Star. — London, England, 1829-12-31 00:00:00

f 4 s /• I COLUMBIA. TO THE EDITOR OF THE STAR. LETTER V. Boson, an. 17, IWO. SI R—Carthagens having capitulated, the conquest of tliew Grenada, menaced from the north, south, and east offered but few difficulties, the internal provinces being in an indefensible state, from the feebleness of the Go vernment and the decay of national spirit. Nevertheless, some resolute patriots made every possible effort to resist the enemy, but Fortune did not favour their va lour, and the Independent forces being beaten in,Cachiri, ,Popayan, and La Plata, the hated banner of CASTILE again waved over the whole country. Such were the results of our errors, of oar morbid de sire to be making experiments during these six years— Constitutions prematurely adopted, and exaggerated liberalism conducted us to civil war, and rendered us i b capable of opposing the common enemy. We thus were subdued.—lt was then that bloatu.o uireil distinction by the horrible celebrity he obtained. 1 , 'mutated by the demon of vengeance, this modern e, with his coailjutors MONTALVOS, SA MANS., WAR ILIITA, Mona Les, Emma, perpetrated every species of !atrocity. These barbarians violated the most holy laws, committed the most outrageous judicial murders, destroyed thole populations in mass, multiplied banishments nd confiscations—disturbed the quiet of whole families, land insulted modesty and misfortune. The Inquisition, !with all its horrors, was re-established ; Science herself ould not protect within her sanctuary the most distin i'dlit,4 of her disciples. The splendour of genius alarmed the destroyers, and our most learned men !were deliverwi over to the executioners. Never did a 'greater deluge or ills, terror, and iniquity, fall upon any country. Despotism had invaded every part, and the Republic only found refuge in a handful of intrepid de fenders. Venezuela soaked--empapada, with blood, covered with corpses, and with ruins still undaunted, L contended for liberty. Se RAZA occupied the Plains of Barcelona Cedeno, and MONA OAS defended the banks of the Orinoco. SANTAN DER hattacceeded in saving some remains of the force of New Grenada. and Pass and URDAN ETA SW tabled themeelves in Vezina*, and Casanare. With these elements conjointly with those which had survived Abe emigration of Carthagena, the resurrection of the kemstry was prepared. But a centre of union was want . 'ing—s Chief who was capable of organising the means of attsek—an authority, in fact, whom all would obey. It wee then BOLI VAR re-appeared. Assisted by the PlNSi dent, PETION, with warlike stores, arc. BOLTV AR had sailed from Aux Cayes with 300 companions, worthy of being the associates of Leo:rums—and hers com mences the third period—the last act of the Yamanaka Revetutien. The armament reached Margarita, already iniurged by the intrepid AILILIMINDI, where a new existence was 4ideon to the Republic, by a proclamation of her laity and indivisibility, and by the appointment of Bo- LIVAZ 55 supreme chief. With indefatigable ac tivity, the patriots attacked immediately the essay front, rear, and flanks. Moat ta.o, who had hastened with great succours from Santa N to ins tain the royalist party, saw his pride humbled in the heroic island of Margarita. Bomoss, SOU. BLETTE, PAEZ, BERMUDEZ, allowed him no repose. From the plains of Coinere to the mouths of the Orinoco" —from the mountains of Canaeas to the banks of the Apure—they maintained continued combat. In their very defeats they had learnt the art to conquer ; and if in Lahogasa, in La Puerta, and Comma, the canoe of IndependeTMx acquired only cypress wreaths; in Guy ana, in Cambium, in Sombrero, and in San Fer nando, it was crowned with the most luxuriant laurels. Our soldiers were naked, wanted arms, often wanted food ; but Liberty excited them to the most mar vellous acts of devoted patriotism and heroic exertions. The results of this campaign of the year 1818, were physically and morally most important.—Great Pro vinces saw themselves liberated—Foreigners, some of qtem actuated by desire of gain, others by the noblest ittettr• es, facilitated our acquisition of means to carry oa the war, and others again came to expose their lives in the contest for our independence. Europe, astonished, contemplated the spectacle of misfortune dignified by constancy, and the republic presented itself to the eyes of the universe in full majesty ; when her chief protesting against the intervention which the Spanish monarch had solicited at the Congress of Aix-le-Chapelle, solemnly proclaimed that " Venezuela was resolved t 0 .," heiny her : Olf entirely in the midst of her ruins to disesiel* rights naimpaired, eves if Spain, Europe, and t:this whole world, should attempt to replace her under Sitrylihe of FAIDINAND." r• - • • . The Liberator, alfestive to the necessities iitthe lion, and believing that the time was arrived' to bond the public liberties, had convoked a CongriSS;.' which assembled in Angostura in 1819. At the installation of the Assembly, BOLIVAR made a report of hi" tadminie trail= of affairs, surrendered his supreme authstity, and submitted to the intelligence of the Constituent Body his project of a Constitution. The speech which iciempanist contained itistrudive considerations on the cart of our eahunities—the most profound reflections on the condi tiss of our people, and luminous views for the eseablish meat of our future political system. ' Germs' BOLIVAR at that time hasouriilllY prod himself to incur some by pitting . hie opinions in opposition to some of the prevailing grisites of the day that he might confer a baiting haat .411 his country. He on that occasion prayed the Con. INN to abandon thefamleral form. and tie trimeniraii —stirs power. He recommended that the Is power should be dispossessed et rabidity C i r did not *Opt* belong to tai 41 1 Istrediters Senate should be rotekland. *faired a new code of Laws, sad fmallyvimmtmanisi the Union of New Granada with Venezuela. Many of his suggestions were adopted, and produced great benefits; and if some more of them had been listened to, a giant step would have been taken in the amelioration of our Institutions, and our country would have been saved' ' frail many severe afflictions ; but the Liberator was far advanced in political knowledge before his Fellow Citizens. Being elected, however, by the Congress, Supreme Chief of Venezuela, he departed in search of the enemy. In May, 1819, having decreed in Mantical the resto ration of New Granada, he determined on carrying, him self, into execution, this formidable undertaking. Three long years had these provinces groaned under s sceptre of iroq, and implored Heaven for liberty and vengeance— Heaven at last heard their prayer. The imagination is bewildered with surprise when it con templates the means with which Bou v.'s engaged in this enterprise, the difficulties which he had to over come, and the results which were produced. The same chief who, from the banks of the Magdalena, had carried liberty to the extreme limits of Barcelona and Guyana, now returned with only two thousand men, to dis charge his debt of gratitude to New Granada, by ressuing her from Spanish dominion. He opened the campaign in the most rigorous season of the winter, when Moatia.o least expected him, encountering every kind of difficulty, privation, and danger ; and having to pass swollen rivers, inundated plains, and frosen deserts. The plains and the Andes being passed, nature as it were being overcome, and united with the force which he found in Casanare, it was then easier to conquer, Bouvet' having an enemy, although inured to war, and far superior in number. In fact, he did triumph over this enemy in Garners, Vargas, and Bonze, and in the battle Boyack (one of the most brilliant that the military pages of our history offers,) the seal was placed on the 7th of August to the act of the eman cipation of New Granada. In the moment its capital was liberated, various important provinces in the north, south, and west, were also freed with the most rapid velocity. Thus the prophecy which General Bo Lt vAR made in August 1818, was accomplished —" The sun shall not complete the period of his course (words used in his proclamation to the Grenadian) without seeing on your territory altars, consecrated to liberty." Hour ea did not remain in Santa FC longer than was necessary to complete his brilliant work, to organize the branches of the Administration, and to give a new impulse to the military operations. Returning to Angos tura, he was present when Congress, composed of the representatives of the newly liberated provinces of New Granada andVenernela, established on the 17th Dec. 1819, the union of the two countries—then " in the midst of the ancient forests, and the vast solitudes of the Orinoco, was created that colossal Republic, which has one foot fined on the shores of the Atlantic and the other on the Pacific." Its Founders, desirous of repairing an injustice which time bad sanctioned for so many ages, resolved to raise a glo rious monument to the discoverer of the New World, and give the name of Com; al Ato a noble and heroic nation. It has been very painful for me to have been obliged, in the course of this narrative, to record the errors of the Revolution; but truth required my censure, and the love of the country which gave me birth imposed on me the duty to point out the rocks on which the vessel struck, that future pilots charged with its direction may escape them. Justice, on the other hand, may absolve our states men, from their political errors, in consideration of the cir cumstances which surrounded them, and of the cha racter of the mass they had to regulate. It must be recollected, that if antient Greece found in her /mai tuitions powerful motives to sustain her independence—if they created for her service a SOCZATES, a SIMON, and SNARISTIDES, that, on the contrary, it was men who bad in the first instance to found the independence of Colombia, and then to frame abovo all her institutions. It has been most disagreeable for me to have been obliged to track through the whole of the struggle the bloody steps of the ferocious agents of Spain. Independence has, indeed, sufficiently avenged these outrages against humanity, but history must record them in her pages, to consign the authors to an eternal infamy. It is now time to reflect on this portion of triumph, and of misfortune, of glory, and of shadow, which I have traced. Let us repose a moment to contemplate Oa interesting scene, which in the midst of the horrible desbustion of arms presented itself to mitigate the general matting. Let us review what good may be cited to the honor of our fellow citizens, and the Governments which existed during the period to which we have now brought down our history. Our Revolution may bout names that would illus trate the annals of any_ nation for their moral and intel lectual distillaioll.-.SIIIIAND_ 2 A ZZA, CALDAS, CA NACHO MIIIINOZ Tenon, NARDI°, TORRES, Gu- TIRRILEZ, Recto, CABAL, TORICAS, lIRAADOT, RIDAVATL, POLICARPA, SALATATIIRRA, and a hun dred others, than wbom none in any age or country are men deserving of esteem and fame, for their noble edndedneee, their enlightened understandings, and heron virtues. The valour, indeed,with which when abandoned by the whole world we fought for, and conquered Me- 1 , latissie W given to the Columbian name an Musty& lea that secures it the respect of mankind. •By the act which constituted a sovereign authority in the, etrantry, those chains were broken, which tad so long tistr Webb. We read our rights from that epoch in the great heck of the creation. Every man was allowed freely toe:n ein his voluntary inclination—whether to cultivate the bads he pose/end, or to apply himself to worksof industry. Our implaws were opened to all Nations, and neither the finiener who came to dwell among us, nor the native we any longer compelled to employ inwhitimi-ter agency between the FATHER of the .llntv sass end his own conscience. That tribunal of blood and darkness was abolished, which arro gantly s4eW, is the name of Gon not only men's Wiese, but disk opinions, and even tho ughts ; which im pend silence oa ail the legal authorities, and before which pas was made to billable. Humanity breathed for the first time en our soil by the progressive abolition of slavery. By the aid of the Press a thousand tenths were made known—the governors and the governed 11111111,11 into friendly reletione, and the p oss ible espy was - gins to the 0011.1 Plaelly, the occasion was Aired for ad tinting ail tin semen plans at Wendy and $llll/11: end if their lint finite have been meaty aid Welk the= is so doubt but the day will cane, der wlhii the ad% saturated with bleed, will produce the • richest, and the streeteet,. under the astern et the bentiemit dew of eivi, 'Unties. LOYALTY IN ENGLAND. F lOlll THE PARISIAN CORRESPONDENT Of " THE MORNING CHILOWICLO." In Great Britain the Whigs are loyal ; and Lord Grey would scarcely be more offended at being told be was not a gentleman than that he was not loyal. I believe the Whip tobe as attached to the House of Brunswick as the Tories ; and the page of history, indeed, has proved that lam correct. I hardly know whether the Reformers, now so small a band, are loyal or not ; but their minority, when compared with Ihe whole population of the King dom, renders them but of little importance. In England Reform is only talked of now when bread is a shilling per loaf, or at the eve of a general election. Perhaps the Reformers are not loyal, speaking of the mass of them, though I very much doubt whether amongst themselves they are not equally divided. You have also a sect of them called Radicals, who are neither Reformers nor Whip. They are not the former, because they do not Snd in reform of Parliament a panacea for all their woes --and they are not the latter, since they abuse the Whigs with yet more of acrimony than they do the Tories. I have seen and known some " Radicals," both in England and abroad; !have read their writings, watched - their proceedings, and examined their speeches; and I as fully convinced that even your Cobbetts, Hunts, and O'Connells, and Humes, would not only not lead, but not even support any proposition which would go to thariarght of the House of Brunswick or to diminish tinit portion of power which the Constitution of Great Britain has vested in the King. I therefore may or may not consider these men mistaken, ignorant, and prejudiced, or wise, patriotic, and enlightened. But I have no right to call them disloyal. I know The Times has always been considered one of the most violent and determined opponents of the enemies to popular rights and representative institutions, but I cannot call to my mind one occasion on which it has attacked the Royal prerogatives, or spoken with revolu tionary feeling, or excited to revolutionary purposes. I read The Morning Chronicle, when edited by that staunch Whig-Mr. Perry,whose writings will ever remain an honour to British literature, and whose principles were those of the most liberal, yet constitutional nature. I have continued very frequently, and with but few inter vals (and theta resulting from foreign residence in distant parts, where no English paper could be found), to read the same Journal, and I must admit that I have never read a line which was not loyal, and the tendency of which was in any degree hostile to the Royal Family of England. And, finally, not only do I find the opposition parties and opposition press in England to be loyal, but the opposition Electors and Members of both Houses of Parliament. I know not that you can find in any part of his Bri tannic Majesty's dominions two places where the electors or the elected are less of a Tory caste than at Westmin ster and Preston. Yet, let me ask you, Sir, do you be lieve that the electors of either place would listen to a man for a moment, much less vote for him, if he began his discourse by declaring, " I am a friend to England, but an enemy to the House of Brunswick ; I am a friend to England, but an enemy to our limited Monarchy—to our representative institutions, and to the existence of Peers, Commons, and King, in the Constitution; and I am a friend to E ngland, but a friend also to the principles of Republicanism, and I desire that England may become a Republic ;" I ask you, Sir, would not the electors of Westminster be yet more indignant against such a dis turber of the public peace than they were with the late Lord Londonderry, when the Acts you called " The •Gagging Acts" were passed' No, no, the English mob, the very mob, is loyal. And then as to the elected—the Members of the Howes of Parliament! Why, Lord King would tremble, and Lord Holland faint, at the idea of the possibility of it being possible for any one in that House to speak with any other feeling than that of the most profound respect and affection of his Majesty and the Royal Family ; and even in the Lower House, Mr. Hume, whose intrepidity astonishes his own party, and whose industry and perse verance have won the respect of his antagonists—Mr. Hume himself would rather resign his seat, cease to be a Scotcbman, and never drink another glass of whisky toddy north of the Tweed, than he would second, nay, even third a motion, the object, either expressed or implied, of which would be to reflect directly or indirectly on the head of the august House of Brunswick, which now rules in the hearts and over the councils of the British nation. STATE OF THE PRESS IN FRANCE. They say there are hie hundred and seventeen Liberal Journals in France, and twenty-seven Royalist. Why that is just what I said in a former letter. About nine or ten to one. They say there are 283,000 subscribers to the Liberal Journals, and only 34,000 to the Royalist. Why that accords with the estimate I made of the divi sion of the two parties. They say there are 3,000,000 of -readers of the liberal Journals, and 450,000 of the Royalist—and whilst the income of the former journals is nearly 2,000,000 of francs, the income of the latter is not half of one million. I have a file of Departmental papers before me. They are filed indiscriminately, and, for the sake of illustration, I will take them off in the order in which they are filed. Well, I have taken off a dozen, and out of that dozen two only are loyal—the one is the Journal du Dipart mese du Nord, and the Journal du Gers. I have taken them off indiscriminately. SOON day I will give you the substance of the leading articles of a week's provincial papeis, and then you will judge whether I am right, when I say not merely that the Parisian but that the Provincial Press is not loyal. And to be yet a lids. more explicit. Are the Editors of the Comfit"- tiesmel, the Courrier Francais, the Messages. des Chan dra and Le Tempt, loyal men—men devoted to liberty on die one hand, but to the , preservation of the Monarchy ea the other ? Pooh ! I say no more. They are mos of talint—men devoted to their party—men, perchance, whose hearts beat high at the sound of liberty and a re pine, but whose blood would freeze in their veins if ley shy to the Bourbons should be imputed to them. They may love their country—adore the very image and sign, the emblem, the mere cap of liberty : bat royalty, loy alty, they cannot pronounce the words. They beard of such thing when young, and when they listened to old wives' fables ; but that was cradle politics and patriotism!. Varive y , a ll these Journals are under prosecution for not be , and their defence is,. that it is no crime not to loyal, though it is a crime not to be patriotic. Shall LOlNpassages ? Shall I give extracts ? I have done rtitiFSl might multiply them until my letter should sa no the Petitions against Catholic limancips dong. wore, last year, presented to your two Chain hisiv; mai they would be nearly, if not quite, as useless ! Tait I~ mil! ossdann - my enervation. by one more fact.— tegesele have enedsumed the paper called the Stuff imai do Dom Seem, for having provoked the army to I ahisheibesee of the King and the laws. The Seistinell ,ebess ? Fee the —fer the Beedese— LE**Threse ? No, se. The Sestina et the people ashamed iv the 'bribes& for this came te esi GARCIA DV 130. I twieepriewaset. EXECUTION-(7111$ DAY). sad Maynard, edibe4ng Le. g . le l a da w y into aPPeelded exectition fse on ear ;lre n pe g moas the 61 01 Netagals was siffteriftt, and Sand:find; the area before if the crowd, we refire. exees, and .8o email portion melee; many of whom were nt... was compose d o f ir e _ domee they had received an a manner as reasonably have been expected to have b.. that nugn — t heft in them. The behaviour of the culprit.. hater baud had induced a more than ordinary degree ort7.. lanes ea the part of the worthy Governor and the officers placed ender him ; and it rosy be here mintiosed, that is oddities to the plot which has appeared of the intention oe destroy the wall of the geol by der. several ether plots have come to the kno g w u l l = of the Go vernor, but which we. from ohrions reasons, forbear to notice. With respect to that of the gunpowder a very erroneous idea has gone abroad. That two half pounds of gunpowder had been introduced into the prison there can be no doubt ; but the mode by which it was introduced is, in reality, only known to the parties immediately concerned and the Governor, veto, of course, cannot be expected to make it public ; ad thus give others an opportunity of making a similar attempt, which, had it even been carried into execution, must have proved fatal to the conspirators. A more im t discovery, however..was nude yesterday.-- y, the discovery that prussic acid had been introduced into the gaol, and had got ea far towards its destination as to be found in one of the walls of the yard in which the con demned culprits, ordered for execution. are allowed to walk. A letter also, written by Newett, was stopped, in which he declared to a friend, that though he was ordered to die on the scaffold, he would not expire on the gal lows, and thus be made a public spectacle of. This, of course, at first threw the greatest suspicion on this un happy culprit, and a close watch was set on him ; the pre caution having been taken of first removing the deadly drug, which was contained in a bottle about the thick • ness of a common quill. Immediately after the friends of the mitterable beings had taken their last farewell of them they were most rigidly searched. Persons were placed constantly over them, and each of them now seriously turned hb attention to his impending fate, and the whole are des cribed to have behaved with becoming fortitude. Every endeavour was made to trace out by what means the prussic acid was introduced ; but Newett solemnly pro tested that he was innocent of all knowledge of the fact, and but for the letter his assertions would no doubt have been believed. His denial, however, had the effect of causing the vigilance of the officers to be redoubled to wards the others, and so carefully were they attended to, that any attempt of self-destruction would have proved abortive. At an early hour Dr. Cotton, Mr. Baker. the Rev. Mr. Edwards, Dr. Home from Berlin, with a friend, arrived at the gaol, when the Reverend Gentleman proceeded to the room in which the four culprits were placed. They found them tranquil and resigned with the excepdori of Les i who attributed to a certain person that he had restrained the workmen in the shop from subscribing in aid of his unfortunate wife and child ; he, however, joined fer vently with his fellow sufferers in prayer, and the Sacra ment having been administered to them, they continued in prayer until the arrival of the Sheriffs. At this time there was a dense mass of persons collected, and a few minutes before eight o'clock, the procession moved for ward to the press-mom, when the culprits were intro duced. Newett first entered, and walked up to the yeoman of the rope with a firm step. He appeared firm and col lected ; but when the officer had pinioned his arms, and. he had been led to a seat, a deadly paleness overspread his features, and he with difficulty supported Sandford was next ushered in. His irons had been knocked off previously. This young man approact.ed. the yeomen with great confidence; a smile beamed over his whole features, and the officers having performed their duty, he said GOD bless you aft, and took his Belt by the side of Newett, to whom be said something which was understood to be an advice to keep up his spirits. Leslie next entered : he walked with a hurried step, and there was a something approaching to wildness abouthim which struck every one. He recognised some persons, and while his arms were being pinioned, be turned round and said GOD bless you all. Maynard was the IlAt brought in. He was very much altered since his trial, and appeared firm. Every thing being now ready, Dr. Cotton led the way, and the miserable victims to the offended laws proceeded to the foot of the fatal machine. Newett ascended first, followed by Sandford,.Leslie, and Maynard. Sandford shed tears and sobbed violently. Leslie bid the multitude farewell ; and after a abort time spent in prayer, the culp ri ts were launched into eternity. Mayn ard appeared to stiffer more than the others, occasioned by the lightness of his person, but his sufferings were soon put an end to, by the usual means ; and thus the last day of the year closed the last earthly sufferings of these four unhappy young men. After banging the usual time, the bodies were cat down and placed in separate coffins, in order to be delivered over to eir friends. TIIOUGIITS ON EPICIIIIISII.—To be enthralled by beauty, or by the festal pleasures of the wine eup—to ba overcome by ambition—by a passion for literary fame, or martial glory, is an excusable bondage. But to be in subjection to veal pies; to be conquered by a curry ! to succumb to a ailrs bead, or to surrender all the ucbler and refining passions of men to a passion for given fat ! ! 1 is an inglorious and 4egrading prostration, and lank the' intellectual being With , the quadruped. As Miss Batly, neyount lady, residing at Dartmoutli place, Blackheatho was passing by Kennington turnpike. gate, a fellow ran against her ' and at the same time snatched out of , her hand a dark green velvet rational", which were a pair of gold spectacles, a handsome brooch set with pearls, and a gold seal. There is now- at Bordeaux a young gnl born without feet and vrithoutarnis who writes, draws, knits, and loads a pistol with her mou th : she i almost on dexteiods with her nose, and phiys 4lifereat maltase on the piano. She is also stated to possess remarkable beauty. 111114711,4ALD Walt= Dio. In. . :lamp or sompo. 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