Star. — London, England, 1820-05-31 00:00:00

r , , c; (af cry of " No, nor).—The Honourable Member drew the attention of the House to the case of a ma nufacturer of cloth, who was obliged to divide the produce of his labour into two portions. One portion was given to his labourers, who assisted him to ma nufacture the article ; the other portion was to pay him for making it. Corn rose in price, and the men who worked for cloth would starve; if the manufac turer did not give them twenty instead of fifteen per cent. He asked, in that . case, whether the rising of corn would not raise the price of stock ? The Agri culturists might as well say, they ought to gro* all the sugar, used in Great Britain, as the corn.— They migbe as well Claim a right to the exclusive cultivation of beet-root. Such an attempt would not be more absurd than that of attempting to grow all the corn consumed in this country. The interest of -the Public wasto be considered before that of any particular class. The error of 1815 was making the Corn Law permanent : it should have been tempo . rasa.: This country would• be the happiest in the -.. world if it got rid.of the National Debt and the Corn Laws—(Laughter). There was not the slightest' ground tot going into the nroposea inquiry. It was • intehded to do good, but might much mischief.. Mr. T. BENETT was ready admit that if there io were no such thing as a Nazi ral Debt, we should stand in no need of Corn Llses; but as that debt existed, and w$ the cause of s o much distress, there must . be Chrn Laws ; the present Corn Laws did not give the, relief which was intended by them ; and, therefore, it was anecessary to have a new Bill to give proper protection to Agriculture, for he knew that the present law was, in every respect, evaded. --Dirring the last Session of Parliament, a sum of . £50,000 was voted for the Banishment of 5,000 men lo the Cape of Good Hope ! The country thus lost 6,000 of its best labourers—(Hear, later),—each of whom was of the value of £3OO to the country. if a proper system existed, this great loss would not have taken plate. but our own lands would be culti vated its the most complete and exten:ive manner.- -lle truster that the House would .grant the Com anitteeavlitch the Hon. Gentleman moved for. Kr..I)USICISSON said, this question had been so forcibly considered by his Ei. r „AM; Yrifit' )(f r ac the head of tho .- Board af-Tryfe,;. 111 * - ' • . d not have risen to address elf Muse; trad• , ; •'''. e Noble Lord (Member for Yorkshire) mistaken 'the argument of his Right Hon. Friend. In ISls,.when the subject was uilder discussion, he v. as one who took part in the debate upon the Bill. He proceeded to state the reasons v. rich induced him •to support the Corn Bill, and . contended, in a very able argument, that the measure hail been attended with beneficial effects. • Mr. COKE. ,of Norfolk) said, that representing, as Le did, a great Agricultural COunty, and differing, us-lie happened to do upon this occasion, from many persons whom he highly esteemed, hi could not help expressing his regret that this question had been at;itated, as he felt it an imperative duty to declare his disapproval of the motion. Every one who knew h:ni must be aware that he was delighted with.Agri cultuie, and F,;culiatly attached to those by ' whom its interest was promoted. But stin he could not consistently, in the present generally distressed state of the country, give his assent to'a motion limited to the concerns or grievances of the Agriculturists alone. Had a motion been m.ide for an inquiry upon a large scale, scant rehending the Commercial and Manufac turing, as well as the Agricultural Interests, or had a proposition been submitted for an inquiry into the Staas - of the Nation, such .a proposition should have had his - decided Supra. Bei he could not agree to the idea of cOnfiniug the solicitude of the Ilouse to the Agfitalturists, while the state of the Manufac turers was notorrouslyso very yrs etehed—(Hear).-- The HI ruse had that night heard a Pc.•.ion presented by his Noble Friend (Lord Milton), whit!' stated that the Petitioners were unable to earn more than /Ifai. per week ; and if this statement were true, it was indisputable that the condition of the M meta c firers was much more deplorable than that of the Agriculturiitt in any quarter of the country. From such a fact, indeed, it would appear that the griev • soma of the one were considered more aggravated than the other. Such, then, being the circumstances er the country, he was an advocate for the most en larged and comprehensive incjuiry, in .order to see sihat could be done for the relief of our severely snf feriog population. In the minds of some Gentleuien, perhaps, ra consequence of inattention to their pro. pert?, or the rise of rents during war, there might be reasons for supposing that the price of Corn must be kept up, or rather gaited, in order to meet that press sure of taxation which seal the essential cause of the national calamity. But he could sec no just reason for such a course of proceeding, or for any course that should berefit one class of the community at the expense of another, when all were equally distressed.' After adverting to the suffering ache Agriculturists In consequence of the pressure of Tithes, which af fected so much the cultivator s of bad land ; and this was one among the many seasons why some com mutation shOuld take place, as the Parsons derived an unfair proportion of profit from poor lands, ren dered ptoductive principally through artificial ma nure, of which article, he presumed that the Asrsons contributed nothing !—(A lough)—the Honourable Member concluded with repeating the declaration of his regret that he felt himself compelled, by a sense of duty, to vote against the present motion. Mr. ELLICE strongly opposed the Motion, which had for its object the raising the prices of the neces saries of life, and therefore lae moved " the previous . question." Mr. MANSFIELD declared, that the distresses of the Agrictiltural Interests could not equal those of the Manufacturing Interests; and he saw no reason tOr any proposition that would have the effect of raising the price of Corn. Mi. BROUGHAM conceived it would be most improper, after the numerous Petitions which were piesersed to the House from distressed Agriculturists, not to pay some attention to their claims ; and there fore he was greatly astonished at hearing the mone strous proposition made by the Member for Coventry, of moving the previous question--(Hear, hear).—He could agree to no such proposition, but would listen to the cry of distress that had gone forth all over the kingdom; and he thought it would be indecent to turn a deaf ear to the entreaties of the petitioners, and therefore he was faiuurable to the Motion of the Honourable ?Member for Surrey—( Hear, Hear ). He had, however, one great doubt on the subject, and that was, lest hopes, which could not be realized, might be held out to.the country; but, on the whole, 'he thought that it would be fit for the Honse tt take the case of the petitioners into its consideration.. As to protecting duties, there were numerous pro tections for all species ,of manufactutes ; and were there to •be no protections kir the growth of the land? ' If there was a general freedom of trade in everything, there were numerous articles of manu facture which could - now be had, he would confi denky astert, at half the present price. The great mass - of taxation and Poor-rates fell generally on the agriculturists, much more than on any other class of men. There was nothing like a free trade to be any where found ; and it was absurd to object to the Corn Laws on the ground of the freedom of trade. The cultivated land of the country had long become the depository of an immense mass of British capital ; and he was astonished to hear a Gentleman say, that our best policy would be .to send to Poland for wheat, where it' could be got cheap. If such a theory as-this were acted upon, six or seven millions of acres would be thrown out of cultivation, and the country would be overwhelmed by a calamity never heard of before ; the labourers on these lands, and even the owners, would be terned into paupers. —He wished to see some measure carried into effect, that, by taking away a moderate part of the public burdens from one class of persons, and- adding a moderate part to the other class, would tend to equalize the pressure of those burdens. Without in tending to imply that there was a separation of in terests between the two classes, he thought that" the agricultural interest was po paramount, as to deserve primarily the attention of the House. Mr. ELLICE 'and Mr. HICARDO explained. Mr. GIPPS said, if the Hon. Member for Coventry would withdraw his Amendment, he would propose an Amendment for the appointment of a Select Com mitee to inquire into the mode of,ascertaining the averages.—Mr. ELLtol withdrew his Amendment. G7neral GASCOYNE said, it was in . the -know le4ge of most of the Members of the I louse, that it w..:s his intention to move the previous question. He could not, therefore, consent that the motion fur the previous question should be withdrawn. torkCASTLEREAGH rose, not for the purpose of entering into any further discussion, but to call the attention of the Hon.* to the question which now stood before them. • The Member for Surrey had proposed to :der all the Petitions to the consi deration of a Select Committee, with a view of en. tering into the whole. subject, and effecting a com plete alteration or the Scale of protection settled in 1815. Agiecing. as he did, with his Right Hon. Fi lend, the President of the Board of Trade, and with his Honourable Friend on his left, it was im material, in his viear, whether the proposition of the Member for Sarrey were got rid of by a direct negative, or by the previous question. Either of these courses equally effected his object of not going into a general view of the agricultural state of the c'ountry. At - the same time; be did not, wish to preclude .any other•Honourable Member from adopting the sug gestion of his Honourable Friend (the President of the Board of Trade): he was ready to give his support to a motion for a Committee, not to enter into so large a field of inquiry as would tend t 3 alter the scale of protection adopted in 1815; but to inquire whether, by frauctor erasion in the mode of striking the Ave rages, the proeisions of the Corn Bill had been de feated! The suggestion of the Honourable and Learned Gentleman would open the whole question of the scale of protection, and. if the averays were taken upon a survey of the whole surface of the United Kingilom, an alteration of .six or seven shil. bugs would be produced upon this scale of protection established by . the provisions of the Corn Bill in . 1815. Mr:Alderman lIEYGATE thought the Corn Laws required to he reconsidered, as Agriculture had been materially affected by. the Bullion question. Sir TIl ONI AS Ace LAND, Mr. VES EY FITZeLIUILD; and Mr.Woncatovss, supported the original motion. Mr. [lowa; Sumsee replied ; and,. after a few words in explanatioU from General GA:berme and Lord Mit.ros, the House proceeded . to divide upon , lie original motion : Kyes . lso—.-Noes nn—Majariry for the original motion 49. Lord- MILTON lamented the decision to which the House had cutue, and begged them to defer the nomination of the Com mittee an account of the late, - or rather early hour--fhalf past three in the morning.) Air. BARING then moved the adjournment .of the House,, is order that the Committee might be appointed at a time when there would be a full attendanct. He trusted the decision of that night would convince those whose opinions agreed with .his own, of the necessity of watching this proceeding strictly ; and, for his own part, he pledged himself to oppose it in every stage. . Sir 11013 E RT WILSON seconded th: motion for adjourn ment. Feeling -anxious for the tranquillity of the country, and knowing the effect which this decision of the House would pro duce, he implored them earnestly to a4opt the motion, and sus pend all further proceedings for that night. Millions of men would have petitioned the }louse against this proceeding. if they bad anticipated such a decision as that which• had taken place. He felt satisfied that a Military Government would be required to tranquillize the people in case that any new measure was at tempted in emsonance with the spirit jhst manifested by- the House--(Order, Cirrkv.) I.ord CASTLEREAGH regretted exceedingly the language of the Honourable Gentienten--(olsers).—At the same time he lamented aid deplored, from the bottom of his heart, the decision to which the House bad just come. So little had he anticipated such a result, that, being asked by several persons whethet be thought there was such a difference of opinion as would make it necessary h. them to remain in the House till the division ? be had told thtou that nothing was so unlikely, from the temper which the House had evinced during the debate, as an effective support of the motion. If he had thought that it would have bad so many supporters, there would have been a very different attendance of Members, and . a very different me suit from that which had taken place. !sir. BROUGHAM lamented the necessity of differing from' his gallant friend Robert Wilson) on any subject, but more especially on a subject so delicate as the present. Ile did net ear it was so in itself, but the Honourable Gentlemen. made it delicate by the manner in which they treated it—(ifear).— He would ask If any thing had fallen from the lion. mover, er from any of those who had supported his motion, that could warrant the belief that they wished to introduce a new system of Corn Laws? for it had been put to every man an England; Scotland, and Ireland, that ate a loaf, that the object of this Committee was to raise the price of bread. Ile himself had said, over and over agate, that he was, in the first instance, for granting ne farther assistance to the agriculturists than they had been formerly acknowledged by the Legislature, to be en titled to. Mr. 11. SUMNER said, that the decision of the.llouse had taken hint atemuch by surprise as it seemed to have taken others; for, however convinced be was of the propriety of the measure he proposed, he had not thought that any proposal be could make to the House would have been so favourably received. The Motion of Mr. Basuto was. dam . pt is the following form, and carried unanimously :—es 'flat this debate be ad journed till tide day." The other Orders of the - Day bse bum &posed of, the Hose Adjourned at Four o'Closkshbaborlialt.. Air. -- ..C....`- *- THE EVENING STAR. • LONDON. - WEDNESDAY, MAY Si, 18204 FUNDING EXCHEQUER BILLS. A most extraordinary scene took place this morn• ing. As early as Timm o'clock, several of the first Brokers in the City began to assemble round the outer door of the Bank ; they continued to accumu late in numbers until six o'clock, the usual time of opening the doors ; the Porters then admitted them into the passage leading.to the Chief Cashier's Office, ' which, by ten o'clock, was crammed to excess,— The moment the door was opened, an attempt was made to admit one or two Gentlemen at a time, but at length the rush became so tremendous, that the large door was torn from the hinges, and the Office was in a moment filled with persons, every one more anxious than another to fund a large amount of the Exchequer Bills. The Gentlemen then gave their names, and the first ten Subscribers took the whole amount of 1:7,000,000! —lf the Minister had wanted 20 Millions, he could have been at no loss to procure them. The disap jpointment to the Exchequer Brokers, in consequence of this sudden Subscription foe the whole amount, was great, but the lass they all probability, sustain, is worse than the disappointment. Yedittrday.they had purchased immense quantities of Exchequer Bills at 10s. and 12;. prem. bat as soon as it was announced that the subscription was full, they fell to ss. prem. and then to par ! t •The general effect upon the market was not favourable, as Con sols for the Account have been done at 703/ 4 , anti are now at 70%. The Fives are at 104% %. • The new Five per Cent. Scrip is done at about Is. per Cent. prem. PRICE Of STOCKS THIS DAY AT ONE O'CLOCK Bank Stock 224 1 / 2 3 per Cent. Reduced 687 8 1 4 • per Cent. Consols 69% 1 / 2 54 5 / 8 Si per Gent,76N 77-6 per Cent. 86 5 per Cent. 104 1 / 2 3 / 8 y s Long Annuities 17% 13-16 India Bonds 20s. 18s. pre. Exchequer Bills, Its. pre. par Consols. for July opg. 70 3 / 8 I/8 11/} . The Civil List Bill was read a third time and passed, in the House of Peers, last night. In the House of Commons, Mr. SUMNER brought forward his Motion for a Select Committee to exa mine and report on the various Petitions presented to the House respecting Agricultural Distress ; and evi dently to the surprise, and contrary to the wish and expectation of Ministers, the Motion v. as carried by a majority of 49, after a long and interesting debate. ill be read with interest, and every one who ,wishes well to his country should make himself well l l acquainted with the principles that were advocated by the supporters and the Opposers of the motion.— The Debate, and its mode of management, may be compared to the conduct of men who are engaged in attempts to move a large mass of hot iron. They -would like to take it up at once and transfer it to an other place, if they could do it without burning their hands; but the greatness of the weight mikes a hard grasp indispensible, and the greater the force neces sary the more severely will the hand be injured.— What is to be done ? Get others, if possible, to do it for you. Realise the fable of the monkey and the roasted chesnuts, milting use of the cats paw to take them out of the fire. The aim of the Petitioners, however they may clothe their words, is to raise the price of bread, which, we assert, is too high already ; and• the arguments by which it has been attempted to gain this point amount simply to this—" We feel greatly the/pressure of our burden, and we think that others should carry-the load for us."— Now this demand would be vet y reasonable, if the others had nothin; to carry, or Were less heavily loaded ; for -the weight to be carried should be as equally distributed as possible. But is it not mani fest, that, by the proper application of this principle, the Agriculturists, if not already loaded equal to the other carriers, should take a little more of the load, instead of attempting to put •it on others ? They tell us that the Land bears the whole weight of the Church Establishment-.-but this is incor rect :—When the present holders bought or obtain ed their Lands, they did it under this burden.— In other words, the part that goes to 'the Church EstablishMent newer belonged to the Land-holder.— We have no business inquiring at present into the policy of - our tythe system ; but if the tythes were done away to-morrow, they would not belong of right to the Land-holder, but to the State. " The Land also pays the Malt Dities !" As well might' the "West India planters maintain (and we have heard them assert such nonsense), that they pay all the duties on the coffee and sugar consumed by the Land-holders. Mr. SUMNER admitted,• that " when Manufactures arise is a country, a demand for agricultural labour is therell. created." But, is it not equally true that, in proportion as you ba. nish manufacturers, you will diminish that de mand ? Raise the price of bread, and you raise the price of _Our manufactures, and, consequently, you will exclude them from foreign markets. Ilas not this been realised already ? Has not thediminution of the consumption of agricultural products been t . proved hp' the statements, restirg on undeniab're vouchers, furnished by the town of Birmingham And yet you seek relief by attempting to increase the 'evil. The fact iv, as stated by Mr. HARING-•-" C!" agriculturist suffers because the manufacturer can mot buy his products, and the manufacturer suffers because the agriculturist cannot buy his comn:r dities." The rent of land must and will be redutc.i. —Every farmer who occupies under lease, obtained when paper was our established currency, new tually pays at least 25 per Cent. more rent thaq contemplated in his bargain.. The fact cannot be disguised. Either the Landlords must voluntarily lower their rents, or they will ruin their tenants enforcing payment, in which event the relit, wchen. tl.e laud is again let, will find its level The comm.; nity cannot evade raising the required Revenue, emu . ' Landholders will eventually be compelled to pay their full quota. It is very true, that even at the pre sent prices some farmers are hastening to ruin; but it is equally true, that tradesmen who took premises at the war rents and tear currency, are getting also ruined. After they have been Gazetted. new tenants are found for their premises at new rents. NAVAL INTE'LLI(IENCE. Yesterday the dispatches fur lioni::ay, by the ship Asti, were closed at the East-India House, and denvered to the C. nsznatukr of that ship. Passenger, for liumbay—Assistant.Surgeois Risk STO/LEN Matol/, from Bahia to on the 20th' alt. in lat. 5. 24. S. 1.'4. 34. Sandwich Bay, (runs Bristol to Labrador, on the 19th Insuat, in lat. 47. locig. 22. Spencer, Baossizas, from Bristol to Quebec, on the 21st, in Lit. 45:32. long. 21. and the Isabella, from London to Charlaton, in lat. 57. 10. long. 42. The St. Patrick (arrived at Cadiz front Manilla) bat beer rr. dered to Gibraltar or Mahon, to per!orm quarantine, some of tl.: crew having died in consequence of the scurvy - during the voya;e. Le DeUX Eseuts, LETT 11 ANT, from Dunkirk to Rouen, form. cloud on the nth instant, off Cr..ke La Litre-a—Crew and pa,- sen g ICTS saved. FAMMOCTH, May 29.—Wind W.--Arrived the /1.: 71; York packet, with Mails from the Islar.ds; last from St. Tho mas's, in forty-two days. l'oarsacousn, MAY 30. —Wind S.W.—Sailed the Doctors, for Grimsby. Levertroot., Mar 29.—Arrived the (William Shand, Pzascr., from Pernarahuco ; Clyde, Haartercir, from I).:merarn ; beth,Thostrsou, from ditto.; Robert . James Haynes, Druz E.NSON, from Barbatioes ; June, PLYME, from Madeira; Alliarc 4 Domarrsrr ; ()pinion, K at:GER ; Swan, Gress; La Providence, Jarentrzt ; the Providence, BA Itt.A CBS ; the Necessitatas, Ewan:; Furst Blucher, Erma.; and .Lida, Dditsum, from Dantzic; Csrl Alartcuwattnr, front Greilswold ; LOUIS:, Grt4CEI Wilhelmina Auguste, :CIO -MAW; and Reohurce, 1t....a -vsntot.or, from Memel; Carl Frederick, Data HY, from Rostock; Andreas, Karroo, from ,Swinemunde ; and Leipsic, CaLleß, from Hamburg!). Drat, 'MAY 30.—Wind C.S. W.—Arrived and sailed for tl , O River, the Slercury, Maz:zert, Trom St. Domingo; and Com merce; 'foams, from Havre.—Sailed the Wi , :dsor Castle. Indianian, and most of the outw.:re!..buttud, fcr their diffennt destinations.—Came dor, ••-.roin the River, the Barrick, Sum. for Quebec; Eddystone, En ; Prince of Wales, Darroser.; and j.una, Krroi, fur Hudson's Bay ; Sal Ah, lizormis.r..., for Sierra I.enne ; Elizabeth Hall, BR TTTON, Rif Genoa; and Lark, Orissa, for Cadiz.—Put back runs( r:t the outward-butosd that sailed this morning. The Windsor Castle still keeps out. Ihasercis, MAY 30.-IVioci W. S.W.—Arrived the Jane packet, with a Mail from Gottenbtirgh. Coat, Mar 26.--- ) Arrived the Zephyr transport, from Ply mouth, with part of the 79th Regiment on board. Sommasavvost, May Si).—The Elizabeth pilot-boat as CUM in here with passengers front the Dutch ship Krow liras, from Bengal for Copenhagen. lola !MATZ, MAY 30.—The sloop Union, &nay, of and fcr Poole from Sunderland, with coals,. has been brought in here leaky, and with loss of rudder, having struck on the Ker.tisla Knock Sand.. Currost-Ilocsa, Lornomr, Mai 30.—Entered Inwards:—The Atlantic, from Hamburgh ; Ann, from Jamaica ; Srmapker, from Calais; Princess Charlotte, from Lisbon; Merten, 110:11 Ctc rente; Nabcy, from Limerick; Speedwell, from Stangate Creek; Annesley, froma Waterford; Endeavour, from Jamaica; Re becca, from Waterford; Venus, from New York; Favourite, from Dantzic ; Amelia, from Stralsund ; Georgiana. from Dram; May, from Canary; Fortitude, from Barbadoes ; Narcissus, from Pernambuco; Albion, from Charente; Jane, from larg born. Entered Outwards: . —The Dorset, for Antwerp; jack nation. for Bremen; . Comet, for Petersburgh; Reliance, for Hamburgh ; Probity, for Lisbon; Savage, for St. Petersburgh; Duke of Kent, for Rotterdam; Rliza, for Smyrna; Admiral Rowley, for Trinidad ; Prosperous, for Boulogne. Cleared Out wards :—The Eliza,-for Dunkirk; Intrepid, for Gibraltar; the Belle, for 3lugadore; Sirene, for Calais; Alert, for Napies; Saxony, for Hamburgh ; Clyde, for Antwerp; Levant, for &r -isks ; Henry, for Leghorg; Chance, for &ettin ; Asia, for Ir.- dia ; Hope, fur Dantzic ; Vigilant, for Petersburgh; Union, 'cc Teneriffe ; Jane, for Archangel; Seger, for Jamaica; Antau.s, for Antigua; hear, for St. John's. The KING, whose departure for Windsor ire mer.- tioned yesterday, is not expected to return till Ft iday. Yesterday morning, at ten o'clock, the Duke GE YORK left London for Ascot Heath Races. The Princess AUCMSTA left the King's Palace is St. James's Park, on Monday morning, for Frogruore. Her Royal Highness returned to the Palace in t evening. Yesterday, the Priacess AlucusTA visited the Duchess orGLouczsalta, at Gloucester-house, and dined with her Royal Sister. The following is a copy of a notice written on the way-bill . of the Dover mail-coach, which arrived at the Angel Inn this morning : " The Qum of ENG LAND slept at St. Omer's on Tuesday night, and is expected at Canterbury on Friday night. . A Fete of unrivalled magnificence was given at the superb residence of Lady GaciaGa SavMova, Kent House; opposite Hide Park, at Knightsbri dge, on Monday evening. The visitants exceeded five hun dred. The dancing was kept up with skit till five o clock. The Countess of CHARLEVILLeS Ball, on the Ter race, in Piccadilly, was attended by a host of Fashion ables. Prince LEOFOLD was detained an fuer and twenty minutes ere his carriage could find an outlet; his Highness, at last, was obliged-to take the Bays water road. By the same circuitous route, number less other parties were enabled to reach Kent Boost: Hdr Ladyship's party broke up about four o'clock. Ducar-LANK THIATILL—The new Tragedy of Virginia's was repeated last night, baying undergone some alteration: it way hOweveT, but very indifferently received. Itwas succeeded by Giovanni in 'London, or Don Junittnevestied. Ty L very entertau - ink burlesque Opera proved very attractive at tic Olympic Theatre last season. Last night it was produced with the ante rior recommendations of Madame Vgassts as DM Citeeesti, and Mr. Halter as Leporello. The piece was - receiveslthroughout with much approbation. The noose was fuji. cOlll-EICHANG6, NI AV 31 .—Aconsitlerable quantity of Wheat remained over from Monday's supply, for which there was but little demand this morning ; but, although the sales were heavy, the same pi ices were obtained as on Monday, sad only the finest qualifies found buyers. Begicreentinuea very dull sale, the &- mind diminishing daily, iladi simply large foc.this late pc tiod of the season. Oats stsjport Monday's prices. hut the imilw were far from brisk. In nuns sod ress sip aherption. LOKI)ON4 id And pubtii4ed 1 1 441. 1 1 4 03 1 . 5UP 10- 4 4 :Y. 1A • • t • • =