The Statesman. — London, England, 1821-07-03 00:00:00

against grant - bad shown that the ilisstriess stance, receive this sum lay a vote for 3,200 L, as be already received 2,800 L a year more than his younger bathers. Mr. Sergeant ONSLOW said, be had in the year 1818 voted against the larger sum for his Royal Highness; but be thought that 18,0001. might fairly be considered as as ootilt. Mr. MONCK said, we were not in circumstances to do say act which was net founded either in necessity or is justice. The present Bill, be thought was *ended in neither. He should oppose the Bill in MM. Lord A. HAMILTON said, that if the Bill wefe read a third time, be should move for a resolution to be entered on the ;aerials of the House, stating thel cireaussiances under which the present Bill originated.i without a Message from the Crown, and declaring that they should sot be drawn into a precedent. Mr. BROUGHAM biped, that as he was not in the Hesse ea Saturday, be would be allowed to offer an explaitatioa of the alleged delay, which bad taken piano is making her Majesty's claim to be crowned. Time Noble Marquess bad stated the delay to be about two months from the time that Ministers bad intimated their own opinion and their sows intention on the rub- To show the inaccuracy of this statement, it would be necessary for him to call the attention of the Hewes to dates. Os the 21st May, a question was put by his Hon. Friend, the Member for Reading (Mr. Monck) which was answered by the Chancellor of the Exchequer; and in the course of the conversation which followed, the Noble Marquess stated his opi nion. Something had been said respecting an autho rity for her Majesty to attend the Coronation ; but it was clear that there was no necessity for any such au thority, as her Majesty had a right as a subject to at tend the ceremony as a spectator. The Noble Mar quess also said, that there was no right so clear as that cf the Crown with respect to this subject ; and that the Coronation of the Queen Consort depended upon the grace and favour of the King. He (Mr. B.) at that time protested against the doctrine of the Noble Marquess. In candour, however, he must say that he added he had not made up his own mind on the legal question.—(Hear, hear, from the Marquess of London derry.)--He admitted this; and that he then pretti ed against the doctrine of the Noble Marquess, lest his silence on that occasion should be construed into assent. The Noble Marquess said also that Ministers were not prepared to advise the King to grant the Coronation of her Majesty as a favour. This then was what bad taken place on the 21st May. It was sot the duty of her Majesty's Law Officers to pot in her claim immediately upon this. It was their duty to wait her Majesty's orders, as they were not her re volvable advisers like the Ministers of the Crown. — Besides. as the Coronation had been appointed in the preceding year, and bad been postponed, it became proper to wait until there was almost a certainty of itsacteally taking place. The proclamation appoint ing the ceremony this year was dated the 6vh of Juee; and inserted in the Gamine en the 12th. The Memo rial claiming her Majesty's right to be crowned was settled at his (Mr. Brougham's) Chambers eleven days afterwards, and upon a 'abject of such great import ance he was sot disposed so take any great I.l.une to himself for a delay of eleven days, even hail that not (as it bad) been partially ceased by the indisposition of his Hos. and Learned Friend (1 - 4 hashington.)— Thebelidays bad also intervened, and the British Mu seum was shut, to which place access was required for the purpose of making some searches connected with the subject. At that Establishment, however, he ad mitted that be hai received every courtesy and atten tion from one of the Officers ; but he (Mr. B.) should not name him, as be thought the naming him would do him so good. The Memorial was completed on t.- 23d of of Jule, being little more than a month front the 21st of May, and he submitted whether, under all the circumstances, this was an extraordinary delay.— The Memorial was sent in on the 25th ; and as vet no answer bad been returned to it. There were now se venteen days to intervene before the Coronation, but there was ample time to alter the arrangements, and yet keep strictly within precedents. There was as instance on record, of a proclamation giving only 16 days notice of the Coronation itself ; and another, of an alteration in the arrangements, and being ordered only two days before the appointed day. He trusted the House would excuse hlm for making these obser vations, as he was anxious to chew that there had not been any improper or unatcessary delay in making her Majesty's claim. The Marquess of LONDONDERRY said, he had not intended any reflection on her Majesty's legal advisers in their professional character. He bad merely con trasted the rapidity with which they had expected an answer, with the slowness of their own movements in makiaga legal claim.--(Hear, bear.)—lt was long since that he bad spoken of the rights by which the Crown was bound, and the favour which it might either grant or withhold; and he had then stated his own opinion. that the Queen bad no legal right to be crowned. The flat of May, which bad been particularly alluded to by the Hon. and Learned Member, was not the only occa sion on which the opinion of his Majesty's Ministers had been intimated to the Queen. Between that day and the 21st of June, her Majesty addressed a letter to the principal Minister, the Earl of Li v e r pool, d es irin g to beinformed what arrangements had been made for her eenvesience, and who were appointed as her attendants on the approach* solemaity. An official answer was returned, stating that it was a. right of the Crown to give or withhold the order for :wt. Majesty's Corona tion, and that his Majesty would be advised nut to snake any order for her Ma jesty s participation in the arrange ments. The Queen rejoined, insisting on her right, and declaring that she should attend the Coronation unless she were absotweely prevented. A respectful, but equally peremptory answer was returned to her Majesty, repeat ing the legal right of the Crown, and declaring that the former saswer must be understood as amounting to a prohibition of her attendance. These proceedings clearly showed that her Majesty was fully aware of the cones* intended to be taken by the lioyerninent; and returning to what passed on the 31st of May, he should only observe that altboogh the Hon. and Learned Mem ber (Mr. Brougham) protested against his (the Mar quess's) construction of the law, lie did not lay down aiv counter-law, orevln Oats diat.his own legal opinion had been formed upon the subject. Under these dr conistsatces it certainly was rather onfair that the Go vernment was to be lammed in the El o ise. and at a time when it wee highly probable that no Minister would be rresent. There was ott Satureey a %i e .:nide:int 1114t1101 e about the Hon. and Leained Mew as if there bad been on the part al denial °finder. Now, with them *use, he would ask whether it was set Ministers over the cosi% and blame delay. Respecting the bearing of her Ma jedy's Law Ofilders hew, the Privy Council in sup of the claim, he had to state to the House, that this lad been asked that very morning for the first time. A me morial, dated on Saturday last, had that morning been received from her MajWy, addressed to the Kiitg, and desiring to be Ward byter Counsel in rapport of Ad claim. This however was informally addressed, it be ing addressed to the King is his Sovereign capacity, sad not to the King in Council. It would have skews • want of respect to her Majesty's claim, if, when it had been formally presented, it was not referred to the legal Officers of the Crown. Both applications were equally informal ; bet they had both been attended to. Upon the first, her Majesty had been informed that no directions would be gives so include ber in the arras 4 meats: and with respect ao that which had bees NW this morning, he had to inform the House that it was immediately laid before his Majesty, who bad gives di rections that the Queen sblisid be heard b z berlswyirs before the Privy Council—{Hear, hear)--4t being lest clearly ascertained, that this was no right ; but was a grace and favour. This be mentioned to shew that there really bad been no delay on the part of Oovetenteat. and to justify the course they bad taken. He bad stated that his Majesty had done that which be was sot to do, in giving way that the Queen should be heard fore the Conseil; and in conclusion, be had only to as sore the House that these observations were made in self-defence, and sot for the purpose of imputing blouse to her Majesty's legal Advisers. Mr. DENMAN was not aware that there had been any thing violent in his manner on Saturday last; but if there had. be regretted it. He certainly . thought her Majesty's advisers bad a right to complain that no an. swer had been sent to the Memorial from Monday to Sa turday last. The application itself, he contended, it would have been improper to make until the actual cele bration of the solemnity had become morally certain. With respect to the former application, alluded to by the Noble Marquess, he believed the Noble Marquess would pay him end his Learned Friends the compliment to believe that they lead not prepared it ; in fact, it bad been presented while they were on their Circnits, and they of course waited fur her Majesty's personal inures duns on the subject. It bad been represented that Iva l (Mr. 1).) had said, the exclusion of her Majesty's .mitt from the Liturgy was of itselfa warning that she would not be crowned. He was not aware that he had eveir male any such okservation. If he had, it must have been passing and incidentally. as be did not see that the exclusion from the Liturgy necessarily led to as exclusion from the Coronation. With respect to the delay that hail taken place on the subject, he had noes. cuse to offer, as he was satisfied the blame was sot to be attributed to himself or his Learned Friends; bat as the Noble Marquess had stated that his observations were made in self-defence, and without any desire of imputing any such blame, he (Mr. D.) should not trou ble the House with any further remarks, especially as her Majesty's claim was now in a train of legal exami nation before the Privy Council. _ _ _ Mr. BROUUHAM in explanation, confirmed the statement of his Honourable and Learned Friend, that her Majesty's fint application was originally unknown to them. _ _ The question was then put that the Bill should be ►eed a third time. Mr. BERNAL moved as Amendment for excluding the arrears. In form, it was for altering the effect o f the Bill from 1816 to Itti'l. Strangers were then ordered to withdraw: and the Honse divided upon Mr. Beauut.'s amendment, when there appeared :-- For the amendment,33. —Against it,94.—Majoeity, 6 I, The Bill was then read a third time. On re-entering the tiallery we found Lord A. HAMILTON on his legs, but frost the very great disturbance occasioned by the return of stran.ers to their places, as well as from the noise in the hotly of the House. we were unable to collect his Lordship's observations. The Noble Lord (as we understood him) concluded by moving a Resolution (to be entered on the Journals,) expressive of Hs dissent from the late proceedings with respect to the °rant to the Duke of Clarence as irregular, and de claring that any provision for the junior branches of the Royal Family ought to be preceded either by a Message from the King to Parliament, or an Address from Parliament to the King. After a few words from the Marquess of LONDON DERRY, the Resolution was put, and negatived with out a division.—The Bill was then passed. Sir W. DE CRESPIGNY rose to b►ing forward his motion, for a Copy of the Warrant issued in aid. of the Preventive Service, ois the Weymouth and the Isle of Portland Station, by which a woman named Gibbs was most indecently and improperly searched, and under which a clergyman was disturbed and in jured while addressing his congregation. The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER, after a few words which were totally inaudible in the Dal lery moved the previous question. After a few words from Mr. BENNET, The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER said, that if the Hon. Member would make application to the Treasury, he would take care to afford him every information on the subject. Sir J. SEABRIOHT thought it would be more ad. visable for Members to make private inquiry before' they brought such subjects before the Home. He' himself had frequently had grievances laid before him, but upon applying to the proper offices, he had gene really received the most satisfactory answers.—(Hear, hear.)--He must say, that statements of this nature did serious injury to the country, but wore particularly to the military department. Sir W. DE CRESPIONY then withdrew his mo tion. Mr. P. BUXTON presented a petition from two Ladies, named Mrs. Bevan and Mrs. Harris (as we un derstood) stating that they were the wives of officers who had served fur a great length of time (one of them 40 years) in the Navy; that their husbands liJvlng been at different periods seized with insanity (one of thew at %Valcheren in Itso9), they (the Ladies) con tinued to receive the full half pay (their husbands tie ing provided for by Government) until Itll9, when they received notice that they were to receive in future only half the usual half pay, the other half going to the support of their husbands. The Honourable Member proceeded to state the great distress to which these Ladies were reduced, and observed, that when they complained, they were told that they might re ceive the full half pay, on the condition of their under taking to support their husbands. The SPEAKER made some remarks npon the irre gularity of the Petition, it being a claiM fur pees ' Mari relief. • ,• After a few words from Mr. Banker, Sir J. Y..rlte. i• Lord Mr IV. Wyen, Sir U. torlibltra, Lord N, A. Masihos, the Marquess of Londonderry, Mr. Bee tom, Mr. Breeden and the Speaker, Mr. CALCRAFT recommended the Hon. Member to withdraw the Petition for the present, and bring it •forward the next day in another shape. The Petition was then withdrawn. Mr. O. BENNET presaged a Petition from Jane Dawson Doubleday, of Nottingham, against delays in the Court of Chancery.—Ordered to lie on the table. LOTTERY RILL. The Report oa the Lottery Bill was brought up, sad the Bill ordered to be read a third time this day. EXTRA POST RILL. The Report on this Bill being brought up, Mr. CALCRAFT objected to the Bill as likely to produce mach inconvenience to mercantile men. Mr. N. CALVERT said, that as the expense and hem of the experiment would necessarily fail on the individuals who proposed to make it, be thought that the trial might Is made. Mr. MAIIERLY defended the conduct of the Com mittee. The Committee were of opinion that the ex periment (night to be toed, in the hope of a better one being in time adopted. Mr. P. MOORS said he weld oppose the further progress of the Bill. Mr. F. LEWIS said, that if the experiment were wonky of being made, it ought to be made by the Post-otice. He saw so reason fee creating a sew ii tablisbusent, of embarking id a new adventure, but above all, of creating a new rite of postage. The House then divided on tine Bill. For the Bill, 31—Against it, 39—Majority against the Bill, 8. —.„,. . N. . • animok _i,* -' •.. ..'" •45 t a ' ' : . _ . ..... • :A . • !Kir ij o k_ 'i lr ' '''''' •.' against the wishes, and almost is the tie* of th . :1 11 5 : e re n i . nil a t° " reproaches of the ?mph.. He should' rote &Ors' mili f som an abi li ty : the 'rovers, and lie bad as objection to the facts beim the House grant of 6,0001. a year; ail the Member for Aberdeen rather hart to call MI bad shows that the illutriesi claimant-would. in lab- theta for the delay. _I TN! •PPROPRIATION ■ILL. The Report in this Bill was brought up, and the Bill ordered to be mad a third time this day. POOR RILIIP ■ILL. Mr. SCARLETT rose, not, he said, at the close of the Session, to press any discurson on the Bill ; in deed, from the outset, be did not express a hope that the Bill would be carried through the House that Ses sion. lie would not eater at present into any discus siren whatever, bat would reserve himself for a further opportunity to answer the arguments that had been urged against the Bill. It would, in particular. be necessary for him to brush up his law, en miler to meet the opposition of his Hon. and Gallant Friend (Sir R. Wil.on.) Whether they should meet in private contest or otherwise, he hoped his Hon. and Gallant Friend would not prove more fortunate than he ought to be. Ile(Mr. S.) was aware that much bad been written in order to inflame the public mind on this subject; for himself, he would say, that his attention bad been directed to the sta e of the Poor Laws for the last 30 years, and he always was of opinion that they were laws most injurious to the community, and most oppressive to the poor. He thought they were laws which went to degrade the lower classes. He withdrew the Bill for the present, but he proposed next Session to renew the measure. He would not pledge himself to words, but, in principle, it woold be substantially the same. If be should meet the same sort of support which he had received, he would pro pose another Bill for greater discrimination between the moral claims of persons seat - fag for relief, and Ibr the purpose of cheekieg the expenditure, whieb was now a subject of general complaint. He s►enl/ aloe propose, that the fathers of families should be is longer balloted for the Militia, but that single men should be compelled to serve. Sir R. WILSON said, that when the measure should be bronchi forward he would oppose it every inch. In order to ratify himself to meet the threatened con test with his Hon. and Learned Friend, he would sit down to study black letter during the summer.-- . (A laugh.) Mr. H. GURNEY said, he hoped the Hon. and Learned Gentleman would duly consider the state of the Pour Laws before lie attempted to interfere with them. He could not help thinking that the principle of the Bill was absurd and injurious. The object of the Bill was to prevent marriages, it went on the vicious principle laid down by Mr. Malthus, a princi ple which was against the laws of nature, and which, if acted on, would not leave an Englishman to till the ground which maintained his forefathers. He hoped that the House would not be insulted by aey of Mr. Malthus's friends attempting to force upon them the adoption of his system. A violent attempt to sub vert the Poor Laws was more worthy a raving madman than a Legislator. Dr. LUSHING lON said, that if he thought the Bill went to interfere with the real comforts of the poor, he would not give it leis support, but be looked upon the Bill as a measure likely to remove the causes of their degradation, and to promote their real in dependence. The Hon. Member had said that the Bill was • measure to prevent marriages; it was no sech thing, it was a Bill to take away undue encou ragement to improvident marriages. Mr. F. PA 01 ER rose, when Mr. SCARLETT said, that he avoided all argument on the measure, and be thought it unfair, after he had waived his right, for Honouritble Gentlemen to open a debate and to misrepresent the principles and objects of the Bill. He might be assimilated to a madman, but the Hon. Gentleman himself was an abhorrer, and an abhorrer could not reason. Mr. GURNEY assured the Hon. and Learned Gentle man that lie did not mean to betray even in appearance a want of icourtesv to him. Mr. T. COURIENAY said, he had been amongst the opponents of the Bill, but if any thing would have In duced him to be ashamed of his conviction. it would be the praises which had been bestowed on those who had taken the same course u himself. He hoped the Hon. and Learned Gentleman would bring in a Dill next *5- 1 sion on the principle of modification and limitation, in stead of abolition. Hr. HARBOR!) said the House seemed too much di.-1 posed to hear every thing on one side, viz. in praiseuf the Bill. Though he was not disposed to urge argn ments against a measure which bad been withdrawn, he should sae that hedisapproved of the principles of it, though h e . was disposed to thank the Honourable and Learned - Oentleman for having called their antentions to whit was certainly a subject of rival impenitent. Mr. P. PALMER considered the Poor Laws .as the , chartered rights of the poor, and hoped the Hoese gelid pause before it consented to touch, them, and inquire seriously into the condition of thelabOuring classes.—Re was persuaded there was not a single Member whit wits acquainted' with the wages and outgoings eft labeeritig Wan, so as to be able to know whether, if is fell meek,. be would be able to support a family. Attht emitf the last Session lie had obtained an account 41100 pow : from a friend of his, who had eniploypei hiussuir In obtaining them, and the wages were then not entangb• .to 1:Ippon is family. He-bad himself Isitintrri during ... .r. last ali weeks lii aid* lailmuledles at the same aeld he hoped the Hoof would PhD on el" k the felled Inolairy. of •;•#. Me. MONCIE said he soh it was to take sew step on the eakteet of the Pier Lews.attdhe would g, so far as to say that he aboild be satisfied with ais. Wok kat their total, ttlih . gradual *Alit/Bat beim be connoted to a aseapare ir be Aeon it aeossery to domed in 'the lope of Al i lk redress of several stieessals• tt e llj a V i r s for him obeyw to detail, kt ,r al 4it Core law. Mr. semturrr said, (t was - to state that he had over proposed to go so far as to date provision to the Whin and aged Witold poor. His &Aiwa were in favour of such a prevhdoNthoils there were *ring authorities, and he wealifolellie* ewe of a omen who would not be considered ble the Oki, Oenikne* (iNx. H. Hersey) a ravine maihmag I p loot JAW' he op posed the Hoe. Oentleasna bad applied, net to him. (Mr. S.) penenaliy, bat to all who filthrefi L .Amm the Hen. Gentleman is opinien es the * of the Pow Laws. The authority to which he wee ligt . ifirer. Freak li 4, who said, that is them emustries le *lda 'the greet ! est public provision was made for thiPor, they wore in the worst condition; and in those countries *Wei I least provides was made fox them. they were ilLthe best coodition. la reply to the obeetotion of the Hes. Member for Reading (W.F. Palmer,) he observed, that the Poor Rates kept dews the wages Of laimar, sod that at the present moment, is many of the Arlie:Hied counties, when from the Rule the value of moaey, the 'mires beretofbre pate would have beast silkiest to sap. port a family, instead of the pours' rates having beg* reduced, wages had been reds d, salsistease of the labourer being still supplied in the *ye of l eglimait. alms. This system would go on RI it was ked by 60.10 such measure as he had proposed. As to popularity though he wished to obtain it, he would not pockss it by sacrificing the interests of dm oaatry, Dad be hoped it would not be said of any lagiespee as erg omit Poet —" Id sibi aegoti crediderit ems soil, " Ut peril° placerent (au &closet libido." The order was discharged, The Tobacco Hodes Bill Report was agreed to. The Metropolis Police Bill wad read a third time. Ur. It. MARTIN roe S. propose a cisme. He said, that in the neighbourhood the mot creel sports were carried on almost daily— be moat thschgbite, cock- Bights, bull-baiting, asolikepliglits, bodger-baiting. The places where these barbarous manseseedts were car ried on, issued bills regularly like Ooveat-gerilen and Drury-la.ee. At one of these places & moo had bad his le& so bitten that it was forced to be amputated. If an objection was made to the clause which lie.eboald bring up to prevent those practices, be should bring in a Special Hill next Session. The Hon. Member brought up his clans,. Mr. H. CLIVE thought this was not the proper op portunity for introdecief such an enactment. Mr. R. MARTIN withdrew the clause.—The Bill passed. The Audit of Accounts Bill was read a third time and posed. The House resolved itself into a Committee on the usual Sessional Addresses.—Report teeeesee**. filr. S. WHITHRRAD presented a Ridden from the Inventor of Iron Coffins, complaining of the high fees demanded by Parsons, and of the refusal of the Hackney Coach Commissioners to linos a seriatim descriptiou of Lane. Mr. BMW harlot reamed Ms objreßoos fi the hetet Vessels Lietoses Bill. tie farther soositieration of tbe Report of the Bill was postponed to this slay six • l• FRALILS raisizioss POR JULY. Pitman atm Drees.—A cambric subs town, trim med at the bottom of the skirt with clear muslin Emil lout, lit in waves; sub wave is embroidered round the edge, and the trimming is tottsinstod by a fail flounce of that sort of work which resembles point lace. High body, tight to the shape, finished round the lint by a narrow wave, to correspond with the trimming et the bottom.—Long sleeve, rather tight, terminated by a double fall of work. Small epaulette, composed also of work. The pelisse worn over this dress is made of evening primrose Bros de Naples, and lined with white sarsnet : the trimming is of the Nam material as the pelisse : it is perfectly novel, and bas a very striking sad tasteful effect. The epaulette is a mixture of satin aid E ros de Naples, disposed to correspond with tbe trimming. Long sleeve, rather tight, and finished at the hand in a very novel style. Heigh collar, standing out from the throat, so as to display a rich lace eat— Head-dress, a bonnet of white g reeds Ne i ghs lined, with white satin, and ornamented with two narrow rouleats, plead under the edge of the brim ; the crown is a mo aerate height; the brim very deep, and finished at the edge with the new trimming called Lapland moss : a piece of this latter material, which is edged with blond, ' is very tastefully disposed on the to of tbe crown, in the middle of which it is clasped by full folds of white satin. —.A plume of white ostrich feathers, tinged with pink dt the edges, is placed on one side, and a white gauze ribbon, spotted with pink, ties it under the chin.— bitsaerick gloves, and kid boots to correspond with the pelisse. Brarrtno Daass.—A round dress composed of British net over a white full doable ruche of the same material, and this is surmounted by 'a trimming nom of net puffs; their form is that of a crewed : they an t e tt rrego lady and to a sonsiderable height. Corsages( the usual length, cut square, and moderately high round the bust, which is ornamented by a deep fall o f lace, surmounted by a trimenieg of shells formed of set intermixed with white satiu. Short full sleeve to correspond with the trimming of the bottom, and terminated by a fall of lace ; the sone - is composed of steel net, elated in front 6 3 • a steel buckle, cut to resemble diamonds. The hair is parted so as to display nearly the whole of the foiehead ; it is arranged in light curls, which hang low at the sides of the face. The hind hair is fastenedln a simple knot, which doe, not rise highet than the crow's of the head. —Head-dress, 4 pearl tiara placed across tbebead, and overshadowed by a hill plume of white down feathers. Neoklree and ear-rings, pearls. While satin shoes, and whits kid gloves.. The Immersion in sei water at Brighton hasproved • ieeffectual to his Majesty's stag hounds. The hydro- phobia which bad been apprehended began PO un equivoecally to slew itself, that an order was sent from • the Marquess of Cornwall lit, the Mailer of the Stag Rounds, for the whole pack to be destroyed ; and. four and twenty couple of the 'nest valuable • and best trained dogs wete presently breathless. An extraordinary occurrence occurred on the 26th • tilt. in the neighbOurbeed of Gageboro' and Tully, in the county of Westmeath. Ireland. A part of the bog, appertaining to both these places, give way, 'and • covered above two hundred aeries .of land. Fortunately • 'it took &aerie the-day-time, ivMch reabled the yeople residing in the vicinity to curry off the cattle; and no • penalty with regard to life appears to have occurred." 1 . •Yestotelayb a Coronet's Inquest was held in the Bonn!- - foes of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Wow T. Shelton, ,Otspegthe bog* of Dessiclietler.. an leisli Labourer.. pit wved.,..7„:64.1,fiv., 4 ,f,,,,c7,.. F. :2 ) l% i = • i v . Voriiiet•--" Manstanglijer aFNina . t Wiltika..—Ww b, - Vito is Ow in the Muse oft.porreeddin. . imir. Pi - I. 4 L* ■ ~~ ■ 1 ‘ • ."