Star. — London, England, 1822-06-06 00:00:00

upon Mm _as Ma B lade upon the present Bill not mean to blame the Hon. __ Bill on that account; it stood vith his own; they had both Charta. What he contended vas no reason why a temporary t , gency should not render the Alien. Since the year 1815 there had w hi c h it had been put in force, cleat security against its being ce•sarily. He knew he might 3 S..cretary of State would use of its powers, yet that n ight. Now he would remove F ledging himself that no sr t ave the opportunity of so Iso that such persons might ea-eats; but he would lessen stating publicly that such Disregarded. He had now considered :ion in the manner he first proposed. i!eied the evils against which thi nature and extent of the reined, and, lastly, the objections made As he had said before, he wi! his own responsibility, and ro other interests than those :-._-, ,onducive to the interests of the State. He again pledged himself, if the powers of the Bill were en trute.l to him, that they should never be exercised without the clearest necessity, and the fullest exami ration. If to propose the renewal of this Act had brought to him ten times the opposition and the an noyance which it did, he should have gladly encoun tered it, rather than carry with him into the recess the heart-sickening consciousness that such opposition and such annoyance had prevented him from doing that hich he considered to be his duty—(Cheers). Sir JAMES MACKINTOSH said, that however his mind might be filled with apprehension and alarm at hearing that this Act was to be renewed under ex isting circumstances, that alarm and apprehension was increased and accompanied by a deep feeling of welancholy when he heard the principles upon which it was supported by the Right Hon. Gentleman. He 112 d heard such principles laid down as he had never expected to hear addressed to the House of Commons, r or to any assembly of Englishmen, and that by a Minister of great talents, and from a Gentleman w!' om he sincerely believed to possess a most respect able character. He felt his alarm and apprehension to increase because he considered these to be the prin-1 ciples of a Ministry likely in all probability to last beyond his life. By such principles were 25,000 in dividuals, who had made this country the home of their choice, to be governed, and by such would they be subjected to the mere will and pleasure of a Se cretary of State. If they were to carry such doctrines as the Right Hon. Gentleman had advanced into practice to their full extent, they would have to abo lish every essential and fundamental principle of the Constitution. The Hon. and Learned Gentleman then went on to argue that the defence of the present Bill was the same as that which was advanced to jus tify King Charles the First in levying taxes without the consent of his People, namely—that the money was to be applied to a good purpose, and that the tax was most equitable in its operation. The Bill was nothing less than a Bill of Pains and Penalties against twenty-five thousand British subjects—for such they would be, and entitled to the protection of the British laws, if it was not for the existence of the Alien Act. By that Act they were here not under the protection of the law, but under sufferance, and subject to the will of the Secretary of State. The doctrine which supported the Bill was the doctrine of pure despotism. Such was not the intention of the Right Hon. Gentle man he knew ; he should be sorry to accuse him of anything which be did not think correct; but he had been arguing against the doctrine of one of our learned and venerable writers, Mr. Hooker, who said, " to live by one man's will is the misery of many." It was said that the existence of the Bill made no differ ence in the situation of these 25,000 persons. It made only the trifling difference between liberty and slavery, between Middlesex and Morocco. As to London being made the centre of conspiracies, it was not likely that the Neapolitans would come here to plot against the paternal Government of Naples upheld by the bayonets of Austria. Could they raise ships and troops in this country ? He thought it was the last place in the world at which they would attempt to meet for such purposes. The Hon. and Learned Member continued to argue in support of the policy of Queen Elizabeth in protecting aliens, and con cludel by saying, that he should be ashamed to make it a matter of boast that his country did not make re prisals upon the French after the Peace of Amiens. Mr. HORACE TWISS rose to support the Bill, and contended that the right of excluding strangers was one inherent in every State, and that its exercise ought not to be considered an act of injustice. A country: which tolerated the residence .of foreigners within its, territories had a right to say-1' You shall be treatedl as our subjects, as far as having the protection of our laws ; but we will consider you only as tenants at will, and you must depart whenever we think proper to give you notice to quit. This was the condition or, all tenants at will, and none should consider them selves injured by its being enforced. The Hon. and Learned Gentleman (Sir James Mackintosh) had talked of the practice of ancient times, but he (Mr. l Twiss) was prepared to maintain that the practice of very period of our history was in perfect accordance Keith the principles of' the present Alien Bill. He , would not go to what happened before s the Conquest,' or allude to the time of Alfred, who would not per mit foreign merchants to visit our shores, except at the period of the four fairs, and then they were not allowed to tarry beyond forty days. He would COniC later down—to the time of Magna Charts, %%inch so much reliance was placed. At that period it was well known that foreign merchants trading to 1 11giAncl were subject to the most grievous exactions. 'the Barons, who had got a taste for foreign hhetteles, Were naturally anxious that the merchants who ituro cluced them should not be exposed to too great ertor ti'in, and therefore they introduced that clause which' .tuthorized them to come and tarry in this country, unless publicly prohibited. That this was the fair in: terpt eution of that part of the Great Charter, was fully proved by the enactments in the 2d and 14th of Edward HI. He knew there were many modern lawyers who contended differently, but he would' 414 444 that the ‘OIISUUCtiOII put upon that part . ~-„~ .„ h ' ' n try. King had a right-to prevent him. 'lf he had left it; and were resident abroad, be might be recalled under a penalty by proclamation ; but an alien might go when he pleased. and when gone, he could not be recalled. The only power which the State exercised, and which by this Bill could be exercised over him, was to send him away whenever his residence here might be considered dangerous to the country. This, he contended, was a power which every State did,, and ought to possess, over the subjects of another re sident within its territories. The attempt, then, to give to the alien what was called equal advantage with the British subject, would probably go farther than its supporters intended, for it would give to the alien a decided superiority. He therefore contended, that the power of removing aliens ought to be vested is the hands of the Executive Government. The Hon. and Learned Gentleman had stated, that the object of this Bill was to gratify the rulers of foreign States, by excluding their obnoxious sui: from our protection. I Now be must beg leave to altogether from his .I canted Friend upon that point, though he should wish to know where was the evil, even supposing the case to be as he had stated it ? Were not the parties to whom his Hon. and Learned Friend alluded, known to .be men of a sullen, factious, and turbulent spirit, discontented with the present order of things upon the Continent, and anxious to disturb the tran quillity which at present fortunately prevailed there? The great desideraimat with men of such , a temper was to find a place in which they might mature their projects in secrecy and safety; and if this country, from its insular situation, its readiness to give credit, its free press, and the unbounded licentiousness in which that press indulged, afforded them such a place as they wished for, surely it was not altogether improper to arm the executive Government of it with such power over them, as would prevent them from plunging it, by their revolutionary schemes, into war with States with whom it had no legitimate cause of quarrel? They had also been told on the other side, that this measure w i ns now improper, in asmuch as it was originally passed as a war measure; He allowed such to have been the case; but if Hon. Gentlemen would take the trouble of comparing the present Bill with the original war measure, they would find all the severity and harshness of it omitted, and omitted, too, because we were once more re turned to a state of peace. But were Hon. Gentle men ready to contend that die Alien Bill ought to to be abandoned altogether ? If they were, he would ask them on what grounds they were prepared to state that discontent had vanished from the different States of Europe? Did they think that because the waters were now smooth, all the force of the tem pest was spent? and that because the air was at pre• sent still, all the materials of confusion had been banished from the elements ? If such were their opinions, they were indulging themselves in a flat tering error, in which he should be almost loath to undeceive them, so seldom did they indulge in errors of such a nature. The Hon. Gentleman, after cau tioning the House against being misled by the argu ments of his Hon. and Learned Friend concluded by giving his support to the continuance of the Alien Act. Sir ROBERT WILSON said, the Secretary of State had taken the responsibility of this measure on himself; but it was the Noble Lord who had first made it a measure to be used in time of peace; and it would so descend to posterity. It was to have been hoped, that in time of peace we should have en tered into the pale of European society again; but this was a measure azislnizt of the baneful con nection which the Noble had foimed with fo reign Governments and foreign policy, at the Con gresses of Vienna, Aix-la-Chapelle, and Troppau. If . the prerogative of the Crown to remove aliens , at' pleasure were proved to exist, he could have no ob jection to its continuance ; but why require this addi tional unconstitutional power? It was clear that our ' Government had an odious connection with the police of foreign countries. The Right Hon. Secretary knew well that arbitrary power never worked until it had fully established itself; and had gained confidence , and strength. He did not accuse the Noble Lord nor the lion. Secretary of a wish for arbitrary Power ; but this was a power that he would not trust with his dearest friend ; not even with himself. They all knew the school-boy matins-- 44 " 011 0 - ixideii"niennnain • itvisse whim • He censured the treatinent of Oonaparte's servants tinder this 'Bill. *Bit now he rested in peace; malice vengance could pursue him no further; and iheteforethis Bin was not necessary to guard against *is irdldepoe. - cich.a Bill as this was at all neces .• sitrY; it AMIN n ut be . A partial me asure, but one of Whoidatii 'exctdsion. Notwithstanding . , the ForeigO Sdutli America had triumehed over her optifisitirt • and; notwithstanding the Alien RA I tali \Wad be gee. The Noble Lord Lid boasted, tree the gilketh he hid irUt.intir kbe mouth Otis SO"' .41en; thei savage still irreiailea over I WeLoce4 but; sicftwfibSt: t ingilt, that,,b‘mst, be moild ' telt him digt &toe *cmyt yet be nom:ions over 41 horoppressOrs.. Ai;dieendenvon4s a the No* A Hord. to impede theldirßi'bf i bad been - so unitia-• ces.ful a lie would advise him to desist from them 1 - V • , , . • 2 1.:t 1 47 • 4•••• •• • -orR v.. ,14 1 -••• s 7, - , 1 ,4 ' • • •'••k` \.• r • • '• • • '-'••• •. _ •. • ••• , ,tplistiais.. - .- - C____, , and a suds from._ Serjettid Onskno). He was sorry thus to hear and s. his Horinurable_ and ed . F r ie nd oppos i te . Not withittitrahig vtditaitMdice, he had hope& to tee that of the few men in that House who took diein i terested views ofconstitutional questions, the tnembets of his profession would be among them—(Hear)- 1 The tone and gesture of his Hon. and Learned Friend partook of a triumphant scoff. His Hon. and Learned Friend was mistaken if he calculated much 'on the public indifference towa r d s thiisubject. ThiPublic taken but little inte r e st i n t h e Bill f or suspending iub Habeas Coipus Act. Indeed, he confessed thal fa should feel some consolation if the Public did take ask interest in the question; but he still trusted that his Hon. and Learned Friend would give the House an opportunity of examining the reasons upon which he, it seemed, was about to support the motion.- IP l erhaps, too, his Hon. and Learned Friend, would at the same time say, whether he war or was not proud of that part of the law of Esigland.which gave freedom to every, man the moment he put his foot upon its shores?—(Cheers)..—He would probably in form the House whether he approved of the decision in the case of Somerset, the Negro ?—(Cheers from the eon).:—He begged to apologise to the House. He had been betrayed somewhat into length by the parent invitation, the countenance and feeling of his Hon. and Learned Friend. He challenged him, as a Constitutional Lawyer, to prove the necessity of this measure; but he should expect the proof to con sist in argument, and not in the expression of his coun tenance ; for if he thought that was sufficient, he made the law dependant upon his mere will and pleasure.— (Cheers from the Opp ositions). Mr. Serjeant ON - SLOW. said, that as he was thus personally alluded to, the House would allow him to make a few observations in his defence. His tone and gesture, which bad been considered so objection. able by his Hon. and Learned Friend, were noticed when his Mon. and Learned Friend had just spoken, of the little interest taken by the Public in the prestnt question, and were intended to convey his opinion of i the good sense of the country in feeling indifferent towards a question upon which every argument had already been exhausted. Indeed he believed his Hon. and Learned Friend was the only man in the House who had misundeistood him ; and he was willing to believe that this had occurred in the heat of debate. His Hon. and Learned Friend had thought fit to cate chise him as to his opinion on certain professional subjects, not very relevant to the present question ; but he (Mr. Serjeant Onslow) was happy to answer his Hon. and Learned Friend. He had read and was proud of that part of the law which declared the free dom of every man in England ; and he was most proud, as an Englishman, of The decision in Somer set's case—(Cheersfrotx the Ministerial benches).—But this had nothing whatever to do with the question before the House. He repeated that the little inte rest felt by the Public upon this Bill was an argu ment in its favour i and whether the Crown had or had not this right, in virtue of its prerogative, he thought it highly desirable to legislate upon so im portant a subject. He did not, however, concede the point of the prerogative to his Hon. and Learned Friend ; but, even in the absence of the prero gative, he would support the Bill, in consequence, as he conceived, of the necessity of the case—(Hear). His Right Hon. Friend had not said that this Bill was his alone. He had said that he called for it upon his own responsibility; and this was language which he admired, for it was at once manly and constitu tional. On former occasions it was thought proper by Hon. Gentlemen opposite to object to the appoint ment of Committees preparatory to a legislative mea sure. Then, indeed, they called out for Ministerial responsibility. Then thet said, si Why do Mini sters shift the responsibility from themselves to a Committee? Why not propose the measure upon their own responsibility r—( Cheers). He hoped the House would receive his apology for addressing them. 'He had not intended to do so, but he was called up by the personal attack of his Hon. and, Learned Friend—an attack which, under all the cir cumstances, went in his opinion to at least the full limit of Parliamentary decorum—(Cheers front the Miaiderlial J3eachet). Mr. DENMAN. said, he felt the humiliation to which the English House of CoMmons was reduced by. the opening speech of they Right Hon. Secretary, and be confessed that the statement of the Hon. and Learned Sesieeat. had not 'reconciled him to that speech. The Hon. and Learned Serjeant had not an veered the case of his Hon. and Learned Friend ; for he had not shewn, or attempted to shine . the necessity of the present ineasitrefledr k hear I tom the Ofspo• skiin).-;-This wawa -Bill which lospended; or rather destroyed; the English tawv-s-The'Right Hon. Gen tlernan.had spoken *cif be were'the only person who was to exercise the power in question'; but, although the Alien Office was particularly within the Home Department, all the Secretaries's( State had the same .aresous power, withbot 111%f ciereiponding sesppl sibility. It was not: **ugh TAP theitthe Hon. Secre tax* La. give: big opieion ,of , the:stems:ivy of this rnea sisre„, He sikolid have staved facts' to-satisfythe House . . - of the necessity of poising a measure which encou raged 'comet spies, and led to secret sentences. He 41314444 i t a ' oa= "4 la* i leenisi hoc At um' to Mei .... Charts • . . 11111- The Wier gave estraerion : Seco. tere.ef Stare toldivev $ .foe signet into the temody of a messenger iln order to his ritelovaL The Armer declared at se 41 enecaants obould have auk and secure con to go opt and tome into England, to tarry therein, and go through - an same by water or by land, and to buy and sell, according to the old and rightful customs.. except intime of war." {Cheers from the Opposition). Even on the:breaking-out of a war the foreigners were only required to find hostages. The Right. Hon. Gentlemen bad referred ti the time of Queen Elizabeth ; but the Stuarts' and the Tudors had abused their power. It was not in their de. fent*, but in that of the people of England that be had risen on this question. He differed from his Honourable and Learned Friend (Mr. Searlett) as to his despairing of resisting this measure. He hoped the English House of Commons would not in this, the eighth year of peace, consent to the re enactment of this most dangerous law. He trusted it would meet the most vigorous opposition at every stage. The People bad .sbewn an apathy on this i ier subject; but the people of man countries often suf fered despotism to grow until felt its strength. With respect to the langdage the Right Hon.'Se cretary, in allusion to those who had taken a part in the hate Revolutions, it was' painful to hear them called conspirators—(Her, hoarfrost the Opposition). What! were they conspiraton who planned the Spa nish Constitution? Was that of Portugal a conspi racy ?.--4 atorrs).—Wore the exertions of the heroes of Spanish America to be Caned a conspiracy ? Would to GQD he could name Naples as being ano ther in the list of such conspiracies. But the Right Hon. Secretary had said, that on the coming of those Gentlemen to this country their crime had been buried in oblivion. Their crime was the having fought for the liberty of their country—(Cheers).— And then the Right Hon. Secretary took credit to himself for having, as it were, passed an act of am nesty in their favour—in fact, he bad pardoned them —(Cheers).--He had pardoned these glorious mar tyrs, who had endiavoured to establish a Constitu tion upon a kingly basis —(Loed and continualcheer ingfrom Me Opposition).—He trusted the House would never consent to pass this most odious measure. The Marquis of LONDONDERRY said, be had come down to the House fully prepared to meet the shock of argument with which they had been threat ened, and especially as they were under the terror of a penalty to be inflicted upon them by the Hon. Member for Westminster (Mr. Hobhouse), who had threatened to move perpetual adjournments if Mi nisters did not answer the arguments which were to be urged against the measure. Undoubtedly when Hon. Gentlemen condescended to offer argument they would be met by it —(Cheersfrom the Opposition). . —An Hon. and Learned Gentleman had appeared to look with alarm at the beginning of the political life of his Right Hon. Friend. He (the Marquis) there fore concluded that he might congratulate the House upon the prospect of the long continuance of that life in the service of the country, and in the ad vancement of those principles which were calculated to exalt the liberties of the country—(Cheers from the Opposition).—By liberty he did not mean that unuap tural liberty which consisted in licentiousness, and which delighted only in revolution, bloodshed, ra pine, and conspiracy. England would not deserve to have true liberty if it Suffmd its soil to be made the nuisance of Europe. If . he might examine the countenances of Hon. Members opposite, and surely he might after what had taken place that night with respect to his Hon. and Learoed Friendbehind him, be should say that the countenance of the Hon. Member for Southwark (Sir R. Wilson) appeared to beam with delight at the bare thought of that glorious con fusion which went to the subv ersion of established Governments--(Cheersfroon the Ministerial Benches). --He (the Marquis) disclaimed the idea of in hospitality to foreigners. He would treat Ahem as he would treat the petitions of thy people— (Cheers and a laugh /roes the .Opposition)._ When, in the first case, hospitality was abused and petition was made a mere vehicle for conveying ex pressions of contempt towards the House, he would have the persOns who committed the one and offered the other, met with every firmness, and treated as they deserved. They livecl - li amidst the ruins of em pires ;" and he could not consent to alter our policy until he saw them put oq a very different character than that which he yet saw belong to them. The Noble Marquis contended that foreign Governments had a right to expect the Government of this colo ny should be prepared to frustrate the attempts which the designing and.disaffected of their subjects might engender in this country. It Was in this spirit which Government asked for this Bill; if tho liintue.conld believe them asking for. it in another.spirit, he called on them to oppose it. He had now, hetrusted, dis eharged his drity for the present evening._ It was painful for Iffm, .atiit those .who acted.with himk au yepeat these argusnuents-an often, Is it rather thaninh ,ject themselves to the charge of flying . from the fi eld, they b ! prepare to give Hop, 4s.poein i etipp. polite speech' foe speech=-( A ldu )—and if the re sult of the contest should in future resemble that of . , ... • , - • ; -- - , • . . , ~.0,. eme i d , iiehtet . the ettlefl. • „: :..),... 77. ,: - 1,.) zia. • 6 ri.:; ' caz:•,,•,.., ;c11; ;-- is . - • . 1 , ' wc,b a R ;1111 mfr.- .4:11C4 t'd ♦ * 5 7 , 1 • • . and amen le era Ilsigreidt4l* • 4,6..4 -41 k , . -.- . , - ••- - • . , - -i. . ~..... .. . ..,... . law Leareeitisiles.tieg - • ' i ! ....") ti nor steftelint ia 1 ~,,,, ,• -' . Patna Rad liberties. i - i ', V. `, '• - koientatobt MK: • .. . tood in.the same counties alibi 4 / 1 14bilitu: 1 . ,' . ..,‘ - 'w, ~!. ' ' ith- Db. SCAR il ' 'ilArw 1 . ftwa it was .. . .--* ' T. #117.411111411"6"6"116*"*. nt h si n o e 4 aga i nst Magna the laws ras - .Mis a k sa d umbes , :esiabli* are ex pt ....1 ' •• . - ieilie *oho oolbeoppaibro of . 4 Wass dm ancient uses Untoted *beall* oat - Afsab iils, to boolt brt 4 -i .ei It,* - , lig thice --CA i • - ' e , f .. • Ass diketiesllll mist be •. . . d• . Upon coostitub 1 , osiry or Perillanent eller' it would ',sew to bleu. Jos* cto..doctrive principles. I—.t: .• d eat h 4 N apa l m% '''' . , 3 l o! ° ,V.S.4scityr , 44 • 0 "e iripit iwililloillift ismoindriab illabla (III; he Aliartiral nitramary.— them of their bittbeiglats—of privileges which Therl . 7lllllßshisulla ' • ' I f h a d •!, wil i ppoj a *F t gift siiebibit t asedilete. h a d only bee t f our ca g e s ia :sere entitled to ego* with erhioh:oll4lolofilifitriNkngine‘loe, _zthetoaosiatvateeel sfalltifk die :4';: a c e b le , • • •I 4 6 , . . r Ab l er; aellilligabir eha- Drce, and this was a sue- But a'l 'ttli n q uir f!A tid All.f f if4 . r/YrirnirOltf. PPP' o4 "P'stria r ,.._ ____ ihkedavims=tim hthil 4 v; Pl* . IIIeTVIIIIIINIsit feallaift -Ma: *sit silt i sing osed hanhly or nine- 0* that ii retidence it' ink in MIS Cailltri Wes not # ll4,7lllll homfonfilo ' 114 difigaSikha a ). Owed to_ t _Amu*. vra u mmoi t ik i , : theipaimaces ight be told that although . the tight of • any bug pritisb itibjecis: - ii . sionbi * gki. alywhaminflueuirod•briainAllett knd fil' iikkihimr - o.diontiriumthe. iii*et johsed i not make an impriper found, 011. incluill, that'doialmint ifteeti ei l a i m4B z poilik . at his subordinate agents Ilitietastots agaiqst *Neils at diferstat times., Id WA?. ... Whit ioarodesameoogagaloitut hattianta_34%.. ex fewernme move this objection, by well known that an alio:A*4ld pot kopir:aa.astOktb.la t oP r kinktgiietitelparpoeeLei to ikoliee4rWs *' G • . . pia iteressik=egisi subordinate agent should this cOuntry ;orif he did, it heoppetnpnedlotelf, colint9E, kaliiposusiritbaluro., - 6bOidiel.:- . - ' - it. : hivielsopieuettity, dui doing. It might be said fertifted to the Croft. — For a tong time after th e Ile, f"Maiitlau,dssaise . btrbipravetative. 'th e , R „,,,„ ~,,,,k G„ ,,,t his. . la deb as i, ht render it oppressive by Conquest, an *lien tobld not rent a hotiieintogland; the w, r l / 04 . 1 krA.4 . 4. alls.:?,;Ai early as the MO: :loth:sigh a oecostm¢s4he *ow He .tn that as far as possible, and now he could - 116c 'except . he was a merchant, cg .7. . igaswitad by p a rli amen t to • cohouigi: goo . 4gashika heath the i .., . h threats might be entirely Sind rented it 'for the porpote •of hit. dintsieis : bar Ori. JO' Parer ;, . Ova heihosight Willik fpar mat h a td e Ar m s . *b i b ei g h t stsidta f T elea . considered the whole ques - could an alien mercbantkold a leatie 'even Of the - argument ~..u0 51tut. r9t,o l3 .o.eilerotire, .It *0 ; suf f iii liie v ie IR A fiswoolko . Tiz f rimisa_ . tram_ pro Posed. He had consi- hoes or shop it which &Sliminess was . carried on ;, pared,' Ittrycyer, text _the speech lor OA Right .Hot... skritfilll,l4lts: Wish Woes t oscantitebentisa. ch they were to guard ; the so jealous wets etlit inctstOr's -of giOng to fk;retirneis aelltitfluin apiolinted to this--" Give me the power, A vi t i p mgat 4 A u j a i sicsoc x , b e medy he wished to apply ; any permanent estibtishasent.ln t hi s: an n oy. Ac- . and I *llliiia it well'r but this was too general.itoo et;tdd not forbear *slim fat eimuirsishumniihe made against the measure. cording to the argomenti of those'who opposed' this suspiciont. and too forefront a promise to bit relied H ouse nick,mmocke-bal f lear Ad mit sb ilmarspoken Nished to introduce it upon measure, aliens would have lunch more extensive upon in a.cMilf so ranch importance. The, koillic;, of hi language alumetret.s4ditale.4(hosanssa Me I with the consideration of privileges than were accorded to British subjects ; he we: Miry to observe , teak but little interest in 4r (ipposigies), l. u&r4t otaa.appoared ef the lair ;fend se which were exclusively for if a British subject chose to leave tbecountry t the - pras . entAtiest_ion-'-(lfea r , hear, and a *Falk skoma,Mr.• .......1.11--.. .. -- -- - . ...r .1..... Q....... LI., ....-...:- it:-.. 1....3 - -:_i... ..._ ~s i .1