Star. — London, England, 1824-02-18 00:00:00

concurring, stated that the Henke sat ndthing but a subject of con s ratolation in the termination of the contest between ranee and Spain. He felt that the policy which his Majesty's Ministers had thought proper to follow was inconsistent with the high riane, they had formerly adopted. He could not bet think their conduct insin cere as regarded the Spanish nation—inconsistent with the conduct pursued towards that country a few years • before—a variance with 'the pyinciples which had' actuated the Government of this country in its foreign policy at former periods.-and compromising those . general interests which it had heretofore been her con stant study to uphold. The last Session bad been. allowed to come to aclose without that Mouse being induced to look fully into the grounds of the foreign policy of his Majesty's Government—(Hear)., He had, therefore been prepared to expect in part what had fol lowed, when the Ministers declined interfering in the war between France and Spain, although in that war, were involved questions affecting the general liberties, - of nations, and principles, in the support of.which this country had in former times never hesitated to take an i • active parts But he had not been prepared for the gra-1 tuitous surrender which was made Of the commercial advantages which the situation of Spainafforded to this country. The lamentations which had been-so lavishly poured from the other side of the House over the fall eta state of Spain, were but a poor consolation, a slender atonement for the fact that that state had been brought about by the refnsal of Ministers to interfere in her cause. It was not his intention to refer to the transac tions that took place at the last Congress at Verona, nor. .to the abandonment which there took place of the:right of this country to interfere as became her in support of that Constitution in Spain, which she had sanctioned in +common th' the Powers Ofthe Continent iq 1812. These questions were decided last year; and unforttinately it was also decided that neutrality was the best policy of our Uovernment; in which opinion he lamented to think that the country at that timeisut too generally acquiesced. All that he was about to contend for was, that the ground, low as it wan which was taken at the Congress of Verona, had since been abandoned; that the circa.' sion which had there been stated as one which would call for the interference of this country had occorred, and yet no notice had been taken of it; that a war for conquest had been carried by France into Spain, and that the Government of this country had not only stood by in idle neutrality, but had tamely submitted to insult, and the violation of the honour of her flag. No sooner did the Duke d'Angouleme find that in proportion as he advanced further into the heart of the country, the situation of his army became more critical ; and that the Regency which he had set up, instead of aiding his advance, contributed, by its violence, and the wan ton excesses which it'committed, to increase the embar rassment of his situation •, than he issued an Edict, dated from Andojar, in July last, setting aside the au thoi ity of that Regency, and proclaiming his intention to take the Government of the country, both civil and military, into his own hands. He did not mean to cen sure the conduct of the Duke d'Angouleme in issuing . that Decree, He considered that step as quite neces sary on his part. But he contended that it was a de •claration of the intention to carry on the war for the annexation of Spain as a province of France. And that intention was evinced, not by words and declara tions only, but by the subsequent conduct of the French. In point of fact, the Fiench flag was hoisted in every place of which they afterwards took possession. Ili pass ing the Pyrennees, the Duke issued an order to his army, directing that none but the Spanish flag should be hoisted on the walls of any place that surrendered to, or might be taken possession of by the French forces; but after the issuing of the Andujar Decree, none but the French flag was to be seen on the walls of every place which they occupied, and the Duke d'Angouleme became virtually Viceroy of Spain. In the first Note of the British Government to the Duke of Wellington, re• lating to an armed interference in the internal affairs of Spain, he was ordered to state, that "come what may," h s Majesty would not be a party to any such inter ference. That was a strong expression ; and he per fectly well remembered the cheer which had resounded upon its being repeated in that House. But waoat must be our surprise, what the surprise of poor betrayed Spain, within one month after those cheers were heard, to see the accredited Minister of that Government throw Himself into the arms of the French, repairing to the head-quarters of their army, and assigning as the . groonds of his conduct certain acts which had been done by th e Constitutional Government of Spain in the internal administration of the affairs of that country ? Was not the withdrawing of a Minister an indication o( hostility ? The only question was, Whether Sir William A'Court had withdrawn from Seville is consequence of instructions from home, or at his own suggestion? If he had not received instructions from his Government,. and his withdrawing himself had been his own act, then, be would ask, why bad not Sir William A'Court been recalled—why had be not been impeached ?—(Hear.)— If, however, be had received such instructions, and the Right Honourable Gentleman could best answer that question, then he (Lord Nugent) would say, that the conduct of Government was at variance with their pro fessions of neutrality, and had inflicted the deepest blow on the Constitutional liberties of Spain. And what was the reasoning by which this conduct of Sir William A'Court, or of the Government, or of both; was sought to be defended ?—Why, the Cortes had declared the King incapable, for a time, of exercising the Royal func tions, and had appointed a temporary Regency, for the purpose of changing the seat of Government from Se ville to Cadiz, allowing,to the Monarch the full power of resulting the exercise of his functions when he arrived them And was this a reason why a British Minister should withdraw himself from the Court at which he had been accredited, and give the sanction of his ap probation to the party likely to take advantage of such a step, when his Government had previously declared n the fate of the world that they would preserve a strict neutrality? Was the British Nation or the British Par. liament entitled, he would ask, to question the legality of such an act? Was it necessary to call to thearecol !Mien of that House the Act of Regency passed by our own Parliament in 1810?—(Hear, hear).—ln adverting to that Act, however.be felt the full delicacy of the ground on-which be mod ; and 44 Gon forbid,"said the Noble Lord. that I should for a moment compare our late venerated and re:meted Monarch, struck with the heaviest calainity to which human nature is subject-- GOD forbid that I should compare him to Ferdinand, t h e smart : hi s own people , for all they have done, and all have _forborne to do—(Hear, hear)—the must finiihed specimen of all that is corrupt and infa- Moss, whose name will go down to posterty amidst the oxecrationsOf mankind, and who therefore is perhaps the PI -111111 1 11111111111111111.1111111' , woorgis■■■ , egesi,■••• l 4iegi 61 from concurring in the term-4%11 **tress, which .H I: I ~, ~. ~_~. ~~ '~,y I. . .~ fitter subject for the eulogy Obis swarthy associate."— Ht alluded to the subject oar for the purpose.afshew fad thatihe circumstances of the,t*o cases were in a gnat degree ; and . CM griming that they *ere opt, was Sir William A'Court, ?r- the Government fs country, to constitute theamelves judges of the,coa.. duct which the Spanish Cortes were then bound to putt sue ? Suppose, in 1810, at the period when the Xi gency Bill passed, the Spanish Minister had thongba l proper to remove himself fiom London, alleging as a reason that the Legislature of this country were not jos titled in passing such. an Act—if he had acted on v his own responsibi li ty, should we not have deemed him hi* sane? and had he pleaded the instructions of his Go-, vernment, would they not have excited general indig nation and contempt, and have afforded a just ground of war ? The Cortes had not, however, gone as far as our. Government, for they had only declared their King incapacitated for a short time, and had professed their intention to restore him to his powers as soon as the temporary object had been attained. Sir Wm. A'Court, however, did not choose to give them the benefit of his presence ; he withdrew himself from the Cortes, and thus gave to their opponents a considerable advantage. Shortly afterwards came forth the three famous Notes of the three Allied Powers, whom England followed at a humble distance; for although she did not join them in the open avowal of her hostility to the Constitutional cause of Spain, she afforded by her actions, and that.of her Miaister, the most unequivocal proofs of the side she was willing to espouse. And yet he could hardly suppose Ministers base enough to send out instructions to Sir W. A'Court to throw obstacles in the way of one of the parties, when they had so openly professed their neu trality before: But here he had to contend with a di lettiniti% for either Sir. W.A . Court must have acted on his owteiesponsibility or upon histructions from hone.— If : Sir William A'Cotirt had not received...so instruc tions, why had not the Ministers recalled him ? a step which he-(Lord Nugent) contended they ought to have adopted, if they witted to save themselves from the re proach of acting with the greatest, the most consum mate duplicity and badfaids.. He woOld not, however, enter further into the conduct of Sir William-A'Court. That conduct would"), best explained by the produc tion of his instructions; and anything which he (Lord Nugent) might say upon the subject would rest upon his bare assertion, which, however, the -House might be inclined to give credit to it, was not to be brought for ward in support of so grave a charge, unless supported by documents. There was one observation, however, which it just occurred to him he might make, as illus trative of Sir William A'Court's conduct. It was a curious fact, that during the whole course , of the Spanish struggle, whatever might have been the ptofessions of that Minister, his actions were invariably hostile to the Constitutional cause. He seas always to be found in such a situation as injured the Spaniards.' He suffered the time betsi , een the removal of the Court and the blockade of Cadiz to slip away without making one energetic remonstrance; and during all this period.where was he to be found ? why at Seville, in the midst of the army of the Faith, and surrounded by the Priests and the French, in a situation where he must have known that his very presence afforded countenance and protection to the invading army. What could shew ibis morethan theoffer made to him to become Governi.a. of Seville? This offer, to be sure, he had declined i and added, that if made again he would quit Seville. But why, he (Lord Nugent) would ask, did he not quit Seville? Why did lie continue there one hour longer among the Ptiests and themob after to degrading . a proposition had been made to him, the representative of a Government who had previously declared their neutrality ? Must he not have knowu that by taking up his_ residence there he -was affording aid and protection to the enemies of the Constitution; and that at a moment when the Ministers of this country were professing their friendship towards it ? Whit rims the immediate effect of Sir W. A'Court's conduct? The hint which he so sagaciously threw out Was taken, and Nlorillo deserted, stating in his public Manifesto that his reasons for so doing were founded upon Sir William A'Court's conduct; quoting the con duct of a Minister of England as an excuse for his treason to his own country I—(lfear, hear, hear). — There was one part of the conduct of Sir William A'Court to which he could not refuse his approbation, at least he was sure that iii'vvhat he did he was actuated by motives of generosity and pi ivate friendship, and so far he thought his conduct deserved praise. Ile alluded to the advice which Sir William A'Couit gave to Ge neral Alava, to withdraw so a place of sat( ty after the defection of Ballasteros. Of that Officer (General Alava) it was impossible to speak but itt terms of the highest praise ; and in stating what he had done, lie (Lord Nugent) felt it necessary to remark, that he had not received his information from General Alava, as the fact was one of general notoriety. General Alava had never been very intimately connected with the Con- stitutional leaders, nqy was he believed very firmly at tached to the abstract principles of the Spanish Consti tution. But he felt nobly and honestly ; and the mo ment that his country was threatened by a foreign power, lie consideied her institutions as his own. He nobly withstood all solicitations to save his own valu ble life out of the wreck of his wretched country—and who niade.this proposit ion to him ? Why, Sir William A'Court, whom he (Lord Nugent) was bound to be lieve had done so from motives of generous and pure attachment to General Alava, to whom he was induced to make the communication, in consequence of the private knowledge which he-poisessed. But in making this communication, Sir William A'Court must have forgotten what General Alava did 'not forget * that by. withdrawing at so critical a period, he would have pre cipitated his country's fill, and stamped his own'unsul lied name with the indelible infamy and disgrace which must for ever attach to that of the traitor Morino— (Hear, hear). He was again willing to give Sir WilliaM A'Court every credit for this act of generosity. He could only have been actuated by a wish to save from destruction a man respected by all parties, a man whose name had never been tarnished by a single dishonour able or equivocal act, who was the admiration of his own country, who was identified with British achievements, by the part which he had borne in the Peninsular war. k ßut giving Sir W. A'Court every credit for his private feelings upon this occasion, did he, he would ask, con sult the true interests of Spain upon this occasion ? Ought he, with alibis knowledge of the circumstances of the two parties; ought he who kept so studiously aloof from the Constitutional party, who was even .at Gibraltar the non-conducting medium of the sympathies of England toward them—ought he to have run the risk of striking the last blow at the liberties of Spain, by advising such a man, and at sucha crisis, to with draw himself altogether from her cause? He was sorry. to occupy the attention of the House so long; but there were one or two circumstances to which he still thought t-,~ RIV,Mr!!"! RAT.r .71CSIT it his ditty to adrezt. Could Mg . stirs deny, that bye turesworo made to ahem by, the Cortes by which thy Aired to recognise the independence of South Ame rica n- , -(Hear). Could the Right Hon. Gentleman deny that overtures to that effect were rrnide to Sir William A . COurt? If the Right Hon. Gentleman could not deny that fact, theft he (Lord Nugent) felt justified in charging Ministers with having tisked alt the advan tages which might have been derived from that mea sure, and subjected the country to the probability of a \var with an absolute King, aided by an associa tion of Despots, which might ultimately involve us in a contest wi th all Europe—(Hear, hear, hear). — He (Lord Nugent) would contend, that we might have obtained from Constitutional Spain, without a struggle, all the advantages, commercial and political, that .the most sanguine could have desired. The Cortes bad abolished all the laws of Old Spain which imposed re strictions on foreign commerce, and bad made provision for payment of the debt owing to this country. Such, in fact, was the flourishing state of our negotiations, that the House had received his Majesty's congratulations on the subject. Notwithstanding all these desirable offers, however, on the part of the Cortes, we had chosen to peglect them, and for what? Why, to effect a much more desirable object—to gratify our Holy Allies, and let their Beloved Ferdinand loose to glut himself with the blood of such of his subjects as dared to become the ad vocates of free institutions. He had thus endeavoured to chew what this country had lost, as far as Spain was concerned. What we had conceded to France remained to be told. We had in the first place allowed that Power to exercise a light of blockade, such as in the mid-day of our maritime power we had never arro gated to ourselves—a blockade which not only inter cepted our commerce with all the Spanish ports, but in vaded even :lie .seat of Government, where our-Minister was prevented from exercising his functions—(Heer), —All this we had, however, conceded without remota.: qrance. We had besides allowed France to exercise the. invidious right of search, to a degree that could not be justified, and ought not to have-been tolerated. Eng lish merchant vessels were constantly boarded and de. !aimed under circumstances the most humiliating am' disgraceful. Their captains were frequently obliged to quit their ships, and kept in close custody, and that tor% not in the neighbourhood of Cadiz, or within a short distance of it, but very often when they were far out to sea, and sometimes more than one degree to the west ward. English vessels too had beep detained whose cargoes were shipped before the declaration of the blockade; and when application was made to the French Admiral for redress, his refusal was accompanied by every circumstance of incivility and insult. It had been said, why had no remonstrance been made? The an swer was obvious. The British Ambassador had with drawn himself—Mr. Brackenbut wire Vice-Consul,was in England, and there wet e no authorities through whom an application for redress might be forwarded. While he was upon this subject, there was a circumstance to which he felt bound to advert, although lie could not bring himself to do so without a feeling of disgust and shame to which he was unable to give ezpres-i n.- 01 the circumstance to which he was about to allude, he himself was a witness, and therefore he felt the note warmly. While he (Lord Nugent) was at Cadiz, an American vessel had been detained; and while Mi.. A ppleton, the American Charge d'Affaires, was preparing a protest upon the subj-ct, two English Captains who had taken in their cargoes before the blockade had been declared, but who were nevertheless detained, went to Mr. Appleton, the American Minister, and entreated his assistance to have their vessels restored. Here were . British Captains craving the protection of an American against French injustice—(Hear, hear).—ln making these observations he did not 'mean them avinvidious. Of the Americans, our brothers, the descendants of common ancestors, united to us by language and insti tutions, he could never speak but in terms of respect and regard ; and be trusted the day was trim far distant when America and England might he yet more closely united together by the bolds of affection and of com mon interest. He could not, however, help feeling a little jealousy at seeing the flag of England thus de graded. And what was the result of this inglorious policy ? NVhat had we gained by it? We saw - our trams, rat enemies in possession of all the Spanish ports. The Frew!) flag floated triumphant in Bilboa, Malaga, Barce lona, Cadiz, and Caithagena. These weir the fineft har bours in 'Spain. Of Carthagen4 there was a Spanish pro verb, which said theme were but three good harbours in all Spain-. 4 June, July, and Carthagena"—(A lauzh.) Barcelona Was the key of Spain ; and possessed of it and Cadiz, what opportunities had not the French tor obstructing our commerce, and possessing themselves of the advantages of the Mediterranean trade? The Family Compact had in former times been considered a .cause of war, and England had wasted her blood and treasure, and engaged in a long and arduous contest to prevent it from being carried into effect. That Com pet was now renewed, and every object for which that par was carried on had been gratuitously abandoned. Ministers, if they pleased, might have let Ferdinand loose upon his people. They might have let him gorge 'himself with the best blood. of hts subjects ; they might have allowed him to restore the Inquisition, and check every as[ iiing hope of liberty, every approach to free institutions. But it was a duty witith they owed to themselves and their country to prevent Spain from be• coming a province of France—(Neer, hear). The Noble Lord apologised for any warmth which he might unin tentionally have used, and concluded by moving--.-- " That an humble Address be preseeted is his Majesty, praying him to be graciously pleased to direct copies alai instructions given to his Majesty's Minister Plenipotentiary et the Comet of Spain, with a view to his viaduct in the war between that country and France, from the period of the entrance of the French army into Spain to the surrender of Cadia, both inclusive ; and also copies of all the Correspondence between his Majesty's Minister Pleni potentiary at the Court of Spain and his Majesty's Government, with respect to the mediation of Great Britain during the same period." Mit. Secretary CANNING merely rose to answer one or two questions which had been put to lid' by the Noble Lerd opposite, before the debate went any fur ther. Looking from the period at which the Spanish Government left Seville, to-the surrender of Cadiz, the Noble Lord asked whether Sir William A'Court,during that time, had acted upon instructions, or upon his own personal discretion? The answer was, that Sir William A'Court had acted, ill some degree, upon both. . Govern ment-had endeavoured to foresee every case which was likely to arise, and bad furnished Sir William A'Court with instructions, in every such case, bow to act; but that Gentleman bad also been made aware, that if cir cumstances should arise which the caution of Ministers had not enabled them to foresee, the greatest confidence Was placed upon his personal discretion, and apprised. that, supposing any case of a new and unprecedented ,nature to occur, the safest course for him would be to ,regair to Gligaltae s :and either - remain then until he. 7 77" wliPrr7 7 , , • - should receive instroctioas, or proceed to any nthr: spot at which his services might seem to be 'required. i t so hitppeised, that none of the cases foreseen by Gover,,. ment did occur, end that a case did occur—upon mhio, he should not dwell now, because he did not mean, the present stage, at all to argue the question. A c.i%e did occur, which no wisdom of man could have kre• seen, viz.-4' he deposition, for a limited period of t! King. Sir William A'Court, cettairlly, had not bee n prepared for this event; and it would be rather a high demand upon the sagacity of Ministers, th sic tha t they should have anticipated it ; under such circurn. stances; he of course acted for the time upon hip oat discietion. It was true .that Sir • William AVouit', ~....aance for a. short period at Seville had been mis. Construed by a factious party at that place, and tint they attempted to make him an instrument in thei. hands: but, when the Noble Lord stated this, he (mph: tcohave added, that he had refused td become the in: strument' that was desired. On quitting Seville, ni c William A'Coutt had made it known to Govet nnit ti• that he should remain as near Cadiz as he could: Ili had gone to San Lucar, and from thence to G.braltar and had at once intimated at home, on his leaving th, seat of (Spanish) Government, that diet e were two c a . r in which, if he had,no instructions, he should act foi:i with upon his own viewthat, if he received any no! c that his presence in Cadiz would conduce to the iet sonal safety of the King, he should proceed their ; an that he should take the same course, unless he was in structed to the contrary, if he heard that the Knig wa restored to the functions of Government. lost' uction• however, had readied Sir William A'Court; and when the proper time came, he (Mr. Canning) and hi; col !wares should be ready to justify that instructio • ' which forbade Sr William A'Court to put himself int a blockaded place. The blame of that course, if it was blameable, belonged to himself and his friends. The course, such as it was, ihey were ready .to sustain an , ' to justify. But he thought that, before the debate we:. any fusilier, it was right that Sir William Atouit should, upon that; point, be entirely exonerated. Mr. S. BOURNE did not rise to advocate the polio' which had been adopted by this ci nntry during the u cent struggle in Spain, because he felt that eulogi,i, was unnecessary where the voice of the country ha; been already so loudly expressed. He' *as, ho sere? he confessed, not a little astonished to hear the Nub! Lord stigmatise, as inglorious and infamous, a line c conduct which had prevented us from plunging into war with nearly all Europe, including half the pop!, tion of Spain herself—( I kar, heat). For he would a -the Noble Lord,hatl Ministers been mad enough tolta• sent their armies i. ts Splio, with v horn would th, have had to act in the field? NVith !gorilla Abisba , and Ballasteros—( Hear, hear). Would England ha' been satisfied with such Allies, or would they be con• tent to serve under even the consummate Genet al t', I had led our troops to conquests when there belbre? 's Member of that House could be ignorant of the far that one of the Generals he had mentioned (Ballastetos when the combined armies of England and Spain were under the walls of Toulouse in the year 1812, had rr fused to serve under-the Duke of Wellington; when t 1 Spanish Government was ready to invest him *ith the command of her army ; and that in consequence of 0 , • petty jealousy lie had abandoned his country, crippled her resources, and allowed Soult to winter in the seta of Spain instead of Wellington and Hill—Wear, hem If bull had been - the conduct of the Spanish Genet: at a period when greater union of purpose had certai.st prevailed amongst them than_ upon the late occasions would it not have been rest to madness lo think of car. Tying on a war in concert with such Commanders? lit it was idle th eulogise the conduct of Minister s.upon tic occasion ; there was, in fact; but one opinion on tl subject from one end of the country to the other. Tln as to the conduct of Sir W. A'Court, he (Mr. S. Boon was never' so much' surprised as when be heard t charges which had been brought forward against lc by the Noble Lord. He was accused, first, of not havi, gone to Cadiz. Sir William A . Couit was the accre dited Minister to the King of S i .ain, and at Seville them ceased to he a King of Span. • Sir William A'Coui r functions had therefore ceased' by the act of the Corti and he (Mr. S. Bourne) was astonished that the Rig, Hon. Gentleman had not adverted toil 'as a prool th. we had preset ved our neutrality. Whether the Coif were right or wrong he did not mean to attic.; but rigi, or wrong there ceased to be a King ; and the r efore Sii William A'Court was perfectly justified in the course had pursued. 'ffie next charge against Sir . %Ilia , A'Court was his having given some advice to a dist; guished Spanish officer, to whose merits he (Mr. Bourn, was happy to add his testimony to that of the Nob] Lord. But surely he (Lord Nugent) did not mean impute an act of private disinterested friendship (ant such he took it to be) to Sir William A'Court as a crime The third charge brought against the Ministers by the Noble Lord was, that they allowed the blockade . Cadiz. Ile really felt some difficulty in answering this citrirge, as he could hardly believe the Noble Lord wat Iserious in urging it. Was one nation to prevent another from exercising the right of blockade; and were we all nations to object to that right which we so rigidly enforced ourselves ?—(Hear, hear). Let us be wise and Ilonest, and not arraign a law which we-contributed ' make, and which we took care to see observed, the rrh merit it becomesinconvenient to ourselves--(kienr,hea, It might be said that there was this distinction in tin present case, that Cadiz was the seat of Government kw'but was that a reason for infringing the rights of nation: d saying to . one belligerent you shall not declari your enemy's ports in a state of blockade? These , the weie the three grounds upon which the Noble Lord h; thought proper to move for the production of such it. portant kcuments as the secret instructions of Govern ment to their Ambassador. Let us look at the facts - the case. Is there any partiality on the part of his Ma jesty's Government towards France, after the mediation of this country 'offered towards Spain was refused? No. But he doubted not that if it had bcen,sreceived and acted on by the Spanish Government, Spain would lir been in a 'better condition than she was at the preset moment—()'ear, hear). Although the offer of medi ation was refused, and the advice rejected; yet Sir W: limn A'Court's instructions were still persevered in.— Bad this Government no obstacles to contend with Was there not an ardent spirit abroad which it was, *tilt to check? Btit there were obligations on the Go vernment still more binding. Under all the circa; stances of die case, Ministers could not possibly have stied more for the satisfaction of the country ; and, with this opinion, the Right Hon. Gentleman took 1... .liberty of moving an amendment to the Noble Lord's motion; that after the word " that," in the original mo tion, all she words should be left out, and the following substituted: " This House is duly sensible of the ad vantages derived to this country from preserving said; It i t e r.. 's I c. if 8 ht tio - .11 • tl a r ; . 11; , a (1 c ti I H. fr I'. v, en 31. ) itu rAS ml tl ■ cy le- ad er, 3!e of 14- t lye Iry tve 111. at No ICt, 511 ns), ere TI Te- the tl the this tied uth ar). .1' rats )ly Oil, 11 hit ft hat tr the n ) the oat tig :re- fete I es tes, glit It. el te tes ght Sic a rn .ne)- • ble • to and ne? the e. of this was her i! of dip a and to 11 o- ar). the .nt ; ins, late ten, im- - tru- s of tion No. and lave seat edi- tVi l- - dif• Go- am- lave and, the )rd's me. ring ad-