Star. — London, England, 1826-02-25 00:00:00

shew, before he sat down • most gtm,„,.._ the very respect-41)1e class of persons evaged •. clietieg the Silk Trade. He was coadent Ole to shew dant nothing had been dime -by •which any Govetnnsent need be ashamed, _under' similar circumstances. With respect • principles of free trade, what he contended that there wa f nothing. to reeled* the adaptatio.. th'fise principles to any situation in which a particular interest or article of 3qmmerce might be placed.— The maintenance of a- perfect general freedom of ac tion was not inconsistent with its modification in par ticular cases which were exceptions to, the natural state of things He contended that freedom of ac tion could. not .be laid. down .as a ,general principle or rule from.which ni, exception, no extraordinary emer gency could.ever induct:them to depart. Was not the state of the various branches of industry in this COURD . such as to present a host of exceptions to which these principles were not and could not be applied No'Perion coild sit in that House an hour and not hear cases in which the complicated nature of our laws ae4 regulations effectually precluded all freedom of action. But no one mqp rejoiced than he did to see these prin..• ciples becoming better understood. He was glad see that a Professor of Political Economy was appoint at the University of Orford, and he hoped there won be one at the New London University. He wished t* see its principles made more familiar to the minds et the Nobility and others. • But they should never c os to have diCrences of opinion upon these intricacies. (ietnlethen reed the beoks written by the Economists, they would find the definition of their principles by no means mathematical. No two of these books agreed —be might almost say, Upon any one point. When the :object bad been rediced to intelligible grounds, and kaproper study at the Universities bad brought it tothat stitte which common minds could compre ;lltendi then practical men ,might bow in submisaion to Ithose - vilkilatted . from theory alone. But while theorists coati ttt O tp abuse each other for the grossest dunces And tbp most ignorant of men, he thought it viopld be safer to listay to those humble opinions advanced by inen, in stspport of which they could bring • .retofs intelligible to the understanding. His Riess 11otiourable Friend bad amused the House with a his itiory of what was said to be (Mr. Baring's) 1 000A' liSteeCia ; and he must be forgiven Jr be also called their attention to the iscoasisteocies of a more Learned Doctor—namely, the Right Honourable Gentlemmi bimaelE He was not aware, ipdeed, that there was any other question hot this of the Silk Trade upon which he bad ever differed from his Sight Hon. Friend ; he had always upon other sub' is been his humisle fol lower. Upon the question oft he current T he agreed with him m everything except the time. fin 'Retold both come to the same end. only be would take a dif ferent road to it, and not start at all until the country - wai in a state fig to bear the change. Bit what bad been the course of his Right flon.lriend's coodtict in that House? He would take no examples of it from nice distinctions, but shew the inconsistency with which he had acted Upon great points end questiOns of large policy. In the year 1810, when the 11._ en gaged in a war of such *characte r that GOD ((VW the cooks) , should arc see another rill; it—when there was not a guinea is; the country, and when 'the-return of peace was looked upon by every man with despair—his Hight Hon. Friend byverbs* in that House, and by pamphlet-writing out of oars, tecrimeteaded . a Mea• •sire for recurring iii tteo fears frail that date to pay ments to cash. He would-rooar ask the Right Ibis - Gentlemau, after theleepesianea *Filth the coaster had seen, svbetber such a measure would have been Fact& cable, and whether he was now prepared to abide by that opinion ?—,CMT. fit/3EI/401r: a Entirely, entirely, Then although the House tniAlst be convinced of his Right Hon. Friend's periinacity, be at least showed them that - a theorist would maintain opinions which any alas of the least penctical information Mutt know to be Utterly untenable. This :hewed what he ateant tp . contend tar, that his Right Hun. Friend WM mo t t h at sale pilot whom prudent men would consent ti fitticntr Whitfield. The second case he should mention was much more important—the opinions advocated by his Right Hon. Friend, upon the Cora Question, in 1815. He was Alen the only great advocate for the Measure of ativaacirrg the importing price of cora from 664. up to 80s. and this took place after the first peace, before the retina of Napoleon from Elba. He opposed his Right Hors. Friend then, and was in a very small minority; but althoogh he was not in much favour with the House at that time, the vote he gave was not one as itight be supposed that he was much ashamed of. His Right idanestable Friend was then the strenuous supporter • that measure, se contrary to all his principles': and he would ask him whether he would now stand by such a proposition. Then, as to the consistency upon which his Right Honourable Friend claimed the confidence of the House, what had it been with respect to this very Silk Bill ? When it was brought forward two years ago, he (Mr. Baring) said, that if it were carried into effect the silk manufacturer would be sa crificed to the throwster. He, who usually bad the bad femme of being in small minorities in that House, was then in a more unfortunate minority than ever.— His Right Hon. Friend maintained that the duty of it. 6d. was the proper protection of the manufacturer, and what was the consequence?• lie was afterwards obliged to reduce it, not by authority of that House, but by a Trestury Minute, to ss. In the whole of his speech or last night there was a total absence of any informa tion as to what the Oovernment meant to do. They had heard not a word as to whether it was meant to protect the throwster at all, and no information has afforded thein by which they could"knuw what was to be done with any branch of the trade. He would now ask whether the provision in the Act of last year, which fixed this protecting Allay of 7s. 6d: was not most case lessly and ignorantly adopted ? Why, then, he ci old not see in his Right Hon. Friend dist sturdiness of con duct, that knowledge of his own mind, which would induce him tolollow such a guide blindly, and to gi've up his own opinions, which he conceived to be founded upon the best intormation. In mentioning again the Petition of 1820, ii was due to the Government to say that they readily gave it their attention, and referred it to a Committee, whose able recommendations had been followed up hy the Right Hon. Gentleman, now Mas ter of the Mint, with great diligence and ability, and with no less success. The result was, that 'a series of ' measures had been introduced by the Government, which had conferred a benefit upon the Commerce of this country, such as it had never experienced befbre. Altd,if tbs . merthants not only of London, but of the wiipitcPpptg, were not ready to acknowledge this, entuidsethe most ungraceful men in the world.— Thassineasires had relieved the Navigation Laws Mai Jwing , _anisters.by merchants for these measures ; and he for one, - Was ready and anxious to make every sneknowiedgfaent in his power. Undoubtedly some of -such measures must depend upon trial, and there was one part of them which required to be watched on account of the great increase of American carrying vessels to be seen in our ports. Upon-these points, therefore, he thought the course of the Ministers highly laudable. Mit what he complained of was, that they were pushing the abstract principles of the theorists beyond their proper bounds, for it was those abstract principles, so much cherished byMinisters, that should be made to bend a little to prac• tical information, furnished upon indisputable data: the 'Members did not seem to look sufficiently at the dan ger of not only throwin g thou s and s out of bread, but of: .absolutely ruining the entire silk trade. If he urged, a claim for the issue of -Exchequer Bills, the Minister acted upon his principle, and refused relief, because it would interfere with it. He denied all assistance—he would not even lend his hand to mitigate, b.cause it would be a violation of his principles. Principles, how ever, should not be pushed to so rigorous an extreme ; in fact, if the country were delivered over to your abstract theorists, the most incalculable mischiefs would arise.— His late filead, the ingenious Mr. Ricardis had every beautiful, but very visionary theory; relative to the prin. ciple of compensation and property, but then it was utterly impracticable. Then aggin look at the same Gentleman's idea as to what amount of capital could constitute a bank. Why, the truth was, that he knew nothing of the nature of a bank, or he never would have written as he had done. If these Gentlemen were the lights to guide the House in legislation, he feared their measures must-prove wholly abortive, if not injurious. The principle of compensation of debt and property, though beautiful in theory, could never be put in ere cation. He recollected another 'triter on political eco nomy. Mr. Malthus, who, to thew his profound know ledge of the subject; gravely informed us that the prices of commodities had nothing to do with the amount of rent Then came another Gentleman, who wrote on the subject, and he set out to prove th at absenteeism was no evil to Ireland...(Year, hear).—Hit thought it of no consequence whether such a man as the Marquis of Hertford, deriving a large income from Ire land. anent it in London Sr inParis,an apioion than which believer yet heard a greater range ad abseadanc— He stated these facts to shew what was to become Of them if they consented to be guided by these theorists and attended to nothing which tell from practical men. He did not Mean to say that practical men were free from errors—he knew that they maintained opinions as Absurd as could be well conceited. But if the two parties would exchange some of their kuowledge, and haves little less contempt for each other, they would both come- to conclusions much more like common sense than those at which they low arrived. His Right fiat. Friend had called upon the House to try these principles for the first tinseupon a branch of our menu factures which had been encoevaged under a different system, and which bad grownup to an important ex tent. They were now, however, to throw down the protection to this wale, in which Prance notoriously meadied es, with, undoubtedly, the exception of a duty it SO per emu. Until this measure was resolved upon we bad been labouring under great ignorance as to the mate *I Abe silk trade in foreign countries. It was always ht that our great skill and superior capital would s t ets i live us a superiority over the manufactures of other Slaves. Persons concerned in the trade had been equally ignorant upon this point with the Go.' 1111111itleht. Dot now it turned out;for travellers had been i dent wall parts of Europe—that the manufacturers of I ither cciunuteihad abundance of capital, in some places 1 more than we had, and that in respect to skill, every- Ong we knew had been copied from them, and we I were still greatly behind. So that in s tead f meeting them in the market with the advantage of skill and ca. I pieta, it was found that we possessed less skill and no I roperiority in capital at all. The capital employed in the town of Basle, it was found, would buy Coventry I oat and out. lie contended that it was most satisfac- foxily made out, that we-were in a state of disadvantage regard to other countries, under which we were not le to enter into competition with them. He would not trouble the Rouse by the details 6y which this was proved, but state the result of all the examinations upon the subject. A list of prices had been obtained front Lyons, Zurich, end Bade; but for the purpose of proving the faet, goods bad beets purchased at the prices,.and with the permission of the Government brought to this country. The conclusion to which they came was, that at Lyons the difference of prices was forty five per cent. In Switzerland, the difference was from fifty-five to sixty per cent. upon plain goods, and from sisty to one bundled upon others. This was the result of all the inquiry the parties were able to make, and to meet this disadvantage, our mauttfectti, rers were to be protectei by a duty of thirty per cent. which in reality would be reduced to twenty. He knew nothing of the silk trade himself, but he received this information from Gentlemen of uedoubted,respeetabi lity. There were some facts, however, upon which the House could judge for itself ; and when they found that this difference in prices was the same as the difference in the cost of subsistence the question resolved itself into the means of subsistence, in the different countries. Wages at Basle were said to be good when a man earned, four shillings a week. The manufacturers of Lyons and Switzerland laid the silks of Provence and kale at eh. it back!, acrd meat therefore produce the article cheaper than where such advantages did OK eiist. But with regard to the question of , subsistence's, the labourer in those countries, not only hid his bread cheaper, but required less of it, than the labourer here. His condition was much lower than the con dition of the English labourer, and the value of his labour was 'therefore so much, the less. The inquiry at Lyons led to the discovery that one ma nutactursr lodged and fed his labourers. It was found that they were lodged in a large garret over his factory, where they slept upon straw. With all the ability of his Right Hon. Friend's speech, it had never touched upon the point of ho or whether our silk trade could be carried on agafftst that of France under these circumstances. He was convinced shit it must be driven out even of thehonse sserketr Rad that what was now the cue with the silk manufacturer, would bet eater happen to the co:tont:ado; the woolle n reads, Europe was for many years ,gaged „ oatural 'that the nation which had power to com• maod the sea should else have a command of the foreign markets. Such were the advantages which thiscotintry inclusitely possessed is consequence of its ffideelsupe xiority. The reatiufactorers of. Rotten and other parts of France entered into speculations of trade with great hesitation, lest they should put their capital in jeopardy. The advantage of markets, which her navy enabled Britain to command, was not one which, he conceived, very desirable for any nation "exclusively, Ati.ppstess and it was one which every day's continuance of peace wa* wearing away. Besides, its benefits were more available to our cotton trade, and. to several other branches, than to the silt tra!e. The manufacture of silk had at all times been a favourite article of French commerce; and, if ether circumstances were wanted to dissuade the British Parliament from commencing their alterations with the silk trade, the superiority attained by the French manufacturers should be, sufficient. It .'', was also to be observed, that when•once a country had Ira the start of others, and possessed the vantage. gt pond in any one department of commerce, it was clif-, Scutt in the extreme—almost impossible, to drive them from it byeompetition.France now possessed the vantages eland with regard to the silk trade, and England had the superiority in the cotton trade; but how lone, he would ask, would that superiority continue? The Hight, flon.Gentleman, in the course of his reasoning, had com pletely evaded the main points of the question, ands had not uttered a syllable on the subject of the Cord Laws, though that was the very point to be considered. 'He would call upon the House' not to oppress, by their enactments, the poor.labouring classes of the comnati nity, merely because they had it in their power to deal with them as they pleased, while it was out of their power to touch the Corn Laws. The measure respect ing the silk trade hid passed with the concurrence perhaps of some of the manufacturers themselves, who - disregarded its evil effects if put off for so long a period as two years. But a great mass of the population were In consequence at a stand, and the House was bound to consider the question es it elected the country at large, and not with reference to any particular set of manufacturers. It was well deserving of attention, that very serious apprehensions were just now enter tained by the public, as to ttio fearful consequences which might probably attend the twain a great number of operatives loose from employment at such a Period as the present. Such dangerous results might not be dreaded from nsistakin measures, if after the destrucs. don of the silk trade its operatives could resort to any other branch, as the cotton trade, for the means of sup port. But unfortunately, no such resourse existed, for the cotton manufacturers were obliged to discharge many of their workmen. One great error he perceived in the measures of the Ri g ht Iron. Gentleman that he made: all his experiments together ; bein g t:tistaken, as he certainly might be, what mischief most flew from such a mode of proceeding. The Right flantourable Gentleman had said, that he anticipated. a charge upon his measures from whatever - 113if i sNefs might =tun quently arise; bit that' he wee -prepared- to 'phew, that it did not originate with him. -- fl could till the' Right Hon. Gentleman that trade wile now languishing, and that if measures were not taped to Ft-Swint 'inch a consequence, that it would expire - latogether two years. It bad been said, that the misfoitunet Of the silk manufacturers followed front their overtradiog.. Thies eivertrading he did not look upon to be so great a fault as it sras usually esteemed. He thought the name, of unsuccessful trading would - have been More appro priate. The fact was, there wa no such thing as over. trading at all. It was admitted on all sides, thattkonsa nufacturers had no great stocks of goods upon, their hinds. But - apprehending the effects of , the liatethey feared to risk their capital, and to business was at a stand. If the House would not put elf the question that night they would and that there was no such thing as over- 1 trading. Vie Right Hon. Gentleman had proceeded without sufficient information, and that was good cause for appointing a Committee to investigate the subject. A letter which be held in his hand from the Mayor of Macclesfield would strew how much the state of business l in that town had been misonderstood. In 1825 there was a great *ant of bends io Macclesfield. The men availed themselves of the Combination Laws, and struck , for wages; some children too who were articled for three years quitted their employment. As an expedient two or three silk throwsters advertised in the public papers that 5,000 men were wanted, and this proceeding, with a resolution among the masters not to employ each other's men, had the effect of putting down the cos. *taxation, and of bringing back the men to . their duty. The advertisement was merely deigned- to answer that purpose, - end it was successful. As to the mode fts which it had been stated the two French Gentle lies were treated: by some msbufactitrers, the fact was that in informer carne to the manufacturers who desctibed the Frenchmen as smugglers of silli, the manufacturers were naturally jealous of such an en- crostchment, and on examination the silk appeared to them to have been manufactured in France, though it, was subsequently proved tahave been manufaCtured at Spital6elds end Manchester. The gtaunds.at Auspiciop .were, however, very strong, and one of the Frenchmen was still a.manufacturer in Paris and' at LyOns. He could bring a witness to'prove that that seine Gentle.' ; man had offered goads an the Continent to.be conveyad, to England,and said that they might essily.be smuggled: He then made some observations an the-detective mode! in which thc.charge of the manufacturers had been Inv; vesoigated. The Right Honourable Gentleman, he said, had cautioned the House against adopting retrograde measures, and tirged that if they should now relinquish their principles of trade, it would have the erect at, making Ehrope shrink from ever joining them in a similar measure at any future period. But he- (Mr. Baring) would ask what would be the consequence if they should fail ? let that event, what encouragement would Europe be likely to conceive from they mea sures? If the - step they were about to take was a proper one, they ought to proceed ; but, if there were a danger of'failure, it would be infinitely Mere dangerous to the cause of free trade than no step,at all: If the measure be right, let it in Gun's name be done; but if there be room for he;sination, the House should . - cake into its consideration the '(umber of poor who must, whether the principlebV fierier wrong, be sa cr.ficretif to whose *Mit Alt every consideration should be paid. Tie decisi .n „r the question depends upon opin:on, and 'he era:Ulnas upon which the whole hinges. and which should be decided first, are put off to to e last. That ground is, what should be the price of corn? Unit this is settled, we are all working in the dark. This is well knots a to the Right H in. Gentleman him elf, and he is. as anxious to settle the question as any one else can be.— , This, has/seer, be is ant of present able' tlrefeCt, lard be wishes to hurry us to a conclusion before the .alecision of the more important Matter. Upon this subject, he (Mr. B.) would &wee! y tepeet what he had asserted last year, that, wh tever may bt the intentions of the Go , eernment, \whatever they may propcse to do or nut to do, until the price of cowl* settled, not only the'norty mercial but the agricultural property of the colons will be sacrificed, and kept in a state of suspetise.—a No man can know the value of his property, of *hat he leaves o his family, until this - question is set y . fiest. The situation of things would be much better if his. Right Honourable Friend had 1144 nothing upon the subject—his silence •would be aeleaal 1 intelligible, but as long as it is known to the country that the Right Hon; Gentleman, and the Noble Lord at the head of the Government, have given it is.their opinion that the state of the Corn Laws is not‘petane neat, so long will the agricultural and cootrttercial property be uncertain in its value. He would meshes, upon the House for the purpose of reading a pastrge from an interesting letter addressed to the Secret ty of State for the. Foreign Department, which atrpehs to include in its consideration the entire elf the =present question. The Hon. Member read an extract from the poblibAies to which he alluded, stating, in substance, that it was easy Car the mast enlightened statesmen to ennunit mistakes in their aria:sew meets; that though it gave them much Mat, it was most dillica:i to reconcile the claims of cotillictias interestt, anu place theta In a sound point of view before the public eye, with .ut the entoeetioe of practical knowledge, and, in consequence of this, plansof waive meat became often no more than schemes of Wean - impotent. Mr. HUSKISSON, in explanation, sa.d, teat he had never known, or teen se...n the French Gea lens tf.atl luded to by the Hon. Memtier. It AAI a mist kr to say that he bld never conferred with the parties who made the charge of smuggling. He had conferred with them, and beer,- in their presence his opiniou of their viaduct on failing is sit* a charge. Mr. DAVENPORT objected to the charge of kiwis. sistency made upon those oho called for inquiry. —Had they indeed called for a repeal HI the law, there. would be some colour for the charge; but there could be an inconsistency in examining whether their measures tended to the destruction of thirteen thousand indivi: duals, who before the enactment .of the present fatal laws, enjoyed a prosperous state of trade. He thought eat only two dawn of persons would be beneattel by the law as it stood—namely the foreign manufacturers, and smugglers. Far ,Ws put, be had but one opinion on the subject fro* the beginning, and therefore the charge of inconsistency could not apply to bias. alai political economists might indeed be aga i nst hi m , b ut t h e. Bras oa likable : and he could assure the form e r th a t Wh at pew in books did not always grow in gardens. else Mr. C. GRANT thought e situation of the -Pa.. e omy tioners entitled them to the consideration of the House, and whatever conclusion they might arrive at,it wind& be with reluctance that they should act in cootradictiou to the opinions of so numerous a body, and andee sock circumstances. He regretted that the Hon. Gentleman should have lent the weight of his greet talents to the clamorous and idle crowd who exclaimed against the measures of his Right Hon. Friend. But though it was easy for the lion. Gentleman to vituperate the measures of Government, he would ask the Honourable Member, and all others.whia opposed thole measures— what wat.thet- ahestssaive they propoted ?' He hoped an _ ___...ror setsuldire-ordylbe comniiitcnn-nt of a saki of similarmeasutes, and drat - in a short time there would be no prohibition whatever on -the books of the Board of Trade. The measure now sought to be re pealed was not new, but one which had been passed two years since. It was now no novelty in the -ilk trade to experience such stagnations as those now cr mplained of —and he denied that the depression was prtniuced by the of Ministets, though great pains had been taken out of doors to establish such an opininn ; he al. hided to the numerous instances which had before oc curred in 1816, 1819, 1821, &c. in which la,t year Go. remittent had trade a large advance for the reliefot the trade. . The stare ion ss , .s on those occasion% at. tributed to the smuggling of foreign silks, and the heavy duty on the raw maerial. The distre sin Spit 1- fields was not confined to the silk weavers; it Wai the resort of the poor of every trade, and though he did not deny that much distress existed among the more re. spectable orders of t' e silk-weavers, yet there Was a great deal among, persons in different occupat ens. A manufacturer, in addressiog LOrd .Lansdo*n Oh esitt subject, had attributed stitch of the evil to the f.ct, tl at in a state of general excitement, the masters bad erected factories, the journeyman had entered into building asso. ciations with the surplus of his earnings, and a number of cottages had appeared, which were °tenpind by fa: males before the plaster was dry on the walls, Who int mediately found abundant employment and remunera6 tion.But subsequently the alarm had originated withiho master% and extended to the WOrkbietl;so'ai ttro:casion dfferences between the two class',; tO*Whith iodised. might be attributed mu.:ll, very much, of the stagna tion which bad followed. It - was due toothe country that the experiment should he fairly tried. Oni.a..fsik mer occasion the Honourable Member lot 'CriSiliak said, his Constituents were ready to accept . the4iiiie... -- back, and to ara in putting the etperionnt•te4 ; tair test; which pledgo had not been redeetteditj'the'lraL: nufacturers. They were told that neolightiffialliAten in upon the manufacturer, and three mesiengeribit dispatched to the Continent to obtain'tbelof ecd = upon which they founded their present opitritinie ` lOC he wished to know whether -this information' hall; ain'' been.obtained, and whitther those messawassts Mid . me bent dh. patched, before the cosemencement of the pas* lest froalt-*i(Meatilk The Member for Coventry had complained !f the do : doom shiloo, silk, on. soap, dm. used in the process. It . was the lute**, it •Ministerito look into those duties, for the pirPose ortectifyinie the evil complained of, either by a drawback, or awitherattoft of'dilty, or otherwise—(Hear). Adverting to the .Fienth estiblisittesear, he-could assure the Hatise,that tiff the charge Woe Midi of a eon. nivance on the part of Governmenti his itight • Hiitionr*le Friend had not heard of that establishment; and - afar be had been in formed of the suspicion afloat Leashed dor leaning patties, ''s • fat what way do you choose to have this exaadilidanitOnfilortod P' Thai Worming persons put in their auswer in iambi's: anti. accortlinli to the line they proposed, was the inveadgatioa conducted by hi* Right Hon. Friend—(Hear).—The allegation as tt low —aged abroad had no weight with him. • If the pOoecondition of the 401.4 1 / 4 nese workmen gave them an advhotagr over the Falgitvfii he* em, pletely must we be ruined by any connexion with Ireland.? This slate of thelabouring population in that country would be' faced take at low as that which was quoted front the Contineura lro• the prayer of the silk-manufacturers for further tinse,the (Mr. Grant) wag decidedly inalineu to turn a dear eae. • . Whatever time was proposed for any measure, was allege the wrong time; and when a respite had been graatt4 two years ago, had h b een a ppli e d by t h e tra d ers t o anything lik e making preparatioo ? The very argument of the Hon'. Member for Lincoln (Mt. Williams) settietthe question. I 1 hid that the prospect of the new measures bad for de mouths past it media aqua- MIMI it the ntarke; now coextend such a nate of thiass by to billlP iimem'ymany Vexatious and useless regulations. they : had re • and the other greit branchi; of the indoor , " of ch • v i—againkt lined the Custom Dues from many expensive charge, country, if he principles were to be ,peAlt.etl,,te st- d in con- from the Tiansmit D4b (Vent the highly I a`• tvenitt.and.with an utter distiippd „Off,ooo ,irasriand If y r it in beim ,rious . kste i rt of ptieSAd d -,'.?. - , and -, ' _ Ansequegapp._ Ithhni3Okltt llKAlgegd tat r shear. ot; hiniteittex to . :'.ps •if". ; - *I prospe f l ip' tillnliak trade had W.lly i paissO*WOns oar nrasitry.to if placed! The iipsduction 'CAI - . ~' de the pipit *Am and might giiily* Arian% ltruntthela whet*, :t to the : Lowy " h *gn ti 2 •., . . • scarcely I fee wite. now the Pets. n all Europe, Irliert die least .pox ' oniker source of lir ospollrf Simons our Obanefacto- ptation of ohdrge and obstruction existed. It was impossible . arose from the naval power of Britain. While.. particular say too much of what was owing to the filinisters.by Europe was for many years engaged in war, it was measures 411. V I