The Statesman. — London, England, 1812-05-29 00:00:00

IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT. HOUSE OF LORDS, Mar The Douse met oboist two o'clock . , and resolved itself into a Committee on the. Orders in *Couuril. Mr. Wortley, an In suramr Broker of London s Mr. Fry, a Merchant of Loudon; and other witnesses were esamined, • About fist. the House resumed. The Irish firand Juries' Bill, some Loc.:l and Private Bills, sere brought up from the Com moos by Sir James Graham. Sir Edward litiatchboll, and other Meail.er, and read a first time. The erit't Prelates' Coadjutors Bill was :11.:o returned is ith the Amendinents agreed to. Mt. Sutherland presented au Account of the Em:liiments of th , • Yeoman Usher Gf the Black Roil, for the last tea year,— Ordered t..• lie on the table. tin the (trier of tl.e Day being rend fbr taking into considera tion the Report of the I :isolvent Debtors' Bill. The Earl of MOIRA moved to rokstpone it till Tuesday , be not .ielsg ready with the Amer:Moen* he wisbed•to propo se. Loid Ii.F.DLSDA LE observed upon the anxiety that pre. *ailed resv-ting this Bill, and that therefore it was highly de sirable to come to the consideration of the Bill as soon as pos sible. The Earl of MOIRA said, he trastefl he should have credit when he stated that he would be the last individual to desire un- Bere4saily the isistponement of the measure, after th • anxious attention he bad devoted to the subject for so many years. Tile fact was, however, that in consequence of recent eireumstane-s be had net had (as might readily be imagined) sufficient time to consider his intended amem!ments. The LORD CHANCELLOR was desirous of taking the kia..ie upon himself. as in conseavenve of the manner in which he ha! been lately occupied, he had not had time to consider the amendments which had been handed to him by the Noble Earl. The further consideration of the Report was postponed tiU "Tuesday. • GENTLEMAN USHER OF THIS BLACK ROD. Earl GROSVENOR, adverting to the motion of which he had given notice yesterday, urged the pro priety of adopting some such Resolution, in order, that in case of a vacancy iu the office it might not be filled up pending the enquiries in Parliament respect ing its emoluments. His Lordship took the oppor tunity of observing., that he understood the respect able Gentleman who now held the office, had con ceived that the motion for an enquiry into its emolu ments, involved some reflection upon his conduct.— He (Earl Grosvenor) had not the slightest intention of casting the least reflection upon that Gentleman, whose conduct, from all that he had heard, had been constantly marked by probity and honour. His Lord ship observed, that he certainly objected to any part of the emoluments being derived from the sale of subordinate offices, but he was perfectly aware at the same ti:ne, that the Gentleman who now held the office, in receiving these emoluments, had only de rived what he was fairly and legally entitled to. — Ills Lordship concluded by moving a Resolution, de claring it inexpedient to fill up any vacancy that might arise in the office, until the enquiries pending in Parliament respecting its emoluments were ter minated. The Earl a LIVERPOOL thought that no suffi cient ground l.ad been laid for the motion, and there fore he should move the previous question. He thought it right, however, to state, that he had con sulted with the individual in whose patronage the appointment was, and that there was a full under standing with that individual, that in the event of a vacancy the office should be subject to every reason able regulation respecting its emoluments, more par ticularly u applicable to the sale of subordinate offices. Earl GREY thought, that after what had been slated by the Noble Earl (Liverpool) it might pro bably be deemed advisable by his Noble Friend to withdraw the motion. Certainly not the slightest reflection was intended upon the person who now held the office of Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod. That Gentleman, he was satisfied, was a highly respectable man, whose conduct had been per fectly pure and proper, and than whom no one better deserved the consideration of that House. rt would undoubtedly be highly desirable that upon a new ap pointment, emoluments should no longer be derived from the sale of subordinate offices, but in receiving these emoluments, sir Francis Molyneux had only re. ceived the fair and legitimate perquisites of his office, such as they had been enjoyed by all his predecessors. He thought it . the more desirable that his Noble Friend should withdraw his Motion, as the frequent agitation of the subject must tend to hurt the feel ings of a person in an infirm state of health, whilst, at the same time, nothing would be lost by not now pressing the Motion, as from the information he Lad received, there was no danger from that state of health of Sir F. Molyneux, of a vacancy speedily occurring. _ Earl GROSVENOR agreed to withdraw his Mo tion. About six, the House again resolved itself into a Committee on the Orders in Council, and,plamined Mr. Thornley, merchant, of Liverpool, and other witnesses. The House again resumed about eight, and ap point• i the Committee to sit again on Tuesday, at two o'cltick.—Adjourned till Tuesday. HOC 317 OF COMMONS. The third reading of the Sinecure Office Bill was postponed till this da► se'unigat The Ho •se went into a Committee upon Blaehford's Divorce Bill, when was heard and whimsies examined at the Bar, to estatinai ike adultery and the senteuce of the Court. Lord CASTLEREA(.H moved that the House, at its rising, should adjourn till Saturday t to-iner. 4w). lit - nrels Divorce - 818 was commniued, when Counsel was heard and witnesses examined. The Mar - rte Pier Bill was read a third time and passed ; preoltrisly, - however, Sir Williams Curtis presented a Petition against it. 'the greater pin of the Orden of the Day was postponed till Nonday. Mr. W. POLE gave notice, that be should, on Monday next, move, in the Committee of Ways and Means, for a Loan for the service of Ireland. Lord YARMOUTH appeared at the Bar, and informed the House that his Royal Highness the Prince tiegent had been gra ciously pleased to order a Copy of the Lord Lieutenant's He port on the case of Mr. St. Jcitin Mason. Tree Irish Comn.ission-rs of Appeal Bill was read a second time, and ordered to be committed, in a Committee of the whole Hubs.e. 00 Safi !Jay next. Mr. Perceval's I•'atuilj Provision Bill. Wits committed, and the Repot , • , .d. red to be received on Saturday. Mr. BItOtKillAM presented a Petition from Michael George Prendergast, E.. M. l ). for ami in behotf of thti widow and representative , at certain opulent pendia( in India. in the Pro vince of Oude. These persons, whose nadirs we did not hear distinctly en IK to venture at transcribing thee., had advanced, it appeared, no low a sum than 3 :0,0031. to the t'ast India Com pany, to , - .ay off certain ar• ears of revenue dui-from the Pro • •twee of Dude to the British Government in Ira a. The trans actiou took place as far back as heare Lord Curnwallis's Go vernment. 'The lagers of this money so adianced, had been in some was franduleatly intercepted by the British Resident is India, and it was to obtain some kind of redress that the pre sent Petition was offered. Mr. Brougiutta concluded by &mere lug, that when the Petition was ordered to lie on the table, he shmild rake a Motion for its being taken into consid.tration at some faiure day, when this country might be bnce more blessed With a Goverament. Tee Pettit* was then brought op, and read, and ordered to Ile on the table s after which Mr. Brougham gave notice, that be should ott u• at Tuesday fortnigio, submit a prneositinn to the House respecting it, the Mature of which proposition he :,. 1 s' • . i 1-. 1,•il • 1 1 M l' 1 ii •I' ' t e , J 1 4 1. ,' • , i 1 ' 111 .. STATESMAN. thought it right to otatc, that the retitkai should be referred to a Select Committee. The How then went into the Committee span the Orders Ih Council, and examined ieveral witnebaes; filer which it ad journed. EXAMINATION OF WITNESgES OK PETITIONS AGAINST TILE ORDERS IN WUNCIL, DI ST 20, 1812. SPITALFIELDC. Mr. Jon,/ Ilovrrsttiv has been in silk-manufac ture in Spite!fields ever since 1797. Spitalfields pa rish contains about 5000 looms; and in the other parts of contiguous parishes, there are about 12 or 15000 looms. For the last twelve months, one. half of the weavers in.Spitalfields parish out of cm. ploy ; lower orders in deplorable state, almost all out of employ ; receive parochial relief; their numbers much increased. At last census 16,000 inhabitants, and 2000 poor ; considerable private charity. Soup kitchen gives 3 or 4000 quarts of soup per diem ; distress much greater than in 1800 and 1801; Qua kers take the chief part in carrying on the soup kitchen ; light silks the only ones cheap enough for American market. In heavy silks the French under. sell us, getting raw materials cheaper._ If market were open, should have opportunity to send consi derable quantities to America. Tuliied off many hands during last ten months. Distress greater with in three or four months. He employed in 1807 130 looms, which gradually have fallen off to less than 90 now. Knows no other cause but the stop page of American market. Six or seven thousand weavers in his parish ; but the labourers generally distressed for want of work : high price of provi sions may be one cause. Near 480 poor in work house, in the year 1810.11, and nearly as many out door paupers: some persons died for want, from not being relieved in time. Declines giving any political opinions. The French have not attained the way of making light silks. If ports were open, and the French did oblige America to take silks, yet a great proportion of our's would find a market. None of our silks so eheap as French, if of the same quality. l Some of our's go to the West Indies, some to Russia and Portugal: knows of none going to South Arne rica. Silk coming lately from the Continent has been i mostly thrown silk: one cause of distress. Raw silk particularly dear during last six months. Be fore the Orders in Council, the American orders came twice a year. American trade did not employ quite one-half of the weavers. Distress partly from dear ness—from want of provisions, but chiefly from want of work. Mr.W.IIALE has been in the silk line above 20 years, and is Parish Treasurer. In 1800.1, a considerable sum was voted by Parliament for relief, but at that period most were in full employ. From 20 t 0 .30,000 men, women, and children, are employed in the silk line in and about Spitalfields : from the number of workmen and labourers of all sorts there, they are always subject to parochial distress. Thinks not above one-third of weavers in full employ. Fashion last winter of ladies wearing broad-cloth, greatly disappointed them, and velvets and silks remain ed on hand. Large importations of raw silk lately from Bengal. Articles in which we succeeded against the French were gauzes, crapes, Persians, slight Barcelouas, &c.; now not made at all. Ex port trade to America has declined for 14 years. Soup Society the means of preserving many hundreds of children of lower orders from dying of want.— Bengal importations have not been sufficient : gene rally, nut so good as the Italian. In 1793 thinks as many were out of work as now, and 10,0001. were collected for them; but then, the quarters-loaf was only seven-pence, and potatoes very low. Trade ♦ery good in 1807: very bad, indeed, last Christmas. Many distressed who used to supply the weavers, such as slop-sellers, shoemakers, &c. Many Sews, &c. have bought goods on hand at low prices, and sold them so, and deluged the country shops with them at 30 or 40 per cent. under market price; 5000 bales of silk imported last week from Bengal. Mr. GEORGE STEVENSON, has been in silk trade 15 years. When trade was good, employed near 200 weavers in London, now about 100; and at Reading 120, now from 90 to WO. Turned oft' his hands in 1811, and this year, from loss of the mar ket. Understands French silks have been lately smuggled over: but has seen none in the market.— His American trade was only an eighth or tenth of his whole trade, of which the returns were 50,0001. a year : but the American articles being the low sort, employed a great number of hands. Home market also considerably diminished. Cannot tell the cause exactly. A general falling off of the trade. Menu factory for pelisses ; &e. considerable about three springs ago. Export articles are made by boys, girls, and women: gauze he made at Reading. Had considerable orders in December, 1810, from Ame rica, which are still on hand. Generally used to sell fancy stock twice a year to the shippers: that sale has failed. The greater part of his men dis charged were employed for home consumption ; .but 1 considerable part of what was manufactured for home consumption in the first instance, used to go to America. Articles for America employ a greater number of hands in proportion to value than other articles. Fancy goods failing London market, used to he sold for America at reduced prices ; such goods as he made originally for Lon don : dismissed the London hands first; as, if he had dismissed those at Reading, he could not have gor them again. Conceives, that besides stop ping of the Atnericau trade, there has been a general falling off. I •. z`r~ . 1807, more than that ofrafinatmstrailioitinetuiticaleodorrry.cu tor;l4.u7erbsurue‘rt%::ivotheajudesyl:edicrition.;:tioliiriAivopeer.iu,nvgneec:. Itkat.Order merged in the Order of April, tstoe. A, I I io this country only about 10 ye..- is ago. H I; 1 4141) 11118114" :Me7i r ca d db ers tu r h e te i: t ri e "n n a a s c l e h o d e u ta t n p h r c e l i e l co N l cW at end of August last. has a partner at N, - er a citizen of the United States. Is a native e t / i tlountry. Has been an exporter to Amni ez 4ae or four years. The full shipment, of 1810, to erica, was perhaps as great as any preceding 'year. (be stock then in America, he believe, to be almost entirely used. A few parcels ins, i ti now get in by smuggling. Use of expensive goods may he diminished by the distress there, among the merchants particularly. If market were open, he would ship a variety of nook % Ind cotton manufactures. Almost every thing that vied to be shipped would be eligible there: som e small Manchester wares be should not ship, they 'ng manufactured in America. No important ri valry as yet from American manufactures. More I French silks there than the country wants, so that {et they cannot be sold to the advantage of importers. 1 Assigns same causes for quantity, &c. of French ' g oods as former witnesses. Three quarters w id e French sarsnet sold at 6s. 9d. French manufac i tures were entirely silks, cambric', and a few laces. I As to Saxon and Silesian manufactures, he can only refer to the time of open market, when we were not undersold. Woollen goods particularly were selling at great loss in Canada. In case of repeat of Order I of April, 1809, should make shipments at his own I risk. Ile should insure, with precautions for en. g N a e in w st Y 4 or m k e . ric l a V u o w nl i d . w the ith o s u h t i cotton calicoes, are made in America. p insuring ff a zure. A few low-priced cotton goods ) and stout 1 gruunirYth'el'iihsekn, cent. against this country, or in favour of it till the commencement of 1811 : very s eld om so hi g h one embargo. m wa o y r e o t r h t a l: s o n t pe h ef e or r I ht l e he laco r s i t s r e dfii a vne b a o yr v yn e pa crosu r was irtsesesldo tu amea rin vr g aparrieti tha t Before That he generally took that as a standard. At tba beginning of• 1810 it was very near par sad ptduallj declined : et end of 1810 it got to Maud thence its 10 below par. In March, 1811, It, was 11, an gradually varied to 73; at Cleat of 1W lerecove a little; and his remittances were at 15 fo 17 per: cent. till April 1812: since then the disiount has in creased to 20 and 211 against Englund. " Chiefly re ceives payment in bills of exchange on London or Liverpool. Within two or three years has exported at the rate of 20 to 30,0001. to Quebec and Mon., treal : increased his shipments three since 1809 ; but lin 1811, and up to this time, the market there has been glutted in many branches. The heaviest parts' of shipments there have been sacrificed at auctimelfl French manufactures were plenty, and selling low lin the United States, in January and February, 181 4 /.. I Additional cost to consumer in France within the last ' two or three years, in consequence of freight and in.l surance, he calculates to be a penny per pound of Havannah sugar, and something less on a pound of bowed GeOrgia cotton : on ashes 4s. 6d. per cwt. Price of exchange with America has depended some. ' times on amount of American money in Londoe, • and remitted from the Continent. At the Embargo, stoppage of shipments diminished the deposits in London. Understands sarsnet to be one article in which the French undersell us. Insurance from Boston to Liverpool is 3 to 34 per cent. ; but to I Bourdeaux, 20 to 25 per cent. In April his cal -1 culation of insurance from Boston to Bourdeaux,, and back again, was 40 to 50 per cent. Nankeen chiefly made in the United States, at Providence, Rhode Island : a different sort of nankeen from the Indian : the latter is preferred by a genteel person,t the labourers wear the British manufacture. Under stands hats are made at Boston ; so as almost to ex clude our importation. Sugar refineries are also esta blished there : price of sugars have been so low here, that within three or fuuryears refined sugar has beast sent to Boston, notwithstanding American pro. testing duty. Glass-houses are established near Roston, and a manufactory of sail-cloth and duck. Supposes American manufactures of certain kinds will increase, particularly in farm-houses ; and that if American produce become lower than before, they will supply their wants. In New England, coarser clothing in a great degree made at home.— The greater duties on goods by British than by Ame rican bottoms one cause of the trade being mostly carried on in American ships,but are also faster sail ers, and carry the goods drier, &c. which gives them a preference. Insurance to France he understands I to include all the risk on the cargo : and the risk in ' port only arises from any disposition of the French Government to seize the goods. Bowed Georgia cotton, a little time fink, could he bought in Ame ' rica at bil. per pound, and delivered at Bourdeaux (reckoning the sea-risk at one penny, and two-i pence to three-Fence for freight), at about nine pence per pound, not reckoning any French duties. The same has been lately sold at Liverpool at from 141. to 16d. By last accounts, British manufactures in America sold rather dear, and the French chap, • ; they being of a different description. The cotton delivered at Bourdeaax at 9d. would be bought here at 7d. a pound, reckoning a freight of 14. and pie mium of insurance, &c. at five pet cent. and no duty. Employment of American shipping is certainly iu great degree owing to way in which duties are taken. Ten per cent. is added to value of British goods, and duty estimated en that. Thinks it not possible to substitute French for British Manufactures in Arne. rim. His exports fell off in 1808, and ceased on the Ist of February, 1811. In 1810, there was a favourable trade. Wash goods remain unsold, though there has been no export since Feb. 1811. — The American goods interfere with the sales : the opening of trade would not much promote imports of that kind; such as broad-cloths at 10s. to 18s. a yard. Has attributed cheapness of French ma nufactures in America to the regulation for exporting net amount of cargoes imported, in French produce and goods, which did not find a consumption ; but doubted whether American merchants could find mar ket for such a surplus. If risk of capture taken off by repeal of Orders in Council, French goods would go cheaper by the amount of the insurance; the same as to England; if Ameriea complied with French port regulations. Our goods would not come into. competition with the French even then: they being, of a different description, and could not be substi tuted but from necessity. Fine cloths have goue to i Accounts from Newcastle state, that tumult America from France, but never heard of any cot- disorder yet prevailed in Cumberland. On the &gilt ton goods. Thinks w hate v e r difference of price l'of the 15th inst. the corn-mill at Monkhill, near Car. may arise, that France could furnish America only !lisle, was broken into by a number of persons, with fine cloths of woollen or cotton: what good _thence not less than 150 stone of oatmeal, an d 65 cloths the French manufacture for exportation have 1 stone of flour, were carried sway or wasted. ou . been generally too much &bre., Oiler te price. AseeLflii - 143t1r, abaisetwelve at night, GEO. JOHNSON, and. prebends France compete with us in wool-' M A VELUM BARNES, both of Burgh, were ateckeof lens of a low desc r iptio n . G rea t prop o rtion of car- ; near Coalfell-hill by two men ; but footsteps beng rying trade between us and America is in hands ofl beard they thought it prudent to retreat. '111? American ship owners. Repeats, that American' sons who came up were C. Roaiseoe, of D rum ships arc preferable as being better sailers, though ‘and J. Rom: sole, of n , two ludas., --p our's may be st ronger an d mo r e d ura bl e . tteinas men, who had been at Carlisle receiving Pr Mr. JOHN RICHMOND JAM ky, of London, is in efor•serne work done, and who accompanied the ton the American t ra d e , an d h as s hipp e d goo d s t o the4e r seenentioned persons. They had not proceede d United States, an d a sma ll quan tity t o C an ada a n d , a b ove h a lf a mile, when they were again assailed . their British North America. • Was in North America re-' a banditti, consisting of seven, ‘‘hci p r esented ceutly, and in C ana d a i n S ep t em b er , O c t o ber, and pi s t o l s , and after having much in jured the tom' /' t November last, w he re th ere was a great deal of Eng- I , widi'stones and bludgeons, compelled them to thine lish goods : as also in New Brunswick. At the two i the* property. exits, that last places he was unable to sell his goods without le• Gold ! precious Gold ! that cure for all great loss. British goods in general were selling there. healer of differences, that universal Panacea. at a loss of 10, and up to 50 er rent. below Prime p . cniring upon us.—OAKEs, at 8, Cornhel, exhibit, in cost and ch arges . Believes o ne-half of the goods his window a most gratifying sight to the pubitc,-7 were sent w ith a v i ew to get them into the United oceans of Guineas ! ob tained, we su pp ose, to pay his i States, which th e p recau ti ons o f th e U n it e d S tates "C ap it a l P r izes in the Lottery to be drae n on t prevented. Has imported nothing to the United Birth Day of him whose likeness they exhibit. 6. States Auto the Non-Importatiou Law took effect i FRENCH LITERATORE.—Among the various a s in beginning of 1811. Would resume shipments velties that have lately issued from the French on repeal of Orders in Council. He would certainly 'particulraly deserving the notice of the literary eo n " . then make a very large shipment. Has considerable are, Voyages et Menroires De CHATEAUERI "' "orders conditi o n a l on t h at event. All u d es to O r . G reece et en P a l es ti ne . P ar i s dans le dix iieurl.c ders in Coun c il, A pr il 26, 1809, particularly.— Siecle.—Mad. de SeaEe's work on Literature, te nt h v ern rf Should feel warranted hi shipping on that repeal Memoirs of her Life.—Mad. de GENUS'S //1•1 0 , 1 . a . 14 alone; as he co nce i ves th a t wou ld occas i on a repeal Romeo Celebres.—And P IGAULT LE 1311L11 4 of Non-Importation Law. His correspondents mere- Novel, Une Macedoine. Copies of these work• ri it ly alludes to th e O r d ers i n Council, they do not spe- at resent be procured in London of Mr. Cote' city particulars. Th e y mean th e O r d er o f November, Con p duit-street, and a few other Booksellers. MANCHESTER. Mr. TIM. Wicoutr, of Manchester, has been a general exporter in the American trade of the prin. cipal articles for 13 years, and to the amount, in 1810, of 100,0001. but were smaller in 1809, andl smaller still in 1808, and thinks not so large in 1807 as in 1810. In January, 1811; shipped *early to 70,0001. since then, nothing to the United States. Considerable amount of goods now on hates 4 or 500 packages, and,goads tp make up from 'WO to 500. Goods oq hand for American market to amount of 50,0001. and no means of sending them out. Nankeens almost totally omitted in orders last two years; and a smaller quantity of cotton shirting, and cambric muslin, th'ey being manufactured in, America. Since American trade fell on; money went farther in home-market•purchases. Don't recollect exchange ever at a greater discount that% 10 per' ' • - Y. '.'"" •• ' • - FRENCH P.4PERS. WcaTzausto, MAY 15.—0 n the 15th we had the happiness of seeing their Majesties arrive at half past 1 five in the evening ; the following morning at half paskeight, they continued their journey. PETERSBURGII, APRIL 24.—His Majesty left this capital on the 21st, at half past two in the afternoon. —(Same Paper.) WARSAW, MAY B.—The head-quarters of the King of Westphalia are now established here.- 1 (Journal de l'Empire, May 23.) BERLIN, MAY 12.—The Emperor of Russia has, it is said, arrived at Vilna. Luoicrra, MAY B.—According to the latest intel ligence, the fourth corps d'armee, under the Duke of Abrantes, which was cantoned in the circles of our department, has received orders to immediately set out, and continue its march through our Duchy, i'tewards its ulterior destination, in consequence of 1 which s all the troops put themselves in motion. On the 12th, we expect here 12,000 men of the French Imperial Guard, who are going to the neighbour. head of Glogau, they will be followed by 14,000 of the Guards, who are proceeding from Spain, and all to arrive at Dresden on the 18th or 20th of May.— (Same Paper.) 1 LOVISEOURG, MAY 15.—1 t is expected the Em. peror and Empress of France, will to-day arrive at Dresden.—(Same Paper.) The Moaiteur of the 6th of this month contains a curious extract from the Register of Deliberations of the Commit of State. It is well known that Pri soners of War who have broken their parole, and i are again taken in arms, forfeit their lives by the Laws of War, but why this should be now so for malty published by Bonaparte, we cannot conceive. —lt is remarkable however, that the article should have appeared on the second day aker the arrival, in Paris, of Gen. Fefebvre with the two soldiers of I the Imperial Guard, who were allowed to reside I with him at Cheltenham. PRISONERS OF WAR. coutecu. on vrtxr..—scrnxn or arm 28, 1812. " The Council of State which, iu execution of the command if kb Majesty, has heard the Report of the Sections of War and Legislation upon that of the Minister of War, haring for its'object the examining whether Olken, made prisoners of war, and who, a ft er having broken their parole, are retakes with arms in their hands, ought to be carried before a Military Commission ; " Considering that these Officers having infringed the Laws of Nations, return thereby under the Laws of War, " Is of` opinion, that when Officers, prisoners of war, haring broken their parole, are retaken with arms in their hand, ' the Capital punishment incurred by Mein cannot be inflicted till after they have been carried before a Military Commission, charged with ascertaining the identity of the individual, and the reality of the fuets. (Signed) " J. 6, LOCRE. M Approved at the Palace of St. Cloud, May 4. (Signed) " APOLEON." : li 41 A cs 1, i . i 't 14 1~ 1 I • 'I I :I' k •,l