Star. — London, England, 1831-06-03 00:00:00

'LITERATURE AND SCIENCE. r,' Jawing added four additional columns to our paper, we hope in future to be able, in general, to devote one of them to topics of Literature and Lime. We think it may be practicable to gratify the prevailing taste on such subjects, as much as in Politics and Social Economy—and we there- fore invite the reciprocal attentions of Men of Literature and Science, Authors and Inventors—to this department of the STAR, which will be conducted with such spirit and liberality as to command public notice. Effects of Me Principal Aria. Trades, and Professions, and of Clic Civic Stales, and Habits of Living, on Heals and Letwevity.—By C. Tonere TIIACKRAH. (From the Mcdico.Chirurgical Raview.) Dr. Thackrah asks two questions—do the fifty thousand men employed in the manufactories of Leeds enjoy that vigour of body which is ever a direct good, and without which all other advantages are worthless ? Do they live as long as the ng,ri culturists ? The unhappy appearance of the popu lation affords an unequivocal reply to the first question. The bills of mortality answer in the ne gative to the second. For the convenience of en quiry, our author divides the inhabitants of Leeds into four classes—the operatives, dealers, master manufacturers and merchants, professional men. Dr. T. commences with those operatives that live a good deal in the open air, and who " come nearest the perfection of the physical state." At the head of this list stand the butchers. These are much in the open air, take active exer cise, and eat fresh animal food nt least twice a day. They are plump and rosy—cheerful and good-na tured—nor does their bloody occupation render them savage, as theorists pretend, or as the English law presumes. They live in easier circumstances than most other operatives, for meat is always in requisition, whether the times be good or bad. They are subject to few ailments, and those chiefly from plethora. It is very rare to see any of them phthisical. Yet they are not re markable for longevity, they are rather even shorter lived than people less healthy. In fact, they live too well to live very long. Fishmongers, who bring fish from the coast, are much exposed to the weather, and are generally temperate, hardy, and healthy. Not so the town retailers of fish. They are addicted to dram-drink ing, and are sickly and short-lived. Cart-drivers, labourers in husbandry, sand dealers, bricklayers, and such people, would be healthy, if they were well fed ; but this, unfor to nately, is not the case. The bricklayers, though so much exposed to wet and cold, are seldom af fected by rheumatism, catarrhs, or pneumonia. Chaise drivers and postillions would be very healthy, did they not drink so much spirit. Postil lions, indeed, from their postures, exercise some parts of the body more than others, and are liable, for obvious reasons, to curvatures of the spine. The atmospheric vicissitudes to which all drivers are ex posed, are thought to produce rheumatism and inflammation ter the lungs. I conceive, however, that these diseases would rarely occur to abstemious mar. It is intemperance which gives the susceptibility to such maladies ; and it is intempe rance which produces much greater, the fatal affections which we have just mentioned. I scarcely need add, that the whole class is short lived. They generally die before they reach the age of fifty. Among all the Leeds men, we could only find three individuals who are old, and two of these have the chancier of great temperance. Passing over some subordinate class of operatives we come to those who carry on their avocations in confined and impure air. The air of Leeds is nearly as much impregnated with carbon as the air of London. This state of atmosphere affects the inhabitants. Their complexion is pallid —" and the tongue skews that digestion is disordered and imperfect." Doctor T. thinks that not a tenth part of the inhabitants of Leeds enjoy full full health. The lungs suffer much less from the sooty atmosphere than might be expected. Tai lors, from their accumulation in crowded rooms, and the want of air and exercise, are very un healthy. Disorders of the stomach and bowels aro general, and often obstinate. Pulmonary con sumption is also frequent. We see no plump and rosy tailors—none of fine form and strong muscle. The spine is generally curved. We are rather surprised at this—for the muscles of the spine are more worked than any other muscles of the body, except those of the right arm. The tailor, like other men whose physical energies are depressed, seeks the baneful comfort of ale and ardent The following suggestion, we fear, will not adopted: The position of the tailor might be amended. Ile now a cross-legged on a board, because in the ordinary sitting posture he could not hold r. heavy piece of cloth high enough for ' eyes to direct his needle. Let a hole be made in the of the circumference of his body, and place his seat i it. The eyes and the hands will then be sufficiently this work ; his spine will nut be unnaturally bent, and .4 chest and abdomen will be free. I am aware that old workmen will he unwilling to regard this or similar sugges tions ; for every man is formed to his habit*. If, however, masters and medical men would urfe an alteration; and if, especially, buys apprenticed to the trade, were taught to work in the posture recommended, tailors would assuredly become much more healthy. The practice of drinking might be easily reduced, if masters discharged front their cm. every man who absented a day without proper cause." re must pass over numerous description of work , only selecting a class here and there. We that curriers and leather-dressers are generally healthy and long-lived, though subject to the posture in the process of shaving. This af the head. The smell of the leather is not Jrious. Compositors are not healthy. The standing posture, Dr. T. observes, injures the diges tive organs. Consumption is frequent among them ; and we seldom can find any who have at tained 50 years of age. Smiths have an employment remarkably conducive to muscular power. The use of the large hammer powerfully excites all the muscles, and especially those of the arms, throwing on them a large supply of blood, and consequently producing their enlargement. Fwettio» like this, moreover, has a considerable effect on the circulation in general, and the functions with which it is connected. For youths of strong constitution, no labour is better than that of the smith. For those, however, naturally delicate, the exertion is too great, and young men of scrofulous constitution ;sr. particularly liable to sink under the employ. Smiths arc subjected to high temperature, and frequent changes of tem. perature, but with no obvious injury. They are rarely af fected with rheumatism and catarrh. The employ subjects inoyancc of smoke, and to excitement from heated iron. But our examination of the neighbourhood does not prove them subject nor does it show that vision is impaired excitement of the retina. IVhen smiths are ill, the —* frequently intemperance. 1 hey do not, how. great age. We could hear but of one town of Leeds. rants, from confinement in a smoky Adorn healthy. Girls from the country their ruddy complexion, and suffer more , ativcrpf the town. hoe considerable muscular exertion, sitting or kneeling posture, and with to a very acute angle. in an unusual atmosphere, and with artificial light exposed to changes of air, and often' to wet feet. Sometimes the perspiration is exces sive. They are generally spare men, with curved spines and bowed legs. The skin, of course, is loaded with dirt ; and when this is removed, the complexion appears sallow and unhealthy. Their eyes appear small, affected with chronic inflamma tion, and intolerant of light. Colliers are subject to disorders of the head, muscular pains, rheuma tism, and asthma. The author next comes to those employments which produce dust, odour, or gaseous exhalations. He divides these into three classes—namely, where the above substances are not apparently noxious— , where they appear to be beneficial—and where they are decidedly injurious. 1. In the first class he places workers in wool and leather, butchers, provision -dealers, cooks, starch-makers, rectifiers of spirit, bricklayers, plas terers, white-washers, wool-sorters, turners, tobac conists, snuff-makers, &c. &c. All these are ex posed to extraneous substances, tangible or gase ous, dispersed through the atmospheres which they breathe, but without any appreciable bad conse quences to their health. We shall introduce the following note on smoking and snuff taking, as a specimen of our author 's manner. • It is amusing to read the opinions on the use of tobacco, held a century or two ago by some eminent physicians.— Bonetus quotes from Augustinus Thuncrus, that a certain court physician, not contented with smoking in the day, would have a lamp with wax candles and pipes suspended to his bed. Dying a year after, and his head being opened. " yes stupends !" the whole brain was so dried, that it scarcely exceeded the magnitude of a nut. Pauvius men tions the dissection of i robust and healthy young man, whose brbin was tinged with black smut. Ile accounted rot the fact, when he found the man had been a confirmed to. bacco smoker. Mention is made of a military ollicer, aged seventy-three, who had been addicted Co tobacco front child hood. fie smoked and chewed incessantly. Or dissection Krantrius found adherent to the cranium much of a dense substance, resembling chimney soot in appearance as well us taste. All the mischief was attributed to the tobacco. Du netus, Diemerbtoeck, and others, thought it necessary to counteract this opinion by the relation of a number of nega tive cases, as amusin; in their details as those I have quoted. " We are often asked, if the use of tobacco is injurious ? Viewing the question in the abstract, we should answer, yes. To a person in full health, nothing is required but puns air, food, and drink ; every thing else is superfluous, and conse r.ner.ily oppressive to the constitution A narcoie substance must be more than oppressive, because it makes a direct at tack on the nervous system. It affects the stomach and the brain: Bat viewing man as the creature of civilisation, sub jected how ly to excitement foreign to his suture, and injuri ous to his health, narcotics, by allaying nervous excitability, may,iii contain circumstances and constitutions, be really useful. We would nor, therefore, deprive the !smoker of I.is consolation, but we would keep the practice from excess.— We would guard especially egainst the unnecessary potation to which the practice so frequently leads. Drinking is a great and positive evil ; smoki.ig last best but a slight good. If the two must be associated, banish them as decidedly ini mical to health and reason. Eatoking can never be proper before the middle period of life. For young men to parade the streets in the evening, with cigars in their mouths, is either affectation, (use:nettling worse. The use of tobacco, in fact, is like the use of wine or other stimulant. It is only in excess that the injury lies. In some countries too, where ma laria, excessive cold, or inordinate moisture pre vails, tobacco, we believe, is positively useful. It is in such countries and localities that we see the cigar most in use—and we should not always de spise vulgar habits and customs.—They have gene rally a basis in utility. We now proceed to those employments where extraneous admixtures in the atmosphere are sup posed to be beneficial. The following sentiment contains good sense. "To assert the existence of such an effect may seem a contradiction to the statement before made, that whatever alters the natural constitution of the atmosphere, must be proportionately injurious. But shook' be renumbered that injurious agents sometimes counteract each other. Me dicine is in itself an evil. Remedies often induce unnatu ral states, but these states supersede others much more sc rious and permanent. To • man In a perfect healthy eon. dition, no substance arising from manufacture can be use. iul , but men living in a huge town, and with the habits of civil life, are gererally unhealthy ; and hence certain sat ' p- urs or other substances may be decidedly beneficial in ex citing their languid powers, or correcting the disposition to disease." Grooms and 'metiers daily inhale a large quantity of amnioniacal gas generated in the stables. " This appears beneficial rather than injurious." " Glue and size boilers are exposed to strong putrid and ammonia& exhalations from the decomposition of animal refuse. The stench of the boiling and drying rooms is In. deed well known to be highly offensive, even to the nelll - Yet the men declare it agrees well with thew— nay, many assert that on entering this employ, they expe rienced a great increase of appetite and health. All the glue and size boilers we saw, were remarkably fresh.looking and robust. Though exposed to frequent and considerable changes of temperature, to sudden changes also from al at. mosphere of hot vapour to the dry cold air, they are not sub ject to rheumatism, pulmonary inflammation, or catarrh. The only complaints we could hear of, were occasional pains in the loins and limbs, attributable to posture anti exertion. Tallow chandlers, who are exposed to an offen sive animal odour enjoy good health, and attain a considerable age. It was remarked that, dur ing the plague in London, this class of men suf fered much less than others. Tanners, it is well known, are subject to disa greeable odours. They work in an atmosphere largely impregnated with the vapour of putrifying, skins; and this, combined with the smell of lime in one place, and of tan in another. They arc exposed constantly to wet and cold. Their fee, are scarcely ever dry. " Yet they are remarkably robust; the countenance flo rid; and disease almost unknown. Tanners are said to exempt from consumption ; and the subject has of late lwer repeatedly discussed in one of the medical societies of Lou. don. We have carefully inquired at several tan yards, and could not bear of a single example of this formidable dis. ' ease. We do not find old men actually in the employ; and the reason assigned is, not the decline of health, but the in feriority of men past middle age, in undergoing the lnhour of the process. Persons, however, in advanced life, yet heal. thy are found In other occupations, who have before been Iv many years in the tan yards, and have not apparently suf. feted from the long continued exposure to their oCensive odour. Hence we may infer that this employ, while it in. vigorates the constitution in youth and middle age, does not sensibly shorten life; dues nor, in other words, give tempo rary health at the expense of premature decline. " Ramazzini tells us that at Padua the tan yards were remitted only in the suburbs. Here also, as the stench would be considered a nuisance, tan yards are at the out. skirts. As a matter of medical police, however, we sec no occasion for their exclusion from the town." The third class includes those employments which are actually deleterious to health—and un fortunately they are numerous. Corn millers ale placed first on the list by the author. They breathe an atmosphere loaded with the particles of flour, and suffer considerably. The mills indeed are exposed to the air—the men are not crowded—and the labour is good. Yet millers are generally pale and sickly, with defective ap petites and indigestion. Many of them are an noyed by morning cough and expectoration, and some are asthmatic at an early period of life. The average quantity of air thrown out at expiration, among ten men that were examined, was seven pints. The evils of the employ, the author thinks, might be much diminished by labour in the open air; but in this as in other employments, the men are very careless of their health. They think no thing about injurious agents till their health is de stroyed. Malsters appear still worse off than the millers. " Workers in flax, from their number and the effect of their employ, deserve particular attention. In the flex mills. all the departments, with the exception of the spinning and reeling, ranee dust. The roving rooms have a little, and the dry-house has a varying quantity. The carding-roans are also dusty; but the worst department is certainly the heckling. This, in some mills, is carried on by hand, and in such the rooms are greatly clouded.—ln other mills, where the process is effected by machinery, the quantity of dust is considerably less. Still, however. It is such that a visitor cannot remain many minutes without being sensible of Its effects on respiration. Children and a few overlookers are here the operatives; but in the old mode, I believe, men only are employed. Though attention is generally paid.to ventilation, and the rooms for the several departments are spacious, they arc not sufficiently lofty. A suffocating sen sation is also often produced by the tubes which convey steam for heating the rooms. Persons in the dusty depart. meats are generally unhealthy. They are subject to indi gestion, morning vomiting, chronic inflammation of the bronchial membrane, inflammation of the lungs, and pulmo nary consumption. The dust, largely inhaled in respiration, irritates the air -tube, produces at length organic disease of its membrane, or of the lungs themselves, and often ex cites the developement of tubercles in constitutions predis posed to consumption. There is little doubt that a consi derable quantity is also swallowed with the saliva, and de ranges, in a greater or less degree, the functions of the stomach." Very few old persons are found in any depart ments of the flax-mills. Of 1079 persons em ployed in one large establishment, only nine could be found above the age of fifty years. We must now pass over a great portion of the work . , since the subjects are so multifarious as to render it impossible to preserve any thing like a chain of analysis. There are some observations, however, on the effects of long-continued beat, alternated with cold, which are deserving of notice. " In refuence to catarrh in general, I might urge, were it pan of my subject, that this disorder is often prevalent when the atmosphere is comparatively mild, and where there have been no great variations of temperature. I might also urge the fact of bedridden persons being attacked with catarrh, when no change his been made in the temperature or venti lation of their rooms. I might also repeat the general re. mark, made in a former page, that those persons who take most care to avoid atmortpherie transitions, are not least, and are often indeed most, liable to catarrh and bronchitis; while those, on the contrary. who expose themselves most freely, are least and most rarely effected. " The inhabitants of this country are brought up from childhood in the fear of taking cold. It is the bugbear of our youth; it haunts us through life. Few hare any dis tinct ideas of the nature of this frigorific agency; few have fairly examined their experience; and few indeed are aware of the fallacies of experience ; scarcely any hare made either direct experiment or close observation. Yet all speak with derision on the subject. Hence workmen when interro gated on the effect of change of temperature in producing coughs and catarrhs, commonly reply from their prejudices, rather than their Observation. 'We must take cold; we are always in heats and cools.' But on cross-questioning I them, 1 have not been able to satisfy myself, that men sub jected to the greatest changes, are especially liable to Ca malts and bronchial inflammation. We do not hear more coughs in the foundries, dry-houses, or press shops, than in other places. The men, it is clear, are not particularly sub jai to consumption ; and if the heat or transitions of their employ frequently excite bronchial inflammation, a pa. thoi sealwia . t would surely expect the prevalence of that fatal d:e" Nothing can be more true than that constant and regular exposure to atmospheric vicissitudes is the only preservative against their effects. The more quickly repeated these vicissitudes are, the less danger there is from them. It is where the inter vals between the vicissitudes are long, and the vi cissitude great in range, as in Italy and many other countries; and the detriment is considerable, be cause the alternations of temperature are not rapid enough to accustom the human machine to their occurrence. Our author next proceeds to the second great class, beginning with a very numerous one, shop keepers and dealers, who live a sedentary life, but are not particularly prone to disease. The want of pure air is the chief cause of their ailments. Commercial travellers have great advantage in this respect ; but they destroy their constitution by in temperance. Merchants and manufacturers. These, as far as Leeds is concerned, spend most of their time in the counting-house or the mill, subject not only to im pure air, but occasionally to dust and effluvium from the manufacture. These evils are occasion ally diminished by sleeping in the country, or at a distance from the manufactory or warehouse ; but generally these people keep near to the seat of their business—eat their meals in a hurried manner, as if they every moment expect to be summoned by a stage coach driver—and take but little exercise in the open air. Other mercantile men, though they spend more time at their meals, are engaged in close thought; so that they taste neither their food nor their drink. The nervous energy required by the stomach for digestion, is abstracted by the mind. They think when they ought to eat. The animal operations are sacrificed to calculation, spe culation, and commercial arrangement. The state of the bowels is also neglected, and foundation for serious disease laid. ' But of all agents of disease and decay, the most impor. tent is anxiety of mind. When we walk the streets of large commercial towns, we most be struck with the hurried gait and care-worn features of the well.dressed passengers. Some young men indeed we may remark, with countenances pos sessing neural cheerfulness and colour, but these appearances rarely survive the age of manhood. Curies closes an do. quent description of animal existence and change, with the conclusion that " Life is in a state of force." What he would urge in a physical view, we may mote strongly urge its a moral. Civilisation has changed our character of mind as well sea body.- - We live in a state of unnatural ex citement; unnatural, because it is partial, irregular, and ex. moire. Our muscles waste for want of action ; our nervous system la worn out by excess of action. Vital energy is drawn from the operations for which Nature designed it, and devoted to operations which Nature never contemplated. Though we can scarcely adopt the doctrine of a foreign phi. losepher, that a thinking man is a depraved animal," we may without hesitation of rut, that inor di nate application of mind, the cares, anxieties, and disappointments of eommer dal life, impair the physical powers and induce premature de. cay. The various disorders knows under the name of indi gestion, disorders dependent on a want of circulation of blood through the bowels, many derangements, coasdpa don, and head-ache ' are well known to be the general at tendants on trad e , closely pursued. Indeed, in almost every individual, this absorbing principle produces one or other of the various maladies to which I have alluded. More marked is the effect, when anxiety is added. This greatly reduces the functions of the stomach; it produces flatulency, and often diarrhea; it sometimes affects even the kidneys; it almost always, when long-continued, pro duces permanent disease of the liver. Cancer of the stomach, moreover, and other malignant diseases, occur care most frequently among the vi c tims of mental depression and : Our author makes many judicious observations on professional men and their avocations. Clergy men have alternations of study and exercise in the open air; but the latter is often on a very confined scale, their avocations preventing them from parti cipating in sports or amusements. PANORAMA OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. The STAR has tor severanths exhibited such a pia tae of the Domestic Events of the Empire, as never before was attempted. It gratifies unspeakably the natives of districts who reside in London and distant counties, and is a LITTER Flom Hewn to every provincial in foreign countries, or in the colonies. It raises also into general importance the exertions of local 'talents in every public cause. Then Si this is a duty performed alone by the STAR, SICK local patriots would ill deserve their name, if she STAR and its interests wove not reciprocally promoted by them in every district. We know it has been so in many places, and the STAR in principles, and in all the best qualities of a papa, has justified preference; but we reasonably expect the same attentions EVERY wHeaz, as the means of at once recompensing our diligence, and adding to the utility of our valuable and exclusive information. We call also on the Provincial Pruprictors of Papers, whose local labours we thus illustrate, and invite with earnestness their powerful attentions in promoting those interests of the Paper which they best understand. We notoriously excel all London Papers in priority of Foreign News, and our display of the transactions of the country is equally exclusive and pm eminent. ..... i : 1 1 1 A ~ i I'.. It • '. i • 1 , , , 1 1l 1 ' .1 ..11 0 '[ 4 , ~. , i r • t 1 i', I I 'if i '• ' I 1 . , ! 1 t 0 , I ,11 I ' • : 11 ! I • 1, ' , I , 11 ---- --- - ~ often seeks the - t spirit. The fo it be adopted : " The position 11 , sits cross-legged e , 1 posture be could 1 for his eyes to dit board of the circi below it. The el near this work ; I his chest and abd workmen will he 1 1 $ masters and medi 1 )i I especially, buys work in the posts become much me • : also be easily nth ploy every man e It" '' We must pa men, only gel ; . find that currit very healthy a 1 I 4 ' l, bent posture ii 1 : feats the heat injurious. Co standing poetic I . i . tire organs. Oil them ; and w tamped 50 year Smiths have 1 muscular power. excites all the n throwing on thew producing their e has a considerab the functions wi 1 ' strong onnstituti 1 smith. For thee is too great, and particularly liab : ) subjected to high perature, but wi ic ; (cacti with their the eye to the ani t ' the glow of the i 1 tel nit ophthalmia iinthi ; this n .! ' ' ";l ' by the excitemci cause is most fie i ever, arrive at old smith in the House-servi 4 , town, are seldt soon lose theit than the natit Colliers hit ~ \ chiefly in the ' • - 1 the body bent They work. ti ~ FREEMAN'S JOURNAL. CASTLIPOLLARI) MASSACRE.--On lids CON we wish to abstain from all exasperation of language. ft Is in the hands of justice, and we are confident that the affair will be pro. perly, impartially, but sternly conducted. 1k cannot have a heart in his brew t who tan read, unincved, the evidence at the coroner's inquest. Alen and women were shot while standing peaceably and talking to one another. An unfur. tunate cripple, who could not moor out of the line of firing, was killed, and a policeinan aimed twice at Dermody " who was crying and clapping his hands over a corpse in the street." Patrick Dignum was shut while srandin with his hand in lis breeches :tocket. Sleein was killed at .he door of a tent. M try Tiernan was shot, while conversing with another woman, by Todd ill. policeman, who knelt down and took dclikrate aim at her. Patrick bl'Con»ick was shot while standing inoffensively whh live or six pigeons, some of whom were children ; and not one was shot while rioting, or in any manner violating the peace. The conduct of Blalc:, the chief constable, what shall we say, of it ? It is sworn he gave orders not to spare man, woman, or child. In direct contradiction of bis assurances to Mr. Deese lie ordered nut the police. commanded them to fire, and when Mr. O'Neill, of Ailifield, besought him for GOD'd sake to cease the firing, he gave order; to fire another round. The orders were obeyed. Mr. O'Neill remonstrated with the police, Blake again ordered another round to be fired, and the orders were obeyed. Mr. O'Neill continuing to re monstrate with him, he turned on Mr. O'Neill, asked what was his name, or w hy did he interfere, that "he hail bet. ter withdraw, or perhaps he might meet the same fate as :he rest." There never was a case, to the facts of which there was leas controversy. A riot occurred in Cie early part of the day, and the police made a prisoner, who was rescued by the crowd. At this time Mr. Blake told dlr. Deese (a niagis trate) there was near being a bad job, he had been struck with a stone; and had the police seen it, they would unilnuhttelly have fired on the people; that they were much infiniated ; that they had very strong party feelings, and that when igno rant men of that clan had arms in their hands, they did not care whom they would shoot; Mr. Deese then said lie hoped it would not be necessary to call them out, and remarked the town was very thin ; Blake said it was so, but that there were a great many people drinking in public housts,but that h was better not to meddle with them, end that if they quar relled amongst themselves they might fight it out, as he said be would not interfere without orders from a magistrate. The police accordingly retired to the barracks ; about two boors a fte rward a riot occurred between the country people; it had ceased, but a crowd remained, when the police inter. feeesLlt is proved that one of them knocked down a man with, the butt-end of his gun—nevertheless they dispersed the crowd, and then wheeled off: At this moment Berne boys and girls threw a few stones (Mr. Basile, the Chief Justices son, thinks three at the utmost), no one was struck—several witnesses, at least, did no: see It—the police, 24 in number, instantly wheeled round, threw themselves into ,Ix patties, and fired in all directions on the crowd.—and continued to fire for eight or ten minutes on them, while running away and reeking shelter No resistance wa: made—not a stone was thrown after the first shot, yet they continued the sleughter—no distinction, no effott seems to have been made cam WWI those who bad been engaged in the riot, if blood true shed that was enough. it was indifferent who wire moseired, provided a good number was murdered. As 111.1 e aM. dims ONO of strong patty feeling did not care whom they abet The riot was a mere pretext. It is proved that owed do peke ( Main) the next day declared, "'That the • deserved what they had got. That they had earned people deserved ago. That it was due to them since that day seven years, and that if they did not take care they would get more of it !" Such arc the facts. On the result of this cue de pends the peace of the country. We beg the people to await the event with patient confidence. The government. u e arc convinced, will act with that energy and impartiality which the necessity of the circumstance prescribes. The tending down the Solicitor-General, a man of honour and humanity, is a strong proof of its anxiety to render justice. The special reporter of this public-spirited jour nal, writes on this infernal tragedy as follows : To enable you more perfectly to conceive the sanguinary and determined ferocity of this bloody tragedy, I will endea vour to give you sonic idea of the state of this town. The principal part of it is built in the form of a square, in the centre of which is the market-house, an that the po lice standing near the market.house, had the entire town under the range of their musketry. One par ticular feature in this atrocity, which dyes it with a deeper character of blood, is, that the police, when they commenced Gring, formed into sections, and fired in the way that in mi. litary parlance is termed street tiring. I v ent carefully through the entire scene, acompanied by a rentkman who witnessed the tragedy from its commencement, and who minted out to me the different situations in which the peoph: and police stood. 1 counted the number of gunshot bullet marks upon the walls, and I counted 53 finite distinct. It is also worthy of remark, that the greater number of these marks are situated low down, and with the exception of two not as high as a human b ody, and that even dreadful as the serve has been, it is almost astonishing that the havoc has not been greater. The situation of the hell maths shows the intent with which every single shot was tired. In order to be precise I tend you • list of the number of marks of bullets as I counted them. On Mr. Egan's house one; on Mr. Higgin's one ; on Mr. APCarthy's house six, besldcs one which perforated his window; Mr. Fagan's stable ooc ; Mr. Gladsome' two; Mr. Mulligan 's house four; Mr. James Ken. nedy's house was entered by a ball; Mr. MsCortniek's house Omar, one of which west within a few inches of entering his 'does ; three balls entered the gate of Mr. bi , Genniek where there were a great number of persons seeking protection : one hall struck the house of Dr. Malloy, one entered the sloop window of Mr. Andrew Fagan, and three struck the outside of his house ; there are five ball-marks on the house of Mr. kl , Guinness, and one entt.ved Mr. Patrick Fagan's parlour ' where his family usually sit, and one or two out side of his house ; two more marks were on the house of Mr. J. illahon, and three on Mr. Riggs's, four on the house or Mr. Edward Cullen, and six on that of Mr. Crnsbie, and one which perforated the lower paw of the sash of his wirer window, one lodged inside ; one ball entered the booth of an itinerant showman, passed through and lodged in the upper pan of a shop window opposite. [The list of the persons killed by tho police, we inserted in the STA R of yesterday ; with some of the further proceedings ; but we conceive it ne cessary, in illustration of this truly horrible affair, _ !--e and verdict.] to append the following examinations and William Cunningham sworn—Lives in Castlepollard • Is a butcher ; was between lie and six o'clock on the evening of Monday last, the fair.day. standing at the aid of the ruarket.house ; saw the deceased, Pat Dignsm, receive a ball in the eye, as he was standing beside him; deceased had his hand in his right breeches pocket ; thinks it was In his right eye be received the ball ; never saw the deceased be fore ; saw the policeman tire the shot that killed deceased ; could identify him. Colonel Osborne said that he was of opinion that the po lice should not be dealt with as civilians, and that they dif fered from others. The COMM' said, be did not see bow any dialwasoecould exist with regard to the means bf accomplishing the aids of Janke, no matter whether the accused wu a peer or a peasant. /3:embolism resumed—Witness identifies constable J anet Milla as the person who shot deceased ; at the time the deceased was shot all was quiet, there was no riot in the fsir rd at tobo T wthe t manatin:qyneestiefid:::atatieccasedtogebybilestakrjwu:;:rtaiw—ionr tuitoheacaraiasnorrnoalistsdo.h;:doc.tstno:flisrrk:dbilitoehv:pestruh,,:,fro;luseryse. person being killed before him; saw a riot amongo the 'ovate, people about an hour before ; witn e s s Lis about three perches from deceased when he was killed ; cannot tell no other policemen with Mills when he fired the shot ; thr ee et en trirferent direction from where deceased was ; h ills stopped and aimed • he thinks at Cottony, a m an w h o had a tent in the yak, ;tad was beside the deceased ; cannot swear it was at the deceased be fired ; swears most positively there was no riot in the fair for an hour previous to the time the first shots were fired. Catharine Conolly—Was in Castlepollard, a n d h a d a tent in the fair on klonday ; late In the evening Raw a maa killed at the door of her taut; be was killed by a ball which tore the caul of (shaves cap before it struck the dee.ated; the brains of the ecceased were scattered on som c bread the was selling, and on the table; does not know the name of the deceased, but heard it was Digitalis ; the &ceased stun. bled twice after he L:ceived the bail, and fell at the door of het tent ; witness saw DO slot then, imor nny part of thet day; every thing was peaceable at the time ; the people Ivry all running ot the time of chic tiring ; saw the constable fire the shot that killed the man; does not know Lis name, tut could identify like ; witness identifies the constable The second person killed was John Skein. Mr. Alatthew Croebie, of Catul:pmmllaral, dyer—On the fair day, about six o'clock in the evenimm?, he sr-, sanding opp u . site his own door. Paw Skein I'. tlf opposite witness's gate. way, at the edge of the road adjoining witness's house. Did not see the person that fired at Simla. After he fell, a ban entered witness's parlour whidor where himself and hi s f a . mily nsoally sit. The marks o f five other balls are on the exterior of his house, all fired by the police; saw a police. man present his piece and shoot a awn, who fell at the door of a tent. Saw the man dead after Leeching a ball in his eye. Saw Slevin niter his dcnth. Thinks that he received the ball about his face. Sur no rioting or stones thrown at the police at the time Sievln r.-as shot ; saw stones thrown at the police before that; thinks there were very few thrown, and will swear, to the best of his opinion, that none of them struck the police ; time atones were thrown some mi nutes before the shots were fired ; the people were dispersing in great numbers b.fore the shots were fired, and the streets were then thin; dues not dunk soy of the stones thrown could reach tit_ police, as they were thirty yards from those who throw the IttirlCA ; saw no person fall but Slcvin and the man set thud door of the tent. About twenty-five other witnesses were examined to the same effect. The examination of witnesses here closed, and the corn. ncr I reseeded to chaige the jury. Ile said there could be nu controversy as to tie facts; but the question they should de. telmine was, whether there was any thing to justify the police, or whether any sufficient violence was offered to make them think it n.cesc;:ry to use their arms for the protection of their own lives.— Wherever a riot *emitted, it was the duty of the police to go and suppress it; and if In doing so they west put in dati,acr of their liee4, it was not necessary that any riot act should be read. Tli,y hail a right to use their arms in their us a defame if tb.y thought their lives were in danger, and the question fur the jury to dotenuine by their verdict v °tad be, wits there any violence offered to the police on that o.ly that would justify the police in having resort to their ariii. to defend dicutstiv,4. The jury rented and after three hoots.' delibetrtion, rautned the following—. VAIDIST.—Thai the e'er-armed Patrick agmun died by a gun-shot s:ound inflicted by Sarjeaft Mill,; that John Nevin and Mary Kiernan came by their death• in the same way by Nliotx Bred by Scijeant Mars and John Todd ; and that the other persons came by their deaths in the Mille way by gun. shot wounds, inflicted by a party of police, eighteen of whom have been klentilied, with chief.constable Blake as their bead, aiding and abetting. Immediately after the verdict the Coroner issued his war. rant of committal far die eighteen police, including Blake , who have already been identified. Colonel Osboine has rode into Mullingar Air a military force to escort the pri. stoners, and they will to-night be lodged in tha gaol of Mul. linger, to abide their trials at the next assist's tor the capital felony. DUBLIN MORNING REGISTER, MA T 31. CAFTIJaZ or Two HUWDRID AND . SIZTY-osier Tana! ALTS DT THZ AILLITAIRT.—A combined men mem of various detachments from different parts of the County of Clare, and of the County of Galway, was era mad on the night of Sunday last, the 22d instant, foe the purpose of surprising and surrounding the 'midnight legis lators of the county of Galway. The detachment from Clare consisted of that of the 74th regiment, from Moyne. House, Fcakle, and Cathie; those of Galway, consisted of ntrvng inures of the sat 110th infsntry,and avian* of the Bth Hussars. All these wiles met, and found a gmad junction atB in the mowing of Monday, at a Riven point, st Den, brien, having, in their sweeping march. secured 261 Terry Alta. The combined parties of Illoynoe.House sod the 74th wain - lent. succeeded, after a long chose, in securing 111 icha.l Connolly, a chief header of the Testy Alts, charged with having directed the late attack on Sir J. Burke's house, at Marble-Dili. All the above prisoners were sent, under Wel% escorts, to Loughrea. Of the above prisoners. several lave been identified as being concerned in recent outs: s. The investigation commencrd on Wednes day. and is still going on. Many most respectable witnesses have been summoned. The result will be of vast import. once.—Lfsecrick Cheetah-le. On Monday last, Mr. B. IL Bradshaw, accompanied by Lis son, Mr. Samuel Bradshaw, and four bailiffs, pro ceeded to the lands of Coolderry, within four miles of Neoagb, now in the pow-Ilion of William Evans, Esq. of Claremont, to distrain for rent under an order from the Court of Chancery—nral, after having made a secure of about ninety head of stock, a large mob astamWed, armed with stones, sticks, spades, and various other wes pone, and forcibly rescued same, driving them off the tows. land, said party being led on, it is said, by several men in the employsiteut of Mr. Evans. During the conflicts, a female appeared on the hals, dressed in the most fashionable style ; and considering die short distance front the obove.inentioned lands across the Shannon, I am fully convinces] it must be either Lady Clare, or her Ma jesty the Queen of Spades, as there was no attempt made by the populace then' assembled until she made Ler apps ants; and were it not fur a party of military, which lain pened to be passing at the tuunicut, air. B. and his rani' would have ben very rou g hly handled by her Ladyship's bud of Terry MU. I esterday the inform: thong of Mrs. Courtney were take by the magistrates of Heury.strcet policeaffiee. Naiad her husband, for basing committed au assault, with intent to kill her.—According to the infortnatiena which she has sworn, it would appear that her husband had as usual re tired at an early hour to bed, on Friday night, and that she was engaged in the bar, between the heirs of one sad two o'clock, when Captain Barker, who lodged in the house, cane In, and was behind the bar, which Is an ea tretnely close old conaned place, taking a glass of grog. They were tact, she says, speaking more than a ample of minutes when her husband rushed iu with a knife in his hand, and stabbed Barker; abe, affrighted at the Melting fury of her husband, fled from him, and concealed herself in one of the hed.clismbers of the goose • her huh • band made search I'm her, and when he found h er, stabbed her with the knife in the face, aims, and several parts of the body. The inkatuations of Mrs. Courtney were taken from her in tier bed; she denim on her oath, in the moat positive manner, that any thing criminal occurred between her and Captain Beaker. faunae, was yesterday committed for further examination.-- The pLece to which Captain Barker retired has been disco' vered—he was In a most dangerous state, and is unable to quit his bed. An application was made at the palm er g* yestenlay, to have his clothes and XL his money, returned to him ; if was opposed by Courtney's agent, on thereon , ' that Mrs. Courtney had taken some money of his, and that it might he - Courtney's money that was in Writer's hop. The Magistrates stated that they could smoke Do order on the subject. ssm , _tes•leassessur BIRTH. The lst Inst. at Hammond.eottage, near Cheshunt, the dy of Charles Johnston, Bag. of a daughter. MARRIED. The 2(1 Met. et Rennondrey. the Rev. Wm. Curling, to lary, daughter et the late J. Johnston. Hasp lath Lowe"' LAM" ?be Id lost. Amu, wife of Mr. J. Bettye, d C 61 ° 61111. street, soticho24. Lownox 2 hinted sod Published by Joint iliass. al Ille I STAa (Prima, No. I. Pickett.plsee, Teeple 11. I a '!l i