Star. — London, England, 1818-04-16 00:00:00

Er • I .' I • I ' lt S t • I . , • f . f 14119• • i , + t _ ) . ► ' •• A • ~- 1115112 M:s■ de lik • the SO BOURNE d tart*. O. hid.easa 'chants , .Cttrers of. Greet Yarineeth, praying for the re peal of Ditles.—Oraerod tit be ‘referred to the Com mittee on taws. Mr. S. . \IE presented a Petition from the Church wardens and `sofficers of Deptford, praying that their Parish may led In the number to be affected by the Bill for altering and amend* the Poo! Laws.--Ordered to Us on the table. Sir T. ACLAND ?Monte a Petition from a Friendly Be- refit Society in Devoinhiro, praying that they might be allowed the benefit of investing their money directly in the public funds, -without the intervention of a Sating Butt . -Ordered' to lie on the table. Mr. Alderman ATKINS presented a Petition from i Pro- prietor of a Waterloo Bridge Annuity, against the Waterloo Bridge Bill—Ordered to Be o.i the table. The LORD ADVOCATE of SCOTLAND presented a Pe tition from the Faculty of Advocates of Edinburgh against the CoTrian yßight Bill.—Ordered to lie or the table. Comedttee on the Offenders' Conviction and Reward Bill was postponed till Monday.: Lord G.TSERESFORD appeared at the Bar, and stated,the Prince Regent to have been waited upon with the Adapts 011 that House on the Marriage of the Princess Elizabeth mid she Prince of Hesse Romberg, to which his Royal Highness Lad been pleased to return a most gracious Anewerswhith his Lobe*, ship dies reed. . The Answer expressed, in the usual terms, rib; satisfactiOnorthe Prier.; Regent at the interest taken by ebtie , House in the happiness of the Royal Family. On the 'motion of Mr. Cuawass, Returns of 'the number of Coal Vibes th the Ide of Mast, and of the quantity Of Coals exported there from Wititebaven, were ordered to be laid be fore the House. Sir R. PEEL presented a Petition front the Manufacturers of Great and Little Bolton, in favour of the Cotton Manufactories Regulation Blll.—Ordered to be printed. Mr. MELLISH moved the second reading of the Pancras Poor Bill. The SOLICfTOR GENERAL said the measure necessary, so uncalled for, that he should certain! The Directors of the Poor, now in office in that persons whose character and rank In life were such as to lOM's the Poor proper treatment. \ The present Bill went to provide that elections of the Directors of the Poor should take place an.: fluidly. The present system saved the parish the expense of sucks elections, as well as the tumult and inconvenience commonly', arising th,:refrom. He moved that the Bill be read a secondi time that day six months. t l Sir EGERTON BRYDGES supported the Bill. Mr. PETER MOORE bore testimony to the high character of the Directors, and spoke in favour of the amendment. Mr. BYNO supported the amendment. Sir J. (iitAIIAM stated the Bill of 18011.' under which the 1 Directors of the Poor had been chosen, to have been accesses* called for, as the annual elections which had till then taken pliog were disgraceful to the parish and the neighbourhood of Idatii. don. Ile should support the amendment, and he hoped in a fun tare year the parishioners would cove forward fns: a Bill to ae thosise them to pl..ce the other concerns of the Parish under similar direction. The amendment was then put and carried. The Bill was cone betie lost. lTd STANLEY presented a Petition front certain 'naive duals connected with the Cotton Xistufactories in the Comity of, tancaner, against the Cotton B a ron et Bill. 14, wtshed to know what course the Ho meant to take with his Bill, as, in the event of its being recommitted to a Com mittee up stairs, he should wish to have the Petition referred 011. that Couiniittee. Sir ROBERT PEEL said the proper course at present •••110 that the Petition should lie upon the table. Mr. FINLAY thought that it was highly proper and reason able that the manufacturers should have an opportunity o r4z ) lag the charges that had been made against them, and defending their ctlnduct. Mr. PHILLIPS was proceeding to address the Ifeuteszioil, die discusaion was' terminated by 'Mr. PEEL, who re mailW that the proper time for entering upon this subject would offiliet wt Friday, when the Bill would come before the House is is) Order of the Day.—The Petition was ordered to be printed. '1 ROYAL NUPTIALS. On the motion of Lord CAST,LEREAGII theOr.i der of the Day was read for the House to resolve it self into a Committee to take into consideration the- Prince Regent's Message. On the Speaker's leaving the Chair, and the Mes sage being read by Mr. BROGDEN, the Chairman of the Committee, Lord CASTLEREAGIIsaid it hid devolved upon him to call the attention of the House to a subject of as great importance to the interests of the country as ever had been submitted to it. The task imposed upian him was difficult under any circumstances, still more so the House must feel it to be after the tem per disclosed in the two former debates. Among all the delicate and painful duties imposed upon the ser wants ot the Crown, none was more eminently so than Capon arrangements of the nature described in the Message, to be obliged to call upon the House to n make a. special provision for the illustrious members of the reigning family ; because whatever was the at tadiment and fidelity of the House of Commons to the Family en the Throne, yet there was no principle more inherent in every free Constitution, nor more essential to the parity of our own, than an unwilling ness-to enlarge unnecessarily the burdens of the peo ple, and of feeling a jealousy on any increase of power and influence to the Crown. The difficulty he had allotted to, had been greatly enhanced by the change wutitd in our Constitution, namely, that all the sources that could in former times be applied to such pit-poses, had been thrown into the hands of the House of Commons ; that all such funds had been placed at their disposal, which rendered necessary an appli cation to that House whenever occasions aroie. If applications had not been so frequent in former times, the reason was, that frcm the hereditary re venues of the Crown, and the administration of the revenue, the Crowd itself possessed the power of making a suit ible settlement on the marriage of any branches of the Royal Family. If subjects like the present were of frequent recurrence, they were not to be attributed to any inclination for extraragance or proijigality in the reigning family, but to the fact, that ail the proper revenues of the Crown had been placed under the management of the House of Com mons, to do between the Crown and people 'what their joint interests required. In asking the House to discharge with fidelity its duty to the Crown, be certainly would wish them to recollect, that if they were not, on the one hand, to be induced by any arts Or intrigues to forget what they owed to their consti tuents, and to make unnecessary and prodigal grants of the public money, so neither should they, on the other hand, be led by the clamours of any men, or any party, to refuse what was required to support the true dignity and splendour of all the branches of the reigning family. He was not surprised that a strong feeling should exist on this subject, in the present si tuation of the country, when it was necessary to place this great empire in an attitude of strength and se curity, which alone could be effected by a wise ad ministration of its finances. He should, under these circumstances, feel it his duty to lead the - House to the adoption of such a resolution on this subject, as would probably . meet with general concurrence. He should preface tt with such a detail of the arrange ment as would, he hoped. acquit him of the charge of unnecessarily detaining the House. He felt himself obligee!, indeed, to call the attention of Gentlemen to ccilt " abl iartsh, etee he admitted this principle, bethought the .would go along with him in feeling, that there , another potut on which the people of this great coun try were equally anxious, namely, to see the succes sion to the Monarchy provided for, as far as pos" to see that succession continued in the )4- *ow possessed troduction of to the in-' assembled, timent W the minds minds of t self more sense of the lose the Which it der to replace provide fir Was desirous that if his not considered in the Address had not . pigency of i that House to .. to t. interests of the People governed by . FirnilY, would have awakened the attention of Parliament to 4 It ,' and Honourable Members would not have nig fared the Session to elapse without pressing the qu don strongly on. Ministers. The House would in how very critical a situation the succession was laaced, in consequence of the deplorable event to which he had alluded. They had at present, indeed, many illustrious individuals, bred within this , try, knowing its laws and constitution, and IA feelings were interwoven with those of the people' England, who might regularly succeed to the But the scene closed here. Of the twelve children of his Majesty, seven sons and five daughters , th was not one individual that had a child to give to the country the hope of a direct interest in the L'VOwn. When they looked also tothe ages of these illustri persons, they must feel, that though the hope of - ii direct succession had not passed sway, yet it would most imprudent either in the Legislature or the Pfp ple to delay making such a provision as would inn. able them to marry as soon as possible. Of die Royal Dukes, the youngest was forty-four years .ot, age, and of the Princesses none was under forty : lit' therefore called on the House to act in that liral, spirit by wolfish they would, in some degree; exeitel the Royal Family to enter the married state—(k laugh) It was not a question of personal happiness, or of what those illnstridus persons might rlect for' their own interest or peculiar satisfaction—it was oil imperative duty they owed to this emit and'wthei, Country. It was on public grounds—and on public grounds alone—that they were to look out for a suit able alliance. He was convinced, after the circum stances he had stated, that a single marriage would by no means satisfy- the feelings of the country. The House would see that there was but one course open for the adoption of Government and the Crown. His Royal Highness the - Prince Regent raw the subject in its true light, and was anxious that such of hisl Royal Brothers as looked forward to an alliance' should be enabled by Parliament to do so in a man tier worthy of their exalted rank. That he had itc , ted in the spirit of brotherly affection must be evident to the House, sine he had made no preference, but :hewed an anxious wish only that the succession to the throne should not be interrupted. This object it was proper to effect, on the one hand, with a due at tention to the principles of economy, and, on the other, with a consistent regard to their comikirt and dignity. This being the ground on which the ques tion proceeded, it remained for him to submit to the House those considerations which induced Ministers to recommend what they had done to the Crown. In doing so, he would feel it to he his duty to him self, his colleagues, and the House, to state, without . the slightest disguise , what was originally in the coo templatmn of the Prince Regent's Ministers on this subject, and that modified proposition, which, in de ference to what appeared to be the opinion of the House, they had ultimately adopted. The practica bility of carrying those Royal marriages into effect, without dishonouring the liberality of the country or involving . the illustrious parties in incumbrances which might compel them to apply to Parliament, they had carefully and earnestly considered. The Howie would see, .that, -above all other things, the greatest efforts should be made to prevent that aced: mulation of debt, after marriage, to'which he had alluded ; and he was sure there was no sacrifice that the Royal Dukes would not submit to, in order to !prevent such an occurrence. With respect to the sum necessary to be granted in such cases, they had but few precedents of a modern date, and these they had minutely examined. They did not think it so necessary to look to what took place many years back ; because though from them rainy points wor thy of the consideration of the House might ante,: yet really the nature of a provision made many years . 1 since was so different, with respect to the existing. istate of things, from what was required no*, that, rif they proceeded to act on ancient precedents, the House would, perhaps, ultimately, find themselves' misled, as to what it would be proper now to do. His Majesty's Ministers could not look, as a said ard for present proceedings, to the arrangemlints which were made on the marriage of the Princess Charlotte of Wales ; because though her Royal High ness was not necessarily the direct successor to the Crown, yet she had for a considerable period been, viewed in that light, the country, as if by intuition, looking on her as the next successor, that Parliament were antious to make that provision on her marriage which was not only liberal in itself, but was calcula ted tip s /teaching in her Royal Highness that characz tar with winch the concurrent feeling of the nation had clothed her. -He should now advert tOthe marl: riage of the Duke of York with the Princess of Prus- of the of _ if he had am issue, would stand. The Prince Regent was then a young man—and, therefore , ever y probataa existed that a saccessor to the Crown would proces, immediately •frem" him ; but, notwithstanding thka! he was umnarried, • Parliament wisely looked•er te Duke of York. Tlar -annum, including a worth 5e3,000 a-year; of York having no cle- 1 the melancLoly circum having lost the only child 4 blessed him, the Dukecf accession to tne Crown, in Ins: -the Doke of York did Houle would admit, that, • piiiposition for bringing, the income of the bast granted to the Duke first propoatal, was not at, ' they felt a disposition question, and not one in ..instances were involved. The would feel, having such a precedent awl!. 'Judgment, that it became their duty ~race the Duke of Clarence, if married, on the same footing on which they had placed the Duke of Vork 25 years since. With respect to what it was !expedient to grant to the junior branches of the Boyd Family ; it was a most difficult question, b - cause they had no-precise precedent to direct them. Ministers felt this impression at the moment, that it would be wise to propose to the junior branches of •the Royal Family, that which the dignity of the situa tion rejuired- , -but to proceed on the narrowest prin ciple economy they could adopt. He was per fectly ready to state what had been intended to be granted to the junior branches of the Royal Family --and, if he had before refused to do so, it was not from a wish to conceal the measure contemplated by Government, but arose from a feeling that he sould not satisfactorily explain their intentions without en tering at length into the reasons which induced them to come to a certain decision. The junior brand s of the Royal Family had at present 18,000 i. a-year, which it had been proposed to augment by the sum of 12,000 L waling an aggregate of 30,0001. per an.!!! num. Itwas intended to - have proposed to aug;• meat the income of the Duke of Clarenre, which was 20,5001. per annum, by 19,5001. making a total of £40,000, and to have given an additional sum of £12,000 to each of the junior branches of the Royal Family, who entered the marriage .state. This -was conceived to be a proper augmentation of their for tunes, considering the situation in which the Ment lieritif the Royal- Family wereaalated.' * The House -would feel the obvious and marked distinction which existed between these Royal Personages, living as single men, and being called on to form matrimonial alhances. They would not only be obliged to pro vide for the burthens which such a change naturally produced, but they would also be subjected to a great contingent expense, if they had families. Out of the £12,000, it should be observed, that Da,ooo was in tended to be settled on the lady, leaving only £B,OOO per annum to defray the additional expense. This would be the real establishment—and, when they took. it at 8,000/. or 9.000/. (unless the income of the! Royal Family, in an unmarried state, had been voted on a scale of liberality, which the House could scarcely have intended), no man could suppose, if they were to marry, that this sum was too much • enable them to live in a style commensurate with the situation to which they were born. Certainly this Increase of 8,000 or 9,000/. a-year, looking to the in etiased scale of modern expense, was not more than though to prevent that grea t calamity to themselves th d their families . t'he • inevitable accumulation of !debt, which must necessarily oblige them to apply Ito Parliament. If that were the fair reasoning that arose out of the case, he conceived the House would see the propriety of the proceeding originally recom mended by Ministers. -He would put it to the feelings of every man in that House, and out of it— under all the weight of prejudice that had arisen on this subject, and which was attempted to be instilled into the public mind—(Hear, hear, from the Opposi tion)—whether the proposition was an unfair one ? Of course, this observation was not meant to apply to the House--(//ear, hear,)—but they could not conceal from themselves, that the subject was viewed with a prejudiced eye. Under these circumstances, marts Parliament thonghttirat they had made an in judicious decision, by proposing that an addition of 8,0004 should be made to the income of certain Mem bers of the Royal Family, when they entered the mar riage state, and with the probable contingert expense of a family—when this sum was also proposed to pre vent them. from incurring debts, which would compel them to come to Parliament—they could not be up braided with having acted extravagantly. On this subject, the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester's income would afford a criterion of great importance. The House, he was ready to -admit, when he cited this instance, would feel that it was not one which was directly m point, though it certainly bore oat the question. The Duke of Gloucester married the Prin cess Mary under circumstances highly grat6ii.g to the - people. Before her marriage she had, however, been provided for by Parliament. The illustrious Duke also had an income, arising from his military situation, and a parliamentary grant, amounting to not less than2B,oool. Under these circumstances, it did not appear to the Prince ltegent's confidential servants necessary that an increased income should be proposed for the Duke and Duchess of Glourester on their marriage. On the marriage of the Princvs income l Charlotte, an of Go,noot. was voted. The Duke of York; on his marriage, vras granted 37,n0 01 . 1 per annum, independent of the emoluments which he derived from his military sittettion . ; and the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester...4,e former rif whom stood it, the situation-of nel.lv:w to his Majesty.—re- eireltisilre of any i n iii ta might enjoy. Now, it did not app s 7 i Ministers that it Was consistent the Crown, to place the sons ' - ition, with respect to incombot e, so: t ihew of his Majesty and IL They conceived, when i grant of:Agri been made to Prince efkour,,, arty% Gloucester had 214,000 i. per afi Parliament, that it was net fair to pl ace d :: junior,Drattches of the Royal gamily in a interimity, when compared witli that of hew of the-Kings They did net mean to tinier bran Ches of the Royal Family in corni st , •th the Princess Charlotte, at the time ot L s , n 2 4.; Viage, nor to oppose them to the sintAti.n k tr y Pule of York, when he espoused the Pinees c Of Prussia. They felt that, if they wishes{ to they could only place them in their ols'irr i tion—and they thought, that an additic...-. a year nominally—but really of only ots(viL num—when one of the Royal Dukes rna!rist, c. not more than sufficient to enable then; to sone ! their rank. He had fairly submittud to the Re a the grounds on which this view of the ulbjed taken. His Majesty's Minister;, ansiues to sate the country, had calculated ors **releasing the ineo of those Royal Dukes, who wished to n.arr.., w k. ; imposing any new burdens on the tountry— sn a, believed, he could easily shew that no fresh bun would be imposed in consequence. Thei r i mtat i with respect to a Royal Duke (the Duke of Curti land) who was married, was the same as that al they entertained towards those Royal Dukes wished to marry. The proposition for graatitg additional provision to that Royal Duke, had, i s first instance, received the sanction of the Het though it was afterwards lost. when it apprred the - shape of a Bill. The conduct of Paliairent vented Ministers front doing that which they, prepared to do—an act of justice—by placirg illustrious individual in the situation to thick alliance entitled him. There c -ere feeli. 71, at moment the grant was proposed—fon:idyl perh on misconception—which threw a most serious stacle in the way of a measure of this kind. At, time, the marziage was, in all points of Tim et dered more of a private than of a public saran but the marriages now in con templation had e tea it so distinct a public character that t!.: Go% N* would not do their duty if they had not y led it in that light, and brought ie under the cur! 'ration of Parliament. If Parliament were peoviding for one branch of the Roost . [bey would not adopt a principle c;f perpetual et ion towards those illustrious indiriduals formerly opposed. They lived in a state of ,'Att: happiness and retirement—and he cruls! set c, - that Parliament would refuse re make !;, for them which they would graia to o:11::: f the Royal Family. He should now whole expense of this arrangement, in ter its having been agreed to. It would, cf co Only to those illustrious Dukes who were ; of marriage, and to him who was already with the approbation of his Royal Brad. whom the consent of the Crown was re&uleh Taking the provision for the Duke of Gumtree on the same scale u that intended for others— allowing also a provision for the Duke of Kent. should be inclined to form an alliance—the increase of income would be fifty-five thostctnd hundred pounds. The sums were as follow To the income of the Duke of Clareuee, to Mit a to 40,0001. To the Doke of Kent - To the Duke to Com VrlaLd To the Duke of Cambridge :taking It was further proposed, that. as outfit, a sa:a to the proposed increase should be gran:rd Royal I)ukes. With respect to the question c: it had been fully debated ou the eccasionaf the riage in 1815. There was, however, no part ( arrangement so difficult. He felt, that &coal, to prevent all accumulation of debt in to was by granting a fair income ; and, to enabl( to live on it, he would superadd a proper sam fit, in order that debts might not be centred' , 'very Commencement of a marriage. In the fin: therefore, allowing the same sum to each lad:: for outfit, as was granted for an increase of an additional charge of 5.5,500/• would bt Lifted, making a total (income and cage. year of 111,000/. in the second year, the o deducted, the inctease would be 55,5001. It however, intended to raise this nun by : post. It appeared to the Prince Regent's*M: that it would be possible, from resources Cu with the Consolidated Fund, to cover this ch:: In consequence of the death ,of the Plinsess totte, 10103/. was subtracted from the korai. Prince of Saxe Coburg, and a sum (»AM. was pledged for the payment of certain debts Prince Regent, when Prince uf Wales, would, happy to say, be liberated in the course of tw He had now stated to the Base the genera! of the measure which Mi,,isters had it an th , temptation to propose. It was now his 4 1,...y v ith whatever indignity the departure fro,: ginal intention might be treated by the ether the House, the modified plan which they rn submit. He, howevei, did ;la consider it:: tent with the honourable discharg e of p gii when he collected that Parliarneut would with Ministers in a particular measure. to to pursue that mode v.hich appeared the general purpose, while it was to the of all forties —Wear. hear.l—He wCt. along with the Right lion. Gentleman !IrTierney. who said, that, for a public man to up a Ix jtobl.fr• principle, in order to do that which l li bait`fl W , see nothing improper in wrong in itself, operated agaiast every feeling public spirit and of public chat acter. But he proposition, on in fact, public principle rot be said to reit—with which it was cot collar; Tile servants of the Crown and if the country, ..2-; ing it necessary to brine the interests and feeling' 411 parties to meet on one common purpose., hi 1 1:. chtled their original plan. Befoet be stated the as nicer terationa that had beenniade, he conceived i: nary to advert so some s iewsl this question. *,*;•"; giving up that descriptia,e: aro.e.from tJie situatiini in which some of those trims individuals were placed, in coasts:luxe et a ! re. riving emoluments from °duce channels . La sea It 4 ,. ...,,,re. . . l . ` the different considerations chnnected with tils'slil-- . ,st. - • not point out to theliouse the calved 28,b00i: ss . l i. ~orfant cidestion more minutely than he would ha * „ o , , - 'vs • •• • -4711 i, as aompa- entioluments he done, if it had not been for what had already taken ''• J• s• the p . ""*. “ t ared. lie *aria- ito'his Majesty's place respecting it. - lie was sure that - whatever they tistalsilatndlittriaterial. :- ~ alseed th4,thexash late 4gnity of t might fat pressing-mi them in point o public duty, Wieral, +could not be •i ' ial iscrwe, L IU iv in a cheat they would see -the necessity of acquiescing in the pretrisienthEnmadewas sun . eprOpiaquity in rtato the nepi 'on he shonld submicto the House. H. was • - -thitt-ilinelsinns4s4l,44ol stood, with respect Consort. They ray to concede the principle, that they could) only terthe,•sucission to theiGropm. But, considering the a year had beer look at this proposition with reference to the dream- situation in Which the Ddke of Clarence was now the Duke of stances of the illustrious individuals concerned, corn- placed, absolutely contrActed in mareitge, with this fisssit Parliames bined with the present state Of the finandes'of the coun- petfeit- consent of his Wirelliother,- it ippeerisl to• junioviitalSchei try, after the-expenses of an arduous war—yet, whil him, that the Diike of Yotilef ih 1794/ did not stand of inferiorit of the y , he admitted this principle, he thought the Committee nearer , nor so near, in saccessidn,- to the Gown, as phew Yi -.Li ...... ..inner ...iril hint in feeline. that there was the descendants of the Duke of Clarenee; if he had jun ior bran Che . . ..... ... •_ __ cl._ -... __..r.... *with ?hr. Printi iessed the Throne—in preference to the in- as he was unnamed, • mew m of a foreign branch. 'When Parliament the chanceePsuccession in.the d, at the commencement ofthe year, no sew.. granted to him 12443,000 per ar 23 more strongly engraved, not merely an Fitary.Commissicrn which- was is of the Members of that House, but on the In consequence o f the Duke t F the country at large—no feeling Mixed it- scendants, combined with thA re obviously and deeply with the general stance of the Prince Regent ha the nation, when they had the Misfortune to with whom Pnovartsca had b Illustrious Daughter of his Rd Highness Claience•stood nearer the sueo the anxious consideration 'elf t h e course all human probability, than tl would be most prudent to follbsv; in or- in 1792. He trusted the Hot replace the loss they had suitained, and to after a lapsed` 2.3 years, a pi for that succession, which every good subject under these circumstances, the irons should be contintied. - He was confident ICf Clarence to a level with di is !loyal Highness's confidential adviseis had rof York in .1792,2 s was at fir iidered themselves Pledged by the paragraph extravagant one. • He •boped Lddress to consider this interesting topic, and to look at it as a British que devised the best means for meeting the which forVgn circumstances y of the case, the loyalty arid attachment of House perhips would feel, h •use to the Family of Brunswick, and to the to guide their judgment, the c of the Peoole roverned by that Family, to place the Duke of CLuem iY ino as y l tia fi of ml • th etc xrt re is e gli crte sa t, F' rekt • 1 i tie, • m 71.4 re sh s the ti ra t , 4 * C P- re t e .1 that the t the h rps ua tlut ; Bret snt. vier. tsde. . - :at it itatly etc,* a t e etc{ appLy l!at Inca, /—by gar., oerland t. if ht t gran d five rt— • sit,sts moat 1!,031 19,,C0 issoe n old to de codi. belt* t of tie oly W 1 * can then e.l atti Anon- c , ..t yen, inns, xxxx* the Being 1V1! n ew iTe• IL:Listen, ArLectea 'SS • ae of rx as 01 t:i ui ro ye:rt. LI outi,:te heir k ilt t scxx 'A) :rcpt o- C,ic (*as:. c oact.: ;0 rly Iwo; novel s rabbi reed to be feeling h e cosi.. criptias ud collo:taw mut, feelog' urfi te t. dt.peas. **,*•••= ewe ci ae" ~~