The Statesman. — London, England, 1815-01-12 00:00:00

~~. Tlie fictitious gime in e 'mice to deice:ea l'ett era j the free export of grime). The effects will, I k rus t, i general survey of every parish been taken, and an of Europe eeist, i n fl u e nc e+ m a te r ially the cast at be Imiehly.benefteial to Ireland,-and enable her to l anneal specification of the crops obtained, we should tr high grain is };row n. Tex/Ilion emenoem balances ! supply the West undies. Every measure which maul- have been able to demonstrate the proportions of skill, climate, and capital. Deuce arees the tie- tiplies external consumption adds to our internal wheat grown on the different qualities of soil.—This ceasify of resti 'dines, to produce a gellelid eti , •lll- ,Security. i would havebrought the discussions into very narrow brium, thereby to protect the indtremy of one owe- I Demand implying a remunerating pike, will prove limits. try against the advantages of another. Lighten the sa powerful slit:elle, to agricultural exertion. For- On which of these qualities of soil is the price of. burdens paid by the Emiglish farmer, and he would tuttetely we have the experience of former times to . raising to be calculated ? Can the best soils supply cheerfully say, open your ports to the glans of all t appeal to. In the year 168 S, when a howdy was our wants?--I have no doubt, under the present the world. !given of es. a quareir rem exportation, whilst the system of agriculture, they are perfectly inadorpmate. The adt °cafes for importation would do well to I price was reeler 43s.—whet ensued ? Wheat was If se, the price of raising wheat must be calculated keep in mettl e that it is a growing evil. These who thee at 465.; in the succeeding- year it fell to 30s.— on lands of the worst quality. supported the change of system in Me, by repeal- i Fm rim 1697 ; e eets the system of the Corn Laws was . Before I proceed further, I must apnlegiae for ieg the export bounty and encoernging importation conmeleted, to 1765, the average price, taken at five presuming to oppose my opinion oil the average pro never dreamt that our wants were proportionally to 'periods, amounts to 33q. 3d. During the 68 years duce of wheat, in opposition to such authority as encrease. \Vhatevcr step encourages the agriculture i there were four years in which there was no export, that of Mr. Young. I should depart from the can of other countmies, must, in an equal ratio, depress . vit. 1698, liee, 1710, and 1757. The total export dour with which I have been discussing this question, our own. I was 14,3e2,-133 quarters of wheat, and 16,199,082 could I adopt the opinions of others, however high It seems fully estehlislied, that in the North of ; quarters of malt and barley. The sum received the authority, contrary to my conviction, or stoop Europe, the Nether lands, and France, grain is raised i amounts to somewhat more than 38,800,0001.; whilst to disguise any sentiment I entertain on this subject, cheaper than it can be done in the United Empire.— ! the import of 10 years, from 1800 to 1810, amounts however it might affect the question at issue. Before, however, we decide that the supply of fo- to 40,000,0001. and upwards! The ruinous come- On what grounds the average produce of the reign corn must consequently be cheaper than that of ! quetices of which is in the view of every one's re- kingdom had been fixed at 23 IVirschesters and a half, byre° greed', we must consider the various beariegs ! collection, who has paid the least attention to the I know not. If correct 30 years ago, it is reason of the subject, and calculate not on one, but a rum- subject. able to conclude modern improvements must have ad ber of years. A consideration, of no small weight, arises out of vanced it. The extended culture of wheat on in t.; our depending on Foreign Powers for the first the evidence of Mr. A. Young, respecting the state different land will have had its effect. If the pro. feCC.., , cry of lifo no (*VII And doe , it not Add to of Europe. Ile represents, from indisputable au- portion of inferior soils exceeds what I have con the reieeies :immeildamit oil a state of warfare? To tholity, the price.of victual in Russia, from 1781 to ceived it, additional force is given to the argument the first cost tees: be addrel height, insurance, state 1789, contrasted eith the rise which has taken place of fixing the ratio with a reference to the worst of exchange, the liability to tnomropoly, as well as from 1790 to 1803, to be 40 per cent. In time same soils. it e mane.l7amels grails passes throege !Jerome it reaches period victual has risen 41 per cent. in Great Bli- The following estimate, resting on no other basis the cousurrer. superiority of home supply, fain. Whilst every friend to man must rejoice at than conjecture, will furnish a proof of the ad consists in it, heieein so mammy hands as to preclude this improvement taken place in Russia, the advo- vantage which might he derived, if the materials for combination, and in its passing immediately from the cafes for importarion will do well to consider its forming it correctly were within our reach. If there grower to the consumper. bearing. if the north of Europe become her own be much error in the proportions between the two Little doubt can be entertained, that the cost to best customer, what will beret us? Poland, from first and last qualities of soil, I may be widely the consumer will be g overned by the price of afford- whence our most considerable supply is obtained, is wrong. I offer two statements,—one of wheat after anca of what is raised by ourselves. The lowest es- represented to be in a most deplorable state ; as a green crop, the other from fallow. Light soils may timarion is 755. the quarter : the more general opi- proof of it, the surplus grain of one year frequently dispense with fellows, which are evidently too costly. uion varies from 80s. to 90s. Mr. A. Young, whose perishes in the next, for want of renewing the thatch Clay soils, being unfit for green crops, are neces. serhority is deservedly of great weight, fixes the me- of their stocks. It is ardently to he hoped this sitated to adopt them mutiereting prime for the grower at 87s. Adopting . much injured kingdom will have justice done her, - his tem invite, and assuming importation prohibited and that her sovereign rights will be restored. It below that amen, the consumption of each indite- can scarcely be questioned such a change would be dual, being taken at a quarter, would be charge- attended with the happiest consequences, as far as able with 12.. per amour,' above what it is supposed relates to them. What influence this would have on he would obtain for it, by the importing price re- our supply of grain, will not be overlooked by the paining as it is. ' wisdom of the Legislature in forming their decision. j The years of failing crops may be taken, on a mo- There is a general coincidence of opinion, in all derate computation, at one in five; (then the cost of the witnesses examined before the Committees of the the quarter of wheat may be supposed 120 s. On an two Houses of Parliament, as to the effect of per- et average, therefore, of lite years, the consumer would mauent low prices of wheat tending to discontinue T' pay at the rte of .8I;. the quarter. its growth on land of inferior quality. What would In former reports, I considered SOs. the quarter as the lowest point at which importation could he fixed ; a further attention to the question makes me an advocate for 87s. as the price neces:iary to protea the grower, and secure to the consumer an ample supply, and consequently steady and uniform price. The methods taken in the present year to screw from the farmer the utcnost farthing that can be e x . acted, is unwise and oppressive ; scarce supportable in a year or hi4liest prices, still more unjust will, a crop d-fective in quantity. quality, and price. The bad effects will be Ceti, if the •Incoine Tax is to be continued another year. Such are the view's I have taken of this most im portant subject. llntl my intention been to frame an argurn:.mt to sanction high prices. l would have pursu-d a different course; hut in so doing, 1 should have lo:t of my duty to the Society, as well as of their interest, and that of the Empire at large. pol:cy, and the general advantage of every in dividual Aleiber of the community, is to have rf.r.,4;ry at the lowest rate at which it can be pro duced within the realm.—Nlay the measures adopted Ivy the Logl.lat ure cause may acre of the Empire to be cul:irated, and every effective arm employed in apiculture and in manufactures, which cannot fail in milting us a prosperous, hapey, and contented nation. IATE OF WIILAT APTPR fin ELN (TROP. g " I t-J 7.1 ..' I I e Li Price 87s. Prof,.t I I. ' duce ""'" .... ei .S.• i . 2 1 ; ', ,i, 7 .., If. : 1 % A'. X. s. d. :I ..• . N • I'. 1) 11 . 4 :1 In 3 6 4 !•1 ( 4.50'3,03) 9 II 25 i,! to 1i) 210 111, 3,125,01 , 8 91 20 lo 17 .61117 6 1 2,.500,630 81 10,125,01) WIIPAT APT) LL FALLOW. le. X. 13.'. .e. s. ff. 1 2 I £. s. d. H 10 1 :;1 19 3 6 1 3 6 1 8 121 25 12 10 1(4 IIU loi 1 8 101 ‘..4) 10 17 6 1 lOl7 6 1 EST I M AT E Th-A Il eye blesilogq ri3v attend us, is the sincere and :?relent nisi, of the Society's faithful and obedient f7:.%apt, Till: PRESIDENT. ir.:rk;o:twi•ll;.'l, Nov. 6 29. 1811. Thy next point fur us to consider, to enable a be the amount of the supply thus lost to the country, judemerit to be formed of the interests o f the coat- (lees not seem to have engaged the attention of the 2 fo.iiiitv at Large, is to take a view of the present and Committees. Whilst the fact is admitted, the souse- 3 p t obahli. future state of the country. quences resulting from it are not foreseen. I con- As an axiom, 1 eserree that no country can have a ctive I am fully warranted in supposing the defalea. sufficient supply of grail', which has not a surplus lion greatly to exceed the whole surplus grain of Eu applicable to failure in crops. If it can fairly be in- rope—ritual to one-third of our consumption. ferred, that the [tilted Empire can raise a sufficiency Weilst our aim and general interest is to have grain to exonerate her from all dependance on other ciiun- cheap, it believes us well to consider, and not risk ; trie-, arid to enable her to administer to the wants of the greatest of all calamities—FAMlNE. her neighbours, instead of requiring their aid, there On the whole, admitting 87s. to be the remune- The lessee will not be much difficulty iu prow in„ that the sup- rating price, and that those fluctuations, so injurious makes the di ply least liable in its nature to fluctuation, the most to the consumer, can be avoided, the sum paid in wheat crop. desirable, and least burdensome to the consumer, will five years, beyond the lowest estimate with a free The produce compared with rent is nearly four be that of home Krt.) a t ',. importation, would amount to no more than 15s. and a half on the better soils, a little more than a It is supposed the are three millions of acres a-!,gad; a sum so trifling, that it can by no possibi- tenth on the worst. Years of scarcity, taking off a cropped with sheet in Great Iliitain, the average lity interfere with the comforts or advantages of any sixth, a fourth must be deducted for the supposed produce of which I e r inha teat 27 Winchester bushels class of society. • failure of crops, which is calculated to be one in per acre • this gives 10,12.;,0.,Q quarters as the pro- The evils which mutt infallibly result from the five. The object of this statement is to show how duct. 1. A. Youitg calculates the pro lure at 24 present prices of grain are humerous. The decreased small a return the farmer receives from wheat on and the consumption at 9.317,597 growth of wheat, maiming further importation in- poor clay lands. Of this I have had but too much quarters, which wo.,Ald requite 3,115,5(55 accts to he di•peesably nee. .aly ; inability in the farmer to pay experience. cropped with wheat. Thirty years ago, the average the public burdens, a tick must impose the necessity From the apparent profits must be deducted taxes, of Eo.(tasid gas taken at 2.3 eViacbesters a n d a half. of fresh taxes on other classes of society; a reducs interest on capital, &c. To follow this out fairly, The great in;prosetn; eta made since that time, must tine of wages; and, what is worse, such a decreased would require the calculation to proceed through Live greatly arl:anced the product of much of the demand for labour as must operate grievously on the the whole course. I take it for granted wheat will land. The wily set.ele is the tplateity of inferior interests and comforts of the labouring classes ; nn generally govern the price of other grain ; oats 325. I Ind now aleilied to thi• erne th of wheat. Mr. A. alteration hi the price of' every commodity ur which arid barley 425. the quarter. Young iterhes his e•timete before the Co:undue." of labour his ally stare; a total change and revolution' It requires no arguments to enforce the impor the House of Conimees ' on a supposition of 22 in our political economy, by which all ranks in so- . lance of a supply equal to a fourth of our consump bus:iris per acre on hied worth 3Us. per acre; and ciety would be sufferers. False and delusive are the tion. The yeavaof greatest import was 1810, when that 3,331),1'26 acres art' requisite to ans Pr the hopes held out that arty class would be benefited by it amounted to 1,454,905 quarters; the cost of foreign consumption. The gi ricial opinion in evidence is , encouraging importation of grain. I must premise, ' grain amounting to 7,077,8651. am a third might be added to the produce by addi- also, in making my estimate at 87s. I have gone to Miserably defective would be the policy which tional clpitel, and a greater extent of tillav, , e. 11m supposed limit of exclusion. This is not dealing should calculate on the past without a reference to laud and Wales are supposed to contain le milhuus fairly with my own argument. In presenting the the future. The momentous changes carrying on i n of acres. F ipposing ;J:i millions under the plough : most unfavourable view, I hazarded nothing in the . north of Europe, and probably no where mo r e _to have four millions u nder w h ea t w ou ld require showing the superiority of home supply over impor- than in Poland, must affect our supplies from that one acre coosit!eribly less, I conceive, ! tation. The Legislature would disregard all past quarter. Fortunete:will it be for the general interests would answer, admittitie a general improvement in experience, and the policy of every enlightened Go- of the etagere. if the measures adopted cherish and the cultivatioir. To bear nut the supposition of Great vertiment, if they could remain indifferent spectators accelerate that spirit of improvement, which has, in B r itai n b e ing, able to supply her-elf, we may also add of the ruin that threatens the agriculture of the err. the course of the last 20 years, done so much. G r eat the great aid afforded by Ireland. ! pire. Agriculture cannot be p ar alys e d w ith ou t th e as ho v e b e e n th e a d vances i n agr i cu l ture, we arc yet The deerit of a liiiirse crop I would take at one- whole political economy being deranged. By fixing widely distant from any thing approaching to perfec eixth, or 1,687,900 quarters; or, according to Mr., the rate of import so as to secure a continuance of tion. I most cordially coincide with the opinions, N. Toone, the produce of 71,`_5() ac r es. This i s • so that spirit of improvement which has been so b ene . that a third may be added to the victual raised within grea tly b e i o ,y the e pi tr ious of persons presumed to be ticiat to the country, the interest of the whole com- the Empire, by leases, capital, and a more improved well acquainted with the subject, as to give the muility is most likely to be consulted. system of farming. strangest evidence to the beliet that the country is I In attempting to elucidate the second point, 44 At In support of this opinion, I would suggest how secptal to supple ing its own victual, and to secure it. what price can a sufficiency of grain be raised within much the produce of indifferent land might be aug self against years of failure. t h e u n i te d E m pi re to su pply our w a n t s ?" lem not mmited by the expenditure of capital. The experi- If what I here contend fur is conceded to me, the unapprised of the difficulty of affording a satisfactory merit of Mr. Stewart, of Aberdour, in Fifesitire, next questien is, how are we to dispose of the sur- solution of the question. cannot fail of being highly interesting to the Society. plus ? Tee farmer cement keep it in bull:, without 'Much ns lam disposed to respect the authority of The adoption of soiling would make a retying of Incie jury to i ; Toe' al routine of crops, admitting he. the individuals who have given evidence before the two-thirds of the lands appropriated to grazing; and c e u ld spats t h e sum from les capital. The poisons-, Committees of the two Houses of Parliament, and to it appears probable, the same system may be Lippe. a • l d s i ol i i;g it by tlovertrinent, as practised in r agree with them on the necessity of an advance of cable, with great advantage, to the rearing of cattle, o the r co un t i s , !am a nate, objectionable. lio%v . the rate at which importation should be permitted, as 1 have endeavoured to explain is the Repo r t. for o ur ( se i ne r eoi : ey, of forcing an export by a the estimates on which these opinions are formed Tine application of a great proportion of the be s t bounty, wouldnew answer, I have my doubts.— embrace so wide a field of speculation, that they are lands to grazing, espe c i a lly those adjoining to towns, ']'there is f or t ona oiy, h oe ewr , a no th e r mode that !more calculated to perplex than to convince those where manure could be more readily and cheaply ob- The present paucity of important foreign intelli- Thielit afford that sect:ley, so absolutely necessary for slightly acquainted with husbandry. Nor are they tainted, is a great national loss. As a p ro of o f this, [(mice leav es us room to d evote a cons id era b le war preventing tine great iluctuations of price, arising devoid of difficulties for those more conversant with would refer to the practi ceo f S co tl an d, ar i d insta nce from defective crops. In this would coesist• the the business. Estimates are always liable to error. the lands near Edinb urg h, Gl asgow , an d ot h er great tion of o ur co l umns to a su bj ect o f f ar d eeper in great superiority of the home supply, over what !To be able to deduce a satisfactory argument from cities where the mo s t a b un d an t crops o f gra i n are terest to the peopl e o f thi s nat i on th an any w hi c h i ts could be obtained from abroed. NViiat objections to • them, requires a perfect acquaintance with the soil, procured. , tc i a;t y matter of the external relatio ns ran now be expected to afford.-- to applyiee wheat for the distilleries %%hen below 80s. local situation, and climate. It is true that the price of gra i n h as rap idl y ad- 'fine ill:tl i domestic agriculturalpolitical an d e c t o omy r r a i the quarter? Tire substitution of barley proceeded This constitutes the peculiar difficulties of the sauced within a few y ears , b u t h as not labour, arid ,hic: ti ii i during t h e present , on the supposition that wheat could be but par. case. The soil of Great Britain consists of such every article connected with it, doubl e d i n th e same tially grown, and that a su ffi cient supply could riot various qualities as to require distinct and separate! pe r i o d ? It is gene r ally a d m itt e d, t h at the profit on interests of th e emp i re su Ise be raised for victual. liarley was at that time the views to be taken of each, in order to decide this im- I agricultural capital is less th an any ot h er tra d e, Bests a prospe c ti ve w hi c h cannot be indifferent to food of a great portion of the people. The case portant question correctly. Where truth and ac. whilst the risk is greater. any individual. Whatever, therefore, tends to (!crow .how entirely changed ; the numbers fed ou it are curacy ar e most requ i r ed, we are compelled to con. Nor can I omit calling th e attention or the Society light upon the important concern of the notion's eew, tent ourselves with conjecture. The classifi c ation I to the depreciation of money. Si r G eorge Shuck- prosperity and happiness, ca nno t b u t b e accep ttrble to Stopping the distilleries is no longer the resource of soils, with their respective produce, is_the most i burgh Evelyn, Bart. has calculated the depreciation X. 4 2 1 NEXT IV ON LSD %)( LOTI'I:RC BEGINS—THE FIRST 'l' !CR LT Ir.Z AV. N A PRIZE A HOV L WILL IMCI.I E ,Sl',ool IN A DDITLAN, AND PROVE A PR. d:30,040. Vahon liarnhurgh I toltargt 4 . 1 ' C B . 8 8 '2 I 8 !t. quantii itTerence ty of manure given to fallow in tho cost of the putting in the 01 NI tn•KS THIS Figs t. 25'2 3 per tent Red. r. , .;1 pes gent. Cow , . 11.54 I per t 7 euts. 8211. i 5 per Cent. Nair, !iik DAY AT ONE O'CLOCK Ann. 16) 5-16 India Bonds 20 18 p Ftchequer Hen. 3 5 p (h•.nium 'onsoLs fur Asc. 6611 i THE ST AT E SMA N. LONDON: THURSDAY, JANUARY 12, IRIS. A Meeting of the Common Council was held this day, to consider of an Address to the PRINCE REGENT on the termination of the American War. Mr. lir.trmaixti opened the business by observ ing, that he trusted they were not met there for the purpose of expressing an unqualified approval of the measures which had been pursued on.either side dur ing the prosecution of this unfortunate contest.— lie hoped that whilst they sent up their congratula lions to the Throne on the cessation of hostilities with the United States of America, and the return of peace to all the %%odd, the Address of the Common . Council of the City of London would be sufficiently dignified to express the opinion, without subservi ency, of that body, iu reran to the po:iey or impoliey of the measures which had protracted the war, and on the real situation of the cout:;r-.. Mr. Waithman then put the Court in possession of his views of the expediency of the Peace, w hick, he said, looking nt the embarrassed state of the nation, its increasing Wilkens, and diminished rrsoures, was tt most fortunate event,and n subject of just eon— g.attilatioo. Ile would thort.fino more, that a loyal, doti:'ol, and sincere Address of Conaratu'atioo on the conciusion of Peace with the Chited States of North America, whether the treaty 'to that erect should he ratified hy;the American PuEsrursT or not, should he voted to his Royal Highness the Pitme REGENT. Litt h• opposition was exported to the Ad dress. The business had not concluded when. our Paper went to press. St formerly wa6. The injury that would arise from tliseouragiog the growth of barley, by substituting wheat, would be comparatively little, whilst the be nefit to the community woo!;I be great. A most im porivit change ia the Cora Laws has been effected, without its appearing to attract notice; I allude to momentous consideration of the whole. I can only! of money, from 1760 to 1800, t o b e i n a ratio of speak hypothetically, and am fully aware of the risk, 342 to 562 ; so that one pound in 1760, could com- I incur by it. 1 mend as many of the necessaries of life as 11.12 a. 10d. Much have we to lament, that past sufferings had ,in 1800. From 1800 to 1813, a considerable fur. not suggested the necessity of acquit ing a thorough' ther depreciation has taken place. I donut think I knowledge of the interior of the kingdom. !lad a hazard much in Supposing ) between 1760 and 1811, the•public; and will, the just maxim of 46 bear all parties" before u., we lay before our Readeirs some highly itnportant observations on the Corj Law.;, submitted to the consideration of the Members of the Workington Agricultural Society, by the President, J. C. Ct,:unt.N ) We could point out remarks 111 E S lATESMAN. the amount is eli:11 to one-ball; to w nviFt added G•aerntaetit taxes, paor ratc.c, owl the cessity of the farmers having a doub!e nrnauitt o f capital. _ _ _ These fairly considered, alft.rd incontrow , r. pro,f, that the advaiirrsd price of griiit kis nr ie co fr om incroasel rents alone, bnt is the iaral. little eons, (ponce of an au;, , heitted circulating nu.. ilium, the ciroct of national Wi'a It h. The sittwioi l of neither landlord nr , r fxrmer is hettored by the ad. vance. A thousand a year in 176 , ), eras lady etv:•11 to two lti 1811. The co't of a 11:arter accorciii!g to the dilfer4. , tice of tt.ie Y.Clile of taolj betv.eca 1760 rod I.SII, would he now 6(7).-1.1 without any leference to taxes, &r. so that ta le ac. tual advance. to the supposed stamiard of imports. (ion would bo `2ls. 81. re!lte to Mankind reason di ll , rently agriculture and to trade in general. Wldlit ti ter pay double, witbout complaining, for I:t‘uries, tloy refuse to do it for necesAties. Due *MI 1. ~ ill i~ ,• ~~. f ti v ; 1 / 1 U r 0 (1.9 rei the con len gag nce, Ch i ha,