The Statesman. — London, England, 1821-02-06 00:00:00

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Pimp; Savin4 BANK OF ENGLAND, February I. 1521. /VHF Cow* Dirertors of the Gorentor anti Cana -1 paws eat BANK of ENGLAND give notice, That on and after the 6th clay.of February inst. the Rank or;1( be ready to isms. in such proportions as the Directors they think proper, ewreitt Silver Coin of the Resent, to the amount of One Million Pounds sterling, in Kre-lictage (or Rank Notes. prorided application be made for the same before the first day of July next. R. BEST. Secretary. • IMPERIAL PARLIAME.VT. HOUSE OF LORDS.-MONDAY, Fri. 5. --` ;arong prejudices on that point, and who, at the end of the enquiry, was fully satisfied that ito secret introduction of foreign corn took place. The eountry bad therefine been two whole sears without any imptittation of foreigo . corn, and though the Noble Earl had been right in say ing that the harvest had proved sbundaht, yet it wig more so in the northern than in the southern parts of the kingdom. The fact was, that two years had - elapsed, without foreign importation, the re f or e a ff or d e d a s = rong presumption, that an increase of production had taken place at home. It hail hecn supposed that an any:- mented importation from Ireland night have pro duced that eff e ct ; h u t if t h a t Were the case, it was still an inereasid production in the United Kingdom. With respect to that part of the coun•ry with which lie was hest acquainted, he knew that during the war, when the Continent was dosed to our trade, large districts of land had been twilight iani!er the plough, which had never been plonuhed before, apd from which it was then intended to raise only a few crops. • hoo n kept in the same contrition. and had Mr. Hutchins°, front the Bank of England, presented the usual annual accounts of Bank Notes and Exchequer Bills pursuant to Act of Parliament.—Laid on the table. THE QUEEN. Lord ERSKINE presented a Petition from the inhabi tants of Newmarket, praying that her Majesty iiiight be pot in possession of all her rights and her name restored to the Liturgy. He stated that the Petition was nume rously signed. With respect to his own sentiments on the subject, lie bad read the Act of Uniformity with great attention, and Hit did not give a vested rig - lit, he should wish to know from anv conveyancer or engrosser what words conk] convey.—Laid on the table. His Lordship then presented similar petjtion from the Dissenters of Portsea, and from the Borough.. of Brechin and luverary,—Laid otr the table. - ----- Without Note or Comment, with •' Crouching." a Cut, price h. 611. rilE SPIRIT OF DESPOTISM. Edited and R. I)c:heated to Lord Cestiereatth, Bv t!te AUTHOR of the POLITICAL HOUSE THAT JACK BUILT. Let willing slatrri in golden fetters lio. Titera's none can save the men that awn., to die, Yet some there are who would not tamer• bow, nit fat* would break their chains if they knew how ; And titre from tkiette tnepired leaves may tote. - toev choose bowlegs when they mivitt **free." Tim RUM? Divt'e nr Kt>was -re Goren'( trierm.-1111. I. Prin'el for William Ilene. 43.1.utleate-bill. Country Or de-a witlt Remittance %%ill be puontuallv executed. ••T:T' RlGirr DI% !NE OF KINGS TO GOVERN WRONG." will almost ionmediately follow. iii RREY PETITION. Lord KIN(, in presenting a Petition from the Nobi lity, Clergy, and Freeholders of the County of Surrey, conceived that it was only necessary for him to state that it had been agreed to at a very numerous and respecta ble meeting. It prayed, that in order to set at rc.t the agitation excited by the proceedings against the Queen, her name be inserted in the Liturgy; and that the House would institute an economical reform in all the braev-ies of the public service. Lord IifILIABOROIIiff gave his testimony to the excelleot conduct of the meeting. It had been his mis fortune to find himself in a very small minority, but he had been beard most fairly.—The Petition era., then laid on the table. Lord HOLLAND presented Petitions to a similar ef fect from the 31.ivor and Livery of the town and comity of Nottingham, and from the inhabitants of the Ward of Crippiegate without.—Laid on the table. Earl (TREY presented a similar Petition from the Subscribers, Residents and Burghers of the Boyal Burghs of Wigtown.—Laitt on the table. Earl (MEV also presented a Petition to the same pur pose from the Nobility, Clergy, and Freeholders of the County of tharbaiii, convened by the Sheriff, pursuant to a requisition from the principal Landed Proprietors. The Meeting, his Lordship stated, had been most numer ously and respectably attended, and conducted with the greatest order. Ile could therefore express his firm con viction that the Petition contained the opinion of very considerable majority of the Freeholders of the E.:Minty. —Head, and laid on the table. ABINEI PIANO-FORTE, equal to new, shop 'kJ prier tti guineas, for 31i guinea.. ; !Square Piano-Forte, et '23 guineas a Pedal Harp, the property of a Lady, 43 guineas, cost 73 guineas; Grand Six-Octave Horizontal, cost IC! guineas for?s guineas. Mr. WATLEY, 13. Leicester -Meet, csn warrant the 'hose. Also may he seen the Oblique Piano-Forte, now so inneh admire . ri for its com pact Ind "leg int form, a beautiful piece of Furniture; ' d ue equal to any other instrument of double its price. lie is much ()Mimi to his Jamaica friends for their numerous ceders for the Oblique. LOOKING GLASSEI4. QEVEII.II, large SECONDMAND PLATES, loins:l4 for Chimneys, Piers, and Chevals. are now on Sale. on rrasonible Terms, at Cooras, Et.t.ifEr and (serge'., In, liNliopstrate-street Within. Some of the Ismer .11A1.4 are admirably adapted for large if ' s r Joins si:rl tit...7Aut drnwing-rooma. rate windowi fitted in at a greater relative ad vantage than Crown Glass. BIT IN TIME !—T. DISH having oligerved no Adrertisentent from the Contractors, stating. that in ef,,,,,..p fe n c e of the great demand for Ticket, and biter's, tarra.torded by the extraordinary poptilarity of their new mode a adventure. they feared they would not be able to scrotum.- nye dinse persons who usually delay their purchases till itlitit a flay or two of the drawing, most particularly begs rn unpr,•-r on his friends the necessity of an immediate ap plication, to secure the advanta , -es which this new and be t.nficial arrangement will afford them ; as it is his decided! (pinion that every Ti, ket , v ill he sold by the latter end of this vek- -1. Corahili, and 9, Charing-Crois. ' His Lordship then presented a similar Petition from the Nobility, Clergy, and Freeholders of the heigh bouring County of Northmilberland, agreed to at a Meeting, Wilds, he regretted to ley, hail not been con venes{ by the Sheriff; tir that °flow had considered it his duty to reject a requisition most numerously ano I re spectablyaidtied. Cuiler these circumstances, the Peti tioners had hot recourse to the other means afforded law ISTELLJGCNCE. thein by the Constitution. The Petition contained a declaration of the sentiments of loyalty with ahi cb they were animated, and a prayer that an end should be put to the agitation of the country, by thn'eratort tion of her Alajesty's name to the Liturgy. lie felt nu hesitation in stating that it expressed the opinion of an immense majority of the Perri anal Freeholders of that coutity.—Read, and laid on the table. • - • KING'S BENCH, Omit, JAN. 29. The .-.'t.tcyrritt-tirs cut thi s d a y, made an applica tion on behalf of 'Eli- on Wallace, Esq. against Major M‘Kantara, for an sills. c 4 participation in the outrage committed by hit brother, Captain Sl`Mantara, on Mr. Wallace, on the 11th of Ihwenther last, and for which h e ha, not yet been apprehended; and also for having authorised the publication of certain lately on that sub ject, as alleged by the affidavits in which the application was grolinded. An application was also made for an information against Michael Staunton, Esq. the Proprietor of The Weak/y Register, for the publication in that Newspaper of libel., as also alleged by the affidavit, on the subject of the sante ontrage.—.ln application against Richard Scott, Esq. wa. also made, for writing a paper which was published in Cirrri4's Morning' Post, with reference to the same outrage. There were titre different affidavit. filed, to ground these applications, and before the Solicitor-General wis done stating them, the Cirtrt unanimously declared there was sufficient pround laid for granting a Conditional Order against tfir I 'wise is to he shown arainst the. Conditional Order, within 31!C days fr the service of the orders. CommastotiavioNs uF tELEIMATIO the commemoration at Dumfries. a copious account of which was given in our paper yesterday, the birth i!ay of Burns was celebrates! at Rath on Thnrsolay, the ult. A unniher of the admirers of the Scottish Bard in that neiglohourlio•nl, assembled on the occa sionoomi made At ranowsents fur perpetuating the ce lebration by miiim;iitittg sten arils fur the next anniver eery. On Friday seWnight the birth-day of the late James Wat , . Esq. was also commemorated in the 'Fon due, Greenock, by a numerous and respectable asset's- Wage •( the inhabitants. Seventy-five gentlemen sat down t+ an elegant dinner, at live o'clock. A fine beat of tho illuotriuns philosopher, crowned with lan rri. and raised on a pedetal, was placed at one end of the room. The chair was ably filled bv John Den nistlin, Esq. Chief Magistrate—Archibald Mine, Esq. janiror Magivrate, and Robert Stuart, Esq. of Finnart, officiated at crunpiers. ANNIViIIsARY Or TUE LATE CHARL/13 JAMES FOX.— Wed:wad:l) se . iinight bring the anniversary of the birth slay of the immortal and Right Honourable Charles James Fox, a considerable einnober of respectalde and patriotic Kr:oilmen, admirers of-the !political principles ef that euointwo S:atesnean, met in the Perth Arms Ta vern, Perth, to celebrate the event, which was done in Mr mum appropriate insulter, and the want of room Pre% v o's SS* fr zit jug a spore detailed account of the provredi::.,.. This is the first public meeting we have heard of being held in that place in honour of Air. Fax, lon, we tv!lerstanti that it is the intention of his nonunion. in Perth to establish a Society there, for the re et;.ox • of sluing snore honour to his memory on future ores-'ol:os. 1.! (• I ; i•tt• ;.; expected to he conreved this day how ::se Elitz ., prison to Dorefiester j iii, to the •••ntence of two years iiiiprisonntent, to Ilk, soe :::ljttiged on Satitrtlay. llt t•••ii NoTtec.—Alesses. J. & J. Sivewright, the Contractors for the present Lottery, intended their *l•3lltageous tootle of adventure should he open to the P"hiie to take the ailvmstageof till VAleutine's Dar, 14tis of This Month, as they expected there would be Tickets sudicien., lust from the very extraordinary allPremleateil demand, it is more than probable, they cannot 'apply the Public On those advantareons terms for swore than a few 'lays loncer ; therefore those Persons who use ally ticlav their purchases till the last day or two, are aslviaed to purchase this Week, as Messrs. Sierwright think that on or before Saturday nett every Ticket and 'Rive %ill have been delivered. ....... 1... MANUFACTURES. Earl GREI' hall now to present a petition of a differ ent nature, and which, if the quarter irons whence it came, and the sentiments which it contained were cou sidered, was entitled to the deepest attention. It was from the Manufacturers, Traders, and inhabitants of the town of Birmingham, and had been voted at a meeting held last August, and most numerously and re spectably attended. lie was sorry to say that it was at variant% with those statements whirls, on the first day of the Session, the. House hail heard from the Noble Earl opposite, that considerable improvement had taken place in the state of our manutactures. He saw the Noble Earl preparing to refer to the King's Speech, in which souse exceptions had been made to that general statement. 1 "niloubteilly Birmingham was one of Gorse exceptions, fur the petitioners stated that the master manufacturers were cot able to employ the manufactur ing popnlasion fur inure than three or four days in the week, RIO that the rest of the time they were obliged to seek their sulisisteuce from parish relief. This was a statement of a most distressing' nature, and of the truth of algid) it was impossible to entertain the slightest doubt. For when the distress had pressed most heavily last year, a Committee had been appointed in the town of Birmingham to inquire into its causes and ex tent. The Alembers of the Committee hail examined the different parts of the town, and submitted certain l questions to individuals capable of throwing light upon the subject. From the information tiles rut leetetl, it appeared that a diminution of one-third had taken place in the general consumption of the ucces series of life, beer, meat,- and even bread ; and that even this diminished consumption was in a great measure supported by credit. The Report of a 31r. Ryan, rtn ploy ed by the Committee, stated that there was a fall ing off d une or two thirds is die trade of publican and that amongst butchers it was still worse ; that threw people who hail been accustomed to take good joints, were now only able to buy morsels : that there was a great demand for neat's livers and for two-penny and three-penny worth of meat at a time. The consumption of bread was equally diminished. All this was most afflicting. Had the inquiry been carried five years back, a doubt might have arisen w hetber that distress had not been occasioned by the sudden cessation of the great demand occasioned by the war. But the inquiry went only two years back, not extending beyond 11s1S, when the country had been at peace for a considerable time. The dkrress which it had found to exist could not therefore be consiilereil as the effect of the transi tion from war to peace. The present petition had been voted, as he had already stated. in the month of August last. After hearing the consolatory statements of the Noble Earl oppnsiCe, he (Lord Grey) bail hoped that the town of Birmingham had shared in the improvement said to have taken place in our manufactures. Ile had therefore thought it necessary to inquire bow the mat ter s!ood, before be submitted the Petition to the Muse. The answer to his inquiries had been, that though there was some increased demand, as it was usually the case at that time of the year, and in consequence of specula tions in South America., the general distress was rather on the increase. The depreciation in iron arti cles was not less than 20 or 23 per cent; in brass, from r to 1a: in spoons, locks, and plated articles, 5; an d in spades. from 15 to 20 per cent. In the poor rates there hail been souse diminution, not in conse quence of a less number of individuals to be relieved, hat because the price of provisions was lower. Bat the difficulty of collecting them had considerably increased. The arrears ea the poor rates for the last year amounted to 10, 0991. which exceeded all former arrears. in IEII6. the first year after she war, they bad only been 6,5161., slid they had never risen before the present togas elsolv instance higher than 7,stiSt. Such was the dis tressing situation of that most imprtant district of the couatry. What improvements might have taken place in oBbur quarters be knew not, but he doubted their existeoce; the more so, as the present Petitioners stated that, according to the information which they had been able to collect, the other manufacturing districts bad ' suffered in the same degree with themselves. ho Lin casbire it was possible that from the low price of provi sions, and an increased demand, souse improvement hail been felt, but the general state of manufactures was re duced rather than Improved, In time last year there hood been a considerable diminution of manufacturing capital. But his doubts were not founded only on the state of the manufacturing branches, they also rested un that of the agricultural interest, which hail deeply suffered. The trade of the country had assumed a totally different cha racter. Exportation . swere now made, not iu consequence ottlanaands from abroad. hat from speculations at home. Goode were sent where it was thought probable they might gni! a market. The whole trade was in an unna lent dato, exhibiting at one time a degree of morbid excitement, *awl at another time one of despondency and languor, occasioned by something which rendered ince,- i tigation necessary. The Noble Earl opposite had attri buted the the existing distress to an increase of plodue flogs, and urged the diminution of wives, as a proof of his assertion. lie (Lord li.) much doubted the fact. He admitted that the harvest bad been abundant last yea', but not 'that there hail been an increase of production. Fat users, on the con trary, were not able to cultivate their lands as well as formerly. Cultivation, in fart, diminished every day, mail was 'likely to continue to grow nurse. ily the last likzette, it appeared th it the price of corn MIS only 5-la. or Kos. or ;s. per bushel. Under the present great weight of taxation, how stands! it he possible for farmers to pay the demands which existed upon them: The Noble . Earl, when distress hail bec so h,reneral, had first ascribed it to the sudden transition from war to peace; then to the depressed mato of the .tinerican mar ket ; thofugh, in another House, the Chancellor of the Exchequer had attributed it tJ a more probable cause, the return to cash payments. In fact, souse shift or other hail always been resorted to for the purpose of dis guising the truth. He (Lord Grey) caidd not doubt that the principal cause of that distress was the im mense load of taxation, aggravated by the state of the circulation, as the en deavour to restore cash payissents operated as an addition of twenty-five rr cent. to the taxes. Whether the country could contenne.to bear such pressure became every day more problematiral; but it was a subject to which Parliament could no longer shut its eyes, unless it wished to wait till it should burst upon its consideration with irresistible violence. To antici pate such a time, the Petitioner* prayed that the house would lie !pleased to take the subject into its most seri ous consiikration, and to institute an inquiry into the causes of national distress. After stating this, he should say why he should not move for the institution of sods an inquiry. First, the state of Isis health made it impossible that he should undergo the confinement which such au inquiry would require. though he should be glad to give his support and assistance to any investi gati whi *night be proposed by other Noble Peers ou . tioneadets,, thessolls.alse . adaniraed that such nquir es were not beyond thorpowers of Parliament, lie had seen that if they were not undertaken by Go vernment itself, they seldom produced mods good. This was strongly exemplified by the result of the Committee appointed last year, on the motion of a Noble Friend i•f his (the Marquis of Lansdowne) to inquire into the state prom- foreign trade. After a laborious investigation, that Committee had only been able to snake up its mint! on one single pint, and had rPconiniesided an alteration in the timber trade. Ile did not apprehend that much snore would be effected this year, as lie understood that it would he necessary to wait for the Report of another Committee, by whom the subject had not yet been in vestigated. Re therefore doubted 'whether, unless the Government of the country, with all the means of in formation whirls it possessed, should rouse down to pro pose and undertake an inquiry, any investigation com menced in another quarter coodil prove effective and be neficial. Having stated that he %%wild not propose such ao inquiry , lie s hould now only siur s -e that the Petition be read. The Petition having been trail, f he Earl of LIVEILPOM. ruse to make a few ob servations, chiefly on the nusarks with which the Noble Earl had prefaced his motion. With reape.q to the Petition, he could hare no objection to its be ing. laid before the House, or referred to time Committee on Foreign Trade, the reviva; of which a Noble Nl:a -quis opposite had stated his intention of proposing. He wished first to correct au itivms!tintary misconcep tion into which the Noble Earl had respecting one part of his Majesty's Speech. The greatest care had been taken so to word that Speech as to prevent the possibility of its being understood to assert that all our commercial and manufactnring interests had improved. The paragraph in quc;tion said--•'. I have great pleasure in being able to acquaint you, that a considerable improvement has taken place in several of the most important branches of our commerce and manufactures, and that in many of the manufacturing districts the distresses which prevaiied at the com• mencewent of the last Session of Parliament have greatly abated." But, in another paragraph of the Speech, the foll•swing words had been introduced— " Amidst the distress which still presses npon a large portion of my subjects." I- was therefore a complete misapprehension to suppose that the Speech did not ad• mit the existence of great distress in time manufacturing districts of the country. lie (Lord L.) even thought that on the first night of the Session he had stated that the town of Birmingham was one is here considerable distress existed, in consequence of time absence of provement in that branch of trade to which it was parti cularly devoted. But notwithstanding this exception. the improvement in other branches was real. It had been considerable in a most important one, time comfit trade. The last accounts from Lancashire and Scotland established that gratifying fact, and stated, not only that Inure men were employed, but that the slestmatod fur cotton in the port of Liverpool had greatly increased. As to the question by the Noble Earl with respect to time state of agriculture, this was not the time for discussing the subject. lint distress could not be fairly attributed to one single cause, when it was clear that it must proceed from many. With respect to his assertion on the first day of the Session, that one of the canses whirl, aperated with others to distress agriculture in time United in g ham, was a great increase of production ' on that seas it founded ' cOn a fact, which he brlieved had not occurred before during the last fifty rears; that since the smooth of February, 1319. there had been no foreign corn introduced into the country for,lsonsc ronstimption. He knew that the fact had been disputed, and that it had been imagined that the warehousing systeus might lead to the secret introduction of foreign corn. Bat in also knew that the subject bail been thoroughly ineestigasell in another place last year, by a prison win rlitta 'aimed Shea" milidtid •••••••LIII ISIJ.ErWt.T Earl timid nut &ay that the 'poor land thns forced into cultivation and bringing forth at a treater expente had occasioned an Onnatnrel and excetsive increase of pro.luctiop. As to the weight of taxation, neither the *loose nor the country shoold forget that since t!fe retnrn from war to peace it had been dindniaied to the amount of tint less than fifteen or sixteen millions mina ally. The Nolole Earl said that a return to Cash Pay ments was one of the rallies of the remit distress. it might certainly operate to some extent, hut it was measure which had not been adoptini blindly. It had been supported evrot by the argtiments of those situ had of jectrol to the war, and it only occasioned a'tempo rary inonotovenience, which it was necessary should ho borne. That the distress experienced went to the extent stated by the Petitioners, he was not inclined to believe. lie should not. however, on the present oc.-asicn, enter more deeply into the subject. He had no objection to the Petition being referred to the Committee on foreign' trade, and if any remedy or core conhi he advised, it nonlol lie the ditty of Parliament to co:older it with • attention. Be bored, however, they wooki hear in minol this principle, that, unless they saw their way very clear to a remedy, they would nut adopt it ; fee without that precaution . legislation mixht du mourn, harm than good. 11'ith respect to the Thither Traite he was ready to allow that the Session ought not to pass without renting to a settle.looto. Hot as the Committee on the subject would be revised, and the question was merely one of duties, be should not approach it at pre sent, but should be prepared when the ptoper.period arrived to give every infortuation and assistatice in his power. The Marquis of LANSDOU'NE rose iu con.,7qurnro of some expressions contained in the Petition woof be fore the House, and some observations which had fallen front the two Noble E iris by whom he heal been preceded. He should however begin dy declar ing his liras conviction, that the character of the per sons from whom the petition proceeded, and the tni.an• art iufornia;iora, h they poeses.sed..cianglined to en title it to the most serious attention. 'I be exilli.ssitms to which he had Minded redo-red to the C6inirfittee act Foreign Tradr., for-which hi had moved last s'essibn. When he had made thatanoti in, he had stated that, in order to he elfective, the. reseaecloes of the Canuanittee should he confined to -our foreign trade; but that whilst he considered it the duty b a th of Parliawert and of his Majesty's Government to engage in that inquiry, he should not object to auv other which tpirlit 'be connecte-1 with the subject. When the Noble Earl opposite said, that the pro sent petition might be re ferred to the Committee un Foreign 'trade, be (the Marquis of L.) could not - forbear thinking that it was Inure connected with the state of the home trade of the column-. 'floe Noble Earl had stated, that the exist ing distress was not equally diffased amongst all branches of trade. In this cpiniion he entirely con curred. It was most satkfactory to know, that in the important branch of thecott•on trade the expotts from Liverpool, and from 31aneltes;er, tlitooglo Liverpool; l e nd of late considerably increased. lie bad not seen theilocu ment in the possession of. the Noble Earl (Lord L.) but he had received private information from shbse plac e s, which condoned the statement twat a consider- able i•iiprovenient hall taken place. Trade might, there fore, lee represented :0 lw in those quarters, and to a-cer tain extent, in a flourishing condition. But its profits were extremely tow. The capitals employed did not dc i ice the profit. to whieli they were entitled : arid the capi talists were only in the situation ofpereons deriving some slender profits from a traile hich two years ago did nut produce nny. It was the effect of that necessity to which persons, who hail engaged large capitals in any partice lar trade, were reduced, of taking a profit of only two or three per cent.. because it was suit en their power to transfer their capitals to other branches. This was the present prosperity of their trade. The Noble Earl or poaate hai attributed the existing distress to an increase of production: but more probable causes might be as signed. It would, indeed, be very singular, if, after re ferring to our turn imports in former years, daring a state of ear. the country should suddenly be found, Owe a pearl% to have become an exporting, instead of an im porting country. Was it not more probable when the distresses of the people were considered, that it was to a diminished consumption that the Home were to look fur the increase of produrtion which appeared to have taken place? And not only to a diminished consump tion, but tee tier consumption of inferior articles? It had been our constant effort tor many rears to drive the lower clisses to consume inferior articles, and the attempt had at length succeeded. A great portion of the popris who hitherto !let t{ on corn now subsisted on pota toes. Was not this a inure probable reason than that which attributed to the cultivation of poor lauds, an ef fect which, during twenty years, it had not produced As to the call of the petitioners fur an inquiry into the cause awl remedy of their distresses, be could have no objection to such an inve4tigatton; except the difference which existed between their sitalstiou sad that elate fo- • reign trade. For the latter might be weeded by the ream- • val of restrictions andtisities, but thedificulties which af fected our home consumption 14 ere not within thereto of the saute remedy or the investigation of an • ordinary Committee. The best mode would be far his Majasty i s Liovernment to institute au inquiry is the Ana place, anti for individuals to originat e . mesons allellarts ha Par liament. lie felt convinced that the present distress ought in a great tneasOte to be ascribed to the gambit living a lung time on its capital and king now koattak to a condition of living eh its revenue : with a degree d taxation which that rescuew was unable to pap inall which seas aggravated by Hie necessaty and too f e rvid return to cash payments. A ibrasitre witieJa sail& only be effected by principles and iaeaas which, idl ing to a taxation already etisting to as amount r tbain any other mantry is the world, 3.1 • 1 .