Star. — London, England, 1820-07-28 00:00:00

LAiV INTELLIGENCE. COURT OF CHANCERY, JULY 27. •NIAS, IN TILE MATTZII OF NIAs, A BANKRUPT. The LORD CHANCELLOR—" In this long-contested bankruptcy, the assignees have acted perfectly pro per in presenting the present petition to stay the bankrupt's certificate. It is with reluctance, but cer tainly judicial reluctance, that I say, it is very danbt ful whether the bankrupt is entitled to it; but, after such a length of time having elapsed since the issuing of the commission, I think the bankrupt is entitled to the benefit of the doubt. I will therefore grant the certificate, but not in the usual terms, with costi to be paid the bankrupt, but that the assignees shall have their eosts."—Certificate granted. BUSINESS or THE COURT. The LORD CHANCELLOII observed, that Saturday next being the last Seal, he would hear mctions that day, and on Monday, and commence hearing bank rupt petitions on Tuesday morning. VICE-CHANCELLOR'S COURT. VIXOUNT CLIFOEN V. THE EARL OF SHAFTESBDRY AN) OTHERS. This suit was commenced against the lloble de fendants as executors of the late George Duke of Marlborough. It appeared, that an estate called Oldney, which the late Duke of Marlborough had . guaranteed to the plaintiff, free of tithes, except a small modus amounting to £BO per annum, had, in consequence of a suit in Chancery, commenced by a new Rector of the parish in which the estate is situate, been subjected to tithes in kind, amounting to £6.50 per annum. For the payment of the difference be tween that sum and £Eo—that is, for £570 per an num—the late Duke of Marlborough had pledged, as a security, an estate called Steeple Barton; but the rents not being sufficient to satisfy the payment of £570 per annum, the present bill was filed to sub ject the personal estate of the late Duke of Marlbo-. rough for the amount of the deficiency. The bill, which was very voluminous, was read, and the facts w ere admitted. His Honour the VICE-CHANCELLOR deferred his judgment to a future day. KENT ASSIZES.-MAIDSTONE, JULY 26. • BANK OF ENGLAND PROSECUTIONS. Richard Worthing, Samuel May, and Thomas Sarin der,:, were severally indicted for uttering forged Bask of England notes, knowing them to be forged ; but having pleaded guilty to the minor offence, of know ingly baying forged notes in their possession, the ca pital charge was abandoned.—They were each sen tenced to fourteen years' transportation, pursuant to the Statute. 7ho►aas Sounder's and Joseph Wilkes were then in dicted capitally for uttering a forged Ll Bank of England note to one Philip Chapman, at Chatham, on the 28th of April last. The prisoner, Saunders, was joined with Wilkes in this indictment as matter of form, it being a joint offence, with an understand ing that his plea of guilty to the minor charge, as above stated, would exempt him from capital pu nishment, if convicted.—Prisoners Guilty—Death. Wilkes applied to the Judge to have some silver returned to him, which had been taken from him by the Constable. He said the sum was twenty shillings.- Mr. Baron Wool) said he had no authority to make any order upon the subject; but suggested to the Counsel for the prosecution, that it would be as well to let the man have the money. The COMMON SERJEANT said, as there was no doubt that the money alluded to was the fruit of the priso ner's traffic in forged notes, it would be improper to grant his request. Mr. Baron WOOD repeated, that as the prisoner , was dead in law, he could make no order. The prisoner retired from the bar muttering curses. CUTTING AND MAIMING. James Coppins was indicted under the 43d Geo. 111. c. 58, for stabbing William Wraight, in the Parish of -Egerton, on the 23d May last. It appeared that the prisoner was a publican, and in consequence of a violent quarrel with the prosecu tor, who had struck him, he wounded the latter with a knife in the back. It was obviously a transaction that took place on the spur of the moment, without premeditation. Mr. Baron WOOD being of that opinion, i mmedi ate' y directed the Jory to acquit the prisoner, charging them, in point of law, that if death had ensued, it would not have been murder. The Jury tOtind the prisoner—Not Guilty. Joshua Ruck was indicted under the same Act, for maliciously cutting off the left hand of John Cook, frith a sword, on the 17th of June last, in the Parish of Chartham. The case was this :—The prosecutor and a party of young men had been playing a cricket-match on the 17th of June. In the evening they retired to re gale themselves at the Artichoke public-house, at Chatham. About twelve o'clock at night the party were about to return to their homes, when they saw the prisoner in the tap-room, sitting at the table.— Being inclined for some fun, they began to quiz the prisoner, by saying, that 'Squire Ruck's carriage stopt the way, and was ready to take him up. At that moment a cart came up to the door, and a horn was blown. The prisoner was then taken out of the :tome with some violence and put into the cart, which -.-as driven away with him towards his own house.— The cart passed through the River Stour, and the prisoner, out of a joke, was thrown into the water (though this fact did not distinctly appear) and got wet. It was sworn that the prosecutor took no part in this violent conduct; but the whole transaction was represented to be a good-humoured frolic. All' the party separated. The prisoner on his way home was overtaken by a brother of the prosecutor, to whom he said, " You are one of the three Cooks, and 111 do for you all one of these days; you work at Sir John Fagg's, but you sh4ll not work there two months longer." Nothing further passed, and they separated. About half-past twelve - o clock the prosecutor, who had occasion to pass the prisoner's house, was pur home, and when be came near to it, suing his way he saw a man standing on the other side of the hedge, and presently tl:e prisoner said, " Is thatyou, John Cook ?* 1 The prosecutor answered in the affirma tive, and went up to the prisoner, on his saying he *anted to speak with him. Prisoner then said, 64 } think you are one of those men who put me into the cart." The prosecutor assured him he was not ; when the prisoner replied, " If I was sure you were one I ould tun you through r' me prisoner had a sword • in his hand, and without any further observation,. made a push at the prosecutor, but missed him. 14 then aimed at his head and shoulders, and cut him in two places. The prosecutor immediately seized a thedge-stake in his defence, and was making his way .towards a wall, to get overhand escape, when he was followed, and the prisoner aiming a blow at his left arm, which he held up as a guard, he struck the hand clean off at the wrist-joint. The prisoner still pursued him, and aimed several blows at the prose cutor, who eventually escaped over the wall, leaving his hand behind. The prisoner then returned to his house and went to bed. It appeared, that when the prisoner had returned home from the Artichoke public-house, he was in a great passion, and com plained of being very ill-used by some people, and immediately took down a rifleman's sword, and said he would see himself righted. He had just gone out of his house with this weapon, when the prosecutor came up as above described. It was sworn, that when the prosecutor saw the sword, he said to the prisoner, , g I don't care for you or your cutlass, and 11l pull you up for it." In the struggle, the prose cutor struck the prisoner in his own defence with the hedge-stake, which was very large, but decayed. These were the principal circumstances of the case. The prisoner received a good character from seve ral witnesses, who, however, said, that his temper was very hasty. When told of the mischief he had done to the prosecutor, he expressed his sorrow for what had happened, and said he wished he could re store the hand to its place. Mr. Baron WOOD summed up the case for the Jury, and charged them, that they must be satisfied the prisoner had acted maliciously, before they 'could find him guilty. The Jury found the prisoner guilty—Death. WOLVERHAMPTON, JULY .25. The trial of Abel Hill, for the wilful murder of Mary Martin and Thomas Martin, in the parish of Wolverhampton, which consisted almost entirely of circumstantial evidence, came on at eight o'clock this morning, and was not finished until seven in the evening. The Learned Judge summed up in the most ample and perspicuous manner, commenting, as he proceeded, upon the nature of the evidence; and the Jury, after consulting about five minutes, returned a verdict of Guilty. His Lordship, who seemed almost exhausted with fatigue, then passed sentence of death, in the most impressive manner. At these Assizes, on Friday, John Williams pleaded guilty to having forged Bank of England notes in his possession, knowing them to be forged, and was sentenced to be transported for fourteen years.— Elizabeth, his wife, who did not plead guilty to the minor offence, will be tried on the capital charge of disposing of forged Bank-notes. NORWICH,JULY 26. DANK PROSECUTIONS. James Flowerckto, aged 36, was indicted on the oath of John Lees, one of the Inspectors of the Bank of England, with having in his possession certain notes, purporting to be one pound Bank of England notes, well knowing them to be forged. Mr. Justice HOLROYD summed up the evidence, with great clearness, and the Jury pronounced the prisoner Guilty. Sentence was immediately passed upon the prisoner, of transportation for 14 years. John Blissett, aged 21, for uttering a forged note to Mr. S. Limmer, of Holt, pleaded Guilty to the minor offence of having forged notes in his posses sion, which subjects the prisoner to fourteen years' transportation. . Thomas Cara aged 25, was indicted for feloniously breaking open ;he house of Mr. Thomas Lemon, of, Hetherseft, and stealing therein £33.—Guilty. • WORCESTER. LICETT 4. WILLAN AND ANOTHER. This was an action brought to recover the value of a parcel, containing gloves, which had been booked to be sent by the Mail, from Worcester to London, on the 13th of May, 1819, and which, as was sup posed, had been lost on the road. On the part of the plaintiff it was proved, that the parcel had been regularly booked, and the non-arrival at the place to which it was directed. The porter, who took the parcel to the.coach-house, denied that he had seen any notice stuck up there, restricting the defendants liability, and that they would not be an swerable for parcels exceeding the valtfe of ES, unless booked as such, and paid for accordingly. He also denied that he was acquainted with any notice what- ever given by the defendants restricting their liability. It appeared in evidence, on the part of the defend ants, that they had stuck up in their coach-office a board, conspicuously placed, on which was painted in legible characters their restrictive notice, and that the plaintiff had been there several times, and that the defendants had used other means to give publi city to their notice. Under these circumstances, the plaintiff was nonsuited. YORK, JULY 14. ARSE? O►. WILKE AND IfiNSWORTR. Mr. SCARLET? stated this case as the most aggra• vated which ever came into a Court of Justice. All the insult, and a most brutal insult, had been on the part of the defendants. It had cost the plaintiff a large sum of money ; but that was not the compen sation in damages which they would give for this very serious, very dangerous assault upon the plain tiff, and this insult to his wife. If he had not acted as he had done to the Yarmouth Gentleman, he would not have been entitled to damages. If a man ought to give a blow on any occasion, it was when he saw his wife insulted. He did, therefore, expect very large damages. Mary Ann Abbey, plaintiff's daughter, said her fa ther was a waterman belonging to the packet between , York and Leeds. Mr. Wilks, the defendant, was a Gentleman, and her father's landlord, at Woodles ford, near Leeds. Mr. Hemsworth, the other defen dant, had a large farm at that place. On Whit-Mon day, the 22d of May, which was a holiday, her fa ther was at the White Hart public-house, kept by John Collins. She went for him between eleven and twelve at night. He did not come home. She went again with her mother for him about one. • Her bro ther Thomas followed them. When they were re turning from the White. Hart she saw Mr. Wilks and a stranger from Yarmouth. The stranger, who was not known to her father, trod on her mother's foot as they were coming out. Her mother fetched him a smack with her open hand. The stranger then at tempted to put his hand round her neck. He pushed I her. Her father then struck at the stranger, and • Ipilcked him down: Before the stranger had.g ot well up, Mr. Wilks struck at her father, several times,l hard blows. Her father did not strike him again . ; . he had no chance. Mr. Wilks and Richard Rhodes took hold Of her father's arm, and took him a few yards from the door. Mr. Mks then let him go, and Richard Rhodes mok him home. When her father,. her mother, her brother, and she, had gone in, Mr. Wilks followed them in, and her mother locked the door. Mr. Wilks came in quietly. She did not kno w h wheth . er her mother had intended to lock him They sat down and began to talk, seemingly as if they would be quiet. . Mr. Wilks asked' her lather why he had insulted that person, the stranger who was with him, from Yarmouth ? Her father said, he had no business to meddle with his wife, but to let her come about her business, and he was a rascal for doing so. Mr. Wilks said, if he called him a rascal again, he would certainly beat his head off. Her fa ther said, he • was nothing else but a rascal. Mr. Wilks pulled his gloves off, and struck her father se veral times, till he bled at the nose and mouth. Her mother and she screamed out. Her brother opened the door, to let somebody in to assist. Mr. Hems worth rushed in, and said—" D—n him, let us kill him, let us slice him, the little jealous b—," and then took him by the hair of the head, and dragged him about a yard. Mr. Wilks was stir, agait of him. Mr. Hemsworth then took hold of the top of the door with both his hands, and stamped on her father's head.— Her father lay on the floor bleeding. Mr. Wilks was punching him, but said Mr. Hemsworth was too hard—he would kill him. Mr. Wilks stood across her father while he punched and struck him. Richard Rhodes pulled Mr. Hemsworth off. Both Hems worth and Wilks went out. •Her . mother and she were crying, and supposed her father dead. Her fa ther lay in his blood; het mother was washing the blood off. Mr. Wilks came back, lifted up her fa ther's arm, and said—" Oh no, not dead yet." When going out, he said, it was very much like an Irish wedding. Her father was very bad nexf day ;he was not able to work for a fortnight ; he did not make a voyage since. He went next day to Leeds Dock. Cross-examined by Mr. Mont.—There was a dance at the White Hart. A Benefit Society had dined there. Her father went between eight and nine, but she was not right sure. He tripped the stranger's heels up, and knocked him down. Her father never did strike Mr. Wilks; he had no chance. " Who told your No one: I seed it—had eyes to ace with."— " Aye, aye—and very pretty eyes too : but did not you bear your father A, 13-F-n you, I have not yet done with you?'— " I did not. " • _ _ _ Thomas Abbey, a lively quick boy, 13 years of age, told the same history with a rapidity which Mr. SCARLET? could scarcely restrain sufficiently to make him intelligible. Mr. Wilks was punching and braying his father as bard as.possible. Mr. Hems worth looped right on to his car. Mr. Wilks said, " D—n you, Hemsworth, that is too bad ; yod will kill him." He lay on tht floor, bleeding at his head, mouth, and nose. He could not bide to lift his arm. Mr. WILLIIIM—To whom did you tell this story before ? Witness.—Story ! I never told a story yet. He came here on :Wednesday. He saw Mr. Lee now. - Mr. s.—Repeat again part of what you have said; begin at the beginning. The witness began, and rapidly repeated the whole of his evi. deuce without the change of a syllable, till be concluded with— " and that's all." Richard Rhodes did not see the beginning, but observed the defendants beat the at his own house, and saw the plain tiff lying in his blood. James Skelton and John Donkin saw the plaintiff lying stiff, and heard his family crying. Mr. RAINS addressed the Jury for the defendants. It must have occurred to them that vast . colouring had been given to the transaction. He was not sur , prised, for his Learned Friend used colours as much as any man alive, and he had on this occasion been assisted by the greatest painter ever known since painting was done by Attorates. Mr. Lee, the Attor ney, varnished—laid it on with a trowel! Tommy Lee had divers advantages over other Attornies.— They had heard the stories of the children, so well got by heart. The bay had been well taught and' tutored by Tommy I The Learned Gentleman then commented oa thettrkieuee, and said.he should call witnesses —nom got ibis verdict, for - he could not struggle areisitthat, but—to . shew that damagesl were not due. The first shoild be the stranger. Samuel Theta bad hissesidence in Low, Li . Several women ware In the passage; he stumbled teat one. He pot Ida arm out, and said,' Take care, my dear." " Never Inind," she said. " you have not hurt me." At the door one came and hit him behind the head with great violence, and tripped up his heels. His nose bled violently. Mr. Wilke observed, when he left him to go tn al plaintiff's house, that he was afraid Abbey would do seine mischief to bis wife—the hot-headed, mad little fellow. Mr. Scalar:T.—a Was she not lying?"—" She was not; it was not a likely place." " What made you stumble?"—" It is very easy to make a mistake, I conceive, in a dark place : I put my arm about her waist." " Did she not give you a slap on the face? It was a woman, remember ; su there can be no dis grace in the confession She did not ; she was very civil. I had been dancing." Shepherd Dobson swore that Abbey had said of Wilk!, at the White Hart, " D—n his eyes, I am not done with him ;" and that he called his wife ill language, as " D—n her for a b—, for she let them take liberties with her." • Witness heard Mr. Wilks say he would go to pacify the little d—l, if he could. Cross-examined.—He heard the bolt go when Mr: Wilks went in. He heard a large noise, a screaming out, and" 0 Mr. Q Mr. Wilks !" They were female, voices. Mr. Scasizrr.—" What did, Mr. Wilks go in -for?"—" I don't know." Do you supposi it was to pacify them ?"—" I don't kdow." " Come, Sir, don't parry so—you don't know : do you think that any one believes you?" Mr. Rena—" Yes • Ida" IL Mr. SCALY •-ii DidlT, you see any blood ; I saw Mr. Wilks's clothes all torn off his back." " Poor Mr. Wilks ! Did you see him bleed?"—" NO." Hannah Collins, daughter to John Collins, the innkeeper, saw Abbey drinking in their house the next day, with three or four more; he seemed as usuaL Cross-examined by Mr. Scaaterr.—Mr. Wilk. has a good property. I had not the honour of dancing with him. I danced with Mr. Inett. He introduced himself. I do not pay visits with Mr. Wilks. - It may have happened that I was sometimes in a post-chaise with him on a wet afternoon. Mr. Sewazatrr.—" I don't say it was any harm; you cannot suppose I mean it." Witness.—l have been to Northallerton with him in the coach. I stayed half an hour, and left him there . I made nO other journey with him. I d on't go to see him at his house.— He does come to see me, as many more gentlemen do. 'Ws keep an inn. I came home of a wet night from Leeds with him in a post-chaise.' I sometimes walked with him from Leeds; not late—not at ten at night. I saw Abbey lying on the floor. I thought he was asleep. I followed after them like another busy body. I did not think Mr. Wilk: was going with Mrs. Abbey. I saw Mr. Wilk'. His clothes were torn off his back; his trowsers were torn off his back. (Mr. Scset.svr.— Gon bless me! Poor Mr. Wllks ! hope you have mended them ?)—No. Abbey's wife never criecLat all. I never heard Mr. Wilks say anything about this. I never spoke 9f it while (till) I saw Mr. Wilk. and Mr. Upton (the attorney) at our house. Mr. Wilke is a baebelor. Mr. ScAsturrT again addressed the Jury. He did not agree that the case was over-highly coloured.— Even the witnesses on the other side admitted that the plaintiff lay weltering in his blood, and that there were cries of aliun and anguit.h. The .hNtult was unprovoked, brutal, and violent. No langnage could colour it more than the bare relation. Any camper. cation the defendants might be happy to pay rather than that they should be tried in the other Court..... Had the plaintiff died, they would not have heert bailed, and they would have had to answer to their consciences as.well as to their country for the life of a fellow-creature. • Mr. Justice BAYLEY, in course of summing up. , said that Mr. Wilks might have lost the even toss his temper when h e tr_7. - , is friend sirup? "by one a lower situation in life. Mei:ller the pl ain , i when he lay curdle floor, was-shamming or not, they could not tell. If he hati been very, very materialfy injured, he could not have been at the public-hou.:,e next day. Drinling in the public-house might thrown the plaintiff's temper oil its guard. It rni&it have done so, too, to the defendants. They would making the case their own, give fair and temperate damages.—Damages £3O. JULY c.::S.—OWEN V. .HINDLE. This action was brought by the plaintiff for work done in the year 1813. The defendant had about the same time attended the plaintiff and his son in a medical character. When the plaintiff asked pr.. ment, he was answered, that there was a demand against him for attendance and pills. At length t! . e doctor brought two actions, one against the father, the other against the son. This stimulated the plain tiff to bring the present action for £l7 4s. The doc tor's charges were E. 12 Os. 6d. By cross-examination it appeared that the work done was for the purpose of building a house, in part of which preaching was occasionally performed. Mr. WILLIAbIS said e would not now enter upon ' that subject. Mr. SCARLETT (for the defendant).—Does tl.e doctor preach ? Mr. Justice BAYL.EY.—Mr. Scarlett, he practise. The Jury deduCted £l2 Os. 6d. due-to the defend ant, and found £5 3s. 6d. still due to the plaintiff. ALEXANDER V. MILNER, BART. This was an action by an attorney against a Life High Sheriff, for the costs of an action, in which 11:e plaintiff, against Ingham, a bailiff, was successful. Mr. Justice BATLEY said, the Sheriff had been ol i. ginally only a nominal defendant, and might wi;:i safety have allowed a verdict to go by.defkatlt. ile was, therefore, not liable for costs.—Nonsuit. TILE KING 11. BROWN. Mr. Justice PARK, having delivered the jail, tried causes in the Crown Court,. and the above cau,e came to be tried before him. It was an indictmert at the instance of the Justices in the ntighbolirllood of Thirsk, for a gross insult offered, by the defend.irt saying to them, You work more for money Coin for justice ; you .want the money to get your dinner, .and a bottle of wine after it." Mr. BROUGHAM tried to get rid of the indictmert by means of several technical objections; but his Lordship overruling •he apologized for h;i client, and allowed a nominal verdict to be pica against the defendant. POLICE. • Maftsiou-Hocsr.—Four men, named Fitpbwrs, Cowen, ;AS-% and Nilson, old-clothesmen, were braug:st up, charged by Car:. Page, of the East India Company's service, under the new Street Act, with having obstructed the public 'highway, and at tempted to establish a new old-clothes market, in Castle -street, Houndsditch. The defendants begged fur mercy; and on their promising to remove the nuisance they were discharged. GUILDIRALL:-...01TA1%1NG ;HOVEY UNDES. FALSE PRETENCES,-• Yesterday, a person who has held a- respectable station in the City, as a boot and Shoemaker, was brought up on a 'variant, and underwent an examination before Sir Joust Hama, on a charge of having obtained the suns of 91. 13a. under tai -.e pre tences, from a tradesman nansed..Rumbic..—Sir Joust Eames was of opinion that it was a veil peculiar case, whir .: r::aired sense consideration, and he should take an opportuni- y t love the opinion of the City Solicitor upon it. At the request of tile parties, who said they had many witnesses to bring forward, he adjourned the examination until neat week. The prisoner aria, in the meantime, released upon his own recognizance. Bow-ssitaier.—Yesterday JAn Douglas was charged with steal lag two cushions, thiproperty . of Robert Skit, a coachmaker is Long-acre.—The prisoner was committed for re-ex3minatioo. .lerennals Afurisity, a porter in Covent-garden Market, was rhStged with stealing 37 gallonii"of fruit.—lle was reminded. Limon HALL.--Wednesday night, J. Morris, 0. Illwards; and J. Inwood, Esqrs after spending the evening at a coffee-' house, were proceeding to Vauxhall, aril when about the middle of Vauxhzll-bridge, they were attacked and robbed by five ruf fians, who, though closely pursued, etiected their escape in the confusion at the garden gate. SIVGULAR VERDICT.—At the Quarter Sessions for Lancashire County, held at Lancaster Castle, ca Tuesday se'nnight, Job! Safe, the mate, and fto&rt Jewell, a seaman, belonging to the Bideford, of Bideford, were indicted for stealing, at Lancaster, nine gallons of wine, the property of Messrs. T. Sat tertbwaite and Co. and upon apparent evidence of their guilt, the Jury pronounced the following ver- . dict :—" Not Guilty, but ue desire they may be repri manded!"—This anomalous pi ctice of reprimand ing on a verdict of Not Guilty, affords another com plete proof of the excellence . 9f the Scotch. custom of finding " not proven." DREADFUL EXPLOSlON. —Wednesday night, the neighbourhood of St. Gebrge's-fi! . ...lds was thrown into alarm by an explosion of gunpowder, &c. in the apartment of Mr. Jones, a file-work manufacturer. The shock shook every.house within 200 yards, shat tering the windows, and knocking doWn chimney pots, &c. Mr. Jones occupied the lower part of i. 1.? house of Mr. Smith, a firtier, who was ignorant <: his profession, or that he kept gunpowder on the pre mises at all ; and on Wednesday night be (Jones) wzitt out, leaving his wife in care of the place. — About t::e time the accident occurred, it was said she was hccd striking a light, and in an instant the house blew up, and the back front was blown some distance from tl.! house. Volumes of smoke arose; at length a female form, with three children hanging about her neck, was descried through the flames, at one of the u windows; she threw the children down one another, and it fortunately happened that taro them were caught by the spectators; the other fcl;, and received seme contusions,. but none of a scrim nature. The woman was then about to jump Mt herself, but. was dissuaded by a Constable, who nut up stairs, and succeeded in brin - ging her out of the ruins; without either experiencing 'much injury.. En gines arrived about - eleven o'clock, and the fire wai got under. By the ister - piiition of ruoviocscs. a chest ofdrawers was bloWn..tuider the stairs, which had the effect of keeping therritp, andjiad it i.o: be.'a for this fortunate circumstance, evert person in talc house must have perished. • . _ LON DO.N : rriuted and published %y Lsvzt. KEPI, I'4 itAlt- PlAce, Tunipit. bar. I ~i