Star. — London, England, 1827-05-08 00:00:00

p ear d that there Wis a considerable falling off in Bel; n a b shipping in the last year, especially in the trade with t he south. He thought that he had already stated sufficient grounds for an inquiry being set on foot ; and if a Committee were appointed, he should be pre pared to off r evidence, not only of what he had then ad vance-1, but upon a great many other equally important facts. If foreigners could navigate their vessels, as they certainly could, at 40 per cent. cheaper than the Eng ti.h, and could build thee* for half the money, the Bri. Oh trade most be sacrificed when brought into compe tition with persons who possessed such advantages. The result had already been felt. The shipping interest of thiscountry had been materially injured. There had' or only been a material falling off in this department, but he could shew that the trade was now being carried on at a loss. The shipowners did not meet with a greater return than 5 per cent. and when it was con sidered of how perishable a nature their property was, it would be easily seen that a return of five.per cent. was by no means a profit. He wished that the bock of the register, which, though it could not perhaps be laid be fore that House, might be produced in a Committee, had been investigated, because he thought that a great deal of light would be thrown upon the extent of the dis tress which at present prevailed among the shipowners of this country. He thought, that by an investigation of that book, it would be found that that distress was much greater than was generally believed. It might be said, " Look at the number of ships employed ; look at the comparative statement of the numbers of British and foreign ships cleared out, which has been made up to the sth of January, 1827 ;"—but he begged leave to say, that that return was by no means a fair one. He could net possibly conceive why any com parative statement at British and foreign vessels should have b en made, when it was well knowp that no fo reign ships could be cleared out to the Colonies. If the l ei= were 'divested of this compare on, he thought that, instead of the amount stated, the British ships cleared out would trot be found to amount to more than 800,000 tons. He confessed himself utterly un able to comprehend . that comparative statement which had been laid upon the table, and the reason of the statement having been so 'drawn up was as inexpli cible to him as the mode by which ai?bther ingenious person proceeded to find out the half of any thing, which he did by first doubling the actual amount, and then divide it by two—(A laugh.)—lt had been attempted , to be proved, that the great increase of shipping within the few last years was a proof of the flourishing condition of the shipping interest. This was an assumption, however, which was not warranted by fact ; because if• there had been an excess of ship building, there must also be an excess of tonnage, and be thought, horn what he had already shown, that such was not the fact. It was lamentable to consider the distressed state of the shipping interest, and the lamentable falling off, in point of . valuetof the shipping now itf dock, both in Liverpool and elsewhere. It was rl fact, for whiCh be could vouch, because he . bad it from the best possible source; that in thrill:at of Li verpool, vessels, the building of which originally cost 14,0004 were _sold a • short time ago for 60001. It was urged by the supporters of the system upheld by the Right Hon. Gentleman, that if 'the Corn Bill should pasa into a law, it would give employment to a great deal of the shipping which was now disengaged. He for one sincerely hoped that the Corn Bill would sever be carried, because he .was opposed to the .111eA• sure from Principle.' lint ifeven.if should be carried, • tt.e anticipations of the Right Hon.-Gentleman and his friends would be found totally to fail; for he was convinced that the passing of that measure would not give employment to more thin 5,000 tons of British shipping. Foreign shipping *ould always have the preference. In every dock yard in the kingdom numbers of unemployed *hips would be found, which, but lot the present crate of things, would be busily engaged in traffic. The falling tfr in the number of sailors was in proportion to the amount of unemployed shipping. By a calculation which had been made, and the result of which was now before him, it appeared that there were seedy 12,000 sailors less in the present year than in the year 1816. • The ships were still in existence, but the energies of their owner.. were paralyzed. It ap peared that nearly one-third of the ships which were built for the British merchant service were built in Canada. Now he (General Gascoyne) could see no advantage to this country from the transfer which had thus taken place. It appeared that in the year 1625, 536 ships were built in the British plantations. In the year 1626 there were nearly 400 vessels built in the British plantations. Now, what was the number built in England during those years? In 1825, 443 ships were built in England ; and in 1826, only 415 ships were built; making a falling off in that short space of time of 28 ships. He could not but regard with jea lousy the transfer to the Colonies of our trade in ship building, and he objected to it principally because the price of Col real produce was thereby enhanced.— The Gallant General entered into a calculation re specting the amount cf tonnage inwards for the last three years, by which, he said, it appeared that the average of foreign tonnage employed in con ',eying merchandise to this country, amounted to 61 per tent. more than the average of 13. irish tonnage employed dining the same period. It was impossible, he con trived, considering the subject in every view, and in all its bearings, that his Right Hon. Friend would at tempt to resist that inquiry which was the object of the present motion, and to which the shipping interest looked forward with so lunch antiety—that interest, so great a proportion of which belonged to that populous and important place which his Right Hon. Friend represented in conjunction with himself. There was a material distinction between merchants and ship owners. Merchants were generally partly shipowners, but the shipping interest was divided between a class of men who wet e deeply, he would almost say exclusively, interested in the shipping question. It was quite true, as his Right Hon. Colleague had :asserted, that several of the merchants of Liverpool who were ship owners supported the project of Government ;* but' le (General Crascoyi.e) denied that the shipping in rtt as a body had ever expressed a favourable opinion o the changes int r od uce d by hi s Ri ght Hon. Friend. _ t was impossible, he contended, that one night's de bate would be sufficient to satisfy the shipping interest Ibd the country at large with respect to the all-im- Mout question which the House was now called upon _t, i odiscus s . If hi s mot i on should be lost, would it satisfy t in:erest whose welfare and prosperity were so ciftlt connected with it ? The wealth, safety, and ints. . — Ptbdence of thi s country d epended on the state of the +Lippin g . H is Ri ght Honourable Colleague might attes t pt to " masticate" the figures of the shippins teturns - --(A laugh). —He meant mystificate, for he was "'ii *ware that hi, Ri g h t li on. F r i end and Colleague, possessed that tto the greate.t perfestio 1. If the opportunity were denied of entering . on the inqiiity which it was the object of thii motion to obtain, the result, he feared, would be• ruincus to the shippin interest, and perilous to the Government by which that inquiry was refused. Before the next meeting of Par liament the subject would be agitated at every place where the shipping interest was affected, and a pamphlet war would ensue in which the question espoused by his Right Hon. F. iend and its supporters might meet with a defeat by no menu convenient. Avowing this to be his impression, he solemnly declared that in bringing forward the present motion he was wholly uninfluencied •by party feelings. He had no personal animosities to gratify, no personal attachment to any man-(Hear, and laughter). He declared he had no with to attack the administration of to-day, more than the adminis tration by which it was preceded-(Hear). His Ho nourable Friend, the Member for Londonderry, had busied himself in scrutinizing the votes of the Hon. Member for Winchelsea and others, in order to thew on how many questions those individuals had divided against the Government; and if a like scrutiny of votes were to take place with reference to the ship. ping question, it would be found that a great msjority of the Members of that House had always supported au inquiry. So help his head (A laugh), he was influ enced by no party feeling in bringing forward the present motion, and had no other object in view than simply to accomplish a . pledge made to his cons i tuents, and which if he omitted to fulfil, he con• ceived he should neglect his duty. He hoped the House would treat the great • question now under dis cussion with becoming temperance. and 'that no party • feelings would t hew th e mselves on this o c cas ion -(Hear, hear). For his own part, he . was moot anxious to assure the House that he dis:laimed any desire of tampering or harassing the Government. He had given notice of this motion long before a c`tange in the Administration was ever thought of. He hoped, therefore, that his Right Hon. Friend would not refuse the motion with which he intended to conclude. The Gallant General then moved -as That a Select Committee be appointed to inquire into the present clisttesmd state of the commercial slip ping, and report the same to the Hou s e." Mr. LIDDELL secondetthe motion, and bore the testimony of personal -experience to the distressed conditiqpi of the Shipping trade in North Shields and the Northern Pais. Ile was sure, without some alteration in the present system of the Navigation saws, there was an end to the commercial marine of Great Bri tain. • In 1816, the tonnage of that marine was 2,783,945; in 1826, it was only 2,636,646. But the great point in the case of the British Ship Owners was the Baltic trade-that is the trade of Sweden, Norway, and Prussia, which in 1821 amounted to 91,147 tons; in 1822, to 133,151; in 1823, to 202,100; in 1824, to 324,868; in 182.5. to 395,342; the returns of 1826 were not given, only as far as the clearing the Out -poets was concerned. Again, in 1821, the excess of British vessels owe, Foreigner was 23,911 tons; is 11127, 4,014; but in 1823, the year after she lieciprocity Act was passed, the excess of Foreign tonnage over British was 867; in 1824, 8,840; in 1825, 1,700; in 1826, 15,300. The state of the Dock-yards (empty) at the several ports of the empire was in itself a commentary upon the Reciprocity System, which should not have been enacted without the minutest inquiry ; and which should be re pealed to ensure the stability of the empire; • Mr. P. THOMPSON must oppose the motion of the Hon. and Gallant General, as he thought no case was made out for the Com mittee of Inquiry ; and u granting it would be a departure trona the firm course of liberal policy pursued by Ministers, and would be giving rise to falbcious hopes in the minds of interested, but short sighted, individuals. The statements of the Hun. Member who preceded him were not (Duly ex-parte, but actually erroneous, and the et/Delusion contrary tis fact. Much stress was laid upon the fall in the price of dripping. Now if that fail were partial it would be • just ground of complaint and inquiry; but it was not mote than the fall of price in every article, as indicated by the London Prier Correof Of the last year, of the very present month-(Hear, hear). Again, much was said of the diminu tion in British ship building consequent upon the Reciprocity Lawscif 1822. What was the fact authentic and unquestionable ' documents must answer. In the year 1819 the tonnage of vessels built in Great Britain was 111,000 tons; in 1820. 84,000; in 18E1, 74,000; in 1822, 67.000 ; in 1823, 85,000 ; in 1874. 143,000; in 111116, 204,000; 311t1 in 1826, 178,000: showing that in 1825 the building trade W/4 nearly four times as much as in 1872, and In 1826 nearly three times as much. The Honourable member urged at considerable length the necessity of maintaining the liberal sys tem of commeiciai policy in our intercourse with foreigners; and contended that the statements of the Honourable and Gallant Mem ber (Gascoyne) were either unfounded or es pares. The tonnage of British and foreign vessels was given, without any esptanation of the difference (from one third to a half) between the register and . the burthen ton. If such statements w e re given, it would be seen that the British ship-builder could work as cheaply as the foreigner. All the statements of the ship-owners were contradicted by tact; and were got up for a purpose. The Honourable Member replied in detail to these statements. Their own admissions furnished their own refutation. A few years ago. to 1823, they said that the Him burgh trade was in the hands of the Dutch; that out of 208 vessels, but twelve were ISritish, while in 1826, out of 800 vessels in Ham burgh, 712 were British-( Hear, hear). The Hon. Member hoped the House would not accede to the motion, as no case bad been made out, and as granting it would be injurious to the Free Trade Policy; and sat down amid loud cheers. Sr J. YORK and Mr. Maxims rose at the same time, but the former having 4r,t caught the Seemtea's eye, proceeded to say, that, es a British Admiral, be felt himself bound to protect the in terests of the British commercial marine. A great empire like this, surrounded by those waters which were her protection, bad the deepest interest in supporting her marine, both commercial and min. tary. Without being &party man, he must beg leave to dissent from the speech of the young and Hon. Member who spoke last. Being con nected with those northern houses which could sail ships at a very low rate, he did not perhaps feel as much as others the distress that pi eased upon the shipping interest. Who could doubt the fact that distress pre vailed when they saw so many brooms stuck at mast heads—(A laugh.)—and hundreds of Blida seamen walkiag about the attests for want of employment. He should vote for the motion of the GaUaut General if he saw reason for it, and he hoped every British Admiral in the House would do the same, and not sut. fer his jaws to be locked up by anything the Right lion. Gentle man at the bead of the Board of Trade might say,whose talents were such as enabled him to make the worst appear the better cause.— He misted the House would suffer themselves to be influenced in their votes by noting: but facts. Mr. HUSKISSON rose amid great cheering. He said that he did not regret having given way to the Gallant Admiral who had jest addressed the House; though he would leave it to judge how far, in point of tact, the Galla..t Admiral's observations added %eight to tie motion which he had risen to support. Tile Gallant Admiral had cautioned the House not to allow itself to be misled by theoretical arguments, which were calculated to make the worse appear the better reason ; and then, in refutation of his oat n doco we, had appealed to facts which had no existence, saving in his own ima gination. Leaving, howeser, the Gallant Admiral's observations to their own weight, he would ask the House to allow him, before he proceeded to make those observations which it was the duty of the individual a ho filled his official situation to make upon the motion of his Hon. Colleague. he would ask the House, he said, to allow him to offer to it his acknowledgments for the kindness with which it had repeatedly postponed the discussion of this great question during his unavoid able absence from its debates. He could assure the House that it was always with regret that he abstained from the performance of his public duty. That regret was increased in the present instance by Parliament having at the same time under its consideration another question ot'great importance—he meant the Corn Laws -in-which reference had been repeatedly made to the opinions which be had advocated, and to II part which be bad taken apes former occasions, wheals was, under Ji cu ssion. Of thr ref rteace, anJ of the el' i madversions which were stimultaneously made upon hi, conduct, he had no right to complain. lion. Members did no more than their duty in %sleeting to his opinions, and in pointing out the errors which, in their judgment, they tontabled ; and probably they thought, that though he was not present at the time when they made their aninizdv..rsions, he would have opportunities of vindicating their correctness at some future period, when he was able to take a share in the deliberations of Parliament. Whilst he felt nothig but thankfulness for the considerati .n with which he had been treated by Gentlemen of all parties in that House, he was sorry to say that he was not in the same disposition as to the manner, altogether unprovoked, in which his conduct had been adverted to in another place, where he was unable to defend himself f•om attack. He was speaking of a place, in which, neither in health nor in sickness, neither in office nor out of office, neither with his will nor against his will, was he ever likely to meet the in drvidual who had made such unjust and unjustifiable charges against him--(Cheers) —lt might suit the taste and it might be congenial to the feelings of that indi vidual, to represent him in a place where he could not refute the calumny, as a wild theorist, who was ready to attempt any kind of experiment, no intuit how ha zardous it might be to the peace and interest of the country, provided it squared with his views of political economy. The individual to whom he was alluding used language even still stronger than that which he had just repeited—he had gone the length of saying that he (Mr. Huskisson) had palmed me , sores upon the House and upon the country under false pretences— (Cl les of Hear, and Order). Mr. CRESSETT PRLIIA kl, afrer a long and nolsy effort to make himself heard, compl a in e d t h at t h e Ri ght Hon. Gentleman was clearly out of order, as no was alluding to expressions which had been used in debate In the other Muse of Parliament. Mr. HUSKISSON.—" If an allegation—an unjust and unfoundel allegation (loud cries of s Hear' from all parts of t• - .e Hooter) is made against me, I must answer it when I can—(Great cheering). If my character is assailed in ano her place—l said not where (a laugh)_ in which I cannot be heard, I must take an opportunity of defending it here where I can..(Hear). It has been stated by a Noble Lord that I have palmed a mea sure of importance upon the House and upon the country. under false pretences—in a word, that I have been guilty of a gross political fraud—(Hear). It is an old and a true observation, that the individuals who are most ready to follow a course of fraud- and imposition themselves, are always the most ready to charge such a course upon others—(Hear, bear). I am not now at liberty to refer to the details of the charges which were so falsely and so unjustifiahly made against me, for if I were to enter upon them, 1 should depart too far from the question which is at present before the House. But this I will say, I have now been a Member of Parliament for upwards of 30 years, and from the first moment that I had the honour otos seat in this House down t' the present, I have always considered myself liable to that moral responsibility to which every other Member of Parliament is liable, be his rank or station in the country what it may. To that moral responsibility, which constitutes the strongest guarantee for integrity of character in public men, and which is nourished and sustained by public opinion, I am not unwilling at pre sent to plead—(Hear, bear). I am equally ready to meet that more direct responsibility to which, as Minister of the Crown, I am liable for this or any other measure which I may feel it my duty to propose—(Cheers). `Make this declaration as .• to my feelings and to my readiness to meet the charges which have been brought against me, without the slightest reserve. I will not add a word more upon it, because I cannot speak further of myself without incurring the charge of arro gance. But with regard to the individual who has thus unprovokedly accused me, I will say, that I have ob served his conduct narrowly for the last 85 years; that I have read all the various pamphlets with which he has enlightened the wotld during that period, from his first down to his last—l mean his Chart on the Corn Laws, and in stating that I have read all his luCubrations, I think I have performed More than any Gentleman Who now hears me either has performed or will here after attempt to-perform (a laugh); and that the result of my observation and of my reading is —that among the many blessings which PIOVIDENCIt vouchsafed to the country during the eventful petiod which has elapsed since the commencement of the revolutionary war in 1792, it is not the least that we have escaped the calamity of seeing that indiiidual clothed with power to carry ,his own wild and extravagant theories—for they are indeed wild and extravagant when compared with mice—into execution, either on this country or on that numerous population dependent on it in other parts of the world—(lmmense cheering). As we have escaped from that calamity so long, I trust that we shall escape from it to the last"—(Hear, hear, hear). — To come, however, to the question, and he begged pardon for having been diverted from it so long, he rejoiced most sincerely that his Honourable and Gal lant Colleague had brought forward Iris present motion —not only because it gave him (Mr. Huskisson) an opportunity, which he wanted, for explanation upon this subject, but because it gave the Hon. Member for Northumberland an opportunity of 'hewing the clear and able mariner in which he can express his views on an abstruse and intricate question, and of giving the House a promise of talent, which might hereafter ac• complish snit greater success. It had also afforded the Hon. Member for Diver an opportunity of manifesting a degree of knowledge and information on this stibj co which had afforded the H ruse no less plerstne than in structioo—(Cries of " Hear"). Among the many singular statements of his Hon. and gallant Colleague, that was not the least singular in which he stated that for the last two or three years the House had beers overwhelmed with Petitions from the shipowners of all the ports in the country, complisining of distress, and that the Government had paid no attention to them whatever. Now it appeared to him a little extraordinary to charge Government with neglect in this instance. For what was• the real state of the case? Last year a number of Petitions were presented—what became of them ? The gentlemen who presented them moved nothing more than that they should be laid on the table and be printed. Now, if a perusal ci those Petitions had led him to suppose that the shipping interest of the country was really endangered, he should have felt that it was incumbent upon him, holding the office which he held in the Government, to have inquired narrowly into the matter; and, as a proof of such a disposition on his part, he refer led to the statement which he had given in the last Session, of his own accord, of the real situation of the commercial marine of the country— (Hear, hear). He made that statement with a view of calming the apprehensions which prevailed respecting an interest so nearly connected with ...the bloour and the safety of the empire. He declared at tl,e same time the principles on which he had proposed the alterations in the navigat on laws.— He had also an opportunity of shewing the House the growth of our commercial marine since the year 1792: of comparing our means at present with our means at other periods; and of explaining to the House the op portunities which we had of maiming our military navy irnmedia ely, whenever a naval armament should he suddenly required. He had also compared our means, increased as they were within that period, with the means of other countries, aiming to be our rivals, not our enemies, in maritime affairs—(Hear, hear). — The statement which he then made was now before the public, and in such a shape that any Gentleman who did him the honour to refer to it might hold him responsible for its correctness. That st element had been made the ground of much criticism; and, sorry he was to say, it had been much misrepre sented. The misrepresentations, too, were so gross and so extravagant, that he was kfraid that he must consider them as wilful misrepresentations. He trusted that be should have an opportunity that evening to set himielf right as to those misrepresentations ; and it was the more important that he should do so, as in setting himself right he should vindicate the Government of the country and the late Parliament, which had san:- tioned the mea,nres which had bean proposed either by himself or his Right Honourable Fr lend, who was now a Member of the other House, forthe benefit of the commercial interests of the country. He said, that if the House would hear him with patience, and his own physical powers would permit, he would overthrow the sophisms of his adversaries, which had been already sufficiently overthrown by the Honourable Member for Dover—(Hear, bets, bear). He knew that he could do so, and in doing so he would take an opportunity of repelling the calumnies which had been cast upon himself. Let not the authors of those calumnies be afraid that 'he should retort upon them the vulgar abuse which they had showered in such pro fus on upon him. He would not descend into that arena, where it was no honour to be the victor, and where to be vanquished was disgrace indeed. Tne only punishment which he would inflict on those who used such vituperative language was, the knowledge that it had fallen innoxious upon him, and that he dis dained to use it as a weapon of defence in a just cause, though they had not hesitated to wield it as a weapon of offence in an unjust one—(Hear, hear). But though he would forbear tram noticing their vulgar abuse, Ise could not promise to use the same forbearance as to the arguments, the statements, the sophism., and, he must even add, the falsehoods, in which they de It with so much unblushing liberality—(Hear, heat). Even with respect to the shipowners themselves, in whom any irri tation arising from pressure might afford an excuse for the employment of much language which might have been better spayed, he would not beguilty of the offence of not stating the truth, though by speaking out he might perhaps forfeit their good will, and sen 1 them home dig.. sat.fied with the result of the present debate. He was fully aware of all the disadvantages under which he approached the discussion of this gteat question. They had been already stated by the Honourable Member for Dover. He was also aware that in a case like this, Gentleman wete often obliged—for which he did not blame them—to yield to the wishes of their consti tuents. He was aware' that even *anaorg those who had no constituents connected with the shipping interests an active canvass had been carried on by the delegates from the ovtports, and that es-parte statements, which ought and should be exposed, had. been used without scruple to bias their minds. He likewise was aware that every thing connected with the shipping interests was so connected with the honour of the country, with its naval ascendancy, with its greatness, and with its pride, that in proportion to the magnitude of the inter. st which it excited, was the facility . of Hon. Gentlemen to listen to every thing which appeate..l to affect it. He knew there had been incessant attempts for mouths past to enlist the natural, and he would even say the laudable feelings of Englishmen'against every thing which was calculated to advance improvement in the commercial relations of the country. No:withstanding all these considerations, and making allowance for those Mem bers who would vote in favour of his Hon. and Gallant Colleague's motion, in deference to the wishes, if not to the judgments, of their constituents, he fe lt that in whatever degree tho s e con s id era ions might tell in the division, it was his duty to 01l the House of the facts fairly as they stood. He trusted that ivd victuals would not come to the discussion of this great and import ant questii n as they did to the des cuseon of private Bills, with their votes pledged down to support some petty and partial in etest, bat that tl.ey would come to it with the intention of pronouncing impartial judgment on the statements which may be made, and the facts which may he bronglit before them. He felt himself somewhat at a loss, owing to the difficult es imposed upon him by the manner in wbch the subject had beet treated—difficulties, he meant, as to the way in which he shruld deal with the statements so made. The parties to w: ram he referred (he meant tile shipowners) ap eared to employ a logic quite pe:uliar to themselves -a logic which he (Mr. Huskisson) knew not how to designs e, u.,less he de scribed it as that which prevai:ed ame ngst philosophers during the dark ages. It was not front fa ts, from ob servation, from experience, from a knuwiedge of what was passing before them, that these g : nilemen drew their conclesion. They seemed 'to revive the exploded arguments toed last Session, to induce the House to re cede from its altered policy with regard to the silk.trade. The course then was to assume, as an incontrovertible fact, that if the measure was carried, our silk trade would be rorstsd out and utterly dissipated. If their premises were admitted, it was easy to make the Inferences drawn from it. We were told of 500,000 helpless women and children, as well as workmen, all subsisting upon the silk trade, who would be left to starve, with a thou-and other hor rible consequences; and because he (Mr. liusitisson) presumed to doubt all this, he was stigmatised as a hard-heat tea metaphysician —( Hear, and a laugh). The House agreed with him (Mr. H.) that all the superstructure raised upon this basis was flimsy, and the mea sure was allowed to take its course; and now it was with no little satisfaction he stated to the House, that during the distresses of the pass year, no one branch of trade had suffered so little, and was now su a more nourishing condition than the silk teal —(lased cheer;. The result of a free competition was this, that the nit nwitsfactute had made much progress throughout the country, and that we were Dow expottieg to France more or less of our silk g vols ; nay, some houses were actually making Bandana hand lactate& for the sr po-e of exporting them to India—(Hear hear, and • la ug h)— But the shipowners w ent further than t he parties to whom he alluded; they nut only assumed what were to be the measures of Government, but they pronounced what bad been already the effects of them—namely, that the shipping. interest wee in a state of t0t..1 decay, lie (Mr. i luskisson) had taken the trouble to read all the petitions which had been presented to the House on the part of the shipowners, and be could state that there was not one which did not proceed upon the principle that the foreign shipping bad in creased, and British skipping had decreased; and some were bold enough to say that we 'bong soon coach such a condition that fo reign shipping would supersede the Mesh In the foreign trade of the country. This brought the .telject to the tri.l of an issue 11f fact. If the fact were capable of bang established, as coots* 4. a• the inferences might be correct, and we shou.d tben bi gln to cc ~Ntisiiiill/II I . •