The British Press; or, Morning Literary Advertiser. — London, England, 1824-11-19 00:00:00

The Loan Catty 'Eyrie o—l attach no blame to the prisoner, sr it the poor man certainly shall not suffer for the culpability of his solicitor, who . I must conclude, prepared the affidavit • The prisoner was sentencetl to time nionths' confinement, and to enter into recognisance, for his future good behaviour, himself in '2O/., and two sweeties in IW. each. Wiliam Whitnell, at present a prisoner in the Fleet, was brought up to receive judgment, for offering a bribe to a revenue t.ffscer, fur the purpose of inducing him to commit a breach of his The prisoner, it appeared, offered fifteen sovereigns to an officer of the Ramifies, who is engaged in suppressing smuggling between Dover sad Fnlkestone, if he would allow him to land a quantity of orifice, worth above font hundred p o unds. To t hi s t h e o ffi ce r ap peered to assent, but on the •ririts bring hurled he at once seized it, and attempted to arrest the prisoner, who then succeeded in effecting his escape, but afterwards was Llkt`n, an information tiled against him m the Cowl of Exchequer far the smuggling, and eonvieted in penalties to a !arge amount before the Chief Itaaus, during the sittings after last Trinity Tenn. lie was also proceeded against and convicted of offering the bribe to the nfficer. The AT TORSLY-Orll EZAL said, that as it appeared the (te trads:at was arreadv con fi ned in the Fleet for pen - laths recovered ograinst him is the ('curt of Ezelicquer, for the same smuggling transactions as those upon which the btrbe had been offered to the officer, he did no; think it prudent to press for judgment in iris instance, and cons,:nted to the deiendant's own recognizance being taken to appear when cal!ed m oon. A few other cases wear proceeded in by the Attorney.Oeneral. 'lwo Irishmen Were amongst the convicts, for having an Illicit still at the Rochdale side of Manchester. The I.oati .• It:ST/Ct. sat at Nisi Prins at one o'clock, and the other Jurt:ces retired. tiNIFFITIRS HODOLS. Mr. Awuntir ortte.l the pleadings. 'This was an action to ri:...tver rent lot the use anti occupation of apartments. The de. I..indant pleaded the general law, evil the tender of ten guineas, which was refused Ly the plaintiff. The apartments were taken in Midsummer lied at A rent of hie. a-year. The d•fendrint left them after a fortnight's occupation, and the plaintiff insisted that he shorthi &fill Ins agreement, and paz fur the lodr,ings for the whole ear. It was alleged on the part of the defendant, that he made a I,.eder of rent fora quarter at Michaeliras, and that the plaintiff had 'made use of the apartments for his own purposes. The 07 , !y nee proved by the defendant's wilt eases was the use of the kitchen. and the painting of the shutters In the drawing-room. It was con tended by the plaintifTs Counsel, that he had a right to anti-let the npurtmeats, and the circumstance of his having done se did not re knee the defendant from his areenrmt. Verdict fur plaintiff; 10!. Onmages......ifie costs. a• Es r. moats. • Scans-Eve stated the cave (In the prosecution. This was 1 1 an anion to recover compensation in damages for an assault coin snitted by the defendant, who was a coach proprietor at Ealing, on the plartitifi; who was proprietor of an opposition coach. 'The fol ios it; witnesses were railed • Attalv examines(.—l live at Ealing ; I know the plaintiff lies; in 31ailoit l saw hint tin Mr. Bochsa's coach ; the plaintiff was driving. When the conch entered Mr. Ives's yard the defend. ' ant abused him Inc not driving him and setting him down at his own haitse. Itoehsa is the driver of an opposition coach. He was abusing plainnt in my presence; at length he struck bun, and hooch& hint against the horse. lees gave no provocation. Goss-examined—lves said nothing furti.er than that Boehm often nbused him for not setting him down at his own door, Ives's • 1124 established helium Roches's. Mr. Allan, a passenger in the roach, corroborated the testimony c! :! !Miner witness, and described the assault. H oc h,. „ tro d, I Inn: between the chin and the throat, but witness could rut say in wha:•pa.-ucular putt. (A blunt.) Cross.axaminect—lves did not speak to Roches on the passage futtlier than that each was praising the horses of his respective rlttiLlts addressed the Court for the defendant. He 1..w1i can no wanrwes. A verdict, he admitted, must pass against tie d:fardsnt„ but the ease was one which, he was sure, the Jury wat :3 tort SO hare been brought is a s pi n of revenge, and was a une:scry ease, that might bare been disposed of at the Quarter Sessi,ms. Vere.ct for the defendant, CUURT OF COMMON PLEAS, Tavismtv, Nov. 18. Sittings is Panto. The Cali: r Jrsetse, immediately upon taking his west on the Bench, ultimo:ell that he had received, as well as Mr. Justice Bur. rough an ettenymons communication, respecting matters which it aas at in:Tillie:lce to have inquired into; but that each inquiry c. J not be instituted in the wanner suggested. At one o'clock the Chief Justice proceeded to bluildball to hear casts at Nisi PrMs. _ _ ot.min V. COTTON. The parties in this ease were both surveyors and the action was brought for the recovery of 91. for work and labour done. The won and daughter of the defendant were called to prove a shonat d o.ade by the plaintiff, and also the week done; hut they o^'.7 swore to his making one plan, and having been employed for alx ears, for which he wsii plod N. _ _ The Jury found fur the defendant. ELLERS I. urronn. nil was an action brought by the ptsintiff, a farmer near Roy,. ton, to recover V. 10s. being the amount of lb fat turkeys alleged to have been sent to the defendant, a poulterer residing in Leadenhall. market, the day before Christmas ti.ty Mr. Serges-t %%tut:HAW, in eery briefly stating the case to the Jury, (wned, that he should prose die killing, the fattening, the phieking, the picking and the packing of these turkeys, upon which 11:: insisted the defendant had mad,. a very considerable pro iii It•:tan the delivery, he was entitled to a verdict fur the A witness proved the packing the turkeys, and their being ad. dressed to Mr. Upjohn, bradenhall Market. Alma, a market porter, said, a fiat, containing tutkeys, caul , up to the market fee Mr. Upjohn, and he pitched it cast Mr. pjlim 's. Pauas.emismined by Mr. Sergeant Wtr.nz..—l pitched it off to a mac .r. eic situp, and I heard the man sing out • AU right." I Would :lid know the man again. Porters are paid once a week for the delieery of parcels. Win. Baker said, he knows hlr. Upjohn's house, and Amos called out to witness to ask where Mr. Upjohn lived—be had a par. eel ; but I don't know about the delivery. 1 can't say if the shop was open or shut at that time. Some of the shims were open. Wm. lisle examined.—Attends the market every Wednesday, and remembers acting tbe Mat in question at the shop of Mr Uriohn. Erosa.examinal.—This was six or seven weeks after Christmas, Mr. Upjohn is a salesman, but witness could not say if tt.e *Aiwa had or had not sent other flats to him. Mr. Sergeant WILDE, for the defendant, contended, that the plaintiff could not reenter upon the count stating gowls sold and delivered, and none other appliedin this case. lie called rearms% who Olepused, that the plaintiff employed Upjohn to .e 1 his turkeys ; hut knew of no sale. 'Clie Con sr .grad with the Learned Sergeant, and the plain tit was non.uked. _ SHERIFF'S COURT, urn WILDXSADAT, NOV. U. iIAiTER CABINET-3IAKERS AND THEIR JOUR NEVIIEN. wi.virtwo DAVIS *ND *llOllllll. This erne, wierh occupied upwards of five hours, excited an un common degree of intermit among the trade in general, and the tor-t, during the investiration, was crowded to maw. Mr. E. !Aura stated, that this was an action brought by a jour. it. poem cabinet-maker against his employers, for work and labour Sore, amounting to 171. 1111. The defendants, Messrs. Davis, of LlartNihimew elope, having suffered judgment by default, now appeared with Gamut, to dispute the plaititifl"a rate of charge, by way of reduzeon of damages. Ile would observe, it was a painful situation iii which the labourer was placed, to be obliged to go to saw with his master, because the journeyman erns not only without toads to impaart the expenses of a law suit, hut the master mann future, was in general of considerable opulence, and would most likely, in an attonot like this, to reduce the rate of wages, be sup.. ported by jo.nt contribution of other manufactuims, for the • iserpor of defeating the plaintiff's demand. Besides, the pre judices which attach to the individual reran that combination at interests, would he raised against him in regain to future em ployment. ;Sow oc: would suppose, in that view of die cue, that aliaut err; rek..sl would operate against a journeyman going to law with h.. t ...ter the journeyman. at all events, must have Parrot muter. The present defendants .ere per. sans of c%:• t• ale and business, employing a great many workmen. Ile se • •.1d say nothirg about the respectability of their Maractsrs I.ut h.- would take the liberty of bringing to the recol lection the JI:Tv, a cane of public notoriety with respect to this kale :,/„. another bowie of master cabinet-makers by whom he 1 , 34 inp!n.rt, who had not only driven him to the so:assity lirin7iine an action for the Trentry of the wages itetaiued from Min, but also an action of tower for his tools, wt.scb th. r Ivd r:fil,ll to deliver up to him ; thus not talts - ,! . . ir.:•• their own hands, in refusing him that soh. me: ice which he had earned, but having determined by done I **, • r.ra.iirm, that his future means of subsistence, derpeof le , tools. the implements of his industry. should be vs.l4.h•.d not.' hnii. 'het malt mean to may that such was the pegging, CO, use th-t such was the oppressive disposition sit lire pre., -rat (Ist:wiz:as towards the same plaintiff on this Wel aye. bat I, • LA ....ninth to erotic jealousy and suspicion in the spode of Joey, lb-. the present defendates were actuated by h.- same v,....; of kostilny towards him, arising from the recollee trmitt..t in.•lpresnnisly !voisght an action against his employers. 'slot Joey wood theietive width the motives of the defendants in this. suliai with a greater ifegree of suspicion and j.silousy. Al -o..nii:l. servants in general were without the means of suing tear master; fir leases, he soda not lay that such was the case here, Lot 11.• Jury would give the plaintiff the benefit of the general in tatllOr, which VIA,, that such might in all probability be to motives for the defendants resisting this honest demand on we put of the pfsintiff The plaintiff's claim on this occasion It Ai far piece work in making three mahogany pe. &WA surentrards, anti either one or two 100 tables. Now it hawainissi, that with the exception of one sideboard, the whole or, mesa articlzs 1.. d been sold since they were manufactured, aid If ware had been any objection to the quality of the work, the Jury would moire eyirice that such objections were made at the tous•the wadi was gong on, or what. it was eouiphated. But the fact OM. wathicetton was made to the first, second, or even third s.itebostd, wind the plaintiff wanted his money. its should call a witness who was in the employ of the defendants as a Journeyman, and who would prove, that having seen this last snide upon which objections were set up, that the utmost extent of reduction that could be made was five shilLnga, and to this the plaintiff readily as aerated. lint was it worth while that a journeyman should be put to the expense of an action sgninst his employer, which would coot him at least 201. merely to recover the additional five shillings? His beamed Friend 3lr. l'utryn might dispute the plaintiff's de , utand. item by item, in order to strike offs halfpenny or a farthing from each, which, even if the defendants should gain, after spend ing tall in law, would be but a poor satinfaction. What must hare been the ions of time on the par: of the plaintiff; as well as ominous rusts, since, even with this verdict in his favour to the full amount, by extra nuts he could gain nothing but anxiety and loss of time in going backwards and forwards to his Lawyer, in being forced to come here fur the reduction or a few shillings? The question here I was not whether the plaintiff should have five ur six pounds, but whether lie should be reimbursed sonic pact of his rusts. It was a contest not for gain between the parties, stnee both must lose ; but if the defendants could cut down the present plaintiff's demand. he would next attempt to cut down the fair reward of labour claimed by other journeymen in the trade. The defendants, in basing let judgment go by default. had admitted the plaintiff's right to re cover, and the only . question was, subject to what deductions. James Barley, juurnevman cabinet-maker, examined by Mr. Lawcs.—Wittiess has been journeyman and foreman in the trade twenty-four years. Remembers plaintiff; with himself, being in the employ of defendant,, who carry on an extensive business as manufacturers for the trade. They do not sill, but make for other master cabinet-makers. Plnintiff left the defendants employ about April or May Inst. The that job charged in this demand was for a 100 table, 2!. 12'. ; about this thefe was no disritte, but I plaintiff having taken or 2s. made his demand 21. 10s. rbe next jobs were three pedestal sideboards, the last of which wan objected to b" Mr. Ihvis. Witness did not think it was executed quite so welfas it ought to have been, and for which lie charged 41. Ills. 11d. Thinks this would admit of a deduction of live or ten per cent. Two days time, charged les., was admitted by Mr. Comyn as coma. Mr. Casey's—The Matter in dispute between us is the difference betwixt 111. 71., which Ilan been paid by the defendants, and the 171. claimed by the plaintiff. Wu:less—l believe 111. 7,- in the amount plaintiff received. BuRCIIALL-1/id the plaintiff admit the receipt to you of the . ll/. 75.? 'Witness-I'es. ernsit.examitied by Mr. COW T It.— Is not the plaintiff a member of 'Society of journe! men rahinet.makers? Mr. Lasers—l do not think that is material. Mr. rums sr—lt is most material, and I insist on having it put. U'itncss— I ham seen blot there. Mr. t, v s—Corne, Sir. don't ran know that he is, and arc not you also. a member of that Society' Witness—l believe he it, but I don't know it; lam a member only for time protectimm Cr my nails. Mr. Co MY Is not Mr. Wall, who sits there. attorney for the journeymen cabinet-makers` Soriets ? I4'onesa—.l do not know that; I will say he is not attorney for the Society, at a Society. • Mr. COM TN—Then 11110 I. the attorney fur them ? Witnegl--1 do not know t bat he is the attorney fur anybody that applies to him to conduct a cause. Mr. Concw—Do not all the journeymen bringing actions against tier employers imply to him? Witnam—Yes, conceiving him to be a skilful ninn. Mr. Comm—Who employs Mr. Wail as the attorney in this action? — Witness--Mr. Fleming. Mr. Cost•tr—At his own expense? ‘Vitnesa—l do not know; I have never heard either Mr. Wall or plaintiff ray that he is the attorney who supports journeymen cabinet-makers against their employers, oc that he supports the cause now brought here. Witness proceeded—The items in plaintiff's accounts are very nun,erous. There are sometimesdisputts lon we= the journeymen and their masters respecting the prices. (Witness here explained the different items of piece-work which formed the various charges in the plaintiff's bill, and which it would be too tedious to enume rate.) This witness's testimony, which went through almost every item of the account, only varied the plaintiff's demand a few shillings in reduction, witness stating that the proposed bill was regulated by the " Union Price-Book,' . which formed the standard rates of pay. ment for piece -work between the journeymen cabinet-makers and ' their employers, as had been mutually agreed upon. Mr. Costae, for the defendants, addressed the Jury at consider able length. The amount of plaintiff's charge, he said, being only a few pound*, it was of no moment to the defendants ; and it was not for the sake of the few trifling deductions sought to be made in this ease that they had thought of employing Counsel ; but that this plaintiff, confederated with others belonging to the society of journeymen cabinet-makers had attempted to extort a higher rate of payment for piece-work ;him had been established throughout the trade. The cause of the defendants suffering judgment by de fault was their knowing that they would incur *heavier expense by defending, even if they obtained a verdict, than by merely disput ing the plaintiff's demand on the ground of excess; for although the society of journeymen found money fog this action. yet, in case of plaintiff's failure, the defendants would have to look for the costs only from the plaintiff himself, who was not in circumstances to pay them. It was far from a spirit of persecution towards the plaintiff as his Learned Friend had represented, but .to cut down exorbitant charges in other journeymen, that they reilistitlttie plaintiff's demand althoh it was tree that his Learned Friend, who, above all thing s, hat ed to go to law himself, would sooner pay an inipositinn than litigate the Matter. Mr. LAwts lintertuitting)-1 beg you will not publish that of me. Mr. ('oMYY ssid he believed his Learned Friend was not singu lar, for he knew many persons who would rather submit to an ex tortionate charge than have litigation. But it was otherwise here, since nothing wan more likely to agitate disputes in this trade than to have one rate of payment set up by d.c journeymen and another by tiloir masters. The grievance here was, that the plaintiff* had delivered at different dines three several bills, contaiumg charges which he now consented to reduce; and it was In consequence of the esceNs, which plaintiff now in part admitted, that the defend ants had been induced to resist his demand; and he now came here, as to a competent tribunal, to say what the plaintiff was justly, fairly, and lienestly to receive ; for it was of the utmost importance to the whole trade that there should be one regulated price. The Learned f:c ntleman divided his case into three pointat—lest. That the plaintiff's demand was exorbitant; .tidy. That certain detlue tions ought to be made • and Silly. That the last sideboard made by the plaintiff was so Wally executed that the defendants could not sell it without a loss. The following witnesses were called to reduce the plaintiffs rate of payment : Thomas Barrett, master cabinet-maker, was one of those em ployed in compiling the " Union Price Blink," which was to pre vent impositions and disputes. Witness here referred to several items of Plaintiffs demand, which he averred contrary to the wit ness for the plaintiff; were considerably over the rates established by that book. Isaac Kilvington, master cabinet-maker, also reduced the items of plainti f f s demand by . the " Union Rail; Book." which be said be had the honour of assisting the last witness in compiling. James Thaneley, foreman to Messrs. Toplis, of St. Paul's Church-yard. concurred with former witnesses as to deductions. Several other witnesses were called for defendants, who reduced the plaintiff's demand to somewhere about U. instead of Gl. balance due as claimed by the plaintiff. Mr. Cox ex again addressed the Jury to the credibility of evidence. Mr. LIME% replied. Mr. BURCH•LL haring warned np the evidence. the Jury, after a 'beet deliberation, found for the plaintiff—Damages—Five Pounds. IMPORTANT DECISION OF THE St. ANDREWS (woLsoax) TITHE QUESTION. Yesterday being the day named for the final delivery of the filagistrates' opinions on this momentous question, llatton.garden office was thronged at an early hour by the more respectable pan of the parishioners. Mr. Sergeant Se o ,W. L. ROGERS, and A. S. Lsiwn, Esqrs. took then limn ou the llench at eleven o'clock; and Mr. Griffiths and Mr. Taylor, veiny clerks, soon after appeared, the former on behalf of the Rector (lir. Itarsfortl.) _ Mr. 3lerewether, who conducted the Rev. fientleman's ease on the former discussion, did not attend ; neither was It understood that he should c for every argument having been exhausted as to the merits of the point, the parties consented to abide the decision of the Magistrates, and merely came forward to hear that decision nsad..e. Mr. HARMER attended on behalf of the parishioners. At a quarter before twelve o'clock, Mr. Sergeant 24.1.11.0)1 commenced by saying, that the time was now arrived when he and his colleagues were ca lled upon to deliver judgment on a question of great magnitude and importance--a question which was involved in great obscurity and doubt. It was a question in regard to a certain tithe claimed by the Rector of Sr. Andrew's pariah, 11 album, the payment of which was now disputed by an iadividstal named Wasp. When this question was lately dis. cussed. an objection was taken by the defendant's solicitor to the Magistrates' jurisdiction. and authorities were then cited in sup. port of that objection, which left him (the Learned Sergeant) in great doubt whether be, ea one of the Magistrates, was qualified to decide tiaercon. Ilowever, baring at great labour waded through various sources of information. to ascertain the validity of that ob jection, lie was inclined to think that it could nut be sustained ; though be would have gladly availed himself of any technicality which could have shielded him from the responsibility attaching to the judgment he was called upon to give on so great a quei don. The wonis of the Statute under which this objection was taken, were, " according to the rights, prescriptions, usages," Ike.; which, in fact, might be shortly resolved into these words, namely, " accrirding to law," and that therefore the Magistrates were a proper forum to decide thereon. This being disposed of, the earnest Sergeant observed, that the first thing to be considered was the movie of the claim. The claim set up by the Rev. incum bent was that of a ammunition for personal tithe, put indirectly on the house, bat in fact payable by the person properly, as the occu pant of such baths c. !The Learned Sergeant here explained what personal tithe consists an, namely, the tenth of a man's clear gains in trade it by the labour of hire hands, fie.] The case set op by the (warned Gentleman who conducted the application, might be divided into two grounds for consideration :—First, whether this claim be recognised according to the principles of the common law of the load ; and the sccood ground was, in what way that slaitu THE BRITISH PRESS. ' had been supported by the evidence. Now, in regard to the fieet, it was necessary to consider how far tithes were recoverable its cum. mon law. According to the most ancient authorities, there appeared to have been three different species; the first of which was termed pardial tithes, the second parental tithes, and the last went called mixed tithes. As to the first, it was entirely out of the question in the present case; because peadial tithea, or tithes gun-quid oritur er "'reedits, were not recognised in the continuo law of the land; and as to speaking of it co.nposition fur personal tithes ? it was an absurdity to think of such a thing—because one man might choose to give twice as much as another. If it were a tube on land, then the produce of that land must be shown, and there ere instances where proprietors of ground hare even suffered it to go uncultivated in order to de prive the minister of his tithe; if, then, that land be laid under bock and mortar, it cannot bear fruit, and certainly is no longer liable to the payment of that tithe. In order then to remedy that defect, which went to deprive the clergy of great part of their income, more particularly in the vicinity of large cities and corporate towns, the payment of personal tithe was suggested. Now (said Mr. Sergeant Seßon), by common law, founded on eccle siastical law, as tithes were considered recoverable, of course the mode of recovery was defined, and how was it settled in regard to personal tithe? St. Augustine and other ancient writers of high celebrity say, that the Ordinary possessed a power of bringing the parties before him, and obliging them to swear what were the clear gains of their labour : such was the law as it then stood, and so it continued until the reign of King Henry I I. when to do away the frequent perjuries which this mode of collecting the tithe was calculated to promote, it was deemed advisable to adopt some other means for ensuring a sufficient maintenance for the clergy, spleeree passed, under the Lord Chancellor's seal, which subjected bonen to a yearly payment of 2s. itd. in the pound, agreeable to the rent they paid; and so it remained until the time of Charles 1I.; but after the great fire in London, which took away some entire pm tithes, another alteration took place, not only as to pradial tithes, but as to personal tithe s—[ The Learned Sergeant here read an ex tract from the 2d and 3d of Edward VI. providing for the recovery of priedial tithes, whereby, in default of payment, an action at conimon law could be brought for treble the amount of the sum claimed, if the origin of such tithe could be established for forty years previous to the enactment of this Statute.]—?'his Act became necessary, as at that period (when the religious houses were abo. fished) great part of the church property came into the bands of the laity, and until then they had no common law remedy. In the 7th section of the same Act, peneonal tithes are also considered, and the same provision in regard to their subtraction was made as in respect of ;medial tithes, with this addition, that a distinct spe cification was inserted, that they should be cl aimed from " the same kind of persons and in the mane places" as demanded forty years before. As the only remedy known previous to this Act was that of conscience, by compelling the person to swear what were his clear gains, the temptation to perjury was so strong, that it was deemed expedient to abolish altogether this compulsory oath, by which the recovery of personal tithes experienced a amiplete death blow; so that (with the exception named), they must be considered as defunct, and nothing but the omnipotence of an Act of Par liament could revive them. If the question then rested on the va lidity of personal tithe, it should be traced to the moment of time specified in this Act, which passed in 1513, and it being necessary to show the existence of the enint for forty years preceding, it brings it back sec far as 15011. On this broad ground, the Learned Sergeant contended, that every case laid down in the law !woke, alien judgment had been given In favour of the claim, it was sup. ported on the principle of tracing the existence of tithes to the period required. The Learned Sergeant then stated that through some chatine! a pamphlet on the subject of tithes had came into his hands. written by the celebrated Dr. I'rideaux, Dean of Nor wlch, and published in the year 1706. and lie 1.31 r. Ser. went Sellon), felt proud to be supported in his own views on those points by so excellent an authority. In this pamphlet he found a very novel, and no less important circumstance, related by the Learned Doctor. A dispute had arisen in the city of Norwich, relative to a money payment claimed by the clergy; the Mayor and Commonalty on the part of the Laity, and the Bishop and other Members of the Hierarchy, met for its diacussion, and being unable to conic to any amicable understanding, the matter was re ferred to no less a personage than hi, Majesty, King Charles I. who awarded the sum of 9tl. lid the pound on each house, but in consequence of the subsequent establishment of the Common wealth, and other memorable events that immediately followed, this award was not then acted upon. However, Dr. Prideaux, when Dean of Norwich, interested himself in the concerns of the clergy, who were at that time much oppressed, and in the course of his researches, found this very sward, which had been laid up in the archives f the place, and hitherto unnoticed. But though such arguments might be adduced in favour of a poundage or composition, yet they did not apply to the general prin ciple, because they only refer to particular cities or towns. and under peculiar circumstances. The Learned Sergeant proceeded to notice l'rideaux's coincidence with his views on the subject of per sonal tithes, and then read the following extracts. Speaking of the original mode of recovering personal tithe.' Prideaux continues— " So it was till the 2d and 3el of Edward VI. cap.. 13, which took away the oath, as It was calculated to promote petjuries ; the pay. meat was still to be continued, but as no way was left to discover, but on the admission of the parties, the remedy was taken away, and from that time, front want thereof, they could not be recovered, po one having since had the conscience to pay them. Thus pet sont,l fitters hove ceased in this Lunt, and the Church has lost that much of its revenue ...hereby ministers were to be maintained in towns and cities, wherein there is 1110,12 need of them." The Doc tor then, in treating of the remedies for such losses to the Clergy, tiles on to say, " that nothing bat an Act of Parliament can be effectual ;" at the !tame time he adds, " but to provide an Act of Parliament for Norwich only, was a plaster too narrow for the sore ; what is the case here is also the case of most all the cities and larger towns of the realm, for in all of them. 143 well as in Nor wich. no tithes have been subtracted since the 2d and 3el of Ed ward VI. In London and Coventry, where there were ancient compositions for those tithes, settled upon the rents of houses, lour Van . that statute, these compositions, I acknowledge, have still remained ; and in Coventry 20. in the pound on rent is given by the 4th and sth of Philip and Mary ; and at Ipswich, by another Act. 13th Elizabeth, 31agiatrates are empowered to lay an annual tax for the maintenance of NI inisters, which, if duly executed, would then effect who' is needful. But, in all the rest of those cities and large towns of the realm, and also hi all the parishes of London which are without the ancient likrties of that City, nenhing has been left for the maintenance of God's Ministers, and sup port of his work among them, but what every man shall think fit to contribute thereto ; and although this, in the out-parishes of London, by reason of the vast number of inhabit. ants, may amount to what ha considerable, yet in all the other cities and corporate towns of the kingdom, where bli nisters have nothing else to depend on, it fell short of a suffi ciency, so that where they have moat labour they are worst paid, and the consequence usually is, that their churches are worse paid than any other in the kingdom." It is not to be presumed, UM tinued the Learned Sergeant, that this opinion of Prideaux amounts to certainty; though in the absence of better proof, the the opinion of such an enlightened Divine, when contending toe the rights of the Clergy, ia well entitled to attention. The beamed Sergeant then observed, that the next point fur considerm 'thin was, how far cases of this kind had been supported by com mon law • and here he made a distinction between the recovery of pro-dial and that of personal tithes; se in the nuttier, the law seemed to recognise a presumptive right of claim, though not in the latter; land in those casts where the right was contested, though the pre sumptive claim was acknowledged, it was still considered necessery to state the groundwuwk or origin of that claim. After enuaterating . a number of eases in illustration of this position, he referred to one, in which Justice Bayley and Justice Hoiroyd gave it as their opinion, that the averment %lipoid beset forth in die declarutiim, even though the presumptive right was not questioned. " Then," observed the ',weed Sergeant, " how much nowt necessary is it, in a cane such as this, one of personal tithe, where the presumptive right is questioned, that the origin of it should be traced as fur back as the Eriod defined, viz. forty years before the statute in the reign of dward VI." flaying now taken a general view of the main qu,stion of right, the Learned Sergeant proceeded to comment on the evidence, and the first question that offered itself for considera tion was the books themselves, which were now produced in sup port of the claim, as establishing the point of ancient custom. lie had taken great pains to examine these authorities, and had traced back fur a period of nearly 120 years, taking the names of four per sons or at least the successive oc c upants of four house' situate betwixt Southampton-buildings and Chancery-lane, one of which Mr. Wasp, the party now onumoned, occupies.) There appeared certainly proof of payments being made front those !mows up to the year 1066, but then there appeared no mention of than for 23 years rnore, books of which were exhibited; yet he could probe. hly account for that circumstance by supposing that those very houses were not built until about the •year IGO, and there was no dc.abt that the ground they then stood on was alluded to in the older books, wider the denomination of garden houses, it be ing then called Southampton-garden ; and therefore there ' was no evidence to shrew that the period, under which those houses would be liable to tithe, was sufficiently old to war rant its subtraction under the Act of l'alward VI.; use, taking them to the most distant period, it tell the short of what was required by that Act. And then, again, admitting that there was such a thing as a composition fur personal tithe*, that might stand good with re. gaol to a single individual, though certainly not with regard to a whole parish ; and, if there was such a coniposition, where is the roof for it ? la there no bond, no deed, DO engagement enteral into between the parties? No; but there are the Rector's books, atia what du these books import? How are they set out? %Vitae is their title? Quarterage !look for Tithe and then follovoi three columns—" Name—Parson—Clerk." If this was a book fur tithes, what brings 31r. Ch';k there? %l'as the clerk in holy orders, and quatilial to subtract tithe ? No; but it is quite clear that those solute were paid as Easter offerings, which we are told again by another writer on the subject were paid quarterly, or if not, were made at the Feast of Easter, and thence called Easter offerings. In some places in those books, the aarne had been set dowel, without any sum affixed, and in others it was inserted, but no payment made, which goes to prove that the right was not distinctly telt, or some former ineuni ban would certainly have enforced it; and then itgain, a number of names follow, as inhabitants of the same house, to all of which the sum of 2d. is annexed, which were, no doubt, the Easter gift of those several inmates, being at the rate of ail. a head, if over the ego of sixteen years, a case is support of which is given in Wood's Tithe Cases (that of Carthue and Edwards), where the defendant was ordered to pay the suin of 2d. a head fur all the inmates of his household. Now, in fact, all the modern parishes, according to that standard, are paying at least ten times more than they ought to do; and he rejoiced in that circumstance, because the Clergy deserved to be fairly and liberally provided fur. The !Wanted Sergeant again alluded to that observation of 14r. l'rie &aux. wiser.: be my:, that, in consequence of the abolition of pentane! tithes. no other nteans of support were left to the Clergy bar 'And trery nias tbOught lit to contribute; anti these contri. but iotia froth bring generally :i.l at that festival, devis ed the ap pellation of Easier offerings. .11r„ fiuirrlTtl begged to cnrrect the Learned Sergeant TA to the opinion be had funned on the union of tithe and Easter tug in the brwilts produced. There were a vast number of books fur Easter offerings alone, which had been separated from the Tithe-balks merely to prevent confusion. Itlr. Sergeant Sr.i.i.of; said, that if it was presumed that the produNton of those books, which he hail not seen. could off. et his I opinion on the absolute merits of the question, he would readily postpone his decision t but, from the view he had already taken on the broad principle tot right, he certainly must eventually oome to the fume conclusion, and say, that the Reverend Plaintiff having failed in carrying back the existence of a right to claim to the periol required by law, that he (tor one) must say, that it had not been suMeimitly supported. 111 r. Bout: Hs followed, and stated, that af.er the very lucid view taken (lithe cow in nil its bearings by_his colleague (the I,carned Sergeant), he felt it unnecessary to offer any further observation, and perfectly coinciding in those views, and resting his judgment on the saute point of law, namely, the non-existence of right, under the statute of Edward VI., he must conic to the same conclusion, that the claim had not been sustained. 111 r. LA I No then said, that he, as one of the Magistrates, felt it a duty which he owed to himself, as also to the Rector of the Parish, to dissent from the jutigrnent given by his worthy col leagues: for the payments having been traced so far back as 108 years, without any interruption, was, in his mind, a sufficient proof of the justness of the claim. A respectable Parishioner then stepped forward, and begged to express the thanks of the Parish to the Bench, for the patient at tention which hair been given to the question in all its stages. Mr. Sergeant Se Leo's acknowledged their polite expressions, but observed, that public justice called for such attention, and that neither he nor (he might sayl his Brother Magistrates, could feel themselves entitled to any praise for the mere performance of their duty. POLICE. GUILDHALL. TZMPTATTOW TO TIIIETES.—/knfy Syria,-, a decent-look ing lad, about Id years ef age; was brought Into the office yester day, bet on: the sitting Magistrate. Mr. Alderman WAITO NAV, by Bomb, a constable of Chap Ward, who said be had been cent for that morning to take charge of the pri.oner for stealing a dozen pair of stockings fruit Mr. Kipling's, the hosier, 47, Cbmpside. The general-pm . ttman of that district saw the prisoner take the stockings and give them to a man who was will him, who ran nff, end escaped. The boy, however, wan I.ursued and taken. They had not been able to procure the attendance of the postman, but if his Worship would remand the boy, they would be sure and get hint there to-merrow. Mr. Alderman WAIT!' must know something more shout this Knot. Where were the stockings taken tram ? . . James Brassington, Mr. Kipling** Lhopinatt, said he had put the stocking* out only ten minute* before he missed them. They were &Joan of Angola*, and worth 22a. Ale. Alderman Warr rimaw—What do you mean by out? \Vete they put Inc show outside the shop door? llraasington said, No. They were placed about afoot within the door threshold. Mr. Alderman 1 raven/sax—So that anybody passing by could stretch out hie atm atm: rencis them ? _ lAravvington— Yes, Mr, for they were Lot fastened. 31r. Alderman WAIT /I AN —Till% 1.. noett abominable. It Is really holding out a premium for robbery. 11 . 02 place a tempta tion in the way of distressed persona, and I verily believe it is the facility alone that induces this sent of robbery. Why, I will venture to 14 , /, Sir, that there are a thousand thieves passing up and down Cheapvide every day of your life, and you place property within their reach, without et en fastening it, sod that in so public and crowded a situation. I wish heartily that there was .once punishment for those who place property in so unguarded a manner. Brassington allowed it was Improper, but they must show their goods like their neighbours, and the stockings were within their own shop. .11r. If erring, the Inspector of the City Police, who happened to be present, said he had spoken to several trsdestnen upon this very subject, and front all he could learn, they were perfectly aware of the danger; indeed. he had been tell that they would rather run the risk of losing goods occasionally, than not expose them in that open manner. Mr. Alderman Wallll3l.lN—l am afraid that is the ease. I reprobated this practice when I was at the Mansion-house, in the hope that it might go to the public an act as a caution ; but it seems to have produced no effect. The Judges themselves have expressed their strong reprobation of this practice from the bench, and the Recorder uniformly refused to allow a prosecutor his expenses in such cases, and yet all seems ineffectual. The mother of the boy said he was an honest hard-working lad, and got his living by telling articles of turnery ware in the streets. lie himself protested that he had never been in confinement, or brought up on any charge anywhere in his life before ; and neither the officer who attends with the prisoners front the Compter, nor any of the City Police, recognised lint person. The Alderman told the prisoner he was very sorry for him, but if he would commit dishonest acts, he nit•st take the consequences. Then turning to the sheptuan, he said. " If it shall turn out that this boy is really an hottest boy. I shall feel great difficulty and un willingness in conitaitting him, for I shall not be able to think otherwise than that it was the temptation alone that induced him to the robbery, and that he probably would hare never thought of doing such a thing, but for the facility which presented itself to him at the moment for effecting it." The prisoner was then remanded for further examination this day MARY.LA.BONNE OFFICE. A young man, dressed in livery, presented himself before Mr. RAWLINSON, to complain of his late mistress, 111iss Burdett, of Wimbledon (sister to hir Francis), with whom he said he had lived four months, but who had discharged him a %lion time back, and had since refused giving him a character, assigning as a reason that she had not received one with him. He had lived, previously to entering Miss Burdetes service, for three yeah, with an aunt of Lord Liverpool's. residing in Upper Baker-street, from whom his character might have been had if applied for. .Me. RAWLINSON remarked, that he could not but think there must have been some misconduct on his part which had induced the laity to withhold his character; however, whether it was so or not, it was not a case in which he could interfere. On Wednesday evening Mr. Wilshire, landlonl of the King's Arms, in Wells-mews, Wells-street, came to the Office, and com plained of a burglary having been committed on his premises the preceding evening, under circumstances which led him to suspect that there was sonic neglect on the part of the watchmen. lie stated, that the thieves had gained an entrance by wrenching open the cellar flap with a crow bar, and then removing the iron grating which was placed underneath it as an additional security; they dropped a depth of nine feet into the beer cellar, proceeding along which, they broke open an inner cellar, in which the spirits were kept, and from whence they removed a cask, containing about ten gallons of brandy, into the outer cellar, where they racked it off; and made their escape by rolling a butt under the mouth of the cellar, which they mounted, and thus clambered up into the street. All this, be observed, could nut be the work of a moment ; the grating itself must have taken some time to remote, an it WAY wrongly fastened, and weighed nearly kwt.; yet this had not only been unfastened. but had also been carried a distance of upwards of forty yards, and there thrown on a dunghill, a work which could not have been effected by less thaa two persona. His suspicion of the watchmen's negligence was also confirmed by what his wife had told lihn, that she had been awake front two till four o'clock, during, the whole of which time she never heard the hour called. Mr. Guff riv it ordered Wiliam to examine into the state of the premise -a, and also so call at the watchhouse, and leave direc tions for the two watchmen to be in attendance the fallowing morning. Yesterday. pursuant to this order, the two watchmen, Hollings. worth and Naylor, attended at the office. Hollifigeworth was, however. at once exonerated, as it appeared he had left the best at twelve o'clock, and that all was sate at that hour. Willans stated, that he had inspected the premises, and was con. vinced the robbery had been ealicted by experienced burglars ; and that it was probable that one remained outside, and closed the flap immediately after his companion had descended; bo that, union the watchman was passing at the moment the entrance was being made. he could not see any thing to excite suspicion. Mr. tbIIFYITU dismissed the complaint, after cautioning the watchman on the necessity of paying constant attention to this most important part of his duty. Yesterday morning, between seven and eight o'clock, as John Mason, a bricklayer, was repairing the roof of the dwelling of Mr. James Stour, at it's'worth, owing to a sudden squall of wind, he was precipitated from the top, a height of about so feet, which broke his leg and dislocated his shoulder. ..... On Friday evening last, as Mr. Cant, livery-stable keeper of IVigmore-street, was driving home from Whit stone, passing through Kentish Town, one of the short stages came in contact with the gig, by which it was thrown over, and Mr. Cant thrown out vita such violence, as to break some of his ribs, his collar bone, and otherwise so to injure him, that he lingered until twelve o'clock on ‘Vethiesday night, when be expired. The deceased was universally respected. On the 25th of May last, James Miller and Hugh Green, the former a compositor, and the latter a printer to the 11.1 kart Toms Gazette, quarrelled while labouring under intoxication, and they retired to a dark passage to settle their differences, when Miller received a blow on the tem ple, or under the ear, which produced apoplexy, and he died. A Coroner's Inquest was held on the body. before W. H. Humphrt7, Esq., the Coroner, and a verdict of " Manslaughter' was returned against Hugh Green. We understand an ingenious mechanic of Sheffield has invented a simple and cheap apparatus for producing oil gas, which there is every reason to believe will be found perfectly adapted fur li htlug manufactories and gentle men's houses. THE ARMY. detachment of of!.l.ectmeruntitisnp%rtoceN:siztn:lteii,nilestthe:its:mhorin:wit: frie....,.., the A Rl upon-Tyne. art.!. Detachments of, Recruits belonging to the 2a, a „, l 3 , t Regiments of Foot marched yesterday morning tr ott w es 4 , 4 . manner for Chatham. Detachments of Recruits belonging to the tuldee tnet tinned 6i l i t i eg:r na e r n e ta hed of yes ln te fa rd n a tr y y, morning from watiamEr for the Isle of Wight. A detachment belonging to the 31st Regiment m tr a ti yesterday from Westminster, for Gosport. The 3. Alt Regiment of Foot has received orders to te trit from Chichester on Sat ur d a y next, on their route for te ham, preparatory to their embarking for the Cape c(g, Hope, on hoard the Vansittart and Windsor East Zr --"' The 6th Foot will proceed from the Cape in ti. to Bombay, in order to relieve the 47th, which is home. ALLEGED INNOCEXCE OF A rovvirr Until SENTENCE OF DEATH. Vigorous efforts are now being made to procure a retiassHe e sentence, by the friends o f a yout h age d 1 7, of the name Of ft Ferris, aho, it may be remembered, Irv., at the hessian ktfi4 last, found guilty, on circumstantial evidence, of a bares t' , et Pule. house of Thomas Lindsey Holland, Esq. of No. 12, t omsg. terrace, Regent's P. on the ;ha, it appeared that the burglary was discou n t nine o'clock in the evening, by a servant, who came up.st a n s 64, the kitchen to answer a ring at the bell, and who was enatit e d fix the time by hearing the watchman call the hour. It de n reared, that at seven o'clock all was safe, and it should su it : in the interim some thief or thieves must have clambered , area railing, and entering the house by the parlour proceeded to the secretaire, which they broke open of nearly 4W. in cash, and a bill of exchange for bond, which had been given as a collateral security. ing morning the top of a button was picked up in the are, a suspicion was excited that the robbery was effected ? person well acquainted with the premises, the prisoner, recently discharged *avant, was apprehended, when the top was found to exactly lit to a shank still remaining at the of his cost. The suspicion thus singularly strengthened, further confirmed by the evidence of the coachman's wife, e n swore, that about Milt: past eight o'clock on the evening of then, bery. a young man called at the stables at the bade of the not and inquired of he, when her husband would be at home? 1a person thus calling she identified u being the prisoner. watchman also swore that he saw a person go to the statf.ei identified the prisoner as the same. I: also appeared that htsa heard to spank of the robbery before a knowledge of it had fn. rally transpired. (In this evidence the case went to the Jun. 1.% after upwards of an hour's deliberation, returned a verdict of rim The prisoner's defence was conducted by 31r. Alter. le-. in the exercise of his discretion, declined questi on i ng a arm for the prosecution of the name of Brown, as to the hour at Then the prisoner loft her house on the night of the robbery, et also declined calling a witness of the name of Sr ea, ry was to have shown where the prisoner was at half-past eight eidai on the same evening. On this point, Mr. Justice Part. in** course of his snooping up, observed. " It was competent fort? primmer's Counsel to have. asked the witness Brown, whether to prisoner was at her Louse on the night of the rubbery till eight o'clock, as I see she SO stated betbre the Magistrate ? and be ri.;h: ere have called a servant, dr some person fi on: Hanover-neut., speak to the fact of his being three for the purpose of resume; at unsbrella. These facts would go near to tine, and doubt might be justly entertained as to the prisoner's guiit end identity." • To this cause the friends of the prisoner curibute tits decisio is which the Jury came, and with a view of establishing as ciii., Mr. 11 . 1theroft, Solicitor, of 9 , Chapel-atreet, Iledford.row, Iw terday attended at Marrla-benne Office. accompanied by arena; female of the name of trances Wass, servant to ilk. Shepherd, e No. 27, HMOVCf•slreet, for the purpose of .having her sun to it affidavit, setting forth, that on the night of.the robbery, theist. sons, who was acquainted with her fellow -servant, came ea lit: al half-past eight o'clock to her master's house, in order to return in umbrella he had burrowed front her fellocr-erfraut a tcw dirt before. Mr. WarrcaneT remarked to the Illagistrates, that perioesee he telt convinced of the young man's innocence, and that the cows: he was pursuing he hoped would lead to its establishment. He was preparing another affidavit, to be sworn to by Mrs. lkown, landlady of the house at which the prisoner lodged, alto wee to prove that he was at her house on the evening in question. op to eight o'clock, and as the affidavit then before them would show him to have been two miles from the spot at balf-pett eight o'clock, be considered it barely possible that he could have been the perpetrator of the robbery of which he had been convicted. No property, en trace of property, was found on hint ; nor was it likeit,haer been the robber, that he should have taken a bill and IA: which, being a well-educat,cl young man, her mast have bast were of no value to him, and have passed unmask although unlocked, and immediately in his way, the am', board, in which he must have known the plate was dciieseti. It was altos singular fact, anti somewhat connected with tortes. that within the last three days the house had been broken iro again, and in precisely the same way as in the former instate. 111 r. 'Whiteroft went on to observe that the friends of the inure man were most respectable: they resided at Woottco goon. Wilts. The prisoner left them and came up to town lest Jacoaft. bringing with him a most exemplary six years character. nor did it appear that he had tarnished it- since he came herr. Nothing LA been alleged against him besides the armee of which he had beer found guilty. The 31agistrates readily consented to witness the affidavit. Fri enquired when it was expected the Recorder's report eutdd it mode. bir.bi ir caw'''. replied that he understood Saturday wn 60", against which day he wu collecting together every carmine-arcs which he thought could in any way elucidate this unfortunate you: man's case, and make manifest his innocence. • This extract from tile Judge's speech, is given on the auth‘ray of notes taken by the primmer's Solicitor. SPORTING INTELLIGENCE. TATTERSALL'S, Nov. 18. From the very unfavourable state of the weather to.day.•le Betting-room was attended by very few subscribers, eonsetpart the betting was fiat; a few bets, however, were made, but as '!•7 were for small amounts, and as near as possible to the acids Monday, we refer our sporting readers to the odds of that dare The tights of Tuesday neat excited some interest, and a iir es gagements were matte—Josh Hudson being the favourt;:tx the one; and the odds on the other bring about even. In addition to the numerous benefits alreey contend on agriculture by the noble family of Bedford, we ire pleased at having it in our power to notice a work of very considerable labour, and of great and national importsnae. just published by Mr. Ridgway, of Piccadilly. It is entitke Hortus Graminius Wuburnensis • or, as Account of td: Henan. of Experiments us the Produce and Nutritive Qua• lilies of the Brent Grasses and other Plants used as Food (1 our more valuable Domestic Animals. The ivod is illustrated with sixty plates, containing representatiots of the principal plants and seeds upon which experiment , have been made, which plates are coloured under the author's immediate inspection, with practical olscrvatiens on their natural habits, and the soils best adapted to then growth. Those kinds most profitable for pmnaLcia, pasture, irrigated meadows, dry or upland pasture, a", the alternate husbandry, are specifically pointed out, an d accompanied with the discriminating characters of the species and varieties, the periods at which they rim , their seeds, and the most certain mode of preserving them. These experiments have been carrying on it Woburn Abbey for many years past, by command of the Duke of Bedford ; and haring reached that stage of proficiency at which their advantageous effects can be acted upon with certainty, his Grace, with that liberahrif which has at all times rendered him conspicuous, has put witted their results to be now laid before the public bY Mr. George Sinclair, F.L.$.. F.H.S. gardener to hi: Grace, and corresponding member of different agricultural societies. BIRTH. On the Ihh inst. in Prinee's.street, the Hon. Ship. Sinclair s ip Miter, of a son. HARRIED. the 15th inst. at SrifichaCl : sf7hurch. Derby, Freerr:cL Adolphus, eldest son of Francis le Mann, Esq. of 1110im.,;.e• street, l'oriman-square. Landon, to H a ma, youpirst daughter Thomas &laden, Esq. of Derby. At Georgemtreet, Edinburgh, on the 13th instant, the Riet Hon. the Earl of lila:Tow, to 3lisi Julia Sinclair, eLughtrr of ihe Hight lion. Sir John Sinclair, Bart. DIED. On the 17th imt. at her houae. Northampton-square, Mrs. Bu tane's Faulkner, relict of the late Rev. Wm. Elisha Faulkner. On the 1 1 1th inst. Miss Dowding. of 3leeklenburgh-square. On the Bth inst. at Upminster, Essex, deeply lamented, Dr• H. Whsnie. At Salisbury, on Monday, John ilalding. Esq. At liidotteuils, the Rev. Robert Anstice, B.A. late of Vs Ldluin Collets, Oxford, son of J. Amite, Esq. of Willett Cottage, mock land, Lases, s___Vere 111611 WATER DAV AT LONDON BRIDOS• lloning 21 min. after It_ I___Aftenrent b 9 nunlier Primo, at TIM BRITISH PROW fttSce, by J. W:taaatarS, 181, Stand, and pablisied by 14 Cattaga. PIP POO ur --, .7TO " tiltalip 4 ; J II int meat! t I i dory t o mkt 7 onte fo r a t. Cape of C., 1 ISt I n di t tZ n thme eLpt ich i s c o lt 4 ‘4 Cl' un it a retire", marne of ri o ." beitio o b, 1 4 barest), c 010,4 St 4.9 12, 14 diSCo virti t : Up. sti i it fret INS 3 erol b kd t • Ir. It abo ep. Could seam 'h it obtred op , * window, p i , and pi al ‘ gi 1,2441., willig ri The fon '' , ha Ina. lad to f fected be ease me, iiro vie hat the thou" ing at the t ic k , ngthened, tan's wife, eb rl i ng of them. :k of the bp, it home? T. i priboner. r.„ • he otabies. a, 4 0 red that hi iiii , of it had gio,. the Jun t': :redid or ran'. r. Alb.. ei . oing a 'Ora l I e hour w wiith robbery, il or lir wo, alb i tot eight o'clock r re Part. n the cnprtent teeth,. n, whether tie ', bery tin tight 1 ? and be r.i.;h: hover-97"u ' A reform:; r. 1 doubt mil* he I, •