The British Press; or, Morning Literary Advertiser. — London, England, 1826-05-11 00:00:00

LI TERA BY FILN'D. The rtb Anniversary of this Institution was commemorated at the Freemasons' Tavern. I nt- " edgy His (trace the Duke '.l Somtnarr in the Chair, by lord Olenorehy. Sir Joint Malcolm, Sir John Swin lwrs'ted n • Eden, Mr. T. Moore, Mr. Sotheby, Mr. Croly, burnt. ri ll4' tsis raid, and many otheedistinguished individuals. As soon i l ia * the cloth was removed, '• Non Nohis Opaline" was sung by ai.an. Collier, Atkins, Broadhurst , Ba i ley. no d N ichols, in a ver y tf ' re — i ve Da rer. The health, of his Majesty, the Duke of York, asJ Hord I entity, and the Army and Navy, were drunk with the oa st testimonials of respect. Upon the toast, •• Prosperity to the Larr MI Fund," being given , Mr. Fitzgerald rose , and having r"-n-cnilutuaelf on a chair, recited the following lines with much tong and effect : When barbarous nations sack'd Imperial Rome, And the world's mistress yielded to tier doom ; Oblivion o'er that land her poppies flung, Where patriot angel taught, and poets sung ! Science deplored her Tally's prostrate bust, And ltenius dropp'd a tear on Maro's dust ! O'er Europe's face a gloomy darkness spread, And Learning deep in cloisters weird her head. A (Manic age no patrons could afford, there every man was vassal, or was lord ; Fierce was the temper, barren was the mind, And war the only business of mankind 'Till Leo rose to fester every art That charms the fancy, or delights the heart On him each Muse was eager to attend, And Learning fourul a pattern and a friend : so 'rhea stern winter reigns, all nature sighs, The cheerful green of vegetation dies ; (Inc dreary waste the eyes of men behold Deluged with rain, or blamed with the cold ! But when the glorious sun returner' the sphere, The trees bud forth, the tender plants appear, Nature no longer dreads the winter's storm, Cheer'd by the rays that ripen while they warm ! Enlightened Science soon her radiance bore Front fair Italia to our northern shore, W here Oenius breathed his soul in Sitakapeare's page, And Milton shone the Homer of his age ! Vet in this soil, where all the virtues grow, And ere the poor can ask, the rich bestow, Authors have often mourned their hapless lot, Their works remembeed, hut themselves forgot: On. and explore the prison's gloomy cell, Where pale Disease anti hopeless Misery dwell, Oft will yon hind the man of letters there, its silent grief, or frantic from despair ! Behold his children meet his ghastly eye, Asking that bread he has not to supply ; While, like a lily drooping to the shower, The cherished partner of his happier hour, With all a wife's and mother's cares oppress'd, Leona her pale cheek upon her husband's breast. Can Fancy charm the poet's (meet brain, When thought serves only to engender pain ? Can passion animate his torpid (Mad, Lost to himself, abandon'd by mankind ? home have advanced opinions which would dry The source of all your generous sympathy ; That Learning wants no patron to succeed, And works of nenius always find their meed— Delualve this ;ht I—unworthy liberal men— Did Milton reap the harvest of his pen ? Did smiling Comfort bless poor Otway's days ? Or Wealth reward the loyal Butler's lays His King, who humour loved, and relished wit, With pleasure quoted every line he writ, And while gay courtiers filled the sparkling glass, Still was dude mirth the wit of Hudibras ! All °vied his pen had served the Royal cause, When the sword failed to vindicate the laws ; Yet Butler found too oft the poet's lot, Ilia wit rernember'll. Put his worth forgot ; And while Fame culi'd a chaplet for his head, His country's gratitude denied him bread. hutch are the Stems *holm we wish to save From Misery's lam retreat—a tlineleariAraire In this good cause the Royal Bounty flows, In streams perennial, to atausge their woes. lime Truth and Justice prompt the Muse to bring Praise to our P 414100, homage to oar King! Whose feeling heart has ever *hilted to dry The silent rear that dim's Misfortune's eye; il'ho more than shares his poorest subject's grief, And sends, wherever want prevails, re -lief Who, whit a polished taste and fibril' hand, Spreads wide improvement through hit native land ; And, like Augusts., who embellisted Rome, Makes Orecian arts his denizens at home! Where uncouth buildings met the ptiblie eyes, Long spacious streets and palaces arise; And Thames will soon behold, with conscious pride, Another Athens rising on his side ! Arts cannot droop. nor sciences despair, When England's Monarch makes their cause loin tare; Nor Genii's pine neglected and alone, His all-accomplished Patron on Throne ! Whose sceptre's honour'd as his sword was felted, In war triumphant, and in peace revered.—(Applaase.) Sh Jong MALCOLM then rose, and said that the company as. mudded were well acquainted with the character of the Institution, and how peculiarly indebted it was to the Noble Individual that filled the chair that day, and he was sure he need not say more than to request them to join with him in drinking the health of the Duke of nornerset with three times three. (Cheers.) The Duke of SOMERSET returned thanks, and proposed the health of the Viee-Preardents. dir Wit. CLAYTON returned his acknowledgments for the ho. SOU which had been done him, as well as the other Vice Presi dents, and said that no one could have taken more pains than he had to promote the interests of the Institution; and lie could say for those Vice Presidents whit whom he was more intimately im planted, that they went hand in hand with one strong arm to sup. non the Society. Ile need not explain the great service which the society had effected. But next to the gratitude which they owed to his Majesty for his great munificence, he must lay a claim for the Committee, who had so ably performed their duty. Ile would tot take up their time further than to assure them, that it was his num anxious wish to promote the Institution in all its bearings. The health of Sir Benjamin Dobhouse was then drunk with great applause, upon which Dr. Farce rose, and grid, as Secretary to the Institution, it was his uuty to say he had received a letter front Sir Benjamin Hob. haute, is which he expressed his extreme regret, that from the sate of his health he was prevented attending their annual Meet. ing but begged at the:mame dine to enclose his annual donation of St. Ile had also the pleasure to announce the following dons nano :—llis Majesty 210/. • the Duke of Somerset 101. 10a.; the Bishop of Bath and Wells U. • Dr. Burney 21/. ; Lord Dudley and Ward 21/., in addition to 204/. bequeathed by his fatter, and intern' thereon amounting to 371. Sir J. S. Hippisley 101. 10s. ; Lord Ellenbrnotigh 101. 10a. ; Dr. Richards 101. 10a. ; Sir J. Swinburne RV. 10s.; Sir John 3lalcolm 10L; Thomas Moore !I. 25.; and a variety of others. 1)r. Yates then read the following raiment of the receipts and payments for the last year. Balance in the Treasurers' hands on the 31st Decem ber, 1831 : £ a. d. At Messrs. Ransom and Co.'s - 116 13 3 Coutts and Co.'s - 105 0 4 222 1 Received since, in Subscriptions, Donations, Divi-1 1830 3 0 dents on Stock, B.c. X s. d. 2961 4 7 PO by order of the Committee, upon Applications tor Itelid, including purchase of Stock and in- 1669 9 6 ctlental Expenses 11.!dnci. in Treasurers' band 31st December 1025 £39. 15 1 The l'ermanent Fend consisted, he said, of - 13,633 4 2 In addition to which the Newton Property available 1 to the Socie t y amounted to - - • 1 6,367 15 10 limo, not available until the death of s person pus- i 1,84)0 0 0 'cuing a Life Interest Received aauttally from the Newton Estate - 50 0-0 Making a total of - 21,851 0 0 as the present funds of the Institution. During the last year fifty level cases had been relieved. but the names of the persons re lieved he waa not at liberty to state, for it was not the least inte resting feature in die character of that Institution, that it concealed the came of the persoo upon whom its bounty was bestowed.— (Great applause.) The neat toast wet, " The Pieta of Great Britain." Great anxiety wu excited by the expectation that Mr. T. Moore would return thanks; indeed he was repeatedly called upon, but did not use. This was followed by the toast of " The Universities of the United Kingdom." Upon which, Mr. SOT tt i Br lose and expressed his regret that his celebrated friend had not been disposed to answer the call that had been made +loon hint. As lie had,rot done to. and after the eloquent address ut that excellent friend to the Instita ion. Mr. Fitzgerald, he would not detain the cosnitany then. He said he looked at that Institu tion as one which had placed a tomb in the hands of charity, which had illumined the lowest recesses of despair, where misery and genius lay mouldering in decay. Of that he conk , furnish a strik ing example in the person of a living author, highly and justly crlebratel as the most diesinguished or the present day, whose works hs'l strongly arid powerfully tended to promote the national pa frfotisra sad freedom of his country. Ile begged the company to receire his warmest acknowledgments, and s to the name of the Poets and the Universities, to return thanks. Sir J. 31 A i.coi.at said that he rose, by leave of the Chairman, to propose a toast. In thu first place, wi h reference to the Report, he r'ist express his great aatistiorion at the prosperous state of the 'society. The peculiar wsy in which the charity was given was such as to render it far tiore valuable than money. It gave strength to the constitution, and was not calculated more to disarm silty passion than to temper human misery. There was some- Long pecullsr in that Society over all others—that peculiar deli racy in the mode of affunling relief. which discarded all anent.- the), and which temled more to heal the wounds of afflitilon than any other. There were other things equally deliglittul to con template, and which had occurred to very few—that of relieving those who, eta more prosnetotta days, had tunic • lihnral return. It was a dr:ienial rdlectiou, gloat tr. th^ rge m which they lived, - • • while they were prootriting chari y, there never was an age more disposed to give rewards to genius —not of money merely, but of admiration. Ile spoke in the hearing of those who stood pre eminently in that situation. He alluded particularly to one, who, though he could not claim to be personally acquainted with him had that day affiwded his assistance in relieving those who, though t hey might possess his aspiration, were without his genius and without his success. It was his peculial right to offer that tribute. It had been his fortune to live a long time away from his native country, but he wars not therefore unacquainted with Lolla Rookli, which combined all the laborious research of the historian, the finest genius of the poet. the classical taste of his own country, whit the strong and beautiful imagery of the East. It was unnecessary for him to say more than drink the health of Mr. T. Moore. Mr. T. Mooste said that he felt, in the first place, the necessity of apologizing for his delay in answering the call which had hero made upon hint. He felt that, when the health of the British Poets were drunk, it did not become him to oiler himself on that occasion, when such distinguished individuals as Mr. Sotheby and Mr. Croly were present; the former of whom, by his trans. lation of Oberon, not having displayed less talent as a translator, than power and originality as a poet. Ile could not but feel highly honoured by the distinction conferred upon him ; and to be so no ticed wad 110 ordinary honour. The soldier. in the cor.gratulations of his brothers in arms—the sailor, those of his companions of the battle and the breeze—or the more humble cultivator of literature, that of his fellow-labourer in the field—received a tribute the noblest they could offer, and the highest reward lie could receive. To the lion. Baronet who had proposed his health with so much eloquence, he knew not how to return hie thanks : he was afraid a good deal of that admiration expressed for his talents he must at tribute to the excitement and circulation of the glass ; but he did not mean to say that his vision was doubled, though it was the natural tendency of wine to give things a higher elevation than belonged to them ; and to that he must attribute the high ettlogium he had passed upon him. There wrist a curious circumstance attending the history of printing, With connected 'conviviality with literature—the limit printing types were after wards formed into drinking cups, to celebrate the inventiin. There was also another cup, which had been described by a wicked wight, since deceased, ati like those used by the wartime in the Halls of Odin. He said that booksellers drank their wine out of the sculls of poets. But to be sure that observation did not apply at the pre- ' sent period, for the booksellers' banquet was over, and lately they had had the worst of it. The sculls of authors were subject to other misfortunes: age, sickness, and sorrow, came to dim the divine particles within them, and the mind became a painful burthen to itself; while to this calamity, to which all intellect was subject, came poverty. To relieve that state of desolation was the object of that Institution • and if even only one case had been relieved by it, it would have Leen enough to shed benedictions on all their heads. There was one particular for which he valued the Institution—the high and noble supported it ; the easy and the opulent he hoped would give their assistance: but there was no tribute half so feeling as that of him, who himself without wealth, and with no other inheritance than that feeble spark of genius which God had given hint, felt the bitter certai ity that the fate which he then described might one day be his own. (Great cheering.) The health of the Stewards was then given. Lord Gt. e stollens. returned thanks, and proposed the health of Sir John Malcolm, which was drank with acclamation. The next toast was, " The Royal Society of London." The Noble Chairman then retired, amidst the applause of the Company. COLOMBIA. The aueta de Colombia, dated Bogota, the 26th Fe bruary, was received yesterday. The publication of the statement of the finances presented to Congress, which ap peared in the Constitutional of a preceding date, has pro duced the following observations in the &teeter, which, being the official paper, are considered as having, more or less, the sanction of Government : %lien we are anxiously expecting the remainder of the Message of the Secretary of Finance, the publication of which commenced in the last number of the above: paper, we were surprised on seeing it interrupted, from eircumstancta which are indistinctly stated, and which we could bare wished had been clearly explained, among other reasons, in order that no one might venture to euppose that the Executive had the least share in the stoppage of its publics- But our asternishmtni, and that of every Colombian, a lover of his country, would not have been so great , if , instea d the above Message, they had not published the statement of the receipts of the National Treasury, and the estimates of the future expenditure, without an explanation of any kind. These docu ments, presented by themselves, are by no means favourable to the Republic; so far from it, indeed, that it is to be feared they may produce a disagreeable sensation in Europe. To do away with this as much as passible, and explain the real state of things, we have thought the folloking observations might be serviceable to C0..1 lornbia, to Which we take the liberty of calling the attention of the public of Eiseope. The amount of the estimates of expenditure foe the praisnt reek 1826, in all the departments of Administration, is 15,487,719 dol. lars 34 rs. which, compared with the average amount of our re venue, whicti is 6,1%.725 dollars 3 rt. leaves an annual deficit of 9,290.994 dollies 04 r. These figures are certainly much against the Republic; but it is necessary to take into consideration that the estimates are calculated for a period of active warfare, and on the suppasitidn that all the branches of the Administration be placed on the most complete footing of organization. 'the actual expenses during the year 1826 *ill not require 15.000,000 of dollars, as we shall presently show, by a reference to the ctimates, and by observations which have been - kindly made to us by one of the Members of the Committee of Finance of the Chamber of Representatives. DEPARTMENT or FOREIGN ATE/MlL—This estimate amounts to 203.762 dollars 74 ra. and has been calculated on the supposition that all the Legations in Europe and America, Con sulates, be established. But as, at this moment, there are only two Legations in Europe, and almost all those in America are served by Charges d'Affaires, whose salaries are much less than those of Ministers, we conceive that the above sum may be reduced one-half In a case of necessity or urgency, and, consequently, an expense saved of 142,331 dollars 4 r. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.—This estimate amounts to 621,431 dollars, 1 r. but from it is to be deducted what is not paid to those Members of Congress for their travelling expenses, when they are residents in thiscity, which many of them are--the sums not paid to those Members of Congress. who fill any other civil, military, or ecclesiastical situation in the Republic—the ex pense* of the Comte of Justice of the Orinoco, Zyulie, Apure, Magdalena, Cauca, and Guayaquil, and the pay of those military men, who occupy the posts of Intendants or Oovernors of Provin ces. We cannot exactly state the amount these several items pro duce, but it cannot be under 100,000 dollars. WAR DEPARTMENT.—The estimate amounts to 6,803,2% dollars 1 r. and the deductions to lie made, as specified by the Se cretary of this Department, are the following I—From the extraor dinary expenses, a million of dollars as there will be no use for them, if the Republic continues in its present state of internal tranquillity ; the pay and rations of seven battalions now in Peru, 799.006 dollars, because, so lung as they remain there, there is no necessity to maintain them from our treasury ; the pay and rations of five squadrons of Cavalry, likewise in Peru, 137.940 dollars, for the same reason ; 350,000 dollars for cavalry rations, because this expense would only be incurred in the event of a campaign • 100,000 dollars, hospital expenses, as contracts can he made on snore favourable terms. and sickness is not so likely to prevail among the troops ; 100,000 dollars, pay of those officers who may retire from the service, as the nation need not maintain a greater armed force than is necessary ; 200.000 dollars, the pay of four battalions, which have been allowed for in case they should be required to complete our army, whh wet establish ment ; as likewise 300,000 dollars, which arc deducted in conse quence of other battalions not having their full complement. These several items amount to 2.9117.036 dollars, independent of the sums which are not paid to General Officers who form part of the Admi. nistration. DEPARTMENT OT THE NAVY.—This estimate amounts to 4,1109,077 dollars 4i rs., from which a million and a half of dollars may be deducted, as all the vessels of war which have been esti mated for, are tot yet fit for service, and the estimates for damages, repairs, he. may be overrated. DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE.-11Cre the only deduction that can be made is in the sum for the payment of interest on the foreign debt for as, during the last two years, a capital of 600 , 000 dollars has been paid off, there is 36.000 dollars less to pay. Total amount of hunts to be deducted : Foreign Affairs Dollars 142 331 4 Interior 100,0110 0 War 2.987.036 0 Navy 1,500,0110 0 Finance - 36,000 0 Total 4,665,367 4 And, therefore, the estimate of the whole expenditure is reduced to 10,822,351 71t The amount of our revenue, limited in the statements published by the Cosslitueimsui to 6,196.725 dollars 3 re. will be increased : first, by the debt of Peru to Colombia far the furnishing of troops and military supplies, which, although the amount is not yet known, cannot be less than three millions of dollars; secondly. by the net balance remaining from the loan of 1824 at the disposal of the Government, and which we may imagine cannot he less than two millions of dollars; thirdly. by the stims from the same loan, furnished to the mints, and factories of tobacco; fourthly, by the interest at 6 per cent. on the 320,000 dollars distri buted for the improvement of agriculture; lifddy, by tho interest paid in bills of exchange drawn in favour of private individuals against the funds of the loan in London. We can, therefore, assert, without fear of deceiving ourselves, that the sums which the Government can dispose of during the year 18 . 26. if they do not exceed, are, at all events, equal to the esti mated expense fur that year. But an in preceding years there has been a i/cflel/, which has not hitherto been covered, and as in future years Colombia will not have to count on the debt of Pero, nor with the balance still remaining from the loan ; the Congress ought to devise sufficient means, that, to future, even if no balance should remain in the National Treasury, our receipts may be, at least, adequate to meet our expenditure. We here, fur the present, dia. miss this subject, to which we shall return on another opportunity. • The Government has directed :hat this Message should be printed, thudsame as the others: accompanied with such documents as may be ged necesaaty by the Secretary of Finance. All tae other Messages have already been primed. t Remark—Ai error in the addition of 100,000 dollar'. THE BRITISH PRESS PARLIAMENTARY I XTELLIGRNCR. noun OF LORDS, WEDNESDAY, MA 10. Mr. Osborne, from the Commissioners of Margate H ar bour, presented if e Margate Pier and Harbour Company's Accounts. Mr. Lovett, from the office of the Inspector of Corn Ileum', presented an account of the average price of wheat at Mark-lane, during the last two weeks. SLAVERY. The Bishop of FERNS presented a petition from Ennivcorthrt in the count y of Wexford- praying tint the Abolition of blavery. Lord IA LI'IIfOR PE presented a similar petition from Dover, and another petition to the same effect from the pariah of Bow, in 111 idtliesex. CORN LAWS. The Earl of LAUDER 1)A LE presented a petition from Hadleigh, in Suffolk, agsinst any alteration in the Corn Laws. His Lordship wished to observe that there had been nu Return laid before the House of the quantity of oats, barley, or other foreign grain, ex cept wheat, now in bond ; and he thought such a Return necessary to a right decision of the important questions which were likely to occupy their Lordships' attention on Friday night. Acjourned at a quarter after tire o'clock. HOUSE OF CO3DIONS, WEDNESDAY, MAT JO. At four o'clock the SPEAKER proceeded to count the House, but there being but twenty-seven Members present, the House was ad journed until to -morrow. NEGRO SLAVERY. Mr. Brougham's long-threatened and repeatedly-de ferred motion, respecting Negro slavery, stands finally fixed for this evening. It is not merely an ungracious, but it is almost a hopeless task, to oppose the tide of popu lar feeling which has been excited on this subject, by those who concur in Mr. Brougham's present view of it ; but still we will venture to declare our own acquiescence in the directly contrary opinions of a writer whom we have already quoted on the subject, and who strives to expose the fallacy of the ides entertained by even the moat liberal of the enemies to slavery, namely, that the pro prietor of slaves will be duly indemnified for their libera tion, by being paid their individual value on appraisement. It is scarcely necessary to remark, that in the provisions of the Order in Council, put in force iri Trinidad, and in tended as a model to which the other Colonies are expected to conform, one of the most important measures is that which makes it competent to the slave to obtain his own manumission, by demanding to be appraisal, and tender ing the amount of his declared value. This regulation appears at the first view so equitable, that it requires the full scope of Mr. M-Donnell's reasoning to show that it is equitable in appearance only. We give it in his own work as well deserving the attention of those who desire that the country should not less " do justice" than " love mercy." 1 The following is the extract alluded to, from a pam phlet intituled The West India Legislatures Vindicated ; by A. Nl'llonnell, Esq.:— This regulation allows the negro to free himself, independently of the will of the owner. It declares, that if a slave demand his manumission at a price below his alleged value, and the owner re. fuse the application, then the Chief Judge shall summon the parties before him, one appraiser shall be apvointed by the owner, another by the protector, and an umpire by the Chief Judge, who shall value the slave by appraisement. That this will at first view sp. pear fair to the public generally, as well as expedient and reason able, I willingly admit; it is its plausibility which has caused it to be so perseveringly pressed upon the West India Legislatures. It is conceived, that when the master gets the value of his slave, he cannot complain of having to part with him. The slave, in return, acquires his liberty in the most advantageous manner, by his own industry : there is no general excitement leading to turbulence; all takes place gradually, quietly, and harmoniously. But, unfor tunately, two vital considerations have been overlooked. Il'hat is the slave to do when Mei And what is to become of the property sunk by the proprietor in buildings and machinery ? I apprehend that, like many other seemingly brilliant move ments in legislation, the Government will be found in this case to have advanced only to the threshold, and to have stooped short where the real difficulty commences. Our position is, that the ne groes will not work in a state of freedom; from which it follows, that the Colonies must be ultimately lust to this country. A class of society would succeed, rude in manners, retrograding in their previous degree of civilization, unable and unwilling to procure tee themselves those exchangeable comforts which properly form the attribute of civilisation, and sinking byline* deterioration into all the barbarism of savage life. But it is contended, that, acknowledging on general grounds the accuracy of the infetence, it should be remembered, that the new regulation operates not generally but individually. No universal rule against indolence can be admitted. If a negro, working all the week for his master, is so assiduous as to labour extra hours, by which he accumulates sufficient to purchase his manumission, say from 1001. to 1501., in some cases from 2001. to 4001., is this not proof positive that the seeds of industry are s o deeply rooted as to secure its continuance when he has ulamately attained his free dom ? I persuaded myself that I had shown this argument to be fallacious in my former work ; but, from recent proceedings in both Houses of Parliament, I still find that in a misunderstanding here has originated the new measure. When so profound a states man as Lord Liverpool expresses an expectation that in such in. stances industry will continue, I admit that the case cannot be so clear as I had previously supposed it, nor am I, in consequence, surprised in observing the tone of public opinion. In commencing then to investigate this point, let us inquire into the inducements for amen in slavery, and the same man in a state of freedom, to acquire a sum of money. The passion to hoard for the sake of hoarding is, of course, not the stimulus to exertion in either case. His object is to purchase something in exchange, something which will be equivalent to, or rather exceed, in his estimation, the irksomeness of earning its price. In a state of slavery, then, what is this equivalent? It is with the slave the most covetable of all objects, liberty, the prospect of future idle. ness. In attaining to this, he has a visible, a tangible object to contend for, constantly possessing his thoughts, and prompting, where the magnitude of the allurement can overcome present indo lence, to continued effort. Let us fancy a negro at work in a field in the West Indies undcr a vertical sun, and guess at his predomi. nant desire. He thinks of the luxury of bodily relaxation, of bending over a brook beneath sonic shady tree, watching the movements of the fish, and partaking of the delicious coolness of the scene; or he indulges the exciting idea of chasing game among the woods for the gratification of his appetite. These enticing objects lead him to reflect on the means for their attainment. He finds that a Nunn of money will procure it; and snatches at•the . opportunity of amassing such a sum, by the sale of stock, and poultry, and vegetables, which he has ample means to rear. Now, when the object for which we have beheld the impulse is at last attained, will he still toil ? Not for an hour ass hired labourer. lie worked before that he might realize idleness, and because he had an inducement ; lie will now desist, for that was the object he proposed to himself ; he has attained it, and has now no induce ment. There is nothing now to purchase—nothing in the whole range of his conception that constitutes an equivalent. During his state of slavery, a mighty inducement constantly urged him for ward. When he reached his hut in the evening, and fondly count ed over the dollars he had slowly earned, did he regard them as playthings calculated only for idle amusement? No; he knew well that they were the means of eventually procuring for him an inestimable boon, and they served to urge him to exertion which should have no cessation till his object were accomplished. Man, we are told, is a creature of habits; and it is the obviousness of this truism which has led many persons, without inquiry, to inn. gine, that by the time a negro has amassed his ransom by his own Industry, he will have contracted such habits of application as will thenceforth become almost constitutional. But it is necessary to reflect that these habits are all foreign to him ; they are opposed to his natural bent I the very intensity of the stimulus will leave him in a state of inertness when thus suddenly withdrawn. lint even persons intimate with the theoretical principles of la. hour ere apt to mistake the nature of these temporary habits. They imagine them firmly ingrafted upon the negro character, and consider them as an advancement in civilization too permanent to be reversed. Such an opinion denotes confusion in Judgment • and it views but half the inquiry. Its fallacy is s p eedil y ex p osed by a Ample question : How are the earnings to be spent ? In searching for the answer, we discover that nothing whatever has been done, and that not one motive exists, to induce the negro to work in a state of freedom. The habit of voluntary exertion in slavery, and the habit of voluntary exertion in freedom, are not only dissimilar, but they are diametrically opposed. In the former, the individual is prompted to save, for a definite end. In the latter, the only inducement to labour is that he may spend. Whilst the negro is in pursuit of this first object, he is checking, not nurturing the germ of future industry. The sooner to attain the desired end, be saves all he possibly can, that is, he keeps down his artificial wants; those wants can only be established by their gradual indulgence; therefore, when liberty is at length attained, any increased gratification, such, for instance, as that of better lodg ing or superior clothing, is neither desired nor thought of. The cost of subsistence in the West Indies does not exceed half-a. crown a week ; :he rate of wages approaches to live anti twenty shillings. Thus then, when s negro can so easily earn all that, in a tropical climate, his wants require, what enjoyment can you hold out to him, coupled with the necessity to work throughout the week, that can outweigh the attraction of indulging himself as above described. To teach him to spend his earnings upon an enlarged indulgence, in personal decoration, is the only apparent mode; but this, always supposing him the mature of habit neces eery for your a r gutnent, you have effectually prevented, by coin. pelting him to habits of rigid self-denial throughout the years it tcok him to realize his price of manumission. elt This, 1 trust, will be sufficie nt to prove the fallacy o f tile opt. Mon recently expressed , even in the Ho u s e of Lards, that negroes who free themselves will contin u e to be industri oue , tein F p or b le n sa o k r e th o e f regro p erspi c uity ,cilarac tl t, i iin , a r vite h e,e o c rii i b l if is t t r i t, c ali ti cati n i er t e v r to he con distinguish hen I conic the to treat of the interests of the te,rn difference is this respect between the old and the young men ; the confounding of whom together, in their views and feelings, esped. ally by reasoner' on the West Indies, has given rise to much mist. conception. In either case, here, however, the principle is the same; Inc if the mai advanced in years thinks less of his own IN berty, but frees his children, in the result we shall still behold in dustry superseded by idleness. It has been intimated. that even granting the above conclusions, yet, as a greater degree of happiness would be secured to the negro by giving him his liberty, it is Injustice to withhold it ; slavery is a stain upon the nstional escutcheon ; and it behoves us to get rid of a vicious syste.n, and to retrieve the country's character, at whst• ever cost. Now, whatever seductive charms a life of sldth may appear to possess, I much doubt if a disp•ssionate analysis would prove it to be a state of happiness. Neither the eloquence of Rousseau. nor the declamation of the Abbe Rayne!, can shot our eyes to the turbulence, the bloodshed, and the anarchy prevail where men are left to the unbribled indulgence of their pas sions, We must institute competition between the Industrious cultivation of the West Inilies and the license of the African cha. racier elsewhere; and then I think that no real friend to his species will deny the former to be preferable. As to the specious plea of clearing the British character from the stain of favouring slavery, we must reflect that it is out of our power to diminish it. Aggravate it we certainly may, and must, if anti-coloniel principles prevail. Whilst Europe consumes the produce of the tropics, it will always be supplied to her. Therefore, if we disable our colonial fellow.subjecte from furnishing what we demand, foreigners will not be slow in coming to supply our wants; and since this can only be effected by increase of cultivation, to be accomplished by ,fresli importa tion, of labourers front Afric.a, it must be pretty evident that the real interests of humanity forbid the change. Will any man then avow the false philanthropy, which would redouble the sum of African suffering, in order that Greet Britain may ostentatiously display clean hands? Had we, indeed, originally found the negroes on our West India Leland', we might with some pro. priety be called upon to leave them to their own inclinations again ; but having committed the original sin of transporting them from their native land, it is a sacred duty to watch their welfare ; and this can only be done by looking forward through distant generations for their civilisation. It has been thought proper to show, at the outset, how the re gulations under investigation would operate on the negroes themselves, that the arguments on which the proprietor ground their resistance may be impartially weighed. By meeting pro. jectors on their own principles, and showing them that their views are qui.e untenable, they may be disposed to hearken with a readier ear to the complaints of those they are likely to injure. Where a measure is once dieeovered to be erroneous in conception, It is not so difficult to point out that it may prove unjust and dangerous in execution. Deterioration of property is the evil apprehended by the masters, in the event of the negroes being permitted to claim their own mentimission ; and that such a deterioration would ensue: on a very large scale, I think can be demonstrated. In the present state of West India cultivation, the value of a negro is not determined by his sheer bodily strength, as in ?he earliest stage of slavery. Intelligence is a prime quality, the, display of which cannot be commanded or controlled by the master. The value of ordinary li:id-labourers may be TOOL, btft some one may be worth 34101. Why is there this difference ? Because he is that moat valuable of servants, one who takes a per. sonsl interest in the interests of his master, who anticipates !tie orders, and who spurs on his fellow-labourers to discharge their duty, or repairs their neglect by his own exertions. If sotefe are thus raised above the ordinary value, others again fall below it. There is many an idle fellow who only distinguishes himself by giving trouble; he Is continually drunk, unfit to be trusted itt the slightest particular, and would he gladly got rid of for UV. Now, let us suppose the practice of compulsory manumission in troduced. A run for freedom becomes the vogue, and the wolihless vagabond finds that he can procure what lie so much coveted with comparatively little exertion. At the same time, the well-dieposed character, prompted by his natural feelings, thinks equally about his manumission, and goes to his master to inquire his price. He is told SM. " What I" he exclaims, on hearing the largeness of the amount, and reflecting on the time required to raise it, " such a rascal as that to get free after only a few months' labour on his provision.grounds, and I, who hare studied my master's interest, to wait for it for years !" Is it to be supposed that he will remain content under such a hardship ? Ile will consider the causes of this difference in value.• He will perceive that a new era has com menced in the colony ; that profligacy obtains easily the highest re ward, whilst to merit it Is all but refused. He wilt not be long in finding his remedy, and nothing will be easier than to suppress those qualities of mind, or practices, which he now finds to be his greatest evil. He will no longer manifest that assiduity and care which caused him to be looked on morejike the foreman of a factory in England than a mere labourer, but which now, instead of being a source of pride and malefaction. constitute his greatest disadvantage. The whole operation of an altered line of conduct is the easiest imaginable; it is elitirely negative, and involves him in no danger of punishment. By merely suppressing hie former intelligence in the business of the estate, and confining himself to the bare die. charge of his allotted task, his value may dwindle from three hun. dred pounds to one hundred. Even supposing that, when he has acquired a certain sum, he should exceed all limite in his plan of self-depreciation, and provoke the most rigorous treatment front his master, how long can this last He knows that he has the means of procuring his freedom at no very distant period, and this rettec tion bears up his spirit, until he bat finally exhausted the patience of the proprietor, and obtained his object. If it be contended, that the appraisement will be regulated by the previous character of the slave, and that any artifice he might em ploy to lower his real value will be detected by the appraisers, it may be answered, that at all rights you will have made him thence. forth a discontented labourer. But it seems in the highest degree superficial to contemplate the present operation alone of such a measure, and to oveflook its effect upon the rising generation. Na sooner would this 13w be passed, than the whole of the youthful class, whose faculties were just dawning, would be taught to suppress every thing like acute ness, and to stifle every indication which seemed to promise in. dustrious habits, and their necessary result, advancement in civili. ration. Even admitting that at the present moment the value of most of the prime people upon estates throughout the West Indies is sufficiently appreciable by those likely to he made appraisers, still we know how rapid are the changes in white society . in our Colonies ; anti at the end of five tears, for Instance, is it to be conceived that equitable consideration would be accorded to the proprietor, If, in the interval, the negro becante conscious that the more he deceived those around him, as to his true capability and value, the more easily could he obtain his manumission. Let us take a longer period, say . ten years. Here, it is evident that the general policy which the interests of the negro population prompted them to pursue would be more extensively understood and acted upon. Those who had obtained their own manumission, and desired to see their younger connexions freed likewise, would impress upon them the fine of conduct best calculated to keep down the value of their services to the proprietor. Thus, through pleas, not partial or accidental in their operation, but systematic and pet. manent, the increase of knowledge would be perverted to the prac. lice of deceit, and future civilization proceed on a basis of universal profligacy. The hours of labour in all the Colonies are now regulated by law. The leisure time afforded to the negroes is considerable; and such is the nature of the climate, the fettdity of the soil, and the facility of rearing stack. that the opportunity to save money is great enough to afford every advantage to the slave towards attaining his object. On the other head, the value of the master's produce is in no degree controllable by him ; he has no plea to urge in the Euro pean market relating to the cost of production; the price of his commodity is compelled to conform to the selling rate of foreign produce. lf, therefore, the master cannot take away the leisure time allotted to the negro by law, nor deprive him of his grounds, while there exists no possibility of raising his value with the sp irals,,,, by raising the price of colonial produce, are not the inte rests of the entire negro population put In direct opposition to those of their masters; and will not this feeling progressively extend itself, rendering, in each succeeding year, the principle of ap praisement more disadvantageous to the latter? Grant to the negroes the possession of the least intelligence, or that they possess the propensity of men to consult their own ease and ideas of happiness, and the conclusion appears indisputable, that the difficulty of procuring manumission must gradually dimi nish, and at each step inflict injury on the proprietor. The value of h negro is comparative ; it is determined by the general disposition and prevailing character of those around ; and if there be any simultaneous impulse among the rising generation to lower the return of their services, any reference to previous cha racter becomes nugatory. and can afford in an appraisement no safe guard to the interests of the owner. In this state of things, before we contemplate further the exten sive deterioration of property, let us examine the boasted advan tages to accrue to the blacks. The wholesome subordingion of the employed to the employer must be subverted. A premium is hell out to encourage debauchery, idleness, and crime. The precepts of religion will be perverted to favour hypocrisy, and the dissemina tion of knowledge will more clearly teach the means by which the colonies may beiruined. Vet such is the tendency of the highly lauded resolution of Parliament for promoting " the well-being of the slaves." Such the wisdom of the regulation, which, with sin gular infatuation, parties in England have reprobated the Colonists for not adopting, as a proof of the judicious moderation with which the British Legislature tempered its interference. AN ADDRESS TO THE MANUFACTURERS OF 7'llE UNITED KINGDOM. BY WILLIAM MALE. No individual can he practically better informed on the subject upon which he writes than the author of this Ad dress. lie is a manufacturer of considerable eminence in Spitalfields, and, employing a number of workmen, he is well enabled to Judge as to the causes of that distress which the Committee (of which he is an active and lead ing member) have devoted themselves so zealously to re lieve. lie strongly condemns the reduction of the wagts for weaving during a decreasing demand for goods.. The policy which he would recommend, as the only one cal culated to revive the energy of trade, is, instead of lowering the wages of the workmen, to reduce the hours of labour, and thus to diminish the quantity of stock. lie says— " The cold theory of • half a loaf i s better,than none,' of com pelling the labourer to reduce the price of his work, has become a powerful mean for effecting universal and lasting distress. At pe. riots in which the warehouses were greatly overstocked, the only moral remedy would here been, to have kept up the price of la bour, and to hate reduced, fur a time, the quantity of %oil: to Lk: done. Instead of obliging the poor to work for half, or len than half, of their accustomed wars ; instead of making the toil (rota fifteen to eighteen hours out of every twenty.four, to procure bread for their families, and thus increase, by a ruining addition,. the stooks of goods every week, sad which must lnevitablytereintsato in a great, universal, and laatisg depromion :—the true pollee would have been to have put thalournemnan upon half work and not to have diminished the price It leaving. Thus she pose would' have obtained as much mousy fur 4( hours labour lust 441, as they earned in sixteen hours under the sOatint *hilt him bees ito fatally pursued. By the plan here recommended, the jouriwyribelt l L ga any, persuaded. would have felt as thankfulto their itsastelleita t they had been in full work ; many of them would have "ropbyed their leisure time in various methods of honest ingenuity, or MOM. I mica' arts, which would have exercised their mind*, have Inept them from temptation, and have mode a little but valuable addl.' Lion to their weekly income. By pureeing this "slam the peer would loon have been restored to their full employment-Am de. mend for manufactured goods would very soon have Wen spot she increase—the proper diminution of stock would necessarily and im mediately have followed, as there would not have New any flans tural accumulation to be got uff. " To all this it will be replied—' that in proportion b you can by every possible mean reduce the price of labour, you will Macaw the demand for our manufactured Ronde, not only forMse home consumption, but for our foreign trade.' This I fully edict; btu, then you must nut push this theory of reducing wages below a fair and just remuneration for labour—you Mast not rote (Be weaver of halt his wages. and then send him to the parish for the tabsining half—you must not thus violate the first prinCiples of bond economy."—P. 15. Mr. HALE adduces the aUthorlty►ofADAM SMITH, who lays it down as • principle, that a man most not only always live by his work, but that his wages should be always somewhat more than are sufficient to maintain his family, for otherwise the race of workmen could not Mat beyond . the first generation. Mr. !Isle's design is (6 demonstrate the expediency of keeping this principle perpetually In' view; and the reasoning with which lie combats the polity of those manufacturers who depart from it well deurraf• their consideration. "It is the extreme of folly to talk of int:miming foreigg tom:' merce by such impolitic and unjust mein*. bet the ad el such a system remember that it costs the country more so srti:le when it is paid under the price. then when the lobe** nye wires his fair and full wages. The evil., that took place at law cheater, and other parts of the north, in the autumn of 181/, fatal proof of the tfuth of this asNertion. IhNing that retied, wino the country was in perpetual alarm at. the numerous and tomultneed: meetings of an enraged population, the newspapers pfelented daily the heart-rending accounts of the great miss of one manufacturing poor being redtfced to a state of starve : fort, although they were in full work ! Waggon loads of frames were drawn Mule by the op. pressed frame-work knitters, who could not get bleed toe them . selves and children, though Wol•king siXteen twins in shade,. In deed, almost all the weavers, of every kind, throughout the kings dom. were reduced to the same deplorable state. It was then, when innumerable eortntenances v'ere clouded with despair, when tide state of suffering had been long familial' to than, that those pp. pular meetings became truly alarming. rtnd thfiteened the dellliC4 Lion of all that is valuable in eivilired society. " I/et It be remembered, that if you pay the ha/enter, bat ben their wages, still they must be fed . • you by these unjust Means ta. crease tFa tremendous degree the b oors. fete tastes--yrte destroy the morals of the poor—you' starve and make them discontented— and then, justly fearful that their enraged feeflngi will drive them to some desperate efforti, you oblige the Government to continue • large standing army, to restrain end keep th•fm in awe by legal cOefelon:"—P. la The writer objects very forcibly Co the applying the funds for the telief of those Sneering from the want of cm , ' ployment, towards eking out the waged of there weaver, M whom work ie git'en out by the masters. ' " Those who aie at this time. entruited with the distriberlen of the public benevolence abotild guard against every attempt at tonverting it into wages. This would be destroying ths intention of the donors, and increasing the evil complained of. I am sonsl to say that in Spitallields this' has, in a few instances, been at. tempted. Persons have, from mistaken notions, lowered be price of labour, and have sent dicta* whose wages were thus re. du;:cd to be partakers of our benevolent fund. But these applies.. tions have been firmly rejected, whenever they have been disco. vered. The same system has been tried Upon oar palish rates, but our Churchwardens and Overseers are determined to resist ...... _ the evil. No work shall be taken into the workhouse for the an. ployment of the paupers, bet Kt the fair and just price t nor shall any man silat is unfairly beaten down in the ON of Weaving re. entre any addition to his low Wire front the parochial fond. He shall not be left to want—the pariah will take care of him and his family—but the unjust employei shall net reap the benefit which his cupidity prompted him to get, at the expense of the safeties* of his fellow.cresture. The adoption of this principle I 'wield most earnestly recommend to all the Magistrate, Cie ilanufao. Curers, and We Churchwardens and Overseen, throughout tint kingdom. Let the manufacturers of Ate Brithdemptre atteolk at this present juncture to the wise and moshory declanstion eels* celebraied political economist, Adam Smith.—• The liberal reeled of labour/ as it fa the necessary effect, so it is the natural symptent of increasing national wealth. The seamy maistemine of thd k. boating poor, an the other hand. is the natural symptom that things are at a stand ; and their starving condition that they ore going fast backwards.' And, fmm a deep' conviction of thetas. portance of the case, let me earnestly entreat the manufactures. and all who employ any poor throughout the kingdom, to UAW this subject immediately into their most serious consideration and to unite, by sotin wholesome, wise, and riArtive regulations, to advance the pries of labour, wherever such advance is justly ma quired." Ay The benevolent system advocated by 1411. Male is greatly to his credit as a manufacturer. This pamphlet is replete with a spiel of liberality, which cannot be too strongly disseminated and imbibed. DISTURBANCES AT TROWBRIDGE'. [From the Rath cud Cheltenham, Gazette of Tuesday.] We deeply regret to state, that on Saturday last the neighbouring town of Trowhridge was the scene of much confusion and outrage. the origin of which appears to have been as follows: Som. hucksters had been suspected of either forestalling Or mom nopoliziog potato e'i the price of which commodity advanced contd. dsrably in the market on that slay beyond that of the previora week. and these circumstances were considered by the lawless as ample Mesons for making a general attack upon the gardener,' ifttiitailol. nately. This they accor.tingly dice ; and the work o' plunder and destruction was so effectively performed, that by eleven o'clock not a single vegetable of any description was to he seen in the market, and at that hour every shop was et:Sod. The country butcher's, fearing • similar attack on them, moved off their meat, and by twelve only the town butchets' standings were left. At that time the market-place was filled with a rabble of the lowest description,. who having nothing to do, and nothing to lose, were ready for any mischief. The Magistrates (who are for the most part manufac turers) assembled at the Woolpacks Inn at three o'clock, and drew up an address to their misguided workpeople, pointing out the folly of their conduct in thus driving away those persons who were in the habit of attending the market with provisions—exhorting them to patience and good conduct—and threatening to discharge front their employ all who should be found joining in such riotous proceedings. This address was widely distributed (in • printed form), and a number of special constables were sworn in. About nine o'clock, however, s dreadful outrage commenced ; the mob attempting to break into the shop of Thomas Marsh, a baker, in the 'Market-place. Foiled in this attempt, they then drew off to the Courts in a large body, and began pelting the COD. stables, who rushed in a body upon one or two individuals that had rendered themselves obnoxious, one of whom they succeeded in apprehending, and committed him to the guard-house: although, in going thither, they were nearly overpowered by the mob, many of whom had large sticks and stones, This outrage wits succeeded by frequent skirmishes with the mob, who were evidently bent on every species of mischief; and one of their first attempts was to liberate the prisoner. Mr. Waldron, the magistrate, assisted by sonic of the most respectable inhabinarts, stationed himself at the door of the prison, and told the lawless crowd that he was deter. mined to remain at his post ; but an increase of force from the besiegers rendered • retreat necessary, in which several of the con. stables received broken heads and severe contusions. The rabble then proceeded to unroof the prison, and to liberate the prisoner; anti in this they fully succeeded. Further attempts to restore tranquillity appearing to be in vain, the greater part of the constables thought it proper to endeavour to protect their own personal pioperty ; a measure whieh the sequel proves was highly necessary ; for about half-past twelve the mob began parading the High-street, breaking the windows of the inhabitants, although very many of them could not be considered as having rendered themselves obnoxious. An express had been sent to Devizes for the Yeomanry Cavalry, who arrived about one o'clock on Sunday ; and between five and six o'clock the constables, guarded by the military, proceeded to apprehend some individuals who had been marked out as particu larly active in the riot on the previous evening ; two of whom were immediately sent oft in • chaise to Salisbury, for trial at the ensuing Assizes ; and two more are in custody. !HELENS/0C MAY 8. I have heard news from Trowbridge, up to eight o'clock this evening; and although no outrage had been committed (to-day) up to that hour, the assemblage of people was still very alarming, the presence of the military alone preventing them from proceeding to extremities. The Melksharn troop of Wilts Yeomanry was joined here yesterday by the Chippenham troop, and they both left this about three o'clock in the afternoon, for the scene of distur. bance. The Devises and Warminster troops had previously ar. rived there. Last night, about seven o'clock, the temps were called from their quarters to quell the rioters; when six or seven were apprehended, and sent to Salisbury under an escort ; amongst them was one man from Melkaham, who had left this after the departure of the two troops ! It is consolatory, however, to know that in this quarter, as well as in the North, no political question agitates the disturbers of the public peace ; and it is also worthy of notice, that one of the ringleaders in the Trowbridge disturbance has been, up to this very period, in the weekly receipt of 21e. for his labour. TROWBUIDGE, TUESDAY 1401ININth The Magistrates were here in attendance all yesterday, elm mining various persons who were brought before them as eiders and abettors in the riot on Saturday ; and three more (five in all) are cominitteri ; and three others are in custody. Tranquillity is now restored.