The British Press; or, Morning Literary Advertiser. — London, England, 1824-04-07 00:00:00

at ce with the present system. The real question now was difterent hem that sand. Now the ethanol law was fai , ' cool, and impar %id. in favour of a peso. criminally unused, and evety effort was made to protect the criminal. Free and impartial inquiry was in his tarmac. And if an, what ultstation ass neeessary ? Or should we not pause before we altered it--and, above all, before we fol lowed up a chimerical change ? At present all statements in cases of felony--41 the opening, a as cool; if others die Judge inter fered, and the whole mattes was lett open to the Jury. But alter the present hyaena' and we world have the activity, cage.-new, and con test found in noes of nisi prima. Even in casts of Nisi prints or Llnny h: wished no change. In cases of Nisi reins. you had inflamed °beer neiors and replies.; and the Judge, in place of being the Counsel tor the prisoner in cases of felony, as he now was, would change his character altogether. In eases of Nut prima, the plaintiff made the first and last impression, and the Judge could not always die It away; but once bring that mode of proceeding Into criminal coo, and the defendant would be pre i judiced. An able speech or roil detriee were almost equally against the felon, and made, In either way, a case against him. It WAS said. however, that the notatio nal of truth should be tie object of all; if so, the chances were against the defendant ; sometimes, no doubt, otherwise. But when the counsel for the prisoner spoke, and witnesses were called, a re ply came far the prosecution, and counsel would not risk such a proceeding. In iniedemeanors particularly, he Minot, ellen re fused to call witnesses, knowing what a reply would effect. But between thy investigation of truth and the interest of a client, there seat a great difference; and so fee an to practice. Thee: was spin all the difference between practice and general foresight. On the side of the prosecution there was generally wit and intellect; on the other side a deficiency of both : and then came a fearful content, an which the defendant generally suffered. The case of treason did not apply in this cane, because a was one of passion, intellect, and wit, and not applicable to misdemeanors. In felony the truth on's , was regarded ; in mom popular inflammation was ought. ands balance of feeling was also sought. When first the Member tor Galway introduced this motion, he (the Attorney-(ieneral) was struck and captivated by it; but, on mature reflection, he thought this Hill would retard and destroy the due administration of justice. Ile cared nothing about inconvenience if the proposed measure could do good ; but be thought the delay and the expense, though minor considerations, deserved some attention • and, for these reasons, he opposed the motion of his Bon. Frien d. This was a MIMIC of pruthplz, not of detail; and, after what he had slid, he felt it his tluto so oppose the modon foe in this Bill. (Hear, hear.) Dr. LtneIIINGTON said hh bvia returable and beamed Friend was so skilled in questions of this nature that he altogether threw out of his view the general principle contended for. The real ques tion was. bow should the (doled laws be ime semaged as to secure justice—not how the criminal eliould obtain acquittal. The question WWI hew guilt committed was to be convicted ; and the innocence proved was to be bound. This was met by Oconee rier.ce, and the employment of asunsel as leading to it; but after all how was that made oat? Every one knew that defence by coun sel was least entertained and thought of; it was the felling of every man attending courts of justice, and the* was said by the hearers as well as the practitioners in all courts. It is said, how ever, that the judge was counsel for the prisoner. How, and why e lie might make objections against illegal evidence, but he could not eserase his ingenuity, and he ought not. In the case of Patch, a judge had said of a counsel who argued against him, that that was one of his laughing speeches. If counsel on the other side were heard, such a speech would have been met, and perhaps the futility and ingenuity of that mune: would have been refuted. In that case there was manifest injustice. Talent, eloquence, and a per. warted ingenuity, were urged against Patch ; and so it might be in other cases. Persons accused - were often convicted for waist of Counsel, and persons guilty were convicted for the want of Corned also. Juries heard extraordinary , cases • they also heard the open irg speech of Couniel; and if the Judg e yielded to it, the party as w acquitted or condemned, without fa r play at both or often at either side. He contended that at aid pries the heat and argu ment urged led to the truth ; but in misdemeanors the case was dif ferent, and gone so more then in felonies. The accused was staked to make his Zefence• and if ignorant he asked leave to say a ward • and when told by the Judge he might speak, he handed in a mise:- Eable written paper, which brought no conviction, however, to any man, because it is generally written before the *rein speech of Counsel. The case of rape •a a full exemplification of the neees sty of the interference of Counsel: if capitally amused, the cm ployment of Counsel might probably sale the neck of the accused, became. by nose-exanunation, he might reduce it to the lesser offence; for which, if again accused, he might be sentenced to two years' imprisonment- But still the life is awed—and owing to what ? I'o the enaploynsent of Counsel. Even by the French code the Counsel for the prisoner had the last word ; and he only noticed that as showing that other nations looked upon it as neces sary to the defence of the accused. 'With respect to expense, that could be no impediment, and ought not to be. The expense of criminal justice was nothing in this country ; the Judges were starved, aad they were compelled to wear out their lives before they lind a iniseraLle plumose assigned them. He deprecated the sys tem, and he hoped the time would not be long before the Hon. Gentleman opposite (the Attorney-General) would find the situation Of Chief Joeuce of the Common Pleas wort h y of his acceptance. Now it was not. (Hear, hear.) Whatever might be the result of the motion of this night, he thought the darkness of other times would be soon tliapelkal, and that the light of modern science would produce more just and proper feelings. The SO LIC I TOR-GENE RA L was of opinion that if the motion was agreed to, it would go to introduce an innovation inconsistent with the jurisprudence of this country. None of the Committees on this subject, and none of the most recent writers ever wished each u thing as the introduction of counsel for defendants in eases of felony. Stouttind and Sir Mathew Hale never recommended such a course. If he was disposed to make any other alteration, he would put the prosecutor and defendant on the same level, and say, let coucsel be assigned to neither; let each go nakedly on their own merits; but then came the difficulty of practice, not that he pondered the practice wrong • but still came the dffileulty of re conciling the system under which men hail acted and become grey. with the problematical chances of' benefit from the new reading of Immo who knew nothinga principle and practice combined, whilst ii.veighing against the fairness of principle as applicable to practice. The Judge was bound by the duties imposed on him by this statute to be Counsel fiw the prisoner. The Honourable Mover of tide question had produced no example, had made out no case, to thew diet men legally convicted would have been acquitted if they had been allowed the assistance of Counsel, who would have, by their eloquence and ingenuity, prevented the conviction. He edinittnl that treason was an exception from the general rule of re legate, so also were misdemeanors : in these cases he could not be brought to think that the accused should be pressed on by the weighted' eloquence, and that he should not have similar &dem urs. Re did not agree with the proposition that the advantages would, in these cases ' beat one side. The acting upon the princi ple sought for by the Honourable Mover would be attended with mischievous consequences to the prisoner. If the principle were allowed, and the accused had a bad defence to make, a lawyer *odd not notice it at all ; and it would come, perhaps, with more effect from the prisoner himself. In the cases of murder, forgery, and other felonies, it would, therefore. be much better to leave matters to find their own level. It was well known to the Hon. Member for Knaresborough, whose departure front the bar was a Put loss—it was well-known to other lionourable friends of his, also were still at the liar, that much mischief had resulted to the prisoner him s elf, f ront the circumstance of a bad cause being de nuded by an able man, and this was often found to operate to the cosines'', and not to the acquittal of the accused. The result of the mat cod and dispassionate inquiry he could make in to the sub ;en, was, that no lunge should be made in the present mode, and unul the last year and a half, when it was agitated by the present rinser, he never beard any complaint made respecting the practice; neither wet any complaint made of the course of proceeding in any work which he had ever read, in which the law of Eretland was di.CUSSed or treated at He would therefore opose the Bill. Mr. DENMAN l amente d he was not suf ficiently fortunate to hear either the arguments used by his Honourable Friend below Line, who had introduced the manure, or those used by the Right Honourable the Attorney-General, who thought it his duty to op pote the principle. Health regretted much that he had not the pleasure of hearing the arguments of another Learned Gentleman who had also opposed the measure, (Mr. North.) who, about •year and a half since, at the Irish bar, was mainly Muniments!, by an exertion of energy and talent, indefeatinca most ill-timed and in judicious attack made on the liberty of the subject. Ile certainly did not expect to find the Learned Gentleman opposing the present measure, nor was he less astonished to find the question opposed by the Honourable persons at present filling the situations of At. tomey and Solicitor General, (hear,) who had, at no distant period, in a cue of • prosecution for treason, defended the accused ; and, upon that pccoion, the prisoner perhaps owed his life to the exer tipns and ingenuity of his most able and eloquent Counsel. (Hear, hear.) After We knowledge of this he was surprised at the opposi tion of the lienortable Member, and instead of finding them hos file to the measure, be expected to have their example referred to as the hest possible arguments in ira defence. (Hear, hear, hear.) As to the Judges bung Couneel for the prisoners in the cases of' . felonies and murders, he would not at present state his opinions, I trom motives of respect to the !awe; but as far as misdemeanors and political libels were concerned, he thought the arguments used on the other side were a gross libel upon the Judges--at least they were a libel upon than since the Act paned in the reign of King William, when upon trials of a political ninon they were appointed to hold the balance between the State and the accused. About a cen tury ago an argument was used in that House—he did not know by whom, for it was s.ttributed to many—for the amendment of theA et. It was asked, if, even in that House, a person, when surrounded by his friends, and in the midst of those who would encourage and *ppo.t bins, could not give a full and free expression of his helm" What must be the case of a prisoner? How could he he expected to make a full and satisfactory defence in the moments et trouble and agitation ? The argument of the Attorney-General teemed to admit that the defines by an advocate for treason should not be abolished, and he alleges that defences for other felonies need tut be pleaded by advocates ; and he gets out of his difficulty by reminding the House of the calm, cold, and impartial manner in which these prosecutions were conducted. Since the Right lion. fieutletnan had given up sod. practice he must have forgotten the mm- Me of the Courts ; to his own experience these cold and calm feelings did not exist upon these trials: the warmth of feeling was much m ooed by the operation of the law as It stood at present; it was in 'nosed by the circumstance of the counsel not being allowed to uste the case fully and at length. This they were only enabled to 4 , indirectly, either by cross-examination of evidence or mo tions as to the points of law. lie heanl of a case which took place in Ireland, when an advocate was asked by the Judge to whom he *reseed his observations, whether to the Judge or the jury. The .._ l ulewer of the advocate was, he addressed the Court, but he hoped :etry would hear him. (these) And it was by this circuitous the lawyer was enabled to make his defence. Besides it was "•„._▪ " 1 u to all that every advocate was anxious to obtain a verdict, ~.'"lwtter what the nature of' the trial mien be: this could not be A ....""L Evan the calmness' and temper of counsel conducting Liellastuties was not to the advantage of the unfortunate prisoner ; ' 4 ' 7 wee Pinosodicial to him. The SilWl3lll3lt3 nude with open. nese and candonr were wow mischievous to hint ; they wo-e considered to be extorted from an unwilling prosecutor; anti they were. therefore. productive of the greatest injury to the prisoner; and even this ealmnees, if it was exhibited by the coun sel, was soon lust by the conflict which ensued upon the craw-ex amination of the witnesses. Even in trials for lift and death, counsel were, to a great degree, eager for a conviction ; and the iuslifforence and calmness spoken of by the A ttorney.General, were coo spent and died away, when the object was the obtaining °fa verdict. :fO , ll the loss int which their professional character was at ask. The result of th es e feelings would be that a ver dict would ho pressed for, and, therefiwe, the mlont and knowledge used in the defence should be equal to those exerted in the ac cusation. He knew, besides, it was a received opinion, thee l talent• ant! eloquence of • superior kind and weighs were on the side of the Crown. This was with hint a question. He had beard at the bar se able and powerful defences made as could be made by the Crown counsel, anti if the motion of his Hon. Friend were as seated tn. it amid. in his opinion, be the means of improving the talent anti education of the bar. These would be certainly improved tribe privilege were granted. As to the waste of time complained of from the mode of proceeding, it was not to be considered as an ar gument, for it was not seriously put forward as such. It therefore could neither be defended nor opposed as an argument. He would nut go the length of the learned civilians, who maintained that giv. ing the privilege of coined increased the prospect of acquittal to the guilty. This was not a falr argument, even to those who were really guilty. It was not fair to say generally that all who were tried were guilty, and • fair investigation could not be given Ito the innocent if they were not allowed every means of proving their in nocence, even though the proceeding gave the guilty a greater chance of escape. As to the waste of time, if considered as an ar gument, it should not be forgotten how much was wasted by the present mode of crows-examination, and by the address of the pd. soner to the Jury. He felt obliged to make some apology to the House for thus trespassing upon them. Ile had been but a few hours in town, and was not able to collect materials fur this discussion ; but font) the course adopted by the Honourable Members opposite. he feared he would have no other oppor. ' tunity of expressing his sentiments. He wished to give his testimony as a witness upon this occasion, and to assert, froat his own knowledge and experience, that Judges would consi der it ass relief to their own feelings if advocates were allowed to address furies on behalf of the prisoner. The present system was defended upon this principle: it was asserted that the Judge, as Counsel for the prisoner, would be as tender of his interests as any Counsel could possibly be. This, he maintained, was int sossible ; it was impossible for him to consult those interests whew he was to submit the entire mass of evidence to the jury. The Judge could do no more than state all the evidence to the jury, more especially if he had to go through the details of a complicated case. It was now impossible fur him to apply to the defence all the feelings of an able and zealous advocate. The present system could not be supported by authority oe upon principle, for the opposite experiment was not tried, and the truth of the latter could not be denied; in fact, he knew it was commonly said, the mathine works well. This was not a proof, for the new experiment might work still better; it was tried as yet but on one side, and if both sides were to be tried, the other mud. might be found to be preferable. As to one mode M . trial, that ' which arose front circumstantial evidence could not, in his opinion, be carried on, if the one party was not allowed to refute in the same manner as the other party was permitted to accuse; it could not be an act of justice, if the one was refused that which the other we • al lowed. It was proposed to deprive both parties of the power of addressing the jury ; this would not be satisfactory to the prisoner or to the public, as the accuser would come, especially in a trial depending on circumstantial evidence, in a state of preparation. and this mode of proceeding would evidently be not fair to the ac cused. He thought the power of addressing a jury should be granted on the most important occasion, when it was not refused in a cue of the slightest trespass. As to the idea that counsel would give no great chance iif acquittal to the guilty from their having the privilege, it did not follow that they would escape on account of this privilege. He was anxious to hear some cases of this description from the Attorney-(leneral. He could produce some MAW in which the guilty, though defended by counsel, were found guilty, and the innocent, though not naving Mis advantage, were acquitted. He would state to tne House the case of E. Can nings, who, in the year 1732, accused two gipsies of forcing her away; they were tried and convicted; the trial was conducted by able counsel. A short time after them was reason to think the accusation was false; she was tried for making such a charge, and convicted. Here was a cue that spoke the two ways—it showed that the per sons defended by able counsel were found guilty, and the innocent, though convicted,' were not punished. There was also a ease within these two years. in which two persons were convicted of highway robbery. The Judge was satisfied with the verdict, and took all the pains in his power to sec that all was correct and nothing improper. However it appeared to the Secretary for the Home Depar t ment that these persons were not guilty, and upon inquiry their inno cence was proved ; and it gave him satisfaction to state, tsse.c an order was issued relieving these individuals from the conseraences of the conviction, and granting them a free pardon. Whet would the feelings of the Secretary be, it' the inquiry had not taken place— if the parties were executed, and if afterwards their innocence was proved ? What would the consequence be, if the trial originated in • case of derangement Of tenipovary lunacy (which was a 'natter of the nicest inquiry), and when it was necessary to prove that the prisoner could not be guilty of the crime from the pecu liar circumstances of the case and from thestate of his mind, This, and similar eases, could not be possibly investigated with out granting the benefit of counsel ; and, as to the Judge throwing into the scale all the feelings of an able and zealous counsel, this could not be the case. It was necessary the him to divest himself of his feelings. A Judge was not fit to hold his situation, who did not divest himself of his feelings • and it was a practice of an op posite nature. arising frorn the idea that they were to be counsel for the accused, t h at attached something like • reproach to the judgment scat, and imputation was thrown by one side or the other. Ile would repeat hi s ap o l og i es t o t h e House for not coining to the discussion with a greater stock of materials ; but he would maintain, both upon the general principle and from his own experience, as far as he himself was concerned, that it must be the decided wish of every upright Magistrate and righteous Judge, that the accuses: should be allowed the benefit of counsel in making an address to the Jury, and for these reasons he would give his cordial vote for the motion. 1 Mr. It. MARTIN supported the motion. It appeared to him that the object of the Bill was nut the defence of the guilty, but its intent was to tuake us as cautious as possible, lest the innocent should suffer. As to the assertion, that the use of counsel was not material to the accused, he would take an authority from his pocket, an old Magazine, to shew that one individual at least was executed in consequence of not being allowed his privilege. Mem bers would, perhaps, laugh at this old Magazine. but the case was as fully and correctly reported in it as in any law book. I Here the Hon. Member read an extract from the well known case of the Fer reous, who wercexezoted for forgery on Mr. Adair.) His object was to chew that if one of the brothers had been allowed able counsel to plead for him and state sonic points, he would have been acquitted. As to the rule that Judges were always the counsel for the prisoner, the case of Bellingliain showed that the J udge was sometimes counsel against hint. In that case the Judge refused the postponement of the trial for a few days. Another Judge refused a prisoner to delay his trial even for a day, until 'witness arrived from London to give him a good character. The Judge said he would grant him all the advantages of a good character and would try hint instantly. 'The prisoner was tried the Judge charged against him, but the Jury acquitted him. in these cases the Judges were certainly not coun sel for the prisoner. He (Mr. Martin) should support the motion of his Honourable Friend ; and he trusted that the humanity of the Honourable Members would allow him to bring forwiud the Bill. Strangers were ordered to withdraw, and the House divided, when their appeared— Fur the Bill, 50 ; against it, 80.-31ajority against the Bill, 30. On our re-admission to the gallery, we firma! LAND TAX REDEMPTION BILL. Mr. MAHER LY on his legs. He observed that, In the reign of William and Mary, an annual Act was passed which placed a tax of Ss. in the pound on all personal estates. This annual tax had been continued to March, 17tH, when Mr. Pitt thought proper to bring in a Bill to make it perpetual ; and he stated his reasons fur a proceeding so unjust, none of which had now any weight. By the 42d Geo. 111. nearly all the Acts on the subject were repeal. ed, except the Act which allowed the purchasing of land ; that Act gave& very large power to purchase, and, in particular, every faci lity was given to churzhes and corporations, and, by this means, a considerable expense was entailed. The expenses attending the tax was nearly 80,000 L a-year. Ile would ask why it had not been redeemed ; it was obvious that persons gave more than the tax was actually worth,—the stranger was obliged to rive one-fifth more. To get out of this situation was the object of the present measure, which he was anxious to have referred to a Committee, because, a. it now stood on the Statute Bonk, it was better to erase it than to let It stand as a dead letter. The Church and Corporation Com missioners had, in 1823, only redeemed :1231., and their expenses had, in all, amounted to 2,20111. The sum altogether redeemed was only 110,0001. He thought the House would agree with him on the necessity of making some provision, and that it was better to repeal the Act or to let it go on. If it were redeemed, and allowed to bean , annual Act, it would be of great ir.justice ; and if it were allowed! to go on and end in the object proposed, it would he productive of 1 great service. He had nodou bt whatever, that if it were allowed; to be brought into the market and sold, a very great sum might be raised, which could be applied to the payment of the unfunded debt. l'ublic credit would be thus raised to a great height, and it might make such an Impression as to reduce the 3 per Cent. to 21. He knew no proceeding which could be more beneficial than such an application to the unfunded debt; that debt was very large fur a umeof peace, and, in case a war should take place, a power would by this means be given of continuing it for two years without any serious injury. He hoped 'he subject would be allowed to go be fore a Committee, and, with this hope, he would not trouble the Huse with any farther remarks on the subject, at that late hour of the night, but merely move for the appointment of a select Com mittee to take into consideration the various Acts relative to the re demption of the Land Tax, and to report on the propriety of ap plying the amount towards the reduction of the unfunded debt. The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER said he was sure that if the House consented to the proposition of the Honourable Member, there would no such results as the Honourable Member appeared sanguine enough to anticipate. At the time the subject was brought forward, and it was resolved to make that perpetual which was before only an annual tax, the 3 per cents. were at 47, and it wu done to enable the Ministers to Farrow money on more advantageous terms than they could otherwise have done. There were then greater inducements to persons to come into terms than now existed. But if the object were accomplished, although the burthen on the land would cease to produce money to the State, they would not cease to pay somebody else; and although it might not exist with a present possessor, it would be left as a burthen to the next heir ; so that it would be only a transfer from one person to another. It appeared, therefore, to be a measure not calculated to produce any of those advantages which the Honourable Gentle ' man (Mr. Maberly) anticipated. lie (the Chancellor of the Er ' chequer) did not know what mode the Honourable Gentleman pro ' posed to adopt to induce persons to come ieto terms. He (the Chancellor of the Exchequer) would not say that there were not some advantages attending it ; but if the system laid down by the Honourable Gentleman were adopted, perhaps the only advantage would refer to the powe of raising mone7 to meet unexpected exigencies. lie (the Chancellor of the Exchequer) thought it, however. a measure of very . doubtful policy indeed. He was not, therefore, disposed to acquiesce in the mutton of the Honsuitable Member for going into a Committee on the subject. But it the Homotabk I%lentber brought in a Bill to alter or amend some points in the Act, he should not object to it ; btwause he was nut prepared to say but advantages might attend it. Mr. IIIONCK was anxious that the subject should go before • Committee, because he wished to do away with the Act altogether.' He thought there could not have been anything more ruinous than the reguistion adopted by Mr. Pitt. It could have n o effect, but was Minor, in the tin tinstance, and would be mischievous if' continued. _ ----- Air. HUME said that the Right lion. Gentleman ought to take into his coiwilderation that there are GO collectors of the tall, receiving a salary of GUOL a year, and this besides the other expenses- lle thought if the plan of his Hon. Friend (Mr. 3laberly) were fol lowed, it would greatly contribute to the increase of the public income. All that was *anted was, for the xubject to go before a Committee, when the Hon. Member would take u p on hi mse lf to explain al l the particulars, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer would be then able to reject if he did not approve of it. Mr. MA RERLY said he should now withdraw his motion, upon the understanding that the Chancellor of the Exchequer might give this measure a fair trial. The motion was withdrawn. SCOTCH POOR LAWS. Mr. KENNEDY moved for leave to bring in a 13111 to alter the laws respecting the settlement of poor in Scotland. The LORD ADVOCATE obseted to the measure, since it came unassisted by any prefatory explanation. Mr. KENNEDY said that he had abstained fmm any introduc tion to the measure, merely from a wish to accommodate the Chan cellor of the Exchequer. After a few words from Sir 0. Cxtitx, Irate was given to bring in the Bill. BEER DUTIES ACT. The order of the day having bee. read, tie House went into a Committee upon the Beer Duties Act. The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER said, that at the hour of the night when be rose to address than, lie felt it to be his duty to compress what he hail to sav in the narrowest possible compass. There was in the publie viand an extreme anxiety to know what was intended to be done—what on this subject was tobe submitted to the consideration of the House. The propo- sitions which he was anxious to submit to the consideration of the House referred, first, to the duty on beer; and secondly, to those descripti p o ro na c f c rersons who should be permitted to sell it. When it was in the early part of tha session, to transfer the duty from to malt, he felt and erased his opposition to the measure. He had never, however, been insensible to the objections made to the law for the sale of beer, and to that subject he had ap plied himself, in order to discover, if possible, whether some system might not be adopted—sonte arrangement of the duties, so that the public might be supplied with a qualily of beet such as could not now be procured by them without pecan inconvenience. As the law stood at present, there were three sorts of beer, and they were liable to three duties. The first, which paid a duty of 2s. a barrel, was not sold fors higher price than 165.; the intermediate, not sold at more than 225. (exclusive of duty ) , paid a duty of 55.; and upon all beer of a higher price than 2. there was a duty of 10s. 111$ intention was, to increase the duty upon the beet of the first quality as to strength, to lower it upon the iotennediate, and to raise it u pon the small beer, which would scarcely be felt, since so lads of it was consumed, and that little seldom with any peculiar prejudice in Its favour. How the duty caust be ascertained, except with reference to the malt, he was et a loss to discover. Indeed it was quite clear that the strength and quality of the malt alone could guide them in the estimate of ditty which he proposed to hem. The scale that he proposed was to the following effect : Upon all beer where one quarter of malt was employed in making short of two barrels, the duty he proposed was 246.; exceeding two and not amounting to three, the duty he proposed was 126.; where the quantity exceeded three sad fell awn of four, Ba. (tins at pre sent amounted to 10s., and was the ordinary beverage porter); four and net exceeding five, fis.; five and not exceeding six, 45.; and after eight, 3s. On of the objects he had in view was to give relief to the smallest daicriptioo of brewers ; and for this purpose Ise proposed a reduction in the duty. At present the duty upon the brewer of 20,000 barrels amounted to 21. is., and this he proposed to diminish to IL Ile proposed to grant to such brewer the privi lege of selling beer by retail, upon the payment of his licence; and thus he plated hint at once in competition with the publican. The licence which he proposed was, that the retailer should pay live guineas —s sum which would exclude every mere adventurer front embarking in that undertaking. But it was obvious to all that this competition would interfere considerably with the publican, and that many petitions had been presented in that Session from the licensed - victuallers, praying for a reduction of the duty on licenses ; and he most certainly felt that it was desirable to alter these duties. Hs was of opinion, too, in this case, that relief should be applied to the smaller classes; and he proposed to consider the reduction regarding those persons. At present the regulation respecting license" was as follows:—If a a p . ublic.house was rented at 151. the license paid amounted to two guineas—at 201. three guineas—at 301. four gtuneas. In 1814 they all paid two guineas. He proposed that all under 201. should now pay one guinea, and above that sum three guineas. There were other licenses for dialing in spirits, ~upon which he pro to make some redaction. At present the aunt id pro posed spirit license' amounted, in houses the rent of w hich amounted to 151., five guineas -101. sic guineas. In 1314 all paid the same house rent 4L 14s. and 51. 2s. He pro posed Mountie the two classes at 41. 14s. As to the description of pastas whet were allowed to sell beer by retail, he had last year ventured to express an opinion, that any brewer who thought pro per to forego the allowance granted to him as a wholesale brewer, might, if he deemed it expedient, sell boor by retail • and in conse quence of this opinion several per s o ns co i n i n e nced selling beer without previously being furnished with a Magistrate's license. This excited alarm. A convictionlefure Magistrates was followed by an appall to the Court of King's Bench. The appeal was not yet hairt4 and the law remained in uncertain. lie owned that he was still of opinion that there was nothing in the Act to prevent the selling, but it was quite right that some enactment should now be made, decisive and intelligable in its charmer. For purposes of police it was most unfitting that ever y person should be permitted to sell beer unlicensed. The Right lion. Gentleman adverted to the probable effect of this measure upon the revenue, and from the competition it would naturally create, he anticipated a considerable improvement. With respect to the objection of present interests, It was an objection which could always be counteracted; and he was quite surelliat in a plain and equitable understanding of this kind, the sense and spirit of the House would not countenance this kack. neyed argument. Mr. BERNAL said, that this arrangement seemed to hint most complicated, and he wished to know when the Right lion. Gen tleman proposed to disc mss it—before or after the inns ? The CIIA NCELIAJR of the fiXCHEQUER replied, that the best way would be to report the Resolutions, and bnng up the Bill and Resolutions together. They could then be printed, and it would be for the House to say what dine was most convenient for the discussion. 111 r. BUXTON asked if it was intended to abolish the duty on beer, or on malt ? .._... The reply of the CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER was not beard in the gallery. Mr. MA MALI' considered this an unfair and unprincipled measure. It still retained the duty on malt, and the poor man had still to pay what the rich were excused from paying. Capt. ItLIBERLY said a few words, which were inaudible. Mr. HUME suggested the prudence of the Chancellor of the Exchequer acceding at once to the measure of the Hon. Member for Abingdon (Mr. Maberly), and allowing the duty to be taken oninalt. Mr. F. PALMER supported the resolution of the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Mr. S. RICE wished to know what VIM meant to be done with the Excise LiC2TICTI in Ireland. The C HA N CELLOIt of the EXCHEQUER said, that it was • subject that had not escaped his contemplation ; and he trustW that he should shortly be able to propose something that would remedy the present system, which b e admitted t o be qu it e an iilr.anoy. 310XCR was of opinion that the present pleasure, though not so complete r it might have beat, was calculated to effect great improvements in the bm trade. Mr. 4R)RDON was desirous of knowing whether any means were to be taken to prevent the introduction of drugs into the beer. Mr. CALVERT would refute the insinuations of the last Speaker, by referring him to the evidence recently taken before the Committee. The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER did not think that any charge had been made against the respectable London brewers; but the proceedings before the Commissioners of the Ex cise and the Court of Exchequer, sufficiently proved that such practices ax had been alluded to did exist. - - .... .Irter some further convetaation betwetm Mr. Calvert, Mr. If us- Stmt..), Mr. Buxton, and Mr. Moberly, the reaolutitto was then put and agreed to. _ _ _ The House resumed, and the report was ordered to be received on Friday. The other Orden of the Day were then disposed of, and the House adjourned at ONE O'CLOCK. NOTICE OF 31( YFION. Mr. Cressett Pelham—Rriolutions, showing the utility of Par liament being occasionally holden in other Caritas of the United Kingdom. ORDERS OF THE DAY. Ways and Means—Committee. Supply—Committee. Land Revenue !:ale of Stock Bill—Second Reading. Proctors' Costs (Ireland) Bill--Committee. I ►Yesterday the Duke of York transacted military busi ness with the King. The Duke of Clarence, we are concerned to say, has been confined by indisposition for upwards of a week. His ltoyal Highness, we are happy to say, is much better, and rode out in his carriage for the first time on Monday. Yesterday afternoon, soon after four o'clock, the Duke of York held a levee , as Commander-in-Chi e f, at hi s Office in the Horse Guards, which was attended by a num ber of Military Officers. Last night the Princess Augusta honoured Cloven-garden Theatre with her presence. PRICES OF BRITISH Ban], Stock 214 4 3 per Ceot lieduord.94 5 mil. 3 per Ce:q. Coils. 05i 34 per Ccot. 4 net Cant. 1011 I Sew 4 per Cent. Inn 8 iod g Annuiaez. 234 Imperial 3 per Ccom. Rack for Account :UN 4 Cone. fur Act. 94 4 India stuck 'TOCKS V'ESTE RDA Y. Itnlia !fond■, 6•J 96 pr. India fur Account, 291 South Sea Stock. South Se. Old Annuities 941 South Sag New Annuities Ex. Dills, 1,11001. 54 56 pt. Diuo, 5004 54 56 yr. Ditto, Sinai, ia4 Sn pr. Indoesesi.ditto Lottery Tickets, 251. 19s. PRICES OF FORDItIPi STOCK+, iEN i'BittrA 1 . Austrian Scrip, 174 . 4 4 Russian lids. 110 71 81 Ditto fur Account l i 4 4 R uss i a n for A cct . 914 g Ditto paid in full, 994 g Russian Inscription Cliilian li ds. 801 4324 i 4 Exchange per ruble Ditto for Acc. 8014 24 23 4 243 2 4 Ditto 3letallie Stock (Baring) Coloinb. 8ud5.11.14 11 4 4 DO4 i;s : ', span. con.. 1114 ' 9 81 94 V 94 90 1 874 V 8.1 1 9 Ditto for Acct. 111!4 94 Do. Act. 8134 911 l 9 1904 1a; mu° 170 & 234 1 1,, . 904 4 88 9 114 4 Do. 6 per Cana.. 4,1823) 174 17 Danish 31arks Waco 904 Anflo 31ex. 31ima 6 Greek Scrip. 24 4 dia. United Dian Ditto for .Iccount 14 dis. Alliance 134 144 13 pr. Alex.ricrip. 71 84 tqj 9'9 81 949 Er. lientea,l93l. 74c. 104 f. 26c. D0. Acc. n 1144 9114 i 484 94 Do. Ex. 25f. :Vs:. 4.3 c. Port Pouguese floods for etx. Do. Scrip, 174 1 pr. , Ditto Scrip 81 1 pr. Ditto tor Acct. 171 j pr. Ditto for Account 114 Neapolitan Bldg. 96 1 Prussian Bonds, 1164 Ditto for .Icet. Ditto for Account Dutch Bonds Ditto_ Bonds Ditto Exchange COUBSE OFEXCIIANOE YESTERDAY; Amsterdam C. F. 12 1 foghorn Ditto, at sight - 11 18 Genoa Rotterdam 12 2 Vunice - • Antwerp . - 12 4 Malta II amburgh - 37 7 Naples . Alton& - - 37 8 Palermo Paris, 3 dsits' sight 26 60 Lisbon Ditto - - 26 86 Oporto lionrdeau x - 25 86 Rio Janeiro Berlin - - 710 Bahia Frankfort-on-the-31:1in C 4 Dublin Petershurgli - V Cork Vienna . -, 10 7 Trieste Madrid Cadiz Bilboa . 41;! - . 43 4 - 27 . . 4.5 . wt; - 1 NA - aq - 61 . - §*l - 14 • . 04 puLttos. _ _ _ .C. s. d. Portugal Gold in coin 0 0 U Foreign Gold in bar* 3 17 6 New Iroubloons 0 0 0 New Dollars 0 4 94 Silver in bars U 4 Ili Barcelona Seville Gibraltar - 3 W DIAIIB. AitaivED-1 French. DT: E-I Lisboa. gfte Nrittolt WOO. THEATRE ROYAL, DRURY-LANE. THE LAST NIUHT BUT ONE. .t GRAND PERFORMANCE 1W ANCIENT AND MODERN MUSIC. VTORR TUC DIRIRTION or MR. ROCIIISA. This Evening, IVEIINCSDAY, Apell PACT 1. A GRIM) SELECTION of S ICRED MUSIC. Tu conelude alit (fur the brat time), THE STAR OF BETIILLIIEII, The Words arranged townie favourite lAttvetueuta of ens of IlaydtVii celebrated Ma c.. Between the first and second Parte, Fantasia and Variatktus, Grand Piano Forte, Mr. Schlesinger (his first public Performance in London), in it hint will be Introduced the favourite march of the Emperor Alexander. Menlo, the Misses Calves, " lu di tutts, iMNICab PART 11. In consequence of the great applause on Wednesday last (for the third and last tintel, a ..:ELEcrioN from the new sACREG lIRA TORIO, THE PROPHECY ;• the Words from Pope; the Music by J. A. Wade, Esq. For the first time this Season, some favourite Neves front Rossini's Sacred Drama, CYRUS in BABYLON and IIOSF-s in EGYPT, as performed tut the first time in this country, at these Performances. To conclude with several Pieces front the Works of celebrated Between the second and third Parts. from the great success on Wed nesday last, a Fantasia, Flute, Mr. Uulliou (his second Perfuruttuace In this Counts) I. Favourite Air, Miss Paton. PART 111. A MISCF.LLANEoUS ACT. Principal Performers—Mrs. Salmon, Miss Patois, Mies Goodall. Was Cuhltt, Miss Melville. the WRAPS Cawse (Pupils of Sir George Smart, their first appearance at these Pea...imam:es), end Miss Stephens; Mr. Ilraham, Mr. Sept.. Mr. Sinclair, Mr. Phillips, Mr. T. Cooke, Mr. Hawes, and Master LoughuraL THEATRE ROYAL, HAYMARKET. SY PORSINSOS OF ?WI LOUD C NNNNNN LAIR. TIIELWALL'S LAST TWO LECTURES. This Evening. WEDNESDAY, April 7. LECTURE IX. Preliminary Criticisms—Lord Llyrotes preternatural and horrible of modern Tragedy—lncongruities and Monstroolties—Drematic quack. erica--Shakspeare's Lear, and the imbecilities of Tate. 6c.—ltecent Representatives of the Character. °TRULL°. with the aullloqules of Othello and lag., and Criticisms on recent representations of those Characters. Tu conclude with a Conic Recitation. CONCLUDING LECTURE—FRIDAY. II AMLF.T. with the Soliloquies. and Criticisms ..0 a series of Actors --Comte Recitatlou—Farewell Exhortation to Dramatists and the Public, lu behalf of the genuine Shakspowian Drama. Duorg open at Seven, beallt at half-pant Seven. holes as., Pit Js., Gallery Xs. Mr. SISASinSIIII2I/ attends at the BOX °Mee, from Ten to Four, un the Days of Lecture. KING'S THEATRE, OPERA CONCERT ROOM, HAYMARKET, (Now beautifully arranged as a Theatre, with Boxes, Pit. and Gallery.) This Evening. WEDNESDAY. April 7. ' Mr. D. F. WALKER a deliver his ASTRONOMICAL LECTURE on the NEN' EIDoURANION, or LARGE TRANSPARENT oititEltli. The Phenomena of the Heavens will be splendidly illustrated on this elaborate Machine. N.it.—This Evening, an Attempt at the Earth's Admeasurement, the Longitude at Sea, and the Use of the Celestial Globe. Gress xro, pper ditto, ; lit. .; Gallery, le. Ticket. and Places to be had of Mr. Seguin, at the Opera llox-otßce, Quadrant. Doors to open at half-post Six; Lecture to begin at half-past asset', and to and at Tea. THEATRE ROYAL, ENGLISH OPERA-HOUSE. THE LAST NIGHTS IN LENT. This Evening. WEDNESDAY, April 7. and FRIDAY. April V, LECTURE on ASTRONOMY and the PIIENO!LENA tot Die HEAVENS and or the EARTH. To be delivered by Mr. HARTLEY, To begin at seven o and conclude at Ten. Tickets of AtiMlas — rua iji ii;iiiiie7L'al;ad 'itu sti“Zrate terms at the flux ottec. THEATRF: ROYAL, COVENT-GARDEN. To-morrow Evening, THURSDAY, April S, will be performed THF. MAN OF THE WORLD. Sir Pertlone Macaycophant„ Mr. V g; Egerton. Mr. Cooper. Leily Roalulpha. Lumbereourt, lira. Chatterley. After which. TIIE HUNTER OF THE ALPS. THEATRE ROYAL, ENGLISH OPERA-HOUSE. MIL MATHEWS AT HOME! To-morrow Evening. THURSDAY. April With his ANNUAL LECTURE on PECULIARITIES. CHARACTER, and MANNERS; rvationii and Adventures during his late TRIP TO .IMERICA. In Three Parts. PART lII.—A Monopolybigot, railed ALL WELL AT NATCHITOCHES. All the Clutregtersut the Evening'. Entertsiument to be represeuted by Mr M %THEWS. Doors to be opened at Seven—Perfornumee begin, at Eight &Clock. Hose. to be taken of Mr. Stevenson, at the Box Lidice, Strand Ea, trance. from Ten till Five. Maresca/mot poaolbly be kept after half.pa.t F.ight a.* The Proprietor re.reetfally Informs the frequenter. of the Theatre, that their romfort has been further studied by the addition of one of Mr. Perklus's most powerful warm air.stm es. rounded on ADELPHI THEATRE, STRAND. M. HENRY has the honour to announce that he wW Exhibit Tills I:I ENING, W EDNEsDAY, April 7. and FRIDAY, April ii Ids ma. tmoshing slid magnificent &who , of UNCOMMON ILLUSIONS, Wonderful Metamorphoses. and Interesting Illustrations In Itxperl mental Chemistry; together with the 11 us kal Glasses, Plumtas. masons. &r. . 15;;;;;; ;pc . n — ;;:t Six and commence M Seven ; Half -Price half-past Eight LONDON, WEDNESDAY, Aran. 7, 1824. The BRITISH Pais.. commenced publishing yesterday morn ing at Six o'clock. The French Papers of Sunday and Monday arrived at our Office last night. Ferdinand was to have quitted Ma drid for Aranjuex, on the 27th. To that residence he was to be accompanied by only one Minister, and a head clerk of each department. The Mouirrur asserts, that all is tranquillity throughout Spain. Some French soldiets, it states, were lately wounded in a quarrel in a tavern ; and this event was sufficient for the publication, that the pub lic repose was not secure; but this journal adds, that it such were the situation of that country, the prisoners of war in France would not be allowed to cross the Pyrenees. " They may come (tho writer exclaims) ; their presence cannot now alarm, because measures are taken to check all their actions against our Princes and our laws." It is to lerably plain, that while forty thousand French troops bold armed possession of every place of any importance on the soil of Spain, a few thousand unarmed Spaniards, however hostile in their hearts to the existing state of things, can do but Inge, scattered through the country. Some anecdotes, however, still find their way into the French papers, which shew that Spain is not quite as contented and plactd under Ferdinand's tyranny, as the Mratirrur and Etude would have us believe. We some (lays since alluded to the tumult that took place at Barce lona, on a fanatic monk holding forth in one of the churches, on the restoration of the property taken during the days of the Constitution, from the church. The name of this Sad." preacher, it appears, was " The ltev. Father, Joseph Sad." When the monk descanted on the impiety of re ducing the number of the religious mendicants through Spain, he was heard in silence by his auditory ; but on putting in claims for the parted wealth of the church, he was assailed by voices from every side, and either dragged from the pulpit or obliged to knee it suddenly. Chi g AAP sequent day, the 23d of March, the Diario of Barcelona announced, from superior authority, that, on the next day the same monk would repeat his sermon in' the church of St. Monica in that city. The preacher accordin g ly a pp eare d and delivered his pious phillipic. But th e f ee l ings o f t h e people of Barcelona may be taken, front the precautions . adopted for the protection of" Father Joseph Serd." %Phile sermonizing on the disinterestedness of the Spi ;fish clergy, a guard of forty soldiers were stationed in die middle of the church of St. Monica ; at each door two Spziniah gen d'artnes were in arms; two more were placed at the loot of' the pulpit, one of them French and the usher a Spaniard ; and at the elbow of •• Father Joseph" anodeer genil'armee also stood. A hotly of cavalry was drawn up outside the doors, and none admitted within the church after a certain time. This is freedom of religious sentiment with a ven. geaniv ! This is one twoconvincing mode of edifying the cities me of Barcelona from the pulpit, and shews at once the tratiquil disposition of the Catalotiians, who must be quite calm when the very churches were filled with soldiers, to repress, the indignation of the people, and protect the monks fie a personal violence. The Chamber of Deptnies in Paris, wks employed on Saturday in debating 'headdress to the King, in secret committee. That proposed by the Miniae tens was carried by an overwhelming majority of 295 to 14. On Monday, at one o'clock, the Chounber was to sit to receive a communication from the French Moisten. The address was to have been presented is the King on the same day. An article in a German paper, the Gazette de Mayeuce, alluding to the present elate/ of Kneel*, calculates the number of troops maintained by the different powers, naval and military, at two millions fivS hundred thousand men, whieh, this Journal amens, ens annually two milliards' of frame, while the territorial re venues of Europe do not exceed one milliard eight hun dred millio n s. It proceeds to add, that nearly the eightieth part of the whole population Of Europe is still in arm& ; and that each individual is asansiel to the amount of ten francs for the maintenance of this armed mass, while all it/ asserted to be profound peace. Some of the assertions of the Mayence Journal are questionable, but the statement altogether is a striking one, as to the existing state/ of things, and skews by how frail a tenure peace now Wee on the Continent—ihose who maintain such armlet only wanting a i t r o etext to set them in dangerous motion again. Front the Meaisear of Sunday, Ap r il I.] People w are fond of troubles and disordas, see them where, and spead the report Met nothing is to be seen in by init rounders and auassinauons. What is certain is, that the ca. pital and the provinces never enjoyed greater tranqUillity. Some French solder's were lately wounded in a quarrel in a tavern, and this event was su ffi cient to publish that the pub lie repose was not secure. If, however, it were true, as the Liberals of both nations repeat daily, that, the Peninsula was its combustion, our Government would tale cane not to real the pd.; amen of war who are in France. They may come : their cannot alarm us, because measures are taken to check all =X nuns against our princes and our laws. [From the EtJde• of Monday, A_pril rj PARIS, ArRIL 4. The Chamber of Peers sill meet to-morrow at One o'Clock, to receive a 111 innterial communication. The Pdote of DI. Timm has been prohibited from appearing this evening. Thelaat Number of the Garnet of Madrid contained • letter in dicating the project which had been formal by an English coma pany to work the mines of Motieci. The operation was to begin by subscribing a million sterling. We are surprised, says the author of the letter, that these Brnash speculators have all at once re nounced this chimera. Better information has doubtless told than that the mines of the New lt'orld.have been so neglected since the revolutionists have reigned there, that individuals whir should it tempt to re-open theta would molt certainly bury in them mere mined silver than they would extract silver ore. MADRID, MAICa 24. Yesterday there was a grind draaingenom and kissing of hands at Court, to celebrate the anniversary of the King's return to his dominions, after his captivity in Francs The Minister of War has published two Royal Ordinances • by the lint, the brevets given to the o ffi cers of the army intended tie serve In the Colonies are declared null and void, the condition en which they have been received not having been fulfilled. By the second, all nominations made in the army during the Ccentituumnd Government being annulled by the D:cree of the Ist October last, the Captains-General and Military Commandants art ordered is cause the brevets to be restored to them which were delivered 10 officers of all arms during that time. A religious ceremony is celebrated to-day for the removal of the remains of the Canon Vinuessa„ the martyr of his loyalty, whisks will be deposited in the church or the Jesuits' Collage. All tee constituted authorities, the troops, and the staff of the awry, at- . tended. His Majesty will have the obsequies of this vita( eratienea aificent as those which will be celebrated in honour ado Wow of the 2d May, lent The number of persons arrested for the assassin:diet et that ecclesiastic is said to be 13. His Majesty will set out far Arsenio the day after toenerrow. Ile will take with him only one Minister and a head clerk of each department. Fbe regulations for the royal volunteers, which displeased all those in this capital, is to be modified, as we learn. The detailed statement of the quarter's revenue, which will be found in our columns this looming, is cheering and satisfactory ; it gives jibe tweet eonvineing proofs of the increasing prosperity of the country ; and sheers a'so that reduction of taxauon, wisely applied, far from re ducing, has, on the contrary, added to the public income of the empire, and, by increasing consumption, has raised the public revenue. This Is and will be the great triumph of Ministers. It is on such a basis as this their character and their popularity will permanently rest. With the vast resources Great Britain possesses, enormous taxation might, as in past years, at the close of the late war, wring from her landholders, her manufac turers, and her merchants, monstrous contributions, un willingly paid, impoverishing the entire community, and bringing with it a pressure, the forerunner of general ruin. Such was the situation of this country within the last seven years. From that state of temporary distress the country gradually has risen through the energy of her peo ple, the industry of her merchants, and the wisdom of her Government, to her present enviable and still riair.g situation of prosperity, wealth, and power. For this great consummation we are mainly indebted to the uninterrupted peace that for nearly nine years has dawned over this country—a tranquillity it has been the policy of Ministers to maintain, and in which they have succeeded, without sacrificing an atom of the influence of England ; and we are every day now expe riencing the invaluable benefits of that wise policy. Ihe accounts of the last quarter sinew an increase of the Cus toms, flowing from the forei t m trade of the countr), of more than 78,0001. while the increase in the year amounts to near a million and eighty thousand pounds ster ling. In the Excise it was natural to look for a serious do crease,from the many reductions made; and, accordingly, a deficit of near 263,0001. appears on the face of the quarter s accounts in this item, while that for the year exceeds i,t4.10,0001. We doubt whether Ministers, in justice to themselves, should place the account in this way before the public, contrasting the receipts of a year when a number of articles were heavily taxed, with that in which the Ex -lie was taken off altogether, and calling the non-m. luction of repealed imposts decrease of r e v enue . - But the prosperity of the country and the state of our re sources speak for themselves, and the public accounts need no artificial preparation whatever. There is also an in crease of more than 90,0001. in the single item of Staler Duties for the quarter, amounting to upwards of 2.14,0e01. for the year. The revenue coi . the Post Office, this quarter, also exceeds that of MS by 26,0001. and 'tumults in the year to the large sum of 414,0001. The loss of revenue created by past reductions, and felt principally in ex cisable articles, is thus in a considerable de;.:ree made up, and that in a way that speaks incontestably to the rising resources, trade, and prosperity of the country. l'he net produce of the revenue for the year closing ou the .Ith of April 12423, was 49042,5071. and that for the pre tent year, ending at the same period, is 50,812,67:::. leaving, with the introduction of the Austrian loan, ati increase in the present year, of more than 9;o,tionl. sterling. In the exciseable articles we find a sensible increase on auction duties, on bricks and tiles, on candles, on glass, on paper, tea, tobacco and muff ; all artickx of of general consumption, and bespeaking increased re sources and comforts among the people at large. The area t decrease in the excise is in the articles of silt, spirit , printed goods, malt, and other duties, oil which the reduc tion has been very great, Such a decrease must have het u anticipated as a matter of necessity. In every view we can take of it, the present state of the country, as to its situ ation and resources, is most gratifying, while her prospe rity, far from diminishing, is every day on the increase.— We wish we could see Ireland participating is these great results, and, in place of imposing a heavy burden o t Great Brifain, sharing in her prosperity, and enjoying that tran quillity and happiness which the general diffu.ion of com forts and industry among her people, would be - bring in their train. turd to l ' 1 I I,