Star. — London, England, 1810-04-04 00:00:00

I FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE. PARIS, MARCH e 6. TELEGRAPHIC DISPATCHES.-THE PREFECT OF THE LOWER RHINE TO THE MINISTERS OF THE INTERIOR. Strasbtirgh, Niarch 24, Half past Six o'clock, A. Al. Yesterday was the happiest of days for Als ice. One-third of its population was at Strashurgh, in order to see the Empress, who has .hew•t hers if every where, and has gain"d all hearts. Her Majesty will depart at eight o'clock this morning. The Prince of Neufchatel to the Emperor and King. Strasburgh, March 24, Eigit o'clock, A. M. Stir—The Empress proceeded on her journey to-day, at eight o'clock in the morning. H.•r Majesty is in very good health,and is extremely desirous to arrive speedily at Compeigne ; ,but we rre retarded by the zeal of the tols r.,.—Her Majesty is well satis fied with the city of Stras'nirgh. It is certain that their Majesties will arrive at St. C:oud from Compeigne on the 30th. BAYONNE, MARCH 16. Yesterday a number of prisoners (3500) were marched in here, taken in the province of Catalonia, in straggling parties. We expect a considerable num ber more in their progress to the interior of France. It is imagined that within the last five weeks 15,000 prisoners have gone through here. PARLiAMEATARr PROCEEDINGS. llob/SE OF LORDS, APRIL S. In the Com:rittee of Privileges on the Banbury Peerage, Mr. Hargrave was finally beard in behalf of the Claimant.—Further proceedings on Tuesday. '1 fie Committee of Privileges on the Roaburgh• Peerage was appoii:ted to sit on Thursday. Some local and private Bills were brought up by Sir Charles Morgan, Sir Janic-s Graham, and other Members of the House of C..mmons, and read a first time. Mr. Meheux, from the India House, presented some India Ac clunts, pursuant to sn Order of the House ; and Mr. Johnson, from the Office of Chief Secretary for Irelani, the 10th Report of the Cornraiisioners of Inquiry in Ireland, and an Account of Corn imported there Item areign parts.—Ordered to lie on the table an.; to be printed. The Irish Sugar Bill was read a third time and passed. 'fl.e Sugar Drawback Hill passed through a Committee, and was reported.—Adjourncd till to-morrow (this cit.)). HOUSE OF COMMONS. The vcond re.tding of the Smithfield Market rill was, at the oesir!c of the Corporation of the City a London, postponed until Monday next, on the Illation of Sir CHARLES PRICE. Mr. Jolint.too-, from the Secretary of State's Oface in Ireland, presented an Account of the State of the Cuatorns there.—Or tiered to iie ott the table. Th e Inventor -General of Imports and Exports presented an accomt of thy tiLantity of Coals, &c. hrporteti into the port of London daring a riven period. Sir JOHN SINCLAII& brou7,ht up the Report of the High ways Improvement Bill.—Ordered to be further considered to morrow. Mr. LESLIE FOSTER brought up the Report of the Irish Silk Manufacture Bill.—Ordered to be read a third time to-mor row. Lord PALMERSTONE moved the discharge of the Order for the Correspondence between the Medical Board and the Secretary at War, and substituted a motion of a similar description, which AS agreed to. He immediately after presented the papers, which as ere laid on the table. „ • _ Lord COCI-IRANE moved for further Papers relative to the Admiralty Court.—Ordered. INN-KEEPERS. Lord PA LMERSTONE moved for leave to bring in the an nual Bill tor Inn-keepers' Allowances. Mr. SHAW I.F. FEVRE adverted to the Petitions on the Ta ble, from several Inn-keepers, praying relief—and stated his in tention to propose a clause to increase the allowances, or to pro vide that the soldiers Manilla be supplied by rations. lord PALMERSTONE 7tated, that inquiries were making into the subject by order of the Commander in Chief—and when the Report was made, then woulh be the t'lrie to adopt whatever regulations might appear proper.—Leave given. Silk Manufacture Diu. — row. I.c.rd PALMERSTO: the Correspondence bets at War, and substituted was agreed to. He immo were laid tin the table. Lord COCHRANE r Admiralty Court.—Ord Lord PALMERSTO nual Bill for Inn-keeper' Mr. SHAW LE FEV ble, from several Inn-kt tention to propose a clat vide that the soldiers sh l.ord PALMERSTC into the subject by order the Report was made, t regulations might appea Mr. CHARLES DU motion for the appointr the ntosie of carrying th of the Assessed Taxes. The Irish School Bill C Sir FRANCIS I to submit to the H most serious import any motion implyit Captain Lake, but be justice done, an House. He shot moving for papers —The class of his mediately intereste' to all the feeling ol had fought and ble not be left to the rn not be delivered ur be capricious becau blood of a fellow-st be wasted away at unpitying autfiorit shedding the inn must be a Power • Superior Power, t of its greatness tc listen to that lowly lcmn cry 44 that e,r would not sk:ail Fussed upon his In of this most atroci, he must call it n hound himself to a n the case, he woe if language ; he c v. as a naked crime I erate wickedness, uilt no eye could kind of national sh could have so for that when it was n any other daily occ Newspaper, where nothing more than turning in Piccad of the passengers. day's novelties ? being had been se been sent on shore or water, under ti left to perish with and that he penis passed like other Of the act was the an admonition, al mand. If any th still alive, it ougl act ; and it now ther the occasion rence in the cause jured justice ant many strange sir In the first place 1 et them accompi ASsESSET) TAXES. Mr. CHARLES DUNDAS gave notice for to-morrow of a Motion for the appointment of a Select Committee, to consider the mode of carrying the Laws into execution for the Collection of the Assessed Taxes. The Irish School Bill was committed.—Report tc-morrow. CA PTAIN LAKE. certainty than that the man had perished, and it was his (Sir F. Burdett's) first intention to have moved! an Address to his Majesty, to order an inquiry into I , the murder ; but it had been suggested, that as the evidence was not sufficient to determine a Grand Jury, the Address might be opposed. But the facts con tained in Mr. Thomas's letter were so singular and so pointed, that no doubt rested on his (Sir F.'s) mind, of the crime having been committed in its fullest extent. It appeared from the evidence of Mr. Spencer, an officer of the sloop, that - Jeffery, the un fortunate victim, had been charged with stealing, if that could be stealing, a little spruce beer; but from the same evidence it appeared, that there was a wish to get rid of him previously to the offence—an ac tual conspiracy against this unhappy man ; he was seized and sent away without his clothes or money; there was no use in those to him, for he was sent away to die. In two months after he was sent for, and his trowsers were found. The man was sup posed by the seamen to have been devoured by the birds of prey that flock round the island ; yet this act, with all its horrid feeling about it, was thought by the Admiral in the West Indies and his Court Martial to be a trivial occurrence; and a report of a report, taken from the report of an American Paper, was to acquit Captain Lake of the deepest crime of which the laws can take notice. [Here Sir Francis read a minute of the evidence, in which it was men- tioned that the officer and party sent on shore to look for Jeffery, took fowling-pieces to shoot the birds on the island.] What ! Sir, said he, were those to be their occupations in that most melancholy visit ? They were sent to ascertain the life or death of a hu man creature; to find him dying, or to find his bones, and yet this they converted into a shooting excursion. Even then but a few men were sent on shore ; but their object was not to find his remains ; they were not to find the corps that was to give a dreadful tes timony against its murderer. 'Why was not every man that could be spared from the ship sent ? and why were only a single boat's crew, and those ex pressly prepared so with means of amusement, as to draw off their attention from any diligence of search ? In the evidence it came out that the nearest land to Sombrero, the place of this atro cious crime, was Anguilla, and that was at a dis tance of seven or eight leagues ; which yet in Ad miral Cochrane's statement had been said to be just beside it. It also came out in evidence that the ship was in sight cf Sombrero next morning. Thus Captain Lake had time for thought; but it was only for double guilt ; the sun went down upon his wrath, the sun rose upon it, and neither time nor thought could awaken him to a sense of the misery of the man who was at that moment sinking under his revenge ; at that moment on a shore where no human footstep trod, sinking under the suffering of body and agony of mind, that last terrible visitation of misery when the mind sinks under its weight, and the man has lost at once the power of resistance, and the hope of resto ration ; it was to a death like this that he was con signed ; a lingering detail of all the suffering that can be laid upon our nature, where the pains of body burning under a tropical sun, were wound up by the bitter depression of a mind that was never to hear the sound of a human voice again, never to feel the con solation of a human presence, but sink from hour to hour, helpless, hopeless, deserted, and in despair— this, (said Sir Francis) this was the fate reserved for a man. What was the guilt of this atrocious crimi nal ? Had he deserved to be cut off from the com munion of his fellow-creatures, by some act which put him out from the limits of human feelings? He had stolen some spruce beer ! Yet, were this mighty crime proved, where was the sanctity or even the so berness of justice calling up all her powers to fix the crime upon the offender, and vindicate herself from cruelty in the horrible punishment which she had de vised for him ? The crime was not proved, nor at tempted to be proved ; there was the disc dixit of a Captain of a sloop of war, and the formal and digni fied justice of the men who had resolved to get rid of their victim. Get rid of him ! Why not throw him into the sea ? It would have been mercy to the death which they reserved for him. It had been said, that the island was supposed to be inhabited ; but all authority was against that idea. [Here Sir Francis read an account of the Sombrero Islands, from Brooke's and other popular Gazetteers, which all concurred in representing those Islands as totally bar ren and uninhabited.] It had been said, that the first suggestion that the Island was uninhabited reached'' Captain Lake when he was at Barbadoes, and that he declared he would not for twenty thousand pounds have put the man on shore, had he known it. But why did he not even then inquire about Jeffery ? Why not send to America, which he might have done for the hundreth part of the money, and discover whether he was living ? The very seamen who were sent in the boat with Jeffery, declared that he must be starved to death. It had been asked on the trial, whether Captain Lake was perfectly sane ! or whe ther he was, at that moment of the crime, quite sober ? It had been said in evidence that he was quite sane ; but even if he had not been sober he had time to repent ; the ship lay in sight of the island next day, and he might then have attempted to undo his offence, but he was still steady to his revenge. On his trial, Captain. Lake said, he stood under disad vantages ; he had been hurried, and forced to lone the help of witnesses absent on service—but this was absurd ; the Admiralty would have stayed the trial till his witnesses came, but he had his time chosen by himself ; his witnesses were chosen out of those who were implicated in his offence—and, it ap peared, that even in the progress of the trial every thing had been studiously excluded which could press upon his case. He (Sir Francis) felt himself now painfully situated ; for he must, by the course of the charge, be drawn in to censure some of those whose high stations should have placed them above a neglect of justice. From the Admiralty, he had to look to the Court-Martial, and to reprobate the un scrupulous zeal with which they appeared to shut out from the case every' thing that might press upon Captain Lake. [Here Sir Francis read a great porn tion of the evidence given by the different Officers of the ship on the trial, and made slight comments in explanation as he went along.] Every thing, said he, in this evidence oppresses the mind, It is dreadful to think that such acts can result from putting authority into unfit hands ; yet this man was raised to as higher rank. I must suppose, for the honourtif human na ture, that his offence was not fully known. (Hear,' hear, from the Treasury Bench.) What must have been Sir FRANCIS BURDETT rose, and said he had to submit to the House a motion, which he felt of the most serious importance. His object was not to make any motion implying el direct opinion of the guilt of Captain Lake, but he was anxious that there should be justice done, and that it should be done, by that House. He should, therefore, confine himself to moving for papers relative to the trial of Capt. Lake. —The class of his Majesty's subjects who were im mediately interested in the motion, were men entitled to all the feeling of the country. The seaman who had fought and bled in the cause of the country must , not be left to the mercy of every petty tyrant—must not be delivered up to the caprice of a man who will , be capricious because he has the power to be so. The blood of a fellow-subject, and a fellow man, must not be wasted away at the pleasure of a remorseless and unpityir.g authority ; or, if that great crime of i ' shedding the innocent blood" be committed, there must be a Power to which that blood may cry—a Superior Power, that will not feel it a degradation of its greatness to bend its ear for a moment, and listen to that lowly and feeble cry for justice, that so. lemn cry t‘ that ~;meth out of the ground." But he would not t.k;:til to the House the feelings which Fussed upon his mind at the plain recital of the facts of this most atrocious, cruel, cowardly murder, for he must call it murder ; yet, as he had mentally hound himself to abstain from any attempt to height ( n the case, he would not dare to give it any colouring cf language ; he could not give it any colouring ; it V. as a naked crime—an act of cool, determined, deli- I erate wickedness, on whose glaring and uncovered la no eye could look without horror. He felt a kind of national shame on thinking that such a ;rime could have so long passed almost unnoticed ; and that when it was noticed, it was with the sang froid of any other daily occurrence. He had first met it in a Newspaper, where it was set down as if it had been nothing more than the account of a stake -coach over turning in Piccadilly, and a history of the fractures of the passengers. And what was this trifle of the day's novelties ? Nothing more than that a human being had been seized for an unproved crime ; had been sent on shore on a desolate island, without food or water, under the burning sun of the West Indies, left to perish without help on the face of the earth ; and that he perished ! Yet this was a tale which passed like other things of the day. The perpetrator Of the act was thought to deserve nothing more than , an admonition, and was even put into a higher com mand. If any thing in the feeling of the public was still alive, it ought to be called on to investigate this act ; and it now rested with the House to say, whe ther the occasion was such as to call for their interfe rence in the cause—.-that most righteous cause of in jured justice and insulted humanity ! There were many strange circumstances connected with the trial. In the first place the accusers and witnesses were all of them accomplices. Nothing could come nearer to the thought of that err etched man,much morewretelied Mr. LITTLETON stated, that until the proposed than the being whom be had crushed, while he knew Committee had made their Re p or t , he should not p ut \ that he was languishing without food or water, with—leis opinion upoa the propriety of making such repro out clothing or shelter, in a climate fatal to life. No ; •hensible and atrocious conduct as that of Capt. Lake, this crime must not pass away ; this was no question the subject of a p o s i t i v e pr ovision in the Articles of of political interests; nothing on which wise or good Var. He trusted that the Committee in their Report men might disagree ; it was the cause of the seaman would take the subject up, but if it did not, he pledged and the soldier ; it was his cause ; it Was their's ; it himself to bring forward a distinct proposition, mak was the cause of-all ; the cause of Justice ; the cause ing such an offence as that of Captain Lake a capital of Nature, that sacred and holy sensibility, whose one before a N.tval Court Martial movings cannot be checked without a crime !It now Mr. CHARLES ADAMS could not suppose that remained with the House to consider whether the of- there were such strong reasons for believing that the fence, of which a mere outline had been detailed, was situation of a person on that island was so desperate, not one which ought to be prosecuted by the Law when it was considered that such island was in the Officers of the Crown. The Honourable Baronet then very track of all the West India voyagers. moved, " That a Committee should be appointed to Mr. CROKER stated his wish that an Address to take into consideration the Papers relative to Captain the Crown for a more strict search should be adopee%, Lake's trial, and report upon the same." in preference to the reference of die papers to a Cote The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER mittee. ~. , - .- - - rose, not to repress any of the feelings of humanity Mr. SHERIDAN trusted that he had as fair a which the Honourable Baronet had evinced. He claim as any man in that House to take credit for an merely wished to submit to the House one question, 1 undeviating support to every measure which wen.: to namely, Whether there was any practicable utility I obtain justice for the humble against the c i arrt.-. , (.. :. in the appointment of a Committee? He wished to of the haughty. He was not afraid to be suspes. ed assume all the propositions which had been laid down of any criminal desire to protect unjust, oppressive, by the Honourable Baronet, except one, namely, the and-inhuman severity, committed by rank or ofilse evidence of his having committed a murder. Cap- against the meanest being that walked the earth—ana tain Lake ought to have known that the island was in the present instance, though he did not in any de uninhabited : there was little shade between the be- gree justify or extenuate the conduct of Captain Lake lief and disbelief of its being so ; one thing 'at least AO this unfortunate sailor, still be trusted that the warm was evident—that it was an act of the greatest -wan- but warrantable indignation of the public, would not tonness and cruelty. He admitted, that theelecision overlook the strict and commanding dictates of jus of the Court only amounted to the finding him guilty , lice. Could he (Mr. Sheridan) for a moment con of a misdemeanour. Such would have been the deceive that Captain Lake had ordered this sailor to be cision had he been tried by a Jury, if it appeared in cast upon that island with a consciousness that it was evidence that he was not guilty of a criminal inten- uninhabited, there was BO inducement that could corn don, and had not completed his purpose. He trust- him to offer a single word in extenuation. B ut ed the House would not so far mistake the nature of K i m the evidence before them he must contend that the laws, that after an inquiry already. decided, they no such aggravated case was proved ; that in place should proceed to institute another. In this - case a of such an aggravation, the whole of the persons ex:l --Court Martial had given its verdict, and had inflicted mined averr s that it was their belief that the island its severest punishment for such an offence. Such a was inhabited. It was therefore, with much surprize punishment not being a slight one, what occasion was that he heard fall from the eloquent and learned Cen there for the House going into a Committee ? The tleman (Mr. Stephen), (a Gentleman for whom inde -1 Honourable Baronet had argued as if the man had pendently of his general character, he did, from his lost his life on the island. Such a consequence might manly conduct upon a late discussion in that House, have followed, but the House of Commotis had no feel the most sincere respect) 'such a monstrous pro ' su ffi cient proof. The paragraph in the American position, that from his mere glance of the island o f 1 Newspaper had been mentioned. That, he would Sombrero, without being in possession of the evidence admit, was not such proof of the existence of that produced upon the Court Martial, he would as a petty ill-treated individual ; but in the practice and princi- Juror, bring in a- verdict of murder.- Were it possible pies of common law it would be respected ; it being for him (Mr. Sheridan) to believe that Captain Lake understood that in such cases a person could not be believed,as he had said before,that the island wasunin found guilty of murder .without a positive proof of the hahited, there could be no language sufficiently strong fact ; upon such evidence he would positively assert, to express his abhorrence. Indeed, he had then is that no Judge would allow a Jury to convict. There his hands private information which went to prove was no ground for instituting a trial for murder : in- the direct contrary. That information would be re deed the evidence that was adduced would rather ap- ferred to the Committee, which in compliance with pear an acquittal than a condemnation ; if his carcase the motion of the Worthy and Respected Baronet, he had been found, then with much more safety such a_ trusted would be appointed. He had also to state that trial might be instituted. The Honourable Baronet the 'respectable but afilictedfamily of captain Lake had introduced some observations upon the West In- i were at that moment exerting every means to fi n d dia stores, founded upon information in Mr . Thomas's ! out where the Akreated Jeffery, if living, could be letter. He could not see the propriety of blending found. Still, even his existence could not extenuate such circumstances with a topic with which it could the offence of that officer, if it were possible tc believe have no connection. ' that he had devoted a fellow-being to all the horrors Mr. WHITBREAD, although he felt that the sen- of such a state, with a belief that the island was deso tence of the Court Martial upon the conduct of Cap- late. When the Committee, which he trusted would tain Lake was a very lenient one, still he could not be appointed, should make their Report, he did think see that they could pronounce any other. Indeed, it would appear that the honest indignation of the pub. from such evidence, he lid not think, that, were he a lk was rather exaggerated. For the honour and cr.:- grand juror, he could find a true bill ; still, in a case dit of the British navy—for the comfort and consols:• of such atrocity . , he should impress upon the House Lion of the afflicted family of Captain Lake—for the the propriety of making the strictest search, in order, character of the crew of the Ulysses, lie trusted chat if possible, to ascertain some information respecting such would be the result. this ill-used man. He could not give much credit to ' Admiral HARVEY knew Sombrero. It ea; a the strictness of the search which had been made by rock where sea fowls deposited their eggs, and front some of the persons under the command of Captain . the frequent rains, there must be sufficient water ia Lake. In their first search they had stated that they i the cavities of the rocks for any individual. He said, had not found any thing : but in the second attempt I that he at the same time time deprecated the conduct it was in evidence that they had found a part of a of Captain Lake, tomahawk and a part of a pair a I trowsers. Why Captain BERESFORD stated, that from an ex.. were these not preserved and produced at the Court , perience of three years, he was acquainted perfectly Martial ? He could not place much confidence either ! with the island of Sombrero ; it was daily visited by upon the report alledged to have been communicated ' fishermen, and afforded necessary sustenance. He from the American newspapers of Jeffery's arrival in I was of opinion, that if a perton was to raise any signal America. Such information ought not to have satis- l in themoming hewould receive assistance before night. fled Admiral Cochrane. It was merely an hearsay Sir JOHN SEBRIGHT supported the motion, upon the hearsay of another person. The House, in and mentioned that Admiral Cochrane had sent a re such case, had to consider whether something fur- 1 port to the Admiralty respecting Captain Lake. ther could not be done, in order to arrive at the fact, i Sir R. BICKERTQN stated, that the intelligence It was said that the Lords of the Admiralty bad or- I of Jeffery being in America arrived ;after the depar dered such a search. Would it not be the duty of . Lure of the vessel which went in search of him. that House to express a desire that it should be made ; Mr. R. WARD vindicated the character of Ad. promptly and strictly under its authority ? Upon ! miral Cochrane, and expressed his conviction, that every view of public justice, of justice as well to the ! Jeffery could not remain 24 hours without relief. injured individual as to Captain Lake, that that in. I The ATTORNEY-GENERAL thought, thee quiry should be diligent. As the case now stood, it ! from the repreientation of a gallant officer (Captain was impossible that an act of more horrible cruelty; Berestord), the aggravation of Captain Lake's con• could enter into.the contemplation of man. . Indeed, I duct was considerably lessened. Fronethe evidence well might the worthy Baronet say, how constructed it Was impossible to suppose he thought death would must that mind be, which should, for the punishment ensue; nor did he think the conduct of Admiral Coch of a paltry theft, devote a fellow creature to all the cane such as to merit the censure which some Gentle dreadful consequences of such an atrocity—cast upon men seemed disposed to cast upon it. a desolate rock, without food, without raiment, with- . Mr. CURWEN approved of the suggestion of ad. out a companion !—Upon such grounds, he conceived , dressing the Crown ; he should be sorry any division that the best course was to adopt that of an Address should take place, confident as he was that there was to his Majesty, praying him to order the Privy Coun- no difference in the sense of the House on the subject. cif to direct an immecuate and strict search for Roe- i Lord COCHRANE was conviticed the conduct . • . bert Jeffery. lof the gallant Admiral was totally exempt from Mr. STEPHEN rose to perform a painful but a blame, whom he vindicated in very warm terms. necessary duty. With the particulars of the present , Mr. CANNING thought there were many reasons case he was not acquainted ' • but as he possessed a ' to avoid instituting an inquiry, after the decision of geographical knowledge of the Island of Sombrero, 1 the Court Martial. The Hon. Baronet would find, having sailed by it, he declared that, if on a and on consideration, that th e i nqu i r y co uld end :a 0) jury, he would find a bill of indictment, and, i con a ' other way than it had done already. The island, it petty jury (if life had been lost) he would bring in a appeared, was liable to daily visitation ; but even it verdict of murder. The place presented the desolate there were no further occasion to Froceed ag Mist appearance of being the resort only of sea-fowl ; arid Captain Lake, he thought the House slmuld by an he considered that the offence might be deemed as address shew its sense of the crime. —( Parr, Urn) flagrant as if one were tn . let r,nother down into a fa.. 1 Sir F. BURDETT f e lt th at he had completed his thomless coal-pit, unobserved, there to perish. He duty. He was desirous of adopting :any mode of had never heard of its .being vi s ited— was c onfident obtaining the end he wished. With respect to the there was no fresh water on the whole island, and 'local 'knowledge expressed of the island, he enee could not conceive there was any possibility of escape. tamed no doubt ; but he could not help thinkine, that H a proposition were made for a further investiga- the conduct -of Captain Lake originated in malice. - -don, he would therefore give it his support. Even the'•honour of the King , 'as concerned in t:il Lord FOLKSTONE, a ft er t h e c l ear an d de c id e d life ()Ibis subjects ; he therefore hoped, that while he observations of the Learned Gentleman, expressed agreed to the suggestions justice would be done. his wish that the papers should be referred to a Coat- Mr..Wl - 11TBItEAD, conceiving it necessary th::: mime, and that Mr. Stephen should be a Member the Pulbc• thould be satisfied with respect to the fate of it. There was also a necessity, in his opinion, to as- the unfortuiiate man, had drawn lip a notion , certain what became of tbepreperty t ithe individual, Mich would lave the effect desired. • 'lshe Heaour who had been so ill-treated. There were certainly able Gentleman then moved, wages due to him, and as , he wa; no deserter they " Thad an hundtdr address be presented to his Majesty, PI:)", could not be ferfeited. Os Jai Itis Aelejesty mroilld be . pleased to give directions Oa: 1. , -, . • ' i:s 1