Star. — London, England, 1830-09-18 00:00:00

MIL HUSZISSO N. Of the family and early history of Mr. HUSKIIIIIOII little is known. is said to have been a native of Staffordshire, where his father was a small farmer. Having been destined to the me dial profession, he was sent to Paris to pursue his studies, and being in that capital at the commencement of the Revolution, he took a warm interest in the politi cal transactions of the day. We have heard an English nobleman say, that be well remembers bearing Mr. HITIIKIIIIOII make a speech in the Jacobin Club, and his attention was particularly directed to him from the fair complexion and English appearance of the youth. However this youthful enthusiasm soon gave way to the honor with which he was inspired by the revolutionary proceedings. Through the interest of the Staffent family, he obtained an introduction to men in power at home, to whom, it is reported, his knowledge of French affairs was of signal benefit. Mr. Pitt was singularly ill-informed respecting Continental affairs, and out in all his calculations respecting them; and Mr. Dundee, his influential colleague, was perhaps still more igno rant of them. Some curious details of the ignorance of these Statesmen of French affairs is given in the Memoirs ofLs Roche Jacquelin. We can easily conceive, then, that a man of Mr. Huakissoo's talents and persevering industry, possessed of so much knowledge of France, would be of inestimable advantage to them. He soon wrought his way upwards, and as early as 1796 we find him returned for Morpeth, wbea be was Under Secretary in the office of Mr. Dundee. He next sat forthe Borough of Liskeard. In 1802 he stood candidate at Dover against Mr. Spencer Smith and Mr. Trevanion, with. out success. He was then returned for Chichester, through the influence of tit Duke of Richmond. When Under Secretary of t h e Treasury in the:Administration which succeeded to the Fox and Grenville one, be hathshe boldness to call the attention of Parliament to the dangerous career the country was running, from the excess of expenditure beyoni the income, and predicted that the most serious consequences would ensue if this system were to be persevered In much longer. This was unusual language in those days fora man in office, and it made et the time a strong impression on us. On the retirement of Mr. Pitt, he procured for Mr. Huskisson a pen. aion of 1,2001 per annum from May, 1801. On his marriage, Mr. Dundee procured for Mrs. Huskissoo a pension of 816 L to commence on the death of her husband. lie retired from office with Mr. Canning, after the duel of the latter with Lord Destines& During the agitation of the Bullion Question, he wrote a pamphlef whin% produced a great impression, and procured for him considerable reputation as a political economist. Mr. Huskisson remained some years out of office, but on his return he immediately distinguished himself. He advocated the Corn Bill of 1815, but his views on the subject soon underwent considerable alters. tion. He was the most active Ministerial Member of the Committee which reported at such length in 1820, and is understood to have made himself unpopular with the country gentlemen at that time on account of the steadiness with which he advocated a more liberal system in op. position to them. He had a firm supporter in Mr. Ricardo, to whom he was, on several amnions, greatly indebted at that time. The Re port is understood to have been chie f his work. It labours under the disadvantage of recommending conclusions not altogether reconcileable with the premises; but for this inconsistency he was not to blame, hay. ing been obliged to give way to the agricultural Members. From that time to the day of his death, Mr. Huskisson's name was, in one way or other, associated with every question of importance. He enjoyed a high reputation with the country for the inflexible determination with which he advocated and enforced, as far as he could, the doctrines of Free Trade, undismayed by the opposition of the Country Gen tlemen, who hated him, or the complaints of the manufac turers. Mr. Canning held him always in the highest esteem, .red in the discussion on the Silk Question, when Mr. John Williams, the barrister, gave utterance to some petulant remarks, implying that Mr. Huskisson was insensible to the distress he inflicted in the execution of his scheme!, Mr. Canning pronounced a warm eulogium on his friend, whom he compared to Turgot. No man's reputation stood higher in the country than Mr. Huskisson's, when, on the dissolution of the tioderich Ministry, he unfortunately abandoned Lord Lansdown, and accepted office under the Duke of Wellington. Feeling himself that he was placed in an unfortunate position, the men whom he bad joined having contributed so much to shorten the days of his friend, he went into an explanation at Liverpool, which may be said to have led to the subsequent disagreement with his Grace. The opposition to Mr. Canning having been conducted on illiberal principles, it became necessary for him to explain to his Constituents how he had acceded to the new Administration ; and he intimated to his Constituents that some thing like a pledge had been given to him that the Administration would be conducted on liberal principles. This was contradicted in Parliament, with very little ceremony, by his Grace, and Mr. Huskisson was obliged to remain silent. He had cut off all retreat, and the Duke was well aware of this. The irritation which this treatment caused must have been felt in the Cabinet, otherwise we can hardly conceive that the Rut Retford differences would have led to the retirement of himself and friends. We have always calculated on the return of Mr. Bus kiseon to office, from the helplessness of the Cabinet at the present moment. We have little doubt that the death of this able man must have materially deranged the plans of his Grace. As • Parliamentary speaker, Mr. Huskisson was clear and rigatoni. His manner was not ornate, and he was indebted to his matter 4.hiefiy for the attention which he commanded in the house.He could be severely sarcastic when be chose, and be was not a man whom any one would have wished unnecessarily to provoke, as he was always prepared both with facts and arguments. \Ve have often thought that he did net advocate the principles of free trade very skilfully. He used to endeavour to show, that in the ad vanced state of our industry, free trade could not be injurious to us; but these arguments had a tendency to impress other nations, that as they were less advanced in industry ourselves, the restrictive system would be more beneficial for them. He did not advocate the system on the true. principle, that it never can be advantageous to a nation, what ever the character of its Industry, to impose restrictions on trade. INQUEST ON THE BODY. As soon as Mr. Muldoon's death was known in Manchester, the Coroner (Mr. Milne) made immediate preparations for the inquest, and he was at &des as early as ten o'clock in the morning. The Jury bad already been summoned by the constable, and some of them received DO tie. to attend as early as nine this morning. Shortly after ten o'clock the Jury assembled at the Grapes lon, situate in Church -street, Eccles, being part of the main road from Manchester to LiverpooL The num ber sworn was twelve; and their foreman was Mr. James Bradbum, oneof the surveyors of the roads in this district. It was the Corona's intention to have proceeded to business immediately, as he had another inquest to attend at Flixton, at one o'clock, and a third in Manchester in the afternoon; but they were necessarily delayed by the non-arrival of the Earl of Wilton ' who was the witness to be olled to prove the manner in which the accident occurred. In order to lose no time, how. ever, the Jury proceeded to the Vicarage, where the body lay, for the purpose of viewing it. Here they were detained about ten minutes, owing to the circumstance of Mrs. Hoskisson, in the paroxysm of her grief, having forced herself into the chamber where her husband's re. mains were deposited, and it was only by force that she could be removed from the apartments. As soon as she was conveyed to another part of the house, the Jury were admitted to the chamber, which was a bed. room on the first floor. In order to avoid the possibility of disturbing the unhappy lady, they were admitted only two-or three at a time into the chamber, where the body was deposited on a bed, with a sheet thrown over it. The Jury took a very cursory view of the body, as they did not think it necessary to look at the injured parts at all, and after the lapse of a few minutes, they re-assembled at the Grapes. Between twelve and one o'clock the Earl of Wilton arrived, and the 1 Coroner proceeded to take his evidence. From the statement of the Noble Lord it appeared that Mr. Husldsson, with other gentlemen, was standing outside the carriage, the door of which was open; on the alarm being given of the approach of the Rocket, he endeavoured to muve round the edge of the door, and while in the act of doing this he became, by sane means, entangled with it, and confused in his movements t at this moment he was knocked down, and the consequence was that his left leg and thigh fell on to the off rail of the way on which the Rocker wee moving t be fell in such a manner that his leg and thigh were crooked into an angle, so that two parts of the whole limb rested on the rail—one about the middle of the thigh, and the other just above the calf of the legs at this very moment the wheel went over him. As soon as possible assistance was rendered to him, and he was forwarded by one of the ears to Eccles; his Lordship further observed that no blame whatever was to be attached to the engineers. His Lordship was the only sworn witness before the Jury t his deposi tion having been read over, it was signed by him. Lord Granville, in the course of several observations which fell from parties that were present, alluded to a numbness of the limb with which Mr. linskieson was affected in consequence of an operation which he had not long since undergone, and said that that might in a great measure account for the slowness and irresolution of his motions. The Coaostso then addressed a hw words to the Jury on the evi dence that they had heard; and the Jury, after a moment's delibera. Lion. returned an unanimous verdict of "Accidental Death." No deo. dated was Imposed upon the car, by which the Jury expressed their sense of !the entire absence of all blame on the part of those eon. nected with the engine and railway. In addition to what I have drawly stated, 1 have heard a few par. titulars on which I can rely. Mrs. Hokin:on, wbote_feelinp may well he imagined, insi s t e d on laying out the body of her deceased husband. She said, that when he was alive she was sure he would have bad no one near him but her, and it was therefore bee right and he . :11 . 3n , to perform that last Ace to his remains. Of course such a ng could net be all owe d these who, having more @contend o(tbsir feel. tags than the lady, were better able to judge of whet was de. sizable and proper t it was, however, with extreme &Malty fiat she could be got toyldd the point. In addition to the inquiry instituted by the Cormier, Mr. Wright, a Magistrate resident at Flixten, cane to Fates in the morning, for the purpose of making inquiries into the circumstances, though the Anal investiptien was, of course. in the hands of the Coroner. It may be also motioned as a k a. raw eirstunstano, that Mr. Huallaga just before his visit it the railway, had aide an appointment with bit James Caro.* for it pupae of having enbinitud to him the prospeetna, am of new Company, which it is proposed to form for the purpose of establish ing steam communicstion with all parts of the globe—u well with the United States as with Alexandria, Malta, the Mediterranean, Bor deaux, Ike. The Scheme also includes a loog line of coast. But for the melancholy termination of Mr. H.'s life, this day, he would have entered into the consideration of the merits of the Scheme. When Mr. Huskisson's misfortune was made known, the deepest commisera tion for his sufferings was evinced, and several of the gentlemen of the neighbourhood expressed a desire of doing all in their power to assist. Mr. Hayward, in panic , sent a messenger to say th at hi s h ouse wa s entirely at thedisposal of those who were most interested in the arrangements made to alleviate Mr. Huakisson. I believe that I have now pretty well mated to you all the facts that have come to my knowledge. That they are accurate lam convinced, for (though of course most of them have not passel under my own im mediate eye) I have derived my information from such sources as cannot fail to be authentic. In conclusion, it affords me much satisfaction in being able to send you a document drawn up by a gentleman deeply interested in the melancholy transaction, and who was not only an eye. witness of the accident, but also of the whole course of Mr. Huskisson's sufferings to the moment of his death, at which fatal termination he was likewise present. It will be seen that his account tallies in every par denier with mine, except that the one 1 send is more ample in detail. I feel convinced that it may be looked upon ea authentic in every respect. "The cavalcade of =Wages started from the station in Crown-street, near Liverpool, at twenty minutes before eleven o'clock. At about twelve o'clock they readied Parkaide, near Newton, a distance of fifteen miles ; there they stopped, for the purpose of taking in a supply of water. Many of the passengers in the different carriages availed them melee of this opportunity of alighting: amongst this number was Mr. Huakisson, who went in the same carriage with the Duke of Welling too, and the other distinguished strangers. It may be well here to men tion that this carriage traversed one line of railway, whilst all the other carriages occupied another line parallel with the first, and separated from it by an intervening space of a few feet. " Mr. Huai:Jason, after having alighted, went to the front of the carriage, and was in conversation with the Duke of Wellington, who had not alighted, when on a sudden a cry was heard that one of the steam-awriages on the parallel line was regularl advancing : many of the gentlemen succeeded in getting into the carr iage a few seconds be. fore the machine, rallying on at the rate of 25 or 30 miles an hour. Mr. Huskisson finding himself too late, seem e d a littl e bewildered, and he either slipped down or threw himself down purposed as the best chance of escape, when the wheel of the other carriage,goin g at this rapid rate, went over his le ft leg and thigh /without touching knee), and fractured the bones, and lacerated the muscles and blood-vessels to such a degree that amputation, very high on the thigh, was immediately declared, by a surgeon, who was present on the spot, to afford the only hope of saving his life. He was immediately placed on a door, which was put upon a small light steam carriage, in which he was ac companied by Lord Wilton, who undertook to proceed afterwards to Manchester for a surgeon. There were also in the ear with him Mrs. Huakisson, her relation, Lord Colville, and Mr. Wainewright, as well as Dr. Brandreth, of Liverpool, and Dr. Hunter, of Edinburgh. They proceeded to the Vicarage at Eccles, at the rate, as it is averred by some of the party, of between 30 and 40 miles an hour. In the ab sence of Mr. Thomas Blackburne, the Vicar, he was received with the deepest and most anxious interest by M rs . Blackburne, who directed him to be immediately carried into the nearest room—the drawing roora--.where he was laid upon a sofa. In a short time, four sur geons of .Manchester—Mr. Ransom, Mr. Whitton, Mr. Ganide, and Mr. White—arrived, and, after a careful examination of the case, came to a unanimous declaim, in conjunction with the physicians, that am. putatioa, though indispensable to effect a recovery, could not, without the most imminent and immediate danger, be undertaken, until a re. action should have taken place. Instead, however, of rallying, be be. came gradually weaker, with an increasing coldness of the extremities, till after suffering excruciating tortures from spasms, which he bore with heroic fortitude, be seemed entirely exhausted, and after about fifteen minutes of apparent stupor, he breathed his last. " From the first moment of the accident, he said that he felt he had not many hours to West and he gave directions for some alterations in his will, which wen carried into effect, and to which be affixed his signature with as much clearness and precision as if he had been in the enjoyment of perfect health. " From the moment of his reaching the Vicarage till his death he was constant) and most assiduously attended by his devoted wife, but now distra widow (Mrs. Iltu a ltle nel so+n, by the kart of Wilton, Lord Gran. Atte, Lord Colvi ll e, Mr. W t, and his medical attendants: in whose presence, as wallas in that the vicar, Mr. Blackburne, who, at his own request, bad previously administered the Sacrament to him, be breathed his last at nice o'clock in the evening." LIVERPOOL—Tavamy. Fogs o'CLoct. This town, in consequence of the excitement from Mr. fluskiseon's death, Is completely out of order. The Duke of Wellington was to have visited the town this morning, to have inspected various parts of it in on. He was to have proceeded to the different docks, the public cemetery, and other public works; to have opened a new and capacious dock, which was to have ban called the Wellington Dock. He then proceeded to the Exchange, and after ins the building, was to have dined with the Mayor and Early this morning, as soon as it was generally known that the late unfortunate and reputed Member of this town had breathed his last, the most uuivocel demonstrations .of respect to departed worth were given. The shops were all partially closed, and flags were mounted, half mast ba t h, on the top of the Exchange and mo s t of t h e churches of the town. With respect to the vessels in the docks, the most extraordinary public testimonials of respect were exhibited. Per haps no greater proof of the respect in which he was held can be given than to say, that those who most opposed his theory of esomerce— namely, the English merchant seamen—were the tint to do loom to his memory. They dressed their vessels with their signed legs, hoisted the Union Jack half mast, and suspended their streaming pennants in mourning for this fatal occurrence. The foreign vessels wen undo, in following this example, and it worded the most gratifying to see the subjects of all nations joining in common ca=e ll eae ll h other, to do honour to the memory of one who had devoted his life to the improvement of commerce, and the happiness of mankind. The vessels were all dressed out In a style of u deep mourning as If a mem. ber of the Royal Family had been the subject of regret. The 4th Re giment of Foot were stationed in Princes Dock to receive the Duke of Wellington, and to assist in keeping back the mob, as his Grace was expected to embark on board the Government steamer, the /Etna, on a short excursion (seven miles) to the New Battery and the light-house. The cannons were already charged to salute him, immense crowds of persons were assembled to see him embark I but it was soon found that there was little bops of the procession taking place. Very large crowds of people bad as sembled in all places at which it was expected that they would be able to get a sight of his Grace. At about two o'clock, however, the Duke not having arrived, and the time being appointed for ten o'clock, the Mayor and High Bailiff waited upon his Grace, and received a written letter to the Corporation (who bad invited his Grace to dinner whit them to.night), stating that in consequence of the cala mitous accident of yesterday, his Grace must decline for the present any public ceremony. This was the more regretted, as the Corporation had determined to present to the Duke the freedom of the town, and had prepared a massive and splendid gold box, in which to present It. This answer to the invitation 0 the Mayor of course heightened the feeling of disappointed regret that had been before manifested, and groups of people might be seen in every street, explaining the way in which the accident happened, and all of them regretting it in the east respectful terms. The Mayor's dinner was immediately countermanded, and the dinner of the merchants on Wednesday was also expected to be postponed, as the Duke, who was to have dined with them, it was ru moured, had departed for London. The following bill has this moment been posted up at the Town-hall: " Committee-room, Town - ball, Thursday, 12 o'Cl oe k. . _ . - " The Deputy Chairman of the Committee of the Common Council bas this moment received a letter from the Marquis of Salisbury to the following effect : " ' The Duke of Wellington expresses his deep regret that the mourn. ful death of Mr. Huskieson renders it impossible for him to partake of any of the festivities which the town of Liverpool had in so flattering a manner proposed on the present occasion. (Signed) " ' JOHN BOURNE.' OLD BAILEY.-(Tun DAY.) TRIAL OF THOMAS ASH, FOR BINDING • THREATENING LET* TEI TO THE DUKE OF CUMBERLAND. 771oNsas Ash was put to the bar, on an indictment charging him with sending a letter to his Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland, threatening to assassinate him. His Royal Highness was on the bench. Mr. Charles Gardinec—le a clerk in the office of the Commissioners of the New Pollee. Received the letters produced by the post. Wit. ness afterwards gave them to Mr. Mayne. They were addressed to the Cemmissiooers of Police. Prisoner—My Lord, the witness appears to bare $ very imperfect knowledge of the instruments put into his hands, and if he bad not been pressed by the Court be would not have swan to them. The letters were addressed to his Royal Highness, and I therefore think they Among other properly set forth in the indkent. other witnesses, Mr. Mayne, Colonel Paten, and the police diem who watched the prisoner, were examined and arespexamined. Their evidence was rape and inconclusive, upon which Mr. Judea BATLZT bete said—Gentlemen of the Jury, it is abet lowly necessary to prove that the letter is in the handwriting of the primer. That has not been done, and the prisoner le entitled to an acquittaL The Jury necordingly found the pewter, Not Guilty. Poorroxsort: or ono Tams or Br. Jog* Lora-111r. PaiLurs, tide day, applied to have this cam to stand over until the next SielkilL 1111: OIIMIT 011111/191•4 Sad the Court panted the modem. THS KING'S COURT. BRIGHTON, Se rr. 17. The KtNu's Dinner Party, at the Pavilion, yesterday, included— Le Prince TROURITZKOI, Baron and Baroness By Low Colonel LE COUTEUR, Prince LEOPOLD, and Lord JAMES O'BRTEN. The Evening Party, in addition to the Royal Suite, con sisted of— Colonel LTOON, Colonel JonnltlLL, Mrs. WILLIAits, Captain HAMILTON, Count REDERN. Mr. C. BOY LE, Mr. and Lady LAWRENCE PEELE, Lady PAGET, Sir ROBERT and Lady OTTW A Y, Colonel and Lady C. BUCKLEY, The Dowager Countess of CLARE, &C. &c. Thursday, the LORD CHANCELLOR had an audience of the KING, at the Pavilion. Sir A. BARNARD is arrived on a visit to his MAJESTY. The following Noblemen and Gentlemen left their names at the Pavilion, in the course of the morning: Lord Viscount STAFFORD, Lord C. CHURCHILL, Lady C. CHURCHILL, Mr. and Mrs. PA RTINOTON, Lieutenant-Colonel GREENWOOD, Mr. F. Lewis, Mr. C. LLOYD, Sir W. and Lady Joturn, Mr. and Lady JANE LAURANCE PEELE, Rear-Admiral TuomsoN, Major-General Sir J. MACLEAN, and Lady MACLEAN. The KING and QUEEN, accompanied by the Princess AUGUSTA, and the Land ravine of HESSE HomBERG, took a carriage airing. The Duke of CAMBRIDGE, accompanied by his son, Prince GEORGE, rode out on horseback ; es did Miss BOYLE and Miss FITECLARENCE. TIM Duke of Brunswick returned to town yesterday, from Brighton. The Duko of Cumberland came to town yesterday, from his residence, at Kew. Mons. Falk, the Ambassador from the Netherlands, and the Spanish and Sardinian Ministers, had interviews with the Ran of Abet., yesterday, at the Office of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. Despatches were sent off yesterday evening from the Fo • reign Office, for Sir Charles Bagot, our Ambassador at the Hague. The Archbishop of Canterbury visited the Earl of Aber deen yesterday. It was proposed that Liverpool should honour Mr. Hus kiason's remains with a public funeral, and that they should be deposited in the new cemetery ; but Mrs. Huskisson, who is in a most deplorable state of anguish, is understood to have declined acceding to the wish of the inhabitants. MR. OWEN'S PUBLIC MEETING ON THE IMPROVEMENT IN THE APPLICATION OF MECHANICAL POWER. A very crowded public meeting was held last night in the Theatre known as the Sans Solid, in Leicester.place, to consider of the best means of applying machinery to the benefit of the country. The meeting was called by Mr. Owen, who, after a short introduction, laid down the following propositions relative to the use and abuse of machinery. Its use was to diminish the necessity of unhealthy and disagreeable manual labour; to diffuse wealth more equally among all ranks, and throughout all nations ; and lastly, to supply the means when they should be rightly directed, to remove poverty, or the fear of it, and ignorance, of the possibility of its return, from among all peo ple. Its abase was to create a greater necessity, through the poverty which it seassioned among the working classes, for an increase of un healthy and disagreeable labour on the part of those who previously bed too moth of it—to apply this power without economy or foresight, to emote a Imp aamantatf ageless production, thus called wealth, and old* to hid the stmodime "mitt' of the few. To apply it as now di mai anise the 'poem of Mievidwai competition, to reduce the facul ties of the working thecae, the imedams of all wealth, to the lowest possible point of value that wasM existents in the most wretched form. lastly to support the by emoinually increasing the advantages of the few at the mew of the melon and the hsppi nes, of the many. Mr. Owes preeseded ee drove, that hitherto the abuse of machinery was the only this knows, bat he hoped that the day was not far distant when it would nub* parr us. In order to effect this change, he proposed that coneessises ahead be made by both parties; the non-producers should invest the working classes with capi tal and machinery. As an equivalent for this conesseiso es the pan of the non-producers, the working classes should submit to a voluntary servitude, and give to the former nine-tenths of their produce. The following is the substance of Mr. Owen's plans t Upon the present occasion we meet to consider the best practical mode of changing, in the shortest time, the present wretched condition of mankind, which is the result of fundamental errors, for a rational sys tem of society,Vounded upon principles deduced from facts—a system in which truth shall be substitutal for falsehood ; in which certainty shall take the place of loose conjecture ; and under which ignorance, poverty, and misery, shall be exchanged for knowledge, wealth, and happiness. While vice and crime, except as matter of history, shall be utterly unknown. All who reflect, are now anxious to ascertain the Clete of the daily growing poverty of the industrious classes in the present improved state of the arts and sciences ; and with the continually increasing means of production for the whole population, over their consumption. They are desirous of knowing if the cause is permanent and unchangeable ; or it; by human means, it be practicable to remove it; and, if removable by human means, what measures must be adopted to effect the change. And first—as to the cause which increases poverty among the producing classes, in proportion as they increase the power of scientific or artificial productions, or ea they add to the means of creating a superfluity of wealth. This cause must now be obvious to every intelligent, reflecting, practical man. All the wealth of the industrious classes proceeds directly front their labour, manual or mental ; a general want of knowledge, among the population of the world, has made human labour a direct article of commerce, and subject to the same fluctuations in ha value, as every other purchasable commodity. The value of labour, therefore, tinder the present irrational state of society, depends upon the demand for it, in the market of labour ; and upon the amount of supply to meet that demand. Previous to the Invention of labour-saving, unconauming, machines, labour was always of much comparative value ; because every pair of hands which came into the market, brought with them a demand for food, clothes, houses, furniture, &e. amounting nearly to what their labour would produce. The demand for, and supply of, hu man labour, were therefore commensurate with each othtr, innerly ves,un. der every increase of the population ; and the industrious classes who were not slaves, were generally well supplied with the necessaries—and many of them with the comforts of life. But, as mankind advanced in a know. ledge of the arts and sciences, a new species of power for producing was discovered and introduced. This new power of production, without consuming in the same proportion is human beings consume, has ad. vanced, of late years, at a continually increasing ratio. This new power has been already so multiplied, that 'outman labour of all kinds is in great excess in the market over the demand for it : and the labour of the most industrious is not worth in the market of labour, as much as will supply a family of average numons with the necessaries of life. But the increase of the new scientific power of production—or as some call it. labour saving, unconsurninA machinery—is daily advancing ; and to its progress there is no assignable limit, nor ought there to be any ; for whenever its real use shall be understood, and properly tip , plied, it will become a Ood.like power, to relieve man front ail unplea sant labour, from waist, or the fear of poverty. At present, however, this new artificial power is. from ignorance, allowed to proceed in direct Icompetitian with manual labour ; and experience proves that human beings amen eentend successfully against this overwhelming compe titor. It is, therefore, obvious to all who dispassionately consider the present state of society in Great Britain and Ireland, and also in other parts of the world. that it is the increase of labour-saving, unmanning machinery, in competition with manual labour, that now, amidst a en. peelluity of all things, affects the industrious classes with poverty; flaring thus expWaed the cause of the present abitrees, smug the industrious classes in this and in other countries, while plenty eiders around them in tantalising profusion, 1 proceed to inquire if the cause which now overwhelms the industrious classes with eery, is perms. rent and unchangeable, or progressive. After ersnM ing this subject, ie every point of view in which It has yet presented itself to my 112 i 'A, I am compelled to say, that the great mute of the poverty of Ilia tier in. destsiess Johannes in the eivilimed world, is. node, the present trams of society, sot permansot ; but that it Is daily advancing in power, and extending its influence; and that no expedient hitherto produced, or that can possibly be devised, while human labour shall continue an article of sale, will prevent that poverty continually increasing. It is useless, therefore, longer to tantalise the industrious classes with helms of relief from any scheme that has been proposed by politicians and legis latora; or from any that they may hereafter propose, so long as manual labour shall be made an article of commerce, in competition with labour saving machinery. Ivey expedient that has been suggested as a panacea, would, if adopted, probably afford some temporary relief; but it would be obtained at the expense (after a short period) of an increas to the existing evils. These, my friends, arc no ordinary times i n which we live. The day Ls probably near at ind, when all that is good, or evil, in human nature, will be called into full action,—when ig . norance, bigotry, and despotic sway, shall again overwhelm the more advanced nations in dvllixation ; Of wi,,es intelligence, charity, and kindness, and laws meaning stud rights and condition to the human race, shall govern the wodd. This tire is no; only near at hand, but it may be said that it is Mlle f and that the period is arrived when the practical wisdom, and the moral courage, of all men, shall be put to the test. Although the cause of poverty, which row so sorely afflicts the industrious classes, is not even permanent, but pnwessively increas. lag under the present practices of the world —yet, weler another state of society, it is practicable to remove this cause of peverty ; and to make the cause itself the source of inexhaustible riches. And if tee: change in the condition of society can be made, '4lll it not be effected, to prevent the great mass of the people from auTering the lowest stage of poverty and wretchedness ? These are but two modes that I can discover, by width this perma nently increasing cause of poverty, and its irtnmierahle attendant esi! : ;, can be changed in its direction • and made , test-ed of a Curse to the in dustrious part of the populatio n, the greatest of blesttings to all doges. Both modes presuppose a new organisation of society ; and without which no permanent relief can be obtained. The fir*: mode—ned that most easy of attainment, is an enlightened servitude, arising front a tre aty wade, and thoroughly understood, between Me prolucing an . 1 no.. . producing clams, the former agreeing, as they 'night agree, and I,ily perform, their en t.—to create in quantity, or irtrinsic valu ten times the amount of wealth that 'snow produced int - heat Britain ate! :.re. land, that in returnfor it, they shall he supplied out. of this cnortnou = in. crease of wealth, with a sufficiency of good wholesome food, eufficieu houme and clothes, an education f or their children, and medicine a cal medical advice when ill. These they would require, because the bourn is worthy of his hire • and because, except the education for their children, these are all secured, by law, to the slaves in the West Indite , : and because the white labourers in this country perform two or three times more work than the coloured slaves do, in the West Indic:. I imagine that would be an excellent arrangement for both parties ; for each would be great gainers by the bargain. The pro. ducers might, by this arrangement, be easily relieved from their great enem and opponent, labour-saving machinery ; for, by a proper standingunder with the non-producers, this power might be directed to aid the producers, to create an unlimited amount of wealth ; which might he stored in extensive granaries and warehouses, for the use, when required, of the non.produccrs. It is true, the latter might, in a very few years, be overwhelmed with the quantity of real wealth at their disposal ; but the producers could, with the aid of the labour-saving machines, build more store-houses, and create more wealth ; until every one of the non. producers shall say," We have enough to spare s we have sufficient in our granaries, and warehouses, and mons, of every thing we can rationally or irrationally require, for many years to come." Then there would be nose to rob the non-producers, or to steal from them any pert of this inexhaustible wealth—inexhaustible because more would be annually created, in addition to the immense stares in the granaries and ware bouses—much more than could be used or required; unless it wite consumed by fire, or floated down the rivers, for the use of some other animals- Thus there would be an endless creation of wealth fur the non-producers, without fear, dread, or opposition from the producers; who, having one-tenth part of the quantities, would also have a full supply, and to spare, of all they could desire; and when ill. every care would be taken of them. There would be no motive to any contest be tween the parties ; for the children of the present producers would by producers like their parents, and never would expect to become non producers, except from accident, sickness, or age; in all which cases they would be amply provided for by their class, because there would be a superfluity of every thing they could require. The only evil to guard against would be, to prevent any of the produce' becoming non. producers. But this would be easily erected • fur, if I am not very much mistaken, the lives of the producers, uncle; this improved order of society, would be equally, if not more, desirable than their masters. The producer would have sufficient employment to keep him In health and activity, to enable him to enjoy his food, rest, and recre ation, and all his faculties of every kind. With my experience of human existence,l would, under this arrange sent, prefer be a producer, rather than remain a non-producer. I would give the preference to the producing classes, because of the useful regular exercise, of all the faculties, that would be called into action. It is very probable, too, that, in a few generations, the non-producers would breed out, or desire to become producers; and then, when the lest survivor of the non-producing class should die, or become producer, the producing class would be relieved front the slavery of providing so large a surplus of wealth for another class, who never produced any thing, or in any way added to their comfort. A volume might easily be fi lled with the real advantages that the producer, and non-producer. under this system, would enjoy, over the existing ;retched condition of both; bus it will take up too much of your time now to prated further with this part of the subject ; the outline will be easily filled up by your own imagination. Let the unproductive class supply the produc tive with the land and capital requisi•e ; and there will be no difficulty whatever in soon creating ten fold more intrinsic wealth than now exists. The other remedy presupposes more knowledge in society, than the march of mind—as it is termed--has, I fear, yet produced ; and in such case, it will be premature for immediate practice. This remedy requires an entire change of all the false notions, respect. la w man and society ; for true principles. relative to both. Whthis change can be effected, an enlightened system of equality may be established, in which all the powers of man and science might be employed, to produce the most beneficial results for all. This is that state of society which has been foreseen and anticipated, by the most intelligent of the ancients, who have studied human nature, and human society. Previous, however, to its attainment, a is neces sary that two important sciences sho uld be generally known and ac knowledged. These are the sciences of the laws of human nature, and the science of society. The first of these sciences is necessary to improve the character of the individual; the second, to unite him in a rational manner with the whole of his fellows, and to promote, on a solid and immoveable foun dation, the general interest and happiness of the human race. The outlines of these sciences have been discovered, and it remains only that these outlines be well understood, and be filled up with care end ac curacy, and that the knowledge of them should be generally diffused throughout society. The former condition of the pret!tteent and ron reducers which has been described, is, perhaps, necessary as a pre liminary state to enable all to obtain sufficient leisure and good feel. ing, by being relieved from the dire effects of competition to acquire this knowledge, and to permit it to be generally diffused, as well as to prepare all for the superior condition which the state of enlightened equality will produce. It must now be evident to all who have say praetkal knowledge of the present state of go ciety, that the condition of free producers in ampetition with labour saving unconsuming machinery, is fast approaching a pe riod when its longer continuance will rot be endured. I fear, how ever, that the producers and non-produce,., have much know. ledge of a superiot character yet to acquire, before they will be enabkd to understand the principles on which alone the practice of an enlightened equality can be established. This is too perfect a condition of human fife for men trained in the present system of mysterious ignorance, to suppose practicable. But as competition between manual labour, aml labour-saving unconsuming machinery, is at an end, it is certainly no longer practicable, consistent with humanity and the tranquillity cf so. day, to continue the existing system. Nothing therefore remains but the adoption, for a time at least, of an arrangement upon the principles first described, and I earnestly recommend all parties to turn their at. tendon to this new state of society, that it may be commenced with out delay. The reasons for its adoption are innumetabk, and many of them are urgent. The two great wants under the existing system, are, a want of knowledge and a want of wealth. The aristocracy, in its legislative ca. peaty, from the want of a rational education, and a consequent knew. ledge of human nature, has continually made lawitO prevent the attain. ment of knowledge and the creation of wealth. The professions fain the same cause, each in its own partment, are also direct obstacles in the way if attaining knowledge and wealth .The producers or industrious classes, are also placed under circumstances so extremely unfavourable, that they cannot acquire knowledge or wealth, except in a very limited degree; in fact in most caws they are feectd to be the recipients of mysterious absurdities, instead of being placed under favourable circumstance to acquire useful and valuable knots. ledge; and they also forced to support themselves in life, to produce that which is useless or injurioue, instead of reel wealth. Thus through ignorance, are all claws essentially injured. and none are truly benefitted. But under the system described for the till activity of the faculties of the producers, real, useful, and valuable knowledge will be easily se quircd, and wealth will be created in the greatest superfiuity, with bait the present manual or mental labour of the producers. The time and labour now employed by the priesthood to destroy the most useful. ra tional, and valuable faculties of the human race, will be unneeessary fee the producers, under the new cinuantaness in which they will be= will become, atthota any exception, moral in their conduct, to the non-producers, without the loss Odom mid capital created by the prtsathood and churc h. The time and labour et chase now anglayed In the town, to confound all ideas of right and sal so seat de pehotheed in further de stroying the useful and beekkief thipalltd, will be equally es. necessary, foe there will boo snob tied valid Maud, that no one in the new condition in will& is a = a z i al pa Z is tibUlmehee, will am lend about any smell Gems of kip sod she very superior education Atli de peednem will 1111b‘ inn prevent the saturate of any bed or tidy faddy as sag tehole pepoladoe The time and lama it the physisiens, and of I bevy Imp portion of these engaged la the medial pudessien, trill be Study neneemary.