The Statesman. — London, England, 1814-05-18 00:00:00

r 2' 7 tit t A' i ' kit,§4o: . . i ~ ;,a' ~~.. ~.~q ."~ •'' . . _ :--- .- lead. ;Po thletiiterest of that comity-he therefrom imeemea eak ets• t oi nekebe t is do e ** eiew e v i. i g *s. *standing the ea'at ode f---------" m ~ o no, . withill the ationtshing tietfeCtlon to Which 'it had eiiiie Iromed Shat th H e ow *eke e * look wide:Feted' ele gee ! Pett.of corn should be permitted ; bat, by taking ehattimeibtli the monied riot of cern dits•then ea- At intervals during this period of .incredie the crime: rit licitiole, and 'mating could contribute co materially • • / fifer- tif , the, sohjeat ; entertained by. hi; •Rtglit actlyahe tautens it had been, 160 years before, Then, try had eiperiericed a icareitY amounting stalest to to that, interest et atm encouragement of agriculturei • rtiterable Friend (gr. Riese) 'himself, as theatre- . once there, after. those , bows were again abolished; famine, and therefore had 'hot the iii . creasing mann:. • to archich the Irish Were peculiarly disposed, and which i etY • '' '' • ' ' •• , e rig price egainst IfflPortation, .whial **moonted . the,average prige.of erten rose within the first twenty factoring poPulatien heed maintained, hod itrieseti l was so much' iiiiiie . ciilcolated than' padturage, or per- : to 51. ' Is. 4d..; ey,t •Astit d e ductingfor the &recta- and cheriihed, 'mid frittered by aery'iniportation or by Moog frit . 11Vbi.age Oahe years' to 51. h. 011 i but naps even omit efactifies, to promote entreaty, ' , uite. i t i lt. tivis' yeeds, *MA triteented . te try, eatd•geed order , • abaft )51. 21.1tiattof Mee• • o . s. being otie-half as much which was now CoMplained of, it 'Weida not at pre: . • Ihe tbooght nwohe cooldidad fool* with Rine isr 'Orb , . again as, the item •• Mr.lailtitsELLl supported the Resolutions, and posing for the plot the former tient? years. present be in existence. In his opinion; i Steady pretectien. 0. the Brieitib farmer, - , -So• be (Mr. Giant) was entitted toconclude, • t" likely . • .if • • i ii r''' •• trade obsertede thatif corn were as low in price as some :, the sum of fi ve pounds as• then price at which per- front what • had p ice was more to preva , wit . a age, Gentlemen to wish,the consequence thin With a restricted importation i• or the Only ra appeared , twouki i mission should be. given to ,import corn into these tied of, and tine, be ruinous not mill to agri culture , , culture, but tftmenlific- !kingdoms. . A greater proof die polieynithis mem • upon , that those tionel. hope of rev a local aiicenteirienee wad by halting recourse to a Wider Surface of the wprla. tures, because the • emend for the latter must be' to -sore could not be pointed out than this , that from :acre the Recessr much reduced: ' • • The argument, that Pediment must contiiitte tole . ' the year 1700 to thee year *745, when tree export:of : site systems whit.t ests : Sir HENRY PARNELL rest gistate on the subject, because it had already , .and is a speech , corn was encouraged, and the importation of it was •Bytbenne.of those of . some lesigtb, vindicated the Report' of the. Com- I discouraged, : the system was found ineffeptual to ',entley. the other Wed so much, was absurd. WhiKetra the object of all the legislative - provisions that hid • ftom time to • Miitee, front,the insecuraciee ..charged upon it by a , keep clew,n the prices. It was not till after the year away, and the Right lion. Gentleman in his speech or pamphlet, 11/65, when a change o f system was adopted, that proportionate degra , tinie been made? To remedy the evils occasioned by for he knew net by Whicliname to characterise it.- ; fhb operation of the lasi failed , and no better rea. were inexplicable previOus legislative provisions on the same subjact. What had been the object of the Act of 1683 ? To The Right Hon. Gentleman himself, in undertaking 'son than this coitild•be adduced why he should new tidered the effect destroy two obnoxious preceding Acts. What had to expose what be considered as the errors of that ' return to the old system. To fie en Importation . our manufacturer been the objects of the 51 Acts that had since passed ? Report, bed Masai( fallen into a variety of mm- ' price would have this good effect, that it would hold : ottr agriculture 0 going ' , Did not each of them in. succession proclaim _the takes. - At the very outset, he charged him (Sir. H. out to the fume"; ,that,• up to that price . he should' cooed Duly b e accoun t e d on this prtncipre, mat ,failure end imperfectionof its predecessor ? lie intuit Parnell) with being the only. oue•who had.suggested . have his own market, free from the interference of loyal adviuitages were not held out to baths lie ' oppose the Resolution. ..- -.- the first Resolution; but what had occurred since : hare growers, which would operate as in induce- .person could bee more sincere . frieed then be (M r. I t tits me he Mr. WELLESLEY LONG supported .the pro.; utterly 'disproved that assertion. In fact there were ' mehtao him to embark his capital' in agricultural • G rt. Grate) Wa° a free trade ; bat ' a e same ti' • • . position made by lilts Right Hon. Friend, convinced set many things in the pamphlet which the Right Hon. ' pursuits. When corn began to be scanty fit i man- i thought that a free trade should be 'e :tended equally 'he was that the' agriculture of the country was Gentlethan had not attired in his speech. In , com- My, that was no reason why we shoold haMediatel to all the objects y 1 of industry. To the graduatedbrought to ouch a state o pet ec on as would, hf f ti at paring the Eton priest of wheat a wrong principle ay to a foreign supply ; on the eontrary, we should •sitaleoptoposed by the lion. Gentleituri (Mr. Huss had been assumed in the pamphlet. The Eton Mar- . try what economy would do before we had recourse i kiason), he (Mi. Grant)ahadleast, easily enable us to supply our own consumption i estrong objection, be- ; o f ra w. kit was supplied with the lint wheat, and in redo- ito foreign aid. Nothing was ectinjorittie to a coml • ! cause it did not fix any precise role, nor point out to I Mr. ROSE contended, in opposition to the ergo. • cing the Eton measure to the Statute measure, it was ',try as the unsteady prices of corn; saitherefore it I the farmer any distinct point to which he could look , meats of an Honourable Gentleman opposite, that -necessary to deduct two-ninths, instead of which the was better to fix the importation price it once, at a I for OW Vegetation of-his conduct. It was a great 1 the high price of bread was of material impt.rtattai •Right Hoe. Gentleman had deducted only one-ninth. - sees which was likely to 'protect the native grower, terror to suppose that the value -of la nd was railed try to the labourer ' end that either that he r most se iota.: .Iwanothet,part of the pamphlet it was said that the I - without producing & necessity for (coquet alterations lan increase in the price of, corn. It was by raised . ly suffer 9 or that it most be made up to him by aft Committee had very superficially examined the vari- of the law. F r om the y ear 1765 down to 1770 there the increase of the pro fi t of the farmer / and that de- • Increase of wages. Adverting to former emits.• ous statutes connected with the Cern Trade, having ', were do less than 14 Cern Acts passed ; from 1770 to pended not on the increase of the price of corn , bit Is h e showed . that at had uniformly proved in. mentioned only seven ; if the Right Hon. Gentle. 1780 there were eight Acts more ; from 1780 to on the increase of the demand for ' t. It was ii el el . " ' ) jurious to fix the price of corn by Parliamentary man had'read the Report a little more attentively, 41'60 there were seven Acts on the same subject; manufactures. fie muslin gown worn at present, !enactment. In 1791 it had been raised 64. a quer however, fie Would find that fourteen were mentions 'from 1790 to 1800 there were eleven more Acts ; frem-its cheapness, by a wompus.of the inferior classes 1 • t ' ter ; in 1804 it had been raised les. The rise now tel. All the Acts, indeed, that had any present re-' and from 1800 to 1810 there were thirteen Corn was one which a lad , y of rank, in the deys Of our 1 i proposed was 409. a quarter •, and he would venture • lotion to the subject were examiued by the Committee. ' Acts, being 53' Acts on the subject of Corn passed grandmothers, could scarcely Give ,afforded to Pie. :I assert, that if the Committee adopted the Hese- It was stated by the Committee that this had been in the space of 43 years. In corroboration of his chase. Yet, was the musliti marinfatturer of the I ° • an importing country since 1764; but the Right . position, the Right Honourable Gentleman alluded present day poorer than the mdslin manufacturer of • •' • • • . l lution 106 s. a quarter would very shortly be the minimum. Hoe:Gentleman affirmed, that the statement was :to the situation of agriculture in Ireland previous to former days? No. Because, although the price of • Mr. HUSK ISSON argued at considerable length, contrary to the fact, inferring, of course, that it 'the year 1782, when Mr. Grattan had succeeded in his manufacture had so considerably diminished, Ito prove that it would net be easy to make this aa had been en exporting country daring that period. :iptocu'rieg a change in •her system. England then yet the demand for it had more than propor-1 exporting country by reverting to the system of our But he could not disprove the Report. I sent Corn to Ireland on a bounty, and Ireland had tionably increased. His profits flee those of 1 , ancestors. Tile increased population of the country Sir M. WOOD here rose to order, and observed, I not the power of exportation. Is three years after the farmers, depended on the quatltity which he I had , he believed, compelled our agriculturists to that if the Hon. Baronet went en attacking the : the alteration was introduced, she was able to pro- could produce, and that again depended on the 1 cultivate land that our ancestors Would halal rejected. pamphlet, they would have an hour's reply from the : vide for her own wants, and soon afterwards to ex- capital which he was able to employ.-It was 'lt had been truly said by a Right Hon. Gentleman; Right Won.. Gentleman in defence of it. -[Alough.] port to England to the amount of 3,000,0001. In- another error to say that the price of labour that the protecting price would not be the prise a t -_Besides; it was taking the House unfairly, as man y . deed there was no saying to what extent her export I depended on the price of corn. America, and whi c h adesulnirs had corns down expecting the Amendment ; trade might be carried under proper encouragement. the Netherlands, as contrasted with Holland 1 • corn would be sold in the home market. ,Fa- I • penence and the evidence of the existing prove,d of an Hon. Member to be proposed. 1 What he should now propose would not have the afforded sufficient refutations of this assertion.-' •pr ice which impo rtationcase, this. if last year the at Sir' H. PARNELL continued, by observing, that' effect of exciting any great extension of agricultural ' The price of labour, like the price of every I was to .be prohibited had been fixed at - 955. could it the statements of the Right Hon. Gentleman w e re pu rsuits, but would onl y have the effect of p g , re- thin else depended on the demand for it. In times i be seriously thought by any one- that corn would be absolutely. erroneous, and that he had failed, in ! venting a retrograde motion. lie c o n cluded b y p ro- of scarcit y labour was cheaper than the average price ' I 1 new selling at 955.? Was not the present p rice the every instance, in fixing any inaccuracy up on the i posing an A m e n dment to this effect:-That it was and in time' of plenty dearer. Because, in times of : consequence of our own abundant supply? Ile by no labours or the Committee, anfi r contended that no ' expediefit that the several duties in existence should scarcity the labourer was compelled to work more, 1 means wished that corn should be dear. lie wished Committee had ever taken more pains to reduce a , cease, and that importation should be prohibited and in times of plenty he was induced to work less / ••• i lt to be cheap, provided that cheapne ss was the re. welt:digested aed•correct Report. : whenever the p rices should be under 100 s. per quer- I than his average allowance. If tae Committee would : salt of the capital and the industry of this country. Mr. ROSE' said, he was sorry that the objeceons . ter of wheat ; 665. per quarter of barley anderye ; refer to the enquiry made by the House of Lords le ;el Lae disclaimed. haviiivsaid that 873. ought to be the of the Hon. Baronet hid not been brought forward 50s. per quarter of big or bear ; and 335. 6d. of ! 1912, into the existing distresses of the manufactur- 1 . • i / lowesi price. Angkjie preferred a graduated scale to earlier, as he unfortunately labourOd under such a . oats, except corn coming from our American Colo- ing districts, they would find it established by eve. a • fixed hi ,. • • I , wouldafford f •*l' • pre eitiono. it severe cold that he aenbted whether he could render ; nies, S.:.c. • uence, that those ' distresses arose, not from' the price :for keeping down the price if it should become too high. timielf audible to the lipase. • With regard to what' The ciIANcELLon of the EXCHEQUERIof corn, but from the want of employment. He . Nothing could he more simple•or intelligible the. the had beer, slated by the Non. Baronet, he had not ell, . was of opinion, that it might be better that the far- I was anxious to satisfy the Committee that the ques. ! application.oeshis scale. Th e f ore i gn i m p or t e r w o uld • tisfied him (Me. Rose) that he' had fatten into a singfe I ther consideration of this part of the subject should • tion before them had nothing to do with the meet , - ! 1 . . know that every shilling that corn rose fell would mistake. He' was still of opinion, that such a Re. !be postponed till next Session. At all events, 'if ' meats of the peoele, even if the . effect of the re 1 operate to the extent of two shillings on his impertatione port had never been presented to Parliament upon i either the graduated scale or the Amendoema were letlple wernto rise the avenge price of corn, which ,ik. much more complicated scale was applied to the so grave and important a subject. At to the state- ; now to he adopted, he thought it should be only fee he Ws. iatisfied it would not lte.° - There were two Importation of sugar,_ bat" no difficulty arose from• merit in the Pemplet, that the first Restkution be- I a time to he limited. The graduated scale, in his great objects which the Legislature ought to have in I that circumstaete. Nor would there be any difil longed wholly to the Hon. Baronet,. the only mH- opinion, was the preferable mode by which a sudden I contemplation on this subject ; the first to keep' culty in the apt:Mention of the graduated scale to take he had conintitted in that was, that he had not transition from prohibition to a free importation. could ; corn at as steady a price as possible ; the second, to , Ireland ; although as it was not likely that there been gifted with the power Of . prophecy ; for' when !be resorted. lie doubted, however, if any thing !supply some fund for occasional de fi ciencies. Ile I would be much importation in that country, a lower the assertice. a :Is made; no o t her person, except the; could ultimately be more effectual on this subject than was firmly persuaded that this country could depend I average tnigfit perhaps be taken for it. lie perfectly ' Ilion. Baronet. had addrevied the House upon .theli t free export would be. . on itself for its supply, and it oughtto do so. What ' coincided iti suggestion proposition ' With regard to die Eton tables, if the ' Mr. J. P. GRANT thought that no proposition I hazard could result from making it do so ? A free! Friend (the Chancellor of the Exchequer), to leave • Hon. Brirouet had readhls speech. he would have aieuld be more plain than this, that the commercial, exportation. had been already enacted. If to this 1 the subject open to revision at no very distant period, found the reason stated; shy-he (Mr. Ruse) had egeroltural, and manufacturing interests of the coon- were added such a demand in the home market as : impossible as it was to foresee the various circum detleeted Dilly one-ninth racked of two. lie had try were inseparable; end that all of them, as fates would induce the farmer tot ultivate more industri- ! stances and changes which might occur, operative ' applied to the Registrar 6Y -non College, end had the object could be accomplished, ought to be t , ously, in the hope of a fair rofit, that desirable ob- : upon it. By the present provision, however, the received from him a certificate, which, if he had an- lon an equal footing. The Right Hon. Gentleman ! ject would be attained. Although he was disposed ensuing alarm would be allayed-not among the licipated the eleections that - were .. made, he could 1 (the Chancellor of the Exchequer) treated this clues- ,to go further than the proposed Resolution-al. , landholders, for he was persuaded that they had no have brought in his pocket, from which it appeared i tion as•if it were one on which the House and the ! though he would willingly return to those laws, ! rreed _ y or grasping espectatiens-but among the that the wheat suppld at the Eton market was not I country bad no experience. He seemed to regard it : from the period of the abrindonment of uhich the de- " occupiers Of land, who had a claim on the justice of the best wheat, .but what was called the mid- as if we wore in a new situation, OOP in which we cay of the country had commenced, end give a - Parliament to protect their interests from deteriora dling wheat ; and therefore, the second ninth • were called on to legislate .pn a speculative ground; bounty on the exportation of corn-yet even the t ion. ;le hoped, therefore, that the Committee would ought not to he deducted in re ducing the Eton to the . and as if the present was entirely a new case. He' adoption of this limited measure, he was convinced, , adopt the graduated scale, as it would do enough, and statute measure. Ile 'should not trouble the House i (Mr. Grant) entertained great respect for the opi- I would redder us nn exporting country, without he- : not do more than was necessary. . . . . with replyine minutely to what had been advanced by . nions and authorities of 'his 800. Friends on the ing which, we could never sufficiently guard against , Mr. D. GII)DY approved of the proposition of the lion. Baronet, but content himself with meting / other side, apt still he mustbe excused for saying, a recurrence of the evils which we had endured, from I his Right Hon. Fliend (Mr. Foster), in preference his firm conviction, that in every thing which he had that he felt lunch more attached te, the evade Y e of , the onot•rions variations that had or late years r oc- to the graduated scale; but thought 51. too high a brought forward in his speech, be was borne out by : experience : Ind, if he found theta system had been : curred in the price of grain. On lel these grounds, , price to fix. if he were called Upon to name a sum facts. tatted on with success for half a century - when that :he shOuld give his most cordial support to the pro- .he should say 84s. . The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER 1 sotem was departed from, that contrary effects. were , positiller of the Right lion. Gentleman. said a few words, which were utterly inaudible, ' i produc.ed-when he saw the former system again I Mr. FRANK LAND LEWIS expressed his corn I Mr. FOSTER expresse d his readiness, provided • th principle of his proposition were acceded to by ' • rfter which the House resolved itself into a Com- I acted on, and again the same consequences produced • splete and u n shak e n conviction, that if the subject the _ , uommotee, to fill up the blank with 84s. or with ,t-ibether these effects necesearily . followed from the ;were left to itself, the . country stoup be placed ex an other 'sum that in their judgment would be ex linitUt Upon the second Resolution being read , 1 systems Or not, he 'could not resist the eoneiction i tirely out of danger with respeat to it. It was strange . peal )? ent . with their leave he would withdraw his Itir. FOSTER rose and said he should state, as : that there must hi a connection between these oppo. ! that, although it was generally admitted s In theory, itesblation - fi t 'the purpose of niakiug that altertt shortly as possible, his vie* of the question in refe- I site systems and their effects. He could not help : that ill legislative interference iii matters of food ..,_,_ In It . . . rnce to the Amendment which he intended to pro- ' laying, when he saw one system produce happy : and commerce was pernicious, yet thla maths seemed twn The CHANCELLOR. of the EXCHEQUER, 'pose. The uniform policy panned by the Corn l effects, and another system produce consequences , invariably t . o be laid asade, as ., somethiog too good for • observed; that ' his Honourable Friend need tint do Laws had been to increase. the tteatitity of corn . exactly the contrary, that he must regard this as . practice. fhe Committee ought to follow the ex- ~ , that until the Committee had determined whether or • i increasing the home growth,and shutting out ' something more than the mere effect of chance. . Ile ample of Mr.who did all he could to set the not 'to adopt stye graduated 'scale proposed by his by n - ed d hal thinking that Gen tlemen were bound ' trade of the country free from restrictions, and that the importation of it, till Coro had reach a con] not p . • i lion. Friend. That was the question upon which very high price in the home market. This was done to show him, io such . a state o f 'thing s , that therelvith a view not only to relieve out own commercm they were now called upon to decide, and for one to protect the agriculturist, and with this view the were other reasons which might havemeeduced, and ; eysteirh but to introhece . the same liberal epirit into .• • • t he should pronetince an unequivocal aiiirmative. •To judge of the force 'the comMercial system of niter nations. One real duties isuposed were tantarr mint to a complete pro- . bad predeeed, those effector _Lord 1411...LTQN agreed with the Right lion. Gent. h • f ' (I' f tit' . 1' I t d l' was-to secure hibition of importation. The wisdom OT thosethis observation, he should take t e aversges o ten ency , oisen rg i e . ne pp icy . e r. Foster ) in is objectionto i a i • o osit (M • li . a g aide ted (. %Odle - they were left in full operat ion, was sufficient- , certain comic: rable periods at the different times : the blessings of peace, as it was well known in us- . PP ly apparent. • From 1570 to 1765, t his country had twos alluded to, and should see what effect the ' tory that nothing hod more effectually fomented war scale. Mr. CANNING thought the graduated scale was ;applied itself with all the corn it consented, and had . contra sctory sys e d t nis had at tho u various titan those petty jealoustes and quarrels Which hail . s the least objectionable measure, as doing least, for produced on the price of grain. We had risen from the commer ci a l regulationt of different . besides exported large quantities. During the whole+ no periods, fneri r t tbe ear 1805 Sta •lllberl I 1 • lt ld h• he bad considerable doubts whether ft was necessary , tete n ess t ag co tura Interest sou sow of that period( there were only two years in which , returns of the price- og In I) . 0 • y to do any thing but what had been dope, the imports , and when the first return of the price of grain was made, a sound reason for departing from this principle. or preper th ~ the exports bed not exceeded , allows the free exportation of groin. dencourage- He should state it without making any deduction.- o ught 4te contended they had not hitherto done), it nearly, e . . therefore, the effect of that regulatioe an ut RS he did not thiakproper to erect his judgment eof the first eleven years was 21. Is. 6d. to be tenaciouely adhered to. As it was, it B . . suenty. which it was the object : of the law to produce, The ming , 6is against the Committee," he should agree to theme the average pekoe was was - proved by an official document, that at the pre was to mare this country front the necessity of de-' From the year 120 to 1 21 2s. 3d. 3.sths. During the Belt 10 yeas the sent motes* vein could not be imported from the scale not precluding .hintself, on any future dilated , . ~, pending on foreign supply. From 1765, however, • stage, from examining it, if he should thee think price was 21. 10s. sd. being one-sixth 'there; Baltic at price than 78s. ; and thief without matters were changed. The Jews first began to fail average in their operation in 1757,, end the Legislature then a l ad duringfollowing •10 yeats, the avenge lace udint tie root of the merchant. With that ad- proper. He hoped, however, that tio legislative mea sure would be adopted or any resolution which was • 2,1 17a. 3d. being about ona.aassetth awe ; dition, @min so imported' could not be sold in the . .• found it necessary to interfere from year to e year, price was . _. of the system, pursued In, With market under 84 or- 85 shillings. Did not d without due time being not eiranimously ado . fed , a . a whence he inferred that oar duty now was to bring or during the operatioat • sof Queen Elizabeth and Kittle James, a this fact afford an a . bsotate proof that the ,agricul , . , lg. allowed to make it known to the ;wintry. What. the law badk to its original principle, so as to secure the reign ever measure seas adopted, he hoped would be merely 60. Then the systeet was **retied, ral interest was hi no . • danger ) Had not the termer • the lame enCouragement to farmers, and the same ' rise of about 1 temporary. • . .44:.. , and ogreat rise took p geed 'results to the conntre. This was specifically _ lace in the 'price of grain ; all the protection by it which he could hepa or ; 70Cr h' Id le gain sdesite rAs to 'the Magi iiiipertetions which of 1 • Mr. V ut about the year 1 te o system as a ARfssid, he Intended toptopote, thesiobject-wrhie*Amendment. The power of money• b a , of•tharpeitid ever the necessaries of life, comps red restored and between that period' and the year late yaerchatrestaeriotm pealed' taken place, he wag: that wliateretranmantettWas adopted shoeldebe teattia ,f fa ll of more than one-fourtis took I be- permaeled that •agricoltural interest. had matertairary, No shois . mat .ititempt to carry - - goy . v ace fah that of the present day, was in the proportion 1765, a a. average which ha, .eakstadi hafortthie old ,ai t iz VaieOtedhl them, for. by sustainingieh was not inane. the enor- measereleac)tlp into a laW ith • • ter - . -ffialielrtn4l. qs. 40. which with the duty of low the :?. _ . .. . again called in o p rat . frdi lo thins ' Its growth a oti tatmelectures and po p ulation , moesty ren t ed. , • i I at. 4s. 411. would rieske the sum at present amount system was a . „ _ _ . ~. _IA, 0 yak iid Ind ifeatbaktiblid Vail :ed to 81. Bs. 8:d; Hp did nut intend ) hulterer, to nothlthstauding the lopbe at: 1 '' li the -~ P ~ I '1 • passim] before, during the pe- llCf those systems had been 'acted e effects to .which he hid ignited my 611'44 - nieces of thhie oppo- eh had at different periods .revaged. tale systems Our wawa ' revised, ir our elopoepi,„ ety done importatiosr,.. ; , a 'imam& ie a agree. ations in this respect e in aniither werthan as being con. is of gas change of system. Why shoidd litereise and prosper while *as stgrig baikw'sikli, or iiice-ibeivis, • • 1 • • • • • A . - • • . . • • r. 'So thet, niOas . siowth of ott milingfiwtores ana .„- vt „. „. . 'mod f tittL• they tud eiedttOrtatrid kissi'ogirtOttlital sySttiti'to St r.VESTERN fipatioct his opprobatiod - of the •