The British Press; or, Morning Literary Advertiser. — London, England, 1809-05-03 00:00:00

. . iriducetttent to commit adultery w ould, be done away. 4t waa,lte believed, too r tteruptly the cage, t hat A married womstn seeing a person she enexpettedly el suddenly formed a peculiar off, etion for, to say hive Had I seen you before my maeriage, should have been the happiest *ammo 00 earth, • now I am sue of the most miserable." • This the signal in the other :party to do that which should annul the existing marriage, 'and prepare e way for their, mutual happiness, in being pers. mitted afterwards to contract a watriunitiial en gagement. Ile believed it wits not utifrequent that emits, in whom there•ideays exists such a medley good and eid, a disposition towards im moral 'practices, and a love of morality, to argue in his own wind upon this spy -sub ject, and, at least, to draw an erroueous conclusiOn that.iu paying his addresses to a Lady- tin Situated. -was actuated by a principle of litimur ; because fitresatv that a biii of divorce woniti eaable him the Luih reparation by marriage. The isetetence 6f the present proposition being made tending order of the Muse sroukl be,' to shut •.all hope and eXpeotation that Any such regara could- be made. In that case, if a seducer paiwessed the least ray of humanity, if he triter.' 'led the slightest reflectiou, he must shudder at idea of attending to his own oeittificatioh, when knew that it most inevitably lie followed - by the ill of the Lady, by the misery of a whole tinily, and Ity the degradation of 'himself in the /es of the world. lie next observed, that the pro position which he had now wade; might . Le object ed to, as an extraordinary proceeding; but he could assure their Lordships, that by referring to many of their utai4dist4 orders. there would be found new principle in the present measure, and he istaticed several, where particular clauses were re pired .to be inserted be bills to qualify-theta for introduction into that House. Ile had no appre linsion that los toot eon would meet with ally net tefial objection, and he hoped his proposition would long remain on their Lordships' Order Book, and would seldom, if ever, be found necessary to be I - mistimed with. The Earl of !Lemma expressed himself as hav ing no indigestion to oppose the motiou of the No ble Lord opposite (Auckland) ; but was rather dis pored to have gone still farther in any measure, which might tend to the prevention of so many reaches of the conjugal vow. At the same time could not refrain from noticing that one iejiirintis consequence would result from that proposition becorniive .t standing order. It would eventually happen that cases would arise when it might be ab solutely necessary or desirable that the order should I* dispensed with. This would produce a very unpleasant inference, that favour es as shewn is particular came& Lie would rather have wished, that some general law could have been adopted, from which it would in no instance be necessary to deviate. Lord MULGRAVE addressed the House, at con siderel.ile tenth, on a subject which he eterwidered of very serious intportaitre. llad the Noble Lord hvouglit forward any cnotioli which might have had for its object the puresinuertent the rululteree, had it tendel. to disqualify him front tilling,any sit es tion in t h e Array or Nasy. or His NhticAo thi vertiruent, it should have had-hie most cordial sue. • port. Had it atilt gone i'ariliereeen4, inflitted cor poral putushinent upon the Wee (Weiner of con- jugal happiness. as tar as it could intneted, cousietentiv with the ntilkendui;ifistration of English Law, such a motion 3 b , cislii have also met with his hearty concurrent*. No man more than himself deplored the prevalence of that vice, ltd to the g,eat minaber filf Attesters. He did not - actiond with what had beMitletifed by the. Noble Lord, that women had theietvetew a di-• *carte femi their husbands. and qtr etpectation that they would be married to their seducers, when they became Participators in fine crime of edulnary. He entertained the highest mi.:llion of the Ladies of this ecnititry. and Dever would fie think that any or them, Atoneeer bold ur forward, so far lose all sins of shame, as to ad dress their seducer in the language ascribed to them by the Noble Lord who brought forward the pre- , Beet motion. Evetetimmig the lower orders of so ciety, where education tied not its due influeuce upou their hulks of life, we often sew remark able instances of the force of aliame, to avoid which it had not aufrequently lutepeited that a woman murdered her own offspring. In the higher orders, wlhQse education, manners awl retiworient, unitedly swayed the feelings and disposition of die female character ; could it hr supposed there was so much want of shame that a, Lady should say to her se ducer, " If I hail seen you (before I was married, I should have been tine happiest woman on cattle but now I am one of ere moot iniscroble." Ile felt the strongest objections to the proposition's been:Mee u seuuliteg °else of the llou•e, - and cer tainly it would, not have this support. ()tie cense quence would be, that, provided tills of Divorce, enistaiaing the clause alluded to, after listing re ceived their Lordships' assent, would, most pm habiy. after passing the other House id Parlia ment, be Not hack destitute of that particulsr clause. This would occiseiOn the greatest Meas. veinenee„ and might possibly prevent altogether rh hills Iran passing into a Law. Great hard. •1 1 1 would hereby accrue to the injured hue. ti and, to whom, it must lee allowed on all hands, this remediable act ought to he eetentled.— Hes:dee as things were at present, it was permitted t leeeducer to mike all the compensatiou possihle tOr the act he had committed, that of lathering a body into diserace ainotigst maukiisd ; and it was held to be almost a principle of honour, that the man was bound to marry the woman whom he lied seduced, and deprived of her virtue. This consideration alone had frequently been suf ficient to deter men frura prueecutiug their tie etire for gratification to the utmost extreme . ). But if the premed pop owtiter were to become waistline order of that House, that othrtary check uenti eicions propensity would be completely de &trey-ed. His Lordship, amended by expressing his conviction that the motto's had a tendency to increase rather than diminish the allurements to a lultery, and that it will br attended by very its. ierious enemy tieuces : on these grounds, it would inert with his opposition. Tbe A ecentsuor of I:4IITERIBUttIf sad, he con sidered it his duty to address a few observations to the House, upon the present question ; it was a gent int] ,away. a marri nod SO( to 11 . 1111 1 shoo' but no , was the should the we' matted gagerni a man, of pu moral • argue ject, al that.iu h••was ii,rf. t:, ma t. C 7 ottlt e slam wer.ati tans cc passest , taineil • tiie Idf h,• kite rinu e family eyes of positia to ed to, • could m*uy an ne insults !pink introd nsia Icing -would dispel • Th, ins ble Li pored which • breac he co, • curio. hoeor happi soluti be d • . parte that from devil La fader of se beau, for it it tel tion veru port, pieta • auga CO W§ 1":•14 tart theta • obit • did& Null wore that W lky ado of ale • fors fleet by seo, r cies up( abl , it 111 11/11 why SWI: ells Mal (1114 1116( Hill fell bee tail qu • aol eri tea me cis •I I, I th: BI • b hi in ha co fit •sie B all all 111 a JJ . . sea, 1110 tli, • . _ duty incumbent upon hit% as an unworthy mem ber of that bench to which he particularly below ed.. • Marriage was the chief bond and social which essentially guarded the happiness of nations.. As early as the creation, and down to the times in which we live, marriage . had always been respected, as the chief cetuen tof seciety. Amongst nations of the greatest science and refinement ; and also amongst those the most rude and barbarous, this instinstion would be found invoriebly adopted. Whatever laws should be made, whatever rules should be laid down, if 'they consequently led to the breach of .that• contract, they would be found inimical to the best interest of a country's wel rani. The law of Englaud had not • raised this act of solemnity into a sacrament, nor was it lowered by the same law into a mere civil agree ment. In considering the subject before the House, he was led to reflect how very rare and un coteinon divorces were previous to the reformation; but' in modem timAes they had increased to a very alarming degree. amid scarcely was there a day when he could east his eyes to the table before him and observe it clear front bills of that description. If we reverted to the days of ancient Rome, when science flourished most in her empire, we'siliould And divorces gaining ground iusidtt the decay d doinestie happiness. We were assured by a.graels.! Author that they married with a view to be divoriced,•l cud that they were divorced for the purpose of marrying agoiti. He had not 'metlistinet authority to allege that a practice so horrible to our iniiids and feelings, that of exposing children, had its origin iu the frequency of divorce ; bet he would without Hesitation declare, that the breeches of the marriage contract have a tendency to disunite the affections of families, and to destroy BM tender love of parents towards their offspring. It was a Mat roan consideration, not only in the esti mate of the happiness or society, but.alims in the particular sitm;ation of their Lordships' families, hot one of whom had scarcely preserved itself from the inroads of this dangerous vice. He nest ad verteel to the Canon, Ecciesimultigel and Evangeli cal law upon the crime of adultery, and quoted fin ('reek) that pas age in the New Testament, which speaks of a man marrying a woman who had been put away for adultery. The Right Reierend Prelate concluded a very able and eloquent speech • in favour of the anotiosi. Lord gRS6PIE entered fully into all the argu ments of the Noble Lord opposite (Lon! Harrow by). to which he very iogenicnisly replied. fhe Loin CHANCtiLLOit addressed the Muse in a very impressive speech on the'saine side, and stated the ausi_;•• Which lie had long entertained on the present question. nestle-wed from the present proceedings in Bills of Divorce, that the present proposition was neither singular nor contrary to the practice of Parliament. He regretted that when Bills of Divorce dere brought before the Haase, all the care and all the odium were constantly thrown upon himself and two three other Noble Lords. Lord timti.s•iise ..,..•errad the measure pro posed, t: hid:, if ee.• • ii as not going far enough, it was mile f ` üble Lords to to/Otiose such additie! . - • as 'they considered necessary, elm • • .• .• ~ doubt but the subject would receive timet degree ofaßentitm, the usegnitade of it The first question, that the proposition now • be foreffient 'offesed to their 'Lordships' comisideration. was, did'the measure. now proposed, premise to he likely to effect *fly gelid ? It itiint. it world sere ey • be else le their Lordships to use 01,e:rower they pot seised of giving it effect in the a.iy pinnate& which .neither clashed with oar imeerfered with the O th er branch offing Legislature. it had been said thatcor rectioit was the object of poet-diluent. This• he de- Med ; on time other humid, lie contended that the sole object of punishment was, or ought to be, the prevention of crime ; there ass no just feeling of the haunt' mud would bear to eousider it as a mean, of correction inercly, without considering it as holding up mie example to deter others fiorn the commnissiou of crime. In this point of view, there lie considered the present measure as peculiarly necessary for time preservation of the purity of the manage state; as peculiarly neccsemry tier tile pur pose of repressing the first approtielmer of seduction, by holding up to the view of the Victim or it, the inevitable cousrapiences of her fall, by being irre trievsibly lost we society for ever. The next ques -I,tion for their Lordships coosideratiou was, whether the mode profit-eel was likely to effectuate the remedy intended? T. the ohjectious made to it, he would answer in the manner of the Noble awl Learned Lord who had preceded him, that if they were not •to attempt the cure of the evil coin ! plainest of because that evil would probably atilt lallialtl, that mode of reasoning would apply as A IMO Iliv.ition for neglecting all remedy in every case. because imply whatever cure human sagacity could devise. evil would still be round to exist. But it had been•objected that the other House of Parliament might defeat their Lordships' intentions by rejecting such !rinses should contain the clause now proposed. The mine might be suici of every bill which might couteiii any dense to . a hich they might object.— Would it he said theta their Lorslshipe were there fore to depart from the opinion they lied formed in every ciese where the other House should differ from them ? Each Howie certainly pressessed- the poem, end should act in whatever manner they might deem proper ;' and the experience of peat times proved the happy effect resultiug from the due exercise of that right. BeLides, iu adopting the peesent resolution, as a standing order of their Howe, -they still reserved to theieselvii the power of consider mg the ease of sack as ought appear to chum an exemption from it; although lie was free to acknowledge he could hardly con ceive an case iu which such a claim should be al lewed. With respect tithe expense attending Lille of divorce, . his Lordelitp considered it as out of time question altogether ; if little of the kind were to he muttered at all, the expense should be istioitely re duced ; if it were wise to reject them altogether; no sem. however large, should render them attain able. Betides, it aboisld be rece ll e eted, that the smallest expense at which sash a primeeeding could be estimated, was intiintely helmet what the ;stem majority of society could . possibl) sitstein ; he therefore considered, that which wax a system cal culiited for the kw, to the totr.l excimmion of the many, Ys radically had. Granting it, however, us their Lorthhiri vertainly did, as a favour, they surely had a ri;:ht to by flown what term% they pleased, as the price of the purehave. As to the • lest psont, namely the extent of their meets .to, frame such a regulation, he coots is . pee tt9t only not et:Wintry to the farms of1 1 1 1 :1 4 1kosebt. but, • , on thaccuskary, striokler conform:skirt thOreka. •,,Ua admitted Such an order was not olslipoot.y.On the whole Legislature, but only en that branchrOf. it which eimeted it. Thus, the oiler proposed would be thuull . Aptl. tolormili on the othin firmly!' in ,the exercise of their functions—nor even restrain astir Lordships," whenever they should think it necessary to deviate from the establirlied rule. Upon these• grounds, he should support the present motion, coosidering it es he did, as a part of a great good, without, however, absudoning the hope of a still -greater to be effected by the niterfereuct of their Lordships. Earl STANHOPE would not have troubled their Lordships, but for the purpose of notieiter RN ex pression that fell frous,a Noble staid Learned Lord who spoke last but one, who lied affirmed time the marriage of a _female after a dootree was illegal: (A cry of NO ! no!) Hit Lordship persisted ill al &mile., that such a doctrine bad been held told though he would not oteleralltiacli the Kev: Bench *lmo - site to him religiOn.oed.morality,,yet he - would iestruct that Learned Lord in. law; and if he should lay' hitn'oti• his back,,and ineke him eat his word , . he conceived lie should be doitg a g reat good. It tharbeen'helet that a divorce from be 'tad hoard wikolo,dissolutiOo of the marriage; but he contended this was merely an opinion, fur if, it was not, the people of Doctors' Commons were a parcel of absurd fellows, when they took a build from the husband in a penalty conditioned on Lis not marrying again ; for what could be more ab surd than takint: a bond us a seamity against doings that which the law hail 'Arend!. declared to be il legal! He world tell their Lordships what a great Man (the late Mr. Dunning) had mice said to him Du that subject s —that apecoiliary penalty ass en tinny but a perwiesiou to break the law, for you have butto pay the money, and you may sin with impunity. With respect to the crime of bigamy, he would tell their Lordihips what it was, as it was defined by a statute, which, with many others now obsolete, stood unrepealed upon their Statute-book--it was, for a man to marry two wives, or one widow! (Great laughter.) lie Lortlehip declined entering into the subject at large, - bat suggested the . intro- • ductinu of the elapse contended for sjunly in tact Divorce• Bilk,' and then their Lortlshipit might dige pose of it as they thought proper, without being shackled by soy previous general orders. llesidee., they should consider that sock se elentie might:,he rejected in the other House ; and he put it to them, would they rather the individual 'tumid lose 4 the relief intended; the* abandon the eaceptiouable regulation ? He remembered a seetiment-ottereds by Ins Noble Relation, (Lord Preuville) on the,. discussion of the sieve trade, wbieb p among:l/1V others, had his warmestassent ,. c (tut no genera good, however peat, could ever juttifyindfindual tojulitiee." This eentimerit lie would Jiave their Lordships bear in mind when they come to decide whether they weld(' reject any Divorce in which the clause contended for ehotild be left nut by the other House The LORD CHANCELLOR explained. The Noble Lord might lay him on his back as well as the other Noble lands. but he could not make him eat his wools. He had not affirmed, that after sy divorce the woman could not marry; be had only• said that doubts had .been entertained on that ‘tilaject. He hoped he should alwayshear the mien liderstand ings of the Noble Lord with. equal good temper as the present, but lie could not as readily promise for their as easily understandieg one another. Lord GaettrifLe said a few words in expla. nation. The Earl of Ltvammor. laid it down as a gee neral proposition, that by the law of the laud there could lie no such thiug as a divorce a vincvlo.nts trimuntii, and, consequently, that all bills of divorce were, iii their essence and nature, exceptions to that general rule. Now, whether it would he right or otherwise to grata none whatever nit the one hai,d, or to lay down some general rule by which divorces might be pttainahle :my all at the other, he should not stop to itionire ; but this he was sure of, that the atioptioe of either one or other of theseas a general rule, was preferable to the practice they were in the habit of pursuing, or legiAlating con tinually in individual eases,' if it was for no other reason than this. that calculating the ex pense atteistliag the process at the smallest possible sum, at it kicli mcould he calculated, still the Twit majority of the community must inevitably be ex cluded from all possibility of attaining the benefit of such a proceeding, if a benefit it was to be con sidered. He 'motioned these considerations in or der to skew the difficulties attendant upon sill geuerul orders, espeinsilly when applied to in dividual cases. lie believed, that the one Dow under consideration might do some good, but lie dared not hope it would he very eaten. sive : it might be found beneficial is cases where there remained any sense of decency or reli gion. lie feared it would be wholly inoperative where the parties were found to be wholly *home less. It was such au order where he could not conceive a ease iu which it would he found cape dieot to break in upon it ; and he hoped that all those who voted for it to-night would support it inviolate, until it should be found expedient to discuss the propriety of making an alteration in the principle upon which they had adopted it. Lord DARNLEY (teetered he had entertained doubts on the subject, which had not been totally done away by the *Netnews lee had heard ; how ever he dal not mean to oppose the adoption of the incasitre. Adverting to the pruetice of remunerat ing by imcCu ii iii ry damages an injury beyond all !Mum, redress, Isis Lordship considered it in some degree an opprobrium to the country, 'mil -rug eittini the necessity of abler hauds endeavouring to supply a remedy, for what he considered both us o national evil and a national disgrace. Their Lordships then divided upon the motion. a lach ,ens carried ; their appearing, ► witents (:o art • Najolity Adjourned at :NINE o'clock. liot'St• OF COMMA:Vt. • • A Monaco from the Timber of I, , trde informed the Howie that their litrthMire had ntreed to the [me . 1 %%Witt Bull, the y,. ; ry F ree and ,sevcral privat. Bina he iimatarely Bill. ab read a third tone, and passed,. 411 J • • .• The Loan Aovocei'v of S rorr.x'n °MN nod I. ire to Ming in a Bill for the Belief of Fainilica of :Militia Mee, i n , ",Scotland. K On the }notion of Mr. Boer, the Woollen Manufaelurers Bill *as read a ,stand time, and mitered to tiConimittee of the whole Howie to.tour, ow , Lord Mtvron gore tutice, that he would, Olt Monday next, metre fur tette tb "41tig in eMill to repeal ho Art pre venting 'Judger from:tr . /ill civil causes withiu ilaseown counties. On the dletiOn of Mr Rose,-the Holm, revived itself in to o c omm i tte e oi , th e Scotia Trade tell. the Report _sae ordered to be received totuoirow. The Not the American Bill was read a third time sad pascal. Lord Bin NINO presented a Petition from the county of Haddingtuo, praying fora itein•al of the Income fax. Earl Txnets: muted for a Return from the Me•lical Board, of the sick, killed, and wounded, in the late Cam paign in Spain.—A greed to. I.,eave WAS given to bring in a..8i1l 'for regulating the Fees of reasons charged with Treasau in liaison; Mr. 11'BtTuxcao gave notice of hit intention to move for certain accumits relative to Stwup Lean. Mr. WHITURCAD, purlieu-int to notice 171 , .‘ I'd r jr an pc count of Colonel Charinilly's first appimitioen. to the British :sink particulars of his several appointisicuts, raids, and pay, tm, ur at any other period. Mr. Pt:Reeve did not understand that the Honourable Gentleman's motion would go to the extent it did, and Acre. fru r loipsd lie would defer it till to-morrow. Mr. t itiTaarAU requested the Right Honourable (kn. thorn would erase such part as he deemed objectionable, which being done, the motion as altered was agreed to. On the motion of Sir Joie Pi ew riinv, the second read ing at the hill to prevent the Embetzlement of Public Mo tley ice Ireland, •as postponed to Thursday next. t Mr. TITAN EY rose to move for scone papers of 'bob be Mut ii,veu not it e yesterday. He rimier:land the first of lIIIRO was nod iu the por,ession of His Niajast : i*,. Ministers, who of course cosi,' root prodore it ; the eeinial paper atm *mild be int ~ if the aura .',:.Cart,' was used Memo! sof "n ropy," t•s a tEch he would nut °Vat, provide ell lice PXIIII, COOthihed the he sought. He then tooted for a espy of a I. tier from Sir him Moore to Mr Flare, dated Supinemen. Nov. iii, isari. Mr Penes:var. ',plied, .lout they had no such paper for protium lie Ttricuiev said, that he thought a return should be seal from the office the fort. l'a•ri 4% ti a p prehei a ted that in the second parer would be Mum, the beast:tom:, it not the very mortis the Hon. Gentleman wished for. Mr. TIERNEY objected to the principlt that n Waist line. •Gentlemmi .,, merely paying, they had nut gut slut was taught fur, should be dnratcd sufficient. Mr. CAM), ING sad 11r. relletrtaL explained. An Honourable Member asked how Government °Stained possession of the Cormap, ndenee between Sir Jules Moues awl Mr. Frrre The motion was thee pat and we ; :ttved. Mr. Ttrawev then proposal his second motion for a copy, or entracte, of any mite or remonstrance from .Me. Freer to the Supretne Junta, which was agreed tee. Mr. An mature at c wished to knots uliethar it was is ibh peso r of Ministers to add to the Correspomletwe on the table bstweeu.Str Jolla Moore and fir. here, or any `thing relative Mi Mr. l'rem's retirement I Mr. Callon° replied, that he hart hersire said, all tea teller' lee knew of ware before the Hoe ; since then' OA (Me instance he bad corrected himself, cute that wasatll Lows upoit the subject. , Mort ermr.cata t. to presented Copies of Proclamations canoed at Martinique, and the Ai tide{ of Capitulation.—Or dered to he so the table and be printed. 1r siuLVtilr ' t` HLBTOIt'S BILL. ..,,Str 'Et Toarcei tose.to move for leave to bring inn Bill for the relict of.lnsolvent Drbtors in Eng - hued. A Bill had just pasivd tip! House for the relief of Debtors it' Ireland; Rid he knew not why It should not be egtseided to England, He said. there wore at present Ig,ooo persona confined for, debtin the different gaols in the kingdom, whose distress, and dial of their families, seriously called for attention. It was trite. a Bill had been lately pease& to alleviate the distreases or to shorten the confinement of prisoners fur debt, yet it load nog,. welieved more thou one in. eleven, from the stria oess of its enactments. lie doubted not a few were in confinement who had ;wen guilty of frond, but the e,reater part,he was convinced,woa y give up all they had to obtain their liberty, and it was those be wished to relieve. The Hon. Mew- her then complained of the difficulty he had had to prepare his Bill, every word of which lie was ob liged to write out fairly- himself, 7U folio pages, end when hr applied to a person who assisted to ruake nut Bills for the Treasury, he was told be lied tiothino_, to do with that of the Hon. Gentle trout. lie thought the House ought to adopt some regulation upon too stalbject. The Hon. Oetilleman concluded with moving, 8. That leave be given to bring ice a Bill for the relief of Inisalvent Debtors' in England." Mr. PEnesv At, said, hr had no objection to the motion, but thought the suggestion to adopt a re gulation to strict Members in framing their Bills might materially interfere with their privileges. The SPEAKER said, it had been the custom, in tall times, iirr Members to prepare their Bills in their own terms. Whether the douse might think proper to make a new regulation upon the subject. it was a question which rested with themselves : but if any clerk had misbehaved himself, it was an offence which ought not to be pardoned. After a few words from Mr. Wttottatroact soil Mr. Witursis, leave was given to bring iu the Bill. BOGS OF IRELAND. Mr. FOOTER called the attention of the House to the subject of the Bogs of Ireland, which he acted were capable of improvement. The tabling such a quantity of ground was of great inwortance, and that it could be made capable of cultivation, was not difficult to prove. The Bog of Allen, throuali which a canal had been cat, was Iwo feet above the level of the sea, which 'hewed se,hiicieutly that it could be drained. If this were the case, it -might be asked, why lead it not been ,tone already C to which he would reply, that there were SO many proprietors that it was impossible to he dome with out legislative interference. Ilk proposition %rook( be for the appoisitment of Commissioners, withui.; salaries, subject only to the expense of surveys. If With': bugs only could be donned, Ireland wroth: he nide to grow more wheat, steel more hemp nod flax-seed, than were imported into the United Kingdom. The Right Honourable. Gentleimin then moved, ee That leave be. given to bring in a Bill to appoint Commissioners to inquire into the extent soil possibility of.improving the Bogs of lie' laud."—Leave given. MILITIA rompirrios Lord CASTLEREAGH tnor.ui the tl..rd reading of the Militia Completion Bill. • Sir THOMAS IUPTON said he eon hi not sulf...r this Bill to particularly objected to it, as it went to 'facilitate Pes4, without prutestiog against it. I le recruiting the wily from ihe Militia. awl he could not agree to any additions to the army. mere thea uecrasity reqttired. The army Jnirl u.,turned iuwit a g.gantic torus. that were the Government la a