The British Press; or, Morning Literary Advertiser. — London, England, 1803-06-10 00:00:00

Lill' IN7BLLICSNCE. COURT OF KING'S RF.M.:II, OCILLA lALL, Jots O. Before Lord Et t.rmIOROUOW. WATIIEN, alio V. WATSON AND °TIM!. This was an adlion brought by the Plaintiff, a Gen tleman of Somercetshire, against the Defendant, Watson, the book-keeper at the Lamb-inn, Bath, and two other persons who were constables, for as saulting him, and violently forcing him to quit the mail coach, in which he had taken a seat from Bris tol to Madly rouAli. It appeared by the testi mony of the Plaintiff's brother that he had applied at the coach office at Bristol to take a place for London, and that the Plaintiff was desirous of tak ing another as far as Marlborough. The Plaintiff proposed to pay for his place, but as he was uncer uin whether he should proceed farther than Bath, he was desired to pay when he came there, or at Marlborough. When the coach arrived at Bath it turned nut that places had been taken for London, and consequently the Plaintiff, who was only going to Marlborough, was told he must give way to them. This he M the mos.. peremptory manner re fused to do ; upon which the Defendants, by main force, got him out of tile coach and left him to pro ceed to Marlborough as well as he could. The Plaintiff was obliged to perform the remainder of the journey in a post-chaise. On the part of the two constables an objeBion was taken, that the a&ion had been brought out of the county where the as sault was committed, and the Plaintiff was non v.:iced as to them. With regard to the Defendant 'Watson, it appeared that he had insisted upon the Plaintiff's quitting the coach, because his name did not appear in the way-bill, and another passenger was entered to go to London ; but the assault hav ing been proved, the Jury gave a verdict against him, with One Shilling damages. WATHCN, ESQ. sr. WILSON. This was an anion by the same Plaintiff against the Proprietor of the coach, to recover the amount of the hire of the post-chaise from Beth to Marlbo rough. The same faas were proved as in the last trial, and the Defendant contended that it not only was contrary to his general custom to book a pas senger from Bristol to Marlborough, but his book keeper positively swore he had only contra!ted to convey the Plaintiff to that place, provided there should be no person booked at Bath to ,• , o to Lon don. The Jury considered that the Plaintiff had entered the coach at Bristol, under an ass:lra:we that he was to be taken to Marlborough, and therefore they protbottn.;eJ a verdk in his favour, with da mages to the amount of what it had cost him for the post-eh:Use. COURT OF COMMON HAAS, Juxt 9 . Before Lord ALVANLEV. LYON 1.1. nARTIN AND OTHERS. ODD FELLOWS. This cause kept the Court. and auditors in a conti nued roar of laughter. Mr. Serjcant SHEPHERD said, this was an aCtion for an assault of so violent and unprovoked a nature, that he could not conceive what justification could possibly be alledged on the part of the Defendants. The parties were members of a club, who went by the name of Odd Fellows, and very odd fellows they certainly were, if they made a praftice of con dating themselves in the manner he was about to state. He understood they had a President, who was neither called Speaker or Chairman, but had the more lofty and dignified title of Most Noble Grand. This sublime office was filled by a person of the name of Harris, the son of the Defendant's attorney, and as such he was the spokesman upon all matters cf weight and importance. On one of the evenings of their meeting a debate ensued, and the Most Noble Grand, who had a pre-eminent seat allotted to him, made a motion that trustees should be appointed to keep the money of the society, and that himself, as Most Noble Grand, should be one of those trustees. His client, the Plaintiff, recolleCted there was not much money in the strong box of the society, but, on the contrary, that they were indebted to their landlord; be opposed the motion, judiciously ob servin7, that before they appointed trustees to keep their money, they should have some money to be kept. One of the Odd Fellows, instead of moving the previous question, or the other orders of the day, moved, that the opposer of the Most Noble Grand': mo tion should be knocked down. This motion was not put to the vote, but was carried by acclamation. Lord ALVANLEY asked, whether the Defendants meant to justify under the orders of the house ? Mr. Seijeant SHiPHERD said, that as it was ne cessary, in order to knock a man down, the assail ants should first get up, and approach him, these Odd Fellows accordingly rose en masse to attack the Plaintiff. While they were venting their rage against his client, one of them desired him to get up and fight, a challenge it was not very likely he should, at that time, be disposed to accept. One of the Defendants immediately exclaimed —g , Go it— away with it.—lt is a shilling warrant affair, and I'll rand by you." The Learned Counsel said it was necessary these Odd Fellows should be t taught that there was such a th:ng as law. However ridi culous this affair had begun, there could be no excuse for the conduit of the Defendants. The Plaintifr - _ Lad done nothing more than exercised the fair privi leges of the house, by moving an amendment, which it was competent in him to propose. How ever, Mr. Martin had thought proper to laugh at this assault, and suppose it would be satisfied by a shilling warrant, he trusted the Jury would view it in a different light, and make him laugh on the wrong side of his mouth. Moses Emanuel examined by Mr. Serjeant Best.—Pray, Sir, what are you ? I am an Odd Fello , .v. Tt!?.t. may take fur granted upon the view ; but what are you beside ? A glass-cutter. The witness said he was a member of the lodge, hich met in Middlesex-street, Whitechapel. On the night of the assault, Abraham and Jacob Martin, and the other Defend. , :st, Mr. Bendaun, were there. Bendaun was Vat Grand. A motion had been made by the Mart Nostt Grand, that there would be a trus tee to hold the money of the lodge, when Brother Lyon said, there was no necessity for a trustee, for the landlord was suficient while the lodge was in his debt. Upon this, words ensued, and Jacob Mar tin struck Lyon, and cat his lip in several places. Abraham Martin seconded him, and Bendaun took up a quart pot, and flung it at Lyon, which struck him on the side. When the Plaintiff was down, and overhelmed by his opposes, Bends= d e sired w • -- - . ^p ••••• _ ~..- --' f-____~. . - .11 A. Imp e-rt "r* • EMI T ire,* •:11.1 • >l4 • Itim to get up, and fight. He declined, saying he Was not of a pugnaciops disposition • upon which Bendaun took up hi s fi st, and struck him again. Abraham Martin exclairned—" Go it, go it—Give it him.—A one shilling warrant will pay for it all."— This was addressed - to Jacob Martin and Bendaun. Most Noble Grand said," you have beat him enough, do not give him any more, or you will kill him." Their fists went so quick, that the witness could not enumerate the blows. The Most Noble Grand ob serving that the pots and bottles were flying about, ordered the witness to take them away. On his cross-examination, he said, he had been an Odd Fel low twelve months he could not say he knew so much of the laws of the society as the Mats Noble Grand, but he knew most of the statutes and ordinances ; he was nut apprized of a law which required, as a qualification before an Odd Fellow was made Nat Noble Grand, that he should have knocked down half a dozen watchmen, broke a dozen lanterns, and been indicted for an assault. The laws were all written in a book. It was objeded, that, as they were kges scripts, the statutes themselves ought to be produced, and that oral testimony was inadmissible. The witness said, the lodge had nor long opened when the assault was committed, and none of the Brothers were drunk. The Mort Noble Grand order ed him to attend, as there was to be a committee. His office was that of Lord lYarden, and his duty was to snuff the lights. Moses Israel and Nathan Nathan, two other Odd Fellows, corroborated, in every respell, the tes timony of the Right Honourable the Lord Warden. Mr. Serjeant Beer described this as a trumpery Saion, unv. - erthv the consideration of the Jury. If causes of this kind were encouraged by giving da mages, the whole time of the Court would be occu pied with them. They were only important to the attorney who brought them. He submitted, that the smallest possible damages would be sufficient. What was the true state of the transadion parcel of silly young men, calling themselves Odd Fellows, met to amuse themselves—a ridiculous motion was made—abuse followed, and was suc ceed:a by a blow, and a bloody nose. He was per suaded the Plaintiff was a man, who would willingly receive a worse beating than the Defendants had given him everyday in the week for five shillings. it was to be observed, that the principal and ring. leader was Bendaun, who had adually paid the Plaintiff's attorney 31. as a peace offering. He trusted the Jury would treat this Odd Fellow, the Plaintiff, as he deserved. Lord A LVANLEY said, as to the payment of 31. in sa!isf.taion, had not been proved ; the Jury ought to put it entirely out of the question. He hoped, if these Odd Fellows did not behave a little better, the landlord would not suffer them to meet any lon ger at his house. With regard to the verdia the Jury would cur cite their own judgment. The Jury gave a verdict, for the Plaiatif.Da. mages Twenty Shillinv. RALLY V. aucitsyst.t. The conduit of the Defendant was truly described by Mr. Serjeant Su t, rates) to have been most ras cally. • The Plaintiff, Sarah Balls, was a young woman a servant in the family of Mr. Catley, at Camber. well. The Defendant was a Gardener at the saute place, and this anion was brought under the follow. ing circumstances, which were fully substantiated: The Defendant went to the Plaintiff, and telling her he had a debt to pay, persuaded her to accept a Bill of Exchange for the sum of 101.—he drew one di. retied to Sarah Balls, describing her as living in Chancery-lane. The Girl, unconscious of any fraud meditated against her, signed her name. The Defendant then applied to a Mr. Wright, to whom he owed 15s. telling him he had a good bill, and would pay him, if he would give him the dif ference. Mr. Wright did so, and upon its becom ing due, he walked up and down Chancery-lane, looking at every door for the same of Mrs. Balls, little thinking it was Sarah Balls of Camberwell, with whom he was slightly acquainted. He accor dingly hastened over to the Defendant, who told him he would take up the bill in the course of the day : the Defendant afterwards called upon him, and wished him to deliver up the bill upon a promise that he would pay him next day ; this Mr. Wright refused. Finding the Defendant did not come forward to pay, he again went over to his house ; in the mean time Sarah Balli began to think of the bill she had set her name to, and she went with her sister to the Defendant to enquire whether it was taken up; she had heard it had been paid to a Mr. Wright. The Defendant assured her it was settled, and that he had it in his pocket, but he refused to shew it her. She quitteat his house, and on her return home she met Mr. Wright, and enquired of him whether a bill accepted by Sarah Balls had been paid ? Mr. Wright said it was not, but that he w(,old either make Buckwell pay it or arrest Sarah 8a11.., if he could find ALM The Plaintiff, agitatetkr.nd alarmed lest she should lose her place and be ruined, stated how she had been imposed upon, and begged him for God's sake to take 51. which was all she had in the world, and she would immediately go to her mistress, tell her the whole story, and request her to lend her the other 51. ; this Mr. Wright readily agreed to ; Mrs. Catley lent the money, and the bill was taken up.— After this the Defendant sent his wife to the Plain tiff, telling her there was something concerning the bill which might bring him into trouble, and ear nestly entreated she would destroy it, and he would pay her in a few days. This she consented to, and in the presence of her sister burnt the bill. The Defendant, instead of paying her, most infamously denied the existence of any debt whatever. Fortu nately the Plaintiff was able, by means of her sister and Mr. Wright, to prove the whole of this nefari ous transaction, and she had a verdidt for her money. • Lord At.vainsv said, a more wicked case, on the part of the Defendant, be had never heard of. As to the girl she deserved to be whipped for her folly and credulity; he hoped it would be a warning to her never again to put her name to a bill. The Defendant was hissed as he quitted the Court. HENRY STOW; Esq. late of Thorn, in the County of Hereford, bas bequeathed among other legacies 5001. to the Missionary Society, and 5001. to Lady Heativonort's College at Cheshunt. ' Some disturbances took place last week at Whitby, between the inhabitants of that place, and the crew of the Eagle revenue cutter, engaged on the impress seevice, iu which two of the latter were killed. .A,, 1 .d~ =~ t. SOU7II7.IRK ELECTION. THIRD DAR. The friends of Sir Timm As TORT ON appeared to cows forward on this clay more nutucrousl♦ than on either of the preceding days ; the majority on the side of Mr. T !anti ey were twenty-six votes, and the true state of the poll at closing, was declared by Sir Warta, LEwts, the Iligh Bailiff, to stand ths;s; For the Right Hon. George Tierney 10R7 For Sir Thomas Turton - - Hit; Mr. TIERNEY ) in his address to the populace stated, that he was extremely sorry to say, his in terest had not been so strongly supporte d on tha. day as to answer the expelittions he had enter. tained on Wednes 'sly. There had appeared a majo. city against him iii some of the parishes during the day's poll ; and if he spoke candidly, he could not do otherwise than express his apprehension of loosing the eleaion, if his friends did not afford bins more assistance on the following day than he had received on that. He had obtained a small majority; it was not so great as he.expeaed to find it, hut the same was sufhcient if maintained; and he did not hesitate to place that dependance upon the exer tions of those who had already interested tle m selves in his support, whit':, he flatterA him self, would decidedly place him above the inte rest of the worthy Baronet, (shouts of applause from the sllators). The only way he had to account f at not having procured as great a rnajo. rity on that day as on Wednesday was, what he had before alluded to, the half-guineas which had heen administered by the friends of the worthy Baronet in the parish of St. George (long and repexed accla mations—no bribery, &r. &c.) for which he again re peated he would, as soon as necessary evidence could be procured, prosecute the parties for bribery (Nuzzo / Nesse !) 1 le returned thanks to his fi iends for the favours they had afforded, and the solicitude which had been shcwn for his success, and hoped they would not fail to exert themselves on the day following, by coming forward to give their votes with the same inclination which they had shewn at the commencement of the poll; by their endeavours, which he could not be too sensible of, he had still a reliance on success. lie knew it had been said by the worthy Baronet and others, that the influ ence of Government had been used to procure votes in his favour (expresthns of disapprobation among the populace, biasing, &c.) the charge was groundless, nor did he know of any applications having been made to his voters through such a channel, and ' the change which had been imputed to his princi ples was also unfounded. He supported Ministers when they were right, and resisted them when he found they were wrong (I/New ! some ex claimed no turn coats) He again expressed his grati tude to the friends who had supported him, and requested their attendance on the next day's poll, when he expelled to convince the worthy Baronet, that the latter had no probability of success in this Sir Dimes TURTON called the attention of the strati:stars to the state of the poll, and returned for the efforts made by his voters in his fa vour. Hs again repeated what he had said on the preceding day, namely, that he had a greater num beer of votes in reserve than the Right Hon. Gentle man, which would appear to be the case at the close of the next day's poll ; also that it was obstinacy to persist in opposing of him (cheering). His op poser had endeavoured to obtain the interest of the Eleaors, by imputing bribery to him and his friends, and by threats of prosecution on that charge bad attempted to attraa their attention • but it was all in vention, nothing of the kind had tak en place (Nuzzo! Hesse) It was the Right Hon. Gentleman who had effefied illegal interest, and he would again re peat, that persons holding situations under the East India Company, the Trinity Company, and many commercial houses, had been influenced to vote for the Treasurer of the Navy. He had made use of no bribery; his voters had supported him from that principle which they had formerly supported the Right Hon. Gentleman of the' Treasury (Long rap cession of approbation.) He had to mate an ob servation upon a wrong statement which had ap peared in a public newspaper. It had been inserted that Mr. Tierney had asked him, "if he did not hold a place under the Crown as Magistrate and Chairman of the Sessions ?" insinuating that a pe cuniary advantage arose from the same. This was not true; the Right Honourable Gentleman did not ask such a question, he could not have enter tained such an idea; all that could be imputed to him was, his he - ing . expended nearly the whole of his time and fortune in support of the justice of .e fd mini:friction. (Piazza! Piazza !) During the time of service, in his judicial situation, could any man say he had taken a bribe to prevent justice? (No, Nu, No.) Had any individual occasion to complain of his inattention to investigate the cause of complaint, or that satisfaCtion was not imparted to such as were entitled to the same according to justice ? (Ap plause, No !No !) He observed, there was no me rit to be derived in having performed his duty; but he mentioned those fats to prove, that the question alluded to could not be. asked with propriety—(Hssta. l lissza !)—He could not avoid calling tomind an expression which he had formerly read, terming the Right Hon. Gentleman a " Hea ven-born Man," alluding to those talents which he exertedso much in behalf of his Constituents ( these/ Hesse!) his sentiments at that time had not reached the Treasury (Missal liirsaa!)—he, however, would not have had the least objeaion to any change that might have taken place with respcft to the Right Hon. Gentleman's principles, if he had not attempted to make the Borough a Pocket Bo rough (Hesse ! Hausa !) which must evidently be the case, if his elation was accomplished. It was consequently a triumph to stand in opposition, and to call for the support of those friends, whose duty it was to afford assistance for the purpose of main taining th*freedom of eleaion and the constitu tional establishment ( Hesse! Hansa I) He returned thanks for the favours be had received, and urged such as were in his interest, to exert themselves on Friday, when he expelled to have a considerable majority in his favour (Hansa 1 Hussa I) and to be able to lend, though not quite so early as he had promised, the Hon. Gentleman those COO votes, which had been so frequently mentioned. Mr. Timelier rose with intention to speak in reply, but the clamour of the populace would not suffer him to proceed. He therefore left the hug , ings, as did the other candidate. p Awl ~.; • . RESOILLITIONS MOVED is TM E H/411111111 L, 11 111111111111111111 teige . :L4RDS, oS MONZIAr la • MY VIAL, 1 1: Resolved, That it was the platy of his Majesty's ellaisters to mike timely and adequate Repteeneatiesis sag jest ..11 se.ji act , as hue., in their judgment, couititutad a s.!rie. ayse..- matic " .4gereniee, e, s bunt' on live. itait of 'Mid/. 'Dee, by dignified and temperate rernuleenuicte, teleatesei sse frith consistency, ant sustained with firms ', ,ther dee eastarse and progreesof such Acts would have heen toseseel, '';thane necessity of reverting to arms; Of the clActat'.tint.un of French Gaverninent, to ',crier therein, would 11:0%".: been la thy:Cy a-seri:lewd, before his Alejeety bad ;rte.:tie:A a ee, broth in the reduction of his forces, and the siutender of I is ccniquests. That the essential dery appears to have been neglee ! Majesty's Ministers, and that such their °mos kilt en i .e, L,' have been highly iniurioua to the public interest,. 2. lies deed, That the prineneil circumstances which %lee,• a: the judgment of his Majesetye Ministers rendered it itaeresicee execute the Tenth Article of the Treaty of have been known to his Majesty's Ministers either before, or very wren after, the exchange of its katificatious, which ee ch 'nee t ink place on the lath April. That nevertheless no steps appear to have beet taken awl! the 9th of February last, oward; ohtai:iing, by diseusnea or explanation with the French Goverenient, the removal of ties must anportent dafficulty. That so far from taking any such steps, hi, Maierty's Mi iiistese male repeated applications to teat Government d trine the whole of the last summer to aecelea ate tee execution of the tete le iii its present shape, by eo.nperating uitii his Majesty its inviting other powers to g iaranty it. That in cense:fence of those eeplications the guareety of Austries was aeteall a...tinned in the month of A u g u st, :eel Meek of Russia and Pt tatita wit!** jointly solic:ted, by the British and French \lntimate at Pute4, burgh aed h'rhn, so late as the 115th of N ave.nbcr last, meaty months after his M aje-ty's %launders well knew that the execu tion of the said artick was utterly imerect.caele. Thet this cor.euct, alike ineonsistmst with w'sdom, dignity, and geed fa th e was no lets detrimental to the lot:teas titan prejudiciel to the character of the flees!' nation, inasmuch as the favourable oppcartenity for neg aciatieg on this swlject. while his Ntt;efty was still in pesseasinn of his ether conquests, was thereby lost, led the discussion reserved to a litnind when a recourse to nuts constituted the oily means by v. hich hie Majesty tart resist the unreasonable demands of the enemy, and sepport the jest cause of ills people. B. nesolvirl, That it appears to this II use, that on :hts 17tii of De.tober last, eountereorders were dis e ateittel b 7 his Majestrs Government, revoking the orders betere giseit for the serrend,e of the Cape of tined Hope, and of the other conquest` rben by his Majesty; and teat the fn...! &der, by virtue eg which his Majesty's fierce+ actually evacuated tee Cape of Good Hope, was not sent till the 16th of Nova:l34ot last. That on the said I6th of November the hostile spirit of France had (in the judgment of his ' ety'S Ministers) al r4ady been manifested for snore than six truinths, by one con tinued !grief " ef t aggressive, violence, std insult," for which " neither reparation nor redress" had, down to that monicet, been obtained. That the olfensive principle had aireaa!e been distinctly advanced. of excluding h.s Majesty from ail ciee:ern in the affairs of the Continent. That the Spanish and ether Priories had already been withdrawn (runs the Order of Malta. Piedmont, Puma, Placentia, and Clba had been annexed tit Frances Swim/eland had been attacked and sublugared, and the remunstraike of hi, Majesty's Government on that subject, hid been treated with indignity and contempt. The tixrttory of the Ilatavianße t sublie was, at that very moment, sill! none pied by the artnies of the French, and its internal admieiatrerion still commuted by their interfereike, and the French Goveris ment itself was then actually engaged in the pursuit of hose plans and measures for the subversion of the Turkish teneire, to which his Majesty's Declaration has referred as a vioie: on Of the Treaty of Peace. That in direaine, under such circumstances, the fierce slim r.- der of the Cape, without having in the interval ntal..l any previous attempts to explain orarrange the nuine,ou; ;, - xirth of di:ference and complaint which thee actually subsists sl between the two Governments, his Majesty's Ministers have acted in contradiction to the sense they had themselves mailif”.4 ..1 of their own duty, and have improvidently exposQ , l to iiatigcr some of the most important interests of his Majesty's do ni pions. 4 Resolved, That by these instances of miseeeilai-t, his Majesty's Ministers have proved themselves unworthy of the confidence of this House, and incapable of lidinim-ter,•l7. writ advantage the public affairs in a crisis of such uacxempled difficulty and danger. POLICE. MANSION-HO!: 4 E. A poor man summoned the Stewards of a it?ne•lt Club before the Lord Mayor, for having scra•ched him off the books of the Society, without :::Ficier.t grounds for so doing. The complaint hiono;ht against him was, that he had forfeited his ciarn the Club for having been found at work at the. t:mi• he had declared himself upon the box. The S..ew:trt-,. on geingto his house, saw him sitting on his shot,i)GaT,A in a working ,position as a tailor ; they could net, however, swear he was sewing. Taylor mitted he was on the shop-board, but denie..! he was at work; the posture he tea; in, he sai.t, the most easy one in which he could sit, and he v. rea4ing a book. The Lord Mayor ordered them ai entcr ale complainant again in the Society, as they had not produced sufficient proof that he Wa; prac hising a fraud upon them. The Philantrnpic Society gave their Anniversary Dinner on Wednesday, at the Freemason'sTavern,in Queen-street, Lincoln's-lnn-fields. His Royal High ness the Dui of YORK was in the Chair. At sr: o'clock upwards of two hundred persons sa' down to a most excellent dinner, which consisted of every delicacy of the season, and served in the best man ner. After dinner there were many loyal mai... There was no Band of Musk, but some of the tint Vocal Performers attended, among whom m cre Messrs. Dioxun S. s, NYAL, &c. His Royal Highness advanced liberally towards the fund ; and, on the whole, there was nearly 11101. sub , cri'oe,i, besides legacies, and 23 share., at 501. a share, for the purpose of building a Chapel in St. George's-- fields, to accommodate the children and neighbour hood. IsA*c WaTrs, Esq. one of the dents, made a very appropriate speech on the ecc.- sion. The Swedish Ambassador, and seve;al principal Nobility, honoured the Meeting with tha:r prt. some. At a late meeting of the Gentlemen of Coe ha rony of Abbcyshrule, in the County of Londfor,l, they came to the following resolution : ResolVed that it is with regret t're behold a renewed spirit I) contempt for the laws, spreading itself in this neigh bourhood, and breaking out in the most savage, cruel, and inhuman pradice, of destroying a. 1.1 kd-. ling the sheep of . different persons of this neigh'uoter- • hood, vit.-5 Cheep the property of .1 awes Esq.-5 the property of Timis Luxor, Esq.-- S the property of Htratt tilt:neve abr, Esq.-- 2 the property of BRYAN DOTKR t *Ott 10 the pro perty of Lord Viscount Oxuawriairls--.all of which, were left with their throats cut, and their fat taken away. A sitbscri;tion was then opened offering a reward for the di:merry:tithe oSk n d ets . The new Bank, called the Tereknelt). Bank o f France, has already stopped payment. The Mena. ger . s, , however, give out, that they halve me t tot 21 a r E -1- Non property em Is ritbr t rable 2 the property of Beta x Dots's, Add 10 the pr.:. to he party of Lord Viscount Oxuawriatm-..a1l of which. had were left with thew throats cut, and their fat c..io- otes, taken away. A subscriNion was then opened ± yr . offering a reward for the r discoarriti the otk n d en . kin The new Bank, called the Territoriat B ea k o f not France, has already stopped payment. The Manta. hug- gers, however, give cut, that tbey lame resettects satisfy all demands.