Star. — London, England, 1810-05-05 00:00:00

Yesterday, in consequence of a requisition signed by many Liverymen, a Common Hall was held for the purpose of taking into consideration the conduct of the House of Commons in the recent imprison• =rent of Mr. Gale Jones and Sir Francis Burdett. The requisition having been read, The Loan MAYOR came forward, and said that he had convened the Liverymen in consequence of that requisition. He hoped that every person who pre sented himself to their notice would have a fair, kind, and impartial hearing.—Then Mr. FAYELL came forward to submit some Reso- lutions for their adoption. He began by stating th.it he could not avoid feeling the deepest interest on the present occasion. He was persuaded that the Citi zens of London were really in earnest in their wish to defend the rights and liberties of their country ; but if they were not in earnest in this, he could assure them that their enemies were altogether in earnest in their wishes and endeavours to deprive them of all• their rights---(Applause). He hiol told them the last day that he addressed them, that he feared that even the doors of the Hoase would soon be shut against the people. This prediction had been veri fied on a very important occasion ; and he feared that soon they would have little more to do than to per form a solemn dirge over the departed liberty of this country. Magna Charts, the Bill of Rights, and those other statutes which our ancestors conceeed to be the great bulwarks of our Constitution, were in future, as he feared, to be styled contemptuously the 4iurer barriers of our rights and liberties. We had leen formerly told, that we had nothing to do with tie laws but to obey them. and nothing to do with the taxes but to pay them. He feared that this doctrine. would soon be revived, if the people did not act upon the present occasion with the energy that became them. A great d.:,al was always said about modera tion, and about moderate measures and moderate men. He would wish to know where thdly were to look for 1m example and standard of moderation. Were they to be considered as moderate men who were for enfor cing warrants •by military power ? ( , 4 No ! no !" from all parts of the Hall.) Was it any great in stance of moderation to shut the door of the House of Commons against the people, at a time when a mast interesting inquiry was. going on ? The Coun ty of Cambridge had, howcsikr, given a pretty good hint that they did not like this sort of moderation— ( applause.) His Majesty's Ministers vrere, however, of a different opinion, and advised his Majesty to place the Moderator, whom his Constituents rejected, in one of the most important offices of the State ; there • was a sort of moderation, which might be called the' moderation of indifference. If his house were on fire, would any man tell those who worked the en gines to work with moderation ? (Laughter and applause.) If a ship had sprung a leak, would any b )(ly desire these who worked at the pumps to work with moderation ? The question which was now' agitated was infinitely superior in importance to that which our ancestors thought of such great import ince, when they resisted the general-warrants. This question was of importance as much superior to that' es a man's liberty is to the security of his papers.— This was not the first time, however, that the power of the House of Commons to commit had been so lemnly denied. In the beginning of the last century it had been formally denied by a declaration of the House of Lords, which was sent to Queen Arnie.— If it were true that the House of Commons had, in point of fact, the power to imprison one half of the people of England, they would still never be able to convince the other halt that they had any right so to do. It appeared to him, • that if the principle were once adopted, the septennial election should not be called an election of Members for the House of Com mons, but an election of Septennial Rulers. The conduct of the Meuse of Commons, on a late occa sion, reminded him of a dialogue he had met with in Lucian. In this dialogue, inpiter was supposed to have condescended to enter into an argument with a countryman, but being hard pressed in the argu ment, he had recourse to his thunder ; upon which the countryman replied, , 4 Now, Jupiter, you must be wrong when you resin t to thunder"-..( Laughter). This story appealed applicable to a recent transac tion. The House of Commons felt themselves too hardly pressed by the argument of Sir Francis Bur dett, and therefore had recourse to thander---(Ap vlause.) Mr. Favell then cited a passage from one of our poets, in substance as followS: • What constitutes a State? Not tides, fortresses, or embattled towns; But men who know their duties sad their rights, And, knowing, dare maintain them!" - The only cure for all our evi!s was a Reform in Par. liainenr (Loud ifjolaure.) The same motive which now prompted him to be an advocate for reform, was that which had always made him stand up for Eng land as a country worth fight jig for. If it was worth fighting for, it was worth reforming. (Alitlause.)— England, so great in arts and arms, so celebrated in ancient story, and now so abounding in wealth and tremmerce, was too fine a country to be desolated by the devouring locust , of corruption which are engen dered on both sides of the House of Commons. The greatest of the country were those who protected abuses. He need not go beyond the history of his own country to shew that wars were necessarily pro ductive of taxes and corruption. He then quoted expressions of the most eminent men in this country, •ffom Lord Burleigh down to Lnrd Chatham and 'Ur. Fox, to skew that Parliamentary Reform was absolutely necessary for the well:being of this coun try. He quoted these to shew that it was no new doc. nrine which was now broached for the first time, but that' it had been the language of our forefathers, lung before the word Jacobin had ever been heard of. He then read the following extract from a speech de livered in the House ot''Commons,'near 40 years ago, by 'Colonel Ban:o • hnour; I should the dishonour, of sitting MEETING OF THE LIVERY OF LONDON. • Since I bad the honour; I should say the dishonour, of sitting in this House, I have been witness to litany strange, many Infa- Vous transactions. What can be your intention in attacking all honour and virtue ? Do you mean to bring all men to a level with yourselves, and to extirpate alb honour and indepen.i.ence ? Perhaps you imagine a vote will sett)e the whole controversy ! Alas ! you are not aware that the manner in which your vote in -' procured is a secret to no man. Listen! for if you are not totary callous—lf your consciences are not seared, I will speak daggers . . your soul., and wake you to all the hells of guilty recollections. Twill follow you with, whip, and stings through every maze of our unexampled turpltpde, and place th o r ns under the rose of • apptobetion. You have fiagraudy violated jou c • ' , . thQ --- a --.— ro of the lead, tied fesheap...ldmr assuleing an nrbk , eke, yea from Orders, Warrinu, every and send linemen have the a and virtue to def y try-4Mt k b min'that yes 11. guilts thezatiee British fire. 7 tyre you maim, the nem numerous come. They' will nsuldply like tl your heads. Let others act as they tongue, or an arm, they shall be free ; and that I may not be a witness of these monstrous prsiceedings, I will leave the House—nor do I doubt but every independent, every hottest man, every friend to England, will follow me. '1 hese walls are • baneful, J k etr evidence against Mt, —(64 riq *odd k earwed ere," f r dm irreg. Castlereagh, for ...trafficking ' did not think that would be the cases He - when the Ministers of the the Excise-Office, the Stamp• Office, and all th e head of one hundred of offices, the East-India Company, and other , and pensioners, to vote bodies, would lead their troops to the poll the question of the foolish lambs to the slanshter, and by their vot es , . to Walcheren--An Ex- given against their inclination, would own pedi . without a plan, or without the tion against the - popular wish. The act to whi c h slightest prospect of success I Tliose persons had Ministers lately so strongly urged the House closed tilt doors of the House of Commons against mons, could not, as it appeared by t h e event, the people:when the cripk4 l of Minister* but bs ried into execution a l 3ase and crue l • unholy, , inretitigadoll (a delicacy which they did noc chew to committed in cold blood by one of the King' s deadly, ;Alle a prostitute majority holds the bolt of Parliamen: I tary power, and hurls its veug‘ances only upon the virtuous. To the son of their Sovereign . )'; a nd they-had now far- Guarsis !--r(Applatue.)—Were these Mi n i yourselves therefore I consign you--enjew your Pandemonium." ~i they insultectthipeoplc of this cOuntryt•by, placing in King's friends who instigated such measures [All the Oppdsition rose and left the House.l 1 a hif ;the man who nloved.tlWezausion of Ministers had offered such high rewards for Aill . wlo - leas, acount, indig- carers of the persoii who Aot ditougbthehat The read of this extract was frequently inter- ;the _ . . -- Remember, _ he ho a rd . -- w F. igh situation —ling __..auer," ; people, an 40 _ et., rupted with the loudest applause . " - . ' windy rejected by hil e =uenti-a(lseal Awe" of aftd sign Cowell, ' ..: •. • 4 that,on the - a& head, et. says Mr. Favell, " this is not my language. Lan.. /dose) ; yet those 4, in the Notice. of Com • greater rewards w„ be offe.red to discover thipe rs , guage so bold as this is seldom heard in the present I mons haVeisoie said; dist the people wee calculating who committed the-murder on one of their unot times, but it was common in the mouths of our fore- ! how many insults thel . would bear from them. 'Who ing fellow-citizens ?-(Applause)—He thou g h t fathers." (Applause.)—He begged l e ave to state to ' was it, however, who had calculated what.further iii.• time was now come when the people ihmild them some of the circumstances of his earlier life. ; sults the people of this country will be obliged to the greatest energy in the line whi c h th e C oust i ttea. . e H e h a d, in the year 1783, been connected with Sir ! bear from the House of Commens . ?-4Applause).— pointed out. They should assemble iti allg t oi r w William Jones and the late Duke of Richmond, in; some of these men (thy .City 4,4martalvies), were and Parishes and'present formal positions. they the greserquestion of Parliamentary Reform. (.4 - : about him. He wished. to Imogyeileee it was they talk of the subject in their walks, aid in their' plause.)—He was told then, in the year 1783, that ! wanted ? Did they Wish thanki to be returned to Mr. and they should never relax in their efforts, there was energy enough in the House and the !mwn Perceval and the House of Cos for their recent restored the good old principles a the Console country to obtain it ; but now, after a lapse of 27 outrage ? When he spoke oldie House of Commons, our forefathers.—Nr. Timaiesox was heard years, he did not see that this energy had effected he talked of one side as, freely as. of the other. He out with considerable applause.] any thing. What sort of energy was it which the did not, however, want to cry Toxin all public men ; The Resolutions were then put and carried House displayed when Mr. Perceval and Lord Cast- : he said that the fault was in the system.—(Applause). unanimously. The only hands we saw hold u r lereagh were charged with selling seats in Parlia. If the people left their affairs to be managed by them were those of Mr. Deputy Kemble, Mr. ment, or of trafficking their patronage against seats ? stewards, it was at least necessary that they should Dixon.and another person %chose namewe did i He would wish much that those who differed from look over the accounts of those' stewards. The peo- Mr. Kemble and Mr. Dixon were very much the people would condescend to enter into fair argu. ple had, however, hitherto neglected to superintend ! The Resolinion of 'thanks to Sir Filasce ment, and lay aside their thunder. (Applause.) He the accounts of their stewards; and nothing short of was passed with the loudest acclamations of thought the time was now come when the whole pen- a radical reform could do aey good. The great Lord ' Mr. WADDINGTON supported the Remit' ple of England ought to rally round the standard of Chatham, in speakiii el . ~ of thiapower of the House of the cries of question became so loud, that . " Parliamentary Reform."—(Loud and long-con - Commons, thus expressednimself—" What I is there, possible to collect the :ligaments lie used tinned Appliuse.)—He concluded by moving a va- then, no appeal but to HEAVE' ? Have all the exer . • of them. riety of resolutionq, which are to be seen in the front Lions of our forefathers merely dome to this, that des-1 Mr. put,/ then came forward to read the page of this paper. ' potic power should not be lodged in the Sovereign,' After the very able arguments which he Mr: WAITRMAN came forward to second the Re- but in the House of Commons; and that this despotic this day, and when be considered how clear solutions. He began by stating that be was sorry power is to appear in the worst of all shapes, being was, and how perfectly well it was understood, they were deprived of the exertions of a friend of his.: wielded by many tyrants instead of one i" This House • not think it necessary to add any thing to - ' who possessed considerable ability, and who had ad-! of Commons had even sent a man to prison merely aiready been said. He believed that it w. dressed them on tOrmer occasions. He meant Mr.' fo r putting the question, whether au outrage had not understood that this monstrous and undtil Jones. (Some persons culled out " Mr. Jones is pre-, been offered to the feelings of the public, by shutting ' lege which was claimed by the House of sent.") Hs was now told that he was precut, which against them the doors of the House of Commons, on ; would be absolutely deitructive of the w' was a circumstance that he was not aware of ; as ! an enquiry in which they were most deeply in.; of our jurisprudence.—(Applause.)—Fle that Gentleman, doubtful o f hi s b e i ng able to attend : /nested ? Who would deny that this was an outrage ! forward at the request of his manly, able, the Meeting, had commissioned him to officiate for :t o public feeling ? (Certainly, tyrtaznlyjt was, from tile ; able friend ( Mr. kavell), who moved the Itesolat'o:.,. thf .. ... • fifteen . which ---. • -. him. If eis had been a matter entirely new, it i Hill). He h id now been years in public life, Ito read a Pe'tition . . was prepared to be would have been rocessary for every person who ad.: during which time he had witnessed the course and 'to the Hon. House of Commons. If the dressed them to furnish himself with 'much informs- ; ; progress of those disastrous wars which had drained i feeed in some degree from the Resotutions, tion and a variety of ingenious arguments. But, for.. the resources of the country, and destroyed its cha. was, that the Hon. House of Commons had tunately for the people of Eneland, the subject had ; racter. During the whole course of these events, the ; rejected the Petition of the County of Mid( already been very fully discussed, and was pretty tie- , dependents of Ministers were calling out " Con& appeared to them, that in the Petition the . nerally understood. The public prints had discussed ' deuce, Confidence !" and after all the misfortunes' not been stated to them with all the seridement this subject in a Manner which did honour to cur age' which had since taken place, they repeated the seine i that it was susceptible of (a leueh.).-.As the!' and country. Ile, however, was so much afraid of I cry. What part of their duty had the House of Com. I Petition had therefore been rejected on those the arts which would be resorted to by the enemies of; mons performed ? Had they checked that wanton:it became necessary to revise the Petition the people, that he diciught it necessary to refer to the profusion of public money, which caused such heavet the City of London, to trick it out in sus sentiments of the greatest and ablest men which the 1 burdens to be laid upon the people ? Had they in- alight please the fiincy of that Honourable country has produced in former times, in order to . quired into the faults of his Majesty's. Ministers, and klizA), and to give it a sort of Corinthian shew them that it was net any new doctrine started : punished the \Valcherenites, and those who trafficked Hiving been one of those who were elm now by then to whom Government imputed motives ; in seats ? Or had they called down substantial justice that purpose, he had been now applied to, as corrupt as their own. The House of Commons i on the head of any public delinquent, from Lord i Humble Address, Remnrotrance, and Pete was always considered to have been instituted for 1 Melville down to Mr. Villiers and Mr. Hunt ? (No, I City of London to' the Honourable the the protection of the people in the enjoyment of life, ino !) What claim had they then to the confidence of Commons. liberty, and property. The wisest men, however, the country ?l ie could not take leave of them with-1 Mr. QuIN then read the Petition, (Set. which the country had produced had long seen that 1 out cautioning them to be on their guard against the i in another part of our Paper) and received it no longer answered the objects for which it was 1 artifices of their enemies, who now wished for some ! pleuse. originally appointed. He could not describe it ine acts of violence to be committed, in order that they ! The Petition was adopted unanimously better language than in the words of Mr. Burke, who I might show their vigour in attacking an unarmed i exception of the votes of Mr. Deputy - - stated " 4 that owing to the corruption of Parliament, `people. After some further observations, and reading :. Samuel Dixon, and another. the House of Commons, which was originally iuten- 1 extracts from the speeches of Lord Chatham, Mr. : A Resolution was then passed, that ded as a balance against the Crown, had now become ! Pitt, Mr. Fox, and other public men, ie favour of ' t should be presented to the House of Commons •an accessary of die Crown against the people." The . Parliamentary Reform, he coacludiol by seconding ; Alderman Hervey Combe and the other great Lord Somers had stated, 64 that the House of the Resolutions. !Lives cif the City. Commons was the great inquest of the kingdom, and 1 Mr. Timeteeoe observed, that our Borou- e h-nuinger i Sir Melees' Cutlets came forward, apparently ho that it was their duty to inquire into the grievances Sovereigns were not very fond of appealing to argu- i considerable agitation, and said, that he held it hie of the nation, and to punish the misdeeds of Minis- ment. 'Their deeds would not beer die light. One i duty, as their Representative, to present any Petition ters." It was pretty obvious to every body whether •of these borough-mongers, however, had the im p u- duo lie was ordered to present. As to the rest, be the House of Commons now fulfilled that which the dence to say, e that a party bad been rising in this would always do, as he had done, whet appeared to best and wisest of our ancestors had conceived their ! country which must be crushed." He believed, how- . him to be his duty. (Loud cries, lildlyas sup/tort ii ?) bounden duty, and the object for which they had been . 1 ever, that the borough-mongers would find that it was ! The Alderman gave no answer. appointed. (No' No I from all parts of the Hall.) j not in their power to crush the spirit of the people oft Alderman Comae said, that he should be happy If such were their duties, in order to perform them, England !—(Apo/a , :se.)—lt was stated in the House . not only to. obey their instructions in presenting it, Parliaments ought to be held frequently. (Applause.) i last night, as a matter generally reported, that there but in supparting it. (B r avo ! bravo !) His opinion Was there any right or privilege belonging to the i were but eight or nine honest men in the House, and respecting Parliamentary Reform had always bee House of Commons which did not belong to his Ma- . all the rest were rogues. This was received, not weli the same as it is at present, and he would always jcsty or the other branches el the Legislature ? Cer- I indignation, but with general laughter. Now, if he 1 lend evst7 effort in bis power to the success of diet tairtly not • 'and yet, at the present moment, the pen. i were to go into a den of thieves, and call them all ! cause. (Applause.) He would also conceive himself rogues, pie are allowed to present an Address or Remon. 1 it is with laughter that be would expect that at all times Lo old to obey the instructions of hie strance to the King ; but if they should venture to! it would be received; but, if he were to use such , constituents, :.r resign Isis piece. present an Address or Remonstrance to the House of language to honest men, he did not think it would he Sir C. Paten said, that he was ready to obey the Commons, their liberty, if not their life, is in danger. ' received with 1 'lighter, but, on the contrary, that it iesfeection s ef his c on s tituents as to presenting tim e We are now in the hop e l e ss s itu at ion described by . would excite the most indignant feelings. If men I P et i t i on . (!rill gape goon it ?) The Alderman made Lord Hale, who said, e that if the House of Com- . were perfectly conscious (if being notorious rogues, ;no :umber, and was much hooted. mons deeded wrong, the people were without any they might well laugh at the accusation. He felt 1 Sir Jew's Some, then expreoed himself nearly ill manner of remedy." -, The House of Commons, had, most anxious for the preservation of those liberties! the same manner, and was also much hooted. in the late instanceoldecidecl, as appeared to him, which we bad inherited from our forefathers. He felt i Mr. Weernmex movedthe thanks of the Common' quite contrary to the law of the l an d and the liberty convinced that, according to the language of the Poet t ' I - 14 to Alderman Combe, one of their Represent... of the subject, and yet they were without remedy and I .. A day. an hour of virtuous liberty, . 't , tires. He then stated, dust one of their Represents without hope. The House of Commons t however,l ." Is worth a whole eternity of bandage!" . : tiVes, who had pleaded illness through the eerie pal t could not pretend to be infallible. hi the Psylesbnrys. The most highly respected and virtuous public chtr- .at the session, fOttild himself on a sudden well en on i ee question, they had committed some persons, and racier in the kingdom was now a prisoner in the Ito sit up tell seven o'clock in the morn ne, when tlei were obliged afterwards to retreat from the business Tower— [" It is true—he is the best mania England," i question was to acquit Ministers foxthcii Walcheree in a manner full as disgraceful as any of those mili- from several of the Liverymen.]—What party was Ex edition. e was informed of this by i epert, and tary retreats which had filled the country with shame, ' there in Parliament on which the people of this coun- he shoeld put i t-as a question to th e lion. Mbch en' but which they uniformly defended. (Applause.) try could rely ? The Outs and the Ins were equally i Sir W. Cuserts tame forward, and, withevide nt' It was well known that in the case of Alderman reed s , to rally round the standard of corruption— i tokens of displeasure, declared h i e had attended ,ii. Wilkes, those violent and unconstitutional resolutions (e/ppialue.)—Those two parties, in their turn, swal. i duty during the whole of the investigetionf an d t''' which had been agreed to by one House of Com- , lowed up all the places and patronage of the coentry. k deliberate conclusion he came to was, thalethe I • 7 'r e. mom, had been expunged by the next. As Houses 'lf he were to choose between them, he should prefer' dition sees wi se and p o ikie, (Laughter and disaPr ia. of Commons had been thus found fallible on former the Ins, as he thought there was a weakness in all ! !ration.) • occasions, they should not go so far as to prevent die their conduct which rendered their wickedneus less i • Mr. tereteustee reeled, that it was net 03 him is. people from discussing their conduct. They had dangerous !—(Applauic.)—What change were the alluded, but to Sir Charles Price. taken rather an odd mode of supporting their dig- people to expect ? Waseethat the Governmeut should 1 . After the resolution had been agnealeo pity. If they had done that which k was the duty pass into the hands of Lord Grenville, Lord Grey, i Sir Cuenoes Pince came forward, and said , tha t of the House of Commons to do ;if they had re- ,or the Honourable Mr. Ward—the Gentleman who :no Jars As s ass i n had a right to take away his cl''7 i : dressed public grievances ; enquired into thelltults ' moved for the rejection of the Westminster Petition ? ter. He should not put him,elf in competition ~1 % of his Majesty's Ministers, and brought down justice (No ! No !) —He was ready to give credit to her. i Mr. Waithman— (eWhose vi le e you hit lb° r - ' re . on the heads of great public delinquents, they : Whitbread for what he bad don e , but st ill h e t ho ug ht. man y.) . M r . Wanton:or had, on a former occisiO3. might then have very safely left the people at the country should not trust too much to any of the tams upon himself to call silence, as if be., h 1 1„ :th. liberty to discuss their conduct. (Applause.) But two contending parties. It was known how Mr. Pitt, the Lord Mayor. Ntiw, he would ask, was re". a ' a ., when that House, which had refused to punish two upon great questions to which he was pledged, knew man the greatest man irk the City ! (e Ateekesnot Ministers of the Crown for trafficking seats in Parlia- how to give his dependents a holiday, and let them riifterieti," from many.) The Hop. Baronet rots meat against writerships, suddenly turned round upon' vote as they liked. This practice could he resorted allowed to proceed flintier. the people, and imprisoned persons for pronouncing to by other leaders of parties. He had heard that it Mr. Quui thee, after a an, opinion on their conduct, he would ask was these was proposed at another place (the Hackney Meet- and good conduct of the Lord Mayor+ imigh, t wai any true dignity or honour in this proceeding ? (No, ing), to address the King to dissolve the Parliament, ward the Resolution of thanks to him , w at" none, from all parts of the Hall.) Where was their • Now he could not see much good that could b: eVro carried unanimously, and with loud aPplausezi. nno .. panegyric on the oirteee for. dignity and honour, when they let the Cintra Con.: pected from such a Measure. How would it affect The Loan Meatus remold &Ink' t o r "'" --- ..! L f .1., aot ow/ ventien pass over without a rasliamentary Inquiry e the Gentlemen near him, the City Representatives ? that had been donnhito. sad dedg el `l".. 1•111.1••••• 4 opened a deer to sway awl coed of *kelt they refused to lie arbitrary dominion over taw and jos- p erc ev a l and Lord Casd rarrat"N gad Pradamitical° 44" for the sale of seats ? dr wl Prisoners to your Bastile all those who to defend the freedom of their coun• Crown came forward at the reu hope, by fear and terror, to Win- their dependents, placemen, The note "x if i cel t the more mar' 'for their own acquittal on ti tomerous the son. of liberty wilt be• r like the hydra, and hurl vengeance on and: wicked Expedition t :t as they will—wh il e I have a tongue, p!d!tion which sailed withoi • Loottßl.t sltt the other pn ter Breit 'oil, like to test thu, Sit the elec. Sly which the of Cot. 116 R, be ear. Col 1 turd. ; ing's Lite asters CA! be [oici ll uhrLt d o : it t u e:: : ya r ts sn gd t : : P e r? lt h i c t fi ' t ' i‘ ft lt i :2( ttls.nt against itt 11 1 ; °11 hey shr..l,! eir hute, tl stitution d througli. tied alm• 1 !qr. &mkt id not hear. tch hooted. is %ADM T applathe, in tionS, itt:t 1 It Was:!:' 1 is suppo.t • the Petition had he.ir.i Lear the case Rood, he ti r ld to what 1114 cas perfectly le - fined Kiri. f Comml!.% ;tole systin. e tnw caaze and hcai,ur. Kesolation,, sabm:l,tl Petition d.r. Is, the rear... n ad last nig-t.: itidltsex. the truth !manly fh he Hi:idlest.% Lose grottnJ intended fia such tress ble House (a Man grace.... employed 0, to rea.! 'etition, of the he House i t nt the Petkir, :Ted loud a i l. Dsly, with 11.. e Kemble, : this Petition Commons by r Represeuta- a ppatently he held it his t any Petttiutt o the rot, he t appeared to :up: fir ii ')