Star. — London, England, 1818-02-03 00:00:00

, jardy tall for animadversion. The history of *pursue, he was determined to support with his lag A r um, could not be so easily blown over as a breath the cause that had brought him to his duo from-Mr..Honeace Lord Ellenborough, and on 'geon. He relied upon the power of the people as a account it was, he hoped, the Gentlemen by protection more than enough to shielcihim from the he was surrounded would bear with him.— oppression of those by whom he had been so tyrinni r.)—He was a married man, and had three ca . !' visited—(Load applauees.) living: he had buried four. He had long fler. JOHN BAGULEY (a young man of very respeete the cause of. Parliamentary Reform, and able appearance) then came forward. He informed thought he knew something of the subject. the Meeting that he too was one of the sufferers of r, 1816, he attempted to address a Meeting Manchester. He would not have intruded upee the ichester, who were called together to consider time of those around him, but for the request of the s tressed state of the country. What he said on Honourable Chairman and other Gentlemen, who occasion happened to please the people ; and he suggested the necessity of appealing to the Public, -swards solicited to go to Lancaster, to York • through the sufferers themselves. The Meeting and to Staffordshire, in order to assist at Meet- would then gram him their attention, while, as briefly w hi c lr were called for similar purposes. He as, he could, he should state the history of his arrest, l in pursuance of the invitations ; and he 'peke examination, imprisonnient, and discharge. They, ly his sentiments, for he had no secrets at his had all heard of the blanketing expedition, as it was lie was not afraid of speaking the truth, al- called, but it was legally assembled for no other pur oh, perhaps, it was not at all times expedient to pose than that of petitioning the Prince Regent upon t hus eiplkit, truth having been, however unjustly, the state of grievances under which the people la -aced a libel (hear). He would now come to bound. But what was the consequence ? The mili cbject which was the immediate object of his tary trampled upon those who were thus met toge tg, namely, to state the manner in which he had they, and after using him with the utmost indignity .persecuted. On Sunday morning, the 9th of and violence, dragged him to the New Bailey, where in the last year, he was comfortably in bed his pockets were picked, and he was treated worse ), when he was alarmed by a loud knocking at than a brute. Thirty pound weight of iron war put ,loon Onlooking out of his window, he perceived upon him—(cries of Shame o—and the Constable Ire men, whose appearance and behaviour were told him, when he asked for his travelling cap, pre illy discreditable. - They could with difficulty be paratory to his journey to London, where he was naded to wait until his wife had dressed herself, ordered to be conveyed, that he would perhapi have. seder to let them in. They refused to tell who a black cap in a very short time—( Shame ! ) Upon were or what their business was, contenting being brought before the Privy Council, where he , aches with vociferating " open the door r- 1 expected that all the evidence would be assemble WIS now about to mike a statement which he saw Lord Sidmouth at the head of the table, sit •be thought singular, but as he said before ting with the gravity of a Bishop ; and was informed I no secrets, and would openly tell the truth. by him that he was sorry to commit so young a man, had said he was a married man, and to but he was obliged to do so for no less a crime than his wife, who became alarmed at the des- High Treason—(Laughter, and cries of Shame). And • by which the house was surrounded, he at - on being asked what the evidence consisted of,, his .to .make his escape. He however knew he Lordship replied, after a pause, " That is confiden no hope of success, but he was willing to give tiaL*--[The same expression of disgust and ridicule to the wishes of one who was naturally dear to was here givenl—Nothing more happened at the He got upon a wall, intending to jump into an Privy Council, .but the comfortable assurance that ig yard, in which he saw a neighbour of his, he should have solitary confinement. From this would no doubt have willingly given him lodg- precioas examination he was conveyed to Horse to hold him secure against the nett morning— monger-lane Gaol, and secured fast in the room iter).—The man called out, " You d—d ras- formerly occupied by Colonel Despard. In that if you jump over, I'll blow your brains out."— abode, where the Governor, who acted with the did jump over, in spite of his threat, and was greatest humanity, as he felt bound to state, reluc oediately seized by two persons, one taking. each toady put upon him the irons, and expressed his deep, :of his coat collar, while a third seized him by regret that his orders excluded all frieods. From throat From Joseph •Naden, the deputy con- the 16th of March till the 10th of April, he did not Sle of Manchester, he had received the most bru- ppll off his clothes, for the irons rendered so neces atment, who, in order to spew his avidity fat iary a change impossible--(Cries of shame, Jimmie* service to which he was destined, behaved in the hornlle I) At this period came a Government Offiefle/ ruffianly manner, and exclaimed, " You a— (Mr. Proudman) accompanied by a Bow-street rin ig thief, we have got you safe at last.",—They I net, who told him he must go to the country. The re-tonducted him to his house, ransacked his irons were then taken off, and he (Mr. Baguley . ) - tins and took every thing which could, or could excite suspicion. Among other things they took Volney's Rains, which was under lock and key, therefore the more likely to excite suspicion. He --quentlytionducted to the New Prison, where, two days, he was confined under circumstances of • hardship and cruelty, being kept upon the gaol of half a small loaf of coarse bread, a bit cheese which it was scandalous to offer to any (Cries of" Shame r)--Was this, he would ask, lent that ought to be endured by the sons of and of England ?—(Cries of " Ne.")-2They tßritons never will be slaves." but • they should change their note, and " Britonsever will be slaves" —(Loud cheers). — was not an individual cause—it was the cause of :ple and in his persou the people suffered. On uesday following, be was taken from the New in order to be conveyed to London, previous rich attempts were made to force irons on his' on which he wore boots, such as were used the worst of felons. This effort, which was *,— the aforesaid deputy constable, gave him the pain, and it was with the utmost reluctance 'allowed him to send to his house for a pair While the shoes were gone for, Nalden, to no doubt, his , employers, again tried to fix the his boots, but without success. At length shoes were brought, and he was chained to a fel sufferer ;he travelled to London. On his ar he was conducted to Coldbatb-fields prison ? he spent his first night la an infirmary, con eight beds, seven of which werenCanPied'il _ring under disease or : To pe ,vil his.clue—aext day, ltdr. Adkins, the Bturer of the prison, gave himesenfortable bedding.. the 15th of March, he wet taken to the Office of sesretary of State, where he underwent a sort 4, ation. He then made one request to the f of State,.which was, that as ••he had some living in and near London, he might be con if that he was to -be confined, near that place.— Sidmouth promised him faithfully his request be granted; to shew how much his Lordship to be believed, however, he had only to state, on the 10th of April he was again handcuffed brother sufferer, and carried to Dorchester, &ohs on the 28th of the same month, he was car. in like manner to Exeter Castle--(Shame, shawl) it was but justice to say, that Mr. Brown, the of .that place, behaved towards him with the . humanity, lamenting only that he had not means of making him more comfortable. He only to add, when he left the gaol, Mr. Brown hirn 121. to bear his expenses home—(d voice 'tinted, a He'll soon be discharged.")—He re • that he had not, like the Evans's and Ben refused to bind himself to make his appearance. then briefly stated the manner in which he was in the Court of King's Bench, and informed company, that finding there appeared to be no - business for him, he sent a note to the Attor reneral the day after his liberation, directi ;thy Gentleman to the Swan with Two Necks, lane, if he should have any occasion for the pre , of the ill-treated Johnston, or those who - companionsin suffering —( Laughter..) He sow ed leave to thank the Honourable Chaim: Folkestone, Lord Cochrane, and the othat Is of the country who sat in the House mons, for having compelled the Attorney Gem , to do his duty, by discharging the recognizance ether an event which would not have beta gist about but for compulsion—(loudapplause)-- ao man could say the At orney General w. . done so of his own accord. Whatever mig ' mosequence of the line of Conduct he sho - felt as ire *as in a balloon—hot - in the midst - of t. de. lightful sensation, the execrable runner caught 144 by the, wrists and told him the hand-cuffs must go to work. This was with horror refused by the speaker, who, however, was bound by leg to another, and thus sent off to Gloucester gaol, where he was treated in the most inhuman manner by the keeper, a wretch named Newton, and compelled to bathe in a cistern of cold water, -om which an illness-proceeded which confined him to the -hospital, where he was stare-; fused a visit from a human being. He applied to 'Justice Baker for a person to attend him and make ter),--Re concluded by observing, that with regard to Rsibrni, his Akjiety's Ministers- had, by their pro ceedings, made the peop le of Manchester ten thou sand times more than they were before, and as far as his feeble powers went, he would on his re turn do every thing to promote it, as far as it could be constitutionally done, for she people of that county would go as far as any independent people would go, as long as they thought they were tinder the protec tion and shelter of good Wien--(Loud applanse). The Rev.. Mr. DRAM, denied that there was at the period alluded to, any necessity for the suspen sion of the Habeas Corpus Act ; indeed there never was a time which authorised the introduction of the measures resorted to by Ministers, and the Green Bag Committee. Mr. Jazlits said, his principal object in rising was to propose that a word inserted in one of the Resolu tions might be left out, for the purpose of substituting another. It was proposed to the Meeting in one of the Resolutions, to declare that they viewed with alarm the suspension of the Habeas Corpus. He would not consent to a declaration that they could view with alarm any measure that could be adopted by so feeble an Administration as the present—(Ap p&ttses.)—He should wish, therefore, that the word alarm might be struck out, for the purpose of insett ing, that they viewed with indignation such a mea sure. He would beg leave also to offer another Re solution for their acceptance. They had all heard with horrqr the-plain unvarnished tale told by the persons who had that day stated their case. He was desirous that a specific Resolution might go forth indicative of tfinahlwarenee in which they held the practice of ma. !fading human beings like cattle going to a fair.— The immortal Sterne had drawn a heart-reading picture of the miseries of solitary confinement ; but how greatly was it aggravated by the additional cruelty of loadit a prisoner with heavy irons!— Englishmen haili•iong boasted they were fiee,dand were they now to submit to be manacled like wild beasts, or cattle sent to a market? - .Was it possible for any man to hear the piteous, tale told by the in jured, insulted, oppressed individuals, irlio had just addressed them, without feelings of disgust and in ward horror, especially consi der ing that they had been tent from society, shackled like dogs, not like Inman beings, and immured in dungeons, on pre tences far which it would be almost a crime to brush a-fly from the table? (Loud and rippeated cheering.) An Englishman's heart burned with virtuous indig nation when he thought on such horrid barbarines being used, inctiebrisidered the 'quarter whence such barbarities' We4e"lnfitoted—(Cheers4 i 0 /I.t the present moment,• it was the duty of the rational friends of reform so adhere together, notwithstanding the base insidious attemi!ts,x9ade use of to divide them. They had in that char a reformer—a man who had stea dily through life advocated the 'cause of humanity, and the principles bf the Constitutieti—lClreering.)--.- The name of Sir Francis Burdett was•justly,revered; and not more than due, for he was the unbiassed, unprejudiced, inflexible patriot. (Cheers.) sir tr.!- cis did his duty, and he acted not from the base mo tive of seeking a short lived popularity, for on the contrary, amidst odium the most unwarrantable and he persevered-to discharge his duty as triot. 4CAecrs,) Never could Britain me disinterested patriot, never was there so boldly and ntitrfnlly sconied'the as cast an bis &incur, whether thaw OW- d jasdY call fi . „g l i n gs cool ib f r usulfi../b account it is .m he was sun o—He0 —He was " , living :hi p l eated the cau .ore thought October, 1816,1 ikachester, wh distressed state occasion happ a fterwards soli , and to Staff° which were in pursuance dly his seutime Ile was nc , perhaps, it thus up/kit, tn ounced a libel Elbject which 'ng, namely, to persecuted. ch, in the last eep, when he w: door. Onlooki lye men, whoa wally discreditals ailed to wait order to let the y were or wh: res with was now abo tht be thought lad no secrets 'e had said 1 his wife, s .oes by whicl ,pled to ,make no hope of s y to the wishes He got ups ,icing yard,. . would no dc to hold him es')..-The if you jump did jump OVI ediately seize of bis coat cc throat From .le of Manches treatment, wh, service to whit ruffianly m: coring thief, stn re-tonducted rs, and took excite suspicic ay Volney s Rai therefore the I subsequently* two das, be w hardship and owance of half cheese which ii • ries of" anent that ou, .... and of Er swere allowed, g. " Britons etc was not an inc people, and in , Tuesday folios • ey, in order t which attempt on which h the worst c . by - the afore . • pain, and was allowed , - While 1 - -• no doisbt,l ; on his boot: t shoes were bn $ sufferer ; he Is lie was co he spent h .ing eight beds s sons labouring e devil his . clue- k of the prison the 15th of N swaetary of • lamination. retarT of Stat nas living in • if that he w d Sidmouth • ld be grante. s to be belies • on the 10th • brother suffe ence, on the 2 in like mann 3 e it was but ler of . that I • oat humanity means of n y • only to add, a e him 121. to exclaimed, a ✓ tad that he r. refused to 1) e then briefly 1 o ed in the Co A compa n y, t h, er business f ~, I-General the A trodh,y Gent g lane, lf he 51 .ce of the companions i • :ged leave to d Folkestone ds of the c tN morons, for ha to do his duty ,ether ; an e 0, ght about bt no man coul e done so of the coasequen hooest bitast of'a a man 0 _ . enngs were greitly increased by the' conduct of bet•false friend--(cries of " Ayt,thatis Cobbett.")—: Conyngham, who belongs to that gaol, and against or that of an usurping, tyrannizing despotism (cheers). whom he had drawaup a petition to the House of Com- Let the friends of Reform remember the old fable. of mons. Duriugthese inflictions his mother'slife was de- the bundle of sticks. If they divided, their energy 1 spaired of. Ile described Odic' sufferings of a similar was gvne ; but let them adhere, and corruption wouldkind, partictdWrly' being confined in a cell'four yards tremble from its pinnacle. Li their Chairman they square, and - was most anxious to do justice to those had a pledge, that while the people had right, he gaolers who acted with humanity, as well as to those would he their invariable and unwearied Champioja. who so rigorously and inhumanly acted up to the Let Englishmen remember the irons these individuals letter of their instructions. He (Mr. Baguley said, had been fettered with, and let them dread lest on if he entered into this recognizance, it would be an some other day "the iron may enter their own souls." acknowledgment that he had done something illegal; To be an Englishman and a slave was an absurdity ; but, of the two evils, he thought he bad better and let them never forget Columbus, who through choose the least, and having signed it, he thus ter- life bore in mind the indignity he had suffered in minted seven months' solitary confinement. He wearing . irons. Mr. Jones concluded by moving a would wish to know under what law he was seized? Resolution to the following effect; It was in th e act of petitioning for a Reform in the That theAubjecting of Mr. Evans and his Son,- together with Representation of the People that he was apprehend- others,. 4f to thc ir la ons w t ot hr t ee he d lan ays d and three nights, was a gross viola -4 s t u e i r t ed and dragged to prison--(apploure); and this was to the whole people of Engl'anand, og r ra o ge gatory of h t arnani t t ll: c an i done by the Magistracy of Manchester. And he, of Englishmen, and inconsistent with the principles of the Bri. could only say, that if the people of Manchester had tish Constitution. 'so many friends to the Cause of Reforni, as his friends JOSEPH Mercnat.t, of Liverpool, stated the cir- ' in London had, they would de-all •in their power to cumstance of his having got into company wib aria drag these Magisterial wretches befo r e. -a proper tri- torious fellow who pretended to bda friend to liberty. burial, for a bleach both of law, liberty, and justice This feliew•Was Oliver, and this man he introduced.' --(app/ause)--Lord Sidmouth, in the most insulting into different parts of the country, supposing him to manner, had written down to prevent them coming have been equally friendly to the cause of freedom up to town ; but he (Mr. Baguley) came to town pur- with himself.. He solemnly declared that neither‘he, posely to deinhvid that his recognizances should be nor the friends with whom he acted; had ever contem nullified. They all (as might have been heard' of) plated any acts of treason; nor had any other object in came to the Court of Kingsßench, and went there view thaw that of obtaining a Reform in Parliament day after day without gettmg any satisfaction until by legal and constitutional means. He assured the they began to clamour—(cheers and applause.)—He meeting, that although he had suffered the greatest was fearful that a similar clamour must be resorted hardships by an imprisonment of six months, and by to in the House of Commons, before a redress of being reduced to beggary, he was still as hearty in those grievances under which the public groaned the cause as ever. would be obtained. One circumstance, however, he Mr. Wil/LIAM CLIFF then came forward to state a thought it necessary to advert to before he got down, few facts 'which he thought. the Meeting should not which was a letter which had been sent ta his father be ignorant of. .He. was, he said, . another of those by Lord Sidmouth since his enlargement, begging unfortunate men -whom the Government had laid him to use his parental and correctional influence hold of as a fit subject for their persecution. On the over his son--(laughter and applause). He had the 20th May last, as he was quietly working in his shop, letter in his pocket—(cries qf read, read), but it was a man whom he , had never seen before came. in, and too disgusting—(cries of no, no, read, read).-Mr. asked him whether he would go to a tavern lathe, Baguley pulled it from his poc ket - -.loud applause town, to see a Delegate from London? At first he, and ioughter)—Mr. Baguley then proceeded to state, refused, being. busy about his work, but the stranger i that after his father had written to Lord Sidmotitli, pressed him to go very much, and told:him that the praying that he (Mr. Baguley) might be permitted delegate he was to see was expressly sent to Derby 1 to see his mother, who was on the point of death. by the Friends of Reform in London, Sir Francis - Lord Sidmouth caused the followiig answer to be seer ' Burdett, Lord Cochrane, and Major Cartwright.— " 1 ain-directed by Lord Sidmouth to acknowledge the re- 'By this statement. his curiosity was roused, and lie eeipt of your letter respecting your son; and I•am further ill-, consented to accompany the stranger to the tavern. rested to inform yen, attest Lord Skimooth had previously or 7 He was introduced to this Delegate, and after some tiered a warrant for your son's liberation. 'Lord Sichuoutts It. _._ u conversation he was informed that his name was happy you are sensible of your sun's error , and hopes that yo . and your wits will in future use such paternal sad d correctional Ol iver —(Loud cries of Shaine ! Mama .q. Oliver influence over his conduct, as will reader him a loyal and good very freely talked about Parliamentary Reform, ' subject. (fined) "IL Hounooss." and said that the Petitions presented to Parliament Thus, after nine months' incarceration, Lord Sid- were of no use, that they would not be listened mouth consented to his discharge, ovided his fa- to, and that the London people had come to 2 4 1,1 ther would stop up his mouth—{ liter and ap- determination to present no more—(Shame!)— —plause),.Just so would hi Majesty's, inisters stop This delegate further stated, that the country was in the mouths of the people if they could; and should an - organized state, and that particularly at Leeds it these ineank be found insufficient, they would then it. was with great difficulty that the people were kept sort tcApegrufs bag information--((deers and lq e g h- i t down.. The trunk., he said, .which Sir -Francis Bur , deft eras .to bring forward in the Roust, would not be carried, and the only means for the people to ob tain their eights eras by resorting to some othermea sure. The town of Derby; he hoped, .world imitate the example was set by other towns, and he expecsed that its inhabitants would come forward like men and demand their liberties. He threw cold water on all he (Oliver) said. To all this he (Mr. Cliff) replied that the plan proposed did not accord with his views upon the subject, that he had no idea that the inha bitants of the town of Derby were prepared to act in any such manner, and that those who were in favour of Parliamentary Reform were found only of the poorer classes. Oliver. strongly recommended him to use his influence among the other inhabitants of the town, and to urge them forward to a setiee of their duty, to take up arms and to do his utmost to drive away what he called the caterpillars of the State. This was all that passed on this occasion, and he went home to his work. On the 18th June, at one o'clock in the morning, while he was in bed and asleep, he was awakened by a loud knocking at the door.— He asked who was there? but the only reply he could get, was, " Open the door." He dressed himself as quickly as he was able, came down, and as somas he had unfastened the door three men rushed in, one of whom was a constable of Derby, a watchman of the night, and a person he believed of the name of Williams. He asked what they wanted ? and one of them replied, " You must go along with me to London, Lord Sidmouth wants to speak to you:— (A Laugh.)--To another interrogatory put, this wee the only answer he could obtain. The constable went up into his bed-room while his wifiewas nearly naked; and ransacked every drawer and cupboard where he atmld find any paper.—{ Crier of Shaine.)—From his house he was forcibly taken to the County gaol, and after having remained there a short time, he was chained hand and foot to a fellow-prisoner of *a name of Barton.---(Loud cries of Shame, Shame, Shame.)-He was put into a chaise, carried to Lon don, and remained a whole day in a public room far public shew, then loaded ,with chains like a felon.— At night the officers took off .the,chains from his fill low prisoner and himself, and suffered them to get into bed ; bot immediately they were laid down the chains were again put on, and thus they were obliged to sleep, or rather attempt to sleep, during the whole night, chained hands and feet together—(Loud and reßerated cries of Shame, shan't !) In the morning the Chains were taken off , and having dressed them selves,tie Chains were again put on. Soon after they were carded . before Lord Sidmouth ; and he (Mr. Cliff) defied. his Lordship to bring any charge against him, and protested his innocence. His Lordship re plied, that he should hai'e a fair trial, and declared that his evidence uvrcfrorr a most respectable source— (Low! laughter Hand that he was accused of having committed treasonable acts. He was then ordered down to Gloucester, after having remained a few days at Coldbath-fields Prison, and was put into a cold, damp, and filthy cell, from which a murderer had been taken to make room for him. On the 12th of July he wrote a letter to Lord Sidmouth, com plaining of this, treatment, informing him of the manner of his imprisonment, zepnesenting the hard °ship of the.case„ and earnestly requesting either to be brought to trial, or to be More comfortablysituated in the prison. To this letter no answer was ieceiiira. —While he had been thus confined he had lost a trade. by - which he had obtained a fooct his lobt►is - Wad" - been taten Tway, and his wife and family had been obliged to live upon the small pit tance allowed by the parish of 6s. per week. He bad agreed to enter into a recognizance, but it was not under a sense of his guilt that he - agned it, for he knew himself to be innocent ; but he was induced by the entreaties.cit starving wife and family. Having stated thus much, he thought he had said enough to shew that his treatment had been more like that of a beast than a human Wing.. In a Petition which he intended to present to the House of Commons, he shculd diclose a few more facts relative to this pre tendeddelegate Oliver.--This address produced a loud cheer from the in company. • • Sir Faascia Ru art said, that after Oe.sinsige .but" eloquent appeals rtade' to' the company, ; it was unnecessary to take up their time any longer, in. by any further remarks, than to impress on all-their minktlia aecessity of contributing to the - relief of thosielskit bad suffered such atrocious injuries, And who co obtain no indemnification from their op pressors. It was still less necessary for him to say any thing now, as he should 'shortly be confronted with those. oppressors in another place,. - and tell them to ; faces what their conduct bad been. The Resolutions were then read and carried una niinousl7.-:-A Cominittee was next appointed. The list of subscriptions already made were also read over by Mr. CLEARY, the Secretary. Among the list there were many anonymous subscriptions which excited much 4tighter fr . Among the subscrip tions were those of Sir FRANC= BLIRDITT, 1051. Lord COCHRANR, 104 IVIY,4ONCR . BLIRDETT, 551. Major CARTWRIGHT, 51.55. • As socassis Mr.lllllrlshild done reading the sub xriptions.received, there was a general call of Maxis to the astarntlud Mr. Wooten, in moving the Thanks to Sir Frar ... cis Burdett, Bart. observed, that his conduct had been such as to set at defiance at once the machinations of treacherous friends (great applause), and the attacks of open enemies. This motion was received with every demonstration of cordial approbation. Sir FRANCIS BURDRIT, in returning thanks, said that he' felt the highest satiefitetionin receiving the approbation of so great and 40 trePectable a number of his countrainam Fle was not an old man, yet he believed there was not now alive a man who had been kergee in the public eye than himself.' He had often addressed his countrymen on public occasions, as at present: he had soften expressed his sentiments by means of t h e press. lle night be charged with temerity in offering such a challenge, but he did challenge say man to find in any thing. h e had ever said or written, since his first appearanc e in public to the moment when he was now addressing them, two sentences inconsistent with one another—(low&cantanied Meets lappleto e ) He was sure he only anticipated what he should otherwise eaffellewou Casio, when he proposed their thanks to his Noble Colleague (Lord Cochrane), an the same ground on which they had bees given to him: • The dud*s were next voted to Lira COCIRANIL In 116 ad dress of acknowledgment, the Napbl Lord.declared that he un equivocally approved of the conduct of his Honourable Colleague (Sir Francis Burdett), excepting on one or two occasions, when he believed the difference arose from a niisconcepdon on his own part--(ertal applause); that he should constantly imitate • ! the mo pe, and trend in his steps..'—The company gave three cheers, and dispersed. A great quantity of silver and Rank 'lutes were collected at the dobe. The subscription, we understutd, amounts already to nearly five hundred pounds. ~;:• . , -k, l ' . ,1 / . ) , I 1 1 , A , It , . i : 1 i i . I} E i k I I MI I v