The Statesman. — London, England, 1820-03-31 00:00:00

‘YFFRRENT MODES OF TYNIIIIMENT FORRIGN VOUNFR.I K. la China. persons Wailty of murder ire beheaded except where a pesos , ' kills his adversary in • duel, iii ishieh case he is stranfled. Decapitation, by the laws %AA:l;ns, is conaidercil the most dishonourable mode of c sedition. 'rids sort of punishment hein2 deemed in the highest blegreeignominons, is only inflicted far crimes libido art ►egarded by the Chinese dovenoment as the most tonsjadicial to so, ietr, such as conspiracy, 'assassination, t umnbitting lily offence against the person of the Em• 1.• tor. or attempting the life of any of the Imperial t : revolting, Insurrection, striking a parent, or any other utonatoral crime. The malefactor who is con s;►nuned to he beheaded, is made to kited upon the round, the hand of infamy is taken from his hark, and the . I .... er, by a single blow of a twe•hamled swor , l, s•ri6es off Ibis head ►tith great dexterity. These headsmen, ste.l, indeed, the generality .4 - inferior officers of justice in China, are selected from the soldiery, cc c•'rdine to the cost of the primitive harharians r.,:ithcr is .Is;* cotploymet , t considered more igei ..... 'mous than the post of principal obtficer of executive in other countries. Decapitation is held by the Chinese as the most disgrareful kind of death; because the head, which is the principal par► of a man, is separated from the body, and that ho,l► is not cooosignerf to the grave as entire as he ret•ricrd it from his parents. If a great mandarin, lw cunt ;erect of any atrocious nirowr, h e is raceme,' in tire n , Inner like die meanest person. After the head Is severest, it is frequently •nspended fr a tree, be the side of a public root ; the body i s th rown into a ditch,, the lan haling deemed it unworthy the respect of regular funeral rite.. When II seilfrilie is sOloloitti`4l to the Emperor fur his approbation, if the crime be of the first ibizree of alrm 'tr. he orderg the malefactor to be e%Pril!pti without llefly; when it is only of an ordinary nature, he directs that the criminal shall be impri.anted till the atittiniri. and then executed ; a particular day in that seaauti being allotted for such cert. ((((( nies. The Emperor of China sselsJons nesters a 4tobjert to he executed until hr has ronsultesi tt ills Li. first law offi. I s• rs , whether Ise ran avoid it oithoot infringing no the t.:onstitution of his realm. Ile f:tsts for a certain period / !Pt ktli to signing an older for au execution ; and I s is I•nperial Majesty esteems those t rap Of hi' , reig t• the vorst woo for:oitaite. in it bit It lor bas hatl the least orea.ion to let fail upon his sashjects the rigor tool SWOrtsl uiillStire. The usual capital punishments in I are string - - Fr!' and belie:o4w. The former is more en ;.--1 k decreed against those oho are foittlii rniirt• of climes, it hich, !senesce ..031, are oniy held in the •"cond rank of atrucit) : for instance all arts of whether intentional or accidental ; every sprrios 1 , .t ail committed upon noversollent ; the seduction of Doman, whether Insrrie.l or ; 2itine abusive lan usge to a parent; plunderissir or do' sciii2 . n Intl - vine. t !ace; robbing wish Jesuits:site n erpons; and for wear. rtg pearls. In Turkey anti other countries, the head is strurli off ss;:ls a sabre. In Etpz7 md.firealii•iviott is rrelomell the most honour at.:e pnni 4 buten% our g reit prr.onoz,4 fornierlv For high treason the holy is set ered from the hitt the etfen.h•r is previously him..., though not. according. to e:rtem•v., till lie is tptite Ora.l; hanging. in Krgland J.•eoied the most ignominious punish ment. Decapitation is here performed with the hatchet, tl:c hea•l being plareil on a block of woo.l, with the neck !arc. In France i , is a rumrnun punishment, and is in mo+t peifurnee.l. In France the gnillutine was originally called the raiden, of the use and form of which, in Urea, Britain, Vt . . Pennant gives the following arcuttni •' It seems to have been confined to the limits of the forest of Hardwick. or the eighteen towns and hamlets wttlsin its precinkts. 'liar time nisei' this custom look pine. is unknown: is briber Fsrl Warren. lord of this forest, might might hate established it a ttttt tog the san guinary laws then its n•e against the invaders of the (•tooting rights, or whether it ►night not take place after the weolion-wanufacu►rrs at Halifax began to gain $.1.11P01111111, is unerrtain The last is k ery probable; for Om wild country around the tont) us' inhabited by a lawless att. whose depredations on the clotlt-tenters might soon stifle the efforts of infant industry. For the protection of trade. mut for the greater terror of offends ens Ire stpeetly exernti.m. this custom seems to have been jileb Walled so as at last to receive the force of law, t•.~aW~alled was, ' That if a Won be taken within the liberty the forest of 111M4iii irk, with goods stolen out or within the said lorreinet%. either haml•hahend, bark- 1 Lerstarl, or cootie...jolted in the valet.. of thirteen-pence halfpenny. bestirs% after three market flays, within the, town of Halifax. sent after sorb his apprehension. and being eondemoell, hr taken to the gibbet. and there hare his head cot from hi5.110.1%.' 1 " The offender hail always a fair trial; fur as .non as he was taken I n • was brought to the lord's bailiff at Halifax : he was then exi.o.ed on the three markets (which here were held thrice in a needs), placed in a .rocks, with the goods stolen un his hack, or if the theft ,r is of the cattle kind, they were placed by hint ; and this was done bot'u to strike terror into others • and to produce new information against him. The bailiff then ►ummoned Cow freeholders of each town within the forest, to form a jury. TLe felon and proaeeut.••. were brought face to face ; the goods, the row or horse, or whatever was sto!en, produced. If lie was found guilty, i.e was remanded to prison, had a week allotted for pre paration, and then sta. conveyed to this spot, where his head nas sfruck off by this machine. I should have premised, that if the criminal, either after apprehension, or in the way to mention, could escape out of the limits .•f the forest (part bring close to the town), the bailiff ltd no further power over him; but if he should hr n aught within the preview's at any time after, he was immediately executed on his former sentence. " This privilege ass very freely used during the reign of Elisabeth : the records before that time were lost. 'firenty-Cve suffered in her reign, and at least twelve from 1623 to 1650; after nhicli, I believe, the privilege was no more exerted. " This machine of ileatis is now destroyed ; but I saw one of the same kind in a room under the Parliament ' lionise at Edinburgh, where it was introduced by the Regent Morton, who :001: a model of it 3% he passed through 11:011.1%, and at length suffer/ NI by it himself. It is in form of a painter's e a s e l, a nd a b ol d ten feet Ligi.: at foer fret from the bottom is a emits bar, on which the felon lays bis head, which is kept down by another placed alMee. In the inner edges of the frame ;ire u oars; in these is placed a sharp axe with a vast weight of lead, snpported at the very summit with a peg ; t.r that peg is fastened a curd, which the exrcia• tioner cutting, the I , Cr fills. and dues the affair effec tually, withont suffering the unhappy criminal to nn dergo a repetition of strokes, as has been the ease in the common method. I mud add, that if the sufferer is Eno destined for stealing a horse or a row, the string is tied to the bout, which, on bring w:hipped, pulls out the peg. and brco:nes the extortioner." 16. DUTCH M J IL. HAGUE, MARCH !3. ISCOND 01.%71111ER OF 'I Or STATICP-GLNSUAL, M•MCII 22. In this sitting was read, by order of his Majesty the King, the modified project unite four lass relative to the public expenditure, and to the ways and :swans of providing for it during ten years, romusencing with the yrar lh2U , and also to the extraordinary expenditure and ways and means for the present year alone. The expenditure, as fixed in the diurnal budget, is diminish ed about eight millions, and is now estimated at 59,5;5,0:e2 florins; the extraordinary espentlittire is atigniented in the came propottioli, anti is now esOntated at 21,314,4b1 Hair's. The ways and means proposed are nearly the same as before. but with the difference, that two-thirds of the receipt of the Duties of Customs anti Excise are placed in the Ordinary, and one-third in the Extraordinary Budget. A manurial et as also read, sent to the Chamber by his Exreßenet. Ilse Minister of Finance, to clear up anti ex plain the Financial Laws, as now re lelled ; stating, ;lIIIUII/ oilier things, the reasons fir which certain sums are 111:1VVil /1111€.11:: the estraortlinary exprt,ses, and oilier information, for file Frinot'ai of various objections that may probably lie all ti, facilitate the esamiliation and discussion of these must important laws. Fa otaeotrr, 31allett is affirmed that Count Bata Schauenstein will be at Fraithfort before the Inds of April, and that there is nothing to prevent ate Diet from resuming its sittings on that day. We learn freer Etbod authority, that a rarcular letter liar been sent by the Bavarian Government at Spires, by veltiv.ll the Jus tices of Peace of the Rhenish Bat Arian prtiyinces are dis pensed front ituswering the quesitons which may be put to them hy the Central Committee at Mentz. W briber it be fr obtaining explanations respecting the demo cratic intrigues in Berman)', or fur stir tither infatua tion against Bavarian suhjeets, the Bavarian Govern ment not only orders all such infutination to be refused, but rrl ' Ilie itintiers Of Peale Irvin all personal it , •Nnsibility on thisaccount. THE S 7 ATESM AN shot at us, following the advice of the Archbishop of Limt, •"l'he new preparations being completed yesterday evening, I ordered that the brigs of war should routine the rafts (rockets and mortars) to their position, and that the tire-ship commanded by Lt. Morgell should proceed to her destination—itutnediately they commenced to dis charge the rockets, at which time I directed in line the squadron towards the eastern shore, with a view to prevent the escape of the enemy. The brig had scarce advanced within gun-shot of the ene my's vessels and batteries, when they commenced upon us a very brisk fire, which greatly increased on the approach of the tire-ship Victoria. Being already within the reach of grape-shot front the battery, and near the chain which surrounds the enemy's vessels, awl the water entering her hold in torrent., Lieutenant Morgell set tire to her, all her rigging bring cut away, and in ten minutes she blew up, which would have an nihilated the whole nav;•l force of Callao, if there had been wore wind, so that the Victoria could bate passed the batten• with greater velocity. " Waiting the r :plosion of the Victoria, I had re tained the Ueorgiana, but it being nearly calm, I be lieved it useless to make a new attempt, seeing the rockets had so better effect this night than the first. The cause of this is already too palpable—sonic burst in consequence of the tubes or cylinders bring badly sol thored, and others broke at the tail, having nnfortunately been made of a very knotty and brittle wood. " I ea 11111 l t refrain from manifesting to you my regret for these unfortunate circumstances, aggravated by the calms which continually prevail in Callao. I have de termined to operate upon a different plan, %hid. I hope will produce a different diet t. " CocimAss." FLANDERS WAIL Fit txtawaT, M %wet, ?11).—The flazette of Meese de dares itself authorked to contradict the news gives by the Gazette of Weimar. that the t 'entral Coussoittoe at Wentz had desired the Bavarian 31agistratts to deliver up a young man. S t e 'l•he last acronnts f Vienna. of 11111 31arrh, make no mewl 4444 of the breaking up of the t unr•reas. The editors of 17.1. Stostgard qa.::ritt, who had announced that an .freers' of Observation was to he formed on the Lower Rhine, have been recently reprimanded by their thuvernment, and obliged formally to retract this piece of sew•. as well as that of the breaking up of the l'on ress, which they had also asserted to have taken place. IntN, tlviorn (pick vessel has bees dispatched from Whoa, vs ith very important dispatches from the liovereiment, for the Commanders of the Royal Armies in South .tmerie•a. The Aid-de-Camp sent * by General Ilorillo, to hasten the departure ot• the rein forcements, whisk he was so •h in sired, is on lumen' iFis vessel this Officer has been witness to the ei mos whir' li.ise ellatieed the fare of things in the %thole of the Spanish 31onatchy, and he is going to carry Ole sires to 310Ilikt. It "reins, that by the Instructions, of which hr is the bearer, an arnstice I will be proposed to the I oilrpeisilents, earls party retain ing the positions they occupy at this moment, till the .tsseitsblv of the Cortes shall take a final resolution to put an end to the visit w.sr which desolates the finest part of the New World. Mean tissue nor cosnmeres is is a .tale of ruin, whirl► it is impossible to de s cribe, aid our ports on the ocean are nearly deserted. There is 110 news fr Seville, Cadiz. or Grenada. W e know• nut to what this Infix delay is to be ascribed. It should seem that the cu.umunication by the Sierra 3loreme is iuterrnpted by the bands .thick were orga- Mied to opport the plan. of Riego. littussEt.s, %nun -Tile Chevalier d'Argais, Se- ' 1 cretatv w the Spanish Leration, has announred, its a letter to the Editor or the .b.oreal GeNrral 4.f the .t'a• ' th, thriag, that his Catholic I.,jesty has permitted all his subjects, exiled for political opinions, to return to Spain. and that thnse its the Netherlands may apply fur their passports to the Spanish 5P.4.11311 I.Vy I 'LSI (lON. The folliiirinr is a Table of the Victims of the Spanish [minimal at ariong !writing. It shoo. the diminution of its violence with the islet-vim. of k sloW lenge : Cbc Atai tattdman. T/IP. BRITISH STATESTII , OI" IS INCORPURATLD WITM " Tilt ITATrifIAN." I 1 hl Class. Irnpri . Oran(' Inquilitori Isllia's. !Melee. !toned. Epucha. . and : mond I Roma tithcon- Svacreigni. alive. ,in Ellig) iscalion ort: ir pe rty 14141 to I . orqiienvida 1405.. 1307 Irclihiiln.p DiT, 4141 T 131.17..1417 ,Cardinal Ximinea . . 3.304 I.? 31 18.030 I.ll7:'.lS'ill'ar..ldrian.alt.P , ye 1,3/11 4110 t 1.%44 I.Yiti.. 1.W3 Interregnum 1:.1Y3.. la3S Cardinal Manrique 1 Chill I 1,125 I 1.V40 1438. . 134.5 Cardinal 'l' .. 840 420 3.400 IMO.. - Cardinal Loaiaa.... 124) OU (NMI —..13314 la rle4 V. 160..1307 Philip II 3.100 1.!4)6 144,4.111 1.107. .1011 Philip 111. ... 102 I. . 11111 - rPhiliy IV. ..... lOW. .170111Clia ries II 1.7414 I tan 4915 1700..1710 Philip V 1710-17345:enlinand VI. 1739.. 17lairlin ries 111 4 .. 66 Vila. .101104:haries IV. 1 .. 1 IS Total i 31.382 171410 291.450 LORI) COCHRANE. --r--- 0111011 THE NEW TORII (I.tRIITTE, mums!) Tins sloßNiNu.) In yesterday's Gazette w•e gave an aecnunt of Lord Cochrane's second unsuccessful attack on the Spanish fleet We have been favoured with a translation of the noble Lord's letter to Don Zentenn, Minister of Marine of the Chilions, dated on board the Admiral's ship O'Higgins, bay of I . allao, Wt. 6. It follows: " SIR—On the night of the 3J instant, the enemy un furled the sails of their vessels of war, without doubt, with the intention of deceiving 114, at they returned to Ireful them again as soon as it grew dark on the night of the 4th. Hitt our boats being on the eastern side, or shore, alartned the enemy. and they desisted ftom their purpose, was probably to etwaiw. Every thing indicated their desire of escaping, if the rockets had placed their security in danger, or if thry had set fire to the merchant vessels, n kWh were united or made fast to windward of their line of defence, formed by the Ve- Kansa, EStnercltht, Seba%tiana, Resultitiou, Cleopatra, Trogillano, Preuela, and Alsip°. The Desolation and Cleopatra, as also the (looks, threw rontintally hog LONDON: FRIDAY EVENING, MARCH 31, 1820. New York Papers arrived this morning to the I I th March. (FRO)t Tilt MERCANTILE ADVERTISER OP TOE 10T11.) THE STATE or 311ESOI:R1.—TIse President has signed the Bill which has mimed boils Houses of. Congress, au thorising the people of a port of the Missouri territory to form a Constitution and a State Government, and ad• mining the same into the Union on au equal footing pith the original States. (Illtu)t THE NEW YORE Parra OT THE flen mmtcn.) Altssot•itt QUESTIoN DEIIIDED.—On Thursday lag ”.„ with , the Missouri Bi ll, the Slavery Restrictions, as it passed in the House of Representatives, was taken its the Senate. The Restriction was shut out, and a see- 1 lion inserted its stead, prohibiting slavery in the terri tory of the I:nitell States north of 36 degrees, embracing what is termed the Compromise. Thns amended, the Rill was returned to the House, and at a late hour of the evening the amendment was adopted By a majority of four, on examining the ayes and nem it appears, that • I of the friends of the Restriction s either left their posts or duty and retired to a warm sup. per and an early bed, or, alarmed at the idle threats of their opponents, fled from the House and yielded the vie. tory. A letter from a Member, in the Baltimore Paper, contains the key to the conduct of those Members who deserted their posts. Never, says the letter, was there a question more warmly contested in Congress; it was said by a :Member, that the combined influence and power of King's and Priests could not effect a separation of the Ut o i eee it hail been tried, but in vain. Captain Allen, who left Hatannuli un the 20th states, that a liovernment vessel arrived there the day before lie sailed, and a report was rorrent that the Island of Cuba was celled to Oreat Britain by the Spanish llinister in London, and that the tiovernor bad assumed the postnre of defence, and expressed a deter mination not to give it up. (EXTRACT rno)I Tug NORFOLK HERALD OF TUE 3o or swum.) Assuming it as a fact which cannot be questioned, that tireat Britain will not, under any circumstances, permit a free intercourse with her colonies, it mat• he demanded, what ought to be done ? The e ours, which appears most adviseable is, to permit the ships of Ureat Britain to import and export into and from the United . States, but with heavy duty and tonnage ; by this we should vend the products of the forests and ;tricot lure, and derive revenue. There is not'aii Auserican merchant of experience who will nut say that the suer- . cstoile community will derive more benefit from the commission+ of the cargoes, from and on the return cargoes to the West Indies, than from being allowed to trade to these colonies. Perhaps there is no trade in which more money has been lost by the merchants of America than that to the British Islands; but if this be so ruinous a trade, can it be expected that the Bri tish merchants will engage in it? The merchants sup ply the planters and managers of estates upon long credit and long prices. In most instances, the ships whirls come for our produce would he doing nothing (having to wait for crops) if th ey did not „me here; and au additional expense, except assurance, would be incurred; hence the subject of freight becomes of no ! importance. Butt when our vessels arrive in the islands they nowt sell for prompt payment, in cash or produce, ant i too frequently meet the consequences of forced sales. In one case eat of six the American vessels trading to the British Islands do not make a freight. nut, from official documents, it appears the amount of Imports and Exports to and from the British tolosies, in the year ending 1505, stood as follows: 1.41 Exports to the ',tunas North American Colonies Dollars 7,45401 Imports from the Islands North Ansorii RII L'ulonies :40,01* 'Balance in favour of the United States . 2,37 0.000 Dollars 7.1:"0.nue This balance of 1,370,000 dollars was paid in ca s k.„, bill. of exchange. Exclusive of sugar and coffer, and other ankles ix, ported from the British Islands, the follnaine is the average importation of two articles only, rum mil sal., for three years : In 180?. 1303 1904 ISUSHELS OF SALT. . ;5 . . 4 ,421 . 503,66 s 4.;.11.1.0%,t Of RCN. 4.11.1137 3,1;2.316 4.369.!f4 2,363,591 11;109,667 iVhst the duties on these articles and utlirr4, not tiourd, with tonnage, would amount to, let the ptewst rates of duties tell. We have again to congratulrtv the roun:ry on a great and important triumph gained by pubic Blank over Court politics and Conn influence. The Middlesex Election terminated yesterday by the resignation of the Ministerial Candidate, and Mr. Been and Mr. WHITBREAD were declared duly elected. The poll had been kept open twelve days, so that a fair and full opportunity had been given to this populous county to express its opinioe at this momentous juncture. That opinion is oo longer doubtful. The man. whos:• votes had sanctioned a profligate public expenditare., and a still more profligate attack on the liberty of the press, and those of the people, has met with the meed due to his deserts. From the res t opening of the election, lie had not a da nce of success. Though lits opponent seta but a youth. only known to the country through vs e name and patriotism of his lamented father, he was at once invested with the confidence of the Freeholders, and maintained, from the tint to the last, such an overpowering tieljority. as avoid have induced any other man than Mr. MELLISH to have declined the contest at a meth earlier period. This triumph is the more important. and we would almost say wonderful, if we recollect the unavailing, though desperate struggle which Middlesex has made during the last '25 years to recover its inde pendence. Even the great abilities, immense kr tune, and commanding charrcter of Sir FRANC!, BCRDETT, could not bring the contest to a DK cessful termination ::aid when after repented efforts this distinguished Patriot retired in seeming despair, alt hopes of rescuing the county from its solitude were annihilated, and its chains appeared riretted for ever. What t!servfore, can have produced so sudden and so mighty a change in the political sen timent,: of the Middlesex freeholders ! %at cse have dispelled their blindness and turned them from darkness into light ? What ! but the conduct of the Ministers thenterelrec Placed in the seat and loon of that corrupt influence, of which the country hears reports and views the reflection, they saw it in the very act of its operation, in the very naked ness of its intents. They follol,yed a long course of mistaken and mischievous policy through its most remote ramifications, till a full conviction cameupon them that the melt whose n.oasun:s they had solor. sapported had forfeited all claims to their con fidence. This was nut a crude and hasty opinion It was one fooefied on a long and 1 aticnt trial el men and measures, and sanctioned by the give and best teacher of mankind—experience. nu opinion slumbered for a time in barren Wadies, because such was the recollection of the past sub serviency of the county to Ministerial purposes , that no man suspected the revolution of pater feeling which had taken place. But no wooer bad an independent Candidate presented himself thsa it rose at the first call, like a lion from its rest, sod rent asunder the bars and chains by which it wO confined. The example is an important one. Hal it been given a little elrlier it would have egwol much emulation, and prodtmed many socceoil imitations. As it is, however, although of leo wo* mediate influence, it will prove eminently useful, not ot.ly by sending two independent County Mein bers.(where, from time immemorial, only ens had ever been returned), to purify the national repre sentation, but by giving a salutary lesson to nisters thems e lves, and throwing to the coot?! $ gage, which she will neither be slow in taking I P. nor unambitious to redeem, WINDSOR, MARCH 30.—Princess Acres** Iv' rived at her mansion house, left her by the late Owes. at Progniore, near this town, on Satuniav, feels Lesik ig ' On Monday the Duke and Duchess of Clarence IP sired at Fr option., on a visit to the Princess Antgall• Yesterday the Princess Augusta, accompanied by tit Duke and Duchess of Clarence, took an airing la IVindsor (heat Park, to Virginia Waters, by Civalien land Lodge, 6ce., and returned to Frogniore 'HOW% This morning the Duke and Ns less of Clan Ita. " „. Frogmore, between eleven and we're o'closh , tar iv' residence at Bushy Park. on their way to Lessem On Sunday next his Roval Ilighnets the Dakt if York will heave town for Newmarket. •RR. I Dublin I Waterford . 0 Umerrige) and tiotteaburgh I Ilamburgh MS. AMR. I Holland I Flanders fff II France I ti Lisbon U Malta ttooo I . IIIOA r.—lioliday at alt the Pablic (Writ, 0 O t E. DI V. I INNIIME. L a ill r, - cia ten! Sec jug I col Mg Cliii Cfet 111111 S, COW' otttt it w tit t such ose Lau, threm futurl