Star. — London, England, 1828-12-08 00:00:00

• te; (4E5 lt at 1 I . 1 - 4 AI O ER 1:4,034.] MONDA' Paililhiat 8, 1828. )RACK SlltTli'S NEW WORE, &c. &e. published, by linear Cos.suam, New Burlinitene Street, London. minent, warn them of any danger in front. Rapacious and others. External ears-are only met with complete in the four-footed mammalia ; and even in this class there are exceptions, particulatly amongst those that live in the water, or under ground ; thus they are want ing in most of the seals, in the walrus, duck=billed animals, and the mole; on the other hand, they have been denied in the mar mota, or mus citilas, which really possess them. The same error has been committed in considering as doubtful the ears of a species of German hat ; for they are of an enormous size; and Haller has been, according to Biumenbach, led irrti a nsi.take, in considering their ears as an accidental monstrosity.— Indeed, the essential parts of the external eat very much agree with those of man, though this general form ik considerably varied ; in very few but the qua• drumana, are they like those of the human subject, Or ugh this is the case in the porcupine. In the human ear, the external cartilage is stronger in Its structure, and mote elastic, than that of any other animal in pro portion to its size. In some animals, as the Opossum, the external ears are merely membranoua; in such .anirn4ll as dive frequently into the water, the.ezternak passage of the ear is furnished with a valve, in order thatl genera of cartilaginous Ashes, via. the skate. shark, and lamprey, a tubelar appendix of the vestibules appears, continued backwards and outwards, representing, as it mere, the rudiment of a tympanum; but this form of structure is confined to them only. Professor Weber has lately afforded some information respecting the organ of hearing in the bony fishes, and from his inves tigation of the organ, it appears that they possess large ossicula (8) that may be compared to the mallet's, inns, and stapes; and these are situated at the anterior cervical vertebra. In fishes provided with a swimming. bladder, the bones ere so connected with that part of the organ as to render it highly probable that this bladder is an assistant t 3 the sense of hearing, three large canals, seen projecting into the cavity of the cranium, form their internal ear ; there are found also two or three neatly-formed stones in the sextibulom, exactly opposite to the termination of the auditory net se; in several of the bony fishes they are white. resembling porcelain, and in their texture are very dry afro brittle. A remarkable peculiarity clistingui-bes the internal ear of fishes, different from that of the other three classes of red-blooded animals, for it grows in proportion as the fish increases in size, and thus, by its basing in the direct ratio of the bulk of the fi-lt, dia. play%the aseik of its age. Tho 110 these can beano doubt - ,that several insects possess the sense f Steer ing (9), yet the organ of this sense is very uncertain ; a part, indeed, can be distinguished in some of the large, kind of the genus cancer, and tins part appears to be analagous to Vie trestibultim of the former clashes, Ins a small bony tribe is discovered on the palm; at each side of the root a am membrane closes its mei nal opening, haying a membranous lining. on which is ex panded a nerve. having its origin at a common branch of the antenna or feeders; and—from this circumstance it might be conjectured that the antrum themselves are organs of hearing, if that supposition be not refuted by the fact of some insects having no true antenete, , and still possessing the sense of hearing in an exquisite degree, a strong proof of which is instanced in Spiders; end experiments on other insects also prove. that the sense of hearing is not weakened by removing the aro tenni& With regard to this sense in worms, it is in the ;sepia only that any thing hitherto hee been discovered .resambling an organ of hearing. .t.tementt are go 'agile tfl.t it is difficult to distiopet the true from the false. The molt eurnint :account Is that Hussein Netts nr Ocher Vtione, et, as others have it, the Petcha of %Viddin, had made ad atteeilpt to relict* Sibstria. But se haste been so Often deceited. by false or elaggerated statements, that we haus reason td dis trust the whole account. Nes , • . 115.. 3tetalliques, fiS 5-16.1kak Shases, —AI gamins Zeitaing, Nov. se. )1 the GREAT ST. BERNARD. In Three •t B'o. 51s. 6d. The Ruglisbnian's Tala—The Wallacbian's Tale— Tale—Toe Augustine's Tale—Tbe Englishwoman's ,aniattl's Tale—The Italian's Tale, &c. &c. ; a T..le of the Holy Ciry. By the Author of , House: . " The Tor Hill," and " Reuben Apsley." OTIZSTA NT; a Tale of the Reign of Queen Mary. r of •' De Foil," and " The White Mods," Three 31s. 6J. FRENCH PAPERS. FR M THR •AgETTE DR pamecr, Do. & IN of TWO LIVES, a Narrative, Written by Po Vols. post ttvo. ins. this Ye . or be not, I'll net swear."—Sumtsvciat. INDIA; or, the &Wish at Calcutta. Three Vols. .6J. G IRIS 11, a Tale of the Nineteenth Century. ThregVoll. poet Svo. 316. 6d. of WO3l AN : designed to exhibit the Female rs brightest points of view. In 2 Vols. post tivo. SOW NED. By the Author of 14 Pelham." A our Vols. ES about to FURNISH, will find, on tg the Ware-rearm of HENRY L. COOPER, 93 4 stawrr %rms. 'tbe following Ankles, at Prices ronable, tut Furniture 'of superior &yle and Mai :EY—Comprising the improved Elastic Steel Staling r Carriage Cushions, Chairs, Sofas, Mattrasses, Etc. addition to a handsome assortment of Bedstead indiums. Window Cornices; Curtains, Ste. WORK—Of the first quality and Ilaterlals—Also Aid Furniture for Foreign Climates. —Cabins btted up with Elegance and Dispatch, and assengers' Requisites provided. Appropriate for Dining, Drawing Rooms, Bed ooms, &c. 'Super Brussels Carpets, 4s. 6d. per yard (no inferior silty kept), Kidderminster and Venetian equally 3derate. GLASSF.S--From the most ntagirlicent to the tallest, for Chino'les. Piers, and Toilettes; ea the ger sixes, the Reduction will be found to amount PM Fifty to Seventy-Eve per Cent. oid GILDING—Some very beautiful specimens for onset Tables, Glasses, &c. NG I NG and PAINTING-4160e Ric!wet as well the Plainest Style. I --Attended in the tnnst resjectful manner, and par. ular regard paid to Xcbnnmy. , ENCY—Houses and Estates registered for Letting Disposal, without Charge. PRAISEMENTS, AND COLLECTION OF ITS, FURNITURE WAREHOUSED. ER, !Kt, Rwasorscrare-srseerWrrion, has the honour being employed and patronised by some of the lint 'males in the Kingdom; and, fur style and prim siknges competition with any respectable •Ifeta shment. HYSIOLOGY OF THE EAR. ith great pleasure, the following extract frogs Mr. we on the Physiology and Zoology of the Ear in nab, delivered at the Royal Institution of Great cavity seems to be the general stricture of F hearing, as best fitted for receiving and nod; in the cliff:rent cla,ses of animals it onsiderable varieties iatbeappearaoce and is formation, and its appendages: in man, more perfect io structure than in any other it is also of more importance to hint than animated creature. To enable us to fores on this important subject, I shall now snake ul observations on the varied structure sI tr different animals. all, at far as we know, possess thiamin; it y doubted with respect to &his, bat the late nd discoveries in cooper atiire anatomy have istablished their possession of this sense. In imperative anatomy on this subject, Haller, F Physiology, justlyobserver, that the situa , and sine of parts most be learned frogs uses and motions must be drawn from ani. vier (I), we find,, Las divided the animal to four divisions, being a regular gradation icated to simple, through the whole series,. rith man, and terminating iiith insects found fluid. The first ,division consists of' the which extends from man to the eel o ter econd is the molt:sea, which compriseafrons sh tothir barnacle or oystere The third is ta, extending from the crab or lobster to onto or leech. Theism is the radiate, corn- a the star fish, or medusa, to• an animacule i. The external and• tympanum do not ea d the vertebralia ; nor do they exist in all the !longing tothis division. The impressions organ - of. bearing setrives are conveyed e medium of air ; that medium acquires, scion of the.budy communicating . sound, a notion or vibration ; and asthese :notions or acceed each other, sound is impressed or the thin membrani a/etched• obliquely auditory paisege, as I bite already observed, roduces a Similar motion, and excites the easing with a mysterious yet most efficient a certainty of result invariably correspond :onsectnive cais,es of noise. In all animals livided into an external and internal part, Terence in the structure of the organ of hear. ter in the internal ear than in the external. >eds also, I may observe, the chlfereace is ter than in the other cles,es of animals ; but lifferences or varieties of structure ate met ye may lay &mu as a general rule, that the ctn. calculated by it for its particular cis- I and mode of life. On the whole, the sense may he considered as one of the most power if defence that animals possess, by. its indi approach of danger ; likewise as the means of n if individual families, or the congregating ,mber of a species for defence or migration ; guide of mo.t animals to their prey; hence en that few animal. are Without. he ear feet in C.e ted.blooded animals, and it gra. hes in propulsion to the seeming impnr : scale cf . animation; , thus membranes ans. is ear Are found in wane of the white blooded d several others which are sensible ot sound, organ in them has hitherto been but im. set-named. In examining the external eat chi, it is fl mid coninwitity to resemble the lion of a cone, fi on, n at the apex to the best lithe' anitn•lt, exposed to ilanget,,andliabl. .kid by man and by beans of piey, has. aid they are particularly directed back the coturaty, have their ears directed for. Say be ved in the lion, the tiger, the ear, ;c their eyes at the same time, tuU and Flo- - • they may close it when they become immersed in thel water; of this st ucture, the Water Shrew is a Striking example (2). la the manse manner, in the different , genera of animals, the exr ernal opening, or meatusoraries considerably with respect to its length, breadth, and erection. In the dock-billed animals, it is not only very long, but singularly tortuous. In all the perfect animals, or mammalia, it may be almost unnecessary to state that they unitormly possess a niembrana tympani, a tympanum with its Eustachian tube opening from that cavity to the throat; but in the Cetace4 there is an ex ception, Inv, instead of the throat, it opens in the blow. ing valve (3). The nsembrana tympani is oo its oder surface somewhat concave, being slightly depressed in the middle; all the aninials of this clasg, I may here ob serve, pos.ess the two finest:se, the torahs filled by the bone of the stapes, and the. rotunda, at which com. meccas the scala tympani of the cochlea. In the Horse and Ass, again, different from Man, the Eustachian tube does not directly open into the larynx, but into a sac, situated in the lateral parts of the lower jaw, and this formation is peculiar to that class only. In most of the four-footed mernmalia, there is connected with the tympanum another cavity, which, from its skim. don And appearance, may be compared to the Mas toid cells in the temporal bone of man; nay, in several animals, this organ would appear to be a mere bony cavity * as in the dog, martin, squirrel, hare, sod some bisulca. In Circopitheca, there is only a partial de , welopment of this structure to be discovered; while, en Was ether hand, in horned cattle, and in the pi & the cavity we have described is parted off into cells, by ntor merous plates of bone, resembling in some degree the divisions in a ripe poppy head. In the warm blooded quadrupeds these see three essicula anditus, the same as in man, and neatly of the same form; the labyrinth is a part of the ear which, as far as has been examined in the four touted mammalia, exactly corresponds with that of the human subject, but, the cochlea exclusively belonging to this class has often a turn more than in man, with some differences of less importance (4)... To the mainmalia exclusively belongs the external car+ tilaginous ear, which is wanted in the whole class of birds; but this seeming detect icemply compensated, especially in those of the rapacious kind, by the. ptecu• liar arrangement of the feathers round the opening of the meatus; and in addition to this, several of the last class; particularly' die ran of owls, 'possess a kind of valve, situate at the orifice, and consisting its part of a membranous, and in part of a muscular texture. In its form, the membrane tympani of birds en its outer nu face is convex,. and the tympani of the two ears ate so connected together by the air cells of the craniumpthat they have but one ouicula ;indium by which the mem. brana tympani is connected with the feneura nvalis, and thus supplies the place of the mallets!, and napes of the mammalia, when the part corresponding m' the mallets' is usually of a cartilaginous structure, without any tensor tympani (5) The Eustachian tubes also have one common opening on the arch of the palate, while the labyrinth is conspicuous by large canals pro , jecting fiom the cranium. There is likewise here se want of the cochlea, and instead of it, birds possess a short, obtuse, and hollow process of bone, directed ob liquely backwards from the vestibulum; and, like the cochlea of the mammalia, parted off into two scale, which one terminates at the fenestra rotunda, where it receives a portion of the auditory nerve, in the same manner as the cochlea does in other anim Besides the remarksalready made on th i t i kustachian tube of the cetacea, certain peculiarities in other pasts of the organ distinguish this class, and from their de viating so widely from warns-blooded animals, they deserve particular attention ; their want of an external ear is well known ; the opening of the meatus is un commonly small; in the dolphin and porpoise the bony parcis but weakly attached to the skull, and in the common whalesit is entirely separate. The tympanum and belle ossea consist of a hard bony substance, for merly, but erroneously, called lapis manati, or tibernis; in the same class the ossicula auditus and the labyrinth, especially the bony canals, are remarkably small, one tenon why they were long overlooked. The structure of - the organ of bearing in the amphibia diiplays Much greater variety than in the two former classes, but there is still greeter - variety in the last class. Turtles, frogs, and most or the' species of the' lizard' kind, possess, besides the semicircular canals, a tympanum and Bustachiao tube, like the warm-blooded animals.— lb the turtle, the membrane symposia resembles a cartilaginous- mass, covered externallyby the com mon skin, or teguments ; their single chieulum it also very like that of birds. In flogs; a large mem prana tympani is conspicuous; their Euttacitian tube, which is yfnt,sunsists of avidecpeoing at the'fauces they hive also two cartilaginous ossicula; and a rudl: rent of vestibulum appear., composed of those soh! st -ny substances which' assume a more conspicuous m ii lizards and serpents 16), and in' the three Ibl• lowing orders; a sort 4 (external meatus appears only n the solitary inssance of the crocodile amongst all Mei amphibia. This animal, in common with the lizard, rzi.ibits also the ossicula, and the ,tong concretions 101 l he vestibulum already noticed. Beinies the want of i ympanurts. the foramen ovale in the salamaridei (7) is I wed bye portion of mrtilage, and sts messibulom ..;onaiess, s)f: a soft-hum In serpeists thee is neithm YMPOssonzeor EUSUCIIIan tube; with very few clop cons, as the blind worm (eerie fregilio), but they 'are a kind of rudiment of asp ossiculuen. In some =I IMINI 111111 Min 41111111111111 ahliatimrh (4 Cavier, in the 'I Antilles du Mionnt." (1) Brunelli. (5) Biumenbach. 44) Lawrence. (5) " Sir IL Home observed the ante kind of communication, by means of the cells of the cranium, in the Elephant."—.Philess pWit reminctins. (4) Cmtlitaretti. (7) Scarpa. (I 1) For a ND deseriptiorrof the organ of hearing hi flabea, see Moon% 3. hunter, Weber, Camper-Klein, 'Lohman, &arpa,Stc. (9)' lin the Works of Lehman and Schelver. BRUSSELS PAPERS. • BRUSSELS, Dec. 3. . The Second Chamber of the States General, after five days debates, reusarkible for the number and talent' of the speakers, rejected the motion r f M. tie Brouckere, by a majority, of 61 to 44. The galleries were filled during the whole of these ttesaikable debates. 'WM LI BELO% BRUSSELS, Damara & The Second Chamber ot the States General is con voked today. For what purpose? We db not know. If wars conjectured yesterday, that whops a Royal pro. positien Might be brought forward for the unqualified convocation of the provisional law or decree of 1815. If it 'lore really sti, what. a utianimbus conceit of ap plause ftom' the nation would prove the gratitude of the people. A skilful Minister, devoted to his ting e would propose such. d Measure, and the inagnanimoth 'heart and sound judgment of the P. ince would approve :it. But what can we• expect' front serous's, who, in stead' ot giiing wholesome advice, maintain that they i ought to wait fur and' blindly execute the orders of their master ? • Tile grelt Majotity of the Members of the Second Chamber have sufficiently einwn thele desire for the shy ativogation‘ of the Legislation of 1815. and the enattrttent of a judicions•lavv• to repress the licentious fiesZof the ?rest. The fear of being wanting in respeit •tothe Royal'autliotify induced theist to vote agaiiist the motion. Let the Monarch speak a word, and every +scruple - Will vanish, and the nation will be delivered 'tidtpartial laws, which are repugnant to its feelings. utd cebtlndally'rtlenice public writers. . When the Goverolent has once proposed the absolute renovation of these laws, nothing will hinder it horn 'bringing forward, as sdon as it pleases, a suitable mea ,sueeagailist- die-transgressions of the periodical press. Meantime, there would be nothing to apprehend, as the penal code is sufficient fir the public secusity; and all classes of citizens gradually become ssnsible of the sta bility of constitutional principles, ask nothing but tran quillity. MU/4E14 Da& S. Batavia Journals of the 15th of July have been re 'ceived bete, which contain various• reports of military 'operations against the insurgents, who have been de. Crated in several actions, in which, however, they fought With eitraordinary courage and perseverance, and their ;lOss is stated to have been great in proportion. Oa the SJ instant r at six in the evening. two slight ,shocks of an eat thquake' were felt at Liege, and in the country for some leagues round. They were also telt at Maestrieht at the same hour. It was observed in this litter city as an extraordinary circumstance, that the mercury in the barometer was very high both before and after Vie shocks. viz. 28i:inches. CRACOW, Nov. 22. We learn from - Warsaw, that the Grind Dike con siantind Was ez, ected to return shortly from St. Peters burg!), and that the Grand Duke Michael wilUgo to :Italy, to meet the Grand Duchess his consort. Many Generals and Staff Officers who have been on this cam paign have asked far furloughs for the recovery of their health. The report that Gen. Paskewitsch.will have the corn inland of the army' on the Danube gains ground, be cause Count Wittgenstein is-said to have left the army and gone to Jassy. Pan of the hessian Guards NC 'said to have been ordered against Silistsia. JASSY, Nov. 14. Within these fen house, we have !caret that the bead quarter: of Count Wittgenstein, which were latterly at Killarasch,neAr S listita, on the kit bank of the:DAntsbc-ssill cartsetete tb•daye and itis eve* ses petted that Count Diehitsch and boast other' °canal) have already arrived. We hear, also, of an ;Actium, said .o hare taken place, ou t .e S hi near 6ilistria t but the _ HIIISOVA, New. ta. L tiers from %ridden. tidied vie IS h. the contents of hick we cannot warrant as authentic, say that the eacha had abAndoned K.rlafat and the tete de poet only, in ccithequelice of having receive I orders from the Vi zier to march to the relief of Silistria: before he re. seated P. destroyed she leie de pad and all the foul& arts'f the comp. It seems that these has been some 'everts fighting in the neiglsboorlitiod &hostas bar thn.h the Torts b ass of having gained advantages, it does not appear that they have gained the principal object f their operation., which was the srlief of the Pace. The last letters Com Ouch 'rest, of the 101 and II th. are siler.t respecting these events, for iShish te.tsoft we may juetly doubt them.— Augsburg Gazelle. TRIESTE, Nov. ed. Acc ruing to lever. from Otranto, it was believed that Admiral Heyden w atld leave Perot on the 28th of Octriher. The there Ambassadors were still these •n the 19:b. General Maison. who had been desirous to advance into Attica, was dissuaded by the mince.- winos of Mr. Stratford Canning, who showed him that the consequences of such a step might be a formal breach between France and the Porte. It is asserted that the Pacba of Egypt has declared his 6rm resolution not -to send any more troops inter Europe, nor even Candi a. These accolfete, however, rest only oe hearsay. . PARIS, Da6. 4. Several Journals have said that the Brit* arrern ment reinforces the garrisons of the lnnian Islands, and even that there are three times as many troops there as ire necessary to perform the duty. It is cm tainthat the garrisons of those i.land s h a v e n( t b een re i i for( . ed since the departure of the English troops from Lisbon. and then they received only one or two regiments. Persons well acquainted with the situations of 'how island-, say that the garrisons are not even complete. This fault 'worthy of notice, for it indicates in the English Govern. meat a great consciousness t,f security. or glen air :ligence. PROM THE HONITICUR OF DEC. 6. The Council of the Bank of France met yesterday, te decide on the proposal of M. o,lier, relative to the re duction of the rate of discount from 4 to S per cent. The proposal was again discuss d, and several Ga., tl. men spoke; after which a Committee wa. Appoitiled to examine this important quedion. This Com ally consi•ts of Messrs. 0 tmr, Laatte, Casimir Prier. P hew Will, and Jacques laff :vie. FIBMCCN FVIIOII.PABLII. Dec. S.—Five per Cents. 104(. rise. 107 f. 106 f. 95c.—Three per Cents. 75f. 60c. Ws —Balk Stock. I.ll4sl.—Naples Reines. 7Sf. 65c.—Royal Spanish Loan. 79;, 14iytian• blast. 695C—Frachange on London, one inbuilt, :W. 30c. Three moths; 25f. loc. CONSPIRACY IN COLOMBIA. taost THE /MT YORK Melts TO THE 16TH tILT. We . hrteleeeiired by the bug Tampico, Capt. Fidrer, arrited in a short' passage firm Cartba2ena, the news of a dangerous conspiracy. l.eaded b. Santande r an I Padilla . , against thelite-dt B hear. The folliw u.; let ter, for which ereareindefited to the politne s s u t a mer cantile Wend in this city, is from a citizen of theUhiirri States who is well acquainted with all tbe affatis of Colombia, and who is eapiable of judging as to cite ro. suit Of this unhappy trinsattion, Extract of a private letter, received per the Tampico, urbred tbieeieuins, dated Canines', Oct. 13. " I send you herewith a Offzette, containing a pretty full'aegount of a conspiracy th..t broke out in Bogota last month, id which, I regret to say, many min of bigh military tank were engaged. Amon* others, the bye Vice President, General Santander, and General Padilla. The latter was at the time a prisoner, and unties trial for his'ebuduct at Cat thagena in March last, and of • hie* you avert: a witness. The late accOunti from 1 1 1/0111 stated that five of the ringleaders had be •st executed, and not bubt,theVice President and Padilla will skate the / same fate. Bolivar escaped, by miracle, from the pa lace, alter his guard and Aide de Camp were killed,— Had it notbeen for the gallantry of the regiment ofYar.. gas, headed by Col. Whipple, who first repolsed the aitii- Icry at'the attack on the barracks, and drove them fairly out of the town, a dreadful scene must have followed, as the artillery (who woe brought over by the conspir nor.), were promised the plunder ol the town; iu which, no doubt, every foreigner would have lost his life, as it is well known they are all attached to B Some few persons hive been placed under arrest here, merely becau.e they were in some tneassite implicated in Pa dilla's bu•intss of March last. Tne prninpt and judi cious ntra , utes of General M•intilla will, I think, at all time!, cecute us fium the affects of conspiracies in this part at the country. Should the Liberator cause Getter. lal Santander to be executed, his party must tall to the ground for cant of a leader; but I have my doubts whether he will'proceed so fa. Although a just step, (supposing him ful:y guilty of the charges alleged against hid)), it mty not be a prudent ore, as &titan der's coon crions are rich and powerful through out the country. Should anything further occur, I will advise you by the Bunkerhill. " Every thing very dull, and no chance of improve. meta.' The papers which we have received give as length the details of this unhappy affair. It appears (to give brief summary) that the troops forming the garrison of the city of Bogota mete a squadron of poise grtna- Jiers, a battalion under the command of Vargas, and a uigade of artillery. This last body, it map, was se duced into the conspi - atop' service, by the [nowise of iz months pay, and the sack t f the city. The attack was made simuitaniously on different points. The party which attacked the palace bad only to encounter the resistance of a few ac.ei &sus; and Bolivar was com pelled to effect his escape into the street by means r f a balcony, to which there WAS an rill ance Irons his khasob:r. The Woad party, which Atsched Vargas's ba•talion, waa soon ripe sed. 'li e third, however, Wilgat object bwj ed to Mite beg' Ike Of - lIII=I