Star. — London, England, 1818-03-26 00:00:00

HE EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN MANUFACTORIES. , RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF LIVERPOOL. Loan—Permit me to address pour Lordship • capacity of Prime Minister of the British Em a subject of national concern, which, though excited considerable interest in certain guar , appears not to be understood or appreciated by public at large in any degree commensurate with ' importance. A Bill on the employment of in manufactories has been read twice in the of Commons, passed through the Committee, s blanks filled up, and is to be read a third the first Monday in April. I noticed the de which took place on its first and second reading, Ive just received a copy of the Bill as amended Committee. Bill is opposed, it seems, by a number of ac wealthy cotton spinners, good men of business, 1 of whom are Members of the House of Corn and who are capable of raising a formidable ion .to any measure which they imagine will their interests. Its supporters arc those who the practices which at present prevail in our itifactories to be in many cases injurious to the tdren. The subject, however, seems to he taken - both parties on very confined grounds. Its , e bearings on the general interests of the nave been very imperfectly, or hardly at all, idered ; and its strong claims on thy attention of , vernment and of the country, in consequence, very insisted upon. The manufacturers look at it as mercantile men, under an alarm that the ions proposed may in some way or other di a fraction of theft- profits. The fear of loss iniary gain to men trait:cid in the principles of d manufactures is very natural. Their sta . society, and, in many instances, their very isistence depends on success in their several occu- Their labonrs and anxieties too are very mid except in a few instances which in conse are always prominent, they are very inade remunerated for their toil and care. Under circumstances it is reasonable to conclude that object must be viewed by them through the of mercantile calculation ; and no one can ime them for, Or be surprised at, the jealous which they exhibit on all occasions where :crests, real or imaginary, are attacked. For and other reasons, the natural course of trade, etures, and commerce, should not he disiur :ept when it interferes with measures affecting being of the whole community ; in which [nor considerations ought of coarse at all times way. The practices which prevail in our :torics form, in a peculiar manner, one of :ceptions. They interfeic essentially with the ;crests of society, without benefit to any par :lass, or to any individual. And very little ex in, I presume, will demonstrate to your Lord truth of this statement. Generally speak occupation which manufacturers under the arrangements afford, is more or less un-, to those employed in them ; who are called sacrifice their strength and substantial corn or the advantage of others, and not unfre f4 the benefit of their enemies. The num ais employed now constimte an important the population—so great indeed, as necessa lisseminate the good or evil effects of the prac tich obtain among them, over every corner of ipire. t practices are, Ist, The employment of • before they possess sutscient strength for nit ; before they can be initiated in their re domestic &Lies ; and before they can acquire :d moral habits or knowledge that may ren an useful, or not injurious, members of the nity. And 9.dly, The employment of adults, de and female, in situ. Liens unfavourable to (Or an exceisiee and unreasonable number of I- day. The Bill before the House of Corn intended to apply to the former evil only, and !dy which it is surely very inadequate. It per iildren to he employed at nine years of age, lye hours and a half per day, allowing them hour and a halt during this period for meals • exercise in the open air. Experience proves ten may be habituated, by early practice, to - the most inhuman and barbarous customs, with indifference, but as amusements from they derive exquisite enjoyment. Even the .aryl dispositions may he trained with ease to in cannibalism. It would be clearly unjust, ire, to blame manufa:turers for practices with they have been familiar from childhood ; or to that they have less humanity than any other men. 'Those practices, however, to which c been familiarised fi.oni early life, ale, ne :ss, unjust in the extt eine to their fellow aed pectili.irly injurious to the best hue the country. To detail all their consequences !xceed the limits of a letter, and it is preNu it a sketch of the outline of them will be sutn once to disclose to your Lordship the high Awe of the subject, and to establish its claim immediate attention of Government. ovens well and justly, is to form arrange iy which the greatest benefits that circumstan tit shall be given to the inhabitants of the governed ; and by which, especially, the most . part of the population shall be protected innecesary oppression. Allow me, my Lord, y these principles to the subject of this letter. :.ruses which it is unnecessary here to explain, lue of mere manual labour has been so much that the working man in this and other coun now placed under circumstances far more un -ble to his happiness than the serf or villain under the feudal system, or than the slave was •of the nations of antiquity. I have myself, the last three years, been but too often obliged ‘se the services of men willing to exert , th to the very uttermost, when those services dered and urged upon me by entreaties most sing to decline, at wages which could not af ire applicant for himself and family the most •sd common necessaries of life. With the small :e they asked, they could in fact only gradu- Tye, amidst wretchedness of which the weal form no adequate conception. Under these astances, the working man and his family are truly become, even in this country, pitiable ob- Yet it is from this class the wealthy derive all which they hold. The rich wallow in an excess of luxuries injurious to themselves, solely by the labour of men who are debarred from acquiring for their own use a sufficiency even of the indispensable arti cles of life—much less any of those numberless com forts which they see around them. And yet, if their capabilities were permitted to be brought into action,l they could multiply these in such abundance as would not only afford themselves a participation in them, but would yield to the higher classes a still larger propor tion of wealth than the latter can possibly obtain un der existing circumstances. Such being the facts, my Lord, which at any time I can prove to the satis faction of every intelligent reflecting mind, surely the working man and his family have a fair and just claim for some aid and protection from the legisla ture of their country. In a majority of cases, he is now, whenever required, compelled by dire neces sity to labour fourteen, sixteen, or even eighteen hours per day in employment from which often every idea of comfort must be banished, which are frequently very unhealthy, and sometimes revolting to human nature ; but, my Lord, his sons and his daughters, and even his children, male and female, of a tender age, art now subjected to the same necessity : they must all thus labour, when they can procure work even of this wretched description, to support a bare existence. To effect more than this. many of them never hope, but live in perpetual fear, should sick ness overtake them, that they must sooner or later be compelled to accept even this, in the degrading ca pacity of parish paupers. You will, I am sure, my Lord, readily grant that this state of things cannot last ; that its continuance will annihilate every proper feeling between the go verned and their rulers ; and that confusion and mi sery must go on increasing. If you ask me where is the remedy? or say, as modern politicians are apt to do, that the evil in time will cure itself? I contend that there are remedies; and I deny that the evil, if unchecked, will cure itself in any other way than by perpetually increasing the necessity for the adoption of those remedies. A truly enlightened statesman will avert, by wise ameliorating measures, those in creasing evils, which, if permitted to proceed unre medie.d, will inevitably derange the social system which it is his duty to direct and controul. Past his tory exhibits no combination of circumstances which bears any analogy to the present cri s is: the time never existed when knowledge and misery were so closely and extensively united. That such an union can be of long duration is impossible; one or other must prevail ; and no mind competent to look into futurity can he at any loss to conjecture which must yield to the other. The only safe course which go vernments can now pursue is, not to oppose, but to lead and direct knowledge. Those governments which will not, or cannot act thus, will have increas ing di ffi culties to encounter, which no artificial power opposed to the permanent well being of the people whom they govern, can long withstand. I trust, my Lord, the British Government is not destined to be one of these. I feel confident that there is too much good intention and intelligence afloat amongst us to permit this evil to be inflicted on a nation so willing to sacrifice its temporary interests to the security of its future liberty and happiness. It is these conside rations which induce me to bring before your Lord- ship those natural remedies for existing evils which can be alone effectual. Security can now be found only in that system of policy which regards the pro per training, education, and advantageous employ ment of the working classes as the primary objects of government. Every other remedy which may be at tempted will prove a mere palliative, and now a very short-lived palliative. But, my Lord, how utterly vain must it he to attempt these objects, while so large a part of the population as I have described— while not adults only of either sex, but even children of a tender age are compelld to labour in unhealthy occupations fur fourteen or fifteen hours per day ? Such a practice has arisen from the blind efforts of ignorance, that, in its eagerness to grasp at Mime ' diate wealth, destroys the only sure means of securing l its permar.er.ce and its benefits. The opposers of the ameliorations proposed, would be themselves great gainers by their adoption. Let the subject be viewed fairly even as one of mere gain or pecuniary profit only, and it would be easy to prove to the satisfaction of every one who has not been trained to become a mere manufacturer, or whose mind has rot been too deeply imbued with the prejudices of trade, that all parties interested must necessarily be gainers under the regulations which ought now to be adopted—that is, that mo:-. wealth shall be created for all, at a less cost, and with more comtbrt, to each But I need not occupy your Lord ship's time wit!. th.: details plan argument, necessary only to those whole ideas have been confined within the limits of a certain class, bud who are conse quently incompetent to any pro:-:ss of reasoning, in which it is necessary to view society as a whole, and not in little detached and unconnected portions. Tits o,uestion is now before the legislature and the country, where I have long wished to see it, that its principles might be fairly and fully discussed by Statesmen who have no interest, either real or ima ginary, in the present destruction of the health, murals, and happiness of their fellow creatures— whose only resource afterwards is parish relief. I regret, however, to see that the ameliorating clauses' which the Bill before me contains in its present form, are inadequate to remedy the evils which now exist, and which long ago ought to have been prevented. Its enactments limit its intended ameliorations to Cotton Mills only; and permit children at nine years old to be employed in them from that period to 16 years of age, twelve hours and a half per day, allow ing only one hour and a half for meals and exercise in the open air. I have no doubt the Honourable Member with whom this Bill originated, and who has devoted so muck time to the subject, is aware that these enactments are very inadequate to meet the existing evils. He was probably afraid to ask more, lest he should increase the opposition of these, who think themselves interested in perpetuating an oppression on their fellow creatures, worse than any slavery of the same extent with which the human race has been hitherto afflicted. We are unacquainted with any nation, ancient or modern, that has suffered its hundreds of thousands of children, of seven to twelve years of age, to work incessantly for 15 hou r s per day in an over heated unhealthy atmosphere, al lowing them only 40 minutes out of that time for dinner and change of air, which they breathe often in damp cellars or in garrets, in confined narrow streets or dirty lanes. And this system of oppression will be sanctioned by the British Legislature if the Bill proposed shall be allowed to pass in its present state ; for it is in evidence taken before a Committee of the House of Commons, appointed to investigate the subject, that such practices prevail in other manufac tories as unhealthy as the Cotton. It cannot for a moment be supposed that the legislature will now compromise its character by giving its countenance to such abuses. Far better would it be that the evil should remain in its full extent, than that the poor sufferer should be mocked by enactments which merely hold out a petty, paltry relief to those em ployed in one branch of our manufactures, ,while thousands and hundreds of thousands in other situa tions are left to experience all the oppression and slavery of which I now complain. My Lord, I do hope that this important subject will be taken up and defended by the Ministers of the Crown on its broad and true principles ; I trust they will prove to the country at large that revolu tion or violent reformation is not necessary to com pel them to protect the oppres s ed and the helpless ; and that they are willing of themselves to begin the work of gradual reformation, at that point from which alone any beneficial reformation can ever commence—that is, by attending well to the proper training and education of the rising generation. Let this point be adopted as the polar star of die domes tic policy of Great Britain, and it may safely he pre dicted that her past fleeting prosperity and success will become as shadows when contrasted with her future permanent strength and glory. A fortunate opportunity at the proper moment now presents it self to begin this admirable work, and let us hope it will be seized with avidity by our most enlightened Statesmen, who discarding the ignorant and degra ding feelings of party, will unite all their efforts in a cause in which all have a common interest, and by the adoption of timely preventive measures, founded on principles leading to union and good-will among mankind, will overcome those evils in the social sys tem, which now in every direction threaten forcibly to dissolve all existing Governments and Institutions. But, my Lord, and I put the question to you as a practical Statesman, can the habits of the rising ge neration be well and properly formed while they continue to be immured almost from infancy within our demoraliring and unhealthy manufactories for 14 or 15 hours per day ? Or rather, my Lord, could the greatest enemy to human nature devise more ef fectual means by which to blight every hope of im provement or happiness to man? Could such a being in the plenitude of his cunning and hatred, so surely settle in any other way a blasting curse on human beings, or so certainly inflict upon them every form and degree of misery to which their nature is liable ? To advance one step beyond a mere pretence to ame liorate the wretched condition of the working classes —the sole instruments by which our necessaries, our comforts and our luxuries are produced, they must be protected from that oppression to which they are now exposed, and their children must be placed un der circumstances in which they may be trained in habits useful to themselves and to society. If the : Bill now before the Legislature secure not these ob ject,, it will not effect any thing that had not much better be left undone. Instead of confining the pro visions of the Act to Cotton Mills only, they should extend to all manufactures whatever not carried on in private houses. Instead of children being admit ted at nine years of age to work in Cotton Mills twelve and a half hours per day, with only an hour and a half for meals and recreation, no child should be admitted to work in any manufactory before ten years of age, and not for more than six hours per day until he is twelve years old. And no manufacturer , hould be permitted to employ either young or old for a longer period than twelve hours per day, al lowing them out of that time one hour for breakfast and another for dinner, leaving ten hours for full and constant work, which is one more than our ancestors thought beneficial ; and I doubt whether nine hours of regular and active employment, established as the measure of daily labour to be required from the working classes, would not be still more economical and profitable for the country. I am fully aware of the clamour which these pro positions will at first call forth from the blind avarice of commerce: for commerce, my Lord, trains her children to see only their immediate or apparent in terests: their ideas arc too contracted to carry them beyond the passing week, month, or year, at the utmost. They have been taught, my Lord, to con sider it to be the et.seace of wisdom to expend mil lions of capital, and years of extraordinary scientific application, as well as to sacrifice the health, morals, and comforts of the great mass of the subjects of a mighty empire, that they may uselsssly improve the manufacture of, and increase the demand for pins, ii;:edles, and threads—that they may have the sin gular satisfaction, after immense care, labour and anxiety on their own parts, to destroy the real wealth and strength of their country by gradually under mining the morals and physical vigour of its inha bitants, for the sole end of relieving other nations of their due share of this enviable process of pin, needle and thread making. I trust, my Lord, it is not by such men that our great national concerns are henceforward to be di rected. If their voice is to predominate in our coun cils, the vital interests of the country must soon be utterly sacrificed to the grossest political errors. It is the creed of this class, that no effort or expense should be spared to improve those trifling baubles and luxuries, which, when perfected, are of no in trinsic value whatever, which cannot add a particle of strength or comfort to the empire ;* while any at tempts to ameliorate the condition of human beings are decried as unnecessary and visionary, as travel ling out of the proper business of life, which to them is solely and exclusively to accumulate wealth— wealth, which is rot only acquired at the expense of every thing that is truly great or valuable in the character of a nation, but which, when acquired, is useless, nay, in the highest degree injurious to them selves and others. It is, my Lord, to such kind of influence as I have now described that the best in t ne aid,r de s if the o i sfnthe countryGovernmentt t h o a c v sae e nen b to e ot e n mp,rh s o a ac c te r e i i fi dt e w d without it spe. years r }tars . lead. Should it be urged upon you, my Lord, that • No real advantage has occurred from enabling our fashion. able females to purchase fine lace muslins at one-tourth of the former prices ; but to produce them at this price, many thou saLds of our population have existed amidst disease and, wrctik,l - end Intik carried prematurely tg auk 6 rano. these and other ameliorating measures will g; a stimulus to population that the world %%11, too small for its inhabitants, I cannot irna) your Lordship will contemplate such an with any alarm. _ . I intend to take an early opportunity of that this dread of an excess et populatioi better foundation than exists for the nurser cf ghosts and hobgoblins ; that at this rne, earth is a comparative desart ; that all its pre set ,. habitants are sutTering ter the want of a r at , extended population ; and that when the comes to be properly undeistuod, no re.et e ever be apprehended from this source. Being strongly impressed with tl:is vine subject, I have telt it a duty imperative • thus publicly to recommend to )our LK Prime Minister cf the coui.try, to adopt, of the Bill now under tke col . .. Aeration of t lature, a declar , d principle of gradually matically reforming the growing evils cf 011 by well and properly forming Lie habi:scf generation. It is obviously a necessary preliminary to of reformation, that the rnanLoa,:tmer gulch the premature and oppressive children. Thy importance of the subje;:t oft renders it unnecessary to apologite for h occupied so much of your Lonitlip's tire.•_, sored, that with every proper fLeli.:g u: the long sacrifice which you have rr..t..c vate comfor;, in the discharge of pi;Lc remain, my Lord, your Lor2sLip's humble servant, scut: N‘w Lanark, March gC, 181 E. DIED. At Exmouth, De on, on the 17th instant, Maxi second thughter of the ft v. aged 3: heed highly esteemed, and cfler a long and she bore with exemplary fordtadc, left her i:uw.e7 to lament her loss. EAST-INDIA BIRTHS, '3l A RRI AG ES, ax: [From the the Bengal Heck.iru, of Nov. 1, I (*.- BIRTHS. The 27th ult. in Parkstreet, Chourinchee, the Lac fain Gilbert Nicholettes, of The 29th ult. at ditto, the Lady of Captain Edward the 31st Native Regiment, of a sou. The 28th ult. the Lady of N. Hudson, tic. ALUM, of a son. The 29th ult. the Lady of Captain C.A. Harris, oft The 28th ult. the Lady of Ebenezer Inompeun, daughter. At Cochin, the 29th ult. the Lady of Claud Currie, sistant-Surgeon, of a son. At ('oconada, the 9th ult. the Lady of Henry Ste, the _Madras Civil Service, of a son. At 3lasulipatent, the 34th August, Mn. Ale:andel At Secunderbad, on the Bth ult. the Lady of NI. 3l`Dowal, commanding the 2d Battalion 24th Regin, Native 1111i:wry, of a daughter. At Gov Irpore, the 9th LI:. the Lady of Captain Jul 2d Native Infantry, of a son. 3IARRTED. The.2sth uh. at St. J..hn's Cethedral, M. G. Brews, E. NVarn. On the 28th ult. Mr. Willoughby Garden, to 31.ss melm. On the Bth ult. Mr. Charles Kerr, tt Mies Acne At Baroda, on the Bth of Septet - ilia, V. C. Kintl this Establishment, to Miss Sh..w. On the 29th ult. at the house of Major Bellats Major Ford, of the Madras Establishment, to Miss eldest daughter of R. East:sick, Esq. of W..rfieid, Bc: DIED. On the ‘23 , 1 ult. Mr. R. D. lt , shertson, .5d Officer Company's ship Minerva, aiel 19 years. On the 24th ult. Captain James Ogilvie, of the C: vice, aged 88 years. On the 27th ult. Mrs. Sarah Bowman, aged 29 In camp, at Darwar, on the 9th ult. Cap:am Woo, the 7th Regiment of Madras Light Cavalry. At Sadras, on the 12th ult. John Obdant cretary and Secretary to Government in the late India Company's Service. At Trickinopoly, on the 4th ult. at the age of ei, Serjeant John Essey : he had served the Ilonour..blo in this country (Madros`. and at St. Helena 44 years. At Cuddapan, on the loth ult. F. Hervey IStue Madras Civil Service. AROWLAND and SON respectfully • Public against Counterfeit 'Macassar oil, in:: Hair; the Genuine is ROWL AND'S 3,IACAS: signed on the outside label in red ink " R, Son," with a Treatise inclosed. This Oil is the genuine, and is warranted to afford the greatest not.. the human Hair, removes the scurf, harshness, and prevents its being injured by illness, change of climate, ments, &c. prevents its falling Al' or tarring grey, the roots, and makes the hair grow on bald place, h..ir soft, curly, and glossy, prevents the curl fai, weather, produces whiskers, eye-brows, &c. its sui tried virtues have gained it the angust patronage of r Highnesses the Princess of Wales, the Duchess of Yorl of Sussex, his Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Rut, special authority.—Price Ss. 6d. lea. 6d. and ere bottle.—Will keep in any climate. Also, ROWLAND'S ESSENCE of TYRE, by : ting the hair with this preparation, it immediately perfect change in Red or Grey Hair, Eye-brows, Ike. to a beautiful glossy and permanent Brown or i tating the exact natural colour. Washing makes this durable. Ladies or Gentlemen may dye their IL: and secrecy. Price 45.-7 s. 6d.—ai.d les. &I. Sold wholesale, retail, and for exportation, by !kr prtetors, A. Rona...au and Soar, corner of liaby-srree turning en the right in Hatton Garden, Holborn, Las by appointment, by Messmlleadries, 'Dui:bone-street 7, Johnson, 15, Greek -street, Soho ; Smyth and Co. ; ai:d Peirce, 57, New Bond-street ; Newberry and &I, Paul's Church-yard; and by all Perfumers and Meat , den in Town and Country. BY Hi!, MAMS I Y'S ROYAL I I ERS P. LEAKE'S GENUINE PILLS, justl; for curing, in all its stages, the V IiNLREAL One small Pill is a dose, and the taking of one Bo:, cue, will soon cor.vince the patient of th.t certainty of recovery. Nothing can be better connived, more cat convenient than this Remedy, for such as are obi:Fed nies or to sea, as it needs no confinement no- restrt.' and sixty years experience (in an extensive practice; that it will effect a Cure when repeated Salivation a. methods avail nothing. For the Scurvy and other Disorders, this MedicMe has not its par.diel. 40,000 persons of both sexes have been radicalh c above crud disorders, within the last eight years. Pt sold by the Sole Proprietors, T. TAYLOR and SON , of the Royal College of Surgeons, u their House, ! Bridge-street, in Boxes of ulily 2s. 9d. each, ds.ty N.B. Two back doors, and Light, in the Patents They are also sold by their appoictnitnt, with ccpiseat at the Toy shop, 103, Oxfurd•street ; Mr. Disborougl Fish-street-hill, nearly opposite the Monument: Person in every considerable Town in Great Brit ain Advice gratis to persons taking the above, or other prietor's COAL MARKET, MAJCH 25. Ships at Market. Ships Sold. Price. S7l Nwcastle `2si 31s. 141. to 1 Sunderland 1 355. 0d• t( 111611 WATER at LONDON BRIDGE T(}3 l Morning 15 fitinut , s Aftctuuon - 4t ' LONDON Prillted ruw and ayrul:.l43is,hredk..l,,,ln.l.?•bl. Ka; . - Or ON THI TO THE A Ml' 140 i , 1 in your cal pire, on a! I ,; 1 it has exci I ters, appea the public its real im 1 children in House of I had its bl time the f bates whit and haveji by the Con This Bil , 1 five wealth several of, mons, and t • - opposition it affect their 'r i l li • deem the 1 manufacto children. up by bo • i I extensive 1 I . nation hav considered Governme , 1 ' feebly insiE simply as 1 I regulation! I 1 nunish a f of pecunia . trade and , 4 , tion in so subsistence pations. ". great, mid quence are quattly ref i these circu 1 every obje medium ( I justly blm Activity w their inter; i • these and ~ 1 manufactu t bed, excep the well b case minor to give w 1 i ' I I manufacto these excel 1 A best ittzer• titular cia planation, ship the tr ins, the oc t emsti:•g a healthy to k , upuo, to S. forts for • quently fc hers thus part of the rile to disc tices whicl • the Empire • These 1 children • L i their work cessary (la any fixed 1 der thin communit: bath male health for •1 , hour: per 1 nions is int to remedy mits child t' i for twelve only an ho and for ex, • / that men • i consider t Rot only w 1 . which the. best natal delight in: therefore, t which th.,.- suppose tl. ) class of rr they hav vertheless, 1 i creatures, it rests of the Avould exel meet that a cieht at or iii portanct to the imn F f To govt rnents by N ces admit country gc helpless p from ultra 1 to apply tl lions cau! , the value I reduced tl tries is no' 1 i , favourable was under i in any of rj . 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