shallows of La ('aleta, La Gallega, and La Lavandera. The `cause of this disadvantage is easily perceived. The coast of Mexico along the Mexican Gulf is, in fact, a dyke, against which the trade winds, and perpetual motion of the waves, from east to west, throw up the sands which the agitated ocean carries along. This current runs along South America, from l!umana to the isthmus of Darien; it ascends towards Cape Catochc, and after mixing with the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, issues through the ca nal of Florida, and flows towards the banks of Newfound land. The sands congregated by the agitation of the wa ters, from the peninsula of Yucatan to the mouths of the Rio del Norte and the Mississippi, insensibly contract the , basin of the Mexican Gulf. The rivers which descend from the Sierra Madre. and enter the Atlantic Ocean, have also contributed in a great degree to increase the sand banks. Vera Cruz is now almost abandoned, and destroyed by the fire of the Castle of St. Juan de fl I, of and the inhabitants , of Mexico had long looked for a better harbour and outlet ! for their European commerce ; for that purpose they had fixed on the mouths of the rivers Alvarado and Guasucuallo, I to the south of Vera Cruz, and to the north of the city ; the Rio Tampico, and especially the village of Sotta La Marina, near the bar of Santander. These four points had, previous to the Revolution, engaged the' attention of the Government of Mexico. But these , ports would require great labour ; and however advan tageous in other respects, the sand-hanks prevent the , entry of large vessels : even in Acapulco, in the winter, , during great hurricanes, the sea is very rough, and an chorage often hazardous. The physical situation of the , city of Mexico, Humboldt remarks, possesses inestimable , advantages, if considered in the relation of its communica tion with the rest of the civilizes' world : placed on an isthmus, washed by the South Sea and Atlantic Ocean, Mexico seems destined by the hand of nature to possess a , powerful influence over the political events that agitate both continents. A King of Spain, tl-e great Humboldt , remarks, resident in the capital of Mexico, might transmit his orders in five weeks to the Peninsula in Europe, and in six weeks to the Philippine Islands in Asia. The vast kingdom of Mexico, under a wise government and careful , cultivation, would of herself produce, from her rich soil, almost everything that commerce collects toge ther from the most distant shores: among these may be included sugar, cochineal, cocoa, cotton, coffee, wheat, , hemp, flax, silk, oils, and wine. Every metal, including quicksilver, is h ad from its mines. The finest timber, and • an abundance of iron and copper, would supply the re sources for a Mexican marine; but the state of the coasts , unfortunately, and the want of ports, from the mouth of , the Rio Alvarado to that of the Rio Bravo, p cat t obsta cles, in this respect, which are mire than difficult to over come. The wealth of individuan in Mexico, previous to the Revolution, and derived principally from the mines, was in many instances very great, much greater than either , at the Havannah, or in Caraccas or Peru. At Caraccas (Humboldt states) the heads of the wealthiest families losiessed a revenue of 900,000 livres ; in the island of , : Cuba, individuals had incomes of 6 or 700,000 franca; at Lima, an annual revenue of 90,000 francs was very uncom : but in New Spain (the great traveller adds) there were individuals, who possessed no mines, and whose revenue amounted to a million of francs. Ile instances the family of the Count de la Valenciana, possessing alone, on the ridge of the Cordillera, a property worth more ; than twenty-five millions of francs, without including , the mine of Valenciana, near Guanoxuato, which, one year with another, yielded a net revenue of • tnillion and a half of livres. The Count de Regla (Humboldt i stake) constructed at the Havannah, at his own expense, in Aeajon and Cedar-wood, two vessels of the line, of the largest size, which he made a present of to his S overeign. It was the mine of La Biscsina, near Pachuca, which laid , the immense fortaues of the House of Regla. Another , sable family, that of Fagorga, exhibited an instance of almost unpar alleled: wealth, derived from the same source ; a single seem which that family possessed in the district of Panbrerete, left, in the short space of five or six m ntbs, and all charges deducted, a net profit of twenty millions of francs ; but, independent of the mines, very large fortunes still exist in Mexico. Many individuals who gained im mensely by rich speculations, have purchased vast tractsof knd, and devoted their wea lth to agriculture. There are also in Mexico (Humboldt states) a number of very powerful families, who never embarked in the mines. Of this de scription are the wealthy descendants of the " Con questador" Cones, or the Marquis del Valle. The Duke of " Monte Leon," a Neapolitan Nobleman, who is the head of the House of Cortes, possesses magnificent estates in the province of Oaxaca, near Toluca, and at Cuernavaca. The net produce of his rents was a few years since actually no more than .1.50,000 francs. The King having taken from the Duke the collection of the " Alcavolos" and duties on to bacco.' If, however, the descendants of the Great " (long ues tador" would live in Mexico, their revenue would rise at once to more than a million and a half of francs. The wealth of the Mexican Clergy is also very great; the revenues of the Archbishop of Mexico, and eight of the Bailsman Bi shops—of Puebla, Vallaelohd, Guadalaxara, Durango, Monterey, Yucatan, °execs, and Sonora, amounted to 339,000 double piastres, or near 120,0001. sterling. Of all the European colonies uoder the torrid zone, Mexico pos seined the fewest Negro slaves, and is the least burdened with that dangerous curse, " sable slavery ;" in fact, there are scarce any slaves throughout that fine country. One may go (I funiboldt states) through the whole city of Mexico, without meeting a black countenance. In this instance Mexico presents a striking contrast to the II avannah, Lima, and the Caraccas. From information procured a few years since, it appeared that in all Mexico there were not seven thousand negroes, and not more altogether than ten then sand slaves, of whom the majority belonged to the ports of !impala, and Vera Cruz, or the warm regions of the coast (Tierra. Calcentes). The slaves were five times as nume rous in the province of Caraccas, which did not contain the sixth part of the population of Mexico. Of 80,000 Negroes calculated to leave been furnished by Africa an nually to America, and worth in the colonies near five millions sterling, not one hundred were stated to have been landed on the coast of Mexico. Our present limited space will not permit us to take as enlarged a view of this important subject as we could wish, but we shall return to it again. Our information is principally drawn from the great Humboldt, the ablest and most scientite tea yeller who ever devoted himself to the extension of human knowledge. We have also drawn largely on other sources, South America now presents so vast a field for enterprise and comineree—the trade and speculation of on. mer chants and capitalists is so much extended into that great and rising quarter of the globe, that every source of infor mation on the subject of its resources, produce, and situa tion. ought to be unlocked. IVe have from time to time dwelt at some length upon this important question ; and whenever our space or leisure will permit we shall return to the ziiscussion again. The last &dykes from Para, we understand, are of a na- I ture to remove all fears as to the situation of our coun trymen in that quarter. The tragical occurrence, of which an account appeared in our paper of Monday last, has been fully corroborated by other statetnents. Its horrible details, as was natural, excited incretht!ity in the minds of many; but there is now too little reason to doubt any of them. PARIS. (roots A CORRESPONDENT i t us, ceFai,teiße:int4haik:r. a nation Ofiaaall are t he poverty t y in a f i l i e d r ( t i l e i s e pa su ti n al , a t , h ba e gr th ea a t f es iwi t dih t u l i i c a hen t ling great progress in this quarter of the globe, and these two evils are, and always have been, the great precursors of revolution. The reason is manifest. The majority have no stake in the common interest of the country ; and when discontent begets sedition, as in th.! natural course of events it will do, there is no countervailing in the prejudices or the affections of the Topic, to stern its progress. if oldiers, and prefects of police, can do but littl e towards the permanent preservation of " social order," when the great 11/3SS of the people are disconnected, in opi nion and feeling, from the government. In such a eye, the harmony wants, what the musicians call, a fundament al base, and for this there is no substitute. The Parisians , are not what they were twenty years ago ; their habits, their sentiments, their feelin2a, areal! altered. At that p r . nod, it was truly enough said, that the whole nation was taught to bow; the church to the crucifix—the law to the stare—the people to the bayonet—and ch urch, law, st2te, people, and bayonet, to the Citizen First Consul. B ut Dine has, since then, read many lectures of experience, by which the people have profited, though their rulers have not; and it needs no gift of inspiration or of proplieq to foretell that the present system will end in the fall of the Bourbon dynasty. When the hour of danger and dismay arrives, they will see their error, and they will then do, as royal martyrs have done before them—they will begin to concede when it is too late to conciliate. In France the policy has always been to interpose per. petual spectacles between the multitude and their upper. most thoughts. At present great prepartions are making for the Carnival of Paris, which, this year, is to continue to the end of the month. The Ministers and men in an. thority arc to wear masses or not, at discretion. In whose lunatic brain could it have first originated to let loose this sort of foolery ? Ilow can men of common sense look in the glass, and not blush for their folly—to turn their un. derstandings adrift for a season, that they may indulge in the licence of irregularity and dissipation ! When t h e permitted interval of profligacy is ended, all will be g i n again to cross themselves with returning gravity ; to count their beads, to say morning mass, and to go with the usual complacency through all the formalities of adoration ! What a drama is human life; and what an inconsistent and variable animal is man ! The expulsion of one hundred and fifteen students from the College of Louis le Grand, late College de Clermont, has excited equal interest and indignation. The heads of the establishment, it appears, received private information that a dire plot was forming among the scholars, which was to be put in execution on the 27 in ult.—that the candles were to be suddenly put out, the college to be seised by the rleeis and the masters to be punished at their discretion. There is no evidence of guilt, so coves. sire as as an anonymou s letter. Accordingly, without in. quiriug into the truth of the statement, or searching for proofs of the alleged conspiracy, the head master firth ' with dismissed forty of the scholars, two hours before the apprehended plot was to be carried into effect. At the ap pointed moment, not of explosion, but of extinction, all was suspense and alarm, when behold, on a sudden, and by an unseen hand, four candles were put out ; but the ,house contenance, the assured air, of the masters. arrested the further progress of insurrection—nipped rebellion in the bud—dispersed the portentous cloud while it was yet to bigger than a man's band, and appearances promised a speedy . return " to the accustomed relations of peac e a n d amity, ' when suspicion, always on the yui the ru moured that a second plot was in the wind. The f a t a l des tiny of the disciplinarians was again seen upon the horo scope, and fear again dictated that prevention was better than a cure. People are generally ridiculed for crying out before they are hurt, but as it is too late to cry out after , wards, the former is perhaps the wisest course; at least so thought the heads of the College of Louis lc Gram!, and therefore, without waiting for the tedious formality of proof, they proceeded to a second expulsion of seventy : fire scholars! A very short form of exorcism drives away an supposed evil spirits under the present system. One has ' dred and fifteen students arc here expelled from College, in the midst of their studies, and to the destruction of their professional pursuits, without any evidence of glib, and without any means of justification ; and this, on the arbi trary exercise of a despotic power, vested in the principals, from which there is no appeal. This act of expulsion took place late in the evening, and one youth, whose parents re side 450 miles from Paris, found himself turned into the streets of' this metropolis at midnight, without a friend, without an asylum, without a anus, and was at length forced to beg a lodging for the night at the house of the father of one of his school-fellows. I learn, privately, that this apprehension of a conspiracy originated in certain ex pressions of indignation which fell from a few young pupils of the College, at the punishment inflicted on one of their ' comrades, who for a slight offence was condemned to the severe sufferings of the picket, a punishment long since abolished in our army. Such an oppressive act of injustice as this passes current under the present legitimate sove reignty of the French nation, but under Napoleon it would have beets visited with great and prompt severity. Theme chiefs of a college exhibit, in this instance, t!te very same policy which is manifested on a larger scale by the despots of a nation. Pretended plots furnish a pretest for removing obnoxious individuals, and papermforged the occasion, unravel conspiracies which never were forma, and afford a clue to designs which never existed. The partial insurrections have arisen out of public divontiot there is no doubt, but even these have, in roost cases, boat secretly promoted, till they rose to a height short of being actually formidable, but sufficient to give colour to the calling out the military, and ridding the despot of his fears, by ridding him of every man of talent and enterpritet whose love of freedom opposed itself to his designs. The present agitations of Europe, as an American writer has well observed, must be regarded by those who conton plate them in their true light, as a continuation of the gest revolutionary movement which was checked and comproaed for a time by the despotism of Bonaparte, hut only waited for his fi.:l to begin its march again with a renewed im pulse. This being the real state of the case, as no name able man can doubt for a moment, it is quite idle to lank for the root of the evil in obscure associations and treasonabie plots; or in the desperate fanaticism which mai have led to the assassination of a poet in one country and a Prince in another. These occurrences are symptoms, slight in it:, portance as to their (qr.-et upon the interests at stake, but proving, by their atrocity, the strength of the princ,pl , which are at work. And those persons who are Ink:reset. in checking the progress of politics! reformation mi;:b: think themselves %cry fortunate if such obscure and feelsl enemies were all they hsd to contend with. The Italian Brochetti, the assassin of the venerali.i Greek patriarch, has beets found guilty of the attempt murder, but teiteeet premed/tat/me Out English laws kr , • jof no such verdict as this. lie is condemned to he , labour for life ; wit n this sentence was pronounced up. him, he exclaimed, " It is wo:se than a senteumet a death." We have had remarkably flue weather for some Pi put. On Sunday, the Bois de Boulogne was crove, with carriages and equestrians, and the Champs Elysce• which has been deserted for the last four months, in cm sequence of the almost uninterrupted bad weather, t't' assumed its enlivening aspect. The promenade on the F . l( 1 t of the Palais Bourbon was fi lled from the place Louis XI. to the Barrier de Phltoile with thousands of petlestriato• composed of the fashionable% and elegantes of Paris. Tbe day, though tine, was frosty ; and. as a precaution again s .: colds and catarrhs, the beaux were enveloped in Spanal: cloaks, the belles in pelisses of coloured veivet, with ttf E,trac;ful appendages of hats and feathers. Tr, F. Rev. Mr. Co LTON.—Extract from a letter, istjl received horn Long Island, near New York, Ike. 19, 1 s'V " A few days ago, 1 had the pleasure of meeting with gentleman here, the Rev. Mr. Colton, the anther Lacon, or many things in a few words.' I was Deo more delighted with the company of any mail in my With highly polished manners, he unites literary aciia menta of the fi rst order. In his conversation, "he quote fluently front the brew, Grcek, Latin, and French. 21,1 yet it is all done without the least app,arance of *fol.' tan. Ile stalks incessantly, his gun being his oirstl' attendant and hobby. Ile represents himself as Witt.; Fellow of Cambridge and his living as worth 31 101. annum. If you can learn any thing of him, from as Cambridge friends, let Me have it." T Are 1 unle 10113 I pick guen taken of th celebt 4. r 41 evinCc Cam Dallas has W.) I Ann whim i in?Pfct mocha '‘e acc ......&ti Houle .l al MOT natio ,the 1111011 langt:ag deed der Acv nicli .1) ISIII ►a :a. 4. o held I e teak- wit; 11 these cursors isjorit y T ' ; and We 1 U rSe Of 11111eMITI either then rem its the it little It w d that er," D 3 in o pi. se ra I Cas e , whit twat. on 0 risians It habits, the I tat p e . pick mu; M Was bark to the rtes, state, took But sent, ce, by point Nees har e guen ecy to taker of the of th lismay re-en do, u Th were in to celehz A r P e r , to ties upper. King' aking Coon twinct I:inue so be 1 In au. 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