Star. — London, England, 1809-04-05 00:00:00

k quartets in their trransions, and Who aft ~! • jy desilOUS to recommence their travels." Einope will perceive what ought to be inferred , I cso menaces ; for it the facts stated are nor how can Austria be reproached with rol , made some defensive armaments, while it is -.i-fessed, that without counting very numerous ar, iies, she is surrounded by 400,000 soldiers, who, in winkling of an eye, could he posted on her fron: ic „ ? remain armed one's-self, and to require t o g others should be disarmed ; to be in a condition deal deadly blows, and regard as an hostili t y th e I t ,, mo vement. which sh . iuld have for its object, not to rrcnace but to ward off those blows, would be an , s cumption far more hostile than a declaration of wa r. fArw citizens ought not, however, to infer ;rumall this reproachful language, that, therefore, tk.7a - has become inevirable within a few days. News naper-writers are not the organs of Government. It ! s also rssible that these attacks and insults may be di sav a,-eJ. Our Emperor has called all Europe to w ir i ess, that his armaments, of a nature purely de tetv,ive. have never had war for their object. He; w ished (olly lo fulfil one of the first d ut i es o f t h e ThrwiT, to guard his faithful subjects against an un. tr.re.seen tack Foreign movements must of neces. drtct his own. Foreign troops a r e co ll ect i ng i n all rrs around him ; he is, therefore, obliged to withdraw a part of his army from its cantonments. Pesitions cannot be taken to attack his frontiers, w ithout putting him in a situation, on his part, to t‘ ke other positions ; not only in order to parry the El i -Ars, but to prevent their being struck : for what r ,, ,stittites the first aggression is the will to aggress. It 15 the airaugements, preparations, and menaces vitich precede the blow. The first cannon which is citsdi aged is often merely a defensive act. Should it, therefore, happen that the design to waze war upon us should be so far manifested, that ino,ieration would serve only to facilitate the blow th. , enemy was projecting ; in such a case, our Sove. rign, itrorg in his conscience, and in the good opi nion of Europe, would consider it as his right and btv to repel by force the preparations made on his frontier, which could have no other than his domi nions hr their object, and from that alone would be come An open war." l'111; EVENING STAR. TO G. L. WARDLE, ESQ. M. P. ON THE DEATH OF Hli CHILD. To chase Corruption from BRITANNIA'S strand, To call back Freedom to her native land, The PATRIOT rose. In vain the Sons of Place, With sarcasm stung, or threaten'd with disgrace : Strong in his cause, he brav'd the hand of Pow'r, And laugh'd to scorn the Tyrants of an hour ! Unknown to Fame, to Faction unallied, Fo LICESTON Z and Truth his only aid supplied. A People's hopes, a People's blessings rose, And murmur'd vengeance on their haughty foes! Soon foul Corruption cowering fled the field, And Truth triumphant wav'd her spotless shield ! Still England rings st ith WARD!. 's honour'd name !_ Still Scotland's hills re-echo to his fame ! But vain are human hopes and human joys: Some bitter drop the honied cup alloys.— Belov'd! rever'd! Though thousand voices raTse The shout of triumph, and the son; of praise, lie hears them not. The Father, with a tear, Bedews his darling Boy's untimely bier; Hangs speechless o'er the Infant's pallid face, And mourns each blighted charm and vardsh'd grace.— Yet weep no more! Thy Cherub Child shall rise By Angels wafted to his native skies. Sa.v'd from the storms of this tempestuous life, From all its woes, its errors, and its strife. Pure and unsullied as the morning ray, He seeks the realms of everlasting day. And o:.! if that be true which Poets sing, The Guardian hovers on the Cherub's wing ! Perchance .Ven now he looks exulting down, And hears with holy joy his Sire's renowd ! LONDON. WEDNESDAY. APRIL 5. NICE OF STOCKS THIS DAY AT ONE O'CLOCK : r2 , ,n5015, fur rnoney, 67. H—for April 611;:—Outnium a prs. Exchequer Bills, 7s. bs. prem. The following paragraph was added as a postcript to a letter received yesterday b; a most respectable house in the North Country trade " Rotterdam, March 28. " P. S. War is declared by France and Russia against Austria." The d. of the letter, however, is strongly pre •utrptive against the authenticity of this intelligence. Dutcn pape rs of two days later date hving been re ceived, witch, as we have already stated, make no mention of any declaration of war ; neither did their , ;,rnents lead to any expectation of such a declaration oo the part of Russia against Austria. His Royal ni g hness the Duke of Yonx gave a grand eiar.er en Monday, at hiz. house in the Stable Y:ird, St. jarn,n's ; to their Royal Highnesses the Pri ace of WALES Duke of:SUSSEX, Marquis of HEADFORT, Earl of lvt:ni..l, Lord EIiSKINE, Lord HEATIIFIELD, Lord YAR TU, General HULSE, Colonel M 4 MAHON, Colonel BLOONIPELD, Mr. STEPNEY, &c. Sir Davin DUNI/AS held a public day yesterday, at liis Office, in the Horse Guards, and gave audiences tr, pinut 40 Officers. Sir DAVID has adopted a regn- Lawn, that all who wish to see him, must have their names put down before one o'clock on his public days. lie begins to give his audiences about half-past one. A Morning Paper has made it matter of charge azair.;t the Commissioners of Military Inquiry, that thq did not extend their investigations to the Office Commander in Chief. For this they cer tainly not to blame, for they had no power sn to do, liy the Act of 1805, and which was aftLrwards niewccl 1807, they were empowered to direct their i:uquir'es tri the Office of Ordnance, tlic Office of Se cretary at War, to the Departments of the Adjutant, ( .:;itartertna•tcr, :und Barrackmaster-General, to the Ciurr.inii.isar;at Department, to the Royal Flospital at L:uelea, the Royal Military College, the Royal Mi ),!ary Asylum, and to the Medical Department of the : Army : They nel-iher had nor have any power to ‘‘. ith the conduct of the Commander in Chief, nil. with the management of his office. But after the abuses have been lately detected in this depart. rent, we trust that this office also will be thrown ripen to their inspection. It will be much more sa iqe.ctu:y to the public to have the opinion of the ;' , lilitary Commissioners upon the management of this ni-irtant branch of the public service, than even the -2-iii:ictable testimony of Colonel Goitoox. ;• is General BRENNIER, who was taken prisoner at iiic a.:tle of Vimiera, and not General LEFEBVRE, that n his way to France, to be exchanged for General A i;Li, ItOMISIE, who has been detained at Verdun since ' , le commencement of the present war. Cohinel Cannot, has addressed an animated Pro -iarnation to the foreigners in the French armies ser 7iu, in Spain, exhorting them no longer to fight in detestable cause of the common oppressor of na !-,ins ; bat to join the Spaniard s in r es is ting a tyrant, no, having long since exhausted the military popu 11uoa of France, supports his power only by making ti.i± nations he has conquered the means of mutually oiipuessiinr each other, and of subjugating those yet u:lenalayed. Then hush'd, illustrious Mourner ! be thy grief— Seek in thy glorious course thy best relief ! By patriot deeds exalt thy deathless name, And add fresh blossoms to thy wreath of fame ! Bertram House, April 3. 11. R. M. 6unday afternoon, at four o'clock, arrived at Tri -1:::y-college Lodge, Cambridge, Mr. MANSEL, a mid ::.:,man in the navy, son of the Right Rev. the Lord , p of BRISTOL, Master of the College. This voiin g Gintleman, now only nineteen years of age, d been tyrannically kept a prisoner in France up wards cf five years. He, with another Gentleman, ri,ale his escape, lately; in women's apparel, in an pen fishing boat. They were at sea two days and two nights, and landed at Dover. Mr. Lewis, the Comedian, retires from the stage, ',4.c conclusion of the present reason. A Requisition, signed by a groat number of re spectable names from the Vale of Berkshire, has been sent to Sir THEOPHILI:S MErCALF, the High Sheriff, for a Meeting of the County to address Mr. WARDLE, and those Members of the House of Commons, who supported him, and on other important subjects. A Meeting of the Freemen and Inhabitants of Sandwich is to be holden on Tuesday next, for the pur pose of voting the thanks of that town to Mr. WARDLE, &c.—A vote of thanks to the same effect, has been resolved by the Corporation of Deal. The Guild-Stewards, Burgesses, and Inhabitants of the Borough of Caine, in Wiltshire, have voted an Address of Thanks to Colonel WARDLE, for his patri otic conduct in bringing forward the charges against the Duke of Yoxic. Monday last a Common Hall was convened by the Mayor of Bedford, in compliance with a requisition, signed by Mr. BELSIIAM, Mr. GREEN, Dr. YEATS, Aldermen COOKE, PLEASANT, KIDMAN, BARNARD, ; hen the Thanks of the Corporation, togethzr with the Freedom of the Town, were voted to G. L. WARDLE:, Esq. " for the purity of the motive; which induced him to lay before the House of Commons his late statement of the Duke of YORK'S misconduct, in disposing of the patronage of the army ; d for the Undaunted teal, consummate ability, and unwearied perseverance with which he pursued an investigation so worthy of an independent Member of Parliament, and so deeply interesting to every Briton." Thanks were also voted to Mr. WHITBREAD and Mr. LEE ANTONIE, Members for that town, for having sup ported Mr. WARDLE. The Meeting was most nu merous and respectable. The Resolutions were pro posed by Fit. GREEN, Esq. seconded by Dr. YEars, and unanimously agreed to: indeed, there was not a shadow of opposition evinced by any individual at the Meeting. The speech of Mr. GuEEN was maaly, temperate, and perspicuous. He was followed by Dr. YEATs, in a very animated harangue ; and they were both repeatedly cheered. An eating match took place on Wednesday even ing last, it the Plymouth Arms, Mill-lane, between three Hampshire men, and three Maidstone mu', to eat six score eggs and a ham (161 b. weight) in 15 minutes. It was given in favour of the Hampshire hogs, owing to one of the Maidstone men being taken sick. Part of the music in score has been dug out of the ruins of Drury-lane Theatre, quite perfect, except ing the edges of the paper being a little scorched; and yet the fire burnt so fierce, that a great deal of the cast-iron has been found completely fused. Colonel HANsON, who has taken his trial at the present Lancaster Assizes, on a charge of using in flammatory language to a mob of insurgents, during the late riots in Lancashire, has been found Guilty. The sentence is not yet known. Yesterday Mr. Ludlam made his escape, for the third time, from the house of confinement of insane persons, a few miles from London. The master, with several men, were in pursuit of him in the course' of the day s but without being able to find him. SPORTING INtELLIGEiVC.E. kW kAL lIVTELLIENCE. • . NEWMARKET CRAVEN MEETING, IBM PLYMOUTH, AND PLYMOUTH DOCK, APRIL 3. TUESDAY, APRIL 4. Ships of War fit for service, at present in this har- Sir J. Shelley's rvlarrnion., by Whiskey, bought of Lord Cler- L s .. . ri-4 Mont, beat Sir C. Turner's Chyropodist, late Young Frank, by ...,.asr . I RIUMPII, and VALIANT, 71: kutis i BONNE Barnaby, bought of Mr. Norton, Est. 21b. each. Ab. M. 200 gs. CITOTENNF 4 PHEASANT ) and the ORESTES sloops ; h. ft.-Seven to 4on Marmion. SPRIGHTLY and CADMUS brigs ; WZAZLE 3C1100112r, Sweepstakes of 100 gs. each, h. ft. Bst. 41b. each. R.M. . GLEANER ketch, SILVIA cutter, ARROW schooner, IlDuke of Grafton's c. by Sorcerer, out of Bounty I and SANDWICH lngger.-Repairing in Hatrioaze Ld G. H. Cavendish's c. by Whiskey, out of Mrs. Candour 2 '' Two to lon Duke of Grafton's colt. t he DEFIANCE, 74 guirit ; STATIRA, QUEBEC, and Sweepstakes of 200 gs. each, h. ft. Colts 85t. 41b. and Fillies PHOENIX fri g a tes ; A LERT s l Oop, and ADRIAN cutter. Bst. Ilb. D. M. j The SAN JO SEPH , 74, was un d oc k e d on Saturday. Mr. Mellish' s b. c . L evant, b y D b i l Quixotte, out of a sister I Arrived the ARROW, of 18 guns, Lieut. HAWKER, to Spadille - - - - i from Cadiz and Gib ra l tar , l ast f rom F a l mout h , . now Mr. M'ilson' s b c . b y H am bl eton i an, out of Sophia 4 2 Mr. Prince's b. c. by Trumpator, out of Hop-picker. under quara n ti ne . Al so arr i ve d the SANDWICH hired i Mr. Vansittart's br. f. by Whiskey, out of Regulator's dams 1 lugger from the Jersey station ; the sloop London "Three to I agst Levant ;sto 2 agst Mr. Wilson's b. c. • Packet, RICHARDSON, from Gijon, With wool and Duke of Grafton's Morel, Bst. 31b. b e at Mr. Craven's Beau buts, bound to London : she brings no later news Nash, 7st. 71b. Half of Ab. M. 200g5.-4 to lon Morel. than what has been already received ; but we Gen. Grosvenor's gr f The Fair Ellen, by the Wellesley Ara- learn by her, that very considerable quantities of bian, 7st. 111 b. beat Sir J. Shelley's Sock, Bst. 1 1 b. R. M. 100 gs. Even betting. . Spanish wool are ready for shipping at Gijon and The Second Class of the Oatlatid Stakes of SOgs. each, h. ft. D.I. other ports, as soon as vessels arrive from this Ld Grosvenor's Meteora, 6 yrs old, 9st 71b. - - 1 Country ; the Albion, GILLARD , from London, with Ld Foley's Weaver, 3 yrs old, 7st. 21b. 2 Gen. Crusvenor's Riflema n , 3 yr s Old, 6 st . 121 b. - s sundries ; C aro li ne , P ERRITON , f rom L yme, w i th Mr. Goulbsirri's Grimaldi, 6 yrs old, Est. Ilb. 4 oats.-Sailed the KING GEORGE hired cutter, for Mr. Goddard's Fuscus, 3 yrs old, Est. Alb. - - 5 Rochefort ; the CONTEST gun-brig, Lieut. GREGORY, Mr. Payne's Ferdinand, 4 yrs old, Bst. Ilb. - - 6 with a fleet of victuallers for the same Pace ; and the Seven to 4 ag,t Meteora, sto 1 agstWeaver, 'I to 2 apt Grimaldi• PEACOCK, of 18 guns, to the westward. -....._ t The SPRIGHTLY cutter, Lieutenant GORDON, is ap pointed to convoy a fleet of merchantmen to the east ward-expected to sail to-morrow. PORTSMOUTH, APRIL 4. Arrived the Mentor, LONGRIDGE, for Malta.- Sailed la LOIRE frigate, for Cadiz. Wind E.N.E. DEAL, APRIL 4. Sailed the TAUNTON CASTLE for India. Wind N.E. ABERDEEN, APRIL 1. Last Saturday, a small sloop, coal laden, belong ing to Montrose, in attempting that harbour, was thrown among the rocks at the entrance, by the tre mendous sea then on the coast, and totally wfeck:d. The crew with difficulty saved, about ten minutes be fore the vessel disappeared. T;ie Lusitania, Captain CARMEN, arrived at Portsmouth the 25th of March, from Grenada : left that island on the 29th January, and had a rough passage. Spoke the Barbara schoon e r, of this place, about five weeks ago, all well. Th.: Tyne, BAXTER, from Newcastle, and Hawke, Gil:l.Ni', from Sunderland, were driven to Cromarty in the late storm, with sixteen other vesst•ls. FROM LLOYD'S LIST. GR AVESEND, APRIL 4.—Arrived the Helen, Thomas, from Surinam; •Zephyr, Thrill, from Lisbon; Silly, Bailey, from St. Michael's; Linter Rosalia, Gamper, from Malta; and Minerva, Boman, from Sweden.—Sailed the Commercium, Vansnlow, for Stockholm; Vrow Margaretha, Vrow Wilhelmina, and Jonge Hendrick, Henriks, for Heligoland. THE ARMY. OBSERVATIONS ON THE BARRACKS OF THIS COUNTRY, IN RESPECT TO 111 h: COM OM OF THE ARMY ; WITH S MICR:RES ON THE DUTIES, &C. OF THE OFFICERS EMPLOYED IN THAT DEPA RTMEN T.--Coniinued from Saturday's STAR. It is the opinion of medical men, that habitations, to be healthy, must be not only well situated, in re spect to air and country, but that they must be also warm and comfortable ; and that, however perfect they may be in other respects, they must be consider ed as unwholesome, if destitute of warmth and com. fort. It is, perhaps, solely owing to these causes that the troops occupying the cold barracks in winter are generally very unhealthy, and it admits of little doubt that the same causes gave rise to the Unparal leled sickness and mortality which prevailed among the troops occupying different barracks in England dur ing the spring of 1808, the recollection of which shocks every heart tinctured with humanity. - It may, therefore, fairly be presumed, that the pro jectors who directed the building of barracks, accor ding to the construction last mentioned, had been led away with a very erroneous idea that soldiers' sleep ing rooms had been formerly too much confined, and ' unwholesome ; and that ventilation could not be car ried to too great an extent, in apartments occupied i by such a large proportion of men as barracks usually are. Free inlets were accordingly made for the air into the rooms in all directions ; and the consequences, instead of proving beneficial, have proved, we believe, uniformly injurious to the health and comfort of the, troops. It is supposed by the Medical Gentlemen of the army, that putrid diseases, or, at least, those Maladies which are thought to arise from the effects of hot and confined air in barracks, are become rare ; but that, on the contrary, those of an opposite, or inflam matory tendency, being more immediately the conse quence of cold, and rapid vicissitudes of the weather, have become proportionally more frequent, perhaps more so lately, than was ever known at any former period. It is difficult to determine which of the ex tremes is more pernicious, viz. the effects produced, on the one hand, by air too much confined in close apartments, or those arising, on the other hand, from excessive ventilation ; but that the consequences at tending each, are manifestly injurious, In a high degree, admits of no question. Every soldier's apartment; whatever be its size, should be furnished with a fire place, or stove, with a sufficient quantity of fuel, especially in the winter— the most beneficial effects are produced in the air of an apartment by the operation of fire, and it is unaccoun table how Barrack projectors should have manifested so much ignorance, or have been so ill-advised, as to withhold the means of so much contributing to the general health .of the troops, by omitting fire-places. The heat of a fire dispels moisture in the air and apart ments, causes rarefaction, and a ready ventilation, and renders the room otherwise warm and cemfor- Itable. But fires are more particularly necessary in large barrack-rooms, which, in proportion to their size, are always, ceteris paribus, colder than small. We have said that a palpable error existed in the division of Barracks into sleeping-rooms of such a va riety of sizes ; and, we believe, experience has protTd that this most egregious error lies on the side of rooms which are very large. The ill consequences affecting the troops in large rooms, appear • to have resulted partly from the great and crowded propor tion of men allotted to each, and partly from the want of fires and ovtr-ventilation. The large number of men immured in a barrack room, would astonish those who are but little ac quainted with what human nature is able, on some occasions, to support ) without immediate bad effects; iiid ; if we reflect on the careless and' positions of soldiers, it is surprising that, amidst smell a multiplicity of causes of sickness as they are Con stantly exposed to; they are not often greater suf ferers than they generally are. How often in the infantry Barracks do we see two tiers of soldiers' double sleeping births in dote succession, where the. men are nearly as contiguous as the li..in.nocks of seamen or marines in a ship of war ; while in some other Barracks of the service, as in those of the Ord nance, and in some of cavalry, we find the soldiers arc comfortably lodged in smaller rooms, being al lowed a space more rational and consistent with the demands of health, and in many of them each man is allowed a bed to himself. When we see our defenders disposed of in large barrack-rooms (or, as they may be more properly Called, large barns), in double births, along both sides of the buildings, and piled, one over the other, not very unlike the shelves in a bookseller's shop, we cannot think that all has been done for the ccmfort and health of the soldier, which justice and humanity call for, with all the irrefragable proofs to the con- trary brought before our eyes by every day's expe rience. Under the unfavourable circumstances above pointed out, as existing in crowded barracks, is it to be wondered that feiters, influenzas, measles, and other infectious disorders, even the infectious ophthal mia of Egypt, who'e virulence is said to have been increased by importation, when they gain adinission to barracks, are so destructively preval ent; spr ea d so rapidly, and are so difficult to be eradicated ? While thetrciopsoccupyingcomfor:abl e barracks, whoare pro vided wi'h fires, good bedding, and ample room, con tinue healthy ; or, if some contagious malady has found its way into an apartment of a smaller and more proper size, the sphere of its action is quickly impeded by the lesser size of the room, while an op portunity is afforded of applying the antidote to the dangerous poison. To conclude this part of the subject, it appears that the space allotted to soldiers, in most of the In :anti-sr Barracks, is generally less than half the space which the purposes of health would require ; and that it demonstratively bears that proportion to the space granted to the soldiers occuping the regularly established barracks for the ordnance and cavalry in this country, which last proportion seems justly to ac cord with the health and convenience of the men ; hence, in a question of such moment, the comparison of facts on both sides, leads to clear and obvious con viction, and as we trust it has been satisfactorily proved that the troops occupying the Barn-Barracks, under the circumstances above stated, have been more unhealthy than men, at the same season of the year, quartered in permanent and comfortable Barracks, the inference is, that the former description are unfit for the reception of troops.— We have thus pointed out some of the defects and errors which have obtained in the plan and execution of Barracks, and also the very pernicious effects re sulting from over-crowding the soldiers in the Bar racks of this country, by contrasting the comparative health of the troops quartered in large, cold, and over ventilated roorns, with that of soldiers living in smaller rooms, provided with fires, and otherwise comfortable. We shall, in a future Number, offer a few hints, with the intention of opening the way to improvement on such an important subject ; and happy shall we con sider ourselves if any remark, or opinion of ours, shall in the least tend to meliorate the condition of a sol dier quartered in barracks, or direct the attention of Government to a point so essential to every true Bri ton, as the alleviation of the calathities attendant on a military life:— (To be continued.) Monday the whale, which had been for so :nary days exhibited as an object of public curiosity on tl:e River near Blackfriars' Bridge, was sold by auction at Lloyd's Coffee-house, for R 75. ROYAL HUNT—Monday being Easter Monday, ac cording to annual custom, his MAJESTY'S stag hounds hunted for. the amusement of the neighbouring No )i -lity and Gentry, and others, who have retired into the country to enjoy the sports of the field, for few days, at this season of the year. About ten o' lock, the MarquisCOßNWALLts, the Master of his Majesty's hounds, accompanied by a numerous assemblage, arrived at Tower-hill, near Swinley, where there were about two hundred sportsmen waiting to enjoy the day's diversion. Soon after the arrival of the Marquis, a very fine deer was turned out of the cart, which immediately shewed great sport across the fo rest to the left of Bagshot, through Cobham, taking to the left by Batley and St. Ann's-hill, where he crossed the Thames, near Staines-bridge, towards Shepperton. The sportsmen went along Staines-bridge, and renewed the chace through the inclosures to Shep perton, and from thence to Sunbury, where the deer was taken in a pond, after four hours hard running : it is supposed he ran upwards of forty miles. Many c f the horses were knocked up. The deer was bred in Home Park : it was the second tithe of his being hunted. To-morrow morning the celebrated Hendon deer will be turned out, on Stoke Common, for a day's sport by his Majesty's hounds. Receipt for driving away " the Blue Druils."—No quackery !—Take of money quantum szefficit—Go to any of the Lottery Offices ; either of which will give you a very polite reception—buy a Ticket, or a Share in proportion to the state of your purse : even a Six teenth, which costs but a trifle, may gain you on Wed. nesday next, 000 other Sixteenths, which are capable of producing, in solid cash, above 4000 times the amount of the little stake you risk. Two sweet ruddy cheeked Blue Coat Boys, at Cooper's Hall, will draw out the receipt for driving away all the blue devils" that can torment adversity. CORN MARKET, MARK -LAKE, APRIL s.—There are to-day middling supplies of Wheat, the sales are very heavy, and scarcely fetch last prices —Rye is lower— inferior Barley is in plenty, much cheaper, and al most without buyers—Malt dull sale—White Peas, of the best quality, are rather de arer --B eans con. tinue at little variation—there are large arrivals of Oats from Lincolnshire, and second and ordinary qualities cheaper—Flour at our last quotation. GiNtRAL CUIRSNCT AS CADE& : Wheat 635. 78'. 88s. beans ( new ) 545. 608.01. Fine ditto, 90s. 945. Tick ditto (new) 44,. 50s. d. Rye, 569. 625. - Oats, 281. 325. 86a. Barley, 379. 475. Poland ditto, 3Rs. 409. Od. Malt 705.775. Potatoe ditto to 429 091. White Peas (boilers), 120 s 130 s Rape Seed, 601. to 641. Grey ditto, 40. 549. rifle Flour, 80e. 853.—Seconds, 755. 80e. —mad E 1 ~~ I~