Star. — London, England, 1831-05-26 00:00:00

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Su, eon - Dentist , continues 4 v-a- his much-approved Practice of REGULATING INFANTS' TEETH, so universally recommended by the Faculty, as it obviates irregularities, which are so frequently the cause of disease in after lens. Tender and Decayed Teeth effectually Cured, without the slightest pain, with his CHEM ICA la COMPOSITION, which Is allowed by Surgeons and Dentists of extensire Practice to be superior to any thing of the kind. NATURAL and ARTIFICIAL TEETH Supplied, from One to a Complete Set, with perfect ease, and natural Jppeararee, to the wearer, so as to restore the powers of ardculadoo and mastication, thereby preventing Indigestion, which is so commonly the cause of more serious and frequently fatal diseases. At Home from Ten till Five. CHILDREN CUTTING THEIR TEETH. "OONGREVE'S GOLDEN BALM," or IMPROVED N., SOOTHING SYRUP. This remedy possesses superior ad vantages In counter-acting the dreadful effects arising from painful den tition. It cools and comforts the gums; assuages the most violent an guish consequent on their inflammation; and its demulcent properties uo soften and render elastic these tender parts as to produce the teeth in their tegolar order with incredible eau and rapidity, without coned. Vatirg the bo we l s an d exc i ting other baneful effects • by which the ne tosity of lancing th e gums , so t with da ngerous results, is tntirely superseded. It Is introduced at the lowest possible price by the proprietor, for th e p ur p ose of plac i ng It within du reach of Sold all clam & in bottles at Is. lid. and 2s. 9d. by Mom Butler, Che mists, Cheapside Corner of St. P au l' s , L ondon, and the principal ,Druggists and !Lamellas. Of who m may be had MARSHALL'S L'N iVERSAL CERATE.—Thi s Cerate is found to be most effica cious as an application to Ulcers, Wounds, Bums, Scalds, Sores, itc. lb Mars, at Is. ljd. and 2s. 9d. bt \ \l l !i ti k r i / • .46411 ( 010 . C IS .I O INUargiAND Tp 1788. No. 13,794. THURSDAY EVENENtiI, MAY 26, 1831. DEMERARA AND ESSEQUEBO. Report of the Committee of Matters and Merchants, appointed to ye t the Agricultural and Commercial State of the United Colony of Demerara and Essequebo. A general opinion prevails in the mother country tbat the united colony of Demerara and Essequibo feels the pressure of the present calamitous times in a less degree than the West India islands—and, therefore, we find, in the repre sentations which the latter make of their embarrassments, this idea is encouraged with a view to prevent the adoption of a graduated scale of duties. This colony, it is well known, produces inferior sugar to the other colonies, with, perhaps, the exception of Trinidad and Berbice ; and therefore, on every principle of justice, the duty should be less than on finer qualities. If it be asserted that it possesses a superior soil, and consequently produces a larger quantity of sugar— on the other hand, it will be clearly shown that, not only the cost of the original establishment of an estate, but the annual expenses are far greater than in the islands, and that the proprietors are now deriving little or no return on their capital. To the minds of men unacquainted with the peculiarities of the Colonies, a question will, no doubt, suggest itself. Why should the expenses of a Demerara estate, with a given number of slaves, exceed those of an estate in the West India islands, with an equal number? On this bead, there fore, it is necessary to enter into a detail of the circum stances, which will throw light on the subject. The soil of Demerara and Essequebo is alluvial; is under the level of the sea at high water—consequently, must be protected by embankments in front. The country as far as the plantations extend, is almost a dead level, and therefore embankments are also necessary in the rear of the estates to keep out the waters of the interior. Side-dams are also requisite, that damage occurring to one estate, by the breaking of its front or rear embankment, may be prevented from spreading to its neighbours. These embankments are kept up at a very considerable expense, and have often to be renewed and put in repair, by hiring extra labourers or task-gangs, who follow this kind of business. Large sluices and canals are also necessary, and very expensive ; and some idea may be formed of the vast extent of capital indispentet- ' ble to establish a Sugar estate calculated to eroduce 700 hogsheads of sugar annually, when 37 miles of canals, 11 feet wide by .5 feet deep, on an average, and '214 miles of trenches, 2 feet wide by 18 inches deep, are requisite for the drainage of the estate, and transportation of the canes to the mill. In many situations wharves of hardwood timber, often extending from 200 to .500 feet into the sea, are also necessary for the shipping of the crop; and, with the ex ception of the river estates, (where punts or lighters are used,) each property must have its drogher to carry the crop to the harbour of Demerara, and transport from thence the requisite supplies for the estate and its people. The country is so intersected by rivers and creeks, and moreover the softness of the soil is such, that transportation by carts is out of the question ; and there is no way by which the great expence of boats can be ob viated, although it amounts to at least E5OO stet ling per an num to each estate. Steam-engines are almost the only kind of machinery calculated for Sugar Estates in Demerara and Essequebo, as the country has no eminences, and few pro jecting points fitted for the erection of wind-mills ; and, being a level plain, is consequently deprived of waterfalls. These advantages are enjoyed by the Islands, and obviate a great expense of fuel, which is inevitable where steam-en gines are employed ;—great, however, as these advan tages are, they are surpassed by others which they enjoy iu the durability, and small expense whicn their sugar works cost, when compared with those of Demerara and Essequebo. Stone and lime are at hand in the former, whilst the materials of the buildings in the latter are either of timber, purchased from wood-cutters, who procure it fre quently from the distance of some hundred miles in the in terior, or are erected at a vast expense with bricks and lime imported from Britain. Independent of the impractibility of procuring a solid foundation in most parts of the colony, few are able to use the last-mentioned materials--consequently, the buildings are principally composed of wood ; and such is the humidity of the climate, that a set of sugar works and implements, erected at a cost, perhaps, of 20,0001. sterling, are not calculated to last for more than twenty years. and during that period require very considerable outlay in repairs and painting. The same argument applies to every other description of buildings in Demerara and Essequebo ; con stant attention, timely repairs, and annual painting, are in dispensable to preserve them in a serviceable state. Another serious item in the expenditure of Demerara and Essequebo estates, is the salaries of the whites on them ; and it is necessary to shew the causes which operate to ren der such so disproportionate to wages in the islands. In tracing this to its origin, it will be found greatly to the credit of the planters of Demerara and Essequebo, and to form one of the strongest proofs of their anxiety to ameliorate thecon dition of their slaves, long prior to the interference of the mother country with their local regulations. In the time when this colony belonged to Holland, the salaries of the white people employed on the estates were ex ceedingly low, and the managers and overseers in general, by no means equal in respectability or education to the per sons now follou ing those employments. Discharged soldiers and seamen constituted a great proportion of the overseeis ; and although many of them were men of humane dispositions and good conduct, it cannot be denied that instances to the contrary occurred, and made it expedient to procure a supe rior class of men for these occupatious, when a general de sire for progressive amelioration became manifest amongst the colonists themselves. The only way in which this could be effected, was by holding out the inducement of good salaries, and, inconsequence, many respectable planters from the West India islands, and young men of good education from Europe, were procured to perform the duties. 1 A planter's life in Demerara and Essequebo is far more laborious than in the islands. The frequent rains—the ex tent of the plantations —the necessity of vigilant attention to the embankments and drainage of the properties all com bine to render it so ; and the consumption of clothing, boots and shoes, &c. is far greater than amongst persons in the the same line in the islands, where the climate is dryer, with good clean roads, and the distance to be travelled over is comparatively trifling. There is yet another reason why salaries are higher here than in the islands. The greater part of our white people are procured from Britain, whilst in most of the islands, with a numerous white population, the descendants of settlers for centuries, no scarcity of managers PRICE 7n. and overseers ever takes place, as there is sufficient competi tion amongst the natives, who prefer small salaries, in their native country, rather than quit it for a land where many hare, by experience, found tlie duties of their station infi nitely more laborious, though with an increased rate of emo lument. Under the head of salaries may also be brought the charge for medical attendance. The fatigue which medical men must necessarily undergo in paying strict attention to their practice, renders it indispensable to pay them liberally ; and the same causes which combine to occasion the excess of expenses to mauagers and overseers over those in the Islands, equally apply to the doctors. Indeed, the roads are often so qitt up in wet weather as to be almost impassable ; and a me &41 man, with a practice of perhaps not more than half a dozen estates,•is under the necessity of keepiag three or four horses, to enable him to go through his duties. The diseases which afflict the inhabitants of Demerara and Es sequebo, are geoer.dly of a nature to require skilful treat ment, as they, for the most part, are occasioned by the hu midity of the climate ; aud, it is .tot unfrequently the case, that individuals, the very picture of health and vigour, are suddenly attacked, who, by immediate judicious treatment by men of skill in the profession, are preserved. In many of the Islands there are uctive apothecaries who prescribe for a small MUD, and, as well as the generality of managers, understand the common ailments of the negroes—and in cases of danger only, physicians are resorted to. The laws of tho Colony enjoin that each estate shall keep in its service a regular medical practitioner, duly licensed by his Excellency the Governor ;—the colonists are therefore by this, and a regard for their own interest, constrained to encourage gentlemen skilled in the profession to settle amongst them, by paying them liberally. The salaries and extent of our civil establishments are on a gigantic scale when compared with those of the Islands— where the legislatures have had the power of proportioning such to the resources of their constituents ; but Demerara and Esseqttebo, unblessed with this salutary protection, are compelled to submit to a load of taxation, which, under existing circumstances, is felt severely. This taxation has been greatly augmented of late years by the increase in the clerical establishment, and by newly-created officers, in accordance with the views of Government. This augmentation having taken place in the face of a declining and ruinous market for the staple commodities of the Colony, is therefore felt in a greater ratio. The Colonists, actuated by an earnest desire to improve the spiritual and temporal condition of their slaves, were induced to foster these addi tional religious establishment'', and calmly to submit to the newly-created of f ices, and, after having entailed so heavy an additional expense on their already reduced finances, not- 1 withstanding such substantial evidence of their desire, by every prudent and practicable measure, to ameliorate the condition of their slaves (in which they have succeeded be yond the most sanguine expectations of disinterested public men who have been eye-witnesses of the fact),— it is with pain they now perceive that the implacable hatred of their enemies 4 • in no degree, appeased ; but has, on the con trary, acquired fresh virulence, from the measures of ame lioration which have been adopted by the oppressed.and im poverished colonists—who now observe, with horror, that nothing short of their final ruin is sought to be accomplished. It is almost superfluous to add, that the effect of the syste matic proceedings of the anti-colonists has been to render estates in the colonies unsaleable,—confidence is destroyed, —and the present holders of property are compelled to struggle with their embarrassments, unaided by a remune rating price for their produce, and unable to effect a sale, or to obtain that relief which they formerly procured from the British capitalists, when the stability of West India pro perty was unshaken by illegal attacks. The state to which the plantations in Demerara and Esse quebo have already been reduced, is clearly exhibited in the following statements. The Colonists have not only the mortification of toiling without profit to themselves, but have likewise their lives and properties placed in jeopardy, by the dissemination of the unprincipled and inflammatory doctrines of a set of men, the instigators or leaders of which veil their sinister motives under the cloak of philanthropy, whilst they would not screple to consign to ruin and blood-• abed their fellow-subjects, who hold their property by as lawful a tenure as that by which any other species of pro perty in the empire is held. Statements referred to in the preceding paragraph. The quality of Demerara and Essequcbo sugar is a medium be tween dry brown at.d middling—the former quoted minimum, 43•—the latter 111111111111111 534—average fitly per cwt. No. I.—Ar estzte in the best part of the colony with a gang of 500 ncgroea, produces ou an average 800 hhds sugar, which, at the King's bean'. tutu out 14 cwt. nett each : 1 cwt average price • Duty as at present baled with. out reference to guilty 244 Freight. Mercantile, and Duck Charges— 8. 6d,— 3k. 6d 4. Leavai 15s. Bd. p. ewt. equal. To ,410 17s per hhd.--800 hhds. .. £8,680 70,000 Q.llonm Rum, old Gall. equal to 53,334 Imperial Gal lons, at the present quotations. per Gallon ...£ Is Bd. OTT. Cost of Production, Mercantile, and Dock l'hargcs Is Leaves.. 8d per GaLlon. 58,334 Gallons at that rate .. ... ... ... 1,944 9r. Gross Revenue ... ... 10,624 9s. Expenses, vls. 86,000 lbs Fish at M. ... • • 677 ls. Clothing for Negroes ... ... 750 Plain:ins purchased ... ... 1143 450 hhds. Coals, at 38s .. • • 856 360 hhds. to put Sugars in for the crop along with the Coal hbds. ... • • 350 Drogh.rnge ... .. Salarks and Taxes ... ... ... 1600 Pork, Rice, and Port Wine, /2406 10 Bricks, Lime. Timber, Lum ber, anti Nuils for repairs 8050 Tobacco and Pipes •. 8110 Temper Lime, Lamp 01 1, and Wick ... ... 700 Tar, Pitch, Cordage, and Plumber's Work .. 860 • The planters not only feel the pressure of this extwbitent dety, but have moreo v er, to comp l a i n , t h at i t i s not lev i ed on the quantity I delivered, but on the w e i g h t o f t h e midis when landed, between which time and the day of sale it diminishes considetably, end the duty should, therefore, be only exacted on the quantity soid—e rommue which could easily be carded into effect, at the time of delivery from bonded warehouse, tOl ~~~. ~~ Rzchinge at 11 4 Per A /16,343 10 1096 Tools, Punts, and Repairs t o ditto ... 4750 Average deterioration of Build e in thereon g., ono invested, 5 per ast. Instuunee on Buildings ... Ifloo Balance ... 41705 it, Balance of Revenue 27051. Bs. after deduction of the current expend: ture, out of which, however, the Planter has to expend, on an R u se this magnitude, an average sum of 5001. sterling, annually, in ta.!. - work, clearing out the canals and drains; or. if he applies the labour of the gang of the Rotate to these objects, his crop will be lessened at lea , t 150 hogsheads every third year. Of the above sum of 79191. is. the proportion of expenditure which falls on the Sugar et the present home palms is lis 8441 pa met : and which is, conaequently, the cost of production. And the proportion on the Rum, taken also at the present price, is within a fraction of 6d per These two articles are dependent on each other ; the Rum rei li n7produced from the offal of the Sour—and, therefore, the only fair way of getting at the cost of production, is by making each briar its proportion of the expenditure according to what it fetches. '!'hose calculations are made, however, without reference to the invested capital, hi which is comprehended the labour of cultivation and manufacture. The nett proceeds of 1 est. Sugar, as before stated at pawn .. ... Deduct coat of production 15s. 6d. ... 11s. hid. heaves ... 315. llid. Three shillings and eleven pence farthing bring all that the Drane. rays and Essequebo Sugar Planter gets for 1 cwt. Sugar when the duty is 245. per ewe. and the freight and mercantile charges ate Ss hd and the article sells in the British markets at 48s per cwt I ! The price of a gallon of Ruin as before stated is is 8 d Deduct cost of production , freight, and mercantile and d o ck An" ... 1a 0 d 24$ 7919 I: a d 5 lb ii; Net proceeds ... Deduct cost of production ... Leaves ... 2 1.16 Two pence and one.aixteenth part of a penny being all the Demerara r.ntl Easequebo Sugar Planter gets for a gallon of Rum when the inkr is is tid per gallon. This ruinous price being occasioned by the une qual footing on which British plantation Spirits h ave b een placed wi 4 those of home production ! ! The above-mentioned Estate cost its proprietor 120,0001. sterling, and was considered a good bargain some years ago ; it now does not yield more than 21 per cent. on the capital invested. The prices of produce are calculated at the highest rates, as can be shewn by actual aceoont sales. An Estate, making a similar crop, in the same part of the Colony, taking the sales, for the last two years, has not averaged 91. per hhd. and the sales amount to 1600 hhda. The foregoing *hews the condition of an unencumbered estate . • but reverse the case and see what it is when the P r op r i etor owes hi s 31e.r. chant, or the original seller of the estate, 60,0001. or half the cost of the properly on mortgage, paying the legal interest of 6 per cent. per annum. 641,000 L tine on mortgage, interest annually.... £3BOO Revenue, after deducing current annual ex- _ pease" 2705 81. Leaves.... . ..... 12s. Leaving the Proprietor in debt this sum annually, without receiving a farthing of interest on the 60,0001. of his own sunk on the estate. No. 2..—An E'tatc with 200 Negroes in an average part of tine Colony, as to &oil and local advantages, produces, on an average, 260 hhds. Sugar. As in Schedule No. 1, at 101. 17s. per hbd. equal to 20,000 gallons Rum (old measure), 16,667 Imperial, nett proceeds lid. per gallon ..... .. b lii. Gross Revenue........ £3376 Ils. The expenses of this Estate are moderate, be. ing on an average 2,5001. The building's:, principally of brick (having the advantages of 3 good foundation) the annual deterioration is. therefore, not calculated at more than two per Cent. on the average. The present value put on them is 10,0001. but they originally cost much more-2001 2.7G0 (1 Balance .. f 46 11 This &tate was valued a few years at 40,0001. when its sugars net. tad the proprietor as much pet cut as the amount of duty now charged by Government, 245. and Rum bore a remunerati. g price. He had then a very fair return for his capital. He still owes ten thousand pounds on the property to his merchant, so the. after pay ment of the interest,6ool he has only 76111 s left to support himself and large fetidly, and to meet contingencies inseparable from the nature of West India property. Coffee erd Cotton Estates, whet e the plantain loath are t shammed, arc setually giving no return to the proprietors: & eel, :mit ae some is. duction of the duty on the coffee takes place soon, ti ei cultivation sill be entirely abandoned. The effect produced on trade by this impoverished state of the plan. teas, Is cony day liccontim; more apparent. The Exchange has Hort to a hcigh. above what it has been herctofort, since the colony becaiiie British ; law suits, to a frightful extent. are accumulating ; and the home supplies imported by the int rehnnts for sale, are perishing in the warehouses for want of customers. The trade of Demerara and EL.!. quebo with Britain and her North American Colonies, has hitherto em. ploytd 86,000 tons shipping ; upwards of 5,000 seamen ; and the actual value of article' of British In:inutile arc and production imported annually, is little short of a million sterling. These imports will na turally diminish, if the agtitultural burtht ns arc not speedily and eiFec. tually relieved. It is in vain for the enemies of the colonies to raise the argument that the planters have hitherto placed too high a value on their property, for it is evident it could never have bees contem. plated that the duties would have been suffered to remain so high, in the face of so great a fall, as to make the remunerating price to the colonial agticulturist actually less than the charge for freight of the ar. tides of Sugar and Rum to the home market. It is thus manifest, that if the present system continues, certain ruin awaits the Colonists. It is enough for them to show (whatever may have been their situation formerly) that at present they are sinking fast into decay ; that their burdens are pressing on them in a manner which can only be alleviated by a large reduction of duty on their maple com modities ; that such duty should be proportioned to the quality of their produce ; and, as the colonists are not only British subjects, but most of them nati% es of the Mother Country. they are equally entitled, with the old Colonies, to British protection and Colonial rights. The advantages which the islands enjoy, of having legislature% granted to them by Royal Chatter, ought, in no way, to entitle them to a pre ference over the ceded Colonies in the home markets ; but should, on the contrary, give the latter a greater claim to protection,—particularly as all the measures recommended by Government, in pursuance of their plan of amelioration, are now In full operation here, and attended with very heavy expenses to the Colonists. Demerara, 20th January. 1031. John Croal, Thomas Frankland, George Rainy, Peter Rose, George Warren, Gavin Fullerton, James Douglas. William Arrindell, Andrew Jackson, Alexander Macrae, John sPLean. CHOLERA MoRBUS IN RUSSIA.—The Russian Govern ment are of opinion that the cholera entered the province of the then. burg during the year 1829, with the caravans trading between Oren. burg and Bonkliars, the commercial entrepot of central Asia. During the summer of 1830, the atmosphere was filled with dense masses et ernall green files, which in Asia are the forerunners of pestilence, and are called the plague files. The streets swarmed with these insects. and as soon as the inhabitants quitted their houses, they were covered from head to foot with them. No ' , tendon was, however, paid to this phenomenon, nor any measures of precaution adopted, until mid. ll'ence had been received that this formidable disease had appeared in Nischni-Novgorod : quarantine reguLtions were immediatelt en. forced, but It was too late. The fugitives from the infected places brought the disease itself with the tidings of its progresa; consternation prevailed among all ranks--every one who permed the means fled from the city, and even the medical men were incapacitated by terror from paying attention to the sick. The numbe r o f persons attacked did not exead 6,000, and it was observed that the least timid, and those who pursued their out-door occupations as usual, generally with rare exceptions; the nurses and physicians, and t h e =7 1 4 who conveyed the dead to the place of interment, continued in perfect health. The symptoms of the disease were precisely the rime as those of the spasmodic cholera of India. The attack is usually most insidious and sudden. In the Mutely of the epidemic, in. stances are numerous of soldiers falling in the line of march, and dying instantly, as if seared by lightning, without having uttered a previous complaint. Mechanics have perished with their working implements in their hands—the Brahmin at his beads, and the Ryot at his plough. The remedies which had been applied in Southern Asia were, however, found to be fatally injurious at Miaow. M'hUe bleed ing was resorted to, as in Asia, the majority of the mess proved fatal ; but an uneducated dtisen of &nolesako, hiving tried feesentstfons to prevent perspiration, with memos, the physicians adopsi the setgett don, and the recoveries afterwards were muck more a than the desks. The disease was, however, as And is Romig ss comparing the Dumber of deaths with the diseased, bat it is reessolkebie that fewer were attacked there than to the southern countries. Were the diseases to continue its ravages in the same rlace. it would depopo late the world ; but, few localities have suffered longer than four or six weeks at a time under the worst form otthe distemper, and to this suc ceed intervals of safety more or less complete.