Star. — London, England, 1823-07-30 00:00:00

of persons there appeared to be nothing but one ge neral sentiment of unanimity, and a conviction that the French would never succeed in their attempts against the place. The Government was in great want of money, and the troops wee not regularly paid, but they submitted with great patience. The x iN G did not leave the Palace in which he resided. The French Admiral, who was off Cadiz, had given ❑otice that no ships should be allowed to quit the ort, which might clear nut after the 15th instant : in consequence of which Captain SIMPSON was obliged to leave without completing his loading. The French squadron consisted of two line-of-battle ships, two frigate;, one sloop, one bark, and one iomaller vessel. The French were stationed in Rota. St. Mary's, and Cliclana, round Cadiz. YROM TIIE REDACTOR GENERAL (CADIZ PAPER) OF TIIE 13r11 INS'r. CADIZ, JUI•l 13. The Government has positive information that the G e neral-in-Chief of the French ai my in fi ont of this isle has determit.ed to give orders to the land and tea forces under his command, that from the 15th of this monii they shall fire on every person quitting the island and pteenting themselves before the French' forces. PACKETS. —Thin is to give notice to the public, that notwithstandin3 the blockade of the enemies, t' ere frequently leave this place packets with letters for the provinces and towns free from the enemy on the part of the East and West, so that the authori ties and individuals of ancient Galicia, Asturias, and v an of Castile, not occupied by the enemies, may %the to every part of the Ea,t, as far as Barcelona, and the free places of the interior, and vice versa, with the security that, laying oat of consideration the contingencies for which Government cannot provide, the letters will arrive at their respective destinations. FROM THE ESPECTADOR OF TIIE 13th JULY. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CORTES, 12TH JULY. Various Resolutions of Committees respecting the sale of goods taken from the enemy, the better organisation of the army, and literary property, were discussed. There was ordered to be added to the Act, the par ticular vote of Sieur Lopez Cuebas, contrary to the aoptobation of the proposition, that, on the conclu sion of the ordinary Cortes, they should not leave the Lie of Cadiz. There was read, and approved of, a proposition from Senor Bertran de Lis, that the Resolution of the Cortes, by vi hich it was agreed that the Deputies should not separate from the Jsla on the conclusion of the ordinary Session, an exemption be made for those to whom the Government may find it convenient to give a military commission. The following picture of the present state of Spain appears in a Morning Paper, %%here it f 9 stated to hare been written by an individual in very high au thority at Cadiz : a CADIZ, JULY 7. " The French, perceiving that there is do probability of their success,uniess they can have the opportunity of quickly striking a decisive blow, are perfectly sensible that their great enemy is ante. They therefore hasten their movements, in doing which they commit great military faults : at the same time they put in motion all the artifices of intrigue and seduction. or l id c• " Meanwhile public spirit revives in the provinces which the French abandon ; the illusions which blinded the people ate dis sipated; patriotic Guerillas are forming everywhere ; the strong places are supplied with provisions and fortified ; the enemy's 1 communications are intercepted ; and the hope is again cherished, ] that in the present struggle laurels as immortal will be won as those which were the reward of the late contest for independence. " General Mina holds his place still fearless, at the head of his brave troops, and constantly harasses the French ; the Govern• mem is taking measures to provide him with reinforcements which will enable him to undertake more important enterprises. The fortresses of Old Catalonia are defended with courage and unshaken constancy, as are also San Sebastian and Santona. " The respectable army of General Ballasteros forms one of the principal supports on which the nation relies. " In the provinces of Andalusia not occupied by the enemy, General Zayas is actively employed in forming a new corps, which will soon be engaged in important operations " This interesting point, the isle of Cadiz, the secure asylum of the King, the Curtes, and the Government, is in a complete state of defence. It possesses a brave and strong garrison; an adequate naval force, composed chiefly of gun-boats, is rapidly completing ; new magazines of provisions are forming ; and everything is prepared fur successfully repelling any attack which the troops that have so rashly approached our lines may he tempted to make. " 'lle greatest confusion prevails in Madrid. The invaders, is was to be expected, find that they cannot act in concert with the ridiculous Junta which they have installed under the name of a Regency. These men have already set about restoring the inquisition, and all the abuses of the old despotic system. The Unfortunate persons whom they have misled will soon see what they have to expect front so illegal, seditious, and fanatical as authority—will detest their principles, and hasten to join the de f,nders of the country. " His Majesty's Ministers, though sensible of the arduous na ture of the task imposed on them, are undismayed, while dis charging the duties of their station. They labour to overcome '.he difficulties and embarrassments of every description with 'which they are surrounded ; and they flatter themselves that by patience, courage, and constancy, they yet will obtain the bles sings of peace, and secure the honour and prosperity of Spain." Thismorning we received the New York Papers tol the 9th inst. They contain the speech of the Em-! peror of Brazil on opening the Congress. The accounts from Lima state, that Jose Tagle had heen elected President of the Congress, on the 27th of keinuary, but this appointment was so unpopular, that it was revoked on the following day, and given to Rovaguera. A report prevailed in the City this morning that C . 4ptain Paula has succeeded in making the North piouse, and arrived sairly at Valparaiso. THE ARMY. Yesterday the Duke of Yogic, as Commander-in-Chief, held a Levee at his Office In the I Guards, which was attended by General Lord HOWDEN, Lord Hawse, Lieutenant-General Staysmscot, Lieutenant-General SirF. Mascot4l, Major-General DA RUNG, Major-General Sir C. DOTLR, Major-General FuLiza., Major-General RIALL, and about thirty other Officers. It is understood that Lieutenant-General Sir H. T. Mow- TREMOR, K.C. B. will succeed to the roloneley of the 11th Re giment of Foot, vice Sir CHARLES Asaist., Bart. deceased. In consequence of the death of Lieutenant-General Sir Dams PACK, K.C.11. which took place on Friday last, the Colonelcy of the 84th Foot and the Lieutenant-Governorship of Plymouth have become vacant. It is understood that Major-General Lord AYLXIM, will obtain the Lieutenant-Governorship of Plymouth. It is supposed that Lord C. H. Sommuire will succeed to the Colonelcy of the 84th Foot. A detachment of the Royal Horse Artillery, under Lieute nant Theme°, marched from Limerick for Island Bridge, on Monday se'nnight. The ,i7th Regiment has marched from Buttevant, to replace the 2d Battalion of the Rifle Brigade, quartered in Kinsale, Ma croum, Etc. Commission in the 2d Regiment of Royal Surrey Militia, signed by the Lord Lieutenant of the county of Surrey. Ensign William Usher to be Lieutenant, vice Gregg, deceased. Commissions in the East Somerset Yeomanry Cavalry, signed by the Lurd Lieutenant of the county of Somerset. James Bennet, Esq. to be Captain; Richard Holman, Gent. to be Cornet. NAVAL INTELLIGENCE. The firvirrms sailed on Sunday from her moorings at Chatham to Longreach, where she is to take in her powder and guns pre paratory to her final destination. Mr. Apart, the master shipwright of Trincomalee, is ap pointed master-mastmaker of Chatham Dock Yard. The THAMES frigate will be launched the next spring tides. The Cocosscs is ordered to be fitted for a convict ship in the stead of the GANYIERDZ. The Diana, %%trent', sailed front Port-an-Prlnee,loth ult. for London, but put back on the 16th, in consequence of the illness of the Master and Mate, and was expected to sail again about the 20th. The following is an Account of the Hull ships, in the Green land Fishery : Fish. Tons. July 7. Manchester 9 54 June2ii. Neptune -10 100 16. Walker -11 60 12. Everthorpe 8 60 12. Ariel - 1 12 12. Eagle -14 58 Trafalgar - 9 33 Laurel 6 85 Elizabeth - 1 18 20. Rachel and Ann - 3 36 FAzstouve, JULY 28.—Wind S.W.—No arrivals or tailings. PLYMOUTH, JOLT 28.—Wind S.W.—Arrived the South Esk, from Cadiz--left the Master sick there. Pozvsstount, JULY 29. —Wind S. W.—Sailed the Duke of York, FINLAY SON, for Malaga. DIAL, JILT 29.—Wind S. W.—Came down and remain, the following outward-bound vessels, from London, Dee, hansom; Dryad, Tact.; Hero, WiLsom ; Asia, WIT/ITOW; Louisa, BAT. WARD; and Wilkinson, Haw. Arrived the Ipswich, Bums, from Miramichi, in twenty days. Fiib. Tons. June 8. Cyrus - - 1 4 8. Perseverance 3 1. Cicero - clean. 1. Unity - ditto. 22. Mercury - ditto. 22. Siero —five • small LA. 12. North Briton 2 30 14. Venerable 2 30 12. Wm. Torr 3 We inserted, in our Paper of Monday, from a Morning Paper, a short account of the death of the Bishop of NORWICH ; and we were preparing to write a more detailed account of his character. This morning, however, we were informed by a Gentle. man from Norwich that lie is still in perfect health. Although some individuals of his diocese and of his acquaintance may differ from him in some points, we do not scruple to assert that a more pious, a mere benevolent, a more disinterested, and a more learned Prelate, does not exist.—The death of Archdeacon Gooca is supposed to have given rise to the report. The Duchess of CLARENCE and the Duchess of SAXE-WEIMAR left Bushey Park yesterday, at three o'clock, and proceeded to the King's Palace at Ken. sington, where they dined with the Duchess of Km% In the evening the Royal Duchesses honoured the Italian Opera with their presence. Monday, the Duke of CL.a.nance left Bushey for Bagshot, on a visit to the Duchess of GLOUCESTER. Yesterday morning, were married at St. George's Church, Hanover-iguare, Lord SIDhfOUTH to the Ho. nourable Mrs. TowrisitEnti. After the ceremony the happy pair left town for Arley Court, near Newbury, Berks, where they intend to pass the honey-moon. Saturday, the 12th inst. were married, by special license, at Stewardstown Church, county of Tyrone, Mr. JAMES KENNEDY, historical painter, at the ad vanced age of 84, to Miss MARY ALDER, aged 76! The cold weather lately, has rather thinned the watering• places in general ; but we uridertand that the fashionable Spa of Leamington Priors begins to fill very fast. Her Grace the Duchess Dowager of RUTLAND and suite, are expected after the first week in August : and preparations are making for Mr. GREEN, the celebrated aeronaut, to ascend from the Spa, towards the latter end of next month. The Grand Jury of Staffordshire have found a true bill against STAFFORD Coozz, his brother, and two other persons, for a conspiracy to disquiet Sir Gummi JERNINGHAM, in the possession of his estates. DESTRUCTION OF THE WHITEY THEATRE ST 'Firm—This building was entirely consumed by fire on Friday morning. Scores Company had per formed on the evening of Thursday, and the Theatre closed about eleven o 'clock; soon after which the performers quitted the House, and everything was considered safe. Soon after one o'clock, it was dig. covered, however, that the building was on fire, and such was the ascendancy of the flames, that before four o'clock the Theatre was entirely consumed, the walls only being left standing. The Company, we regret to say, havelost the whole of their dresses, &c. with about 801. in money. It is not known how the accident originated. DriaDriit. AcciDmr.---saiurday evening, about six o'clock. Mr. Edmonds, the Surveyor of the road between Kilburn and Edgeware, and superintendent of the extensive improvements in that part of the county, after having paid his workmen at the Harp public-house, near the five site stone, set off in his chaise fortis house at Edteware, when unfortunately after proceeding a few yard. he got between two teams, and it is supposed in whipping his own horse, for the purpose of getting out of the way, he touched the leader of one of the teams, which caused the horse to make a sudden spring, and the cart coming in con tact with Mr. Edmonds chaise, he was thrown out and one of the wheels passed over him in a longitudinal direction, when be immediately exclaimed—" Loan have mercy upon me." He was placed in a return post chaise, which was accidentally pass ing at the time, but before he reached his home, which is only three miles distant from the spot, the vital spark had tied. Mr. FAIMOOIII was a corpulent man, about slaty years of age, and bad been formerly in the Engineer Department of the Army. lie has left a wife, but we believe no family. to lament his loss. CORN EXCHANGE, MARK-LANE, .IpLY 50. There are moderate arrivals of Grain this'Vech, but another large quantity of Flour. Wheat, 4500 quarters; 'Lary, 490 quarters; Oats, 6140 quarters; flour, 7500 sacks. The Wheat trade is very.4oll, at Monday's prices. Barley looks upwards. Beans and Peas are unaltered. Oats dull and heavy, at the terms of last attar ket-tls). rluut 1%111 uut be higher at present. Alr IMPROVEMENT OF THE STATE CF IRELAND. OIM/Ml/1/. Yesterday a Meeting was held at the City of Lon don Tavern, pursuant to public advertisement ad dressed by Mr. Owitm, of New Lanark, to the Nobi lity, Gentry, Professions, Bankers, Merchants, and Master Manufacturers, for the purpose of taking into consideration the present state of Ireland. The Meet- ing was numerous and highly r e s p ecta bl e . A mongst the distinguished persons present, we noticed the Duke of LEINSTER, the Honourable LEICESTER STA N HOPE, Mr. HAMILTON, of DeIVAI, Sir JOHN DOYLE, and others. A number of Ladies, remarkable for the elegance and beauty of their appearance, sat next the Chair, and added their countenance to the benevolent object of Mr. OWEN—At about half-past twelve Mr. OwEN made his appearance, and immediately after took the Chair; he was received with loud ani gene ral marks of applause. When silence was restored, Mr. OWEN rose, and a dd resse d t h e M eet i ng to t h e following effect :—" We have met here this day to consider what remedy can be found for the distresses of Ireland ; and it is a subject possessing claims to our serious attention, too powerful and too gene rally acknowledged, to render it necessary that I should occupy the time of this Meeting with any introductory observations. It will be admitted, that no effectual remedy can be expected to be applied until the nature and cause of those distresses shall be ascertained. The evil is two-fold; it consists in the want of productive employment, and in the existence of religious differences; and so long as these causes continue in operation, it is impossible that the condition of Leland can be ameliorated. We have therefore to ascertain, in the first place, why productive employment cannot be found for the Irish peasant and labourer. Productive employment is either natural or artificial. Natural productive em ployment is, that through which the individual by his labour produces more than he consumes, and what ever the excess may be, in the same proportion it is a gain to one or more individuals, a gain to the world. Artificial productive employment is that which, under the present commercial system of society, renders it necessary that a trading profit should be left to the producers. These two kinds of employment have no connection with each other. The first, or natural productive employment, may be given to all, until poverty shall be removed from society, and the world be saturated with real wealth ; but no arrangements have yet been made to admit of the introduction of this employment in practice. The other, or artificial produptive employ ment, is the mode to which the in dustry of man has been hitherto restricted, in the creation of wealth. It is a system most defective in principle, and calculated to continue only until a cer tain stage of civilization is attained, beyond which period it will create poverty, and not wealth. The period referred to is, that when science may be made to supersede, in a general degree, the work of ordi nary men, and when, in consequence, manual labour ceases to be of sufficient value to support human ex istence in adequate comfort, compared with the pro giess of civilization. That period is now arrived ; the inventions and discoveries in the sciences of me chanism and chemistry in particular, have created a new power at the disposal of society, which is, even now, in the infancy of these improvements, far more than sufficient to over-supply every want of life, and if properly directed, to remove all want, or the fear of want, from the whole of society, although the population of the world were to be increased twenty, thirty, or fifty fold. The time is therefore come when the system of artificial productive employment must cease to exist, and when it must give place to another; to one which will better fulfil the purposes of mankind; one, that will immediately enable so ciety to saturate itself with real wealth, that is, with a full supply of all those productions which can con tribute to the well being and happiness of human life. Under a system of natural productive em ployment, arrangements may be formed in which a due proportion 'of the useful sciences, and of manual labour may be so combined, as that every portion of the working classes may with ease, com fort, and pleasure, create an abundant supply for themselves, and also a large and more valuable sur plus for the use of others, than the industrious part of society has ever yet provided for the higher classes. The late rapid progress which has been made in the useful sciences, has gradually produced such changes as render it necessary that this system should be now introduced, in order that ignorance and poverty may be withdrawn from society ; and it is the direct in terest of. every one that these scourges of the human race should be withdrawn, as soon as the means of extirpating them are in our power. That it is not ne cessary that poverty should longer exist anywhere, may be deduced from the knowledge of one single fact, which is, that, in less than half a century, Great Britain alone has acquired a new power from science, which very much exceeds the whole manual power, of the world, and with that power, and her present population of 22 millions, if she knew flow to direct them, Great Britain might amply suppry half of Eu rope with food, and the whole of Europe and the Americas with all their other wants.—This, and more than this, were there any necessity or utility in the measure, could be accomplished, under a system of natural productive employment, by means of the soil, science, and manual power at present possessed by Great Britain and Ireland. The Government of Ire land, however, is required to provide for a popula tion of seven millions only, from a soil and a power scientific and manual, more than sufficient to main tain four times that number in a state of greater comfort than is experienced at present, by any por tion of those seven millions. It is probable that not more than one-seventh of the inhabitants and pro. ptietors of Ireland can be considered to be above the rank of working class; is which case, there is a population of six millions to provide for themselves, and for one million more. The system which at pre sent prevails in Ireland is evidently incompetent to enable those six millions to support this one million and themselves, although they should be content to exist under the deprivation of almost all the comforts of human life. As a remedy for this state of things, Mr. Goulburn, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, re commends encouragement to entigration, and a re polar system of coercion. This is the essence of his practical knowledge respecting the best mode of go verning Ireland; and, while so governed, it would be a master of surprise, indeed, if Ireland presented a different appearance from that of her present con- dition. There never has been but one rational mode of ameliorating the condition of any people, namely, by the adoption of measures .which produce an im• provement in the character of the individuals, and by which they can, in the best manner, create wealth 'and enjoy it ; and the Government most to be desired is, that xhich practically seeks to accomplish these objects. Mr. Secretary Goulburn, in consequence of his own .valuable experience, will. per haps, now admit that these objects are not very likely to be attained, either by emigration or coercion, or by making speeches in Parliament which do net convey any ideas of practical utility. "Ireland is now in a condition so miserable, that it would be essentially benefited, in many of its districts, by the introduction, in its lowest state, of the s)s tern of natural productive employment. I have already stated, that, by this system, I mean arrange silents which will admit of an individqal, either male or female, being employed, whenever by their in dustry they can produce more in the year than they consume. If, indeed, these individuals are to be sup ported in any kind of existence, it is obvious to prac• tical men that they had far better be employed than remain idle, although their - labour did not return a half, a fourth, or an eighth of their consumption. Of this truth, obvious to all intelligent practical men, statesmen and men of theory seem to have little or no knowledge. For, had they possessed any, they would have adopted measures long ago to employ the peasantry of Ireland, rather than allowed so many of them in each generation to remain in idleness, to be taught habits the most injurious to themselves and others, and to be forced to acquire feelings of dis content with their wretched condition. I wish now to direct the attention of the Public to a very different system from that which has been hitherto pursued ; to one, which shall provide productive employment for all the wor king classes. The modern political eco, nomists, or men of mere theory, will sty, no; for it is contrary to their notions of the vastly profound science of political economy, that the wot king classes should have employment found for them. No ; these Gentlemen of mere words without ideas, say, men, if left to themselves, will do the best for themselves.' I challenge them to bring forward one fact in the history of our species, which gives the shadow of support to this theory. As well may they say, 4 do not educate human beings, for, if left to themselves, they will acquire the most correct principles, and adopt the best and most useful practice.''These Gentlemen, .whose natural powers of mind are much above mediocrity, whose intentions are good, and for many of whom I feel sentiments of great regard and friendship, hive been deceived by the past; they have known the world governed only under false and mistaken notions, and have perceived that, in pro. portion as those notions have been forced into prat, tice, poverty, vice, misery, and consequent die content, -have been found to prevail ; and nowhere has their influence been more evident than in the past system of governing Ireland. k is very true that it is better to govern as little as possible, than to be active in governing on erroneous principles ; so far I cordially agree with the modern political economists. There is, however, a wide difference between govern. ing on erroneous principles, or remaining inactive, and governing on principles which experience has proved to be true, consistent, and beneficial. The Governmeuts of the would have hitherto, from error, pursued the first of these modes. In consequence of the uniform want of success which has attended all legislative measures, modern political economists now recommend the second, or •the abstaining froth; all attempts, on the part of society collectively, to direct the proceedings of mankind ; in other words, they seem to have a notion of some mysterious principle of self-adjustment in the affairs of life, Which, if not interfered with, would infallibly bring all things to their proper level in society. Knowing, however, the mischievous effects on the general economy of life, which erroneous legislation, or the absence of all direction, must necessarily produce, I recommend the third mode of proceeding, as being the best calcu. lated to form, conduct, and preserve, a healthy, active, intelligent, wealthy, moral, and happy society, —lt is certainly more consonant to a mind unvi. tiated with • pi ejudices and theories to conclude, that as human nature has ever been essentially governed by external circumstances, practical measures should be now adopted, to improve these circumstances to the uttermost ; that it is the duty of all Governments to make themselves thoroughly acquainted with the effects which the various circumstances now existing in their dominions produce upon the character and condition of the subjects • and that it is their peculiar business to remove, in the shortest possible time, all those the direct tendency of which is, to generate disease, poverty, intemperance, crime, and misery, and to replace them by othes„circumstances, whose tendency is to produce health,.intelligence, Orme, plenty, and happiness, These are the grounds upon which I recommend an active legislation on the part of all Governments, as soon as they have discovered the principle on which alone mankind ought to be governed. That principle has been stated to be, 4 the direction of circumstances,' and the practice to con sist in withdrawing those which experience has proved Ito be injurious to hunkind, and in introducing mhos - which, on the same authority, we know to be pro ductive of benefit. Now, if we examine by this cri ,terion the proceedings of all past Governments, it must be acknowledged that, with very few excels. titins, they have done, from error, whatever was pre judicial to themselves and to the people, and have left undone whatever it was for their own interest, and for the interest of their subjects, that they should l have pet-Ruined. To go into detail upon this part of i the subject, would be invidiors and useless; it Will be quite sufficient to state generally, that it bas ever been the real interest of Governments, that 41 their subjects should have a full supply of whatever is ne cessary to their health and comfort that they should be temperate, intelligent, and moral; and that they should possess the best dispositions and the kindest feelings for their fellow-subjects and fellow men, mo deling to them every advantageous service in their power. And yet that, from igninane of true prin ciples, it has been almost the whole business of every Government we have hitherto known, to construct a combination of circumstances, which effectually pre vents the substantial attainment of any one of these objects. Such are the circumstances which now, in a greater or less degree, eitist in- every country, and, in our owu, to a greater extent than any one, before examination, can imagine. Men have been taught 1