The National Register. — London, England, 1816-10-14 00:00:00

re:lol.tr•ltit: at 'Trinity , the .cliolai ship', are nut vet y 1111101 %f•tih Cavil haring. What are the Attnientships at Chti.t Church worth ?—I Jo not kno•.v exactly those are the same as the other they are indeed made rather better ; ai I nider•t.uul Ihry are gnat worth about 501. or 631. a )car i lt.tving lit I) _ _ Are those stridentships given entirely to foundation boys —Yes, these but one town boys also eet sttplentshi:;. , iu rot - union with all other vomit,* no.n. hut these three, four, or live, are confi•:ed to the King's scholars ; the scholarships at . Trinity ar. worth very little indeed. llow are loss tit upoo the Copulation ? %bout thirty town boy• .putnally propose themselt es as candidat.'s from the fourth, filth, and shell forms: they contend with each other in Latin and Greek, particularly in era iiiiii atical speaking only Latin; two bays still cliallenee for five. In ors together in grammar question*. At the end of eight weeks of unstant challenge, the eight head of the number Sie chosen into college to fill the vacancies raised by the eight elected to tite universities; the other or those who pre sented themselves, but ended below those eight, are chosen arcortEng as any vacancies may or( nr in the yvar. The Dead master sits us umpire during these 60t weeks of eon test Then the forty foundation boys are elio:en, in the way you base Jost now described, ont of the towir boys .—Ves. Cin no boy b^ put upon the foundation without such election as con have described f—No, it is not possible, as I brilve. there no instance of any such thing ?—No, it is not pos sible. How are the foundation boys chosen for scholarships or otudent , !dps F.—At the end of their four years in college, the Dean of Christ Church, and the Master of the Trinity Col lege, CHOI bridgo, cleft these fourth-year boys at their pleasure and take the eight between them. And without any trial ?—Thete is au examination, but it is rather a matter of form. Arc there auv boys presented, or otherwise put upon the foundation at Westminster, than by examinatiodlP—No, it could not be. What are the Bishop's boys?—There are four boys ap pointed by the Dean ; they, as I hear, are called Bishop's boys, because the Dean had also been a Bishop ; they get their education. free, awl have a purple goyim given them annually. Are they boarded and lodged, as well as educated ? —No, they usually live in the neighbourhood, and board at home. Do they get any other advantage besides their education and gown ?-11 a Bishop's boy has gone through the school, be gets au exhibition at St. John's college, Cambridge, but I do notknow the amount ; I fancy 201. a sear, but I du not know exactly. Is the situation of King's scholars much sought after among the boys?—l'es.: iu consequence of its being obtained by an examination, and creditable, boys of distinction and all tanks are anxious for it. Has the mode or choosing King's sehnlarq been alµ•ays the manic believe always; it has certainly for SO or more years back, idiot a greater length of time. Me. JOHN HEN v Gait. called is, and examined. What are you ?—Receiver of the Dean and Chapter of N'ettrainster. What revenue belongs to the Westminster school ?—There is no particular part at our revenue applicable to the school or the charities mentioned by the Dean : but out of the gross rcrenee the expenees of these three st be paid : there are 12 poor almsmen mentioned, about 121 each, and 40 women, who receive weekly donations of bread, beet; and money, and then the 41) buys on the foundation. What is the RNpence of the school of 40 boys ?—lt varies according to the prioe of Articles ; but I should think li - tweets 11.601 n. and 1,2001. a !year, including all expences incident to those boys. Then do you understand that the King's scholars pay for their own education?—'dot to nay knowledge. Do yen pay the salary to the master?—Yes, besides what they 1114Ve vrivattly front the town boys, with which wr7 have suo concern. What i. the salary of the master ?-391. Gs. 15d. ; and lie haq no perquisites, to my knowledge. Ha. be A htruse ?—Yes. The second master has 151. and a bowie. The usliers?—We knew nothing of them ; we pay nothing to them. Arc those all the salaries yon pay on or-ount of the school % --Ycs : when I mentioned firm 10001. to 12001., that includes 'vcr% e►pence, as I slated before. Does it include the whole expel/re 'Air+ the Westminster school is of to the Dean and Chapter?—They hay.: the re_ .hairs of the two masters' houses, as they happen to become ate The R. WILLIAM P.P. called in, and my:tin d. Von ore !head waster of the Westminster school ?-4 am. IS the nominee of boys upon the foundation always full ? l - C6,4hielys at full as in a certain sense it can be : if there is any tlefivicacy. it is always bets eeu the times of admission ; If the Dean, or whoever is to admit is out of town, they must wait for their return, or scud a person fur the purpose. Have they sapper as well as dinner %—They have; and a breakfast is provided for them, but at an hour at which it is %el y incimtenient to take it, according to the Old regulations. Titirty•-twii of the boys are provided with gowns once a year, hat not with caps. When the Isovie to college, who are the electors?—lf the Master of trinity an.i the Dean of Christ Church agree upon the electioa, nothing further is said . but if they disagree upon the election of the boy it is then put to the vote el the %%hole 1404 of eketors. • Is Ow Dean of Christ Church limited in the number he takes i—No. _ . What are tke Bi4kops boys?—There was a Bishop Wil -1 Battik, Ilisbor of Lincoln, who left .oniv small estate. I du not know %%hat the proper description of it is, but some thin; io land-, to faittiel 411 e,t4blrilllllent Of four hOy., : their ftlitittittit is found theta grataitomly,and they have a purple gotten ; there is n 41114!! autmoi allowance, I think it is be tween rA:V4 it pounds; but as it is such a /title, we du not ray it them while they are at bekuol, WO( t it arcatuttlate till the titow art ives wh, a tiley may be admi:tcll tots :it. John's Ci.llege t Canthridge, and we Hien Kay them only that ae • comitla don, Initsometliing .111ure, making it atiwitut to about :M. yrill fair follf In whose aotinstatiou are the Bigter's boys? --la the Dean and the head master. [Wax: rwax us la footpuite tin t.atr out. thar Report on al. P.:111J S: • THE NATIONAL REGISTTII. STATE OF THE CHILDREN EMPLOYED IN MANUFACTORIES. • [EVIDENCE TAk EN BEFORE. A RELEcT COMMITTER OF TILE lIUCSC 01 COMSIONA AcTl.lllO COOPER, VokrAird in and exanthird. Vali are be proft.tviati a noirgeon?--Yea. Yon have Lad very great experience in your profession ? Ye.. 1t what a ve trie!t• henith. Irc athaiitt 41,,.:c labour (Jr thirteen hour:4 pen' thy think nl nn etr, , . . . . . . ,„. What is the length of the day that van won't' recommend? —UIIOO 0 sabjccl of this kind one tme-t ssuzsv- Or upon general principles. As it has been already stated, for the preserva• Lion of health, three things are certainly nee:votary—air. exer cise, au.l ..... trishment ;and I conceive that if a child has not a due prupoi lion or exercise, if it is confiaell for a grtAt num ber of Mona in air of a certain tempi.' attire. and if it ban not a propel proportion anon; ishmeut, it cannot list in health. yon not think that the labour many child ell in manu factories undo •go, is of ilsrlf sufficieut exere.se to answer the purposes of health?—Not if it is in a evatimA situation. Do you think that children of firm se sto to ten years of age eau be employed more than ten houri per day, without huttry to their health ?, I think awl. Wls it do you consider to be the effect upon the develop meut and growth of the bodies of Itildt en tuna six to tell yews of age, if so many hours contioemeot urc imposed !woo them?--The result of coutinement, commonly, is nut only to stunt the growth, hut to produce deformity t and to that point I can answer from a good deal of c•perienee, that AP mit y is a common consequence of esoviderable confinement. What would you consider to be that effect upon the mental faculties of children so young, when, in additi o n to the farts already stated, the attention is convtantly fixed and employed upon one set of objects for days, months, anti years thing essential, I should think, with respect to mind. What is your opinion as to the effect of continuing children of from six to seven yearsof age in mantiftictories, with all the circumstances attendant, where they work, chiefly s;anding, from foorteen to fit teen and si,,teen hours a det . —Mut it antral rery injurious to the general /wells. Havel - oil had any °ppm (unities of witnessing the state of health of children employed in Manufactories has c not, excepting as a visitor in some of the large towns in the nosh. I have occasionally looked into a manufactory, but I have no experience respecting it. • Have you observed, in the eonnlenance of any such chil dren, any appearance of want of health'—lt is now too long since I ha i an oppottunity of visiting a manufactory fur me to speak decidedly about it. Have YOU, in yoor intercourse with other practioners, ever heard of any detriment, in point of health, being sustained by children employed in manufactories, or any diseases aris ing therefrom ?—I cannot say positively that I eau apply au answer to that question. I understand the yiestion toil I have not had sufficient experience of children being aolight directly froin manufactories to state positively that the dis ease was the result of that eon 'nynient. Which do you think the most , cejudieial to children, an oc cupation which make+ the eltildreo always in motion, or the occupations which ar•• sedautars • --That depends on the time that they are employed i,jr,,goriployed for a short time, it would he best they should he saiTs.,/trelse; but if for a great her of hours, it would be_netker bctler for them that they should not be in motion. Has the state of health cf the tailors in London come under your obsery ition ?—Certainly our hospital patients arc uf all description, anal among others of those. Has it come nutlet s our ob , ervatiutt that they are uncom monly unhealthy ?-10 ai question of this description I can only answer thus, that unitornth• i have observed, that if dill dren tire much confined, their health is never strong ; a per son who is full-grown certainly saltless trout a sedentary mode oilier as well as a child. Von conceive, that the manufacture of sugar of lead is un healthy ?—Certainly. Perhaps more so than most other employments think more so than any, except where arseLic is one of the subjects of manufaetitre, as In making sonic colour. Do you know of any law to restrain children from going to such manufaetories?—Ves,l think there is a Irw. If, in a factory where the 111111111tV of persons employed in 1813 was 879, the deaths were only two ; and in the same far tory in 1812, the number being 891. there were only two deaths among them ; and in 1811, the number being b 73, there were only three deaths among them, would you not con ceive that such a proportion of deaths fur three years toge ther were pretty good evidence of the healthiness of that ma nufactory r—lt is anextrao•dinary small proportion of deaths. Then that would lead you to suppose that that employment, whatever it was, would be healthy ?—Certaduly 1 should say that those children have not suffered from the employment. Then such facts, in your judgment, would be decisive against any general reasoning upon the sobjeet ?—I can only answer as I previously did, that I think the proporlion of deaths is very small, arid to me extraordinary. Suppose a factory should be so free from mortality for a few years with the employment already stated, may not the constitution of the children be injured by that confinement, though death has not enstred?—Yes; I conceive that diseases may be founded in children by that employment, whirls may not show themselves iii so rapid a manner as to cause disso lution for a year o• two, and yet which have their origin in that employment. But would not that be shown by the average number of people in the works, it being supposed that the same people are empioNed in the works dues not follow that a child may not be able to work, and yot have a considerable degree of sicknexi about it. Would not that be a good evidence of the healthiness of the employ fur a aeries of yeetrti?—For a set ies of years; but they way go on for three or four years, and yet have the foundation of a sickness to de,troy their live.. nut would out that he es in Ute course of ten years —Certuiuly. CHIRIRTOPIiER PEMBEICTOK, }'on ace, by profesAion, 4 1111 , sician?--1 am. 11 ; o: 'our dttention been directed to children, in the course Of ytior ; but of course they lkoe taktri a %hare with At %vital age may children, withmrt endatigeri ng their health, hr• admitted into clove t Nlnu to be regAtlarly employed fi um dtii vocit hour. :atil.?—My opinion collieliles with the upi. Moo, olicatly given to thr Committee, ilia ett no age atm aLrn'J t, ruipropal Liidera kilos in its.. twenty-I.ov. What do %nu consiiler to 4w the proper time fur the em plu!tt..3l.l. u:Plor ten curb of ttge, without cut Lia. ocTonr,it 14. get ing their health ?--• Ul4::‘ 1* ten yew's I shou'd Mini: nine hnurs in the day What is your opi:iion of the employment of children twirler eight years of age r-1 shoittil think under eight, fire or xix hours it dim It hat an consider to he the effect upon the develop mesa , 64 . 4 4 41r , m it i of the bodies of children y ea " "I a ,e, if employed from t wel se to timrieeti hours a .day?- -I think vet wilily would injure the grow th and the health of child/NI of that age to he employed fourteen hours out of the twelity-foor. What would you consider tri he the efrevt mom the men'al far niti: el eldi.11:11 motz. when, in addition to the f ac t s alr, ady state!, the attentiwi is constantly fixed upon yo u D b. jert, for days, numth*, and yesirs?—l eannot think that it would hese any effect in hurtintt the energy ofthe mind. Are y on aware, Irmo sour own observation on the Nimbi ion of society in (lii. itrat the poor with bundles base not the option of working co many lions it day as may he most cons enicut null most eonduc;tr to health ; tint (lies are ellen obliged to work notch lonizer, in order to support Chem telses and their families?-1 ani net oss3:r.. that they do ss m k lellger time fur their own support thaa fotirt et n or lift.. en That is hardly an answer to the question. becanse you have stated that tintrteett or lift' en bums is much too long a time; the q tiestiun is, whether the poor wo k more than is convenient and cuu,dH te to their health certainly should say not. Tin; Committee are to understand you are of opini o n. th a t IMor in this country with families may support themselves and their families by'svorkiat fon hours it day only Without Etc aid and assistance of children ?--I know very well, that in the F'lllllllV r time they will make seven days in the neck. by working atm e for emolument than for actual support, because in the winter months they moil under that, and are very well psi). v i. 11.1.1 for. Then in no cases are the poor compelled to work for the support of thelllfClsis and their families more than teu hunts a day ?- -That is me opinion. Have you any knowledge of the general state of health of the childr en in 1111111 1 11faCtoiies?—None at all. Is nut the state of temperature in which the children work most material to their health?—l should think it to be ma terial. FLIVe you ever been consulted upon any contagious dis• orders in mills, in any different parts of Englund ?—I has e not. From }•oar observations, which mu►t ha% e been extensive amongst the labniiring classes, have you ever discovered any want of feeling fruits parents towards their children ?—I cer tainly have not. Ilave not you observed directly the reverse think I certainly have • Du you believe, where it is a matter of option in the parents, from your general and extensive knowledge of that class of people, they would be disposed to injure their chil ill en, by working them hours beyond what they are compe tent to ?—I most certainly think they would not. Ito you consider that the temperature of a room the beat of N% Melt is from tin to Citi by the therm ttttt cter is a degree of heat prrh to ejoeial health ?--I do not think it prejudicial to health. Do not you conceive that in rooms where but a small num ber of persons, ilecorilinit to the size of the room, are em ployed, it would b • conclusive to the health of those persons in winter, if the temperature were kept agreeable and uni form ?—I think it certainly M.trnim 11.tit.v.tE, M.D. [As the answers to the above questions were in substane'e much in favour of the opinions of Mr. Cooper and Dr. Pens het ton, it will be needless to repeat Ikea' here ; we therefore procced to another part of his evidence.] What is the state of heat, as ascertained by a thermometer, in which children might work without injury should say, that the temperature which is upon the whole most favoura ble is about 60 degrees of heat. Lt :riving your - opinion on this subject, do you take into your consideration the situation nt %%Inch children would be placed, if at an earlier period, thi y were not employed in such factories 2-1 do not know that the whole of this pressed on my mind, but certainly it was not absent from it ; I drew the comparison between those children as employed in 111%. init'actories, and the ordinary employment of children in the country. IVotati children of the age of ten he employed in the ordi nary business of the country:—No; but they would be doing a good deal of %stark of various kinds, AS going of errands or %%veilmg, awl a thousand employments %elicit I cannot at pre sent call up to my mind. 'l•hat answer seelUS to refer more partienlarly to children in the country; as the manufactories are generally in tout's, it does nut apply to thew; therefore the Cunnuittce wish to know whether you einteekc, it• children at on early period of life were prevented by Act of Parliament from winking in factories, their situation would be better than it is?—) con ceive it would be more favourable to health to be at large, although they might sometimes be not well nourished iattel although sometimes they would be in hot 1)0111S, they Pi mild have a great deal more time in %%Melt they could be playing about, and using th.•ir faculties of uliservitt:tat. Theis if those children were left on the pits ish fur support, and many sent to the uorkbouse, their situation would be better than at present think that children would be bet ter situated in a worklunise were they not so employed, thau iu 11/1111lifACtories. Do you give ibis as an opinion that you derive from an ac curate observation of facts, with resiwet to the coalition of children in factories, or do you give it upon general n 4t4•11- -Url general rewoning. Then you are nut really acquainted with the condition of children employed in such m a nufactories? I am not really acquainted with the condition of children eanyloyed in such manufactories; Lilt I mention a hat I suppose must be more or less the influence of confinement which children are sub ject to in those 111.11111foelUries 1111011 their lwAtli, from the ge neral principles than guide as iu ascertaining the cruses that maintain health or lead to sickness, with I evect to the human holly generally. I las you Beer hail reason to conceive that there exists in the lower cl.issts peiple a want of affection and tender ness fur their children believe you will' find vet) , often lesa Alice' ion, both of an ti 'withers, for their childree in the lover classes, than iu the middle ranks. But at thu saw.: time there are Many strung instances of the purest maternal and paternal idi . cetiait in the lowest of so. vie:y, where there may he vet y great difficulty to rear chil dren : they %vat often submit to every kind of priy aeon re specting themselves, iu order to roar the children with some degree o. comfort. ' lhen the lowest (daises arc not the io.l 3ons where the