The British Press; or, Morning Literary Advertiser. — London, England, 1825-08-18 00:00:00

-:-.. „ • • • mechanics. With this vier,. not meeting in this or from our government, the encouragement lie .mteil, and the assistance which be asked, he removed to! fiance. The French revolution had commenced. and he received f rom the Ruling Powers the moat munificent urn•-' ,pd so much irontedista and effectual assistant , their aid and counteoiale he fotmed one est __ cum a very large walk at Dunkirk, and another at yorient. Here, 'foe awns Sure, he prevented his plans with sueb moms,. that he had the faWest prospect of at doiriog the resin; opa4de. Unfortunately, one of his pr om or Orient laboured Ceder the suspicion of being • ausaiwat, ie the ottocious times of Robespierre. Sea pietas Ira bat sambee teem, with this sanguinary crew, for guilt. sail the gwillotine trap (is use their abominable jar. gen) in constant requisition. This most worthy and mud. t en t man, with little, perhaps no rem of trial, was petite death. end his friend and patron, the American, escaped with life oily. All the property was seised, plundered, or contheated, and the whole establishment fell to the gravid. . Whether he yes (twelves, or if he does, in whet iitsidon be stinsists, was unknown when this was written. air. A. bad gust talents, many amiable qualities, and, In these respects, deemed a far better fate. Neu torment to Mrs. Hayley. The hours of rapture, ,ew with younger "Objects (votaries at the Hymeneal urine) do nut always extend beyond -the honeymoon. When a female, approaching to seventy,- leads to the altar a • who.has sot sees 'bitty, these hours of Ely sian asidao eontiatteisite so long. .in a. very abort in terval,* teparstko yrs caktually-thought expent. The lady, at before obierved; confided very thin/ to the gene rosity of ber husband, and, with such an samanee as lie t hought proper to Gabe bee, she toot a very.. spitoppor tunity drre;erossing the Adantie; and arta shortresi dence in London, fixed herself at path. whiaaallarpaused ‘. An all agsat. sada!' , . . • , -lite It ,P... 416 that by • • . THE TSAIPLIL • . r .4, ON TIM TIM 711111illti or A Motet{ AND • evil TILL IWIL TIMPLI OAT/G As by Ow Templer% MI6 pee op, eseThe Urge awl Arstb, diaplay'4 It bletweel, show The mow at their trade. That climb Shot inAir front thence He* jest Ile 'Asir pnifsesion. The Areeheetiforth their innocence, The %weer their expedition. happy_Beitons happy isle ! Let foreign nations say, Wheie you get justice wittiout guile, And law without defy. AIMEE I. ' tallbaki men, thee holds forego, • • NoV trust such cunning elves ; • These anful antlelems tend to show • . Their Manta, not themselves. • +. 4 •s ill a evict, these are all shams, • Py which they mean to chest you ; •Plut have a are, for you're tAt And they the wolves that eat yo*. ;~. __ Sot let the thought of no,delay. To these their courts misguide you ; irisiou're the showy horsr, and they jockeys that will ride pox. 11.4120.4 TE, At:Gun' IS. The subject that has engolissed the attention of our visi'ers for the lira three days has been the sale of the Rev. John Lyon's pro perty, arising out of ibis ;Kinder circumstance, that it included the principal Bathing Roams. tins Post Office, and indeed the most eligible property In the place. So much importance WWI attached is the real as well as morainal value of this little estate, that Mr. George Robins was specially retained to conduct this cause on the part of the renders. The circumstanee of a professional London Gentleman coming down, and the eligibility of the property, at tracted a brilliant and raranflowing audience; the sale was at Weight's Marine Hotel (where Mr. Hobble arrived on Saturday). at one o'clock to-day. The large room was literally crammed almost to suffocation ; punctuality was the order of the day, and at awe the sale commtmad. A long exordium occupied the first half hour, a variety of expla nations regrading the title followed, and, as is usual, a great deal aspiring between the intended purchasers and the auctioneer ; indeed, the circumstances connected with this auction were fruitful, In supplying both observations and repartee. The jetty upon which die Bathing-rooms are erected is. by a covenant in the Irase, lobe kept in repair by the freeholder; and Mr. Reale (one of the tensms), argued that this expense might consume all the rent ; true, said 31r. Robins, I do remember the time when the Bathing rooms were erected on a wooden jetty, and the consiransnoe bad belt that It wee destroyed many years ago, teleran with the Pier, they both fell victims to a revere storm ; but now that good sense and sound judgment had replaced them with ponderous stone, they bed triumphantly baffled the utmost elh'orts of the most severe norms with which Margate had ever been visited. Mr. Philpott, tea satisfied with this explanation, and not so easily contented as , Ira Broiler, Bother, inquired what would be the result of a large vessel being driven aga , net his rooms sod crushing them ? Mr. R. rejoined, that the owner of the vessel, who should have so little taste as to venture into the one pair apartments of thin rentriesuo/ Bother, would by law be compelled to repair any mischief such an extraordinary adventure had entailed upon him. These, with a hundred other observations, which were put very pleasantly and answered in great stood humour, consumed nearly one hour. during which time a' pitiless storm was inundating the town. and Mr. &diens availed himself of this circumstance as a satisfactory excuse tar detaining them under shelter so long. The first licit was the Post-office; it is let to Mr. Vidder, us tensor at will (with the use of the furniture and fixtures) for fill. tut. a-year ; it sold to 31r. Jervis (the eminent Surgeon of this place) far 1,380 guineas. Lot 2. The small house adjoining, let for nine years, at 421. a-year, sold he 910 guinea'. • Lot 3. Mr. Reale's bathing-rooms, let on lease for IS years, at 40 guineas (it should be observed, that at the expiration of the I term the tenant has a right to the whole of the present erection). of close the ground alone was all that could be sold ; it produced 03 guineas. Lot 4. Philpott's old established Rooms (subject to the same eight of removing the present erection) has a lease of five years, at 31. a-year ;at sold for 950 guineas. The result is, that including the Post-office (let as a furnished Muse). and all the rest being at rack -rents, amounting altogether toi 1 724 Its. a-rear, sold for the astonishing sum of 4,060 guineas. Tble t i s s t considered as demonstrative proof of the increased and in creas prosperity of this watering-place. Tts Assembly Rooms had to boast of 400 visitors last night, to the concett of Sacred Music, The weather is by no means propi t.ous, and each suceeeding day brings at least 390 fresh rioters. I The Teemed is doing tolerably well. The active manager, Mr. Faucet Saville. in very popular here ; he has just completed a very elptir new theatre at lismagate, which he Intends, to open in October. at the close of the !Hargett season. Sir W. Curtis pa. troaist s this r. d rnal ,and intellettual recreation. The Archbishop of York has been pleased to institute the! Rev. Anthony Ward, of Methley Park, to the vicarage of Eastrington, in the East Hiding of the county of York : I patron, she hinc. The Lord Bishop of Exeter has collated the Rev. James! Puke Culcridgy, L.1..11. to the Prebendal Stall in the Cathedral Church, void by the death of the Rev. James Carrington, the late possessor. His Lordship also insti tuted the Rev. Wm. Marsh, A B. to the vicarage of Owenap, in Cornwall, on the presentation of the Venerable the Dean and (*bunter of Exeter, void by the fission of the Bev. Win. Martin. The seventh anniverssry of the Society for Propagating Christianity among the Jews was held in the Shire-hall, Ipswich, on ‘Vedriesday last, the Rev. J. T. Nottiilge in the chair. The claims of the Society were most powerfully shl eloquently urged by the Chairman, the Rev. Basil Wood, the Rev. Charles Simeon (('ambridge), Rev. Win. Marsh (Colchester), Rtv. E. Griffin, &c. &c. and the re port gave great satisfaction to the very respectable company tic it attended this interesting meeting.—llary Gaz.ette. A writer in the Quarterly J.,uruul of Science suggests a plan for constructing Sea ponds, for the purpose of pre serving and breeding a sufficient stock of various species of fish for the public markets. It has been found that sea fish will live and thrive in, and also breed, in ponds or en closed waters; and with regard to many, it also appears, that it is indifferent whether the water be salt ' fresh, or brackish, or alternately fresh and salt. This plan would bring the fish within our own power, to be taken alive when wanted, and, from being better fed, in grtster proportion and more uniformly gord. There are three or four sea ponds in Scotland where the fish are thus kept: one in Orkney; one in Frith of Forth; and one in Galloway. Thi s has recently been put to the test in Gnernsey by Mr. Arnold: in a rod of about four acres only, many species of fish are now thriving; all those which have had sufficient time have propagated ; and all have improved in quality, and many in a remarkable manner. Ori Satutday night we had a strong gale from the north west,. accompanied with heavy rains ; and on Sunday motomg the ()tier, Simpson, which uili.4l on Thursday for Africa, was totally lost off Southport ; the crew were for- Inn atelY raved. A vessel from Ireland, with cattle, is also resorted to hare been lost oo Saturday right.—Lieerpod i . 1 ./errtirer of 7'itesdvy. itAPQRr rnom THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON THE LAW - RELATINO TO THE EXPORT OF TOOLS AND MACHINERY. 'Concluded from the British Press of yeverslay.l The Select Committee appointed to inquire into the state of the Law and its consequences respecting the exportation of tools and Machinery ; and who were empowered to report the 31inutes of • the Evidence taken before them :—havc, pursuant to the Order of the House. examined the matters to them referred, and hate; aereed upon the following R e p ort . The evidence taken by t h e C omm i ttee i n t h e l ast Ses- I lion was such' as to induce them at that tittle to decline recommending any measure to the House beyond that of a, renewal of the inquiry in the present Session ; and in t its der to make this in quir y as comp l ete as possible, the Chair man of your Committee caused a notice (inserted in the Appendix) to be sent to the principal municipal officer and chambers of commerce in many of the great manufacturing towns of the United Kingdom, some of whom, it appears, caused it to be inserted in several of the provincial news papers. It is necessary to observe, that notwithstanding this public notice, no person from any of the manufacturing districts has requested to be examined before your Commit tee • and, that only two answer s t o hi s c i rcu l ar were re ceived by the Chairman ; one from the Chamber of Com merce in Birmingham, er.closing a copy of the resolution of that Chamber, of the 12th of March, 1924, which ob jected both to the emigration of artisans and to the ex portation of machinery ; and as the evidence of the wit nesses deputed by that Chamber at that time will be found In the Minutes of die Committee of last year, it is pre sumed that they had no additional evidence to offer ; the other from the master cotton spinners of the county of Renfrew, appointing Mr. Dunlop (whose evidence on the subject will be found in the minutes of last year), to op- Kat any bill for permitting the exportation of machinery. As no person therefore came forward from the country to lifer evidence to your Committee, it was necessary more particularly to revert to the evidence taken by the Commit tee in the last Session, for the purpose of more fully show ing its tendency. Almost all the principal engineers whose factories are situated in the metropolis were examined. Their evi dence tends to show the injurious consequences of the laws which prohibit the exportation of' tools and machines, and all of diem concurred in recommending their repeal. Several machine makers resident in the country were also examined before the Committee, all of whom agreed in recommending a revision of the laws, or that particular kinds of machinery might still be legally exported, while other kinds might be prohibited. They also concurred in opinion that much of the machinery at present prohibited might be advantageously exportt d; but gave it as their opinion that other kinds of machinery, and particularly those used in the manufacture of cotton goods, should not be permitted to be exported. This opinton was grounded on an apprehension that foreigners might in time be able to manufacture such goods, not only for their own use, but also for exportation, cheaper than we could, and might thus suierseele us in the foreign market. They were also apprehensive that the orders which might be received from abroad for tools and machines would raise their price at home, and prevent our own manufacturers from being sup plied with the machinery they wanted; and several manu facturers concurred in these opinions. The objections made by the machine makers and menu reenters were thus reduced to two, viz.,- Ist, That in consequence of the large foreign orders which would probably he sent from abroad, the price of the tools and machines, if the free exportation were per mitted, would be considerably and permanently raised at home. 2d, That it was to be feared, that in a abort time after the repeal of those laws, foreigners would be able to under sell us in cotton goods, in lace made in frames, and in some other branches of manufacture. To these two principal objections your Committee more particularly turned their attention ; and in the evidence of all the London engineers it is distinctly stated, that they do not believe that anv considerable rise of price would, for any length of time, 'follow the repeal of the prohibiting laws. On this subject, however, your Committee submit to the consideration of the House an extract from the evi dence of Mr. Alexander Galloway. " Do you then think that we should secure a very considerable and profitable branch of permanent manufacture, without injuring ,our borne ruanuflactutea; If Is law was repealed ass decidedly of opinion we should improve our condition ; and if I was a con siderable machine user in any of our principal manufactures, I should say I should be very much benefited by taking off the pro hibiting laws, as it would ultimately lessen the price of machinery. Do you mean by the increased competition and skill that would be brought into action ?—Vex; and that will all end in making machines cheaper. At first it may Mammy the price with certain individuals, but not with the manufacturers generally ; and ultimately It will increase the means by which machinery is pro duced." The principal difficulty which seemed to your Com mittee like!y sto occur, from any considerable increased demand for machines from abroad, was the number of hands which could in a comparatively short space of time be procured to meet the demand. It has always hitherto happened, and on general prin ciples it may safely be affirmed, that it will always happen, that where a commodity can be supplied in unlimited quantities (which machinery may be in this country) a large increase in the demand never fails, after a very short' pe. iod, to reduce the price ; but the necessity of instruct ing men in machine-making seemed to oppose an obstacle which it would require much time to overcome; and it was apprehended that in the mean time the price of ma chines might be considerably increased. The opinion, however, of the London engineers was, that no difficulty whatever would exist as to the procuring of hands capable of constructing machinery in any quantity which could be required ; and that, too, greatly to the advantage of a large number of persons. Messrs. Martineau, I3ramah, Mandalay, and Galloway, all of them eminent in their profession as engineers, affirm that men and boys in almost any number may be readily instructed in the making of machines, and that the' great improvement of the tools used for making machines, and for the abridgement of labour in many important parts of the buinesa, (which enables them to employ common labourers, who may rapidly become skilful workmen) fur nish reasons for bdieving that the price of machinery is much more likely to be reduced, and that in a short time, tban increased by any considerable extension of the busi ness of machine-making. Your Committee would, how ever, call the attention of the house to the evidence of Messrs. Ewart, Kennedy, and other witnesses from the country, who hare expressed a contrary opinion, in order that a correct judgment may be formed on the subject. With respect to the second objection, the apprehension of being under-sold in the foreign market, the evidence of ;hose witnesses in whom this apprehension is most pre ' talent, eontains much, which seems to incline in a con-; , trary direction to the inferences drawn by them. It is admitted by them that we possess many facilities which foreigners do not, and may not for ages possess. Our minerals are generally in immediate neighbourhood, whence, from the proximity of rail-roads, canals, and rivers, they may be conveyed with great facility to all parts of the kingdom, either for home manufacture or exporta tion. Almost all our great manufacturing towns, and establishments for the construction of machines, enjoy similar facilities; and thus, with the continual improve inent of machinery, enable us to keep down the cost of production. Upon this subject your Committee; beg to refer to the fullowiug extracts from the evidence of .Mr. M.Culloch, which, in their opinion, deserves the meet serious con sideration. - " Do you conceive that the laws rather assist the French. than otherwise, in being able to establish manufactories of machinery of their own ?-1 should think our preventing the exportation of machinery to France has a tendency to force the French to become machine-makers themselves, and to rival us in a branch of indus try, into which, if they could get machines from England, they would have no motive to come into competition. " Those law. make it more a matter of necessity on the part of the French to induce our machine-maker. to go to France. to in., striae thym in the art of making machines ?—Unquestionably. ' " Do you conceive that if the French were to acquire equally good machinery with ourselves, that it would be injurious to our manufactures P—No, I do not think it would. '6 Ely their obtaining our machinery. so as to be able to meet us in the market ter cotton and other Roach, will not that he iujut ions tons?-1 do not think the circumstance of 'getting our machinery would enable then) to meet us in the marks with cottons, or any other gouda,. with advantage. Will you state what it is that would give England the advan tage in that ease over the furcign manufactUrers !_ln the first place. the French mandfacturer would not have the same degree of security that the English manufacturer has ; in the next place, you have the advantage or better communication■ throughout the country, the advantage of trained workinen, habituated to all in. .~ ~. ... r r . wR: A: dustricies employments, and of • better division of labour ; so that, though the French imported (tom us as good ;machinery al we have, you would still have mane incommunicable advantages whi c h t h e y cou ld not h a ve, and you viould always have cheaper machinery ht proportion is the cost of the transfet of the machines into Franca. win y ou have the goodness to State to the Committee the ad vantages that Wottid serve to 1, nie.and from the exportation of 14 machinery Y—The advantages would be, that in addition to all MD I present manufactures we should hare an additional branch of me. nufeeture, corresponding in latent to the extent that the foreigner took machines from us. You would thus hare a new field creates fat the intuitable employ of capital end industry, which you have not pow." Your Committee think proper to notice, as a third oh jection entertained by many of the witnesses, via. that, in consequence of the low rate of wages paid on the continent of Europe, manufacturers in foreign countries would be enabled to tell their goods cheaper titan we could sell ours. Your Committee are sensible of the propriety of paying , due attention to this objection ' • as not only many o f th e w i t - 1 noses whom they have examined form their opinion of the impoliey of allowing machinery to be exported, on the grounds that the low wages of France and other nations secure to those countries advantages over England; but almost all persons of all descriptions consider this doc trine of the advantage of low wages as forming a settled axiom in political economy, and therefore as one which admits of no question whatsoever; but so far from this, being a doctrine that ought to be universally re isseived as sound and settled, your Committee are of opinion _ that exist !tended to what has taken place in respect to the cotton mauufacture in Ire land (and it has been alluded to in the evidence), that when Mr. Pitt, in 1788, and at the Union, proposed to lower the duties on cotton g oo d s importe d Ireland into England, the witnesses who were then examined be fore Committees of this Howe. .resisted his plans, on the same grounds that the witnesscli whom your Committee have examined objet to the exportation of machinery, namely, the atlvintages which a country with low wage' has over a country in which wages are high. But al— though Mr. Pitt, at the Union, lowered the duties on cot ton goods imported from Ireland into England to ten per cent. ; and that cotton goods could be rent from Ireland to foreign countries, to be sold there in free competition with : II cotton goods; and although Ireland ha s imp orte d fru., or to tim e th e best English innehinery,and employed the best Leglish workmen to instruct the Irish workmen, yet Ireland, under all these circumstances (with an average rate of wages of 3d. or 4d. a day, as proved in evidence before the Committee on the state of Ireland), was not able to do any thing werehrepf notice iu the cotton manu facture till the repeal of the duty of teu per cent. in 1823 led to the sending of English yarn into Ireland to be wove there, and returned to England, and till English capital was employed in Ireland to promote the industry of her . ,people, by giving orders for goods to be sent to England ter' enable the English manufacturers to make good thaN orders which tl:ey could not execute in England. The case of England herself is also in point, to show that low wages may be counterbalanced by other circuits' stances ; for though wages in England are much higher than wages in other countries in Europe, yet almost every, , kind of manufactured goods that are required in great quantities can be made so much cheaper and better in Eng land as to find a market in almost every foreign country. ' But besides these facts, tending to disprove the doctrine that low wages always give to a country-advantages in carry ing on manufactures, there exist the reasonings and con clusions of those learned and observing persons (who dur ing the last fifty years have reduced the rules that govern the operations of industry and trade to a science) to explain in what way they cumei,der thisdectrine to be-wholly unten able. These eminevriptivselts utillertake t 6 show, by argu ments and facts, that? the ellect bf low wages is not a low price of the commodity to which they are applied, but the raising of the average rate of profits in the country in which they exist. The explanation of this proposition, occupies a large portion of the justly-celebrated work of the late Mr. Ricardo, on the principles of political economy ; and is also ably set f o rth i n t h e f o ll ow i ng evi dence of Mr. M'Culloch, to which your Committee par*• cularly desire to draw the attention of the House:— " Ilave you turned your attention to the effect of fluctualinns in the rate of wages on the price of commodities P—l have. " Do you consider that when wages rise the price of comma diem will proportionally increase ?—I do not think that a real rise of wages has any effect whatever, or but a very imperceptible one, on the price of commodities. " Then supposing wages lobs really lower in France than in this country, do you think that that circumstance would give the French any advantage over us in the foreign market?—\o, I do not; do not thing it would give them any advantage whatever. I think ft would occasion a different distribution of the produce of in. dustry in Franca from what it would obtain in England, but that , would be all. In France the labourers would get a less propos.. don of the produce of industry, and the capitalists a larger pro. portion. " Could not the French manufacturer, if he gets his labour fur less than the English manufacturer, afford to sell his goods for less P—As the value of goodie is made up wholly of lubour and profit, the whole and only effect of a French manufacturer getting his labour for less than an English manufacturer is to enable him to make more profit than the Unglish manufacturrr can make, but not to lower the price of his goods. The low rate of wages in France goes to cstiblish a high rate of profits in all branches of in. dusty y in France. " What conclusion do you more to in making a comparison between wages in Ergland and wages in France ?—1 conic to this conclusion : that If it be true that wages are really higher In England than in France, the only effect of that would be to lower the profits of capital in England below their level in France; but that will have no offect whatever on the price of the commodities produced in either country. " When you say tint wages do not affect prices, what is it that does affect prices P—An in crease or diminution of the quantity of labour necessary to the production of the commodity. " Supposing that there was a free export of machinery, so that France could get that machinery, do you think that under those circumstances we should retain those advantages which we possess at the present moment ?—Yes, we should ; for the export of the machinery would not lower our wages or increase the wa ges i n France, so that we should preserve that advantage to the full extent that we have it at this moment. ..... " Will rou explain to the Committee why you are of opinion that the kreneli manufacturer would not undersell the English, seeing that his profits are larger than the English manufacturer tr_._ Because if he acre to offer to undersell iho English he can only do it by consenting to accept a less mte of profit on his capital than the other French capitalists are making on tleirs, and I cannot suppose a man of common sense would act upon sllich a principle. " Are the Committee to understand, this although a French ma. nnfaeturtr pays half the wages to his men in France, which our manufacturers do in England, yet that his wages being on a par, or a level, in general, with the other wages in France, will render his profits on a par with them, and consequently lie would not under sell the English merchant by lowering his profits below the average rate of profits in France ?—Precisely so. I believe, in point of fact, there is no such difference : bet lie could not undersell the English nianufacturer unless he wok lower profits than all oilier producers in France were making. I might illustrate this by what ' 1 takes place every day in England, where you never find the pro prietor of rich land, in order to get rid of his produce, offering it in Mark-lane at a lower rate than that which is got by a fanner or pro prietor of the very woest land in the kingdom. " Would it not produce a larger sale if the French manufacturer well to sell at a less price ?—Supposing that to b e w , t h e greater the sale the greater would be the loss of profit." - - - . It is the opinion of many of those who object to the ex portation of machinery, that Great Britain owes her present superiority in manufactures solely to the excellence of her machinery; but the evidence already noticed, as well as that of Mr. Martineau and others, would incline your Commit tee to believe that many other circumstances had tended to produce that effect, and that if the exportation of machi ' nery was generally permitted, English engineers would supply the greater part of the world, without endangering her. present superiority. "My reasons," Mr. Martineau says, " for forming this opinion principally c on s ist in the natural advantages that 'England possesses, from the cir cumstance of the iron stone and cwal being invariably found in the same spot, and thus affording a means of manufac turing iron at a cheap rate ; the talent and ingenuity of, the workmen; the immense spare capital we have in this country ; the circumstance of our canals and rail-roads al ready established, enabling us to bring the raw material from the interior of the country at a very low rate; it would of Mille take a considerable time before France, or any that many facts enlist to show that doubts may be justly most di entertained respecting its validity. Experience proves that nary iti in those countries *here wages are low the workinen are quire often indolent, and so unskilful as torte incapable of above producing any -corontoditierlittt such as are of the rudest opine= and coarsest kind; one .workman is employed in two or pos t e more different operations in fabric, and little or along I no assistance is 440. 1 0 n bout by inventions to may le abridge rttrewet ialbevolioln abuitawasimea where gaped wages are big are nenfrally active, spirited, tures of persevering, and vfeceslihglir sisiLful ;—no ankle is too retain t difficult or delicate for thrill to make the principle of opinion division of labour is in full operation, and every description were of machinery is made to contribute extensively to the di- those h miuution of manual lablour. seded It is well known ttl those who have attended to what from w other country, coed possess any of those advantages, even those which cannot be considercd as peculiar only to such as canals and rail-roads." Supposing, indeed, that. the same machinery which is used in England could be obtained on the Continent, it is the opinion of some of the most intelligent of the wit ' news that the want of arrangement in foreign mantafec- tonics, of division of labour in their work, of skill and per-, sevefance in their workmen, and of enterprise iii the rms. tern, together with the comparatively low estimation in 1 which the master manufacturers are held on the Conti nent, and with the comparative want of Capital, anti of many other advantageous circumstances detailed in the evidence, would prevent foreigners from interfering In any great degree by competition with our principal trianufac- I tuners ; on which subject the Committee submit the fed ' lowing evidence as worthy the attention of the Neese : " I would ask whether, upon the whole, you consider say dan ger likely to arise to our manufactures from competition, even it the French were supplied with machinery equally good and cheap as ear own ?—They will always be bellind ua until their general labia approximate to ours; and they Mutt be behind us for asanylessons that I have before given. " Why must they be behind us P—One other reason is, that a cotton manufacturer who left Blanchester seven years ago, would I be driven out of the market by the men who are now living in it, j provided his knowledge had not kept pace with that who heyel been during that time constantly profiting by the progressive im. j movements that have taken place in that period; this progressive knowledge and experience is our great power and advantage." It should also be observed, that the constant, nay al- 1 daily improvements which take place in our machi- 1 ..): itself, as well as in the mod e o f i ts a ppli cat i on, re -! quite that all those means and advantages alluded to above should be in constant operation; and that, in the opinion of several of the witnesses, although Europe were possessed of every tool now used int he United Kingdom, along with the assistance of Iffin g li s h arti sa n s , w hi c h s h e ' haves any number, t from the tonna' and tie-, nal atinnatagee lay .tbis country, the manufac of the United ingdom would for ages continue to the supetiarity they. now-enjoy. It is indeed the yr je opinion et essay , that if the - exportation of machinery pores stead, the exportation would often consist of tools and machines which, although already super-'' --tied by.aew innientions, still continue to be employed from warn of opportunity to get rid of them, to the detri ment, in many instances, of the trade anti manufactures of the country ; and it is matter wortl.y of consideration, and fully borne oat by the evidence, that by such increased foreign demand for machinery, the ingenuity and skill of our workmen would have greater st me, and that, import ant u the improvements in machinery have lately been, they might, under such circumstances, be fairly expected to increase to a degree beyond all precedent. The uniform policy of the Legislature of this country has been to give, as they conceived it, every kind of en couragement to British manufactures, and by prohibiting the importation of foreign manufactures, and by giving premiums, bounties and drawbacks on the exportation of British manufactures; but the great and important manu facture of machinery, tools and utensils, has been made an exception to this system of legislation, by restricting its exportation, although it is a manufacture peculiarly adapted to the circumstances of this country, and one that affords as many advantages in the way of giving employment to the people, and yielding profit to the master manufac turers, as any other manufacture. The many important facilities for the construction of machines, and the manufacturing of commodities which we possess, are enjoyed by no other country, nor is it likely that any other country can enjoy them to an equal extent for an indefinite period. It is admitted by every one that our skill is unrivalled ; the industry and power of our people unequalled ; their ingenuity, as displayed in the continual improvement of machinery and production of commodities, without parallel, and a pp arent l y w i t h out limit. The freedom which, under our government, every man has to use his capital, his labour and his talents, in the manner most conducive to his interests, are inestimable advantages ; canals are cut, and rail-roads constructed, by the voluntary association of persons whose local knowledge enables them to place them in the most desirable situa tions; and these great advantages cannot exist under less free governments. These circumstances, when taken to gether, give such a decided superiority to our people, that no injurious rivalry either in the construction of machinery or the manufacture of commodities can reasonably be anti cipated. Your Committee, before they conclude, think it proper to remark, that by the Act of last Session, permitting arti sans to emigrate and reside abroad, the country, as regards machine-making, is placed in a different situation from that in which it formerly was ; and from the evidence taken be fore the Committee, both in the last and present session, in regard to the ease with which all plans, models, and draw ings of new inventions in machinery arc conveyed to the Continent, and the facility with some engineers assert that good workmen can construct machinery from them, it is probable, that if the present prohibitory policy is per sisted in, foreign nations will be obliged to establish manu factories (as has been already partly done in France, the United States, &c.) for those artides with which we re-, fuse to furnish them, and which a libcial course of policy would entirely prevent. The Committee deem it proper to submit an extract on this subject from the evidence of Mr. Henry Maudslay, au eminent engineer, as deserving the particular attention of the House:— " Can you state whether the manufactories for machinery am In creasing on the Continent ?--Very greatly ; I have seen a number of them. " Of what manufacture ?—Of the manufactory of steam-engines, and other machinery. " What would be the effect of exporting machinery upon the extension or diminution of the manufactories on the Continent ?_- They would diminish them, there is no doubt; they would never set to work to furnish the French manufacturers with French- English machinery if they could get them from England. Do you consider the superiority of the English machinery such as to secure a demand in the foreign markets, if the laws permitted you to supply them 2—There is no doubt about it. " Is it within your knowledge that the French are in possession of drawings and plans of almost every patent as soon as they are published in England ?—Yes, I know from circumstances that have conic to my own knowledge. On the first of every month, books are packed off to Ilannburgh, and sent through Holland and all parts of the Continent ; and a friend of mine has written to me within a week of their publication, saying I understand you have obtained a patent for so and so, and I hope It will turn out to your advantage, and so on. This is a copy of the French Repertory of Arts [alluding to a book produced by the witness'', and this Is a drawing of a machine, and is as good a plan u a man need to work from, and I know this machine was not at work in out SI int when this book was published in France. I believe they (Messrs. Bolton and Watt), had one in their manufactory; but this shows the facility of getting these things in France. " Can a machine-maker work from that drawing 2—Perfectly well,_ It" You mean to Ray, that any man that is able to make that ma. chine can make it from that dra wing ?—Yes. " Have you any other example of the same thing P—Here is a blowing machine, to smelt ore, and that is as good a blowing ma. chine as any man need make; some of our first mills have that machine. " Whose Invention is that originally P—lt is the invention of Bolton and Watt, or some of the large iron-masters. •' Does your observation as to the facility of working from draw. ings, apply to all sorts of machinery ?—Yes; there is a set of draw ings in the best encyclopedias which will enable you to make a cotton machine. " Is the drawing of that loco-motivs machine [alluding to an en graving in the book produced . ' such as will enable a workman to make a similar machine ?—Certainly ; they make a gr eat many thousand machines from much worse drawings, no doubt. ' Although your Committee arc impressed with the opi nion, that tools and machinery should be regulated on the same principles as other articles of manufacture, yet, inns , much as there exist objections in the mind of many of our manufacturers on this subject, which deserve the attention of the Legislature ; and as it is possible that circumstances may exist which may render a prohibition to export certain tools and machines used in some particular manufacture expedient, your Committee beg to recommend that, until lan alteration can be made in the laws on this subject,''' his Majesty's Privy Council should continue to exercise' their discretion in permitting the exportation of all such tools and machines now prohibited, as may appear to them nut likely to he prejudicial to the trade or manufactures of the United Kingdom. 30th Junc, 1023. Tut BOROVOII or PENRYN.—There is likely to be a very severe contest for this borough whenever a dissolution of Parliament takes place, and already there has been an active canvass by no less than four candidates. It is un derstood that Mr. Stanton will retire. Mr. Grenfell again offers himself ; and Mr. C. Barclay, who once represented the borough of Southwark, Mr. Wading, Perci val, son of the E a rl of E gm ont, are new candidates. The Corporation and Sir Christopher Hawkins arc opposed to, each other. and Lora 2`.. OR 7 711.: UM Olt C rtr. , LAWCASTI.;:t ASSIZE.;.-I,,soaarua, duo. 13. The Judges arrived here this evening, and opened the Cntn. miavlon ,• and after hearing divine service to-osorrow, will pro ceed to their reapectita !'outs. The criminal calendar is extremely heavy, consisting of forty four cases, of which , oght are Mr murder, eight for forgery, iii for tortglary, two fur arson, two fur rape, eight for robbery and other charge, causes entered at the Civil side are, its peportion, equal:Y nutuaroui. WEST ZIIN CIRCWT, BRISTOL, ASSIZES, dicocar 11.1. The Comr num was opened I.erc yesterday, asir this monde% huainess commenced tifore Ile. Juvice LtvELEnaLE. There are oily ten eases mitered on the cause paper for trial, fire or six of winch were referred ear otherrise disposed d this morn ing. Two are Special Jury cases, ant remain over fee to-rnortow. ACCIDENT FROM i- SPRING-GUN• citnio7 : : l ek r in . s: S eginb a u t rt t oenh E uexc ir dehe op toerbl e: wra ed tt:tiitonch n e ti m p i l , C ithttv b p taeh l r v esA typt li f oriapi ng: tt L hise ll e — h; ;Th: h a l se . d s eren a d n an set t, wionho few' a spring -gun in his garden without affixing due notice of the Nun. , received a severe wound and injury in Itia leg. There were .thee N o rm " en of te th riiil e e g ha f rg he e. enci°"l4 Mr. Sergeant WILDE stated the case to the Jury, and expressed the great anxiety he telt in undertaking the conduct of this caae- ,, an anxiety that was considerably hicreased by its important natiare and the vety short time be had been enabled to devdte to its dm sideration, having only received his brief on the preceding night ; a circumstance which operated the more powerfully, d pude his fears, being well aware that even the largest port lime, and the amplest attention and care which his limited: s wosld enable him to bestow, wolild scarcely have been s t to flt him for conducting a case like the present, in the man - e great im portance of the consequences involved in it required. ' independent of this difficulty, he felt it to be increased by the knowledge that many must learned, : able, and humane persona d i ff ere d from Mai seen tbe subject ot the propriety of seturg spring-guns and ocher instruments of a chattily nature for the protection of property. Under what circumstances it might be fit and propeethat an indi vidual should he allowed by law to place incturnents of death in a wood or garden for that purpose, was indeed a `fry grave and ' important question, and one which had occasioned considerable difference M opinion among the most enlightened politicians, :ot the highest legal adthoritirs. Two cases in which the principle had been brought in question were tried, and in one the Judges had come to no satisfactory decision, and i . - Me other: to no deciliters at all. A man cominittiog a trespass i .t property of another was liable to an action for dainagm, a . would be in proportion to the nature of the injury clone al , . „why, the violation Of the admitted right, or the circumstar es ..t agistravatiott accompanying the trespass; but if it were to b contended that persons were at liberty to inflict death as the pu .shment of a trespass, the quanta& of damages would so sink into the studs as to be lb finareign worthy of consideration. His Learned Friend would, no donbt, point out with his usual ability the necessity that existed to ptelfeet property from depredation--a necessity in %Midi he entirely con.. mitred. All he wished the Jury to recollect was, that the gee/thin was nut whether property should be adequately protested, but whether death was the mode proper to be adopted as a itteeention and punishment of a trespass.. Here was a garden in the posses sion of the defendant, one side of which was by a wall six or seven feet high, and the others by lower walls, which were fences more in the nature of a hedge than a wall. If the defendant in this action had opposed tn.: eutrance of the plaintiff' into his garden by putting a loaded pistol to his breast, and death had en sued as the consequence of that acto he defendant wouldjhava been a murderer; and net, although such was the case, and his Learned Friend would admit it, yet he appeared disposed to come here to.. day, and say in his defence--" true, if I had so opposed the plain. tiff's ingress, I should have acted illegally in holding a pistol to hit breast, although at the moment restrained by my sense of hu. manic', and the &scour lability of a human creature here and here after • but although I might not act thus witho u t comm i t l ng an illegal act, I claim the right to set an instrument in my garden which shall be beyond my control, and has caused the injury and Might have occasioned the death of this plaintiff:" As he had in timated, die question had already been tried on two occasions, once in the Court of Common Pleas, and again in the Court of King's Bench. In the former instance the case was that of a dog, winch had been wounded by a spear placed in a wood, to destroy such animals as might trespass on the premises. On the subject of the legality or illegality of so placing an instrument with that view, the Court of Common Pleas had been equally di vided; two of the Judges holding it was lawful so to do, and too of them that It was not. The second case was th:d. of Ilett v. Waits, and had been tried in the Court of King's Basch. A spring.gun had been set in a wood,• and a person who entered it with the Intention of gathering nuts was wounded. The Court decided against the claim of the individual who had sus tained the injury to recover damages, on the ground that he had received a particular and distinct notice that a spring-gun had beets set in the place; and therefore they held, that whatever injury her had sustained he suffered through a voluntary act on his own part. . art here was a question of a nature entirely different, and much stronger Aar the resent plaintiff's and it most now be determlnad— aye oc . a man was entitled to prevent acts of troves* by setting enginve calculated to put men In peril of their lives. In. firts case the defendant bad given no notice of his intention to set a spring.gpn, and when he actually did fix up the instrument, that had occasioned the accident and injury now complained of, h e h a d kept hie act equally secret. Farther than this, it had been sug gested to him he should affix a notice to some part of his premises, and the propriety of doing so was pressed upon his attention, but he positively declined. It was matter of rd ret to him that the Court did not, on the occasions to which he had adverted, hear Counsel on both sides, and not content themselves with attending to the arguments used by the plaintiff's Counsel only. Though they agieed with the views entertained by the defendant's Counsel, lie would have been glad they had acted On the principle adopted by that high legal authority, the Lord Chancellor, who always made a point of hearing Counsel on both sides, anti was . particularly de sirous of hearing those with whom he agreed in opinion ; because, as he himself had stated, he oftener found Out hi s own f al l ac i es an d errors by hearing his own arguments stated by other persons, and seeing his own ideas diffecently dressed under the hands of other n:en than by the arguments of those opposed to him in opinion.. But it was said the weapon was not placed in order to occasion death, but only for the purpose of terrifying and preventing persons from committing acts of trespass. In support of the legality of doing so with this object, it was also urged " that a man could place glass bottles on his wall," but that was a wholly different thing. They were placed there to 'resent persons entering, but the gun was for •ne purpose not of preventing ingress but of occasioning death. The facts of the ease were bristly these :—The defendant was the oivner of a garden, in which he kept a spring gun, set for its protection In the manner described, without, as.he h a d said be fore, any notice of its being so set. The plaintiff was a lad, who, for the most innoeent purpose imaginable. entered the garden, and the accident occurred. The plaintiff's motive in entering the pre mise,' was simply this :—A person in the neighbourhood, a 31r. Morgan, lost a pea-fowl. which had been traced through one or two gardens into that of Mr. Holbrook. The owner, or, he should rather say, the servant of the owner, was considerably distressed at its loss, and this boy volunteered his services to get into th e gar d en for the purpose of finding and bringing back the fowl, He did so. He mounted the wall, and, while on the top of it, called out re peatedly, but receiving no answer, and no person appearing to be there, he descended into the garden, where he almost immediately met with the accident in question which had at the time and idler.. war& occasioned him much in:tiering, and might have been this cause of loss of life to the unfortunate and harmless youth. h seemed the prosecutor had previously lost some valuable dowers, and the excuse he pleaded fur setting this instrument was, that it Was in order to preserve those flowers, which had east hint much time and trouble. But he (Mr. Sergeant Wilde) thought the Jury would not consider this a sufficient justification ter his conduct. He would ask, was it to go forth to the world that it was the law of England that every petty injury and offence was to be prevented and punished by death r If 50, our system must become one of blood. If it were not the law, and the existing regulations were found tot sufficiently severe fur the preservation of property, we had a Pasha.. meat competent to alter the law. He did not see the limits to the principle sought to be established. If an individual, fm order to prevent a trespass, might place a spring -gun in his garden, ha might place one on a common, and a man might be prevented trou t wandering out of the path at the peril of his life. From a common they might go up to woods, gardens, and every species of trespass. It should be recollected that this was an offence different from as attempt to break into a man's house at midnight, and that trespass was not felony, and should not be so treated, punished, or provided against. The question of damages was peculiarly the province of' the Jury, and was to be regulated by a consideration of alt the cir cumstances of the case. Here was no *once of a gun being set ; and although he could not tell what value the defendant might set upon his tulips, yet, whether or not, he had formed an improper estimate of the value of human life when he set the preservation of his curious flowers in an equal scale against it, was a subject tor the Jury to, determine. No thanks to tEe d e f en d ant that the boy had escaped with his life and was here to-day. lie might have been a corpse had it not been for the protecting care of Providence. If ho were naked for his doctor's bill to show what should be the amount of the damages he had none to show, for the plaintiff' was too poor to employ one, and had cot sequently gone to an hospital. Under these circumstances he asked of the Jury such damages as the injury inflicted, and sit weeks which his client had spent stre:ched upon a bed of suffering and sickness would seem to them to inquire. Mr. Justice LITTLEISALE, at the close of the Learned Ser. g pr e o a p n r i i s et a y d i dje a s e s, e s e x in an g li u n p ed on th m e cassw iling to suhstantiat t e o t he facts, which %mild be necessary in order to evi the . cese . subject to the Court above. The Jury could find a special verd ict, o th legal right of subsequent decision upon the point of law as of _ p rop erty. suggested the setting destructive engines ter the preset% st: r ~on Teefen"idenietto‘ and this place, and it would be therefore ter the his Lordship, to take evidence to o necessary had fallen from which could be afterwards discussed in another place. It ase o tr f o l u it b e i c e l a h re h d t, ex th p: h ns w e h possible, f a it , : facts, Learned Judge . Sergeant udg e. I T ' E l This a l. was en ti a re q ly ui agT 't w ee i n t d e i t : t t: law , i t t n h a the i n c not ti t to I t k eie w e . d w i ee tt i t t l l o ed f urt. th i n n: the sake could more regr et the occurrence of the accident which formed the subject of this lovestigation. • Mr. Sergeant WILDE concurred I. what had fallen from the Court and his Learned Brother; and celled the following witnesses his object of t o th d e o p i l h a l i s n t w iff i t'las"hise•el leastl sa to prove the facts of his case. Mary Collins deposed to the eitemnstancea of the loos of a pea. hen , the property of her master, Air. Morgan, on the 21st March last, and the attempt of Bird the plaintiff to recover it by walla' V _. ~a S .e