Star. — London, England, 1820-02-28 00:00:00

IRELAND. RIBBONMEN. From The Timm _Gazette, of the 21st inst. we ex tract the following paragraph, which gives some view of the immediate object of the Ribbontnen, as far as external circumstances can make it apparent :•••• " The progress of these enemies to peace is still 'un checked, and their numbers nightly increasing.— Their audacity exceeds anything we know of; and • as they are getting formidable in numbers, their acts are becoming more barefaced. The have adopted a plan of, late days of compelling shepherds and herds to throw up their places and quit their masters. . We understand a number of them were obliged to com ply with this unjust mandate, during last week, and are now, with their poor families, driven from their comfortable dwellings, reluctantly, fearing the visits of these villains, in case they remained. They have also, we hear, issued an order to the tenantry of the different Gentlemen, that they remain from work, unless they are allowed double , their present day's wages, manly of whom have already complied with it. They have unanimously resolved not to allow snore than.five pounds to be paid for corn acres, and to have no second landlord. We have been assured by the person who stated these few facts to us, that they mean, at all risks, to establish these rules and re gulations, with various ot}!ers. The Catholic Cleigy throughout this Diocese, have, in every manner, ex erted themselves to put down this-system, but so de termined were they in their proceedings, that they disregarded the pious admonitions of their Pastors. We fear that they have been too well ooked in their planning to be easily deterred from persevering ; the villages that have not yet been sworn, dread their visits, and all their inhabitants would willingly fly from them if they could get shelter in any other quarter. Many have been forced, through dread of losing life and property, to enter their abominable a;sociations, and it is by that means alone their num ber has so much increased. If a few of their leaders were detected, and made examples of, we are certain their present plots would soon fall to the ground, as most of the country people are acting now entirely contrary to their wishes, but spirited up to it by some broken down dissipated wretches, and their depraved followers." Extract of a letter, dated Mountrath, Feb. 18.— " A young man, of the name of Martin Humphrays, was most inhumanly murdered here on Saturday last. One of the miscreants, concerned in this bar barous transaction, tiled a pistol at the deceased, the contents of which he teccived in the left side, and immediately fell, another leaped on him, and a third stabbed him with a bayonet. A party of the town's people, however, instantly pursued the villains, and of er swimming a deep and rapid. part of the river Note, and undergoing a great deal of hardship, suc ceeded in securing four of them, who have been com mitted to the jail of Marlborough, for trial:' SLAVE TIM te.—Extract from die Sierre-Leone Gazette, of the 21st of August last: We congratulate our friends on the return to this harbour, on the' 17th inst. from her first cruise, of his Majesty's ship Piteasawr, B. M. KELLY, tsq. Commander, with a prize, viz. the slave schooner Novo Felicidade, of Prince's Island, the property of Illustrissinio Signor 11 - ... n Jose Ferraro Gorpas, go vernor of that island. On the 1 8 th came in his Majesty's ship MORGIANA, C. B. STRONG, Esq. Com mander, with a Spanish schooner, having only one slave on board. As the circumstances attending the capture of the Novo Felicidade may tend to expose in its true light the present mode of carrying on the traffic, we shall c mmunicate the following particulars: The PirtassNr fell in with the Novo Felicidade on the 30th July, lat. 2 deg. 28 min; north; long. 9 deg. 50 min. east. She had then on board seventy one slaves, and a crew consisting of one master and ten sailors. The schooner measures eleven tons. In his declaration, Capt. KELLY, with true feelings of humanity states : 4 , I do further declare, that the state in which these unfor tunate creatures was found, Is shocking to every prinaiple of humanity. Seventeen men, shackled together in pairs, by the legs, and twenty boys, one on the other, in the main hold, a space measuring eighteen feet is length, seven feet eight inches main breadth, and one foot eight inches in height; and under' them the yams for their support. One of these unfortunate creatures was in the last stage of a dysentery, whose natural evacuations ran involuntarily from him amongst these yams, creating an effluvia too shocking for description. On their being released from irons, their appearance was moat distress ir.r, scarcely one of them could stand on his legs, from cramp and evident stuvation. The space allowed for the females, thirty-four in number, was even more contracted than that for the men, measuring only nine feet four inches is length, four. feet cilia inches main breadth, and two feet siren inches In height, but not being couhned is irons, and perhaps allowed dining the day to come on deck, they did not present so 4liii• tressing an appearance as the men." This wanton act of cruelty against imoffendint individuals, is performed for the benefit of a monster holding the high rank of Governor, entri sacra fame:. We glory in the difference between true Britons and slave-dealers. Captain KrLt.y found these Africans in the very lowest state of degradation and misery; he not only Isroke their fetters, but be, his officers, and crew, by their humane care and attention, pre served their lives for freedom—only one died on the passage. From the non-arrival of the Portuguese Commis sioners, the commission being incomplete, the trial of the vessel did net take place. After going through a regular examination of the witnesses, the seventy one ci-devant slaves were landed on the 20th inst. in good health, and sent to the town of Bathurst. With respect to the Spanish schooner, she was taken off Little Bassao ; the Captain was on shore p irchasing the remainder of the cargo, and declined coming to Sierra-Leone to defend his property. One day before, tbe MORGIANA, Captain STRONG, fell in with a large schooner off Grand Bassao; she was at anchor off a ledge of rocks; on perceiving the man of war, the slaver used every exertion to land the slaves, and being aided by nearly forty- canoes, she would probably soon have completed her purpose ; however, two boats being sent from the MOROIAMA to intercept the canoes, although the ruffian ordered, in English, his people to fire on the British boats, which order they obeyed. Not conceiving his 'Vessel perfectly secure from capture, he attempted to push on further, got into the surf, and was upset : the ma sts were soon seen overboard, and a great number of slaves running to the woods--but how many per' Media Me hold? LAW INTELLIGENCE. COURT OF KING'S BENCH, FEBRUARY BLASPHEMY. THE ZING V. IROSZRT WIDDIRDURWIL This was an indictment against the defendant for uttering certainblasphemous expressions, with intent to excite impiety in the minds of his Majesty's sub jects, and to scandalize, revile, and vilify the Holy Striptures, and the Christian Religion. It appeared, in evidence, that the defendant, who, according to his own representation, was the sen of a Christian by a Negress, was a licensed Unitarian Preacher, in the practice of preaching and speaking on religious subjects, to a congregation of persons in the inferior clan of secietp, at a Chapel in Hopkin street, Berwick-street, Soho. Cettain Magistrates being informed that the doctrines professed - by the defendant were of a blasphemous tendency, two per -1 sons, named Plush, a Parish Constable, and Matthew Matthewson, a journeyman tailor, formerly a seaman for ten years in the King's service, were employed to watch' the defendant's proceedings, with a view to prosecution. On the 25th of October last, in the evening, an assembly of persons, to the number of forty or fifty, was congregated' at the defendant's ChapeVfor the purpose of discussing, as matter of debate, the question-- ,, Whether Lord Chief Justice Abbot's refusal to permit Mr. Richard Carlile (who Was then recently prosecuted for blasphemy), to read the Bible in his defence, was to be attributed to that Learned Judges respect for the Sacred Writings, or for fear that the absurdities and falsehoods contained therein, • should be exposed ?" On that occasion the defendant, who was one of several disputants upon this question, entered into a very free discussion upon the Character, Mission, and Conduct, of our SAvrone, the particulars of which we forbear detailing, as it was stated in the evidence of the above-mentioned two witnesses. The defendant,, whose demeanour throughout • the trial was extremely respectful, addressed the Jury with a few prefatory remarks, alluding to the unfor tunate and neglected circumstances et his early life, having been born of a Negro woman by a Christian, who had abandoned him to the unhappy condition of a slave ; and, after adverting to the circumstance of a residence of forty years in this country. during which time, although in the humble trade of a tailor, he had endeavoured to inform his mind of the know ledge of true Religion, and at length ( became a licensed teacher of Unitarianism, he delivered is a written defence, which he acknoWledged to have been composed by a friend, but expressive of his own feelings aad sentiments as to what he thought proper for his defence, gn the present occasion. The paper put in, which was extremely well written, both in matter and in style, was read by the,Clerk at Nisi Prins, and it contained a very ingenious discourse in favour of the right of free discussion upon all reli gious questions. Several venerable and enlightened authorities were quoted, to shew the inhumanity and futility of persecuting 'men for prognulgating ab stract opinions upon such subjects. Tl:e defence contained, or touched upon, almost every topic, that could be advanced upon such a subject, and con cluded with an appeal to the tolerant disposition of the Jury, who were besought not to give countenance to a spirit of persecution for mere religious opinion and to rescue the defendant from the horrors of a dungeon. No attempt was made to impeach the ve racity or accuracy of the evidence given by the wit uesses for the prosecution. The SOLICITOR- GILNIRAL replied very shortly. The CHM/ hone; summed up the case, and the Jury, after retiring for about half an hour, returned with a ,verdict of Guilty ; but they strongly recom mended the defendant to mercy, on account of the apparent zealous, though erroneous view of the sub ject on which he had descanted. SEDITIOUS TIE KING V. ROBERT. *DOKTER. This defendant, who was tried yesterday and con victed, for publishing a Number cif The Republican, was again tried on a similar charge, for sellin a different Number of the same publiCation, containing a Letter, signed" Richard Cathie," and found Guilty., THE KING V. JAMES FAINSIIVRY AND JAMES WATLIN. These defendants, who were also convicted yes terday, were subjected to a second prosecution for publishing another Number of The Republican, but the ATTortNilli-GENEnAL declined offering any evi dence, and accordingly in such case a verdict of Not Guilty was recorded. 11111 NINO 9. DOLSY. This...defendant applied to have his. trial postponed, on the ground of the absence of a material witness: and the Attorney-General consenting, it was put off, until the Sittings after next 'Perim. . TAIL LING V. JOIIBINS ANN RAMS. In time eases* the SocterroslGnWastaa. Withdrew . the -records, not being prepared with evidence to prove the publication of the alleged libels. - . FEBRUARY U. HOULDITCH V. PAIKI*S. ADOLVilila addressed the Jury. He observed, that this action syn:brought to - recover 'the value of a carriage and harlits sold by the plaintiff to the defendant. The only question would be, 'whether the defendant was tale for tl:e harness, for the car riage had already been paid for. The Learned Coun sel stated, that When Mr:Parkins had been elected to the ()See Of Sheriff, it occurred too hint that a %t -riage would be an indispensable acctimpitnithent: As a carriage could not proceed without harness,, the litter article Was Of course found necessary. A set of 'harness, which had once been - the property of-a foreign Duke, was selected, and - the defendant agreed to purchase it from Mr. Heulditch for the price of seventeen guineas. Mr. H. thinking that this harness would look very bate without some tonament, men. tioned his opinion to the defendant, who could not make up his mind upon the subject without some consideration ; but, as the Lord Mayor's Day was very near, the plaintiff informed the Sheriff, that if be did not hear from him in a day or two, the arm raents should be provided. The defendant subse quently called at the plaintiff's Warehouse and saw the harness, 'and was very well satisfied with After a few more observations, the Learned Counsel proceeded so call, his witnesses. Wm. Garnor, exansinedly Mr, DowoNo, stated, that he is employed in the service laiadE Knows the defendant. Recollects the Wit Tiff cipakbigs b td . Phig-atre to look at some harness reided for MM. ? bas *2s in September last.-1 defendant expressed- great satisfaction at the manner in which the harness was got up. The har ness was ornamented with toppings, roses, and ears bows. The harness, thus ornamented, was after wards sent to Mr. Parkins. The charge was £17175. for the harness as it originally stood, and £l3 for the new decorations. A few days afterwards the Sheriff returned the harness,acc oar panied with a letter, desiring to know by whose order it was sent. Mr. SCARLITT, for the defendant, said, one story was good till another was told. At the time the de fendant was appoistid Sheriff, he had determined to look out for a second-hand carriage, and went to thej plaintiff's to look for one, where he saw the carriage, in question, and agreed to give £l5O for the carriage and harness. At this time the plaintiff did not know that he was bargaining with the Sheriff elect, but af terwards discovering that circumstance,, he wished to change his bargain, and said the carriage was £l5O without 'harness. Mr. Parkins thinking dif ferently, though he consented to take the carriage at the price, refused to have anything to do with the harness.—The following witness was then called : Charles Lawson, examined by Mr. Ifor.r, stated, rat in September of last year, he had occasion to call upon Mr. Parkins, and upon hearing that he hid gone to Mr. Houlditch's, he followed him there. When arrived there, he enquired for Mr. Parkins ? One of Th e Gentlemen present in the warehouse asked witness who Mr. Parkins was? Witness re plied, the Sheriff. What Sheriff ? the Gentleman inquired. Another Gentleman present ansnered, the Sheriff of LondOn. Both Gentlemen then 'left him, and shortly after Mr. Parkins entered_ the shop. 'One of the Gentlemen above.mensioned bowed to Mr.' Parkins, and said—" I had not the honour of knowing that I was serving the Sheriff." They' then went up stairs, and, upon coming down, Mr. Par kins appeared in a passion, and, addressing the Gen-I tleman, said—" If your brother will assert, upon his honour, hat the harness was not included in our bargain, I will relinquish it. I have harness for four 'horses myself." Mr. Parkins turned round to wit ness. and said—" Why did you tell them I was Sheriff ? 1 have been caeated out _of my harness in consequence." Cross-examined by Mr. ADOLPHUS—NO other person was present. Witness in at present a Cletk to Mr. Hodges, coal-merchant. Mr. ADOLPHUS, pointing to the first witness exa mined for the prosecution, asked if he was one of the Gentlemen whom witness had seen in the ware hoirse ? Witness thought he was. William Wall, a boy of fifteen years of age, stated, that he went to Mr. Parkins at Messrs. Houlditch's; Mr. Parkins went about some harness ; witness stated, that Mr. Parkins, at this time, concluded a bargain with Mr. Houlditch for a chariot and ,cress, for 150 guineas ; Mr. Parkins asked if it was a four-horse harness ? Mr. Hottlditch replied—" No; do you . expect to get a four-horse hardens and cha riot for 150 guineas ?" This witness confirmed the account given by the former witness, respecting Mr. Parkins's declaration, that he would resign the har ness, if Mr. Houlditch would declare, upon his ho- , nour, that the harness had not been included. John Smith, the keeper of the stables, recollects the Lord Mayor's-day. This witness proved, that Mr. Parkins expressed his disapprobation of the coachmaker's conduct, and ordered Mr. Houlditch's men to take back the harness. Joseph Gill stated, that the harness was teturned the first fine day. The LORD CHIEF JUSTICZ summed up the evi dence, at considerable length, and the Jury returned a verdict for the defendant. CASTLEREAUH V. BURDETT AND PLACE. Mr. CHITTY stated, that the plaintiff in this action was the Viscount Castlereagh, and the defendants were Sir Francis Burdett, Bait. and Mr. Place. That the action was brought by the plaintiff to recover from the defendants, as two of the inhabitants of the hundred of Ossulston, the sum of £62, being the amount of the damage committed on the plaintiff's house by a riotous assemblage of people, on the 3d of March last, the day of the last Westminster Election. The SOLICiTOR-CENERAL mentioned, that it would be reniembered, that at the last Westminster Elec tion,. Mr. Lamb and Mr. Hobhouse were Candidates. Mr. Lamb on this occasion was successful, and those who had supported Mr.Hobhouse, feeling chagrined - at their disappointment, proceeded to the place where Mr. Lamb's friends were assembled, at the Britith Coffee-house, in Vockspur-street ; that they there committed certain outrages, and that a cry was raised to proceed to the house of Viscount Castle reagh. A person on horseback, on hearing the pro- 1 posal, had ridden forward to alarm the plaintiff's, family in St..tatues's.square. In consequence of thin k ] ere doors were barricadoed, and preparations midi ,to repel the intended attack. A short time after* . wards, a number of persons came across the square; and commenced an attack on the plain t iffs house, by throwing stones at the windows. The stones that were at first thrown must have been brought from a tobsiderable distance, as there were none of that de scription previously in the square. The rioters had afterwards made use of large pavement stones, which they had thrown with great violence against the door ; a purl of the pavement opposite the house bar. ing been taken Up for the pUrpose of repairing the; street. In consequence of the attack, the glass and wood-work of the windows had been completely de. 'Polished, and the damage, as he should prove by the Witnesses, amounted to 02. - The action was, founded on Statute 57 George 111. c. 19, sec. 58, by which it had been enacted, a That .in every vase where any house, shop, &c. shall be destroyed or damaged, &c. by the act or acts of any 'mates or 'tumultuous assembly, that the inhabitants of the city j or town, if such city or town be in itself a county or otherwise, or the inhabitants of the hundred in which such damage shall be don; dtc. shall be liable to yield full compensation in damages to the persons injured.° . Th e present defendants were two of the 'inhAitants of the hundred in-which the damage had been to emitted on the Sd of March last. Francis Bappels, the house-steward of his Lord ship., was called to give testimony as to the damage. :hum been committed and Michael O'Brien, gra zier, Ind Isaac Derby, carpenter, to depose as to the - "oust of the damages. '4(t Twain:on, collector of taxes of the perhh of `*- deposed, that the houses of the plairttif ' ;IROW.I . . ,and defbndunts *ere in the parish of St. James 211.1 ,Mr. Burchell, acting Under• Sheriff, stated them to be in the hundred of Ossulston. Mr. EVANS addressed the Jury for the defendants. He would not have said anything upon this occa sion, had some aspersiOns not been thrown out against Mr. Hobhouse by the Solicitor-General. He thee■ fore begged it to be understood, that it was rut the friends or. adherents of Mr. Hobhouse who had been the authors of the riot, and of the damage which had ensued in consequence of it.' He said so, that no re- ' port might get abroad to the disadvantage of his friend, who, he would say, was as honourable a mss as the Noble Viscount himself The LORD CRIMP JUSTICE summed up the esti 11ence, and the Jury gave a verdict for the piaintii4 ....,, • ." ": : CLERICAL INTELLIGENCE OXFORD, FEBRUARY 211. Saturday, the Hen. and Rey. Edward Rice, M.A. lane FelB4 .4 of All Souk' College, and Prebendary of Worcester Cadaver* 'was admitted Bachelor and Doctor of Divinity, Grand Coed ' pounder; and Philip Wilson, of. Trinity College, was athillittra Bachelor of Arts. Wednesday, the nomination of the Rev. George Iharter. 'Fellow of Queen's College ; and of the Rev. Thomas Vorater Short, M.A. Student .of Christ Chtuch, re& Public Examine% 'was approved in Convocation. ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS . The Rev. William Clayton, B.A. is presented to the Ream' of ayborgh Magna and Parra, .Norfolk. The Rev. Richari Eaton, B.A. to the Rectory of Eking. is Norfolk. The lion. Betkeley Octavio. Noet,of Trinity College. Cam brlfte, and the Hon. Frederick Emmanuel Hippolytus Curzoo; of Magdalen College, were on Wednesday Last admitted Honer ray Masters of Arts. The Rev. Joseph George Meet, of Je sus College, Canshriegei was on the same day admitted Bachelor in Civil Law ; and ' Robert Roupell, of Trinity College. Bachelor of Arts. Mr. Alfred Meant, of Trinity College, was 'on Wedneidag unanimously elected Scholar on Lord Craven's foundatitin. The Rev. G. Mettam, A.M. has been instituted by the Bislhop of Lincoln to the Vicarage of Arnesby, Leicestershire. Richard Watertiebi, Esq. B.A. of Emmanuel College, Ca bridge, was, on the 13th inst. elected a Fellow of that Societe. On he 14th instant, the AssOciate Congregation of Donfefin line gave an unanimous call to Mr. 13 , ,0rge Banat, Pre:cheat the Gospel, to be colleague with, and probable successor to the Rev. Dr. Black, their present Minister. The Senate of the University of Glasgow have conferred fits degree of LLD. on the Rev. Michael Russel, Minister of the Episcopal Congregation .In Leith ; and the degree of Doctor in Divinity on the Rev. James Barr, Liverpool. • The following is a Statement made by Mr. Hue- CONDE, in the Common Council on Thursday: Stipends paid by the City of London . for the .C. support of the Clergy annually, (besides their glebes, perquisites, and other preferznents),sestled as lately as the year Iso4, on a petition then made to Parliament, viz. 12,241 2 8 In 1813, the Clergy again petitioned Parlia ment, for kave Ita bring in a Bill for the further increase of their Stipends, and proposed that the sum of E 13,343 Gs. Bd. should' be added to the above sum 13,343 4 & 4 llsking the enormous am of £25,5114 -9 4 A very singular circumstance has occurred relative to one of the conspirators, Davidson. On Tuesday morning, he received thirty shillings from the Men &City Society, for the purpose of redeeming his tool!, he representing himself to be a carpenter, and ac wally out of employ in consequence of not being -. able to procure the necessary implements. With this money, however, he went, on Wednesday morning, to a house in the neighbourhood of Soho-square, and purchased a blunderbuss, irhich was the one he used at the time-of the - affray, and which Mr. BEANIE has now in his possession. the Rev: Merles Henry Grove, Hilts, to Eliza, daughter of the tato Rdward Hopkins, Esq. Tuesday se'nnight, at Halifax, the Rev. Edward HA, of 'Stoughton, in Craven to Mary-Annt, eldest daughter of dui late Mr. Swanson, solicitor of the fotmer place. DIED. Pettiest)* 13, at Wertmotir,c7fa ilegoing decline, Anther/ Bell, Rap an eminent Land Agent and Surveyor. Thursday se nnigbt, at Weymouth, Isabella Harriet Homer, ' &milt danghlei of Colonel 'lnns &runways. Monday, Tbontli Back, Esq. banker, Nuririch. Aged 7$ the Be?. Thomas Fox Rector of Wappertan, mad Dorset, and of Abbas Csninbe, Soenetget: At PdaMatt, Surrey, the Rev. Rogers Ruling, B.D. Vicar Of that parish, F. &A. and M. M.A.S. of Neticastle-opon-Tyne. • Domes et platens ease. Hod. Thy haw owl I Awing wre. SOCRATES, by his discourse on Marriagq; so eo raptured his &editors with the subject, that she monied men Sew to their wives, and the bachelors hastened to he wedded-; and m The Spectator" beg affirmed, that the word wife is the 11110111 L agreeable and 'delightful name in nature. The sacred institaties, thee, of marriage, congresses the desideratum of our enjoy.nient„ teeming not only with happiness on earl, but &posies the song itself to harmonise with bliss hereafter. Previous, however, tot entering into this hallowed obligation, it becomes an imperative dutl, not only to regulate the passions, but to cleaner the grosser nature from these liapurities which the freedom of unrestricted pleisteensay have entailed on it. To * neglect of such Mus tiest safe attribitable many of tithes hapless instances, which, while they excite the commiseration of the beholder, Mould able Impress him with the fair of self-reproach. Luxurious habits will effeminize the body, a /hide** ha the Tropics will relax the elastic fibre, but mere especially does that premature Infatuation of youth too frequently compromise the . eatnrai dignity inhe a state of insoition, from whence the *Lb nixed indicter non than doubts the chance of relief. To ad ' such, then, we address eunelves, aeries hope, energy, MIIIICF Ur strength, felicity ; nor will our Advances appear quesdoeable, saoctisocd as they are by the multiplied proofs of twenty yea* successful experience: sexy canoed mania Steam low times disturbed by the senden of those. blessings which eon castrate the nuptial lir ; for the female habit is often coma rationally week, yet it eau be strengtbooed, and deka.= goer ism functional power. b rety ease of syphilitic intrusion, as well as ie evieyrobie. , Woo of the generative economy, we wedge oar &tinny to chin speedily, and with effect. Xarnestly solicitous to expel the un feeling (mimic from the position so presamptuotidy taken nes we deviate from general principles with less hesitation; sad salt' Gant in our own hoosurable integrity, as Members of the Cad lege of Surgeons, we refer the suffering consomnky of oithel 6 sea (especially those entering into matrimonial We), of owe td our house, where daily attendance ingiven for personal consul' Melon and letters from the manor, are iminediately answered # lime most monis a render', for advice and inedielee, whit* eme be forwarded to any part of the world, balmier 444104 • GOSS and Co. M. R. C. Sargon*. IS, Bewreritritteet Fleet-street, London. Just published, 10th Edition, The MIS of LIFE., a haulier Commentary on the *Wig masse.—ray GOES and Co.—Addaessoll to the Youth all Maturity's( boob Sean. May be had at lin 1104Pateroostenrow# It, Pall Mall; 94, Genaramtreet ; Ile, Plest- street; ; and dal/ Boitheellera, price Ss. PIIGNAVATER at LOS' Mowing - Aftsamoem f BRIDGE TO-MORRO*. 27 minutes attar 2 43 It . LOON: Priand ala published by Lira Low y swims Terapisaar ' 4...mgmighal• .. ILI -ttt 3 to 1 1 .6 tbi .1 . 61 tei IA kb B 1 JI so - N ti( ..