Star. — London, England, 1810-06-02 00:00:00

HOUSE OF COMMONS, FRIDAY, JUNE 1, Tice lrish Pines Compensation Bill was read a • road time, and committed for to-morrow. The Bastard Children Bill was read a third time and passed. The Scotch Cle-gy, and the New Forest Timber Preservation Bills, were severally read a second time, and eonunlttedlor to morrow. Mr. FOSTER brought in Bills for Raising the New Tates in Ireland. They were read a kat, and ordered to be read a second time to-morrow. Mr. LONG obtained leave to bring in a Biltfor Regulating the Assize for the Army Pay and Cloathing. The Report of the Beer Colouring 8111 was brought up and - Igreed to. The Report of the Lottery Bill was brought up and agreed to, dud the third readirg, at the suggestion of Mr. WHITBREAD, or dered for Wednesday. The Report of the Lowland Distillerlea Bill was brought up, agreed to. and the Bill ordered for a third reading to-morrow • Sir '1 PRICE brought up the Report of the Bill for Improving the Commercial Docks. After some conversation beiweentheSpeaeze and Mr. Banc, ts to the manner in which the Bill should be treated, Mr. Byng being of opinion it should be considered as a Navigation Bill, the report was agreed to, and the third reading of the Bill ordered for Tuesday. The Report of the Comniittee on East-India Affairs was brought up, the resolutions were read and agreed to, and a Bill ordered accordingly. The Black Game Bill was read a third time and passed. Admiral HARVEY renewed his notice of a motion relating to the introduction of Landsmen into the British Fisheries. The [HA Gaols Bill was mid a thircrtime and 'sassed. The several Local Militia Bills were read a second time and fornrnitted for to-morrow, The Pension Duties Bill was reed a third time and passed. Mr. BARING postponed thosecOnd reading of the Marine In budlnce Bill till Tuesday. COMMITTFE OF SUPPLY. The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER moved, that 012,000 should be granted to pay the Commissioners for the Redemption of the Land-tax for the Sale of Corporation Lands. The motion was opposed by Mr. CALCRAFT, who wished the subject postponed till Wednesday. The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER observed, the subject could be discussed on the Re port being brought up, and did not therefore think the -postponement necessary. • Mr. CA LCRA FT contended that the subject could not be discussed in the House as advantageously to the country as in a Committee. After a few words from Mr. CREEVEY, Sir J. As- STRUTHER, Mr. SHAW LEFEVRE, Mr. W. WYNNE, Mr. ROSE, Lord MILTON, Mr. WitaaToT, Mr. PAl't ELIA and Sir JOHNNEWPORT, the grant was postponed to Wednesday. The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER moved a grant of £lOO,OOO for the relief' of the poor Clergy. The Right Honourable Gentleman went into.a lengthened detail of the stipends they enjoyed in various parts of the kingdom, and stated by what proportions of t he population they were severally paid. The were in England 11,700 benefices. The stipends of more than 6000 of ,them did not one ex ceed £l5O per annum. The number of residents amounted to about 4400 ; of non-residents to 6700. It was to be observed, that some of the number were virtually residents, though they were non-residents in point of law. He was, however, of opinion, that more than a moiety of their number were non-residents.— After some further statements, he concluded, enforc ing on the Committee the propriety of the grant. • Mr. TIERNEY thought the wealthy clergy ought to aid their poor brethren. Beneficed as they were, it was monstrous to come to the public for relief. He • did not mean to oppose the grant, but he hoped some Honourable Gentleman, better qualified to treat the subject than himself, would give it his attention, and bring it before the House in t he ensuing Session. long and desultory conversation followed, in which Mr. W. SMITH, Sir J. NEWPORT, the CHAN CELLOR of the EXCHEQUER, Lord, MusoN, Mr. W. WILBERFORCE patticipated. ATOR-GENERAL did not know been any valuation of the first fruits of Queen Anne. He supported the MARTIN observed, that the learned lot conceive the true meaning of the Queen Anne. He entered into gt detail lrguments advanced by Bishop Bur- Itton of first fruits,, and adduced the Res which had been enacted on this Iledged that the persons who now di- Aselves the property of the Church, ;her than apy part of the laity. Till It before the House a proof of there totally unprovided for, he would orisent to the Resolution. RNEY-GENERAL thought that it , point of law, if the first fruits were tegally. Be supported the Resolution. .KING and Mr. DAVIES GIDDY observations in opposition to the niotion. - then put, and the Resolution was TON then proposed the following ch were severally agreed to : Majesty of £2817 for defraying the expences of of the 98th and 29th volumes of the our- Peers. certain copies of the Journals of the House with the time of Henry VIII. ayiug outstanding demands for works and re tiouses of Parliament, and to the Speaker's Light.lionses at Heligoland, carrying into effect a plan ior exploring the into. the expenges of invetvetnents in the ave. esttninster Hall. tpensation for the services of Connuissionen ipensntion of the services of the Commis. uYcst. dons! Vaccine institution. certani sums due to the Cioyernor of Fort _. at Ftwerness. Mellolb, for Suptrinteudinp the Accounts of Antes of the Thames Police. !ward Walmsty. Dickens, for stationary sent to the Cape of James Read, to carry intp effect the plan for Uf a borse-yatrtilr. Chinn, y, tor a sites et s incurred in the service yor of 14r. N I IITBR. EAD, the 'two folk Ning postpctneil, fora further consitikration, till tines Read, for the e;:penets a special consta nts: shsturl.ons.ti ; and ig ttkotpriiser,tativpA pf MT. C. Merril, latesurveyor ' snati4. rcsitratd. apd 'be Report 4E the CoaMlittf liFfsafili *V -roIIITUWI A Message from the Lords announeed their Assent to tho London Docks Bill, tae Excise Superannuadon Dill, the Loan Bill, the Isle of Man Consididation Bill, and Steen) private Bilk. On the motion of Mr. BANSES, the Repoetef the Consanittee., on Public Expenditure Was ordered to be printed. • • Mr. WHARTON brought up the Report of the proatodh. of the National Vaccine Institution.--Ordered to be printed. ELECTION BAISEEY, Mr. W. WYNNE rose to gate the object of a Bill, whirl he now proposed to move for leave to bring in. It was Mx his in tention to occupy for any time the.attention of the House, as he was aware of the important question which wasthis night to come forward. He granted that there at present existed sufficient pu• nishinent for bribery and corruption in the election of Members, but there still remained a difficulty in proving it. It was his ob ject to repeal the provisfonstf George the Second an this subject, and to substitute in their place the two following : firgt, that if any person before an Electiim Committee should discover an act of bribery, he should be indemnified for It; and seeond, that an Election Committee should have a power of examining any per son' if se accused. He theref ore move d f or l eave to bring in a Bill for altering, and rendering more effectual, the laws for the prevention of bribery and corruption in the election of Members of Parliament. Mr. JOHNSON protested against the introduction of the Bill for the present ;be gave notice that he would oppose It in a future stage. CATHOLIC QUESTION. Mr. HUTCHINSON moved the order of the day for resuming the debate on the Catholic question. The SPEA KER then read the question, namely, " That these Petitions be referred to a Committee." Mr. HUTCHINSON said, he should avoid re peating the arguments which had been so ably ad vanced during the debate. He the n d rew t h e atten tion.of the House to the Popery Laws, which he cohtended were unjust and oppressive. They had been made contrary to the great Charter, by'a pre vailing faction: Th e C a tho iics had been subjected to pains and penalties under these laws, for crimes which they never committed. The Catholics had given a striking proof of their fidelity, by suffering themselves, during so many years, to be excluded from a partici pation in the rights of their fellow subjects. They had been induced, at the Union, to look for emanci pation ; and if a Noble Viscount, who had spoken during the debate, h a d told them at the Union that they were not to have their claims, every Catho lic would have been against that Union. Mr. Pitt's speech, on the subject of their emancipation, had also them hopes of suczess ; but unfortunately they had been completely cajoled and deceived. He com plained that the Learned Lord had stated events re specting Ireland, which ought to have been consigned to oblivion ; but the Learned Lord had not stated all the unhappy circumstances of that country. IT the Learned Lord had related all its distresses, the bare reflection would not only have made the hair of this Honourable Member for Somersetshire stand on end, but every Gentleman in the House would have felt for their misfortunes. The Honourable Member concluded by observing, that this was net a moment to lull the country to security ; for, in consequence of the refusal of Ministers to attend to the Catholic claims, the ills and dangers which surrounded them would increase. Mr. O'HA RA opposed the arguments,of the last speaker. He was willing to allow them all the rights of Protestants; but he did not think they ought to be permitted to act as Ministers of the country. The Marquis of TAVISTOCK spoke with great force and eloquence for going into a Committee to con sider whether it would be wise and politic to conclude to the Catholics. Let not the Catholic Body have it to say that you have rejected their petition, and sent them from your bar with supercilious disdain. (Hear, hear.) We should at least ask the Catholics what powers they were willing to concede in support of the Protestant Establishment? The perpetually receiving objections that this was not the proper time, in effect shut the door against all political improvements, and was an argument as dangerous as its nature and ten dency were indefinite. It was the wise maxim of Lord Bacon, " that time was the greatest of all inno vators ;" but if we refused year after year to listen to the prayers of four millions of our fellow-subjects, the consequences might eveptually be such as he did not wish tol'anticipate. W er e th at t h e case , we should I no longer have to lament that Ireland was the vul nerable part of the empire. Conciliation would be our strength, and their good wishes our recompence. Sir THOMAS TURTON thought this a very in. convenient time for going into the Committee, when such various opinions were entertained with regard to the veto. He approved the object of the petition, but did not think this the proper time for agitating it. Colonel TALBOT supported the motion, on the ground of the vulnerability of Ireland, under its pre sent circumstances. If Bonaparte could have dictated one mode rather than another to promote his own ob jects, it would have been that which Ministers have employed towards the Catholics of Ireland. Viscount BERNA RD could not accede to the Ca tholic prayer, unless they consented to grant the Crown a controuling power in the election of Bishops. Sir RALPH MILBANK thought the Catholics of Ireland had been mast harshly treated. He recom mended the measure most strongly, as calculated to render us an united nation. Mr. MINAUGHTON opposed the appointment of a Committee, on the grounds that the Catholics were not disposed to make any concession. Mr. BARHAM defended the claims of the Catho lics, as founded on absolute and indefeasible right. Those men did irreparable injury to religion, who thought it could only be supported by penal statutes. Mr. PARNELL supported the motion at conside rable length. He thought it equally called for by every principle of gratitude for the exertions of the Catholics in the common cause of the empire, and by that of compunction for the unmerited treatment they had received, Mr. DUNDAS was not against acceding to the Catholic claims at all times, and under all - circum stances; but at the same time he thought that a Com mittee was not likely to be of benefit, as the Catholics themselves had not agreed or made up their minds as to any proposition to be submitted to the Committee. Captain PARKER was against the motion. Mr. R. DUNDAS, in a speech of considerable .length, argued against the policy of the measure, and adduced the authority of Lord Grenville's Letter in sup - port of his opinion. No specific plan, he said, had been proposed, and if they went into a committee, and refused the claims of the Roman Ca tholics, they would be placed in a more unfavourable prt;e:icament than now. Mr. CHARLES W. WYNNE pressed the neces sity of going into the Committee to ascertain the best means of meeting the claims of the Catholics. Mr, WARM FITZGERALD, a speech of . . ~ELLOIt of the EXi WYNNE, and Mr. • The SOLICIT :that there had beer -.since the reign of „resolution. Mr. HENRY M Geatl.eman did not statutes of Queen 1 of the various argt net, on the valuatte numerous Statutes subject. He alledi Vide among themse are infinitely richer there was brought 1 • being Clergymen t not give his consent The ATTORNI would disturb a poi not collected legal', Mr. A. BARAN; made a few observa The question was tl agreed to. Mr. WHARTO] 4 ,itesolutions, which A grant to his Majost printing 1230 copies of pals of the I - louse of Pee 41.564 for printing ter Of Pars, commenting ot .€114.30 for defraying pal{s done taboth tious - 17110 for erecting 1.11 E.52L for the carrying ripe of Africa. .0051 for defrayiqg tt pees leading to Westmim as compensati of Public Expenditure. aCtipt.o for the compen oitmers of Windsor Pores 1•'000 to the NAtignal :o make good cert • st, George. ' -4'3ile tor the Prison at ie , 12.6 to Mr. T. Mat the ExChequer. sZ3I6 to the Magistrate • eVIA to Mr. Edward ' , i f.tati to Mr. Li. Dicko • load Hr.pe. . t Cy .q to Air. James ete esiablighment of a hot 'iv; to Mr. W. Chin;. jot -1 , a4.111,1,1 in the ye;u - • L.)i the si.ggestion of ft ,Nutioits ware ppstpi : 11,034 to Mr. James F Ph* piny rd in Ihr •late eps ttki4 g pmer,t, flonerai qt 'll , e Het-0 rtsamtd, I IlfkluAtt ti;lilPotht or ..„ • 'Mat eloquence, argued in favour of the inotion, - andf contended that the relief of the C a th o li cs was a ques tion independent of their hierarchy, and required only that they should be put in possession of certain civil privileges. The SOLICITOR-GENERAL, after some ob servations on the general principle, objected to going into the Committee, because it could lead to no prac tical good, and it would be worse to reject the prayer of the Catholics after going into a Committee than in the present state 61 things. Sir G. SEBRIGHT supported the motion. Lord G. GRENVILLE defended a passage of the letter of Lord Grenville which had been adverted to. Mr. P. MOORE made some observation, but the cry for the Question was so great, that he could not Ibe heard in the Gallery. Mr. G RATTAN rose to reply about three o'clock, and. in a speech,that was listened to with the most profound attention, adverted to the several objections that had been offered to his motion. He approved of the conduct of the late Ministers who had aban doned the Catholic military question; because they saw they could not carry it, and who had ultimately relinquished their places, because they could not hold them consistently with their principles. He passed a high eulogium on the late Duke of Bedford, and in animadverting on the policy of the present Minis. ters, observed, that a recruiting serjeant had more understanding, with less divinity, and did not scru ple to fill up his ranks with men fit for the service, whatever might be their religious creed. The House then divided, Ayes 109—Noes 213 Majority against the Catholics 104. —Adjourhad at half past four o'Clock. DUKE OF CUMBERLAND. His ROyal Highness, we have great pleasure in saying, was, at a late hour last night, free from fever, although he has suffered much by severe bruises, as well as wounds, and is-in all respects in a fair way of recovery. He was conveyed in a chair to Carlton. House, about 9 o'clock on Thursday evening, where the Prince of WALES gave up to him his own apart ment, for his more comfortable and (utt accommo dation. The following Bulletin was issued this morning at the Duke's apartments, St. James's : " His Royal Highness the Duke of Cutest* AND was very restless the forepar of the nigh-, and aft.rwards had broken sleep; is free from fever, and as well this morning as there was reason to expect.—Ten o'Clock, " Eyeas.RD Ho M C." Every thirg is arranged to prevent the least dis turbance of his Royal Highness, and consequently the King'sguald is ;low m , ut,ted and marched offc without the sound of any martial instrument. CORONER'S INcr.Tl .tiT. - - Yesterday, an inquest was held in the apartments of his Royal Highness, on the body of Joseph Sei llir, the Italian servant who attempted his assassination. The following detail of the evidence on the Coro ner's Inquest, comprizes all- the particulars of the attempt made upon the lifts of his Royal And whatever amid he asce.rtainfid of tile EtrAives, or supposed motives, of the assass:ll : The Qoroner stared to the.J.lry that a lonrT inves tigation of the incip - al witnesses had Bien already gone into, and that of course it would only now be necessary to have the depositions then takto read be. fore them to the witnesses, who should have the power of snaking any add;tions or alterations which they might choose. He also stated, they would have 'an opportunity of inspecting ,the bedchamber in which his Royal Highness had slept on the night of the attempt, and the body of Seillis, the supposed as- sassin, just as it had been found by those who had first discovered it. • The first deposition read was that of his Royal Highness himself. He stated, that he had been awa kened, about three o'clock on Thursday morning, by two violent blows on the head, which were immedi. ately after .vards followed by two others, accompani ed by a hissing kind of noise. From this circum stance, his first conclusion was that a bat had by some means or other entered his room. There was a lamp and taper burning in the chamber, and by its glimmer ing light, and The motion ot the instrument thatinflict ed the wounds, he perceived a letter which lay upon his table completely covered with blood. This immediately struck him with the idea that there was a murderer in the room, and he accordingly struggled as quickly as he could out of bed. At this moment a naked sabre was dropt upon the floor, and he perceived the figure of a man flying into the yellow room and esca ping on towards the apartment in which Seillis slept. He went down stairs, aroused his page, and gave the alarm, through th 6 house, of murderers. On return ing up stairs, he found that the sword which had been dropped was his own regimental sabre, and also found a pair of slippers belonging to Seillik in the closet ad joining his bed-room, and the key of the door on the closet side of it, a thing very unusual. There was also,in the closet a dark lanthorn, which he had rea son to believe was left there by Seillis. Seillis was one of his own valets, and had never incurred - his displeasure, nor could he imagine any motive likely to prompt him to this extraordinary attempt. The examinations of the mho; witnesses, which had been previously taken before Mr. READ and other Magistrates were here read, but as they were called in and personally examined upon every point that came within their knowledge, we shall, therefore, detail the evidence given before the Jury, which includes all that appeared in the depositions. CHRISTOPHER Nanta, one of Ms Royal Highness's pages, deposed :—That he slept in a room which was separated from the Duke's only by a thin partition ; on Thursday morning he was awakened about three o'clock by the Duke's voice, crying out, severa l t i mes , Neale, lam murdered." He instantly stalled up, and the Duke told him to take care, as the murderers were in his bed-room. The Duke was in his shirt, all covered - over with bloood. He (Neale) immedi ately seized the poker, and as he proceeded onwards towards the door of the yellow room which was open, lie trod upon a naked sword, which was reeking with blood. He took it up, and asked the Duke's permis sion to pursue the murderer.. The Duke answered, 44 No, no, Neale, for Gores sake, do not go trom me, - or leave me alone, as there are more of them in it." The Duke then leaned on his arm, Anil they went down stairs together. The porter was by this time roused, and the Duke directed him to locc the doors, and allow no person to leave the - House. They then met Mrs. Neale, whom the Duke directed to go and alarm Scthis. After this, they re“ancJ ro the 14 k"'4 a d n a dt i l selith i a ererc nt il ti hf i n rfo , theu a n b c 4iiei ttie l l a i n s " s w il b a i e c r l k: o l l h k e s ed 2tsc m. erali tri i i, c C pe )l lors, a set rnb: of a sword, and two bolsters ; the ke y of ti le cl. h door was on the inside. A report by thislime a f t eel the Duke that Seillis had 'been murdered 1 4: Home the surgeon th en arr i ved, and found that Duke had received Several wounds upon t h e the throat, the thigh, the hand, and the lef After this, the.atten t i on o f a l l was directe d ' Duke's personal saf et y. .The witness h a d on night before attended the Duke while undre s •s% 'The Duke had de s i re d hi mse lf to be awakened • seven o'clock next morning, and the witness h a d • consequence directed the maid to have a fire rea d Sir. It was plain t h a t t h e person who made the„ tack on the. Duke must have remained secreted is closet, as all the other doors leading to the D u k e , apartment wer e l ot t e d. A few days since se. had, according to orders, taken the Duke's te i mentalslusd sword out to ma k e them ready for° review, which did not afterwards take place. afterwards returned the regimentals, but left the v eer upon the sofa in the Dukes room, where it had • ever since until the fatal night. To a question put by Mr. Place, the Foreman of Jury, "Whether he knew of any motive which Seel; could have for taking away the Duke's life ?'' witness answered, 4 , That he had no motive in t world, for the Duke had done more for him than f any other servant he had. That his Ruyal Higb ncss had done lest for himself, who had b.teg long in his service. Hi s R o y a l Hi ghness had not o at himselftreated him with great kindness, but pret a i on some of the Princesses to bestow favours on b* wife and children. When Scillis first came into service he was only a barber." Q. (By the Jury). Did you ever hear SeilUs complain of ar bad treatmeet ht bad received from the Duke ?—A. He cad reason to conip/ain. Q. Did you e'er hear him complain ?—Witness. A nt I oblige to answer that question ? The Coroner said be mnst answer that question. Witness.—He heard him complain several times between t o and three years ago, (the servants baying formerly been aloe. half-a-guinea a week board wages, and three sElings an I six., per day for travelling expences.) His Royal Highness rai their board wages to fourteen shillings a week, and took set the three and sixpence for travelling expences, as the scrim. only went to Windsor, where they had their victuals fur mad. When that arrangement took place, a paper was drawn up the Steward for all the servants to sign, expressive of their an bation of it. Stills alone refused to sign it. as slums w-s formed by the steward. He said he would be d—d ixfore. I would sign it, and nobody but blackguards would sign it. understood that.his expressions were afterwards reported to Duke, and that, at his Royal Hightieo,'s request, the steward ' formed him, that if he did not sign it be and his family must t, ' the house ; when Beillis agreed to sign it. Witeess knew of recent misunderstanding between the deceased atki the Duke, he did not know that which he now related of his oven knowled„. Q. Had you ever any dispute with him yourself ?—A. I ocs, gave him an angry word. Q. Did he give you any angry words P—A. Redid not . • very civilly of me, but I never gave him an angry word. I see answered the bad language be Used so me Q. What did he say to you ?—(Thie teen= Int not pressed) Q. How did the deceased generally conduct himself m theta may ?—A. li e was eery malicious in his diseusithei, and wet j would be contradicted, not Even ty the Duke himself. I ins i Informed that be fought the Steward at Kew, and tkat he toe j with one or two more servants. he was very reserved to • , conversation with the witness. Q. Did you lately observe him to be in a luw nr deloodug state of mind ?—A. No, I did not. He uas lately idlltz.tsfeiti a cold, and Ws Royal Highness permitted It to Lute men car riage he consequence. Q. 1)o you think that It was the deceased who attacked Li Reif al Highness?-s-A. 'I he truth will come out yet, nodocleofit. ustr—Answer the question. A. My opinion is, that as I undressedliis Royal Weems, ad my bed being next his mom, Stalls meant to murder the DLit, thinking that the blame slunikl be put en me. JULY— Plat is your opinion. Warr/ass—Re has injured my character, and I have not the least doubt of It. Amite &ALL wife to the above, deposed that she had been called up at three o'clock on Thursday murning by the alattn of the Duke's miir. ler. She found his Royal Highness in the Page's room, bleal ing profusely. He tilrected her to call Sean:. She went to one of the doors of his room (there wre two doors), and knocked. There was no answer. She then went to open the done of the yellow mom, bus it was locked. After this she was joined by the Por ter, and they went round to the other Joor of Scillies room in order to waken him : when neat the door. they heard a gurgling noise, hire that of water tor. cing its way through the throat—the Porter looked in. and exclaimed that Seillis had cut his throat. She was alarmed and retired. Seillis was a very obstinate man, anti would bear no contradiction, not even tram the Duke. He constantly persisted in every dispute that he was in the ri k ;!tt, and indeed it was not safe to differ from him. The Duke had on all occa sions shewti him the most particular kindness; even • lately, when he was affected wolt a cold, he would not allow him . to go on the outside of the carriage. but insisted on his going inside with himself to Wind sor. The Princess Augusta and his Royal Highness had stcod Sponsers• by-proxy, for Scillies last and her Majesty had made the mother a present of two pieces of India muslin Seillis had a key torus from his own apartments to the Duke's without going out of doors. He was always very distant with the other servants. He seldom spoke to her; but on one occasion lately he met her, and told her that Mrs. Marsh, the house-keeper to the Royal Cockpit, wal dead, and that he would apply to the Duke to ge; the place for his wife. He said the Duke would ask Lord Dartmouth. He preferred asking a place for his wife rather than himself, because he was so con ' venient to the Duke, he knew his Royal Highness would not spare him. He hoped, however, to get some sinecure about the Palace. The whole Royal Family were particularly attached to Seillis, and ou every courtday they had his wife and children brought into the gallery to see them. Even on the last day the Queen was in town, she had the you'll baby brought into the room to be shewn to her. she never heard Seillis was jealous of his wife; quite the contrary, he was a domestic man, particularly at tached to her, and fond of his children. BENJAMIN SMIT/I, porter to the Duke of Cumber: land, said, he was called up about three o'clock tit .the morning of Thursday last, by a call of ( 4 MUr• der !" and that he received directions to stop et:erY person from leaving the house ; that he went to bed lis's house to call him up, but his wife told him that he slept in the D.uke's apartments. He then went to his apartments there, and heard a gurgling noise within, but could not gain admittance, the door was locked. He and some morn of the servants that went to the other tixtr, which was upon the jar, 30 they concluded Sc..lis was tnurtierrd, • • • '