Star. — London, England, 1823-01-01 00:00:00

CORONDe INQUESTS. MURDER OP JANIS SMITH, ESQ. AT LEWTSHAM. Monday forenoon, Mr. CARTTAR, the Coroner' and a Jury consisting of twelve respectable inhabit- . ants, assembled at the Green Man Tavern, on Black heath, to inquire into the death of the above unfor tunate Gentleman, who was shot by a robber on the morning of Sunday, the 22d instant. The Ji havin- been impannelled-and sworn, ad- Amy oring 4mpanu.. journed, for the purpose of inspecting the body, to the late residence of the deceased; and on their re return to the Jury-room the following witnesses were Examined: Previous to the commencement of the examination, CARTTAR observed, that he ha.l taken the depo sition of Mrs: Smith at her house, and which she had sworn to before the Jurors, whilst viewing the body. It would therefore spare her feelings, already deeply wounded, not to call her again before them. The Jury were of the same opinion, and. the Coro ner proceeded to read her statement. Mrs. Jemi ma Smith, widow of the deceased, sworn. .—On Sunday morning, the 22d instant, about three o'clock, I was in bed with my husband, in our usual sleeping-room, and was awoke by a very strange noi,e in or about the house. Being unablito under stand what it was, I awoke my husband, who was fast asleep, and told him directly my suspicions, when he immediately got up, and put on his coat, - and went into the adjoining room; I followed him as fast as I could, but before I got into the room, I heard him raise the sash of the window, and at the same moment I heard the report of a gun or pistol. The deceased immediately screamed out, and said— ' lam hot ! I am shot through the heart!" He tien walked into the bed-room, and I observed a great deal of blood had flowed from the wound he had received, as well as in the room where he was 'shot. He presently'told me.he had sees a man in the garden, who must have discharged a gun or pistol , at him, and also Another man udder the window at which - he was wounded, and that both immediately ran away. 'He saidile did not know either of them, but one appeared to be:dressed in a pepper and salt coat. Alarm was immediately given in the neigh ' bftriromi, -and ? pal:ter medisal assistance was ob. tuned. The aeceasedlangdithed from the time lit was wounded until Saturday night, when he expire& . Robert Papwotih sworn.—l.am about 14 years of ase,*and was servant to the deceased. On Saturday night, the 21st instant, abaft half-past nine o'clocl4 I took up the supper, at which time my master .was • not at home, but soon after he came in. I opened the door for' him. He had been out to spend the evening, as was his usual .custom. Soon after ten I went to bed. I don't think my master went to bed before me ; he generally sat up to read the newspa-, • per. Early next morning (Sunday) I wasjwoke by a noise, but whether it was a report of a pistol or not 1 can net say. It was between two and three o'clock, as v,,p as I can recollect: On my awaking! jumped out of bed, and looked oat tif-a-window into the gar den. I there saw an Object in the shape of a man, standing a short distance from the washhouse. I hal loped to , him,. and the object disappeared. • Conosza-Wai the reason you hallooed out, be!. : can:e Too was impressed an-idea that the object . you raw was a man? • • . Wittess.-It was. I saw his head; he stood abouk. a yard from my window, 1 did.not see his face ; he • rem away Immesliately-upon my calling out ‘• What you there r He was off hefee I could utter the • words. At this moment I was called.to by the maid ' -*errant, who said my "mailer had shot himself, and • she desired- me to'run for a surgeon. .1' dressed my • self as fast as I could,•.aitd first went to info: in my father of the circumstance,' and from thence I went • for die doctor. '•On my way up the lane, I saw the • •two•;watelttnene standing neat their boxes. I told • theni rityilsaster hacLahot himself. • I then went for • -)11•14tose, the surgeon, andhe returned with tine to 1 any master. I did ni,t see.my.Maiter at thit time; i - .co? yet my mistress. • Thonm I l:Awley, the watchman Wets called, and E having been sworn, stated, that on the morning of s• the murder, he heard the report of the pistol; btit knew nothing of the circumstance till the last witness to/dhim his master had shot himself, upon which he immediately ran dotvn to the house of the, deceased, - aadrang the bell: he was admitted by the maid-ser ••••orant, who appeared much agitated. He went up stairs, and found the deceased lying 'on , the bed, bleeding very much from the breast: he remained M• the house for nearly two hours. This witness was in a state of inebriation when un der examination, and was severely reprimanded bar the Coroner. On his cross-examination, he admitted that it was ten minutes from the time he beard the report of the • fire-arms till he went to the house of the deceased : and an being asked why he did not go immediately to ascertain the cause? he said, if he had, perhaps he been sly- am a surgeon, ;Ind reside ht Col* with. About th o'cloef on the ree dity, die 22d in*• wfs felled to tl, understood frets thtmessengiebad went immediately to his resides's*, and. fins bed, with some part of bietress - He told me he had been wounded ay who had attempted to break into his cottagt. I re moved his dress, and found a gull-11int wound in the biceps muscle of the left arni ; he was enveloped in gore, and was in a very distressed state. The deceased mentioned the name of Coleman the whole of the night, and several times the nest day. Here we should observe that a noted character named Coleman is now in custody on suspicion of being concerned• in the atrocious deed. • The CORONER said, he feared he was not justified in hearing an ex parte statement against any indivi dual, whereby he would be criininated, without that person was present. He, conceived it unjust to take it behind his back. It.was the judgment of all the Co roners.; but, however, he would hear the evidence; and should it appear that Coleman was at all impli cated, he wobld . adjourn• the inquiry till he could be present. Juror.—This is a Court of Inquiry; and I think the Coroner is bound to receive any information tend ing to further the investigation, whether it should im peach any person or not. CORONER.—If the man was even abroad, I should have no hesitation in hearing anything against him ; but he is iu custody. Witness was again called, and continued his testi mony.— I asked the deceased how he came wounded ? He said he heard a noise in some part of the house ; he went directly to the window adjoining the bed— room, with a loaded pistol in his band he threw up the sash of the window, and saw two persons in the garden, one standing under the window in a pepper and-salt coloured coat, and the other was about ten yards from the window, in the dress of a blacksmith. He said the person that shot him put his hand before his face as if to disguise himself. He said he did not know he was wounded till he saw the blood. He saw the men run away, but did not say in what direction. Juror.—Did he say Coleman had shot hini ? Witness.—l-re did not. I asked him if he suspected any person, and who ? His answer was, " Coleman." He mentioned no other name. I had no further con versation on the subject. He was always mentioning Coleman. He gave no othet account of the transac tion. I believe the deceased made. a declaration be« fore he died. . • Juror.—llid he mention the name of Coleman in a manner that led you to suspect he was the murderer ? Witness—lt had that impression On my mind. The deethised - clid . not say where Colenian lived, nor did he give any other account of him, nor did be during his subsequent illness. I continued to attend Messrs. Shertiff and Lucas, till the time of his dissolUtion, Which was on Saturday evening last. Since death, I opened the body in the presence of the ttforesaid-medical gentlemen. I discovered that the ball had passed through the biceps' muscle of the left arm, enquedlthe pectoral muscle of the left side, • passed under across the chest, within an inch of the sternon; it then dipped 'the thorax, fracturing the fourth rib of the left side. in its passage wounding the left'lung; passed out of the thorax on the right side, and was found•deeply seated in the axilla. I am of opinion that the above wounds %ere the immediate cause of his dissolution. • Here the bullet was 'produced to the Cot-oner and Jury : it was of a very large size, and appeared to be a musket ball. Mary Broager; the 'maid servant, was called and sworn.-1 wagon bed and -Asleep ; the report of the pistol awoke the, and when I went down' stairs, my mistress told me my ntEterliad been shot by some villains. If my master' had not been wounded, I *should not have known the tiohe that awoke me was the report of fire-arms. I welt to die boy Papworth, and told him his master was . slot; I did not say he bad shot himself. I 'saw no person about the cottage. 'A Juror asked the Coroner, if the- evidence. of the medical. gentleman, as far as regarded Coleman, could be Teceired before them ? Conostelt.— , .That part of his evidence is the decla ration oCtlie dying man; titereiote it cannot be re ceived before-a Coroner's Jay. It would be admis sible before another tribunal. Whatever has been said respecting Coleman cannot effect the-verdict you will have to deliver. Mr. Smith's declaration will assist the police in their operations to trace out the . perpetrator ; but if even that gentleman had actually said Coleman was his- assassin, his- statement alone could have no effect.whatester on the verdict. Mr; Benjamin Smith, the nephew of the deceased, was - sworn.-1 frequently communicated with my de ceased uncle during his illness, but he-never divulged to me who was his murderer; all he said was, that he was a " blacksmith-looking chap.' ,The investigation. being. closed, The CORONER summed up the evidence ; in doin which he called the attention of the Jut:) , t o the d surgery • LINO. Esq. Martin, aged 73, who died in consequence of being run over by the. Lord Chancellor's carriage, in Great Queen-street Lincoln's Inn-fields. Charles inbinson, of SS, Great Queen-street, Lin coin's Inn-fields, deposed, be was standing at the door of his father's shop in Great Queen-street, on Monday l evening, the 23d ult. about five_o'clock, and saw the accident happen. What first engaged his attention was the people crying out; and looking round, he saw the deceased on the road, and the wheel in the act of going over his body. The carriage was passing from Drury-lane towards Lincoln's Inn-fields. A mob was collected near the spot, occasioned by a boy being run down by an engine; when the car riage went over the decePased, it did not stop, al though several persons called out for it to do so. The carriage was going at the usual pace, a sharp trop, and witness subsequently heard it was the Lord Chancellor's ; several persons ran after the carriage, and called loud enough for the coachman to hear, but after pasting over the deceased it went with the same speed, -not more rapid ; there was also a servant behind the carriage, the blinds were up, and witness cannot say whether there was any person inside. There was stifficient light for the witness to see the accident. William Read stated, that he saw the accident happen ; at the time there were several persons on each side of this road. Witness's attention was at tracted to the people calling out, and saw the de-' ceased struggling with the horses, and fall before them, the can iage at the time was going at a brisk trot. Witness afterwards ran after the carriage, which was going towards Lincoln's Inn-fields, and got close up to the footman and desired him to stop; he turned round several times, but - refused to stop; there were other persOns at the same time calling out " stop:" deceased was taken into Mr. Davis's shop, AIM afterwards conveyed to the Hospital insensible. Sophia Green stated that the deceased was stand- I ins near her before the accident happened, about a yard from the foot pavement; there was a cart stand ing there also. Witness did not see the deceased and the horses come in contact, but saw the wheels go over him. In witnesses opinion, bad deceased been aware of the carriage coming, one step backward would have prevented it fiorn going over him. Wit ness first called out to the coachman, and a person on horseback also gallopped after it ; but the coach went faster, and refused to stop. Witness is fully convinced here was room enough for the carriage to pass without ruuning - against deceased. The person on horseback was unable to bring the carriage back, but he followed, and brought word back where the carriage went to, and whose it was. The.-,carriage, in consequence of passing over deceased, had - an extra motion, and was raised up on one side. Deceased was perfectly sober, and witness would have consi dered herself safe to have stood in the same place as the deceased, provided the carriage had not turned from the middle of the road. James Segar, of Haughtowstreet, Clare-market, stated that he saw deceased crossing the road when the carriage went over him, and several persons called out, but the coachman, who looked round, refused to slop, althotigh he knew wlrat had been done; and witness saw a pet son attempt to stop the horses by holding the reins. Witness took deceased up, 'and assisted in conveying him to the Hospital. When brought there, he was sensible, and held up his - head to look at his wounds; and on seeing the broken bottes nearly coming through the &skim lay down again, stating that they burnt like fire, and he prayed to die. Mr. Edward Turner, assistant to Mr. Davis, of Great Queen-street, said, deceased was brought in a very deplorable state to Mr. Davis's shop, and wit ness recommended_him to be sent to this Hospital; there was a compound fracturj on deceased's right arm, and alsy on his thigh. 1 "` - James Penny stated that he saw deceased lying on the road ; there were a great many persons on each side of the way, who called out for the coach to stop; but, in witness's opinion, it did not go faster than usual., ‘Mr. Wood, house-surgeon of Middlesex Hospital; stated, that the deceased was brought in on Monday . se'anight ; he had a compound fracture on the right' arm, and on the thigh ; deceased survived until Fri day evening last, when he died. The fracture% of his , limbs were the occasion of' his death. - This being the whole of the evidence brought for ward by the friends of the deceased, Mr. Pensam, from the Lord Chancellor's Office, stated, be was desired by bib Lordship to attend, and begged to call the fol-' lowing witnesses, as his Lordship wished to have the case fully inquired into : James Templeman, servant to' Mr.. Lake, of $2, Ruston-street, Burton-crescent, stated, he was riding on horseback in Great Queen-street, going towards when he the - - coming oppo examined ; bat they had intimated to hint that were satisfied, and he accordingly did not per. hearing 'the eeidence. "Do, Gentlemen," co,. the worthy Coroner, " consider further of you r and not injure a poor man's character fo r who did not wilfully commit the accident." not, the seemiistlined to alter their vet wfien the Coroner catktd iorthe maelstrom, who amid he vres very sorry the accident had taken place, h o e lierillebeitsty shmld hate pulled op if he had seen the tilasii his attention was directed to the carts and other 'thicks before him; he was only going at the rate of Or six miles per hour, and his Lord and Lady did. not require him to go at any quicker pace. The Cottomut said, if the Lord Chancellor had bees aware of the accident, he would not wish him to driv e :off, but would have been better pleased if he had waited, in order that the thing might be put in a proc per way of inquiry. The Jury would not, however, alter their verdict; and it was accordingly registered imputing blame rer the coachman. The CORONitit said, be would never stop again' until he had heard the whole of the evidence, should it take ten hours: every man had a right to be heard; and it would have been better to have censured th e :oachman, rather - than have placed i stigma upon his character for ever. Mr. Pensam gave the coachman a most excellent character ; he had only been in two situations pre vious to entering the Chancellor's service; one was Lord Gwydyr's, and the other Lord Palmerston's, from both of which he had had a most excellent cha racter. Mr. Peneain then defrayed the whole ex penses of the funeral, satisfied all the witnesses for their trouble, and intimated, had the unf.rtunate man lived, he would have enjoyed a handsome an nuity, which, of course, will now be given to his family. Mr..PeUsarn supplied the afflicted family with money, and departed. Yesterday an Inquest was held at the New Star and Crown, Biotdway, Westminster, on the body of William, four years old, son of Mr. Rose, china dealer, of that plate, who, in the temporary absence of his mother, set fire to his clothes, and was so dread• fully injured as to baffle all medical 'skill to preserve .his life.—An Inquest was also held at St; ilartholo. . mew's Hospital, on the body of Elizabeth Cot, aged sii years, Rio died in conseqtiOnce of her clo ts 'taking fire in the absence of her mother, who hid left her, with two younger children, in a room is Little Arthur -street, Goswell-street. Verdict in both cases, Accidental Death. Three Inquests were yesterday heldat Guy's Ilds. pital, the first on the body of P. V.'hitemore, egedSS, who fell from the shafts.of a ‘%aggon in the. Kent. road, when the wheel went over his leg, and crushed it so dreadfully, that on his arrival. at the Hospital, be was told nothing but amputation could save bis life. This he obstinately persisted in refusing to sub mit to, and death speedily ensued Verdict—Acci dental Death.—Deodand on the wheel Is. The second was on the body of J. Freller, a Carder, who was taking home some horses which had been shod, when the one on which he was riding fell, and • led over his leg, which he injured so dreadfully that mortification took place ? and death ensued. Vet. diet=Accidental Death. The third was on the body of Harriet Meare, wet fears old, who was blowing the fire in the absence of her mother, when a spark flew out and set fire to her cloaths, in consequence of which she died oa Sa- torday. Verdict —Accidental Death. .Oa. the afternoon of Monday se'snight, the Rey. MATTHEW PRESTON buried a child, in Sheffield, of whose family the following particulars may be men tioned :—Mr. Pantos christened the child and its father ; he married its father and mother ; married its grandfather and grandmother; married its rot g randfather and great grandmother ; and tnistia its great-aunt. He also but ied its great-uncle ail bunt; buried its great-grandfather and great-grand. mother ; and buried its grandfather and grand:nntlwei At the last Lewes cattle market a bullock ran into the Whii Hart Inn, through the hall, into the subscription-rsocn p where he walked round the table, and, viewing hlmseltiLlllS glass, seemed much surprised, and stalked out whisossisha any harm. Dee. 21, the wife of James Burnett, cow.feeder Moonler was delivered of three children, two boys and a girl. 'Owed the boys died shortly after, the birth ; the other two children.. the mother are likely to do well. The remaking boy is *IP infant, and of the usual kw& It is worthy of abousation, AR the mother-Mil twins formerly, and that she • has lungshalle hosband nisierldisiren in the spaced seven ram peal mother is • neat, active woman, rather below that 08119161 HIP! dinary size of her az ari NAMUR!). Friday, at Barking Church, Fans, the lienAllgailafes third son of the Earl of &radbroke, to Louisa, ter of the late-James Hatch, Esq. of aaberry all, • ' Dec. 26, it Eingwood,George W. Hayti% of the Worm** $P Ms, to Jane. only daughter of Mr. lohnTravers, of Ringwood: At Aberdeen, the 234 ult. Alexander Ewing, M.D. to Bei tiara, daughter of Thomas M'Coenbie. Ea+ of Easter Sks DIED. . bligm!dtif v alsbt, between • elevni 464 twelve °Via) at har Eiretnont. Sath-row( Geltenitin examination th is illkego‘esenieki be w es to - e Morning of. San. : . hof Masistrites„ # 4 . , • they . we the deceased, .who,,A i egaiirr . occA i ii ir vnt sr su E L op isiu k tv sist in h bad shot himself. I:: .4-' --! CELLO*. CithltilidlßE rs •t: ; ,4 timed tl p, andfognd him at" 'An Inquest-was he)el.on Majolay Ovenintja.64 , verdict,. w on, viz. his coat. surgery of Middleser Hospital, before MOM .Einliei life, wh4 ed by some thieves LINO , Esq. Coroner, on view of the body of Andrew dig OIL ' might have been shot too. - wnicn ne caueu me aLLCIILU.III la .11G v.•. 7 ..f •••••• ...• --- _____ The Conotiza told him he was not fit for his situa- position of Mrs. Smith, the widow of the Unfortunate DrarY4ane, when he saw the carriage coming oppo- haa.e .."!". ie g le -91"" -^-^ The .f 1 iron, and he would take care to have him discharged. Gentleman, wherein she states that her deceased hut. site, and saw it pass over the deceased. On seeing , Dec. 20, at Edinburgh ' , Chat. Fleming, Iraq. late saperinieW In all probability, if he had sun immediately he heard band said that he knew neither of the men. This had the state. in Which the deceased was, - %witness went' dint surgeon In tke Mon. Bast India Cowpony's service. . the report towards the ccatage a tht: deceased, he been confirmed . by hir. Smith', his **phew. These after the carriage, And begged the coachman to stop, Dec.lll, at Balhousie, of scarlet fever, SUsabetio, sged would have discovered tkebiarrierer. circumstances must therefore be considered by them and give the direction ; but the only answer he could .1 112 : 1 fr - '.:l. .. Juror. —Di d you see;•entr i luspicious characters in returning their verdict, and must annihilatb from g et_ . was, that he was comin . g bac . k the same %Tay.— " Oct. Ile, at George Town, Demerara , ' C e lia Cassphat jilt saooths—tti wtice about from the time you *eat on duty till the time their minds, whatever appearances mtght beitall sus- Witness followed the carriage into ~ Lincoln s Inn, of Go o d s uccess , E ssequ ib o . - • • • Thomas Coudventryc:regd.wihreeot o „,d on dm. ad, Tbs._ :1 . you heard the report? • • picion agahist any individual. He presumed the when his Lordship got into it, and witness thew uu- Witness.-1 did not see any person whatever dur- case was unfortunately too plain for them to come to derstood-it was the Lord Chancellor's carriage. Wit- - ing that time. Sept. 7, at Grenada, Mr.. Archibald Mlfean, saner k bloirean; Minister of Ketunote. any other V'erdict than that of Murder ; .but that was mess has been a coachman, and in his opinion the car- te . mour Y . . mak ,.. lls4 614 an tr' Fisee t w eveay. i. " bit r' is Y eirilig4 Juror.---Where is yotAratch-box situated, and at for them to consider, and return their opinions ac- ria g e was not going at a quick rate, nor was there.. Dec. go,T a Tir oa ir o ie, in t h e ro e yea r gir. Jame what distance is it from Mr. Smith's house? cordingly.—The _Jury, without a moment's hesita- any fault whatever on the part of the coachman, as Msswy, merchant. In his youth he serve= ii Mal= o4 T, Witness.—lt stands in Dartmouth-row, about no tion, returned a verdict— u That the deceased- bad there %eat a ' art.obstructed the carriage. so bawd the fleet commanded byllear. wilto yards from the cottage. been inhumanly * . murdered by some person or persons Edw. Croswell, of 272, Holborn, stated, he saw the c°lll " nlied with C 4 t hlwel Ctwte in die red i ledwid Pan di Lord Chancellor's carriage going as the regulars peed- theee latim ithe Yist v l 6l 7 rtatee li red e was frOm 4la that b"rd ship the in t TigiT hesecabadc ' end ,magat Isssee Juror.—lt appears very surprising that you should at present unknown to the Jurors." _ make a delay of nine minutes before you proceeded . Coleman, the man simpgded of 'the murder, was Henry Goodgier, the .s im ia n .of the Lord than- he resolved a woonctio the band. He 'Wetly afterst re to the house after you hea r d the r eport of fire-arms. apprehended on Thursclaylest, in consequence of his cellar, who was with the carriage atthe time-the ac- arm 111 Si EWARAIRM IIe wit h the F rench " et ' . 11 ! dmv !"._.. el'' remembrseesefthe warlike exploits.of Ms essty des tr as o s sa wow Witness went down diiectly I was told what having been seen-in Levrishantwith a centre-bit and cident took place, was about being examined, when at eases sive , an „ mag i s eibe had happened by the boy Pap worth, I had no right stick in-his possession on the afternoon of the Sem. The Foremen said, the were made up,' m ea ts Imam* beebeeasaper4 sea whisaisedessilot to go off my beat: day preSious to•the murder being committed. He and *eyelid notavish to have any more evidence. • iissemet wdesatieftwesalatiebeweeelfin iedd " dia, # Here the witness was:again reprimanded by the was also drinking', at hal&past twelve o'clock on that The Jury theieviewed the body, and on their return, - " ammeed bis a s shir" key 'mitt wt. " • Coroner for the flippant and insolent langaage he in- • 'ght, at the Black Horse public-hciute, at. Ruthy•- - 'Pie P 05021111 said, as they were satisfied.withthe sae. De s. • Asa. eve. ' . dulged in, and desired to quit the room forthwith. green, about two-miles beyond Mr. Smith's 'loose.— laidancep _end betd viewed the, body, no doubt they Duiblin • 0 2 France . L 1 P ii Several of the Jurors expressed - a wish .to have His account of, himself when be was apprehended erens•sadeled it was an - accident. - They accordi4y Wets o - 5 .11anaborgk . - it g was given lin such a questionable manner, that the retired fot npw,rds of an hour, and re t urned ..,' Gul m w/o""i'm o 1 fiandin . o . some evidence of the attempt at bestiary. Limbos • , • 0 Malta , . 0 lv • The CORONZA informed them theirs were witnesses Migistrate ordered' him' to he remanded- - Cdiemne eel:diet tif—r .4* - ii i totol Do*: Omagh -Moincestisos whi m s . . o. 1 'omotenbenib •- o ... . . , in waiting who would prove that fact, but he - cot* is by trade a 'WO:smith, and is a most notations- dipittths O sa l lauts . . ~_. _ ~ . itriltt-iriftlist LOPtiON kiattuffitt-sau* .. • ceived their testimony unnecessary, as . the . felcony character . . Thieir s luis been 'no proof u-i*.amo.this. , d U :ThiOrmlisnet iselonstenliith,ebii Juryseepeet. - ' . -,• .52. elbow siker '5- 1- . - would be completely made out, in t§it- tnvestiptiim . 4edtito.bit aad Welt left ' thi 'Mins bithesirden kg thsinimpeigti‘f abeir va dj a ,:if t h ey w o o e d. , ..aft w in g , . . its missasealtarl 4. , they-were then pursuing. . were the stucco mon irtthis nof I:Metro% tee} ur maws -pat vordisr, ritifsiiO4 WO Wird *or =:--, . - .—: ' - • . , • -"•* •. : no ted an , lob. •• 6y , man" , Mr. Clement Rose was then called antreweesd+T of Gout". *Aso all _ - &AND. -- 1? to evidence o the esteem and coadvOptiwila . were riidtr , - ta T le • g ar I cc, ewe • • • ••• • .... .1. - . . . 1111121/ aew . - - - • . . . "ok • • - ' . . • ~ . . , •-' . . r I