The Statesman. — London, England, 1820-12-28 00:00:00

A a,k OkL (_9lAA,km. 4coutATl the , teman 10 r .. ~- - i . ~ 1 -• -• •; •• • : ., 4• 1 • . / • I 7 st`i 1 . 1 • ' _~, LONDON, THURSDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1820. .. .• • f IN ' I N°. 1903. VEDO' 4f. LECTOR RN FOR 1021. n it. if !I'f.F,AN wilt ennimence a Colinas nu Lae on the Diseases in:ideate' to hot climates, rAmIA4. And leen , To)ares. on TVPADAV. the 4d; sad on Epideade and Pestilewial Disease* on WEDWICADAY. the id VJANIVILVV. at Tide o'eloek, a... at his house. 13. Pancras- Heeklersbnry ; where. and at the Medical Booksellers, f .r -et part;ealars say be known . Shelter Courses will be deli, ereal in Fill•V ART. and ewer ereeneding month. 91111 E MONTHLY MAGAZINE, to he Published Mon.lav nest. at 24.. Will culitsin itorn• interesting En g-svitnrs and its Us;lst T3riety of original aibd Umiak Mstler. In publishing this annonneemeit, the Elitor scarcely need avail himself of the opportunity to pitt on their gsard that intelligeut portion of the Public.. to whom his labours have sissy% been attire-44rd. ncsiust tte exclusive assumptions or a certain work klestilly Magazin , . the distorted shadow of its original. which. after the manner of other piratical eva sions kr effect kindred party purposes, Is empirically forted on public notice. The Editor of the Monthly Magazine situate, however. that h, shall rnntinw to remain salmi wit► his readers by all tnr tie 4 which arise fr o m similarity and continency of public principle and superiority of literary interest ; and that en unworthy and crafty attempt to deceive the unwary by taking :Ova:thine of the title of an einahllsli eil work. will he defeated by theinatice and discernment of the Publlc.—Hrldge-s►reet, Dec. gr. lON. MUSICAL ADVICII GRATIS. co Hit! E, author of reerrAl well known Mils'. • tat Works. and elan the "Instruotor 6f several cele brated singers, (Madsen Vestris. Mies Love, and Mr.llow ar.!, of fiat number.) cirri's to the Public the result of ills SI veers' experienee, ant madertakes (gentle) to ascertain in 'steeliest instance, the genius and talent of such as stay favor him with P call. when hr sill, I.' deAred, glee his unb'assed orinidn as to the extent of the pupil's capability. Messrs. D. and 11. Conn Ir. engage to accomplish pupils in the different branches of Huaic, viz. Vocal. Ponofore, Harp, Thorough friss. and cum/m.lllam. fn a specified time, and on stipulated serum Full particular+ of which, and of his plan, may be ob tained fro.o Iw-on:illy. sr y Monday. Wednesday, or ftlturcay. between two and few. o'elock, at his house. IT. Peres-aireet, Bedford-square. where his Singers' Preeeptor say)* had. TO COUNTRY B ANKERS AND TRADESMEN. IMMEDIATE COMMAND OF CASH. /IL ANY COUNTRY BANKER , 4 - r TRADESMAN, in *net of Pet-lining serotemeciation. may limit to and amount wanted in rash upon any Bill or Huila that will bear minute inve , :igvion. with the greatest secrecy and dispatch, and upon honourable terms. Cash by way of Mortgage and Annuity, Apply Personally. or by Letter. post paid, to Mr. G.. the Sole Proprietor, No. 2, Dula-street, Adelphi, established In ESSENCE OF SHRIMPS. rOM the increasing demand of this mach sti mired Maven for all sorts of Fish. Ste. it has Mimed the Proprietor. HENRY POWELL. at his Wholesale Oil and Italian Wereh •nse. Ist. Niewgate-street, (where tie Trade airy be supplied with this sad all other Hearin* Ramos. Pickles. Le.) to return his most grateful acknowledgctents to the Prlliffc • fbeti(eir iind 'patronage. and at the tame time begs trove to acquaint them thnt it is sold by all the Ois and !trillium Warehomas in London. and by one or more respectable agents in every town throughout the United Kingdom. Observe. none is gentrlie unless signed " Divisor. and Hon," and the Proprietors' seal on the Cork. To Nterchants. Captains, and others. it Is particularly re commended ter snipping, as it is warranted Co keep is any 4th, . 75 -- . . . 9 ' sth, . 100 - . . . 14 se4 6th. . 123 - . . . 32 •i Ate. . Le. -- . . . Itc.--o -" The rate;" says Mr Alslthus, " aechrding two which the productions of the earth mar he supposed to iucrease, it will not he easy to determine. Of this,' . °wooer, we may be perfectly certain, that the ratio of their increase must be totally of a different n. t ire iron the ratio of the increase of population." 'I his passage is much more modest than that which we tooted at the beginning of this dissertation, a here lie ANGEL INN, says, that food increases iu an al ithinetical ratio, and Sr. Csestectr's, liestsso. GENF.R U. OFFICE. FOR TRAVELLING. Gist he consiiicied this proposition as proved the mo ment it leas enunciated ; but, as be proceeds, this mo- THE followiw MAILS and other COACIIES Testy vanishes, and he comes to an undoubting con go ;rim' the above Ins :- elusion that fmd can increase only in the series I, 2. Paris Roy at Mail, rig Dover Tuesday and Friday Nights. it twelve. 3,4, 5,6, 7, N, 9, Lc. (an arithmetical pro,zressioa whose ratio it, iout,‘, and that the period between the Portsmouth and Gosport Mall. throngh Goilidming% Pe tersdvid, sail Porhies e every Evening at a quarter past 7. terms , or tine of increase, is also 25 years. and Stiadsy at half pa kt A . • On Its arrival a packet sails to I N" If the quantity of the food of 111401 he increased, it the Woof Wight. to convey passengers snot parcels; and a . . . increase sill , Mail Coach sets off to Chichester, through Dray tan, Meant • is norwas that the increase win not he by starts every limsabrth,&c. 25 yeas: but that it will be increased through many Mout-ester and Milford Mnll, through Henley. Oxford. intervening times; and, consequently, even entitling and Cheltenham. every Evesing a quarter pa,' 7, soil Sun- that such quantities as 1, 2, 3,4, Le. were extracted inky at .calf-past O. from the flow of increase, at certain periods, the arith- Doter end Centerbiwy Mail, through Graves's& thee snett•eal progression thus exhibited would he a picked ham, sail Petersham, every evening at a quarter past 7, and Sunday at half past ti. From Canterbury, passengers and par art of numbers, (al we stated respecting population) eels are conveyed to Deal, Marmite, Remotest*, Sandwich, and might have been any other series r a th e r ti me that &e.t and from Doter. parcels are conveyed to Folkstone, which Mr. Alalthus lies chosen, for aught that expo %andante, 11) the. limehurch. Romney, and Lythl. rience has told him on the subject. The successive NORTHERN COACHES. terms of all increasing series whatever present nothing Csslisle. Peoria'. and Machines, Po4t e isi T it y ssea fr" e.reg m ng lrh t lint additions. The mathematician forms series at his Outwit Pear Horses and a all the way. own pleasure, where the additions are regulated by /trough. A ppl, hy. Oreiahridge, Richmond. Catteriek, Ro rbuglatridge, Weaserby, Alterford, Doncaster, sod Gran- certain laws. It is not so with those of Nature. Who . t am (the ilearelt any by IS utiles), sets nut every mooting. ther her aeries alternately progress and retrograde ; aid performs the journey with the greatest facility. Passer- . wnelner tney circu late, or decrease, or flow in straight ems dett.ined on the roast by bushes's or pleas-ire, boy. the ',miller ad: sewage of their seats being secured in the next. and . eternal lines, Is beyond the pen of the philosopher. Littieliampton. Arundel. and Petworth Coach, Tuesday, Ile snatches at intervals, a few links in the home'. •o'hersdity, and Saturday Mornings, at a quarter before 1 , eargable and ever-inuring chain of the universe; and geoid Sunda ) . dividing these links into such portions as are per- Kendal, Lsnraster, Preston, Kirby, Lansdale. Bolton, ceived by the glance of a moment, lie cries out in ex- Charley. Ortio.kirli. and Ousting, Post Coaches, every af ternoon at Fite o'clook. Cluerded. tacy, " I have found it!" This remark, however, is . general. It criers to the boundaries of human know- Chiehester, Rognor, and Petworth Post-coach , Monday Wednesday, and Friday Mornings, at a quarter before 7. ledge, and is applicable to a Newton as well as to a Dever and Canterbury LifiM Poet.eoenb• MoneleZ• Ter- Malthus a--Uwe business is with the latter. day, Thursday, Friday, and Sunday Mornings at i. " 'faking the series I, 2,3, d, &c. as that of the 0:;::altnIng and Guildford Teleereph Coach. thmeek Ash amed, Epsom, Leaalserhead, Ike. Tuesday, Thursday, and increase of human subsistence, or of any thing else, Swords/ Mornings, at 9. we utsy. by picking the terms, extract from it any Hodaimintr. and Guildford Telegraph roach. through progression ere chute: for instunee, in-1, 2,3, 4. Kingston. Dillon. Goblmon, and Ripley, oe Illonday, Wrll- 5,6, 7,8, 9, lb, 11, 12, 13, 11, 15, 16, &e. the e i ssdat.-. end Friday Mornings, at 9, and ever! , Sunday ,ti,-olag at 7 precisely, and retires to London Use same Ist. 2d, 4th. Bth, and 16th term., (urns the precise day. geometrical progression, which Mr. 51althus ha's rho oatorA Light Post-coach, through Henley, &e. every see to roprossot the increase of human !icings. The I I Alem progression,belt-past themselves then would have signified so- CARRIERS, To Twickenham. firentford. and Isleworh, every 'Mon- thing, had not 31r. Malthus assumed the principle. *ay, ti'etiresibsy, Friday, and Saturday. that an eyed period of time, 25 years, was to elapse KAMM and Co., Proprietors. between the produition of every sninequent tent' of ', "Mehl end Patisfes are safely and expeditiously con- either peng " aninn.,i. .z ina arranged :_... . loped from this Inn td every City, Tow., Village. and Populously ! , 4,,5 e 4, r. t 6. 32, 64, 128, 00.1 s Env ntoy lirm I n 'he Nonatot tag Coon**. vit. t-Iterits. he.* s, 4:soeuvral,l. Devoe, Daniel. Heals. Hereford, Gloucester. *wk . • , 1- 1 14 IN , a, 4,5, 6. 7, is, 8. ;Iviit. Oxford, Somerset. Surrey , Vanes, Wits. Worcester,,'/Ie keilltilllndllit he has deteonstrated that i:s 6 periods , '44llth /Vat "' ft " P ie " °Mb. II " er W loll ' " esir b " lir/11- 16f time bf 2s' y'ors each, the-population if, nsebeeked, "t i lt on 4 .. 4 .9 0 1)* of Franey : aid lo sU Pans of the North 2 oure s tli t okie " use , dm no portage , op itki n im cl a m aw n , would incriiiih to 56 times it: present nartiber, while. M. or beat nuns . bawever 'Mail the the food would be only 9 time • what it now is. Let ~ 1t ... aistoustO Or, if lost or date ; nor sa yus endeavour to view the gyggstas on which ;ire, MC 2S;d4 surugeri lugged*, of in rin M. tame, aided ettgallreer s as IMIla WY= toliftsse se- Um 011 is and l few. is 1"011"ibas ~,' , . %: . 11 : 0 , 1 , I, 11111 01A1PIPINN,4 .4. . ;..;t: I . .. ,as.oli 1 . ie.lJ i .; i ft" -, i. , -,- -et! •••• • - idamilli , .4, el i mate. " The Cause for salmis H.4.vpDEN GODtriirs ANSWER TO MALTRCS. [The reasoning of Mr. Malthus, as must have been understood from the article we inserted yesterday, pro• ' eectis spun the assumption of certain ratios of *tease in population and in the means of subsistence. In the work of Mr. biodwin. a dissertation has appeared from the pest of a a►adjutor, Mr. David Booth, which very successfully contends against the basis on which the boasted system of Malthus had been founded.) ON THE RATIOS OF INCREISE IN POPULATION. AND IN THE 311: %NS OF SUOSINTENCE. SECTION I. INTRODUCTORY 0111,11RRYATIO7tII. • - " It has been said," lays Mr. Malthus, "that 1 hat written a quarto vclunie tit prove, that population •• creases in a geometrical, and food 440.44„..ndthntelille ratio; bat Sitio ta.trott - tittlte true. 'The first of these propositions I considered as proved the moment the American iacrease was related, and the second pro pesition as soon as it was enunciated. The chief ob ject of my work iris to inquire, nhst effects those laws, which I considered as established in the first six pages, had produced, and were likely to produce, on society : • subject not very readily exhausted." This, it must be acknowledged, is meeting his ative:sary fairly in the open ti•ld. His means of defence are displayed be fore ne ; and we shall see if his first six pages" form an impenetr lb!, shield. Mr. Malthus, if he himself understood the subject, has taken it for granted that his comparison of twins would escape the notice of mathematicians. lie asserts that hunisti popniation, if allowed to espanil freely, srutild increase in a geometrical rati.s, in the order of 1,2, 4,8, 16, 32, C 4, 122, 256, &c. New it is obvious that this series can represent no con netted chain of the expansion of human life. The gnat City represented by 1 (the first .term in the series) does not at any moment become (the second term); but there are an indefinite number of terms of lifer era magnitudes to be interjected between these terms (auJ so hetweeu every two other sticcessive oars) to fill up the links of the chaia. This thru supposes time : woo therefori., the most metaphysical of all metapky sical beings, is an ingredient mixed op with the con-1 side.a.ion of the abstract numbers of the progression This time Mr. Malthus has specified to hr 25 years.-._' The series then which denotes tlae increase of human, beings in America, is this represented. " First term, or original propagators, I 211, . itt 25 years, . . . 2 . 5n -- . . . 4 in de Field, end SYDNEY died on the Searad!" ULTRA-LOYAL MISTING AT BANA'3TAOLB• . In pursuance of a Requisition, signed by several Clergymen, Half-pay Officers, and Members of the Corporation of Barnstaple, a Meeting was held in the liaildball there, on Friday last, for the purpose of send ing a loyal Address to the King :—'Thomas Cosner, Esq. Mayor, in the Chair. The independent and; thinking part of the town had previously determined to leave the requisitionists to run their own course, and cubsequently, no opposition was intended to be made to the progress of the feelivagly loyal.—An Ad dress full of complaints of the seditious press, the cant words of the enemies of liberty, was prepared by a re verend divine, and would, of iourse, have been carried unanimously, but accidentally and unconeerted, about hay' down other °enflames happened to come into th Flail, and Jeceph.Davie Bassett, Esq. of Water mouth, than whom there is no one more Conversant with theConstitn don, after remarking that it ill became the Corporation of Barnstaple, with the proceedings in Parliament hanging over their heads for gross bri bery and corrnption in returning Members to Parlia ment, to send up such an .':.!dress, proposed that ne Address should be presented, and moved the previous question. He was answered by Col. Cutrlitft, iu his usually violent language and vehement style ; and after a few more observations froth Captains, who would he Admirals, the question .vas put, upon the amendment of• Mr. Bassett, which was supported the Her. Charles Ilern, Clerk, Mr. 'fauslyu, the Conveyancer, and some others, but was, of course, lost, and the original Address was carried by the Di vines upon sraelepey—the Heroes of Talavera, Wa terloo, &e. upon hay:pay—ead the Members of the Corporation upon ell-pay. It is believed that this pe litho, will be signed by very few hot the parties pie sent, and, perhaps, some one or two others who are I wafted by every wind. In time* like these, th.st man dues but ill consult the true happiness of the King, who approaches him with the language of zumplinient. In times like their, the true friend of his King and country will boldly step forward aud sell him, what have keen the canoes of the preseat situation of the I country, and what is the remedy to be appiied. The voice of the Country cries aloud for a Reenlist in the Commons House of Parliament; and every well-wisher to his conotry most desire, that that reform slum' he effected by the constituted authorities. Durham and the Northern counties are taking the lead in petiti.tos .o this effect; and we trust, that we shall witness in the int.sbitants of this great and reslie,:table couuty,a noble instance of attaehment to the British Constitu tion and the liberties of Englishmen. A word to the gontleoseu upon half-pay—they are maintained from taxes paid ley the people; mod she tales so applied to the brave defenders of our country, are paid with. cheerfulness, and their application to this purpose me ter has excited toy this; but the most hearty approval. If they do nut fret themes-Ives quite safe is supporting the voice of the people, let them at east stay away from the public meetings, and not make themselves the tools of laity particular officer of rank, whose only object is to earub himself by the command of a regi ment or a Ileet. The economy which a reformed House of Commons would introduce into the finances, would add stability to the securities for half-pay and merited pensions.—(eitiretl). AGRICULFURR. -yr The following is a copy of the petition which has been sen; to the Agricultural AssociAtinna, and pro posed for their approbation and acceptance, by the Chairman of the Central Committee, (!rotes Webb Eay, To the Iltinonreble the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, in Parliament assembled. The lininhle Petition of the severaloecupiers of Lands in the county of whose names are hereunto subscribed, Su aw art —That in the last seasion of. Parliament on wards of 240 petitions, signed by upwards of 100,000 petitioners, occupying no less than four millions of acres of land, were presented to your House, set ting forth, "'That the soil of the United Kingdom w.:s competent and fully adequate to thu supply of its population, even if it were much more numerous than it is, with all the production of the soil of the United Kingdom, that is to say—with all corn, meal, flour, rye, oats, peas, beans, barley, bare or big', wool, Aar, hemp, hides, tallow, seeds, butter, cheese, poul try, vegetables of all kinds, natural to the taste, op iate and pears. 'llsotessolo petitions were with ail ho stility submitted to the consideration and wisdom's of peer Honorable House, that, as the soil of the United and its production are the prime source of tooter': indostry. an I of revenue, if this allegation be true, to admit any /., o , :u, :inns, s: ;1 oiler to those of unr we soil and cam ite, iota `hp arantry, duty fret, until the cultivici •tt of our won Mil should have eltended itself to its utmost liaakto t ; but that whether such allegations be correct is all parts or rot, it is unjust to the occupiers of soil In adroit such productions duty free. ioastuoch as rent admission loario.le disable the occupiers, of the asp from payment* their rent, tithes, taxes, and nape ; .bile it leaves them subject to all the poise and N. softies incurred by the omission to make good any of these payments." khat the seal several petitions were refe:red to a Iseldtt mmuntittee, to consider tha matter thereof, owl report their opinion thereno to the Hems; hut that it was afterwards soured and carried by a usejorliy. Thrift in an iostroctiou to the said comusatteet to Ivanhoe their inquiry to this mode of ascertaining, re mud calciaiating the overage rice oflonipin (melee maritisins trostricts, under the provishore at • 'i sr ewe War% anti to any, frauds that inn, be 4 at tiolteinnlof sine, elf the prosiskar et the That such referent!e and report it such -efiliteeditive44l4 reciaanl, aad is thy eta.% . %yrs." PRICE SZVEN PICNCR. mien and experience of your petitioners, can sever sheet the slightest alleviations of any of the grievances of which your petitioners complain ; as the *miasmal degradation of every 'peeler of peer demand the contintied and ascumulating iitagitaaios - for the demand of every description of labour, tir ri• cultural, commercial, and manufacturing, will timbale testify. Wherefore your petitioners most hatnhiir pray, that, as the agricaltuee of the United Kingdom is the fountain from which every source of industry receives its supplies, and by which every other branch of national iodnstry is principally encouraged, ma;n tained, and supported, it may be referred to a co ii mittee of your Honourable House, to examine, con trast, and report to the House, the several pr.,- tecting and prohibitory duties, by which, error ling to she Laws DOW in forst. the throe flireitt irsailme national industry and of revenue, Cis. Agriculture., Commerce, and Manufactures, are severally protected Or omitted to be protected ; that such alterations and amendments may be made in such laws •n.l regu lations, and snch additional duties imposed on the im port of all the prods lions of our own cull, as to the wisdom of your Honourable House may seem meet, for restoring that equilibrium to the whole, without which neither of the said branches of industry esti duly prosper. And your petitioners itill ever pray, &c. coLnsUmrs BIRTII-D.4 V. --....-- On Wednesday. the 29th tilt. the anniiersary our great national Poet, Goldsmith, was celebrated with great festivity, at Hallymahon, in the county of Longford, in the immediate vicinity of whit h the Port was born. in the house of his maternal granilfsther. the Hew. Oliver J0n..., Citrate of Forney, on the 29t4 of NOV. 1725. Upon this national occasion several letters were read. We select the following extracts From the Rev. T. Ileudcoek, Rector of Kilmakaa. near New Ross. I learn from a Provincial Print, that there is an is. tendon of reviving and perpetuating, by souse pubic monnuirnt, the memory of Oliver Goldsmith. I have always regretted that no such monument existed in the coantry, of whirl' that great poet teas the pride and orthituent. and, therefore, I beg you to enrol use as a zealous advocate for the measure. I wish you would now think of writing an authentic biography of the man. the history of whose birth and earlier years it so little known. I could supply you with much of the raw material, having been, more than thirty sears ago, employed by Dr. Cauipbell, author of the Phila. sophical Survey, to collect it upon the spot, where I found sonic pereous still liviag who had been the com p panions or acquaintance of hie boyhood—as as old l blacksmith, who had tanght hie the accoutplisbusest of throwing the sledge, of which he tins as vain as be was of his skill in music. His very old schoolmistress. Mrs. Dunbar, or lhanloy. or some such name, assured we she was the first person who had ever pat a bock into his hand. and gave use no great iinpressien of his rarly.abilitirs. Frew those,. and other such persons, I d r ew many small documents of him; but, from his sisters. Hudson and Johnson, sod his sister-in-law, Goldsmith, (the widow of the !ter. Henry Goldsmith. of Lissom.) I ha.: acquired larger outlines, until his departure from his family to Scotland, in a year or two after when they tort all knowledge of bits, until after having taken the trot of Ettrope on foot, he be came a public writer in Loudon. My sep,,rt to Dr. Campbell, through Cooper Walker, may be among the Doctor's papers. Ile ,lief before he elfertiviled his purpose, and I lost di.- .opy in die Reheliion, with all may other ps,ers, but I retais in memory, I believe, .the principal particulars. flow 'delighted wt.uld lbe in attending your wetting at liallyinalion, but the great distance preclitiles the possibility of it, and there, as in the neighbour,...g town of my nativity, I should sew appear almost a total stranger. Freon John flogs., of Animus. Esq. : Circuinstaareeleil we in the early part of my lifts • to the knowledge of part of Goldsmith's family. a to the acquaintance of his nephew, Mr. William Had son, whose beautiful elagy on the death of ',semi members of hi+ family, iorloiliug the Poet, bears the strongest marks of hereditary grains, (see The Owe tleausa's .41vosime for February. 1014, page In k ) and the last stanza of which I stake no doubt vlbvigs able to recoser. You any suppose L hermits Lotsreat• ed in every tbiag belongiug to the Poet. When I set tled on the spot, I attempted to replace some at the almost toegotten idertitics that delighted z oo tig years since. I rebuilt his " Three Jolly .. restored his " 'l' wel . e good Italie, and Rapid , id Goose ;" jacketed Ilia " Illavrthorp Twee," militi sot away by the devotitei of the literary pilgeissa Ader nwr mon to it I 1 oleo pleated his favoarite ,11111. Wore I.i.noy gatit--eta; spot which prorated to his eye the must artstaisis lumisosist 'nature ; aid, bed hei fa lsity attains Lod me to rftide in Ragland fee VW years, I eboold have Jose a great deal sorer gp gratify .orisif, oral to point out the localities ed the eliarmieg scene of 04 As. ikeertsd Village' Soma yours pot, a lietoosouut owed Newell, a Fej low of hisofifiriga College, ease over hare oa • lily nary ittet,eael stretched shoes ices** elieJsii se .4 the Pens, with great truth nod spirit. ()obis num sa, Illiglami he partial/41 an aditioe 14 GelilsatitiCa -Nom is Waterline, embellished by awe views" sad euriebed by eagles. Notes es u The Atoesied ri:- Joire. - prietieg the scenery ed legeirte have . bees sp pension 40salso Poets min.! whiletseeapetiag it. He . sweet le love willweed this up tgso4citias sahourig. dues lac Aerie penelie. &militants'''. la,, site aseraory A 1 thaitiseaith, Is the spurt of 4111K : asehrted 11/4m" owl mos wi 0101 figtoPt *l* Airlsgamh m kick Le iremiiimi 'MU' m opsh..gpabodimig 4.1/10 of ifs iettos i bet 31r. Nee *lelf 410 iIidIANA,OIOI4OI4II4O - Ilia wish. .: .avfir , . o:itsi lie xlist-ey• or • ~ ; . • 1 .1 1 . s•