Star. — London, England, 1830-09-18 00:00:00

The knowledge of.anatomy and physiology, with the means of pre serving health, which all will acquire from childhood. will make every man his own physician, and under artificial remedies for health, almost, if tot altogether, unnecessary. And the language of common sense will be used relative to medicine and health, as it will be in every other department of life. The time and labour now employed in the military and naval profes to prevent mankind acquiring knowledge or wealth, but to de. %troy both, and to assist the priesthood and lawyers in confounding and rendering useless- the most valuable faculties of the human race, and in keeping the lower in obedience to the upper classes, will also become unnecessary; the superior system for producing a superfluity of wealth for all, will remove every cause of disobedience to the powers that be, and all opposition to their full enjoyment of the good things of this w..rld. . . flie legislators, the priests. the lawyers, the physicians, soldiers, and military. seders. mar all be allowed a perpetual holiday; for it will be an incalculable gain .m the producers to support them in idleness rather that, they should be employed as they all have been, and as they now are. to the injury of their own dispositions and minds, and to the utter destruction of every thing truly rational throughout society. All that the producers require of them in return, is, that they, the producers, still be permitted to acquire as much knowledge, and to create as much wealth for the now-producers, as they can consistently with their own health and reasonable comfort. And of this amount, retaining one tenth only for their own use, for I have no doubt that the producers, after due reflection, will agree to give the non producers nine-tenths of they create, and be themselves content with the remaining tenth. Some of you may imagine 1 am not serious in making these proposals, hut. I :assure you that it is my most conscientious opinion, that the in.. dustrious classes would be benefited beyond all calculation by this ar rangement, and that the upper or non-producing classes would also be Ai, a situation greatly superior to their present condition, inas much as the system of deception and coercion, which they are now obliged to practise, would be unnecessary. They might also employ their time and talents In matters really useful and beneficial to themselves and society, and thus secure much higher enjoyment than by spending their nights in Parliament, or in preaching or praying, or in confounding each other and the public by continually repeating, in the Courts of Law, a jargon unintelligible to common sense, which they are now obliged to do in part for form's sake, and more especially to perplex the understandings of the people, to preserve the present system among a sufficient number to support its continuance in any manner. I therefore propose for your consideration the following resolutions, s.nd if you adopt them, as I hope you will unanimously, I trust you will address his Majesty, and petition both Houses of the new Parlia ment, in accordance with them. 'file first resolution which I propose for your consideration is— I. That the desire to be permitted to acquire knowledge for our selves, and to be allowed the means of creating a large amount for the upper classes and non-producers, and a small amount of wealth for ourselves, say one-tenth of the former. 2. That the present occupations among the upper classes, and the direct competition of the labour-saving unconsuming machinery with our labour, are now the obstacles which prevent us from acquiring knowledge and creating wealth, except in the mist limited degree, and under the most wretched circumstances. _ _ 3. That we know of no means of changing this most lamentable state of human existence, except by an enlightened equality of condition, ac. cordjng to age, or a voluntary system of production by which the work. ing classes ahall, upon being supplied with land and capital, give to the non-producers ; who, without contest, shall receive nine-tenths of all the wealth annually created. 4. That the meeting is of opinion that there is not yet sufficient knowledge among mankind, or freedom from early mysterious notions and old established habits, for either the producers, or the non-pro diteers, now to adopt a voluntary system of equality of education and cond:non. b. l'hat the Meeting is of opinion that the second mode of voluntary production is the mode suited to the present degraded state of the human intellect, and to the present wretched habits and practice of mankind. 6. That therefore this meeting will address his Majesty and petition both houses of Parliament in conformity witir the above resolutions, in the hope that these all-important subjects may undergo a fair, full, :.red dispassionate investigation by the Cabinet, and the new Par. 1 iarnen t. ADDRtSS TO HIS MAJESTY. Staa,—We congratulate you on your accession to the throne of these dominions, and sincerely desire that you may be more fortunate and prosperous as a sovereign and a man, and more beneficial to these realms than any of your predecessors. We sincerely desire health and happiness to her Majesty Queen Adelaide, and that she may possess wisdom and strenNit of mind and inclivation to aid your Majesty in her station to ob.. twin the amelioration in the condition of your subjects,which the new and xtraurdinary changes effected by the progress of knowledge, now renders necessary, to save a large portion of them from the dire ealami. tits of poverty and crime, and a small portion of them from the evils inse. parable from an excess of wealth. We, therefore, now implore your Ma. jesty to permit the people of these realms to form improvements in their condition to enable them to acgtiire real knowledge, useful to themselves and others and to create a superfluity of all kinds of wealth for your Ma. esty, and the upper classes of society, and the reasonable necessaries and com.forts of life for ourselves and our children. We are prepared to sub. mit the practical means of producing this change among your subjects, without creating evil to one of them to the examination and severe) scrutiny of the imperial Parliament of these dominions; we therefore earnestly entreat your Majesty to recommend to the new Imperial Parliament about to commence its proceedings, that this "all-important, ' and now most necessary subject should be the fi rst to occupy their deliberation ; and that it may be calmly and maturely considered, with. out passion or prejudice, for or against any portion of the population your Majesty's witkly-extended.dominions. We conclude by assuring your Majesty that we have no sinister views in preparing this address that we have no desire to see the peace of these realms disturbed ; nor have we any other wish, than to promote the good of the people, and the happiness of your Majesty, and that of her .tlajesty Queen Adelaide. . PETITION TO BOTH HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. HUMBLY SIIEWETH, That you petitioners deeply deplore the wretched condition to which the working classes have been reduced by a continued diminution in the value of their labour. arising from an overwhelming competition with labour-saving unconsuming machinery. That under the existing ar rangement of society, in which human labour, consequently human hap pitnss, is made an article of fluctuating value, and liable to an increased competition from scientific improvement which adds to productive power, your Petitioners can discover no limit to the oppression and slavery which this system, so long as it be permitted to remain. will unavoidably inflict on all, wit:derive their support from manual labour, or from their mental exertions. IThat your Petitioners blame no parties for the present evils which esilat In society ; they are conscious that they have arisen from the natu ral progress of events, and that the remedy must arise front the same source; that, is from the increase of human knowledge derived from experitmce. That this experience now makes it evident to you petitioners that a change in the organization of society is unavoidable ; the necessity for it arising front the rapid increase of labour-saving unconsuming ma. chin ery. That your petitioners believe that a new organization of society may now be made without creating any confusion or inconvenience loony portion of the community, ot: a single individual. That the experience of the pain, with the ample means of production now at the controul of the population of Great Britain, at home and abroad, are sufficient to ena ble the Government, and the people acting in unison, to re-organise Go oey upon principles derived from undisputed facts, by which the most esseinial improvements will be obtained and secured in producing and unttibuting wealth, and in educating the productive classes, was to render the most effectual aid to the executive in governing the country with satislaetion to all parties: That your petitioners are prepared to explain the means by which this desirable object may he quietly and most beneficially effected ; the new arrangements to be proposed, Wee the introduction of the labour unconsuming machinery, silently rendering the old unnecessary. will likewise gradually and almost imperceptibly eupercede the necessity for continuing the exulting arrangements of production, distribution, and education; and by which change a great diminution in the national expenditure will be effected, and, with the same capital and labour, a Legge positive increase will be made to the natienal wealth. That, in consequence of this increase to the national wealth, It will be unneces sary that any class of persons should be reduced in their income, or placed in a worse situation, than they are now, under the existing system. That your petitiouers,if permitted,will develop the means to your Right Honourable House, by which the producing class shall create such an in crease of wealth of the highest intrinsic value, that they will be content with the one-tenth of the quantity for their proportion of is, and will be willing to allow thy other nine-tenths to be divided between the landlord for rent, the capitalists for interest, and the government to conduct the business of the nation, including full payment to the priesthood, the lawyers, the army and navy, and the Physicians;—the producers, after a time to be fixed upon, will also undertake to provide for all the poor of their own class.—That all the means now exist in the greatest shun dance to effect this beneficial change without loss of time, and thus to relieve the industrous classes from the Continual tear of perishing for want, under which they now labour, and from being compelled, hope lessly, to exert all their faculties in competition with the laboursaving unconsuming machinery. That your petitioners therefore Itrityattlat your Right Honour able House will appoint a Committee to investigite these subjects fully and fairly, or that you wilt venting witnesses on these most im portant subjects at the bar of your Nett Honourable House. And your Petitioners will ever pray. • These resolutions and petitions were unanimously adopted, after be ing seconded,: is two admirable speeches, by Mr. Rosser and Mr. Wsaritn, which we regret not having it in our power to publish to. day.; bat.which weJurpe soon to present to the public ; and at half-past twelve o'clock; at sight the meeting separated. During the meeting the whole proceedings in-faveur of the messuresrecommended by Mr. ()wow and hi, secol.derio•wete.elseered in a minuet we have seldom witnessed. RAIVICRUPTS' COURT, BASINGHALL-STREET. Yesterday a meeting of the creditors in the commission of bankruptcy issued against Rowbottom, the well-known keeper of the " Fidsk , in James-street, Covent.garden, took place before the commissioners of the fish list, Messrs. Fonblanque, Vesey and Keene. The Court was ex ceedingly crowded, and the majority of the persons wbo proved debts appeared to be Jews ; the grounds of debt in most of these cases were facetiously denominated " paper," alias " acceptances. The Com missional' sent back several of the debts for production of , the necessary books and vouchers ; amongst these was an ac count rendered for proof by a milkman for sixty-two pounds, being the charge for "chalk and water," the slang phrase for milk in Rowbotwm's establishment. Opposition was also made to the claim of a young woman, named Loder, wire had formerly been a bar-maid in the Finish, and which she obtained a verdict recently in a court of lair nainst Rowbottom. The brother of the bankrupt proved for 2001. a itor complained that proof had been allowed without any clues. dons being asked. The solicitors for the bankruptcy answered that every necessary question had been put. The bankrupt, after proof for about 7001. had been allowed, was called upon, surrendered, and received a renewed protection from the Court. A commission of bankruptcy having been lamed against Messrs. Guinctte and Geary, the projectors and builders of tit. Georges-cross, now erecting at the end of Gray's Inn-road, the case also came on before the Commissioners of the 6th list. Mr. Geary, the surveyor, and one of the partners in the firm, com plained in strong terms to the Commissioners against the proceedings. He stated, that for the stone of which the monument is constructed be and his partner had given two acceptances of 751. each to a per son of the name of Morland, who had recently become a bankrupt. Morland had handed over the bills to a third party, named Tait, who, doubting the solvency of the acceptors, took out a commission of bankruptcy against them, although the first bill was only due that day. Mr. Geary, in continuation, stated to the Commies Wnms that the money was in court ready to be paid; he characterized the whole as a malicious transaction ; but added that it should not stop the progress of the work ; in short, since the present commission had been issued he had employed a dozen extra workmen, and It was now nearly ready for the reception of the statue of his Majesty William IV. commands for which had been given to Mr. Sievier, the sculptor. Mr. Commissioner Keene gave Mr. Geary to understand, that as commissioners under the act of Parliament they could not entertain his pounds of complaint. Some debts were then proved, and assignees appointed. OLD BAILEY. Stpl.l7. TRIAL OF SMITH, ALIAS SAPMELL, FOR THE MURDER OP LOELL THE POLICEMAN. In consequence of this trial being fixed for this morning, the court , was crowded to excess at an early hour. Mr. CLARKSON and Mr. BODKIN conducted the case for the proem don, and Mr. Apor.rxus appeared for the prisoner. Paddy Milligan examined by Air. BODKIN.I reside in a court in Gray's Inn-lane. The 16th of August was on a Monday, and on that night I was returning from Cromer-stmt a little before 12 o'clock. I passed by the top of Well.street , at one corner of which there is a brick wall enclosing a burial ground, and at the other a public house, called the Calthorpe Arms. I observed three men coming up Well-street. ' 1 They turned into Gray's Inn.road, and proceeded In the direction of Battle-bridge. They walked fast. I immediately perceived a policeman coming up Wells -street, apparently out of breath. I I stopped on seeing the policeman running, as the men had looked at me very hard on passing. The policeman inquired which way they had gone ? and I informed him that they had just turned the corner. He said to them, " What have you been after r The men made no reply, but began to hustle him. Two of them stood on one side, and one on the other. This was near the entrance to the burlal.ground. One of the men on the right struck the police. man a left-banded blow on the side. The policeman instantly fell, and distinctly exclaimed, "Oh, GOD ! lam a dead man." Two of the men immediately ran down Gray's-inn-lane, and the other turned down Wells.street. 1 ran after the two men, and never lost sight of the prisoner till' he was stopped by Mr. Cubit's watchman, at the dis tance of aboiit 100 yards from the place where the blow was given. I saw him throw something from him, both to the right and left ; and I aft awards pointed cut the spot to Joseph Clements. Cross-examined by 31r. ADOLPHUS.— The light opposite the burial. ground was such that J could see very plainly. I had never seen the prisoner before. I kept him very distinctly in view till he was taken into custody. The whole transaction did not occupy half a minute. Did not see sufficiently their features to be able to swear to them. A young man ran with me, and we were soon joined by others. There was no one between me and the prisoner. I lost sight of the second man in the dark corner. I did not perceive any mark or stain of blood on his hands or clothes. By Mr. Justice BATLEY.—The prisoner was nearest the deceased's left side, but I cannot say whether it was he or the other man who struck the blow, although I saw the arm move very distinctly. Mary Ann Griffiths, examined by Mr. BODEII4I gain my living by walking the streets ; on the night in question I saw the deceased' abmt half-past eleven o'clock; I met a gentleman, and we went into the Calthorpe Arms together, where we remained till nearly twelve o'clock, when we returned into the street; we went in the direction of Battle. bridge, and stopped near the burial ground. The witness then gave precisely the same account of the policeman following the three men, and continued—" I saw the blow struck, and had a distinct view of the features of the man that struck it. He turned round and ran past me, and I saw his face very plainly, as soon as he began to run. The wounded man said to me, " For Gob's sake stop with me, for lam a dead malt." There were two gas lights near the spot I never lost sight of the man who struck the blow until he was into custody, which was in about five minutes. I went with the body to the surgeon's. The prisoner is the man, who was dressed in a brown coat, and who l can positively swear struck the blow. When the prisoner was brought to the doctor's shop, I home. diately exclaimed, "Good GOD ! that is the man that struck the blow." lam now, on again looking at him, equally certain that he is the man. Cross-examined by Mr. ADOLPHUS-. 4 am an unfortunate female.— I was quite sober on the night of the murder. The prisoner stood nearest to the deceased. Another man was taken into custody on sus. picion of being one of them. I never said that he was present. Amos Denie—.l live in Gray's.inn.road, and on the night in question was near St. Andrew's burial.ground about 12 o'clock. This witness gave exactly the same description of the position of the men, and swore positively that he distinctly saw the prisoner at the bar strike the blow. —He ran to the policeman's assistance, who exclaimed, " I am stabbed." I took his rattle out of his hand, and immediately pursued the man who stabbed him, springing the rattle the whole way. I never lost sight of him for a moment. A young man of the name of Coles, remained with the murdered man. When Mr. Cubitt ' e wateu t man laid hold of him, I went up, and am certain that he is the man who struck the policeman. I afterwards assisted in taking the deieased to the surgeon's, but he was dead before we got him there. I saw him un. dressed: a knife, without the handle, was found in his left side. Cross-examined by Mr. ADOLTRUS.—I will undertake to swear positively that the prisoner is one of the men who stood nearest to the left side of the policeman. Mr. Ailot.ruus—Now, I ask you, young man,—and I beg you will recollect that perhaps the prisoner s life depends upon your evidww,— can you undertake to swear that the prisoner was the man who struck the blow ? _ _ _ Witness—Yes, sir, I can when Iwu pursuing him there was no other person between us, and I had a better opportunity than any body else of noticing his person. Thomas Prenderville, the private watchman, deposed that he stopped the prisoner as he was running away from the place where the murder was committed. Several other persons immediately joined them, some of whom said that he was the person who struck the blow. John Newton, a police constable, was next examined : he said that he did not witness the transaction, but he afterwards found a coat in the road the prisoner ran, and which he produced. Crams.examined by Mr. ADOLPHUS—Deceased was a very healthy man, about 35 years of age; witness knew him well; observed no marks of blood on the prisoner's clothes. John Fullam, another policeman, also deposed to finding the coat, a nd likewise a crow bar, in a place where a man of the name of John. son said be saw the prisoner throw something away. He also found, upon the same spot, a handle of a knife, which was found exactly to fit the blade that was taken from the body of the deceased at the surgeon's. Mr. Holmes, the surgeon, to whose house the deceased was carried, proved the nature of the wound, which must have been immediately fatal. Mary Ann Griffiths was recalled to prove that the coat found was si. milar to that the prisoner wore. This was the case for the prosecution. The prisoner, in his defence said, that he was a baker by trade, and never had a shoemaker's knife in his possession. His disposition was such as would never induce him to strike any one. He was innocent of the crime laid to his charge, so help him GoD. Mr. ADOLPHUS then called Mr. Duna and other witnesses to speak to we character of the prisoner, but no one answered. Mr. ADoLoaus requested they might be called in the name of Sapwell. After some delay, and no one replying, Mr. Justice BAYLEY summed up at considerable length, and The Jury found a verdict of Guilty. The Hiccoauza immediately proceeded to pasa upon the prisoner the awful sentence of the law, and ordered him for execution on Mon. day next, and his body to be given up for dissection. It is calculated that during the election for the hundred of Bassetlaw the following quantities of drink were consumed, or at lead charged for;—Ale and porter 7200 gallons ; spirits 740 gallon s Cwine 1470 bittles ; small beer xi/. • POLICE REPORTS. lilaxmos-Housz.—Thursday evening, E l :Ja r : s uing contest took place between some of the police and the of a funeral, in Hishopegate-street, and the whole neighbou was thrown into con sternation from a very trivial cause. Sprig**, Hudson, and Hersent, three mutes in the employment of an undertaker, were returning, in company with another of the same esta blishment, from a funeral, in their seance and hat-bands, and bolding their long poles, which ware soon converted into instruments of offence. They had received from the family left behind by the individual they had just deposited in the earth rather too largos pardon of gin, and they showed symptoms of its effects as they bustled along, sl ing ing about their poles, to the great annoyance of the passengers , and the disgrace of their calling. At last, Spriggs shoved his pole through t h e window of Mr. Castles, a grocer ; and here the mutes were checked in their ca. leer. Mr. Castles's porter went out to demand 4s. 611. the price of the pane of glass ; but Spriggs denied that be had done the mischief, and then Mr. Castles backed the porter in the demand, collared the offending party, and sent for Sapwell, the officer, who endeavoured in vain to induce the mute to pay. In fact, the proposition was very ungraciously received, for Spriggs instantly struck at Mr. Castles, and the officer was treated in so rough a manner by the awful look log asesilants, that he really thought they wanted to give their master another job. The two other defendants endeavoured to rescue=, who resisted most desmately, and an immense mob gathered and seconded their efforts. After, however, a three hours' laborious anti dangerous conflict, during which Sapwell and others of the police were knocked down and kicked, and almost stripped, the defendants were secured. They were ordered to find bail. Clutz.nnau.....-Yesterday, a hone-dealer, Maid Binder, attended before Sir C. HUNTER, to claim a horse Which be speed to sell the day before in Smithfield Alarket.. Mr. Pracocz, a corn-dealer, in Warwick-lane, stated that he sold a horse to the claimant for 131. on the 2:141 of May, but all he could obtain in the shape of payment was an acceptance for the amount, which was dishonoured. On Thursday be went to Smithfield, and purchased from the claimant *terse at the price of 131. and the claim ant having, in booking the sale, represented himself to be the owner of the ani mal , he thought it quite fair to pay him for it with his own dis honoured bill. Sir CLAUDios intimated that he thought too that this anuceeding was perfectly fair. honie.dealer said be should have considered it fair, if the bone had bum really his own, but in fact it belonged to Mr. Dickenson, of Edmonton, and he had to sell it on commission. Sir Claudius said that perhaps altered the case, and he would defer adjudging to whom the horse (now in the care of an officer) should be delivered, to give the claimant an opportunity of proving his statement. Binden promised to produce Mr. Dickenson on Monday. HATTON-GARDE/I.—Evan Gwyllin, who was remanded on Thula. day on a charge of bigamy, was yesterday brought up for final exami nation before Mr. Serjeant SZLLON and Mt. LAING, and was WM. added for trial. NVORSHINSTRELT.....-WW. Collins, aged 15, and John Farrell, aged 16 or 17, who have been frequently charged with felonies, were finally examined. The prisoner Collins, on the 20th of July, was sent with two pieces of cloth to Mr. Rush, in Bridge-street, Westminster. He delivered them, and received from Dir. Rush two other pieces, worth 401. with which lie absconded. Returning through the Strand from Westmin ster, he said he met with another boy, who persuaded him to sell the cloth, and they accordingly took a hackney-coach and drove to the house of a Jew in Whitecrou-street, who said he would give 12L but his offer being accepted, he refused to pay more than 10 sove reigns. This sum prisoner divided with his companion. They pur. chased some clothes with part of the money, and after passing the night In a lodging, for which they paid Gd. each, started for Graves end, with intention of going to sea. Prisoner Collins, however, could not procure a ship, and having then 30s. left, he returned to London by steam-boat, and left his companion, who was also disappointed. They were committed for trial. LANIETR-STREZT.—Yesterday, Was. Sheen, Wm. Stewart, Jaime Lyall, and Mix. Smith, charged with being concerned with the husband of the female in stealing property amounting to over 600 L be. .longing to Mr. Cohen, a merchant, in Great St. Helen's, were re.exa. mined. In consequence, however, of a number of duplicates being found on the prisoners, and the officers not having had sufficient time to make the necessary inquiries about the property, the prisoners were remanded until Tuesday. Towx-HALL.--John Smith, was committed for trial, with stealing a silk handkerchief from the person of Mr. Benjamclintild. THANES POLICILYCStettiIiy a young man named Charles M•Fer. lame, a coal-whipper on the river, was brought before Captain RICH BELL and Mr. TwTroiD, the sitting magistrates, charged with the commission of a very brutal assault on Andrew Sullivan, a lad, aged 15 years, by thrusting a tobacco-pipe into his right eye, by which he bad forced it out of the locket, and deprived him of the sight thereof. The unfortunate complainant, who appeared in a very weak state, was brought from the London Hospital. The magistrates said the assault was a most atrocious and unprovoked one, and of too serious a nature to be disposed of summarily under Sir R. Peel's Act. They ordered the prisoner to find two good sureties to appear and take his trial at the next sessions for the outrage he had committed. The witnc,sses were bound over to give evidence against him. JEws AT SHIRAZ. —The following is the desertion which Sheikh Ahmed Abu Khamees, a Persian Mussulman of S iras, gave to Missionary Wolff, of the state of the Jews at Shiraz :-1. Every house at Shims with a low narrow entrance is a Jew's. 2. Every man with a dirty woollen, or dirty can hair turban, is a Jew. 3. Every coat much torn and mended about the back, with worn sleeves, is a Jew's. 4. Every one picking up old broken glass, is a Jew. 5. Every one searching dirty robes, and asking for old shoes and sanaals, is a Jew. 6. That house into which no quadruped but a goat will enter, is a Jew's. Mr. Wolff states, that he afterwards visited the quarter which the Jews of Shiraz inhabit, and that the description was no joke or ex aggeration of the misery of his brethren. He there saw old and young men, and old and young women, sitting in the street and begging; their heads were bowed down to the ground, and stretching out their hands, they cried after him, with a faint voice, " Only one pool (penny), only one pool. lam a poor hmale—l am a poor Israale !" And others eat in the street, and ate onions, and begged bread, and exclaimed, " Only one pool. lam a poor Israrde." Hewes affected even to tears, and distributed some trifle amongst them ; on his road home be re peated the words of his brethren, " only one pool. lam a poor Israale." —Wor s Journal. ENGLISH WARS.—Of 127 years, terminating in 1815, England spent 65 in war, and 62 in peace. The war of 1688, after lasung nine years, and raising our expenditure in that period to thirty. six millions, was ended by the treaty of Ryswick in 1697. Then came the war of the Spanish succession, which began in 1702, c0u..1 eluded in 1713, and absorbed sixty-two and a half millions of our mo ney. Next was the Spanish war of 1739, settled finally at Aix-It. Chapelle in 1748, after costing us nearly fifty-four millions. Then' came the Seven Years' War of 1756, which terminated with the treaty of Paris in 1763, in the course of which we spent 112 millions. The nest was the American War of 1775, which lasted eight years. Our national expenditure in this time was 136 millions. The French Re volutionary War began in 1793, lasted nine years, and exhibited an ex. penditure of 464 millions! The war against Bonaparte began in 1803, and ended in 1815. During those twelve years, we spent 1159 mil. lions ! 771 of which were raised by taxes, 388 by loans. In the Revo. lutionary War we borrowed 201 millions; in the American, 104 mil. lions; in the Seven Years' War, 60 millions; in the Spanish War of 1739, 29 millions ; in the War of the Spanish succession, 32& millions; in the war of 1688, 20 millions s—total borrowed in the seven wars, during 65 years, about 834 millions. In the same time we raised by taxes 1199 millions ; thus forming a total expenditure of 2023 millions I CHANGES IN ANIMALS.— An interesting paper WWI read some ago, by Mr. Retain, to the Academy of Science at Paris, on the changes which the domestic animals undergo when transported to the equatorial regions of the new world. The author's observations were made in New Grenada and part of Venezuela. The mammiferous animals brought from Europe are pigs, sheep, goats. asses, horses, cows, and dogs. The hog, in the warm valleys of South America, wandering in the woods, and subsisting upon wild fruits, becomes very ferocious, and assumes almost the character of the wild boar. The larger animals were first introduced into St. Domingo, where, for some years, they did not appear to thrive ; but, by the persevering management of the co lonists, they began to multiply prodigiously, and great numbers were sent to Mexico. Herds of 4,000 head of cattle were very common in St. Domingo 27 years after its discovery. In 1587, the exportation of hides from that island was 35.444; and in the same year 64,350 hides were exported front New Grenada. In these climates the cow undergoes a material change. It no longer furnishes the supply of milk which we obtain from it in Europe; and when the calf ceases to suck, the milk immediately dries up. The ass undergoes less change than any other ' animal, and, unlike the cow, never becomes wild, but in situations where the labour is excessive. The horse, on the contrary, readily runs wild, in which state it assumes the characters of the wild horse of the old continent, and is remarkable for the great uniformity of its colour, which is bright chesnut. Dogs were first imported by Columbus, and employed against the natives. They are now used principally in stag hunting, but they also occur wild in great numbers. Sheep have and. tiplied abundantly in the temperate climates, but in the burning plains they do not propagate so freely. The wool of the lambs grows at first as in more temperate climates, but rather slowly. When in a 8t state for shearing, there is nothing remarkable about its quality; aid when removed, it grows again as in Europe; but if the proper time fa shear. ing is allowed to go by, the wool becomes thick, falls off in patches, and leaves underneath a short, shining, and close hair, exactly like *char of the goat in the same climate; and where this hair once appeals, there is never say return of wool. The goat, notwithstanding its form, which appears adaptedsto:mtaintainous situations, thrives much better hi the low valleys of South America than on the high points of the Cordilleras. A FEW WORDS ON CATS. SCINTILLA- The Egyptians held the cat in high veneration. HERo- DOTUII informs us [ adapt, 66.873, that when a cat died io a house, the owner of the habitation and all his family shaved their eye-brows ; that they wiled the cats when dead into consecrated houses, and, after they were salted, interred them in the city of Bubastis. DIODORUS &CULTS/ relates [1.6.3 that a Roman having by accident killed a cat, the common people instantly surrounded his house and sacrificed him to their fbry. We learn from Plutarch that in Egypt the symbol of the moss was a cat. When Lord Southampton was confined in the Tower, A. D. 1601, a favourite eat is said to have found her way to his prison by means of a chimney; and to have partaken and consoled his solitude. Sea p... 190, of Axourwa's Conlassation of HENRY'S History of Boitlartd. Marlowe da Puls, a celebrated player on the harp, settled a pandas on her at. sad appointed vhdtsto be paid her every week. See TL!, art Rosax. It is stated in the Magasisw of Natural History, vol.i. p. 88, 178, that white cats with blue eyes are always deaf. A gentleman had a white Persian cat; she produced various litters, and of her Miring some were entirely white, and these were invariably deaf; but others were mottled, and all those which had the least speck of colour had the faculty of hearing as usual. In the winter of 1797, a p lag ue prevailed among the cats in Feroe ; there was a very general morality among them about the same time in England. Sea-bathing was tried with little effect ; but emetics were administered with considerable SUMS& The life of a domestic cat is of:some value in these islands, for rats arc very numerous ; they will destroy $ can field in two nights, and when they can get at the sea. fowl, they commit such havoc, that they leave little to be done by the fowler. Cats were prohibited in the island of Isclice, lest they should destroy the game, sad when these useful animals had been extirpated, the rat , became so numerous that the infants were not safe in the cradle. During the days of the French Republic, the magazines were so in.. fisted with rats that ten thousand cats were immediately put in requisi tion by the National convention. Cats are extremely fond of fish. A friend of Dr. Darwin saw aat catch a trout,.by actually darting upon it in a deep, clear water, at the Mill at Weaford, near Litchfield. Sea BINGLET'S Memoirs of British Quadrupeds, where, on the authority of Dr. Hamilton, of Ipswich, it is stated that it is almost im possible to ”bat a cat. Arsenic, corrosive sublimate, and nux-vomics, were all tried, but without effect. See the 9th 'ol.e the Transactions of the Duncan Society for a curious anecdote of the effect of imagination In u female cat on the foetus in its womb. Lutirxra, in his description of the cat, most erroneously asserts that they are not infested with fleas. See TEZTON'S Liana's*, vol. 1. p. 4 0. In the Rev. T. COLE'S Life of Hubert, 1795,wi1l be found a spirited translation of Molinceus's humorous poem on his at : An Archbishop fond of Cats.--.. 4 The first day we had the honour of dining at the Palace of the Archbishop of Taranto at Naples, he said to me, You must pardon my passion for cats, but never exclude them from my dining-room, and you will find they make excellent company. Between the first and second course, the door opened, and several crier. mously large and beautiful cats were introduc ed by the names of Pan. talooe, Desdemona, Otello, and other dramatic cognomina. They took their places on chairs near the table, and were as silent, as quiet, as motionless, and as well-behaved,'as the most bon-ton table in London could require. On the Bishop requesting one ef the Chaplains to help the t Signora Desdemona to something, the butler stepped up to his ip and observed,' Desdemona will prefer waiting for the roasts.'" —Lady hdosnax's Book of the Boudoir, tooL 2, p. 39. J. J.W. ST. JOHN LONG.—The doctors arc making a end wail about the death of Miss Cashin, just as if they hail never sent any pa. dents to their Long home themselves. Before they stand up for the prescriptive right of administering manslaughter scesoidust artern, they ought to remember the divine rule, " Let him that is without sin cast the first stone." EQUIVOCAL PRA ISE. Hcre is a publication, said; the Literary Gazette, reviewing some trash of a novel, " Here we have a publication which may be placed oa the shelf with its most popular contemporaries." HOSPITALITY.—When Marmont visited Woolwich he was entertained by the military officers with a collation. Many years have elapsed since he met the honourable company before at a fete champetre, in the neighbourhood of Salamanca, on which ocasion they gave his Excellency a ball. The warm friend who then look him by the arm was one of the loudest amongst the field-pieces to welcome him to Woolwich. No doubt he would have been very glad to shake hands with her. A MAN OF LETTERS.—Mr. O'Connell. is becoming as prolific a pcnteile aslBk Harcourt Lees, or Lady Morten : a bale of Cabbies stubble, made into paper, went down last week to Derrinane for his special use.--Item, The wings of half a hundred . Man geese, the gift of Joseph Hume, from the Orkneys, and an imperial gallon of Hunts matchless, by way of ink. All this ammunition is to he squib. bed off before the meeting of Parliament. DERIVATION OF " JACKSTONES." The game of " Jackstones," hnd its origin in a species of divination practised among eastern nations. Haman, who conspired the massacre of the Jews, east ipur (that is five small stones or bones,) to End what success his scheme would have—vide, Esther ix. chap. xxiv. verse. The Irish called it Seic Seona or Shee Amok which was readily turned into Jackatoces by an Rneish ear. THE LIBERTY OE THE PRESS IN 1738.—July 18, 1738, the printer and publisher of the General Everting Post attended the Court of Aldermen, by order, to answer for printing the list of Aldermen, dz. who voted for the mason's work at the Mansion-house, to be done at the highest price. He (the printer) acknowledged print. ladate n paper, but would make no submission; and though a certain an moved to resolve—that the said paper was "false, gouda. loos, and malicious," Cie majority insisted on the previous question, uppoono which he withdrew his motion, and the printer and publisher welt dimtlaad without the least reprimand ! ! POPERY IN LANCASHIRE.—The Roman Catholic reli gion is making rapid progress in the county of Lancaster. According to the census of 1821 the followers of the Church of Rome in Lan. cashire did not exceed 3,000; in 1829 their numbers had increased t.• 11,000. In one parish, at the former period, the whole Catholic popu lation scarcely numbered 40; at the latter they amounted to 900. In some instances nearly whole parishes have passed from the one religion to the other; and in Manchester, a short time since, 62 Protestant. were baptized in the Roman Catholic faith. The French Globe, a fie months ago, willing, perhaps, to anticipate the progress of conrersion, described the " whole county" (tout le comte de Lancastre) as of the Banish religion ! Als Er.vrATED PoTATOE.—MM. &hie& and Diep?4.. a letter to Baron A. Humboldt, giving an account of their wart ot ti great volcano of Orizaba, in Mexico, mention that they found the 114:. in a wild state at the height of 10,000 feet above the level of the sea. It was about three inches and a half high, with large blue flowers ; !ii potatoes were about the size of a hazel nut. USELESS LITIGATION.—A recent writer, commenting. cn the too great tendency to useless and expensivelitigition, thus ration - ally accounts for it i.—" Were there," says be, " no other. bad ermine:la:, men's passions are the worst advisers. One is irritated, and will go to law ; another Is alarmed overmuch, and will vield a just right ; a third is sanguine, and cannot suppose defeat ; while a fourth is proud. and will not appear to yield voluntarily." GLORIES or' THE LA w.—ln a late amusing publication of Charles Butler's, he mentions some astonishing instances of legal absurdity. A gentleman having six estates, wished to settle one ot. each of his six sons, and•the heirs of their bodies respectively, with what lawyers term cross remainders betweat them, where on failure or istr, in one line, the estate passes to the other branches. Nr. Butler, tun; directed to pr epare the deed, conceived at first that one pmriso small be suilicient: he then thought six would do; but on examining mot minutely hew many clauses would be requisite to legally express the whole settlement, he found that it would require 720, being every po:i ble combination of the number six I><2 Is 3st 4 +eh is 601 , 720. Int other example is still more striking. Ten gentlemen. partners In mining company, wished to provide by deed, that if any one ef number advanced money to any of the others, it should be considered sort of mortgage on the borrower's share, and have preference to all slit.. sequent charges. The number of contracts necessary to make this Inc vision with due legal accuracy, were found to amount to 3,629,:;00. being all possible combinations of 10. On each of these clauses the benevolence of government has imposed a stamp duty of 251. ; so that the whole duty would have amounted to 90,720,0001. • Ninety manor.. of stamp duty on a single and simple deed ! Well might Foresee( wr ite a laborious treatise, " De laudibus Legum BIRTH. The 12th inst. In Cambridge•plate, Mrs. Henry Nicholls, of a sac. MARRIED. The 16th inst. by the Rev. J. W. Habbersty, G. W. Welly, EW to Miss M. White, of Sheen Vale, Mortlake. The 15th lust. at St. Oswald's, Durham. W. Emerson, younge , f son of the late G. Wooller, Erg. of Fawn-Lees, county of Durham, tr. Fanny, second daughter of J. Gregaon, Est of the former place.-- The 17th inst. at St. Pantras. P. Champion, eldest soo of E. Taker, Esq. of the Oaks, near Ospringe, to Eliza Jeanette, only child of the late Capt. A. Branthwayt. DIM). The 15th Wt. J. &later. Esq. of Tunbridge. In the 711 t year of his age.—The 13th inst. in Otioaburgh-street, Reseneelr ici. Mety. the widow of the late J. Crutteeden, Esq. of la!dont, 4 LchtDow: Printed and rublished by Joni' 31 nrtts, at Oirics, N 0.9, Pitkett-place, Temple Bar. • ■ II PI ft 0 II Si id Pi oft wa eloa to Sec Bo Cts Ali will INC pun th• I ilea] Il e i Lir Hy trp bli str ess Wei l lift !a._44 tk, D..