Star. — London, England, 1825-01-12 00:00:00

len he thr 'as 1 t . SA* {6O aid -lis the ont. dy vas "he Jo. cACit n 4 WEST INDIA SLAVERY. LETTER XII—PART IV. • is CONTINUATION FROM TIES STAR OF MONDAY. TO THE EDITOR OF THE STAR. T! , e Reviewer has said, 44 No precedent exists of free NeZTOCS having performed the duties uecessasily re wii•ed in the cultivation of sugar, in such a manner . 35 to afford profit to their employer." All the cases which I have been able to collect, have tended to prove, that the Reviewer had stated a fact ccriccdy. F r om the day of the publication of that fact to the 7:e,ent, I am not aware that even-one instance has f.'cri adduced, by ANGLUS, or any writer of his party, iiprove the assertion, as applicable to capitalists ;,Ruing lends, buildings, Bcc. The last Number of the E:hAurgh Review, on the West India Question, has ~v( lied this part of the subject, although it has been admitted to be the most important part of it. NGLUS, with the statement of the Quarterly Revie% him, asks the Reviewer, if " he tears 'that la - i)curers could be hired to assist in manufacturing sugar if adequate wages were offered ?" This mode putting a question, as an answer to the statement of the Review, may be convenient to ANGLE'S, but it can t& be satisfactory to the Reader, ssho is solely anxious to discover the real truth. AsoLus, however, says, that in some parts of the East Indies, large plantations of ,sugar, belonging to Europeans, are conducted entirely by means of hired :elnur, through the agency of Chinese. The only at; tempt, with which I am acquainted, to introduce the Ciiine6e into our West India Colonies, was in Trinidad, where their at e European proprietors of sugar estates, Indians, Peons, and other free labourers working on particular services for hire, when they can be induced to work at all. For whatever purpose these Chinese were sent to Tri• tidal, it appears to have failed ; and Mr. Stephen, in 1 Pamphlet, entitled " The Dangers of the Country," page 190, distinctly disapproved of their introduction :or the object stated by . him. "It is reported," says he, " that a great number of Chinese have lately been " carried, by whose procurement I know not, to that Island" (Trinidad). "It is impossible here to expose " the false views on which such an experiment to settle " the new lands byfree labourers, has been built ; but 1 " seize this opportunity to protest publicly against it, • "as a prepostetuns and cruel experiment." In my Fifth Letter, 1 shewed that ANOLUB, in bring ;ig forward the cultivation - of sugar in the East Indies, by hired labour, had omitted to supply the Public with sny information, suck as Mr. Whitmore correctly states to be necessary in forming an opinion on any case which involves the principles of political economy, de pendent on the difference between the natural and the market price of wages. This information the Public had the greater right to expect from ANGLUS, as, so recently as the llth Sep tember, 1822, a Committee had reported to the Court of East India Directors, as follows :—" At the date " (15th March, 1792) of the former proceedings of the " General Court, there was no very distinct information " upon record of the past or present state cf the cul ture of sugar in Bengal and the adjacent provinces. tt wai matter of general belief, that every part of India predsced sugar, and had done so from time imme " morial : but the publications of that day (very un fortnnately as your Committee view it) greatly misled "Me Butish Public, by asserting that the commodity " was so abundant, and the price so low, that Indian "sugar could be obtained in any quantity, at about ss. " sterling per cwt. • And it is rather singular, whilst /talcum is recom mending to the West Indians the East India mode of cultivating the sugar cane, that at this moment there is a pamphlet, praised by him and noticed in the Edin burgh Review, wherein the West India mode of menu iacturing sugar is recommended to the East Indians. Upon which subject the Report to the Court of Direc tors, page 101, notices many failures. It surely, therefore, was reasonable to have expected some details from ANOLUS on those points upon which the question in some measure turned. I do not pretend to supply all that might be done ; to chew that ANoLus has omitted the statement of impor tant facts; but the opinion of Mr. Treves, the Political Resident at Benares, in page 191 of the Report, already quoted, is deserving of serious attention on the question of cultivating sugar by European capitalists, with free labour in India. " It would then be necessary," says the Political Resident, " to purchase bullocks, make "ploughs, collect manure, &c. for it is impossible to "set out upon any attempt of this kind, with any, the " slightest reliance for assistance from the natives. Oc " casionally they might plough and water for him, but "he must be known to have resources within himself, "by having bullocks, ploughs, &c. otherwise he will "never be able to induce the ryot to work for him, but "upon terms that would be ruinous." Again he says: " Farther, the European must 'give high daily wages to "all his people; he must keep an establishment of "Sirkars, Peons, &c. &c. ever connected with European ",erection in Indi a; b es ide s bein g liable to innumerable "deceptions, which nothin4 but long and dear-bought "experience can enable him to detect. A ryot, on 'the contrary, prepares his plantations with the same "cattle that plough his other lands, 1 1 is whole family "'mock upon it, and though it is true that these must be "fed, still they are, maintained for one fourth which " they would expect to receive if at day wages." litre, then, is given the ratio between the natural and market price of Wages in Benares at that time. In 1 93, et seq. the market rate of wages is thus Oen," according to the current rates and practice of the 4°1 1 6" " Coolies work for holing the ground round "the plants f ourteen t i me i, eac h h oe i ng r equiring eight Itbtuiers ; in all 112, at three piece, or 336 piece, at . k i 64 per rupee. sr. 4a." But, in page 194, it appears " 4 t those Coolies who were employed in manufactur ma tlie cane-juice received only 2i t I ,iece eac h _ per day. '"at aas tne m ar k et pr i ce o f wages in the Pergunnah ner• elle (Jhazeepoor ; but in the Pergunnah of Bela the market price of wages of Coolies, both in the •••d and in the manufactory, amounted only to half au!,4 2 ta . piece per day ; and in the Pergunnah.of 1 . 444 r the wages were t h e same . A ssum i n g the ai r' 0 1 , -ar as high a value as 2s. Bd. sterling, and that :I.p r , l6rin g 1792 , and 1795, the sugar imported into Great Bri t" 1 1 the East Indies, by the Company, afforded a profit ; . -; 179; ivkme years of loas. From 1796 to 1799, both indu 't- Furs ::flording profit. From that period to lOU, ex ,'ll;e veal f 2, the East India Company have sustained a loss 44 :'1 Ike imp ortat i on o f sugar . some of these years, vile" 1819 , ..i.gsr to some amount was exported from British 441 .0 Jav a ; yet the mode of cultivat i ng sugar i n 3 sva i s g iven .4 . 1 d, by Anix., /4.n. the West Indians to follow. owe mate oath rupee, '64 •A- - the highest market price of labour quoted, will amount exactly to lid. per diem! It appears difficult Por an Englishman to conceive how a man ca n su p port himself for such a sum, and he becomes anxious to know the circuinstanees which have reduced the market price of labour employed in the cultivation of sugar in India, to lid. a day; and if it should really be the case, that his subsistence, or the natural price of labour, is even less than that sum, it becomes still more important to ascertain the real state of the comforts and enjoyments of those per sons in India who ate urged by necessity, or some other powerful stimulus, to labour for a sum so small, as to be less than the value of the daily support or na tural price of the labour of a Slave in the West Indies, even prior to the abolition of the Slave Trade. Appa• rently nothing could effect this but the influence of old institutions, and all the miseries incident to the dis ttibution of the people into castes.* Here; then, is a power bearing as heavily on the physical comforts of the lower classes of society,, as slavery itself; and hence the approximation of the market and natural price of wages in India, operates in that climate, as elsewhere, in causing men to encounter the pain of labour, that they may obtain the means of subsistence, and a scale of comfort similar to that of the society in which they mingle. Let us now consider how " the variation, arising " from climate, from civilization, and from peculiar " habits," influences the natural and market rate of wages in the West Indies, where the institution of castes does not, indeed, exist, but where slavery has been resorted to for accomplishing the same object, for the advantage of the Proprietors of the soil, buildings, and machinery. Mr. Steele, of Barbados, about 1790, computed the cost of maintaining 300 Slaves, "of all ages and sexes, " sick or well, able, superannuated, or infants, exclu li 'sive of taxes," at 1,2211. Bs. 7d. sterling, per annum, or nearly 2d. per diem,t which, at the time, might be assumed as the very lowest natural price of labour, when the Slave had no power to avail himself of the circumstances which influenced the market rate of wages. Whilst, then, the market rate of wages for a man employed on sugar cultivation in pre East Indies was only lid. per day, the very lowest natural price of wages of a Slave in the West Indies, even in 1790, prior to the abolition of the Slave Trade, was upwards of 66 per cent. higher. Barbados, however, being one of the most populous of our colonies, in proportion to its extent, the natural and market price of wages ought to have been found most nearly assimilated, and consequently the stimulus to industry, from necessity, the greatest. Yet, even in• eluding this colony, where the lowest computation of the natural price of labour exceeded the highest market price of similar labour in India, in the ratio of 66 per cent. ANGLUS has been unable to collect one solitary case of free labourers in the West Indies, voluntarily working for wages in cane cultivation, except that of Mr. Steele, in Barbados; and I have shewn, in my 10th Letter, that ANOLUS had either misunderstood, or mis. represented the system of that Gentleman, and its results.' In St. Domingo, we have seen that the quantum of exertion necessary to produce subsistence for a week, was considered by President Boyer, the present Chief Magistrate of the country, as equal to half an hour's labour per diem That quantum of exertion, therefore, formed the natural price of the wages of the individual agricultural labourer in Hayti ; and if valued in money, according to the data of Mr. Steele, it would be 2d. per diem; or, if according to the rate at Cayenne, only two sous per diem. Supposing both sums to be doubled, to compensate for erroneous estimates, yet still the difference between these prices, as sheaving the natural rate of wages, and the market price of wages, far ex ceeds anything which we are in the habit of seeing in England; for, upon the authorities quoted in my filth Letter, the market price of labour in St. Domingo, is one franc fifty cents, or Is. 3d. each, averaging men, women, and children. In the seaport towns the hire of a man is a dollar per diem, where, however, his em ployment is not likely to be agricultural. Such a difference between the natural and market price of labour, as is here exhibited, never being seen, even in any part of Europe, and the knowledge thereof carefully suppressed by mere party writers, it is the less surprising, that its operation on the question relative to the comparative value of free and slave labour, in West India Agriculture, should be so little noticed by poli tical economists, and writers on this subject.t M. Say, who professed to found his views of political economy upon facts only, has indeed noticed it. It appears that he found such statistical facts respecting West India agriculture, as induced him to believe that, in point of fact, slave-labour there was cheaper to the proprietor of lands, buildings, and machinery, than the labour of free men, even after allowing for all the risks, losses by death, and other casualties to which property in slaves is 'liable. humanity stay regret that such should be the case, but truth requires that the fact should be stated as it really is. In 'the West Indies, the natural price of the wages of the labour of the Slaves employed in agriculture, costs very little more than his maintenance; and for this sum, the free Ne gro, in that climate, will not exert himself in agricul tural labour, whilst the present profits on capital will not allow the proprietor to give, as the market price of wages, any sum much greater to the free labourer; whose labour during the year, therefore, only extends a little beyond subsistence in value. In that part of the world, subsistence and ordinary • There are benevolent people at this moment, endeavouring to persuade the 'nation, that if sugar were received from the East lodies for the supply of Great Britain and Ireland, and not from the West Indies, th,t the labourers in the East Indies, who work for lid. per diem, will consume more British productions than the Slaves in the West Indies, who depend on Great Britain, Ireland, and her other colonies, for everything, except vegetable food, or fresh meat, and the natural price of whose labour, Is I have shewn, far exceeds even the market price of the labour of the Coolie, who, besides , would not use either the salted beef sr pork of Ireland, or the productions of our fisheries. It is necessary to observe, that I do •not mean to state, that the amount *ow given to the Slaves in Barbados for their support, is only equal to twopeece three-farthings per diem ; because, on the testimony of Lord Combermere, Sir Henry Warde, and several other disinterested and distinguished persons, it is known that the Slaves are there generally well taken care of ; but Mr. Steele's calculation is taken, because it ie the lowed I have swn for the English colonies : and yet it was 66 per cent. higher than the highest market price of wages given in Benue. to labourers em ployed in cultivating the cane, about the same period, but rather later, than when Mr. Steele made the estimate quoted. - - - t I have not deemed it necessary to refer to the writings of Mr. Hodgson and Mr. Cropper, because the reader of them will find, that they, like Arrows, have not considered this part of the subject, although the question at issue turned upon it. Mr. McDonnell, in his late work on " Negro Slavery," has more clearly developed the principle of M. Say, as given his " Economic Itolitique, 'liv. I. chap. 19. The rate of profits there assumed by M. Say is now much seduced, in the English Colonies, from the competition of producers, who belie& by the slave trade, still illegally carried on, by the subjects of Foreign Powers. •• , . comforts can be libtained with little exertion, and theri fore the stimulus of necessity has little effect in urging the free man to encounter toil in agriculture. Hitherto, under these circumstances, the Proprietors of the soil, buildings, and machinery, have been unable to afford such a stimdlus in high wages, as would in duce the free Negroes to labour voluntarily in culti vating sugar, because the results of that labour would not repay the expense incurred; on account of the com petition of Colonies cultivating the same article at a cheaper rate by Slaves, at the natural price of labour. The free Negroes, on the other hand, never need be driven to want, because land, the source of subsistence, is now ef little value, and the sea and the forests afford food in return, for a small degree of exertion in collect. ing it, without the aid of capital. To these considera tions may be added, the employment afforded in retail dealings, and the mechanic acts, formerly carried on by Europeans chiefly. I am well aware, that time, and time alone, may bring a remedy for this, but, perhaps, at this distance, and under our limited acquaintance with all the causes which influence the natural and market price of wages in these countries, it will be found the wisest plan to follow the advice of the Reviewer, in endeavouring to investigate the truth of those facts 'bearing on this question, rather than in idly forming theories drawn from facts imperfectly stated, and not well understood; and without considering the influence of those causes which Mr. Whitmore has admitted, under sound views of political economy, to have a great weight in similar enquiries. Instead of adopting this plan, ANIMUS avoids all minute statistical details, which would ena ble the reader to judge fot himself. He abounds in assertions, without proof, and in inferences, without shewing the reader how they are fairly connected with the facts from which they are presumed to be derived. In the course of investigating this important problem, I am induced to think that I have established that the great difference between the natural and the market price of labour, • in raising productions having ex changeable value in England,mustpossess a great Influ ence on the industrious habits of the free Negroes in the West ladies, which influence is not felt, or seen, to the same extent, among the labouring agricultural classes in England, or even in the East Indies, where the institu tion of Castes, kc.equalite these rates of wages, as neces sity, and a dense population do in Europe. In England, where the natural and market price of agricultural labour neatly equal each other, the neces sity of obtaining subsistence, and the usual comforts, affords a stimulus to that degree of industry and good conduct which forms the character of the people. In the West Indies, ' where the difference is so great be tween the natural and market price of a year's labour, the stimulus of necessity to obtain subsistence, and'the usual comforts, goes very little way in causing the free labourer to encounter agricultural toil for wages, with which he may obtain subsistence, and the comforts arising from continued, moderate, and steady industry. If the stimulus of necessity produced two months exertion annually (but the quantum of exertion differs in almost every Colony), the difficulty still remains to find a stimulus to produce steady exertion for the rest of the year. In the West Indies, the stimulus of neces. sky has net the same powerful operation as in Europe, or under the influence of Castes, &c. as in India. Slavery his been instituted to supply the stimulus wanted ; and the difficult and fearful problem to be solved, is the substitUtion of an equally ,effectual stimulus. The desire of betteriug the condition of the labourers and that of their families, which is a powerful stimulus, appears, after a due course of preparation, to afford hopes of success. But it would not be prudent to act too hastily on the certainty of obtaining our object, if we are desirous to avoid the failures and evil conse quences here detailed, which have attended similar attempts. For it is necessary to consider: 1. That, in the history of European nations, from which we derive our hopes of success, the £tlmulus of necessity, arising from the near approach of the natural and market price of labour, greatly assisted, whereas, little assistance from so powerful a stimulus as neces sky, can at present be expected in the West Indies: 2. At the same time that necessity stimulated la bour, the capital created by it, in England for example, was spent in England ; and the diffusion of that in creased capital kept pace with augmented population; and the growing desire to obtain additional comforts was gratified by the new capital, annually created, being spent among the labourers, who were willing to work for the attainment of these comforts. But in the West Indies, the new capital annually created, by the value of the products raised, exceeding those consumed, is not spent in the West Indies. It is spent in England, augmenting, indeed, the facilities of the English la bourer to obtain the comforts he now enjoys, but, to that extent, withdrawing those means from distribution among the original producers in the West Indies. • 3. In England, the market rates of wages of labour are calculated with reference to the better sort of ordi nary food; and the labouring classes, if they economise, and use inferior food, may obtain a superabundance of the superior food, which having an exchangeable value, the amount of such superabundance can immediately be converted into capital to exchange for other ob jects deemed more desirable. Consequently, this super abundance of fond, which the market rate of wages gives them, operates as a stimulus in improving their condition t but in the %Vest Indies, the superabundance of such food as corn, yams, plantains, and cassada (the raising of which would stimulate agricultural ex ertions from their being objects of necessity), could not, if generally cultivated beyond local consumption, be transformed into capital having exchangeable value in Europe, because they could not be profitably sent to England, or sold in the Colonies; and therefore, to a certain extent, limiting the influence of that stimulus which arises from the necessity of procuring subsistence,' and those comforts, to obtain which, by labour, it is wished to give them a strong desire. 44' The surplus of agricultural industry, which could be formed into capital, in the West Indies, on account of its exchangeable value in England, besides being less connected with subsistence than such surplus is in Eu lope, also requires the investment of capital for build ings, machinery, &c. in a greater proportion of value than is required in Europe, for merely raising subsist ence : for this reason, a commercial credit is more ne cessary and to a greater extent, according to the opera tion of physical causes, such as dry seasons, hurri canes, &c. This credit, which once existed, has now been nearly destroyed, thus farther diminishing the means of production when dependent on capital invested in ' buildings or machinery, which cannot now be so easily erected or repaired to give full efficiency to that portion of capital consisting of the labour of men employed in agriculture, whether slave or free. S. Therefore, as in all places where the dilferen!ce, • bettleen the Itatara‘ and the market Pike of wages, of free labour has been so great, as it is in the yest Indies, men have never yet been found to encounter the toil l of agricultural labour for wages that . would be pni fitible to the Proprietor of the soil, buildings, and Ma: chinery, in the cultivation of sugar . , i:vhiCh is confined to certain climates; I do not think, under the present circumstances of the West Indies, that free Negroei will, for Many years to come, voluntarily hire them selves to assist in the production of sugar for a 4 adequate wages ;" understanding by the words adequate wages, such wages as would leave the Proprietor of the land; buildings, and machinery, adequate profit for the capi tal invested. Of the elements of value of which sug:ir is composed, a great portion consists in the labour of man employed in planting, weeding, reaping, grinding; and manufacturing the cane plant. . • The elements of value of which ginger is composed, in like manner, consist chiefl y of the labour of man. Whet eaa the Cocoa, the coffee, and the cotton, are gathered when ripe from trees, Which, when once planted in good soil; on be easily kept up, without much labour; and the rot of the toil consists merely in gathering and drying the fruits of those trees when brought to maturity by the natural ageniy of soil, sun, and rain. The wages to be paid for gathering such a crop, may in some cases he high enough to induce a temporary exertion; but even that degree of votuntary and temporary exertion appears to be obtained with difficulty, wheel the de creased cultivation of these articles and increased popu lation of are compared for the years 1788 and 1822. (To be continued.) HOUSES OF PA'RLI.4MENT. The workmen are busily engaged in both Houses of Parliament, making preparations for the meeting of the latter on Thursday, Feb. 3. The chief of the usual works are, the putting down of new matting, cleansing the seats, reburnishing the chandeliers, &c. Heretofore, there was generally more to be done, and more activity displayed in the House of Commons than in that of the Lords. The contrary, however, is at present the case. The house of Lords is now the scene of unusual bustle, owing to considerable portions of the buildings, here tofore used as Lords Committee-rooms, &c. h.,vin g been pulled down in furtherance of the coutemp ated and ezteusive improvements about the Upper House. The old lobby, the rooms over it, the communication with the conference gallery, &c. have all been pulled down; the former site of those buildiugs is a ruin, though not a very splendid one. It is Occupied with scaffolding ? The workmen are now actively engaged in preparing temporary Committee-rooms for the Lords. To ac complish such object, many of those rooms which, wi.h their pigmy windows, front Palace-yard, and are now occupied by Officers of the House, and set apart for Lord Shaftesbury, the Chairman of the Committees, Air. Birch, Deputy Clerk, &c. are undergoing alteration, two and three rooms being, thrown into one. Such is the case with several of the rooms, and these alterations are to be completed this month. The housekeepers and other officers are in constant attendance, aiding and su perintending the progress of the works: The new Offices for the Lords Clerks, built in Cot ton-garden, were to have been occupied by the re-assem bling of Parliament, but that cannot now be done.— One of the earliest proceedings of the House of Lords will be to appoint a Committee for the better modelling of the forms of the business connected with their Lorif. ships House. There will be daily notes printed by order of their Lordshipi, similar to those of the Corn ' mons ; the plan was tried at the latter end of last Ses sion, and answered very satisfactorily. Heretofore, there were manuscript notices sent round to the Lords. THE MARKETS. CORN-EXCHANGE, MARK-LANE, JAN. It There are again this week tolerable large arrivals of most kinds of grain. Wheat meets a heavy sale, and none but superfine sans pies obtain Monday's quotations. Barley is very dull, and ag•in rather cheaper. Beans and Peas sell slowly at Monday's quota dons. There is a good quantity of Oats now in the market for sale, and this article is dull at Monday's prices. The Flour trade re mains extremely heavy at last quotations. Arrivals—English Wheat, 5,500 quarters ; Barley, 12,1!00 guar. ten ; Oats, 11,600 quarters; Irish Wheat, 500 quarters; Irish Oats, 100 equartrs; Flour, 14,200 sacks. (FROM THE LONDUN PRICE CURRENT, JAN. 11. COTTON.—There was a very animated demand In our Cones Market last week, chiefly by speculators, although some large par cels have been taken fee the country, "at continually improving prices. From 24,000 to 25,000 bags have changed hands as follows 4000 Pernami -11 id. to 121 d. per lb. in bond. 250 Orleans . load. to Ild 500 Boweds lied. to 10d. 10,500 Surats - bed. to 7fd. 800 Madras - 6/d. to 71d. 5501 Bengals - 51c1. to 60. • 300 Smyrna, - 81s1 to 8;d. 3000 Egyptian - lid. to 110. a few 1111 duty paid. The advance since Saturday week may be stated ed. to 4d.per lb. on India and Pernambuco, and id. on Egyptian, but it would be difficult to purchase at the highest advance paid on any deacription. SUGAR.—The demand for Muscovades was rather extensive during the last week, and in addition to the iMprovement in the prices of Tuesday, there was a regular advance of fully Is. per cwt. making a rise of 25. per cwt. during the week. The business done in Muscovedes this forenoon has been very considerable; the price! are again 6d. to Is. per catu higher than last week. HEMP, FLAX, and TALLOW.—The Tallow Market has lately been subject to great fluctuations ; the prices are now consi derably higher, and the business done, both by the trade and by spe- _ eulators, is extensive ; New is brisk at 41 5. The holders of Hemp look with confidence for a further improvement; the great propor tion of the,late sales are at 4W. but the market price must be quoted as 4W. to 451. RUM, BRANDY, and HOLLANDS.—The demand for Runt lately has-been general and rather extensive; the prices continue to advance; proof Leeward, have been sold in considerable parcels at Is. 61d. the holders now demand 7d. for 30 0. P. Jamaica, 2s. 6d. is the nearest quotation. Brandy is held with much firne• nese ; and may be stated rather higber ; for parcels of best marks houses, 3s. id.—Geneva of good quality is Is. I Id. to 25. SILK.—The Silk Market has become particularly brisk; the prices have advanced considerably, and a further improvement is anticipated. IRISH PROVISIONS.—The Provision Mulct Is very firm, particularly for the New ; Old Pork is also inquired after.—Bacon steady at 393.—Irish Batters are, 945. for Waterford, and 983. for Carlow. There are various reports as to the intention of‘the Bank of England, with regard to the forgeries of Faint leroy. On the one hand it is reported, but we do not know how correctly, that the Bank of England has abandoned all idea of claiming to come in as cre di tors under the Commission against Marsh and Co. And that ' there is a fair prospect of the teal creditors obtaining. a dividend of 15s. in the pound. On the other hand, it is said, that when the payment of the dividends com menced on Saturday, and the ordinary application was made by some of the parties whose stock was surrep titiously abstracted by Fauntle t oy, for the benefit oldie firm o f Marsh and Co. they were informed by the Clerks that there was no stock in their names on the Bank books. 1111111111111