Star. — London, England, 1822-07-02 00:00:00

.ame establishment nett year, ts it appeared he had adequate funds to support it. With respect to his lion. Friend's statement of the settlement of t h e Ea q India Company's debt, he thought he was entitled to take credit to himself for arranging a debt which had existed for so many years, and he might say that it had been done with fairness and even 11- berali: y. He repeated that, notwithstanding the cheer of the lion. Member for Winchelsea (Mr. Eivoegham). That H, m. and Learned Gentleman had not seen the c arers, or he might think with him, that they were t a lly entitled to 1,300,0001. Mr. C ALCR AFT stated, that from the live millions there was to be a deduction of 1,300,0001. formerly due by, but now allowed to, the India Company. Mr. J. SMITH professed himself friendly to the principle of a Sinking Fund. If the Three and a Half, and the Four per Cents. were reduced to the Three per Cents. it would be a great benefit to the public. The high price of the Funds advanced public credit, both at home and abroad. In the course of his life, he never knew any article unnaturally cheap, that did not afterwards become extremely high ; and he had no doubt that the case would be the same with the products of agriculture. Mr. BROUGHAM said, that all the felicitations to the Chancellor of the Exchequer had come from the Secretary to the Treasury. One reduction Minis ters seemed to have made—that of a trumpeter—for they had become their own trumpeters—(Laughter). The estimate of the Committee of 1817, had been 25,100,0001. and the estimate for the last yeat, had been a million and a half more; and for the present year, was not a million less. That was all they had done. If a person held an office, he was entitled to no compensation for another office, he had given up. The direct contrary was the practice of Ministers. A Gentleman, of 35 years of age, had retired on a pen sion of 4001. a year, upon the office being abolished ; hut, besides that, he had a place of 3691. a year, and 8001. more from the consolidation of two offices into one. That was directly contrary to the recommenda tibn of the Finance Committee of 1817. Mr. C. SMITH thought that it was strange the East India Company should have made a claim of .5,000,000/. and have accepted 1,300,000/. The Resolution for raising 7,500,0001. by issueing Exchequer Bills, was then agreed to, as were most of the other Resolutions. Mr. GRENFELL wished to know whether Aus tria was about to pay her debt, which was contracted with this country in the most solemn manner ? As far a, he knew, the debt, with interest, must amount now to 22,004001. What objection could there be to sell the bonds left by Austria for this debt? The Marquis of LONDONDERRY said, that he had formerly stated that there was a negociation then going on (and it was now going on), which would lead, he hoped, to some arrangement, but he would not pledge himself to it. On the Resolution for raising 200,0001. by lottery, 111 r. MARTIN said, he should divide the House on it. Mr. HUME hoped the Chancellor of the Exche quer would give up this mode of raising money. Mr.W. SMITH Also objected to the mode of raising money by Lotteries.— The Committee then divided, For the Resolution - - - 74 Against it - - - - 34 Majority - - - —4 O The remaining Resolutions were then agreed to, and the Report was ordered to be received to-morrow. ALIEN lIILL. Mr. PEEL moved the order of the day for the House going into a Committee on the Alien Bill. Mr. HOBHOUSE opposed the Speaker's leaving the Chair. 14 the early part of the Session he had hoped that Ministers did not intend to propose the continuance of this measure; and that hope was en couraged, when he recollected who it was that had succeeded to the office of Secretary of State for the Borne Department. And when he heard that Mi nisters really had such an intention, he inadvertently held out that which, upon reflection, he had no se ieus intention of carrying into effect : he alluded to his threat of moving perpetual adjourn:. eats. He had no vexatious opposition to offer to the Bill— (Hear, hear). —His only object was to discharge his duty. The•more he looked at the question, the more he was satisfied that it would be considered with re ference to the first principles of liberty, of which the Bill was so strong an invasion. It had, however, been justified, in the first instance, on necessity alone. Upon every subsequent renewal of it, it had been thought necessary to justify it on special grounds ; but now it was asked by the Right Hon. Secretary entirely as a measure of confidence. It was true the Right Hon. Secretary, when he had proposed the measure, had alluded to certain Continental prin ciples, not yet eradicated ; he had also attempted to handle a little of the English law. When the Right Hon. Secretary took up Magna Charta, he felt some degree of alarm. When a Secretary of State.handled that Statute, he thought of a witch with the LORD'S Prayer, who alway read it backwards for purposes of mischief ! The Right Hon. Secretary had quoted Magna Charm with some success in the estimation of his adherents, by quoting the passage nisi antea pro hfLiti ; but they should look to the Commentary of Sir E. Coke—(Hear ! from Mr. Peel—" this Sta tute referred to merchant strangers"). Yes, " mer chant strangers ;" but this had been well answered by the Honourable and Learned Gentleman (Sir James Mackintosh), who observed, that in that time merchants were the only travellers, as there were no Gentlemen making the grand tour—(Hear).—' But he would give the remainder of Sir E. Coke's comment :—" And therefore the prohibition intended by the Act must be by Public Council of the realm, that is, by Act of Parliament, for it concerneth the whole realm." Could the Right Hon. Gentleman co.itend, .that a Bill empowering Ministers to impri son or send out of the country any individual of 25,000 foreigners, whom they chose to suspect, did not endanger the liberty of man? The Right Hon. Gentleman had said, that there was revolutionary devil abroad, but he (Mr. Hoblionse) believed that a mach more dangerous devil had succeeded the revo lutionary Satan, 14 For Satan now is wiser than of yore, And tempts by making rich, not makiugpoor r The Right Hen.. Gentleman had also alluded to his responsibility ; but he would appeal to the candour of the Right Hon. Gentleman himself to say, whe ther there was such a thing as Ministerial responsi bility ? It was a mere nonentity. it, indeed, a coa lition of parties took place, a Minister might incur some danger; but there had been no real substantial • Ve responsibility since the'Reirolution. Without mean ing anything personal- o-the Right Honourable Gen- _ domain, and speaking of him only teka,Minister of the Crown. he must sty, that he saw *thing abbot the principles of the Right Honourable Gentle man to recommend a -nseastire of this description, to be adopted merely on his responsibility—(Near). He would not entrust errmuch power even to the great and illustrious Lord Chatham. He did - not admit the evil which had been mentioned 'as a reason for passing the Bill; and it was incumbent on its advo .cates to show the existence of that evil. It hadbeen Bud also that the powers ; iven by this Bill had never been abused ; but this was a complete assumption, His illustrious predecessor (Sir Samuel RomiTly) had proved many instances of its abuse. It had been as serted, too, that the People acquiesced in the measure. This he denied; but, if it were true, this solitary reli ance upon their opinion came with a bad grace from the other side of the Rouse. The qtlestion as to the right of the King to send away Aliens by virtue of his prerogative, had been completely set at rest by a former speech of a Right Hon. Gentleman now the President of the Board of Controul. That 'Right Hon. Gentleman had stated an instance in the reign of Charles 11. which completely negatived the right of prerogative. That Xing had not been able to send away a Frenchman who had seduced his favourite mistress, and appeared with her publicly at a theatre. He had been under the necessity of applying to the French King to recal his subject. The Hon. Member, after some other observations against the Bill, de. Glared his intention to give it every opposition. Mr. ROBINSON supported the Bill. He denied that it was inconsistent with the spirit of the English Constitution ; and introduced in subserviency to the wishes of foreign States. It was evident, from the tenour of our ancient laws, that the curtailment of the general liberty of Aliens was contemplated as a probable circumstance. Neither could our character for hospitality be at all affected by the present Bill. No one could be called inhospitable who declined to afford shelter, where his doing so would embroil him with his neighbours. There was, however, neither object nor desire to put the Bill in force against those who fled from their own country to avoid punishment. It was the policy of this country to maintain the re lations of peace so long as they could be maintained with honour. Our former wars were often occa sioned by the personal feelings of the Sovereigns ; but he now feared there was a contest of principles. It was a contest between arbitrary power on' the one hand—(Cheers from the Opposition)—and unquali fied revolution on the other—( Cheers from the Trea sftry Benches).—He regretted that there was such a contest; but as it unfortunately did exist, our object must be to avoid coming into collision with either of the contending parties. The power now proposed was not desired from any oppressive or other bad motive. The existence of a convulsion abroad, was a reason for our being jealous of the (inger to which we might be exposed by the residence of foreigners in this country ; and, for these reasons, he should cer tainly vote for the Bill. Mr. J. WILLIAMS (of Lincoln) said, that the ma , wrest reflection had led him to give this Bill his de termined, but most conscientious opposition. In the whole of the speeches there was no necessity made out for the measure. It was merely suggested that some case might arise in which peace and amity might be disturbed by some individual, but who the individual was, or what the crisis was, under which the interruption might arise, did not appear. It was a question affecting the People of England. All who had studied Magna Charts knew that the King had not power to send an Alien out of the country. Aliens could be punished for crimes which were punishable in Englishmen. The danger which justified such a measure was no longer in existence. Mr. Burke once drew a dagger when speaking on this very question, and hi, object was to shew the horrors and conse quence of not passing the Bill. The present state of peace bore no analogy to the time when Mr. Burke was an advocate for the Bill. He was desirous of stating one case, in which no man of liberal mind could say the provisions of the Bill ought to be en forced. If the cause of the Greeks should fail, and that wretched people be forced to leave their country for the purpose of throwing themselves on our hospi table shores, and in England endeavour to regain their lost country, would the Government drive them back to bare their throats to the knives and poniards of the barbarous Turks ? Could it in that case be fairly argued that they were endeavouring to injure this country with our Ally the Turk, and that the Defender of the Faith was hostile to the friends of the Faith ? He was convinced that the Government of this country was not to have discretionary power, on the mere supposition that it would not be abused, and he gave his assent to the motion of his Hon. Friend. Mr. H. GURNEY opposed the Bill.—The House then di vided— For the Committee - • Against it Majority for the Bill The House then went into the Committee. On the re-admission of strangers to the gallery, the Marquis of Loam/Incur was opposing a motion made by Mr. DU MAN to report progress. The Noble Marquis urged the Committee to go on, as there was only one blank to fill up. Mr. PETER MOORE considered the Bill of great import ance, and wished the House to go through it clause by clause, cetegorisally, as if the Bill had never passed.—The Commie-- then divided — For reporting progress - Against it Majority 142 60 XB2 57 144 -70 A second divisiOn ensued on the question of filling up the blank with two years: For tvfo years - Against those words . - SS Majority - - •••••••••107 On re-admission the of strangers to the gallery. the Committee were discussing an amendment proposed by Mr. Baouostan. to improve the preamble of the BM After some conversation, the amendment wasnegatived without a division. The House then resumed, and the Report was ordered to be received on Friday. Mr. VESEi FITZGERALD presented a Petition from a Mr. Sampson, Clerk of the Crown for the County of Clare, praying that the Bill for regulating the office of the Clerk of the Crown In Ireland, might be suspended for the present, or that he might be indemnified in respect of the fees which he would leer. by the passing of the BilL—Ordered to lie on the table, and be printed. The Middlesex County Treasurer's Regulation BIM was read a third time and passed. Mr. S. RICE presented a Petition from an Individual against the Irish Coroners' Regulation BEL—Ordered to be printed. The Metropolis Pace Regulation Bill was lead a third time and passed. Mr. WESTERN gave notice, that he should move, on Wed nesday, several Resolutions on the State of the Country and the Currency, with a vigor ter have the same printed for the use of the fdembets.—lice Howse adjourned at Two °Tied. - ~;v4p ; • Yesterday the LORD MAYOR, ttROOk. After the usual routine of the Court, and 'two or thret causes, of no interest Ili the'PatiliV, hat,, kitten disposed 'of, she.siffair between Me:Sit-Shariff' rarkins and the Clerk of the Bridge-street Asso ciation was called on. It was an indictment at common law againstlife-• ratio Orton for assaulting aad'beating John - Wilfred: Bsq, on the Hith of May !aft, in the parish of SCBridget, ,otherwise St. Bride, in the Oty-of London, dec. Mr. Cuanuts . Pmumos appeared in support of•she indictment, and Mr. ADOLPHUS for the defence Mr. Parkins took his seat directly under his Ccituiseli and the defendant, Horatio Horton, or HOratiol Longoeville Orton, at the bottom of the tablesajoin ing the witness box. Mr. CIIA nuts PH luau stated the case to the Jury as follows - : " Gentlemen of the Jury—l 'appear in this case as Counsel for the prosecution. The tr.tverser stands at the bar indicted for an assault upon my l client, Mr. Parkins. Mr.'Parkins is a gentlemanwho l has lately filled the high office of Sheriff of this City. His character must be too well known to you all to require any observation from me. Of the defendant I know nothing, but I cannot help regretting, that a gentleman of his appearance should stand accused of this offence. He is, I understand, Clerk or Se cretary to an Association, called the Constitutional Association, of which you must all, no doubt, have heard. With the politics or views of that Association I have no concern, nor does it form any part of my duty, and still less of my inclination, to mix myself. up with the opinions or principles of any of the par-. ties in this transaction. It happened that on the 18th of May last, Mr. Parkins was sitting in his office, at No. 10, Bridge -street, when a knock came to his door, which was opened by one of his clerks. He there saw a gentleman, who inquired if Mr. Parkins was at home? and being answered in the affirmative, he desired the clerk to tell him that Mr. Orton wanted to see him. As soon as Mr. Parkins received the message he went down, when Orton instantly said to him, " How dare you go into my room and take my papers?" Now Mr. Parkins will swear to you on oath that he never entered Mr. Orton's room, and , never took his papers. However, Mr. Orton did not wait for an answer, but took a stick or switch from under his coat and thrust it in Mr. Parkins' eyes. He neither gave him time to answer nor notice of an as sault. When Mr. Parkins recovered from the surprise which the attack occasioned, he commenced defend- iug himself, which he would have done effectually but for the interference of some dogs, which, I will not say, were brought there by Mr. Orton, but certainly they evinced more friendship for him than for Mr. Parkins, for they inflicted upon him no less than 11 wounds. However, Orton did not come off scot free, for he has got sufficient reason to teach him, armed or unarmed, never to make an attack upon Mr. Parkins again. Mr. Parkins was so wounded that he was unable to go to a Magistrate, and accordingly he sent for a worthy Alderman, whom, I am sorry to say, I do not now see present (Mr. Alderman Vs'aithman). He instantly attended the call of Mr. Parkins, fulfilling, as he always must do, his duty. My Learned Friend (Mr. Adolphus) will say, that the wounds inflicted by the dogs have nothing to say to the case; but it does appear to my common sense, as I am sure it will to yours, that Orton is responsible for all the wounds inflicted on my client by means of his ag gression. These wounds might have been much more serious; and had the femoral artery of Mr. Parkins' been cut, Orton might now stand arraigned upon a very different charge. I shall now say no more. These are the facts of the case, which I have detailed without comment. If Orton has a defence, I shall have an opportunity of addressing you again; if not, I am sure it will be to you, Gentlemen, a pleasurable duty to pronounce a verdict of Guilty ; and into your hands I commit the case, conscious that my client will find justice." Mr. Parkins was then called, and being examined by Mr. PHILLIPS, deposed as follows: He saw the defendant, Orton, on the lath of May, at No. 10, Bridge-street, at eleven o'clock in the forenoon. One of his assistants had left the office, and returned, stating, that Mi. Orton wanted to see him. At that time he was dictating a letter to a young man in the office. He went to the door, and was instantly accosted by Orton in these words, " How dare you, Sir, go to my room and take my papers?" His hat was off, and he had no weapon of any kind. Before he had given an answer, Orton pulled a stick from under his coat, and struck him repeatedly on the face. There was a chest behind him, an that he could not retreat. There was a man got between them, whom he pulled out of the way, and in getting from the door be was seized by two dogs, one of them, a large dog, caught him by the calf of the leg, the other by the ham-strings. He called out, " For Gun's sake take the dogs from me." AU this tune Orion repeated his blows with the greatest fierceness that could be conceived. The office in which he had been sitting was air. propriated solely to his own business. He at length kicked the dugs from him, and knocked the stick out of Orion's hand, who then struck bins with his fists ; in the conflict, Orton went down. He received eleven bleeding wounds on his face, nine on hb thigh, and two on the calf of his leg. Not being able to go to a ' Magistrate, he sent for Mr. Alderman Waithman, and also for a surgeon. He was confined to his room for more than a week ; sone of the wounds were not healed yet. He never gave Orton the least provocation. Cross-examined by Mr. ADOLPHUS.—He never, by accident or design, got possession of a paper belonging to Orton; but he saw a paper of that description on a table in a public passage leading to his office, and also in the hands of the waiter. On being asked whether the paper related to the Constitu tional Association? he said he should refresh his memory by looking at an extract he had made from a newspaper. Witness then proceeded to read the extract, when he was interrupted by Mr. Adolphus. Witness still continued. Mr. Aocn.ruus (with vehemence).—Will you act, Sir, like every other witness? Mr. Paames.-1 will, Sir, when you examine me like a Gen tlerna n The RECORDES here interposed. N.r. ADOLTHULI am not, Sir, to be interrupted by these observations, which are made for the purpose of exciting laughter. An advettisement has. been put in the Papers this morning, for the purpose of bringing a mob here. lslr. Ynn.i.us—That observation should not be made. Mr. Alderman llaowes--It is an observation which should not be made in Court.--(Some hissing was then heard in Court.) Mr. AnoLrhus--There„ now, you have the truth of my obser vation.—( More hissing.) Mr. Alderman Batrerstz-4'het hissing was . excited, -Sir, by your observation. Mr. Auor.inus--This Court is hound by law to defend me, and I must receive the treatment of an Advocate. The cross-examination was then continued. tie did not send that paper to be 'Abashed. He had no doubt his clerk took a espy of it. There were three persons in I the office. gthis.servrons (Gill) stood between him and Orton. He dig not push Orton before he struck him. The ease witlywhialitievras attack was a heavy one. He 'defended hihaself aagivalliiibiouall4l, bus with mat ilisadvaaWee, as the _ frost the pas sage where Orton was standing, and they never seized him at all ; be never had given directions that that parashould be published. co t e r CNivis.s—lfoi have staid, • Mr. Parini', that you were to your roonftletbid rehrelhan a week, in consequence mfielmhnsieesTen received. Do yeti mean 'teeny that you did eel gat the room during all that timer • • `iiiri:l'aitithis.—Pfot Validly so, my . • . fibustv.---"Why,' you , havattablm in - ',bear 4n chief ! Mr. Parldna—Hare - I t my Lord? Then ram glad J have now an opportunity of 'cbrreeting myself. The COOLL—You ought not to be glad ;'yon 'stet:lc:66ler • saltrfthrt youitavelleltedileat *Meth nbt Viitreet. , lifirleParkiks, is ittply•to:deeries.bf•qnestienstramisis' skip, admitted that he .did intact go out three or•four tine in the course of the week; but it was on horseback—on a remark sbly•qtthtt horse, ant each tithe etrbuitness 14 'the uttridithn portance andßever bet with great-pain and diffiettley. . • Mrs ti4destes•fgranr, irsurgeen t reddMrst 5i0.15. Fleet-street, deposed, that be was called in to attend Mr. Parkins. He found several seratchetots his face,' imd settral iaceritihnis Mitts legs and thighs. The wounds were not ,W Ifeep;•but riebitritiette, and such as would induce bins, as s prefeasional men. ttridvise Mr. Parkins to confine himself to his mom fora few days. • 'Joseph Gill was next examined, and costilitised the itatiment of the prosecutor. On 'his erosi.examitiation 'he stated that he was a servant in the employmensior•ffir. Parkins, endorse 'nary tied to his sister. He never"seede `say affidavit to aphis the transactions now before the Csnart,..nor did not know this any such affidavit hid teen published, and any man whu caused to be published such a document would bare issued a vile fabeleatinn. Mr. Weiler was pstietor of tie! Hotel •in Bridgesstrebt, in which hit..Parkinss . 4m was situated. Aftet the attack upon Mr. Parkins he met (Mon, .and reproached him, for having broken the price mild, house. Orton replied, that if he (*alter) did Ma take cane, be should get the same sauce •as had -lien served to Parkins ; -be was glad it eras 'done and wished it had been more severe. Oa his c.rosiesasseinatiuO, be stated, that the paper alluded to was publicly to be seen in his house. One of tile dugs which attacked Mr. Parkins was his ;' be • badiirotight him here to-day, but there was no aeconmindation for such wittleines. Mr. Pnacirs said that Was his case. Mr. ADOLPHUS then addressed the Jury. ITe sand, if this case had been divested of all circumstances Cal culated to raise curiosity, to produce dramatic effect, and excite prejudices, it would appear one of the Most trite and common cases that a Jury was ever called, upon to decide. He by no means meant to impute the slightest impropriety to his Learned Friend (Mr. Phillips) for the manner in which he conducted it ; on the contrary, he never heard a speec'a more re markable for judgment, and for properly enforcing those points which should be enforced, and avoiding all topics which should not be introduced. He should certainly follow the excellent example of his Learned Friend, in abstaining from all political discussion, for he knew of no subject that should be more assidu ously excluded from the consideration of a Jury.— But at the same time he must observe, that there was such a thing as notoriety. Some men there were ei tremely desirous of figuring in the paragraphs of a Newspaper, who were abstractedly formed by Na ture for obscurity ; there were others, who, if they were tainted with vice or folly, desired to remain in the shade ; but others again loved to appear before the Public in all their odious deformity.— How much of that feeling had given birth to the pre sent case, it would be for the Jury to determine; but whatever decision they might pronounce, his opinion should always be that the defendant was infinitely less disgraced than the prosecutor. The Learned Gentleman then commented at great length upon the evidence. He stated, that in consequence of the re moval of the office of the Association from No. 6 to No. 10, several papers belonging to the Association were obliged to be left on a table in a public p.issage which led to the office of Mr. Parkins. One of those papers by some means or other found its way into the public Papers. Mr. Parkins says he did not pub lish it, but he admits that his clerk took a copy of it. Gentlemen, Mr. Parkins swears well, but do you believe him ? For what purpose would he give direc tions to his clerk to make a copy of that paper unless to publish it? And he would ask the Jury what would they think of a mania public lifeguilty of such conduct? He should not mention in Court what he should de nominate it, for the expression would be too offensive, but he well knew the expression; it was of two syl lables, and the most concise the language could apply, which should be used and would he applied by them when they went home and gave an account to their friends of an act so detestable. Now with re spect to the dogs, it appeared to him that the injuries inflicted by them should be thrown out of considera tion. They did not belong to Mr. Orton: they were not brought by him. But these honest animals haste a natural hatred to that species of being who could purloin the paper of another, and thereore they at tacked Mr. Parkins! " I am his Lordship's dog at Whi:eham, And whom he bids me bite, I bite him!" was a motto on the collar of a ;err celebrated dog; but in this instance the dog had displayed the most marvellous instinct, for he selected the very man who had done the deed. He honoured him for it ; and, if the dog were his, he would invest him with a silver collar, on which his exploits should be recorded, to be worn on all future occasions as an emblem of his amazing skill -and judgment—(Consideruble laughter).—But, in point of fact, the story of the dog had nothing to do with the case, and was merely introduced as part of the privileges of it. The Jury should therefore dismiss it from their consideration. —ln conclusion, he wished to observe, that of Mr. Parkins out of that case he knew nothing, he wished Ito know nothing, but he felt anxious for the charac ter of his client, and, whatever might be the result, he should always feel that Orton was the honoured, not the degraded individual. The RECORDER then charged the Jury, who imme diately returned a verdict ot—Guilt y. After some consultation on the Bench, the RECOR DER addressed the defendant : he had been found guilty, on the clearest evidence, of having committed an unprovoked assault, and his declaration that he was glad of what he had done was an aggravation of his offence. The sentence of the Court was, that he should be im prisoned two months in the Giltspur-street Compter. One of the turnkeys of that prison toot hint into custody, and conveyed him out of Court. EINSWINIFFAMICIIit 411011iliflibet. • He boll the Antes shy*, Awn 1011j$4400kidi•- , L on d o i s ess i ons were opene d i nt . t h e d-MWOrtt led was a regular What° of No. lOolioarNitrobiewo removed thrre. Iteconosn, Sherif', &c. • Re examined by Mr. Parstarre.--The dogs came frost the pe- a routine business of the Court, and m g e where Orton was standing. and they never ,aired him at all ; , 1 0 , i +4.,, ~ , t ; i t ~ i % i . , 1 ~ j • Incaxast oe Norararras.--In the parish of Comtismlt, in Ayrshire, now, nut a labourer or operative manufacturer but feeds or hears read a Newspaper; and even the herds that wan- der the upland wastes peruse them, and, by placing tlrem ander some large atone, or in some rocky crevice, convey them to other shepherds, whose circuits of perambulation border on their own ; whereas, 45 years ago, and during the American war, wh etipu b;. lic interest was strongly excited, only one Newspaper, sarb a correspondent, came to the Parish, and the Minister and the triad Kieedientsoeh had k between them. ' •