Star. — London, England, 1818-10-10 00:00:00

THE ARMY. T i e route of the 4th, or Royal Irish Dragoon Guards, b e en changed. It was intended that they should t . 23 to M onchester, but it appears that they have yaed to Notting ham, to re p lace th e detachments r i lnniskilling Horse, and 33d Infantry, which b e n statian:4l there for some time past. 0 2 Thursday another detachment of the 54th Ite reot marched into Manchester, and the one which the day before left for Chester. T:vr,Jty two.more companies of the 80th Regiment sz: heJ into Stamford, on their route for Bavetry. !.londay one troop of the 4th Royal Irish Dragoon 6: i s ar rived at Coventry, from Weymouth, on '1 •;;; mute to Nottingham. Two troops of this Re-1 at Northampton and two at Coventry 1 NATAL INTELLIGENCE. PLYMOUTH, OCTOBER S. l i , advice yesterday from the keepers of the Eddy ii, Lighthouse, it appears that on the 23d ultimo, : i n t oclock, a. 1/1. a schooner was seen bearing 1 Eastward of the Eddystone, with the wind at . E . „! ; en on 3 sudden she upset and sunk, one mile 0,,, of the Eddystone.—The particulars of the sii ere not known. Toe Fmtneline. MERCY, from New Orleans to Tri. mi, upset by a whirlwind 29th June, and lost. i A1.1101;1'11, 0 OBER ?. O It:r.J N. tiesh breezes, wit shower . —Sailed the 1., ,„; K a , Packet, with a ail tor Lisbon ; Diana ~,L : .0 phi ship, for the West Indies; and a num 'octsiard-bound vessett and coasters. poRTSNIOUTH, OCTOBER 9. rind W.S.W.—Passed up Channel the Dutch ship Guar, from Batavia for Antiverp; out five atln And oat day : spoke the American, -, from ha , t Indie , fur Amsterdam ; the Abeona, DAVID . f icm Quetec, ./4th timber for the Dock-yard; —, from Copenhagen, with tar for ,4il;d the Catherine, Motaxa, forPetersburgh. DEAL, OCTOBER 9. I'm: S.W.—Arrived aid sailed for the River the BRANDF9RD. from Barbadoes ; Charles, fr. , a Tobno; Demerara Packet, :ENABLES, tlkltrea. Sailed the Until, YARROW, from bras' for London. LIVERPOOL, OCTOBER 9. -.ed the Ruth, WARE, from Boston, with ion .2115:5. SCILLY, OCTOBER S. ztin the Amelia, NewMAN, from Prince Ed ishland tOr Plymouth, with loss of bulwarks, ;;;aperienced bad weather on her passage. .110 USE, f.,ONDOW, OCTOBER 8. swurstywaans..—The Venus, Holing, from Malaga ; Ltuey, from Jersey Van Outi, from n, Lonsdale, from Riga ; Matilta, —, from !!..are, Collin:, from Bayonne; Pothers, Scollard, ; Postiutmons, Hood; and Glatton, Reynolds, Nonsuch and Industry, Hoys, from Stangate aunnah, Pherron, from Havre. John, Walker, for Madeira ; Blenheim, ',Latin, Madras, ;old Bengal; Atlas, Jones, for I,ker; and Pr4evcrance, Mayhan, for Ham- Bell, for Elsiheur; Albion, Hall. for Bremen; fat Amsterdam. st-Stri tattato netosans.—Marquis of Ang4esea, .Ostend; Prince Regent, Benson, from Malaga; Jain (' 'Ail ; l'Jme, Young, from Datttzic; Prince Jabs, from Rotterdam; Two &Acts, Harper, *Govan, 'Webster, from Archangel; Ellen, Far -11:1: St. Patrick, Cro,:by, from lklList; Ruth, wain-tea. t tune: mos.—Thetis, Martin, for St. Iltq itroube, for Savannah ; Indwatry, Wright, for • En!kel, Jirkman, for New York ; C.tpe Packet, ttie Cape of Good hope ; Miza, Uren, for Ostend ; a Nett, King, for Rotterdam ; Matshal Blucher, f-tenburgh; Princess Charlotte, Beatty ; Emperor Milne, for Jamaica; Fortitude, tinaith, and Onyx. 'Eurhibea )lAI)RAS, MARCH 51. st-nve Josrtcs.—One o f those extraorth :axes of retributive jusdce, with which an TENT PROVIDENCE, sooner or later visits the laair.d, has lately occurred at this porta— . Ore allude to is o ne i n w hich a Malay sailor, i concerned in the mutiny, and most foal land s of the Oficeri and crew of a vessel farteen years ago, has been lately recognised inboard hi s N et h er l an d Majesty's brig Pri nce le, whil s t l y i ng i n t h ew R oa d s. Previous to such particulars of the discovery as at proper to to be divulged, it may be at well to sue Readers, that on die 2d of July, so many as 180$, the grab ship Endeavour, Capt. was cut off on the coast of Bedier (North tit of Sumatra), by one part of the crew, principally cf Malays, and, melancholy to te Captain, the chief and third Mates of the fled= aid; the greater part of the crew not in the mutiny, were murdered. The gunner tfra of the crew were spared,, in order to tes•tl. The Term' Belonged to Mi. JONES, liz.ar.d only o ne o f the mutineers has been ``pt to justice, and he was secured soon after. v in custody was discovered by Captain 'is was the gunner of the Endeavour When 140 i, of the brig Martin, now in the roads, gang on board the Prince of Orange, re it, eat of the sidesmen the prisoner, a very Performer in the mutitiv. The man, named Lea immediately on seeing Captain ALeeis, , ?Ad turned his head away ; but on being (teet he acknowledged he was on board the En 'lt the time, and that he had killed six of the elat the mutiny was occasioned possessed by part of the crew of '4 Naive thousand dollars on board, but by 116 'r appears the wretches did not benefit, 4 biet . fobic every thing from them on their Le snore, and also compelled them to fly eves. ALLY MALAY, on this discovery, fa eras by Captain PEARL, of the Prince of ui : aw we urderstand that the prisoner since leegc of the facts above detailed.— alftr r t die Captain who was murdered (Mr. no.: reticlinz at Malacca. 10 cti 1 l " ale, have expedited the annual -4‘f niline the herrings to the southern c. Thee commenced their season w ith every 4 `J ( .:e•c. The heniags N%hich have been r - 4 are of larv r size and finer flavour than any kee tiktn for many years past. 61 'gs . - ere r• - , plentiful on Thursday at Hastings, 4 ' that they sold at the rate of eweety-eight 4-Pence. Till Q urry, • Kew, eight o'clock, Frilay iglu. " At seven o'clock to-night, her MAJESTY :Wa , quite as well as she was in the Morning, and it was expecte'd she would pass another good night. " The Piticasses were again actively employed, during great part of the day, in inspecting the pro. 'gress of the workmen, and directing their movements. Their Royal Highnesses were attended by General TAYLOR. The PRINCESSES also received the visits of the Countess Dowager of CARDIGAN, the Coun tess HARCOURT, and Miss BEST. 44 The PRINCE REGENT paid his visit to her MA 'S:MY punctually at the usual time, and afterwards re mained with the PRINCESSES till nearly seven o'clock, when he'retursied direct to Carlton-house." The following Bulletin was issued this day " Kew Palace, October 10. ' 4 The QUEEN has had several boors sleep, by which her MAJEstv's strength appears to be in some de gree recruited. (Signed) " F. 21:LLMAN: ALINCHESTER, OCTOBER 8. le A dvice ; cAeLighthc ; ni n e oda< E if tw .1 Si. -A l en on of d ire not Toe Firm Tbli up Cr.J N. ti ,s; cf otana Vir.d And c },a , t Indit non Qe 1: 17,duity, Tni S.W. 131 U fr-n fr. 521cf.11 t•36.ls * fc L iiied the kz in the cis @and • . z e e C:zto . wb:tagg L• tirx, tree: !!..J I Ps,:%lesic Lt. , t !Lul 1 ., k tulx • I, s,GaT, s.—Sbti fp: ,tam 0, ti tk. it., 511 'Mad; kr it • • 7.frm. i; 7 .frp; its tie f. te Baraur izttanci tentst if 'tat.; ire sic was con ions tnt • fount ionbi stu xe pm/ tad OUT ago a: 4w, w I cust otc; p t toga ' ml ct&w o 1 3,1 e mitt oa Ptf( • :ad ie a 4 1;sv ne. ti k zany le: Az '• • I. :II !quil of ate 'l ave t gs 1411 , .7-4T•pt PRIVATE LETTER. A report is current here, which I hope will prove unfounded, that a shameful ruse was lately practised by the Owners of many of the Coal Mines in this vicinity. Previous to the late turn-out, they would not permit the colliers to wcrk mere than four days in the week, in order to keep down the stock, that they might be enabled thereby to raise the price.— However this may be, they have raised the price 3s. per ton; and a still further advance is spoken of.— This cannot fail proving a serious evil, in a mann factering district like this--setting aside its calami tous effects on the lower orders, should the approach ing winter prove a severe one. Bacon and butchers' meat have experienced a cons. siderable advance in our markets. The Cotton market this week wa's extremely dull ; there %yak not much business doing, and prices were a shade lower than the preceding week. Yesterday being the day appointed for the election of the Civic Officers of this town, for the year ensu ing, John Clayton, Esq. was chosen Boroughreeve, in the room of Samuel Scholes Withington, Esq.— Mr. Joseph Nadin, after some well-merited enco miums on his activity and zeal in the discharge of the arduous duties of his office, was unanimously re elected Deputy Constable. MURDER OP A WOMAN BY HER ntrstana.—A disas trous event took place last night in the neighbour hood of Chelsea. A German of the name of Lush, who it is said has been married between two and three years, had a quarrel with his wife in the open street, in which he took •a desert knife and plunged it into her belly, making an incision of upwards of six inches, through which the brrwels immediately . protruded. The man was instantly seized, and the unfortunate woman conveyed to St. Georges Hospi tal, where, notwithstanding every surgical aid, she died this morning at five o'clock. The deceased was remarkable for her tall and commanding figure. ti.'he is said to have been in a state of intoxication at the time of the atfray,of which a feeling of jealousy is the imputed cause. A fine girl, 16 ',Ars of age, was drowned in the Canal, near Manchester, on Sunday last, opposite the Rochdale Company's warehouse, while attempt ing to.fill a pitcher of water. These will be an eclipse of the moon on Wednes day morning, commencing at about ;It minutes past four; middle 39 minutes past five; and termination about 20 Minutes past six. The extent of the eclipse will be about 1• 54' on the moon's northern limb. A fishing smack of Hastings was upset in a gale iff Beachy-head, on Thursday afternoon, by wllich accident two men were lost. A boy, from good swim ming for about in hour, was picked up by a Danish vessel, andecniveyed in the ship's boat to Last Bourne. it is in contemplation to make a direct communi cation from the county of Norfolk with the county of Lincoln and the North of England, by means of a bridge over the river Nene, at the nearest point prac ticable to the sea. THE Silt SenParr.—The Yankees were s:kl, in out extractsfrom American Papers yesterday, to have caught, at last, the Monster of the deep, N.. Iticb has been of late au object of such Marvellous wonder ment among them; but we ate told to-day, (see a preceding column) that the Monster proves only to be a Mackerel!!!—Who ever expected ar y thing else ? Lately, two Chiefs of the Cagimawa Indians, with their cook, going to visit Albany, 'stopped by the way at the house of an attorney, who treated them freely with cyder. They had not drank long before they began to feel their importance ; and lest their enter tainer should take them for common people, they undertook to tell him who tilt.) , were you know me (said Joseph)--I great man —.I Captain—l Gen. l i neman." " 1 greater as his (said the other;—l Gentleman too—but I Bold Peter." " And what are you ? (said the attorney to the cook), Are you a Gen. demon too? " No, Sir, (replied Claus, smiling at his own inignificance)--I no Gentleman—l n-n-no ' thing but a Lawyer 1" HUNTING, TM Hatfield houndstneet on Monday, at Knebsvorth ; Thurs day, at Prat Wood ; and Saturday, at No /Luis Land, at halt-. past ten. John Maberly, Esq.'s Fox-hounds meet on Monday. at God stone; Thursday, at IVcsterham ; Saturday, at Pratt Bottom. H. Jolliffe, Ea .'s Fox-hounds meet on Monday, at Kennel; Wednesday, at Hone Hills; Saturday, at Chipstead. The Saiderstead Harriers meet on Mnnttay, Wednesday, and Saturday, at Kennel, three miles from Croydon. PEDESTRIANS. James, of Oxford, and Eaton, started on Wednesday last, near Leicester, to walk ten successive days—be who pet forms the greatest numb, rof miles to be the whiner—a quarter of a mile out and in. Stake. 500 guineas. Eato:: the favourite. Wednesday a foot race of ten miles took place on the road between Ram.g..ie and Margate, between the Kentish youth R a i n er, 2" d a I.ondon pedesui.u: of tki. -.ante of Bions,e, which was won by the former. SCOTCH JURY COURT. GLASGOW, OCTOBER S. • . CASE OW 1.113EL.-13500 DAMAGES. This .clay the Court was opened by Lord GILLIBS. The cause to be brought before the Court having excited a great deal of interest, the Hall was ex .reinely crowded. The following. issue in the cause .n which Thomas Stewart, of Glasgowfield, is Pur suer ; and Thomas Allan, Banker in Edinburgh, and Alexander M.Kay, of Belfast, are Defenders, was submitted to the Jery " Whether a paragraph inserted on the '2Bth of January, 1817, in a certain Newspaper published and circulated in the city of Glasgow, Or elsewhere, called the Belfast New,letter, of ' which the defenders are the proprietors, and which paragraph is hereunto annexed, and particularly set forth and referred to in . the summons, is of an d concerning the pursuer; and whether the description Mr. S. and Mr. S. of Glasgow, In said paragraph was eseant and understood to apply to the pursuer; and whe ther the said paragraph was or is injurious to the character, credit or reputation of said pursuer ?' The damages were laid at 1.:5000. Mr.JEFFRAV opened the case for the pursuer, and said that he appeared for the purpose of obtaining reparation at the hands of the Jury for A grievous injury inflicted on the fee:ings and reputation of Mr. Stewart. The passage which contained the libel was headed by the words " I leinous Fraud," in capitals, and was inserted at the bottom of the issue. Without such a commentary the malignity of the libel was sufficiently obvious, The libel published was as follows: " TIFINOUS FRAUD. " A linguist discovery kb reported to have been recently made ir. Glasgow. A servant man, who had lived fur many years iu the family of a Mr. S. of that city, beard a report a long time ago that a near relation of his had died in the Llsgt Indies, and left a tonsiderable fortune to him, He made various Inquiries to ascertain the fact, but without success. Among others he applied to his master, requesting that be would endeavour to bb t.• the information wanted. The master promised to do so,. but, after a long delay, and various evasions, he at last told the servant that all his exertions had been fruitless, and that there, seemed to be no truth in the report. Here the matter rested for a considerable time. Some Months ago, however, the servant hVpening to be in company *Oa a methodist 'minister, men tioned the circumstance to him. The latter undertook to write to a friend in London to inquire respecting the affair. He ac cordingly did so, and in a few days received an answer, ac ,quainting him that the gentleman about whom he Inquired had died in India many years ago ; and that it was fully 'lateen years since the money he left, about 21),0001. had been paid over to Mr. S. of Glasgow, in behalf of g relation of the deceased, ytho then lived in his family. Upon receipt of this intelligence pro per steps were immediately taken to bring the master to account ; but we are sorry to add, that nut report states there is little pro bability of much of the money being recovered, as be bad given a considerable dowry to a daughter, and lived expensively. The necessary steps of law are bottever in progress." Newspapers, although not the most respectable ve hicles, had hitherto, in this part of the kingdom, been conducted so far within the bounds of decency that this was the first case of a libel so atrocious. When it is ad mitted by the defenders that the libel is in itself a false hood, and that they are the proprietors of the Belfast Newsletter, little remains to be done by the Counsel on the part of the pursuer. With respect to the injury which such a publication was calculated to do to the character of the pursuer it might be observed that, telling that a man who was a gentleman aiul a dealer, was a rascal and a swindler, is as injurious to his character as a pistol discharged at the head of any man would be to his health and person. Mr. Jeffray then went over the history of the case. lie stated, that the present publication was not the first form in which ,the calumny had appeared. It had previously been set forth in an application to the Magistrates for an exhibition of all his papers, when the absurd Ale , gation fell to the ground, in consequence of the oath I of Mr. Stewart,. The character of a dealer, Mr. Jef- I fray observed, was like that of a woman ; to circulate a libel of the description which was contained in the Belfast Newsletter, in the Coffee-room, and among the Merchants of Glasgow, who have much eennec lion with Belfast, was like throwing a firebrand into a pile of combustible matter. The day in which the paper arrived in Glasgow it was so much read and thumbed that it was reduced to tinder, and was more read in one day than a pious old woman's bible is at the end of her life time. The libel originated with a person whose name is concealed, and the defenders evaded giving him up. and therefore they from choice alone were defenders iu the present action. The libel was evidently of Glasgow origin. They refused to give up the manuscript; and at first they disputed the jurisdiction of the Court of Session, but finally they withdrew this objection, and submitted to the cognizance of the Scotish Court. Allen, the banker in Edinburgh, and M‘Kay, the printer, are only no minally the defenders. There is no doubt a person behind them, and that person is no doubt able to stand the issue of this action ; and that he will most willingly pay any sum rather than have h is name expos.'d as being the author of this atrocious libel. Under these circumstances he confidently expected the Jury /o award the whole amount of the damages asked ; for the respectable ptoprietors of the Bellitst News-letter are standing the brunt of a wealthy person. By I Jolt's Report, vol. i. 6 ' 21, in the case of Counsellor Scariest, tried at Nisi l'rius, it will be found, that if An advo cate in his place utter slanderous matter not pertinent to his case, he subjects himself to an action; and therefore the defenders cannot put up the defence that they only published the proceedings of a Court of Law. It was an es park statement, containing the accusation, and not the exculpation. The Members of the Legislature dare not report their own speeches if they cdnta:n libellous matter, although the privi lege allows them to utter any thing they choose with ; in the House. Lord Abingdon and Mr. Creevey have both been convicted of having published their speeches. The law is unequivocal on this point. The law in Scotland is still moreunfavourable to publication. The present libel does not bear to be a law teport. It is not the language of a law reporter. It is the " distil . lei, purified, rectified" production of the writer, . and is quite original, having none of the features ofj a law report. It is no pl ea i n the present case to say ' • that they have only repeated a current calumny. In considering a case of this kind, the person injured has a right to expect remuneration according to the I injury he sustains, without taking into consideration the amount of guilt on the part of the person injuring. Therefore, if the defenders have done the pursuer an .• injury he is entitled to damages although they may not be the original propagators of the calumny.— Slanderous words cannot even be justified on the re -1 port of another unless the name of the calumniator is given at the time the slander is verbally tutored ; and the slander to prixt.ut action must be repeati,:d iii die words identically. Such is held to be the Taw of England. The publicatipn in the Belfast Newsletter was ad mitted.; as also an extract from the process, the absol viter.sentence in the case.before the Magistrates of Glasgow.; and a letter. from Messrs, King and Camp ben fu the Editor of the Belfast Newsletter, in which they called on him to give up the author. Thomas am keeper of the Coffee-room. We received and file the Newsletter. The Number which contained the libel was very much in request. The people when asking for the paper, I understood wanted to read the paragraph. . Colin Camp/m.11.-1 read the , paragraph in the Coffee room, and applied it to Mi. Stewart of the Glasgow field, having heard the report a day or two before. Robert Carrick.—l am a partner in the Ship Bank. Mr. Stewart had discounted bills in our bank for a considerable length of time: He was in very good credit, until January, 1817. Some person told me of his having interfered in money which had come from the East Indies. I was told of this a few days perhaps a week, before I saw the paragraph in the newspaper. I spoke to Mr. S. and advised him, be fore it was published in the paper, to endeavour to , Lind out who had set foi th the report. On seeing it in the Newspaper I told Mr. Stewart, as he said it was a malicious falsehood, that he ought immediately to vindicate his character. I said to him it was a stroke to his credit, and advised him, in the mean time to clear his character, and to lessen his business. He did not do so much business with me after this. Michael Rott , and.—l am cashier and partr6r in the Ship Bank. I heard that in a Belfast paper a para graph had appeared against Mr. S. 1 told him that until he cleared himself we could not do much more business. Robert Scott ,—I am a partner in the Thistle Bank. I heard of the paragraph at the time it was published, and understood that it alluded to Mr. Stewart, Same day I was told that he had been imprisoned ; and Went to the jail for the purpose of bailing him out, and found him not there, I did not believe it to be true. Mr. Stewart did not do business at our Bank. If I had not known Mr. Stewart well, the story would have hurt his credit with me. I have no doubt it hurt his credit with people who did not know him well. John Brown.—l stay in the parish of Carluke, and heard of the report in the country a day or two after it had arrived. I kne‘y Mr. Stewart, and 1 had placed £2OO or £3OO in his hands. I lifted it in consequence of the paragraph. Mr. Stewart said it was false. I was not told that there was a process. I live in the parish of Carnwath. In Ja nuary, 1817, we heard that Mr. Stewart was broken, by giving his daughter a tocher ; and he had kept up some money ; and that it was advertised in the news papers. The carriers brought the word from Glas gow. The story was believed at the time, and is to this day in that part of the country. It was also said that he had shot hiMself. Some men who had lodged money in Mr. Stewart's hands were afraid of it, as he was considered to be in low water. I was once grieve with Mr. Stewart, and he has property in Carnwath parish. James Jentins.—lam a coal-merchant in Glasgow, I heard of the paragraph, and called on him for £6O which he had of mine; and I put oil as long as I could. I did not like to go abruptly to Mr. btewart. The story made me go, Here an admission on the part of the defenders, in which the defenders were acknowledged to be the proprietors of the Belfast Newsletter, and that it was circulated in Glasgow, was put in and read. Mr. MONCRIEFF, for the defenderi, began by ob serving the Jury by this time would have made some abatements tiom the exaggerated statement of the I pursuer's Counsel. Mr. Alan is a Gentleman, mei dent in Edinburgh ; but at the time the paragraph was published he had been abroad six months for the benefit of the health of his wife who was unwell, and who died in Italy. lie therefore knew nothing of the publication. Mr.. is is a native of Scotland, and has been in the management of a Newspaper for 30 years, and this is the first time he has ever been charged with injuring the fortune or the feelings of any person. Mi. Allan and Mr. M'Kay are joint proprietors of the Belfast Actusletter. With respect to the process it is worthy of notice that on the 26th of November, 1816, an application was made to the Magistrates of Glasgow. The application in sub stance stated that an old man having died in the East Indies, the heir of said man employed Mr. Stewart to recover a large sum of money, which he obtained, and still held in his hands. A power of attorney or something similar was granted to Mr. Stewart to enable him to get possession of said money. It had been said that the defenders had refused to give up the author of the paragraph : but the tact was, that a person of the flame of Kilbee had furnished the in-' formation; and the pursuer was told so. This piece of news had been inserted by Mr. M'Kay in the rots tine cf business, without him even knowing who was alluded to under the initial S. From the par/ graph itself no man could know to whom it alluded. t was only from extrinsic information of the process that any person could know to whom it referred. When the name of the author was applied for by return of post, Mr. M'Kay expressed his regret, and stated that it was inserted in the hurry of business. Ile also stated that in the very fire publication, tie first op portunity in his power, he had published a pointed contradiction of the paragraph. This ample refuta tion he published without being solicited to do so, and this contradiction said that the paragraph was false and groundless. Ile did so widiout being asked, on the simple word of Mr. Stewart or his *agent. He did not know to whom the paragraph alluded. The pursuer was not so anxious to think to get the state ment contradicted as to get a large profit from the defenders. Five days befuie the action was com menced, ?Ir. Robertson, agent for the defenders ' wrote a letter to the pursuer, in which they expressed their willingness to give up the author. The author's name was given up, and every compensation was offered ehich it was in the power of Mr. M'Kay to offer. When Mr. Allan returned from Italy we were authorised to give every facility for careybig on the action which the defenders could wish, and to with draw the objection to the jgrisdictioa of the Court of SesSion. Itefore the pursuer can ask solarium he must prove animus injuriandi malice on the part of the defenders. I need not say one word on the im ; propriety of attempting to circumscribe the liberty of I the newspaper press. On the one hand not to limit .1 the powers of the press in publishing what miles t i • E It - , t 1 t‘. 1 I . ; I . 1 - I • 1 1 , t 4 1.1 • '. t,,, . 1. 1 • 1 l' i 11 4 . 1 .-; P, ~, t , ~ f ' 3 li t I t . ' 1 tll f l 1 : 1 i 4 i la m 1 'l. s 1 . 1 31 . 1 1 1 : ( „ • , i . I P , 1 .k' -. '.; 4 f 4 , I 11 1_ ' I ' 1 1 ,4 1 1