Star. — London, England, 1820-06-13 00:00:00

lAt half-7a st ten a detachment Of cuirassiers, provoked Pbr sL.:::ious cries, traversed at a gallop.part of the houhr...trti, and dispersed the crowd, composed chiefly o f y persons of from twelve to twenty years of sge ; s..:ne men were also seen among there more sive.nced in years, and of a sinister appearance. All e l e I::rcliants shut their shops. a,seniblage also took place on the Place de astrapade. At ten o'c!ock some troops were sent i:.:o diarquarter, and the Charterians. retired peace -4 .—Gazette de France. '.tiny foreigners were preparing to leave Paris, to t!:‘ , great regret of our merchants and traiteurs ; but !ince the s e foreigners have seen tranquillity re.esta- Llished, and that the strength remains with the law, ? l ey have su.pended their preparations for depar ;:rc.—lbid. • CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES. St I"FING OF FRIDAY. Tl'.c discussion on the Amendment of M. Boin (see ST.I a 1 / 4 :1 ye.terday) was resumed. ZI.DELACsay seized with pleasure on this Amend • as a plank of safety in the midst of shipwreck. lie replied to the principal objection made to it— namely, that it would increase the number of the Members in the Clamber—and endeavoured to shew that such an inc:c..se was not unconstitutional. M. DE G:ital:DlN (of the left side) must oppose the Amend:rant. it was true that it preserved the mode of direct Election, but it attacked and destroyed the equality of suffrage. By establishing principal and subordinate Electors, it established, if he might use the espressien, principal and subordinate Deputies, it divided the Chamber into two different elements, • by that alone destroyed its equality. The Amendment was nothing else than the first Pro :ect of the 15th of February mutilated. Would the Chamber wish to know the causes which led to the production of this Amendment ? He • reveal them— ( Great attention).—The Pro ject now under discussion was never that of Minis ters. They bad adopted it, because they could not command a majority for the one of their mvn devising; and even for this child of their :141option, they could not obtain a majority of more than five. Alarmed at the weakness of this majority; anxious to get out of their embarrassing psi Lion, they had endeavoured so to modify the measure as to tnakeit more generally palateable, and were, in fact, the authors of this Amendment, which was only put into the hands of M. Boni, in order ro see how it took before they committed themselves openly in its support. It was their last resource, for Ministers could never carry their audacity so far as to think - of regarding that as a law, which had been at once scouted by the whole French Nation—which they rejected with horror, because it had already received a leptisas of Mood!—(Cries of Order, order! This is aborminahl e!).—ln one word, the proposed law is dead ; it will never prevail! Since the moment," continued M. GIRARDIN, " is now arrived for saying everything, since a Minister, has given the example of negocifting in the Tribune, 1 imitate his example, and say to those of my col leagues who like myself arc immoveable from the basis of the Constitution— " Deputies of the Minority ! Preserve your fin e osition, your noble attitude ; the Ministry, be per suaded, will not hesitate to give up the double vote, Deputies of the Minority ! •Be firm ; preserve your attitude for some months longer, and you will eutain the guarantees wanted. The first will be the repeal of the law on individual liberty— a which has no longer any object, since it has been solemnly established, for the honour of France, that the infamous Lourel had no accom plices—{Hear, hear). The second guarantee will he the suppression of the Censorship, which is exercised in so arbitrary a manner as to be revolting -even to those by whose consent it was conceded temporarily to Government." • M. Born disclaimed any connivance with Ministers. The KEEFER of the SEALS equally disclaimed any connection with M. Boin. After a good deal of further discussiom.distinguish 7 ed by great confusion and intemperance, M. BOIN'S Amendment was ultimately put to the vote and car tied by a majority of 121.—The votes were—Fur it, 186—Against it, 6.5. Five per cents. Friday, 74f. 6.5 e. FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT. . 4 rants, JONE 8., "Exscuttox OF TUE ASSASSIN LOUVZL.-.-LOUVOrS conduct throughout, from the moment of his arrest to that of his execution, reminds us of the expression of an ancient on seeing a criminal display heroic constancy in the midst of torture—" Qh, what vir tues you make me hater Louvel.oeidter denied his crime w-r- gloried in it; it was the result of 'a con. v•iction on his wayward mind, that he was serving his country—this was his 'first and last idea ; and, had he not been known to be guilty, his conduct in prison might have been mistaken for the calm tran quillity of innocence. The morning before his trial the gendarme,. who slept in his room, asked him how he had slept ? be replied, he had made but one nap (1 it : for my part, replied the gendarme, I've passed a most horrid night. " Indeed ! be assured all is not right within ; descend into your conscience, and examine whether you have not .done some bad action !" This anecdote, which may be relied.on, is either sublime or ridiculous, according ask is vie ved. At any rate it displays the character of the man. " His conduct on the, trial put his Judges to 10 I , . blush. They a6ke d the most ridiculous questionsi and attached a most ridiculous irnportance to the pieces or paper he had in his pocket, for purposes which none but Peers of France would have Inquired To state the whole of the ridicule of the trial, would be only to re state all the questions pot to him. The Marquis of LA4.I,Lt TOLLEN6AL alone is to be excepted from this censure. He was condemned: and yesterday the crowd assembled in immense num bers as early as eleven o'clock : all the windows' where a sight of the guillotine could be had were let at high rates, even in the houses on the opposite side of the river, and the roofs and chimnies were covered with spectators. At ten minutes before six the cul prit arrived in a cart, with a Priest and two .execu tioners: at the foot of the scaffold a well dressed person and the Priest conversed with him during five minutes; his air was calm and serene, and he might hove been taken for a spectator: there was nothing in his look that displayed ferocity of .cha racter—on the contrary, he appeared to be a man given to contemplation. At length he ascended the scaffold, and in a few seconds was no more. " The reason why the execution was postponed from four (the usual hour) to six o'clock was, that such an. immense portion of the population being on foot, it was feared they might go to the Chamber of Deputies after the execution ; whereas, by delaying the execution till the Chamber had risen, the people were pttVented doing so: but this measure had only a partial success, as the same scenes and tumult took Flace last night as before." A\OTHER LETTER. " PARIS, JUNE B.—Things are in a most extraor dinary state here ; Paris has the appearance of a City newly taken possession of by an enemy's force. The town is filled with troops. All the under part of the Louvre, where the :range-trees are kept during the w inter, now contains an immense body of soldiers. At each window is a cannon pointed, and, as it is said, -charged with grape Shot. On the 3d there were strict orders from the Police placarded throughout the City, forbidding a greater number than three persons to stop in the streets. In defiance of this, not only gruupes, but immense crowds assembled in the vicinity of the Patois du Corps Legislatif, the Place Louis XV. the Tuilleries, &c. They were charged by the Gendarmerie and Guards. Some persons were killed and sever al wounded. Amongst the former was a Law Student, a young man of great.promi e. His funeral was expected to have ken the commencement of a scene of confusion and terror, and possibly of revolution. So great was the alarm as to the consequences likely to result from his funeral, that the father of the unfortunate victim was offered a large sum of money to allow him to be buried privately, which he refused. The-body was followed to the grave by between five and six thou sand young men, mostly Law and Medical Students, the greater number in mourniag, and wearing crape on the arm. There were three funeral orations pro nounced over the grave, but which, of course, have not been published. It is also said, that the dreaded cry of Vire la Laerti et Egalite has been shouted in the distant Fauxbourgs. General arrests have taken place. I know two Gentlemen myself, who' have been taken under•the kind care of the Police. In short, everything announces an approaching storm. The scenes of Friday and Saturday were renewed on Monday and Tuesday ; but the Government and the Police used every exertion to prevent disorders ; the Garde . Royale and the Gardes du Corps, were ordered to remain in their barracks ; it will be recol lected, that it was the Officers of these two Corps, dressed in plain clothes, who insulted the Liberal Deputies, and threatened to murder M. Chauvelin. !Monday and Tuesday the scene changed, for the i Friends of Liberty,' notwithstanding the orders of the Police, assembled in numbers from 10,000 to 15,000, resolved to crush those who had so miscon ducted themselves on Friday and Saturday, and thus fell into the opposite excess. The military was sta tioned in great force in all the principal points, the gates of the Palace were closed, and artillery brought up to defend it, in case of an attack by the public, armed with swords, canes, &c. No adversaries ap- 1 pcaring for the crowd to combat, they consented to be driven 'from place to place by the troops like a flock of sheep. Their cries of Vive le Charte' were not regarded by the Commanding - Officers as sedi tious ; but several did not rest here, but bawled out, in addition, Down with the Count D'Artois Down with the Ministers ! Down with the Nobles !' Down ivith the Priests!'—' Peace to the cottage, and war to the castle, 4c.' —The Gens-d'armes made about forty prisosets; but the great mob called out, Let us go to the Faubourgs and went riotously shouting the above expresiens along the Boulevards. They hoped, on arriving at the Faubourg . St. An toine, that the mob of this quarter would join them, but instead of it they found three regiments drawn op in order of battle; they instantly dispersed, and scampered off in different directions." The LORD CHANCELLOR, Viscount SIDMOUTII, and Viscount CASTLEREAGH, had audiences of his MA JESTY yesterday. Yesterday morning the Princess ACGIATA visited the Princess SOPHIA, at Cambridge House. Princess AUGUSTA dined with the Duke and Du chess of GLOUCESTER, and a select party, at Glou cester House, yesterday. - Yesterday Prince LEOPOLD dined with the Duchess of KENT, at the King's Palace at Kensington. • Sunday, Plincess AUGUSTA, the Duke and Du chess of GLOUCESTER, and the Princess SOPHIA of GLoucEs . rka, dined with the Duke and Duchess of CLARENCE. In the evening BocusA played several pieces on the harp, and also a Duet and Solo, which gave infinite pleasure and delight to the Royal party. The Marquis and Marchioness of LANSDOWN gave another grand enterpinment yesterday, to the Duke and Duchess of HAMILTON, Earl MINTO, Lord and Lady EBRINGTON, Lord CLIFTON, Lord SANDON, Lord FITZHARAIS, Mr. LUTTRELL, Mr. ROGERS, Mt. FAZAKERLY, &c. at Lansdowtt House, in Berke ley •square. . The Dowager Countess of CLERMONT had a select card party yesterday evening, at her house in Berke ' ley-square. • . ~~ ~ AR.Vt . • . • .--- . Saturday last, the 2d Regiment of tile King'[ Le gion of .Cheshire Yeomanry Cgvitlry - were reviewed ion the Wild Sands, near Chester, by Lieutenant- General Sir J. LYON, K.C.B. 110 Regiment arrived on the field of exercise about - eleven o'clock in the forenoon, and performed a variety of cavalry evuln dons, to the satisfaction of theAeneral. The Regi ment is under the command of,Alonel Cninstonua ' LEY, of Vale Royal, and is now on permanent duty in Chester for ten days. • ' • About six hundred of the Cheshire Yeomanry, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Tows:sus:in, marched into Liverpool on Saturday, to remain 2i days on duty: 'they are a very fine body of men. Yesterday a Court Martial was assembled, by or der of the COMMANDEN-IN•CHICF, at .Kensington Barracks, relating to the conduct of a Corporal and sir privates of the 12th Regiment of Lancers, on a charge'preferred by Mr. BitowN, Keeper of his Ma jesty's jail of Newgate, for improper and disorderly behaviour, and being drunk, on the night of the 4th instant, while on euty, and in attendance at the Sur rev side of Blackfriars-bridge, to escort convicts to Thames Dittos, on their way to Gosport. The Court was occupied three hours in the investigation, the re sult of which will not be known until the minute's of evidence, sentence, &c. are laid before the proper Authorities. • • , • .7 - - - vrki • IRISH i3ANkSt NEW COLLEGE •AT HALIFAX. .~ .~~ ~ .y - . The caianutous state of Ireland, owing to the stoji page and failure of thk different Banks, exceeds all description. Two.other Banks, those of Kilkenny and Waterford, have failed in the south of Ireland. The latter !Link was held by Mr.WILLIAIit NEWPORT, the yt2unger arid only brother of Sit'.l6ll:;: Ms. NEWPORT died suddenly on the Jay before the failure was announced, and his death was stated am the reason for closing the Bank. PAMIRS OF THE CLONMEL BA mE.—RIALL's Bank, - perhaps the oldest in Ireland, having subsisted ninety five years, has suspended its payments. Thus, in the' Space of one fortnight, eight Banks have failed, and thus a circulating medium of more than a million sterling has been removed. This statement is suffi- • cient. to shew the distress and dismay which must prevail in the province of Munster. It is also one of the terrible, perhaps necessary, effects resulting flom the general lithitation of the currency, which the late Acts of Parliament rendered it imperative in the Banks of England and Ireland_to adopt. It is quite clear that the system cannat go on. But we feel no disposition to anticipate ; yet we cannot hele regard ing the present crisis in our mercantile history as perhaps the most awful that has occurred.--4Tukliri -Paper. HALIFAX, MAY 2.3. At two o'clock this day the Earl of DAttiotrstn, Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of British North America, attended by the Admiral, his Ma jesty's Council, the Staff, Naval and Military Officers, and the principal people of the place, attended to lay the first stone of the new Collei;e, to be erected at the Not th end of the Grand Parade. The whole of the Freemasons of Halifax went in grand pro cession. They formed in Lodges at their Hall, and preceded by a. military band, and followed by • another, they marched to the places prepared for them on the building. His Lordship came on the scaffolding at two o clock, the Grenadiers of the 62d regiment being his guard of honour. Detachments from each regiment kept the ground. After a prayer by the Rev. Mr. TwtNING, Grand Chaplain, Lord DALnousin addressed the Assembly in a speech, of which I have not time to give an out line; but in it his Lordship mentioned, that the building was intended as a College, upon the plan &that of Edinburgh,. where all Students who pro fessed the Christian Religion were eligible for acl l mittance. Strangers residing here for a short time, might also enjoy the benefits of the Institution, and Gentlemen in the Army, the Navy, and the Military Establishments. His Lordship concluded a most elo quent and animated address with his fervent wishes for the welfare and prosperity of the undertaking. A bottle with coins, and a tin case with parch ments, &c. were then severally deposited in the recess• made for them, and the stone was lowered into its . place, with all the requisite and due forms, under a royal salute from Fort Charlotte; after which the Rev. the Grand Chaplain closed the proceedings with a prayer, and the whole assembled multitude gave nine cheers. The Military and Masonic processions then returned in the same order in which they came. The day has been beautiful, and a „greater assem blage of people was never witnessed in Halifax. The Countess of DAutoustz and her two sons; Mrs. Ad miral GRIFFITH and the. Mis es Wits" and most of the fashionable Ladies here, witnessed the cere mony from a convenient scaffolding .prepared for . them. Lord Da tnoustz purposes to leave Halifax for Quebec, in his Majesty's ship NewcAs.rmi, on the • . Ist of June, without.waiting for Sir JAMES KEMPT. A Monument is to be erected in Dublin, by sub scription, to the memory of the late Mr. GRATTAN. . In consequence of the issuing ef a new Writ for Truro, another election took•place cn Monday serg t .., night, for that Borough, when Colonel GROMMET was returned by a majority of two, the numbers being, For Colonel Grosset, Lord Fitzroy Somerset, 11. yesterday, the Countess of DERBY, the Marchioness of LANSbOWN, Lady CHARLOTTE SEYMOUR, Lady MARY STANLEY, Dowager Lady SITWELL, Lady. LAURA FITZROY, Lady ISABELLA BLACHFORD, and Lady JouNsTosi, attended by Mrs. Fity and Mr. CLAVSWITZ, Charge d'Affaires from his Majesty the King of DENMARK, his Grace the Duke of SUMER SET, Lord EUSTON, Sir ALEXANDER JOHNSTON, &c. visite4the Central School of the British and Foreign School Society, and paid great attention to the dtf. area operations of the system for upwards of two hours. The whole party expressed great satisfaction. with the good order and progress of the children who were particularly examined on their acquaintsece,. with the Holy Scriptures. -;• Lord DYNEVOR entertained a select party of his distinguished friends to dinner yesterday, at his house in Dover-street. FASHIONABLE ARRIVALS. Lord De Clifford, at his house in Britton-street, Berkeley square, from his seat, King's Weston, near Bristel. Countess De Grey, at her hcsse in St. James's-square, from her seat in Surrey. At Thonias's h otel, Berkeley-square—The Marquis of tee ter, from. a tour Mr. and Lady Mary Singleton, from Bri g htoq. At the London Hotel, Albemarle street—Colosiel G. &nil', from a tour. At the Pulteney Hotel, Piccadilly—Owen Wynne, Esq. M. r. from Ireland; Alexander Murray, Esq. - from Tunbridge Well s; White, Esq. from Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire. At Mivart's Hotel, Lower Brook-street—The Marquis pf Bute, from Brighton; Sir Ralph and Lady Noel, from their seat in Leicestershire. At the Claremont Hotel, Bond-street—Lady Eleanor Lind sey, from France; Rev. Porter and family, from France; L. W. Buck, Esq. and firmly, from their ....at in Dora c tshir e; , H. Thorold, Faq. frOm his s, at in Lincolnshire. At the Prince Saxe Cobuo'g Hotel, Charles-street, Or o ss'o ci f: square—Mr. and Mrs. Rid. le, from a tour; I. Idol, And Lady Liamield. At the R o yal Hotel, St. Jenseisameet,Sir Joseph Scott, Bart. and E. 1). Scott, Esq. I rom their seat, Great Barr Hal., Staffordshire. DEPARTURES. The Earl of Essex, from ids hauls in Berkele ; -- square, to his seat Cashinbury Patk, From the Prince Saxe Coboarg Hotel, Charles-street, Gros vtnor-square—Earl Lisburne and Lord Vaughan, to Paris. From the London Hotel, Albeararle.street—Colousl Fraaer and Capt. Robert nay, to Sir John Hay, Bart.'s seat in Scotlerti. From. tho Clasemopt Hotel, Bond-street—The Ray. A. Coop s : and family, to their seat near Maidstone, Bent. The CoUrt Royal of Paris on Friday last revers( a the sentence of the COurt of CorrectiOnal against Sir lions CRAW FORD, Which contleinnttlblas to si4 1111311d15 . impriconalca. • , , • • tit NAVAL INTELLIGENCE. The Thetis, Corr, from St. Domingo to Rotterdam, is put back to the former place through stress of weather. The American schooner Mazy Ann, CLAaaE, was abandoned at sea on the 10th ult. being in a sinking state.—Crew saved by the Sophie, GROSARD, of Glasgow. The Anna Carolina, Ovr, arrived at Ostend on Thursday night from Christiana, on entering the port during a heavy gait, ran foul of the Ebperance, Berranr, and sunk her. The Mariner, Tzionrsox, Irons London, arrived at Halifax on the 9th ult. in distress. The Gratitude, 'Mona v,of Dublin, from Bermuda to Barba does, has been condemned at the forner place as inseaworthy. The Recovery, ALLEN, from Charleston, arrived at Bermuda on the 18th of April, in distress, bound to Cowes. A few days since, G. Ifowsoo, Master of the sloop Thetis, of knuttingly, with a cargo of bones from London, was thrown overboard by the boom, and drowned, on entering the mouth of the Humber. FALMOUTH, JUNE 10.—Wind N.W.—Arrived the American brig Yamacraw, Ritas, from Virginia, in 30 days, and received orders to proceed to Antwerp. Sailed the Marchioness of Salis bury packet, for Jamaica, with a Mail. Powrsmounii Juxx 12.—Put back last night by contrary winds, the Royal Sovereign, CLOMAITY ; and William, SeEscx they have sailed again to-ay ; also sailed his Majesty's ship limo, on a cruize ; Nile, MANLEY, for Bri.tol ; Queen Eliza beth, for H alifax ; and Prince Saxe Cobourg, SMITU, fur Madeira. • • Dem., JUNE N.E—The Admiral Rowley, Gn.- Amer ' for Trinidad, put back yesterday, and lost au anchor and cable In the Downs. Came down from the River last evening, the Angerstein, THOMPSON, for Barbadoes; William Pitt, RIC*. AEDSON, for Q uebec; George, BAXTER, for llourdeaux ; and Me lantho, GAIUMER, for the South Seas. They have sailed with the rest of the outward-bound, with a light breeze from N.E. Arrived and sailed for the River the James Harris, Issas; the Ruth, Haim& ; and Augustus Czsar, guar, from Jamaica; Marquis Wellesley, NAPIER, from Grenada; Hero, JEXEINS, from St. Vincent's ; Blucher, Korn, from the Baltic for Oporto ; and Star, Lestae, from ditto for Lisbon. Haawicts ' hare 12.—Arrived the Prince of Orange packet, with a Mail from Holland.—Wind E. Liveseeoc, June 11.—Arrived the Warren, Keats, from Pernambuco ; Commerce, Geansza ; and Aristides, Farts; from Savannah; and Warren, Weis, from Darien. The Prince Madoc, Watson, from Charleston for the Clyde, was spoken off Point Lyna yesterday, at two r. w. by a Liverpool pilot boat. Alum/us—At Halifax, the Oscar, Elsworthy ; Barbadoes Menzel; Margaret, Aiken; and- Elizabeth, Ross, from Lon don; 'Finley, Byes; /Glsiek Wood, —; Aurora, Nelson; Hannah, Irvin; Jane, Crookshank ; Isabella, Morris; Amelia, King ; and lively, Nl'Kenzie, from LiverpoOl ; Adventure, Hardy ; and Thetis, Fisher, from . the Clyde; Louisa, Oswald, from Aberdeen ; Dorothy, Cook, from Newcastle; Admiral Griffiths, from Cork ; and Swiftsure packet, from Falmouth.' At Cuba, William; Jameson, from the Clyde. At St. Domingo Eclipse, of London, from Wilmington. At Demerara, Sea forth, Davies, from Liverpool. At Sr. Domingo. May, Owen, from Liverpool. At Savannah, Thomas, Inglis, from Liver pool. At New York, Sarah, Badger, from the Clyde. At St. Andrew's (N. B.), Maria, Cameron, rom Liverpool. Custom-House, Juice 12.—Ships Entered Inwards : The Generous Friends, from Riga; Prince of Orange, from Rotter dam; Better Luck Still, from Stangate Creek; Juno, from Rip ; I'Espetance, from Dantzic ; Planters, from Jamaica ; Tynemouth, from Riga; Mentor, from Memel; Eleanor, from St. Petersburgh ; Ann, from Bel f ast ; Alice, from Waterford; Perseverance, from L ondonderry; Friendship, from Jamaica; Mary, from Waterford; Union, from Riga • Emperor Alexan der, from Jamaica; Delme, front Amster dam; Pearl, from 11amburgh; Speedwell. from Stangatc Creek; Regent, from Limerick ; Lord Hill, from Belfast ; Scotia, and Thistle, from Riga ; and the Loyalty, from Jamaica.—Cleared Outwards : The Engfied, for the Isle of France • Anne, for Constantinople; Preston, for Leghorn ; Anne, for Rotterdam ; Flying Fish, for Dunkirk ; and the Free Briton, for Quebec. In the American Senate, on the 11th May, " after the Message from the PRESIDENT," says The National Intelligencer," to Congress, on the subject of our re lations with Spain, there can be but little douht that that matter will be suffered by Congress to rest where it now does. There appears, indeed, no probability iliat Congress will, under present circumstances, au thorise the PRESIDENT to cause to be occupied any part of the territory in the possession of Spain." A prospective Resolution, with regard to the re cognition, by the United States Government, of the Independence of certain South American provinces, was agreed to in the House of Representatives on the 10th. The.Antional Intelligencer remarks, that this decision of the House was in consequence of the result of the negociations respecting the Treaty with Spain. The Resolution was to the ibllnwing effect : " That it is expedient to provide by law a suitable outfit and salary for such Minister or Ministers as the PIINSWIDIT, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, may send to any of the governments of South America, which have been esta blished, and are maintaining, their independence of Spain:" A second Resolution, moved by Mr. CLAY (who, in the course of the • debate, avowed his intention shortly to retire from public life), requeiting the PRESIDENT to "cause to-be presented to the General most worthy and distinguished, in his opinion, in the service of any of the independent Governments, the sword which was given by the Viceroy of Lima to Captain BIDDLE, of the Ontario; with the expression of the wish of the Congress, that it, may be em ployed in the support and preservation of the liber ties and independence of his country," was after 7 wards withdrawn. Halifays Papers to- the 20th nitimo were received yesterday. By an official notification issued by the Government on the Sth,*encourigement is held out, to pelions desirous of settling on the Seal Islands,. near the western extremity of the province, by the offer of grants of hind for that porp6se: his stipu lated, however, that the parties shill prove - the pos . ,iession• of suißcient'capital, and that they shill engage to establish a fishery on the spot allotted than. ,~..~, I ' • , ~. r