Star. — London, England, 1820-01-29 00:00:00

_ . T stowed upon them' by 'Sur seasteful warfare upon the Continent, whilst the landed proper ty of England is, in a manner, divided between the tat-gatherers and the poor. and the Government. Good Gob ! Gentlemen, the Government of England, inste a d o f l oo ki ng f or sup port to the affections of the People, with the reins thrown upon its neck by a libeial Parliament, trusting to the certain consequences of indulgent p wisdom, now requires, according to its own recent il confession, to be bolstered u p even aga i nst appre -1 hended dissolution, by recasting the laws, trusting 1 to penal parchments, instead of to tho hearts of free a men. as a safeguard against h a t re d an d con t empt .— • 1 I dm happy, nevertheless, to find my beloved native ' country in a state of tranquillity. and I trust that her People will never seek t.) deliver themselves from any system of government they may think unwise in Parliament, by tumult and disobedience to the laws, tut that all orders of them may support one another, to insure good government, because, against an hei :test, harmonious, and peaceable union of all classes '1 of the British People, no misgovernment can for any . long continuance exist. Zealous exertions - by those ". who are in Parliament, supported by energetic, but well-considered efforts in all other classes, might yet, ' I hope. rescue our country from di ffi cu lti es , w hi c h are banishing the People by s p ontaneous em i grat i ons , j %%hilst Government is seeking t o vanish them by the laws ! a state of things, which could not possibly have .: taken place in a land blessed with s o f ert il e a so il, so :* .4 favourable a climate, and so excellent a Co nst it u ti on , nif some very unfortunate mistakes (to speak with no ._,., greater harshness) had not been commit t ed by tho se , p who have so long been trusted with the administration ls 9 of our anirs, and who have had all the power which a h i Parliament. implicitly confiding in them, cou ld b e - Qstow ; a power, one would tln..ic, which might have r'i been brought to a better account. But this melan r:i choly state of things has placed the Whigs of Eng land, the supporters of the principles of our Govern :l rne:.t as settled at the Revolution, in a new and more ili di: icuit situation, which, however, they must not 4 s!;ti;.k from, but conduct themselves with iropar ..iality and firmness. They had formerly only to op r; i.oce the overgrown influence of the Crown ; they :.,i :lave now also to guard against the consequences 1 which it has produced on the minds of the multi rude.- We must not be angry at the People, be cause . INP t;.i,ik tit many of them have mistake n t h e wa y to be delivered from the abuses which we in common . co•uplain of. If they are discontented w i t h t h e x ;,igi, or occasiL nally misled to distrust them, let us continue to shew by our conduct, _that our views are misrepresented or mistaken. Let us be ste,ii,st in our principles, and acting honestly, v.e must in the end prevail. It is for the benefit f the Public, that the acts of great bodies of pub lic -should he publicly canvassed. If they are canvassed fairly, the wisest and the bcst may be instiucted, and if they aie attacked with bit !er - ess, which may often be rather the effect of honest jealousy and irritation than of malice, let us 1: eely forgive them ; the attack will only exalt us in general opinion, when our honest exertions are, by that very circumstance, brought into view. Gentle men, as to the ever-to-be-lamented Statesman whose foots:eps we follow, and whose memory we now commemoilte, it is impossible for any one to speak of his exertions in Cie cause of public liberty, but more especially for me, who almost daily was a wit ness to them for so very many years, without being '.ost and overwhelmed by the multitude of the ob jects they embraced ; whilst my mind is at the same moment drawn aside from them, by, if possible, the superior character of his temper and qualifications as a private man. Gentlemen, this is all that I can say to you—l was born in the Old City of Edinburgh only three days before, as I believe, this truly great man was born at the other extremity of The island, and I have always thought it one of the most fortu nate circumstances of my singularly chequered life, that I came to know him, to honour him, and to act with him as I did. My oWn time, Gentlemen, is now list hastening to a conclusion, and its termi nation cannot be distant ; but, whenever it shall hap pen, I should desire to be remembered by no better a tomb-stone than this—' fhomas Erskine, a friend and companion of Charles James Fox:—Gentlemen, I thank you very sincerely for your indulgent kindness and patience." Tic Noble Lord concluded with proposing to drink to the " Immortal Memory of Charles James Fox," which was received w•iti: enthusiasm. Many public-spirited sentiments were then given, intermiied with just respect to the eminent support ers of the principles of Mr. Fox. " Lord Holland, and may he live long to cherish the princi ples which have immortalized his Uncle." " Earl Grey, and may eloquence, talents, and integrity, over bear apostacy and intrigue." " Earl ititzwilliara, whose removal by the present Adminis tration adds fresh lustre to Lis character." " Mr. Lambten, and sucsT:s to his exertions in precoring a Reform in the Commons House of Parliament."—Thanks were ably renamed by his Brother. " The Duke of Sussex, the Duke of Norfolk, the Earl of Albemarle, and all present or. that day at Norwich." The Ear/ of Lauderdale," it being his birth-day, of whoa Lord Erskine spoke in the warmest language of friendship. " The Houses of Bedford and Devonshire, Hamilton and Argyle, Leinster, Lansdown, Charle mont , an d a ll t h e Whi p of the Unites Ki ngdom." Mr. CAMPBELL, of Carberry, proposed, " The Memory of Mr. Horner," in a most just tribute to his talents and virtues; and the Hon. Mr. Manta, who supported Lord Erskine as Vice-President, did ample justice to the memory of Mr. Henry Erskine. Mr. CastraELL proposed—. " The health of Mr. Fletcher, a warm and early assertor of Borough Reform in Scotland." "' The memories of great men, deceased, were not orgot ten —Wash ington--Bir Samuel Romill y—Mr. (lark of Eldon, the father of Mr. John Clark— e Lard Newton—Professor Millar, and many other nni:tent men of Scotland. 4 Tile d.ty passsed with the utmost cordiality, and company did not separate till past eleven o'clock. The lion. Mr. lklaune proposed— The health of the Chairman, and Trial by Jory." Lord ERSKINE said, he had the good fortune to 'xilc.se, in so many instances, the atrocity and absur lay of that long-standing usurpation of the Courts it.-gard to Libel, that the public mind became pre , , area for reformation, particularly from what passed the Dean of St. Asaph's car. He had, he said, ourid the victims, and brought them to the altar; ; , it that withrt::- the power aid influence of Mr. For Pailia74ent, the sac) :flee would ne-..er hare been 'ark and it was one of the ?tabled and most impoe i,! .;elvices he had rendered to his country ! i-- -__ .: K:x TAL INTELLIGENCE:. s • 7 , - IVArxxvoso,7Amraav !3.—Arrived the Indus;VAPITIMOILD of Salem, from Canton, for Cowe s . Thi s vesse l i s the semad that be arrived in this harbour direct from the East Indies, .She had six months passage from China. Ii rxsau , JANUARY 24.—Tbe, Martin, of Wothington, front St. Andrew's for Liverpool, put in here last night, in a heavy gale from the S.S.W. She. was driven on the Bank, where she beat very heavy, until she was got off by assistance, much da maged. The crew have been in want of provisions for the last fourteen days. She met, on her voyage, the Sophia, of Bristol, dismasted, waver-logged, and abandoned. Yesterday morning, she saw about a dozen sail of vessels steeripg the same course as the Martin, and, from the extreme halness of the night, it is feared some of them have beets driven on shore to the West ward. The brig Anna, Musa, of Saltcoats, from St. John's (New Brunswick), has been driven on shore in Duravorly Biy, and if the weather moderates the vessel and cargo may be saved. hltiroan, JANUARY 26.—Several guns have been heard front the North, and a pilot has been sent off in that direction. The pilot has since returned, but has found no vessel, and it is hoped she has got into the Channel again. FLYMOVIN, JANUARY 27.—Wind %V.—Arrived the FLY sloop of war, Captain Corm, from Barbadoes, having on board the body of Rear-Admiral Donau' Camrszi.i who died the 11th November, on his passage from Tortola to Barbadoes. Also ar rived the Rose, Tama., from Cork, after being on shore in }lnatome Bay, and got off by the assistance of the crew of a Revenue cutter, after having received considerable damage. PORTSMOUTH, JANUARY 28.—Wind N.—Sailed the Jane, it!'Gaarss, and Oak, —, for London; Lively, Ewtmo, for Naples ; and Venus, FAZAJUD, for Havre. 1 Di 41.., JANUARY !B.—Wind N.—Sailed the Ajar, CLAIM, for Madras and Bengal ; Denmark 'dill, Pam, for rentambeco; Concord, Rey, for Trinidad; James, DENNISON, for Jamaica; Harlesteta, BRIGHTMAN, for New Ze aland; Greenwich, Heit man; Ann, Kess•; Emma GULLITTR ; and Mercury, Gee slin., for the South Seas ; Neptune, Battens, for the Cape of Good Hope; Achilles, 'lntnet.t., for Buenos Ayres; Manning, STEWARD, for St. Andrew's ; and several more, partiodars un known. lIIANCHESTER, JANUARY 27. SALFORD SESSIONS. Joseph Mato, of Bolton, charged with libel, was called at the sitting of the Court, and waited for for full an hour, but not appearing, his recognizances were estreated. Robert Ogdcn was next called; but Mr. DANIELS, Solicitor for the prosecution, stated, that he had no instructiens, and that he had told so to Mr. Nadin. —Not Guilty. ... Thomas Lifellor was brought up for an assault committed with riot. The assault and riet had been committed on the memorable 16th of August. On the evening of that day, the Magistrates had directed the public-houses to be cleared. Mr. Withington, a Yeoman and. Constable, was employed, with others, in clearing public-houses in Pendleton, when a crowd collected, and stones were Ihrown by some. Mr. Withington, anxious to disperse the crowd as mildly as possible, remonstrated with them, and particularly with the prisoner, who was most active, bur he remonstrated without effect : the prisoner assaulted him ; Mr. With ington had his coat torn from his back, his waist coat likewise, but he firmly and resolutely stuck to the prisoner, and took him into custody, although in the midst of a crowd. The prisoner had been im prisoned ever since the 16th of August. The CHAIRMAN—" The sentence of the Court, considering the time you have been imprisoned, is— that you pay 6s. Bd. to the king, and enter into re cognizances to keep the peace, yourself in aa, and two sureties in £lO each. Sureties were provided soon afterwards. John Chorlton, a respectable looking young man, was next put to the bar. Mr. STAMM, who opened the case, stated, that, this was an indictment against the prisoner for libel:i It charged, that he, being an ill-disposed and mali cious person, and maliciously contriving to bring the soldiers if our Sovereign Lord the King into dis credit and disgrace, by charging them with murder and cruelties, had published the following libels— ( Vide Manchester Observer, Saturday, Aug. 28, 1819): " Phrsa•Loo MAsscens!!!—Just published, No. I. price Ed. of Peter-100 Massacre; containing a full, true, and faithful ac count of the inhuman murders, woundings, and other monstrous cruelties exercised by a set of internals (mis-called soldiers), upon an unarmed and distressed people, who were constitution ally assembled, to consider of the best, most legal, and most ef ficient means of alleviating their unparalleled sufferings, when they were broken in upon by bands of armed mime, who murdered many, and cut and maimed hundrtds more in a hor rid manner !" Mr. WILLIAms having addressed the Jury, called John Hewcross, who proved the purchasing of the Paper (the Manchester Observer) of the defendant, at Mr. Wzoe's, Market -street, Manchester. Mr. HAY—" Have you anything to say in defence or extenuation?" The defendant—" I had no intention, as imputed by the indictment, to bring the soldiery into contempt, or to excite disaffection. I entered into Mr. Wroe's employment for the purpose of obtaining, as I thought, an honest livelihood. I hope the Gentlemen of the Jury will not find me guilty for having endeavoured to obtain ari honest livelihood." Mr. HAY—" Gentlemen of the Jury, considering the situation in which I stand, it would be very im proper in me to make any observations. In many' cases it might be necessary, here it is not, to offer any remarks ; for the libel is so clear that it cannot` be mistaken. I have only to say, a cc o r di ng to t he' power vested in me to give my opinion, that this is as gross a libel as can be. If any one chooses to take on himself to sell what may be a libel, he is an swerable for it." The Foreman took the Paper into his hand, and turned round to the rest of the Jury. In about one minute he returned a verdict of Guilty. • When the Clerk read the advertisement on which the indictment was founded, the defendant (Chorl ton) was asked, whether he wished the whole to be read?—He said, he did not. Mr. WILLIAMS—" The Jury will see the whble ; you have therefore a right to have the rest read, if you wish it. Defendant—'t I don't wish any thing respecting it."—lt was not read. Joseph Skew now appeared, to pray that his re cognitances should not be entreated. Mr. WILLIAMS—" I oppose it now." Joseph Shaw—" I was here all the week, and having run entirely out of subsistence, I went to Bol ton last night to recruit myself; I walked back this morning, thirteen miles, as fast as I was able. I could not be, here earlier." Mr. HAY—" We can do nothing now. It rests with the prosecutor." •Mr. WZLL/ANI3." I consent. I only wished to r.• - •• • • . ~~. hear what he had to say: I am -ready now .to proceed in his case:' Joseph Shaw said, that he was without any re freshment, and prayed a little time. • Mr. , WILLIAMS at once consented, and the priso ner left the Court for a short time. Mr. H.A.v—(to Chorlton, who continued to stand at the bar)—" You may stand down; but - perhaps you wish to hear the other trials? If so, you may re main as you are. , TRIAL OF JOSEPH SHAW, FOR LIBEL. After the lapse- of about half an hour, Shaw re turned into Court, and having declared himself ready to proceed to trial, he was given in charge to the Jury.. The indictment charged the prisoner, that he, being an evil-disposed person, and wishing to excite in certain of his Majesty's liege subjects a hatred and contempt of the laws and Government of this realm, and also a hatred and contempt of the Houses of Par liament, did, on the 23d of August last, publish a certain seditious libel, entitled, " A Letter to the Sol diers, on the State of the Country, and sheaving the means that were used to separate tliern from the great body of the People."—Thislettel- was published in one of Sher win's Political Rcgisters. • The defendant was aked, whether he would have the indictment, which was extre ely long, read' over? to which he replied i n th e a rmative. 4n The Clerk began to read it, arid had proceeded for some time, when Mr. WILLIAMS contended, that as the defendant had heard, the indictment read over before (on his pleading last Sessions), it was contrary to practice to have it read over now : besides, it would consume a great portion of the time of the Court. The defendant wished the reading to be continued, which was done for some time longer, when, at his own reqsest, it was given up. Mr. St...rums then opened. the case, and read prin cipal parts of the alleged libel from his brief. The 'substance of the leading parts is as follows :—The letter began by alluding to an Act passed in the year • 1817, by which it was made a felony, without benefit of clergy, for any person to attempt to seduce any soldier or sailor from his allegiance, or to excite them to any acts of mutiny or disobedience to their Offi cers ; and it observed, that this Act was passed be cause the Boroughmongers, meaning the Houses of Parliament, were afraid, that if the soldiers em braced the doctrines of Reform, they could no longer look upon them, as they now did, astheir only hope and safeguard in the country, and that they (the soldiers) would no longer submit to be the tools of such mod, in attacking their peaceable fellow-subjects. It fur ther stated, that it was not the wish of the writer to disturb their allegiance to the King ; that, it ob served, would be a dangerous subject, and here again it referred to the Act of 1817. It was not the wish of the writer to say anything of the Royal ninny, ' for," it added, GOD knows they are unpopular enough already ;" " but," it continued, " to the Boroughmongers (meining the Houses of Parliament) you (meaning the soldiers) owe no allegiance, and you ought to perform no duty to them." It then went on to point out the uses to which the Army were destined by Ministers, one of whom, it observed, had said, that without the aid of the Military force it would be impossible to collect the Taxes. It next adverted to what it termed the Military escort of the Sovereign froin Carlton House to St. Stephen's 'Chapel, and contrasted this alleged fondness for mi litary guard with the conduct of Queen Elizabeth, who, when asked by the Spanish Ambassador on her way to the Parliament House. where were her guards? answered, that they were there, (pointing to the Peo ple). The Boroughmongers (meaning the Houses of Parliament), were, it observed, afraid that the sol diers should at length prove unwilling to draw their swords upon their fellow-subjects, whose distresses might induce them to demand their rights from Boroughmongers (meaning the Houses of Parlia ment), te whose conduct all those distresses were to be attributed, and in consequence of this fear they were every day encouraging armed Associations in the country, in order that they (the armed Associa tions) might be ready to. perpetrate those deeds which an honest soldier would be ashamed to perform. The question with the Boroughmongers (meaning the Houses of Parliament) was not, whether they (the soldiers) were willing to do their duty, but whether they would consent to murder their fellow-subjects in cold blood ; not whether they (meaning the irol diers) would support the King of England, but whether they would give allegiance to, and support king Castlereagh, king Sidenouth, and a thousand others of their description ? It also alluded to the grant of ten thousand pounds - a year to the Duke of York, for going once a month to visit his afflicted father, a few miles from London, and added a report, that that money had already been lost by his Royal Highness at play. In the conclusion, it stated, that it had not touched upon the subject of the military; that it was not the intention of the writer to seduce soldiers from their allegiance, or to encourage them to disobey their Commanding Officers; but it made a broad distinction, as, indeed, it did throughout, between the obedience to their Commanders, and that which- they owed to the Boroughmongers (mean ing the . Houses of Parliament); but it added, that it might not be accused of omitting so important a subject as an allusion to the individual conditions of the soldiers; it begged their particular attention to an extract from Voltaire's Candide. It the n gave the extract beginning with that part, where Candide is desired by his comrades, on entering the regiment as a recruit, to " drink the King of Bulgaria's health," and ending with his description of the ter-. rible carnage he had witnessed in a battle with the enemy. The whole of which appeared to be a strong and highly-coloured irony on the hardships and pri vations incidental to the life of a soldier. Mr. WILLIAms followed on the part of the Cro ~vu, strongly arguing that the Jury were bound to return a verdict of Guilty against the accused. William Nelson was then called. He knew the prisoner, who is a calico-printer, and kept a small bookseller's shop, in Church -street, Bolton. He pur chased the number of Sherwites Register from the defendant, at his shop, on the tad of August last. Here the case for the prosecution closed, and the prisoner being called upon for his defence, addressed the Jury to the - following effect:— " GENTLID/Pf or ME Juar—You 'cannot expect great things from me on this occasion, as I am but a poor labouring mechanic, an,d only has driven to selling little books by the badness of my Mde. If the writer of the artick before you was present, be TOMS* doubt be better able to speak to you than I am. I :"%' • ~' +'. T caught a severe cad in tiling am steel, and I hayo already lost two to nulls of my'time, and a great deal of money. At the time nnv papers weee seized, the officer took away severaLac counts, by which I was prevented front getting several stars of money I rom my et:comers, and thereby am not now able to pay a learned friend (Counsel) :o p:ead my cause. As to the libel, it is nothite , to me; I am rut the writer, nor the printer, nor have I had the books !Turn the ; they pas:•••41 through two or three hands before they came to me; trade being.bad, I was glad to do any little business by which I -might support my seif and family, tath7 than be idle. • Tar wiiter of the article, Mr. Sherwin, is at large in London, and has not been ruaisbed in arty way for what he has done. It rests then with}ou, Gen tlemen, whether I shall be allowed-to return to the bosnm of my family, or be incarcerated in a dungeon for the act cf ano ther. As Goo is my judge, I had no intention whatever of bringing his Majesty or the Government irtu contempt by any thjtig I did. lam not one of that sort. - All that know my c taracter, know me to be an honest industrious man, endeavour ipg to support a wife and two small children. 'Whatever may be done to tne now, I shall always be rawly to do my duty to my sing and country. I think, indeed, the case is very herd, thlt r should be punished, and that Mr. Sherwin should be at I age. though he is the writer. It is a very hard case, indeed. Being a very poor man, I have not been able to pay a Gentleman of the Bar to advocate my cause for me. I have done for the present." Mr. WituAms.—lt k right you should know, that if you have anything more to say to the Jury, you must do it now, as you cannot address them alter this. Rev. Mr. linv:—Perlraps you may have some thing more to say, which you cannot now recollect. Take your own time. Prisoner.--s• •Jf the Court would allow me, I would w i sh t read what Lord Liverpool said in the House of Commons some time au." (Here he read a *passage front the Mrtichester 010 server of the 15th instant, in which the writer ::ongratolates thT Public or: the fact admitted by lard Llv!rpot in his speech in the House of I'eers on the Seditious Libtls' Bill ; tta• a libel on . his Majesty's Ministers coidd not be conbidered as a libel on hb Majesty's Government). Then, after a 11:use, the delendaur . continued. " I cannot say I Lave a.ty ab li is to study the law . on these subiects, or the law about libel; far be it from rue to study anything of that sort. lam of a d fferent_way of life, and I hope I shall never do any such thi, g. I hope you wit deal with me as liberal men, and as Eogli ;fatten. Tae situatio,. (l in which lam looks like a trap to catch me. For the book I. sold was published three weeks before, and Mr. Sherwin was! not indicted for it. Why was not that done? If Mr. Sierwin' had been punished, I would willingly sniTer anything for rub-, lishiny, it afterward..; but now I am to suffer for what I did net know, was a crime." This address, in the course of which the defendan paused several times, as if not knowing what to gay. was delivered in a very mild and submissive manner, and with apparent simplicity. The Rev. Mr. HAY, in addressing the Jury, ob- served, that after the obcervatinns they had heard from the Learned Counsel, his duty •n this occasion: was rendered very short, and the defendant could. not at all events complain of the narrowness of the ground which the Learned Counsel had taken, for he had certainly given every chance which he could. The Rev. Gentleman then observed, that after look ing over the article which he had never seta befote, he had no hesitation in saying, that it was a gross libel. The defence set up was untenable, for it would have been better for the accused to work a> a weaver, than to earn a livelihood by such means With respect to his not being the writer, that was not a defence in point of law. The Jury, with very little hesitation, returned I verdict of Guilty. THE KING V. SARAH HOUGH. The defendant in this case, who is a young worms!: of about seventeen or eighteen years old, was in dicted for publishing a seditious libel, by selling a number of The Manchester Observer, containing tht same libel for which the young man (chorlton) tvit committed. . On being put to the-bar, Mr. COLTMAN ObjeCtee to the Jury, on the ground of their having ahead ) decided on the very same charge in the case of Chorl ton; but this objection was overruled. The trial then went on, and after the statement (I dle case' by Mr. WILLIAMS, and a long and very able speech by Mr.COLTMAN, in which he tuck a re view of the affair of the 16th of August, the de fendant was found Guilty. She wept bitterly during the whole trial. Louisa Hough, mother of the last defendant, was next tried and convicted upon th e ver y same c h arge. Mr. WILLIAMS next rose to say, that if David Wroe, being only .a child, would submit, he would consent to his being discharged, upon paying a fine of Sixpence! David TProe was then brought forward, and di rected to say guilty, upon which he was addressed by Mr. HAY, and sentenced to pay a fine of 6d. and to be imprisoned till it should be paid. Mr. ATKIN: EON paid 6d. and the child was led out of Court.. Joseph Shale was sentenced to imprisonment for twelve months in Lancaster Jail, and then to find securities, for his good behaviour for two years, him. self in £lOO, and iwo sureties in . E5O each.. Louisa Hough was sentenced to imprisonment for six months, and to find securities, herself in £4.0, and two sureties in £2O each. Sarah Hough was sentenced to pay a fine of £5, and to be imprisoned till it should be.paid. John Charlton was sentenced to be imprisoned for four months, and to find securities for two pears, himself in £4O, 4nd two sureties in ETO each.. William Greenroyd was convicted of drilling, train ing, menacing, rioting, Ste. There were nine counts in the indictment. The -evidence applied only to training. The Jury found a 'verdict of Guilty. The Magistrates postponed the passing of sentence, This morning Halifax Papers to the 21st ult. and New Brunswick to the sante' date, were received, but they contain no news. On the account of the death of the Duke of KENT reaching Chester, on Wednesday, the Gt eat Bell of the Cathedral was tolled throughout the day. Lord HOLLAND is confined smith a severe fit of ;he gout, at Holland House. The Hon. A. MACDONALD gave an elegant enter-, tainment on Thursday to the Ambassador of the Ne therlands and a large party of di.tinguished person ages, at his house in Connaught-place. The Duke of WELLINGTON is arrived at Apsicy House, from Strathtieldsay. The Earl and COUIVE s of BRZADALRANI are ar rived at their house in Park-lane, from a visit to the Marquis and Marchione.s of Buckingham, at the seat Stowe, Bucks. The Earl and Countess of PORTSMOUTH a.r:ved in town yesterday, from a tour. At the Admiialty Sessions, this morning, :0 J c . Blevailt was Inind Guilty of wilfully cutting. and maiming his s% ife, on the High Seas.—Sir WILLIAM SCOT r, after expatiating an tha enormity of the of fence of which the prisoner was convicted, pa,sed him the sentence of—Death. ~ ~~ ~ y iy