Star. — London, England, 1822-12-19 00:00:00

1 -. 1 = fr . ' LOWE ON THE STATE OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE. It is too much the ease with writers on political economy to form theories, and then to colleatmiti such facts as may tend to confirm them; -a very did ferent mode has been adopted in one of the most valuable works that has appeared - on the. - snbject, by . Mr. Lows, , 4 On the pate of Enataad comparid with France." This Gendeman has, with great care and research, collected a greatbody of political and sta tistical information, from which, and not from any preconceived theory, he has drawn his inferences.- 1 From this . volume, which is highly _interesting, and places in a true light the relative resources of Great Britain and France, we make the following extracts: NATIONAL INCOME. PROPORTION or Duress= CtIJSZI IN TER NATIONAL =CORM • In consequence of our iasular position, our canals, and our mines, the proportion of our National Income, derived front Manufacture and Trade, is greater than in most other countries. The following Table is founded partly on conjecture, partly on official documents : Income ie particular Classes. ion to the whole National Incense. 30 p.Cc. 20 do. 10 do. 17 do. . 20 do. 3 do. Great Britain distinct from Ireland. Agriculturists and all engaged in the supply of Subsistence, whether Land lords, Farmers, or Labourers Manufacturers and all Persons occupied in making Clothing and Hardware Mechanics, Masons, and all engaged in supplying houses and furniture The ProfertionalClasses,viz. Lawyers, Clergy, Medical Men, Artists, and Teachers, to whom is added a very numerous, though not an affluent class, that of Domestic Servants The'Army, the Navy, the Civil Servants of Government, the Annuitants draw ing an Income from our DiviSends ; all, in short, who are paid through the medium of Taxes - - The Classes rectiving Parish support and other- charitable aid Total 23,000,000 39,000,040 j 46,000,000 6,000,000 £230,000,000 'lOO The sum allotted to the agricultural classes has unfortunately not been earned by them in this season of depression; but the case must ere long alter; and in a table intended to be.referred to for years, it is fit to keep temporary irregularities out of sight. In Ireland, the distribution of productive industry is very different from that of England : were it added to our estimate, there would be a great augmenta tion of the agricultural proportion. COMPARATIVE POPULATION AND REVENUE or DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. Statistical Return►, imperfect as they still are, have been greatly improved in the present age. The property tax of Eng. laud, and thefunrier of France, have conveyed an idea, tolerably accurate, of the national income of the two most powerful coun tries in Europe. From these, and other documents of recent date, the Author has compiled (App. 69) a Table of the Public Burdens and Population of every Country in Europe. /rATISTIC/IL tests or xuaorg, IN 1822. Tares, IPrOPOr' Titbe,and ton of medic Ipublit burdens burdens generally. Total Population. 930,c 3,600,N111 .2,1;00,00( 37,000,001 ,ono,ooo I 54000p0ul 2,850,00 520,60(1 111000,000 1,600,000 i 1,500,000 3,700,000 740,001 9 ,0 0 0 , 10,500, 4,000, 2,450, 6,700, 30,700, 14400,000 1,400,000 1,'300,000 17,000,000 1,300,000' 18,000,000. 5,000,000 1,200,000: 6,000,000: 1,100,000' 900,000 3,090,000 430,00( 1 3,000,001 7,600.00 2,500,001 900, 2,700, 37,000, Norway, including Finmark Sweden, Norway, and Swedish Lapland - - - Swedt n, distinct from Nor way and Swedish Lapland Russia iii Europe - - Scotland, viz. the Highlands distinct from the low country Turkey in Europe, not ascer tained, but probably not above - - Poland, before the partition Poland, the present kingdom, of, distinct from the pro! vinces incorporated with the Austrian, Russian, and B sian dominions Sardinia, island of Spain - - Denmark, exclusive of rar and Iceland - 11anover - Portugal - Switzerland, the twenty-twol Cantons (The pecuniary burden i+ •ery small, but the Swiss! arc liable to military ser-1 vice). Wales - - - The Austrian Empire, inclu ding Lombardy and Aus- uie s n Poland - - The pru.sian dominions - Bavaria - Sicily, bland of - - Dominions of the King of Sar. dinia, viz. Piedmon t , part ofl the Milanese, the Genoese territory, Savoy, and the island of Sardinia . - • States of the Church The Neapolitan dominions, in cluding Sicily - Frar.ce, including Corsica Scotland ; the low country distinct from the Ilighlands Great Britain, exclusive of Itelend (the taxes computed 'Oll 0 10 7 6 lo Bo ii 40 Is 00 according to the value of money on the Continent) Wirtemberg - - Saxony - Italy, exclusive of Sicily Great Britain and Ireland col lectively - The Netherlands* - Austrian Italy, or the Lom bardo-Venetian kingdom lonian Islands, Republic England, distinct front Wales Ireland - . '2 1 S 0 1,000,000;0 14 4 900,0000 15 0 44,080,000 1 1 2 0 0 8,000,00011 10 0 2,000,000 1, 0 10 0 100,000 p . I 9 36,000,0005 9 0 4,000,0000 11 0 21,500, 5,300, 430,000 11,600,000 7,000,000 760,000 . 650,000 610,000 Holland, province of West Flanders - Ella Fialldtfs - Europe collectively, about - 8 0,000,004 18 0 • The repartition of taxation is here very unequal, the Dutch provinces, particularly those of Holland and Zealand, paying much more than I. 10swn head; the Befit melt teas. 11 ~.. . ~ -~; `~~ .. • OW • • IniiiOa VOACOROO Deduct he abetementa ei OM dose the must er-hvegra.: rm: ..,,..0 . Tithe ; . 1 .1• 1 fr illiall (see Rote ' cas — =Pro- 473°A"16°° =;grako z) ; at present computed, after an • foe the increase of produce, adi ohs fer the great fall of prices - Rental of haves, returned at nearly £16,800,000 111 1814 ; 4 1 0 l which, the houses are augmented in number by 5 per en in increase prpbably balanced by the fall of recd. Waiving the amount übefore - Whining Wane, which, during the latter years .111 the war, was so large as to equal the rental of the kingdom, but which, in 1821 and 1822, has been reduced to almost nothing, we estimate, with • view to the future, at the medium rate of 6 per 'Sint. on £200,000,000, the supposed amount of Bepital invested in agriculture - - bowie from trade and professions, comprising ilet may manufacturing and mercantile profits, but item from mines, doll's, canals, tolls, iron. works; likewise salaries, as far as derived from Ole concerns of individu als; to the excluiion how ever, of all incomes below £5O a year. This par ties efour national revenue, returned during the war M £30,000,000, and which, if augmented in proportion to the increase of our numbers, should at present be £35,000,000, we compute, in con sequence of the change ha the value of money, and the decrease of business, at a great reduction, say Wages and all incomes below £5O a year, com puted on a population which (exclusive of Ire land) is above 14,000,000, but from which some what more than a third is deducted fer persons either above or below the station of those receiv ing wages. This large deduction compriseti not merely paupers, but cottagers and oth:.srs whose mode of life is such as to lead, in a very slight de gree, to the consumption of taxed articles. The result, estimated on a population of 9,000,000, working at the reduced wages of peace, but add ing the earnings of women and children to those of the men, is - - - Interest of our debt, funded and unfunded, since the reduction of the 5 per cents. 4,000,000 16,000,000 12,000,000 22,000,000 80,000,000 30,000,000 Conjectural amount of interest from other mo ney securities; viz. mortgages, private securities generally • also public securities, such as 'Bank • stuck, Ea st India stock, foreign stock, in sho'rt, all securities distinct from those of our Gos/ernment 20,000,000 Expenditure of Government for the army, navy, civil list, public offices, and miscellaneous setvices, after allowing for the late retrenchments, aad leaving out the proportion expended in Ireland • Total of Great Britain - 250,00040 Ireland : taxable income computed during the war at ,C 35,000,000, at present at 16,000,000 - e 3,000.000 Total - 235,000,000 Of which, lost to taxation, being expended abroad by travellers and emigrants - 4,000,000 Remainder .. 2;1 MOO ,000 In France, the increase of numbers is as low in towns as in rural districts, and the augmentation of property probably keeps pace with, but does not much exceed that of population.. This inlet ence seems justified by several reasons; partly by the slow increase of the Public Revenue, more by the sta tionary condition of the inhabitants, many of whom follow the same occupation's, and hold the same rank in society as their forefathers two centuries ago. Now, in comparing our former situation w ith that of our continental rival, we find that in the reign of George I. England, Scotland, and Ireland, bore to France, in point of population, the proportion of only 45 to 100 (see R'apier's Supplement, *heads of " England and Prance') ; nor was that of taxable income much more considerable : at present, in point of numbers, we hold the proportion of 70 to 100, and of taxable in come of 100 to 100; so much greater during the last century has been our increase than that of France. The source of this rapidity, as far as regards physical causes, is to be sought chiefly in our command of water communication, and in the productiveness of our mines. As these causes continue in full opera tion, or rather are more effectual at present than at any former time, we are justified in anticipating a continuance of superior progress. First, as to popu lation, the increase in France at the rate of 10 per cent, on the existing numbers (a rate greater than has as yet been exemplified in that country, but which, under present circumstances, we ate inclined to con. skier probable), will give, in ten years, a result of £3,600,000.—8ut the increase of Great Britain and Ireland at 15 per cent. agreeably to the Returns of 1811 and 1821, will give £3,300,000. Next, as to financial resources : the national in come, by which we mean the aggregate of individual income, is, in one sense, somewhat greater in France than in this country ; but in regard to the portion of it that is taxable, the advantage will be found on our side, in consequence, chiefly, of our greater town po pulation : thus, COMPARATIVE SKETCH OF NATIONAL INCOME EXPENDED ON TAXED ARTICLES. Grad Britain and Ireland. France, after adding 20 per Ctnt. for the greater rabic of Money. ' ' ~"7"97", :gym, cent. in ten years, in conformity population, will be about £20,000,000. But in this country the increase, reckoned also in the ratio of the addition to our population (15 per cent.), will produce above £27,000,000. Those of our Readers to whom this conclusion ap pears too flattering, may satisfy their doubts by a consideration of our various advantages, physical and political, as well as by the practical proof afforded during the last hundred years. Were we to continue 'the parallel, we should and that even in population, we shall probably overtake our ancient rival, ere another generation pass away. Meantime, those who know that the issue of a military struggle depends not so much on population as on disposable Revenue,' till be satisfied that at present we should have no cause to dread a contest, single-handed, with that Power against whom our forefathers were obliged to. seek safety in continental alliances . . FRIGHTFUL EARTHQUAKES IN SYRIA. The following are extracts from official letters, de scribing the awful calamity with which a great part of Syria has been visited " Near the Ruins of Antioch, Sept. 13. " It has fallen to my lot to relate the pat ticulars of an event that has tlirown most of the familiei of this part of Syria into sorrow and mourning, and all into the greatest difficulties and distress. " On_the 13th of August, at half-past nine in the evening, Aleppo, Antioch, Idlip, Riha, Gisser, Shogr, 'Darcoush, Armenas, every village, and every de- ; tached built cottage in this pachalic, and some towns in the adjoining ones, were, in ten or twelve seconds, entirely destroyed by an earthquake, and are become heaps of stone and rubbish, in which, on the lowest computation, 20,000 human beings, about a tenth of the population, were destroyed, and an equal number maimed. or wounded. " The extreme points, where this terrible pheno menon was violent enough to destroy the edifices, seem to be I)iabehir and Merkab (12 leagues south of Latachia), Aleppo and Scandaroon, Killis, and Shecloon. All within these points have suffered so nearly equally, except Oita and Latachia, which have not suffered much, that it is impossible to fix on a central point. The shock was sensibly felt at Damascus, A deno, and Cy prus.. " To the East of Diabeicir and North of Killis, I am:oot well informed how far the effect extended in those radii of the circle.. The shock was felt at sea, so violently, within two leagues of Cyprus, that it was thought the ship had grounded. Flashes of fire were perceived at various times throughout the night, re sembling the light of the full moon . ; but at nu place, to my knowledge, has it left a chasm of any extent, although in the low grounds, slight crevices are every where to be seen, and out of many of them swater is sued, but soon after subsided. " There was nothing remarkable in the weather, or state of the atmosphere. Edifices on the summit of the highest mountains were not Safer than buildings situated on the banks of rivers, or on the beach of the sea. It is impossible to convey an adequate idea of the scenes of horror that were simultaneously passing on the dreadful night of the 13th of August. The awful darkne,s, the continuance of the most violent shocks at short intervals, the crash of falling walls, the shrieks, the groans, the ascents of agony and de spair, of that long night, cannot be described. When at length the morning dawned, and the return of light permitted the people to quit the spot, on which they had been providentially saved, a most affecting scene ensued. _ " You might have seen many unaccustomed to pray, some prostrate, some on their knees, adoring their MAKER. Others there were running into one another's arms, rejoicing in their existence. An air of cheerfulness and brotherly love animated every countenance. In a public calamity, in which the Turk, the Jew, the Christian, the Idolater were in discriminate victims, or objects of the care of an im partial l'uovxnEnce, every one forgot for a time his religious animosities, and what was a still more uni versal teeling, in that joyful moment, every one looked upon the heaviest losses with the greatest indifference. But, as the sun's rays increased, they were gradually reminded of the natural wants of shelter and of food: and became at length alive to the full extent of the dreary prospect before them, for a greater mass of human misery has not been often produced by any of the awful convulsions of Nature. 4 4 A month has now elapsed, and the shocks con tinue to be felt, and to strike terror into every breast night and day. The fear that they may not cease before the rainy season commences, has induced those whose business cannot allow of their quitting the ruins of their towns, instead of rebuilding.their houses, 40 construct temporary hovels of wood without the walls ; and many families, Who thought themselves before this calamity straitly lodged in a dozen of apartments, now exult in the prospect of passing the winter in a single room 20 feet square. The spacious mansion, that has been the residence of the British Consul at Aleppo for 230 years, is com pletely ruined. The houses of all the other Public Agents, and private European individuals at Aleppo, have been likewise entirely ruined. At Aleppo, the Jews suffered the most, on account of their quarter being badly built with narrow lanes. Out of a popula• tion of less than 3000 persons, 600 lives were lost. Of the Europeans, only one person of note, Signor Esdra de Picciotto,' Austrian Consul General, and ten er twelve women and children, perished ; but the grea.er part are now suffering from ophthalmia and dysenteries, occasioned by their being exposed to the excessive heats of the day, and the cold dews of the night. " Near the Ruins of Antioch, Sept. 20, 1822. Till the 9th instant, slight shocks of earthquakes continued to be felt; since that day, they have en• tirely ceased ; but confidence is a continuance of safety from that dreadful calamity is not restored, andalthough the rains and cold weather render our temporary sheds very inconvenient habitations, no body is yet inclined to sleep under a roof supported by walls.* . TH E EVEN STA It. ►NDON. THURSDAY, DECEMBER 19. 1822. 1176 NULNAJO. WFOCE EXIIHANGE, HALF-PAST TWELVE. The peak in the market this morning *as very great, emi ts lee several Expresses haying arrived frog% Paris: the first &pee n brought the price of the French Funde, at four o'clock on Tues day, at 11111. 110 c. seen after another Express arrived, w i t h the price at, the closing of the French market at 871. 50c. Ti t fall Of the above funds immediately operated on our funds—. Consols, which °Petted at 801 1, _Went down to 80k, and, it this hour, they are acii to with a heavy market. A certain party, who axe great Bulb, came early into the market to sell, but few Broken would purehlsi. IPOILIJON TIMM The French Ezpresies had a great effect on this market. New Spanish Bonds opened at 55i to 56, and little is doing in ott er foreign securities up to this hour. . Current Prices :—Chilian 70, New Spauldr 55i, Old 65, Xew Prussian 86*, Old 86, Danish 90i, Neapolitan 77i (Scrip), 0141eiblan 72, Peruvian 78, New Spanish Scrip STOCK EXCHANGE, ONE O'CLOCK. The Market looks exceedingly heavy, and Consols are tro. sellers—the Foreign Funds are also heavy. PRICES OF STOCKS AT ONE O'CLOCK. 3 per Cent. Reduced 79 Y 4 7B 7 /i I A per Cent. 91 1 /s 91-4 per Cent. Old, 97 964 Bank Long Annuities 201-16 India Bonds 345. 355. Exchequer Bills (C 1,000) ss. 3s.—Small 6s. Is. India for Account 25.5 Contols fur Acct. 80% 1 / 8 Vs 79N 60. Private expresses from Paris, which left that city on Tuesday afternoon, bring the account of a snddea fall of the French funds. The reports in circulation, to which the depression was attributed, were that the French Government had received an answer hem Madrid to their ultimatum, which spurned, with ia dignation, the proposal that had been made of alte rations in the Spanish Constitution. Annthei lejit was, that two French regiments had gone over to Mina. It will be seen by our report from t] e Stock Exchange, that the news from Paris had s: me effect on our funds. This forenoon we received a Hamburgh Mail, wiLlr Papers to the 14th inst. They confirm the previous accounts of the insurrection at Constantinople, but are not of a later date than those already received.— The Persians are said to have gained another victory over the Turks. The following are extracts : . . =TWAT' et eve TAttI w :‘,LINCONE to ore. I . ;; Zol i those who ..„ i . • .... iii "...., Rest of Laud Ciesall=agir frenqaasaise. -. t ~ s e or r em t h e . 7;4* 1. .-7------ - iii 4 * 21. S4 4 : oo . loo ;Wrie abl7 4 • ' deer gliaitlig pito& *duo- - . onsiegenei lad anises Is du . 1 AtAiseep to - . - 4411,1100 1 . 000 i Aeliphr ste Wooden of Ilksamite . - ^ Jilkiliii . ill 1111 Ippetria , .. . .. ge== , resources, we shall' • • tbsique•tilte. And take %hp amount of ins:omi Ii - cdantry frithout. ; these questionable twsiliaties. What;smder this as- sumption, is the prospect of increase?' In Franco the r land since the Peace . .- • 11•000,000 .:. augmentation of national income, reckoned at 10 per vtb:i.eLir ' Anzano.ano cent. in ten years. in conformity to the increase of 16,000,000 £72,000,000 16,000,000 114000,000 96,000,000 ST. PETERSBURGH, NOVEMBER 26. For the last fortnight we have again very warm weather; the thermometer is at 7 or 8 Reaumur, and it rains incessantly. Every fortnight a courier arrives here from Verna, and another is dispatched to that place. IVllen the weather is favourable he makes the journey in 14. or 16 days, but when it is bad, in 20 or 22 days. The expenses of a courier to Verona and back are said to amount to 800 ducats. WARSAW, NOVEMBER 26. Tie young Princes Morusi, who arrived here on the 16th from Odessa, have set out for Paris. From 40 to 50 more Greek fugitives have arrived here. These poor people are the objects of general compassion and curiosity : coming from ye' y diffe- rent provinces of the Turkish empire, they appear in manifold costumes—Turkish, Hungarian, Molda vian, &c. One of them speaks good Polish. CONSTANTINOPLE, NOVEMBER 10. The apprehensions which we expressed in our com munications on the last four post days, since the ominous measures of the Government with respect to the coin, were not without foundation. The dis. content of the Janissaries and the people had been expressed for some days in an alarming manner. The Janissaries crowded towards the Seraglio, utter. ing imprecations against the Sultan and Haleb Ef fendi. No Christian ventured into the streets. The Sultan, presaging the danger, averted the storm this time by money, which was lavishly distributed. Haleb Effendi, too, sacrificed his treasures. The rage of the people against him is unbounded, and the obstinacy of the Sultan, in protecting his favourite, will have still more serious consequences. The great fleet has returned from the Morn to Tenedos, without having effected its object. The Porte is silent with respect to the revolted provinces. More unfavourable news has arrived from Persia — the Persians have gained another great victory. The cholera morbus has broken out at Tauris, and obliged the Shah of Persia, who had approacLeJ with his army, to return to Teheran. It is said that shocks of earthquake are still feat, from time to time, at Aleppo. Nov. 11.—The detested favourite, Haleb Effene . , whO had sold himself to the Diplomatists, or, as ftr Turks say, to the Ghaurs (Infidels), has been deposed by the Sultan, in consequence of a great insurrection of the people and the Janissaries. The Grand Vizier and the Berber Paiha (chief barber) shared his fee. We are in the greatest danger, as the reign cf the Janissaries has began again. BERLIN, DECEMBER 10. We have received the following particulars of ele death of Prince Hardenberg. He was unwell at Milan, and the journey in bad weather through the mountainous country to Genoa made him worse. On the 21st he was seized at Genoa with a violent cramp in the chest. Dr. Rust, his phy sician, per ceived the danger, and especially prescribed to the per hd. I.c. s. d. '0 10 0 0 9 9 0 12 6 :o e 8 :o it o !$:!, 16 5 1 1 1 0 14 0 ),43 167, 0 50 10 12 4 43 la 4 I 0 14 0 Rent of Land and Farmer's profit at the reduced prices of Peace Tithe Rent of houses - - - Income arising from Commerce, Manufactures, and Professions, u far as such are of £5O and upwards; also Income from Mines, Docks, Canals, Tolls, &c. Small Incomes (below £5O) and Wages of all accustomed to con-i sume Taxed Articles, as Beer,) Tea, Sugar, Tobacco, in Eng land ; or Wine, Cyder, Tobacco, Sugar, Coffee, in France - - Together Such is the amount of income arising from the land and labour of either country. To this we now make an addition of great import• ance as a source of taxation, what. ever may be thought of it as a con. stituent of national wealth. Income from Money in the Public Funds, or lent on Private Se. curities - - - - Expenditure of Government ; via. the Pay of the Army, the Navy, the Public Oakes, the Civil List, the Miscellaneous Services, after snowing for the late reductions Total Taxable Income . . sOOO,OOO a 6163,000,0001 4247,000,000 up to P 111