Star. — London, England, 1819-07-30 00:00:00

• FAST INThi.:74 11. FOR SENDING A CHALLENGE. • i.c to observe the attention paid by the :st Cote puny to the Courts of Justice for the .1 id sccaity of the natives. A gratifying • , I -ties i:npartial administration of the laws shewn in a trial in the Recorder's Court • . : , :v information filed by the King's et• Ctiniet al against an Officer of the 17th • of Light brat,o(ais, for sending a chal- :. Clouless Norris, Vse. Magisti ate at Kaiia, e tee.ce of his having pronottnced judgment, `, to :1!c law, on some followers of the re- ", •• ••.:lhad cut down fruit-trees belenging to rex V. CAI CAIN ADAM:. • his ex te.ination, stated, that Mr. , .' • heti at rested a party of fel- ! ' • the act ctittingsd,,wn a Rayea- . • • Mr. Norris estintioeti them, aial s e : A that thee 11.1:1 cut the nee, anti had : ~•• :Ites.e.l'd by tl:c eillagers. lie sentenced . •1. , :la ,, sesl. :tnd iteei ,soned five day s —a it sp •oliei in the regulations which Mr. . score to observe. The prisoners were :he course of the day, when the sentence t ietesti, Lieutenant. Darcy, of the 17th P.c. •, -.set a tir:e. , (ion seijeant to Mr. Norris, to in- e • i t -.els, true that some of his men were I ler, osld him they had been guilty nis.d must he punished, but would a few days. Lieutenant Darcy after- . • •••• t ed with Mr. Norris against the sen-- 1:: i ate:. tel.l him the nature of the offence .•!:::..ev or ilayen tree produced a yellow • e .• 's er,2a by the natives, and was planted se • ~ •:.rs. Mr. Darcy said, that if •: ii (Tiering the men to be flogeed, ' ': • - as one gentleman towards another. l en s: , Le et!, that whatever opinion Mr. in sli , suld not act in his con-1 , 1:p:.:•.141. man, if he did not do his duty, t h e l a w to take its course. Two days Le s., C.sistant Adams came to the house of ;.. , i . e , , delivered a ruessia6e to him, in the trQ, , aying, that that gentleman s . , •l:" to demand satisfaction, and •:- • , posed between the confidential s. .eatics, and at last the correspon- .. :eine:tam' lo: Me. Norris's friend, info,- m- - 1, i ce .; t f Dlr. Darcy, " that Mr. Norris in- t ,;•.! to ia,:ce clserrees against. Mr. Darcy for at- ee to call pe:sc:lally to account for his evateuct as 1./gist) ate." . c ..,-esent tr rat on.setitiently arose out of this f. ler t'. , e evidence t: the Crown was closed, \Via:odor:a: at:,::essed the Court on the part eats ,lie.eldant, Cep: tzit Adams. ties lit Colt IL ft snelined up the evidence, and the . :a Lali an hour, rctarned a verdict of Guilty, the cl..:fendant stror.gly to the ta- ,n eons; t t the Court. REX LILL' i'I:NA NT DARCY. Ts°. core evidence was produced against this de- the Jery pronounced a verdict of Guilty, 'rnitethl:oion to the mercy of the Court. 0: • fait of November, the defendants were tor the judgment of the Court. 1. . ..,,CATE-eil-eseltaz. said, he had received' e.!.it•!• .); Uvvernment to ask for as lenient a sen- tloert could consider, consistent with . vas :c. - etired by the nature of the offence. He in the benevolent spirit of the Bri- :. r js.algment tempered with mercy. . :0.:, use was heard in mitigation. 'lle -1-.1:1.11 delivered the sentence in an im- ar.i....linated manner, on the great impro- , ey of the conduct of the defendants. He the co::; let of Mr. Norris. He had tirade to drop the whole affair, on their merely ed:awing the challenge, which, however, to that t:eet remained unrevoked. In apportioning the .I:,t iT puilkiiment, the Court felt a peculiarly responsibility ; that the Court had highly .li.eJ the conduct of the prosecutor, and had held a',-;u once, that. he would find in that Court, .:atae law, protection in the exercise of his just That if that pledge were not made good; :-. , :l,:ntlemen in judicial situations should feel see!: insults to their authority by the military wvre not efficiently repressed, he must expect, res,etition of such insults (and he could not that they would, if this event went off with a telisliment, be both soon imitated and fre- repi - JLed), the Provincial Magistrates, feeling efficient protection in the Govern- , or iii that Court, would be induced to protect !Tom further insults ; and whatever fatal se ... Les reight follow, would be the direct and t: r.sequences of the ill-timed lenity of that in: is this case, and would thus be justly impu- eto msell and th e o th er J u d ges , w h o were now , t'v.‘l with him to repress such seems by the t! , ei t to be afforded: that the Court, how- • 7 7 ...it ;:dt . Ll to the difference of climate between and England, and to the effect oflength- li•ennieet here: that they had also attended :I:it:L.ll,m season of the year at which the sea- : ••, . onounced ; that the sentence was th ere f o r e •• I period of eleven months' imprisonment. INT ti AT TATTERSALL'S YESTERDAY. :„. , as moss of the Sportsmen are gone to 13r;ghton d v hae c. , :anacac.fd this day. ST. L Cs 1 a:•'; 10 to 1 agst Sir Walter ! 1 SiAmn 11 to I r.gst Cardinal :1. 1 • 1•-• 14 to 1 agst The Laird. i,!,;••:,X.C.IIANGS:,MARK-LANE. JCLY 3 1 . —Our bein g a b un d ant l y suppl i ed with • IVheat, . and weather continuing favourable I..trvest, which is now become general, caused cane ter the article at a decline of ( 1 :-. frfim 'Monday% prices. and but a very : c c :: of the supply was disposed of this , ,„ ci usultrable qu ant i ty rema i ne d Si , : j at. :lie cio c of the Nlarket.—Marley is Is. ; and in.r-rior Oats were dull sale at dri ' itr bill Is. per quarter.—ln Ikans, Peas, article, there is no alteration. ri ••tv•rrn )4 A , ". , . T erse ..o. —liter 55. Cd. to Si. 4d. per ;, 1 „. 1 64 ,1. • t,, A• ( 1 , t . t• , 0.5 tart.ss. Od. to Gs. rid,;• , t le . at Marltet—lk asts to 7,9u0 ; Jigs, to 71. 15:. Straw 21. 10i. to 31. SUMMER ASSIZES. CHELMSFORD, JULY 48. SPRING GUYS.-- , ILOT R. WILKES, !IQ. This was an action against the defeneaat, the pre sent High Sheriff of Essex, by the plaintiff, the son of a respectable farther, in the parish of glmdon, hi this county, to recover a compensation in damages fur an injury sustained by the explosion *of a spring< gun, alleged to he unlawfully set in the defendant's close, called Chrishall Park Wood. The declaration averred a right of way over the grounds. in question. and that the defendant had unlawfully set spring guns thereon, loaded with .powder and shot, without sullijent notice ttereof, in consequenceof which the plaintiff trod upon one of the wires of the. skid gtins, which exploded and wounded the plaintiff in the leg, whereby he had sustained great bodily pain and in jury. There were seven counts in, the declaration, alleging the grievance in various ways, to all of which the defendant pleaded the general issue. Tiiis was a case which excited universal interest, .particularly amongst the preservers of . Fame. Mr. Anot,rtit:s stated the plaintiff s case to the Jury. After some preliminary observations upon the importance of the case, brought now under con sideration, he s tid , that it involved the question, whether, in a Christian community, a man might as sume to himself the ri,ent of dealing out death and destruction to any of the King's subjects, who, from accident or design, might be deemed trespassers of his land ? The Learned Counsel was projeeding to state what he conceived to be the law of the case, when Mr. Baron Clannow interposed, and said, he con ceived it unnecessary in this place to enter into any d..itail.l discussion upon the law of the case, because deemed it to be a matter not likely to rest here, whatever might be his direction to the Jury upon the subject. The better course 'therefore to be adopted, was to confine the attention of the Jury to the facts, and leave the law to more deliberate dis cussion elsewhere. He thought it necessary, how ever, to state, in the onset, that he should charge the Jury in point of law, that neither the _defendant, nor any other person, had a right to set spring guns, or any other deadly weapons, in his grounds, more espe• cially in grounds where a common right of way was claimed and exercised by the King's subjects. The question involved in this case had occupied a good deal of the attention of the Judges i n Westminster Hall, and had been fully discussed in a late case in khe Court of Common Pleas, in which Sir V. Gibb;, Chief Justice, and the present Chief Justice, Sir Ro bert Dallas, were of opinion in favour of the right to set dog spears in private grounds. The other Learned Judge's cf the Court, Mr. Justice Park and Mr. Jus tice Burroughs, were of a contrary opinion, and con sequently no judgment was given in that ca s e. His Lord;hip, however, confessed his entire concurrence in the law laid down by the latter Judges, and in conformity with that opinion he should rule in the present case against the defendant in point of law. It was undouteedly A question of vital importance, and supposing the Jury should find their verdict against the deter.dant, the question might be discussed in any shape the parties should chuse, in order that it might be brought to the most solemn and most.de liberateadjudication. • Mr. ApoLem:fa, abstaining from any detailed ob servations upon the law of the case, proceeded to state the facts, which were proved in evidence as fol lows :—On the 12th of September, 1819, in the after noon, about three o'clock, the plaintiff and two other young men, inhabitants of Elmdon parish, agreed to go together to get nuts in Chrishall Wood, the pro perty of the defendant. The plaintiff and one of his companions entered the wood by a cart-way leading into it, by a shifting bar. They left the cart-way about nine or ten rods, and whilst the plaintiff was reaching at a bunch of nuts he trod upon the wire of a spring gun, which immediately went off, and a great part of its contents, consisting of .No. 4 shot, lodged in his leg. He fell against a tree, bled pro fusely, and in a mangled state he was conveyed to his father's house, where he was confined to hii'bed for about a month, and was not able to do any work until the December following. It appeared that there had formerly been a path through Chrishall Wood, but which had since been stopt up by the defendant's orders; that eight or nine bell-muzzle spring-guns were set in the wood loaded, night and day, cf which notice was stuck up in three places, not conspicuous, on the outside of the park, in the following words : " Men traps and Spring-guns are positively set in this wood—John Wilkes." The wood was of considera ble extent,•being about sixty acres. On the cross-examination of the plaintiff's wit nesses, it appeared that the plaintiff was aware that spring-guns were set in the defendant's grounds, and had been cautioned by his mother and others to be careful how he went into the wood in question. Mr. Lynn, the surgeon, of Parliament -street, who happened to be subpoenaed in another cause, gave it as his opinion that the plaintiff might for the remain der of his days be affected, more or less, ley the inju ries he had received from the accident. There were now a great many shots in his leg. The plaintiff's case being closed, Mr. Ma RICZA rr addressed the Jury on behalf of the defendant, and professing his unwillingness to enter into the general question of law, for the reason already alluded to, contended, that there were three questions raised for their consideration upon the evi dence adduced by the plaintiff; first, whether there was, in point of fact, a footpath in the wood in question; second, whether the plaintiff at the time of the accident was in the fair eiercise of any right of foot-path ; and third, whether he had not had, sufficient notice of spring-guns hating been set in 1 : the grounds to warn him of his danger? If the Jury should find all these questions in the affirmative, he submitted that the plaintiff was entitled to ex-, tremely moderate damages. Mr. Baron GA RROW charged the Jury in point of law in the way announced in the beginning of the case, and upon the subject of damages ; he was of opinion that•they ought rot to deal them out with a niggardly hand. The Jury, after considering the case a few mi nutes, found for the plaintiff—Damages, £5O: and, it was agreed that the defendant should have liberty to move to enter a nonsuit ; and if the Court above should be of opinion that the case ought to be turn ed into a special verdict, the plaintiff was to hate, liberty so to do. James Tuck, the person who was tried and ac-. • • quitted two years ago at the Old Bailey, for the murder of a man at Enfield, by throwiug him into a welteat the back of the publie•bouse occupied by the prisoner, was indicted foe stealing a chest of Alleges from , a waggon, in the parish of Epping, 9n the 2€.ld of April last. There were some circumstances of doubt in the ' case, and the Jury found the prisoner Not Maria Peacock, a girl about twenty years of age, was capitally convicted of, a burglary iu the dwel ling-house of Joh n Waterman. in the pariah of Hat-1 field Broadoak, on the lath of May, in the day-time, noon being therein. This being the second time the prisoner was con victed of the like offence, the Learned Judge, in passing sentence of death, held out but small hopes of mercy. Mr. justice PARK fined a javelin-man in the sum of £5. for presuming to take sixpence for the admis sion of a spectator into the Court ; and, after being . in custody for the whole day, ;he Learned Judge kindly consented to remit the fine, upon the offen der's expressing his contrition, and be was discharged after a suitable admonition. WILTSHIRE. .Robert Watkins alias Robert Tamer Walkin, ane Eivaard Watkins, were indicted for the wilful murder of Stephen Rodway, late of Cricklade, in this county; the first forhaving actually committed the murder and robbery, and the latter for being an accessary after the fact. CAS/MD opened the case on the part of the prosecution. This mysterious transaction took place on the 7th of May last. Phoebe Grecmes lives at Penton Stoke, in the road between Parton and C r icklade ; was on the road on Friday the 7th of May, at a quarter after ten at night ; saw a man in the road dead; my horse (I was riding) took fliet ; it was at a bend in the road ; I was going from Cricklade to l'urton ; I had passed the Bell Inn, at Stoke street, nearly half a mile, or. not so far ; the body was lying on the back ; I rode back for Stoke and met Mr. Bathe; he came back with me, .and saw the dead Than. William Bathe, solicitor of Murton, saw the last witness, who came to him at half-past ten, on the '7th of May: went with her to the place where the body . was lying ; I went to the spot with a person of the name of 'Packer ; saw the body of Mr. Stephen Itodway lying across the road upon his back, with the legs and arms extended ; a person of the name of Lawrence examined his pockets, there was no thing but a few halfpence in the right hand wa i st coat pocket; the body was taken to the Bell, at Stoke ; Mr. Wells, a surgeon, came and saw the body ; the body was warm. William Wei's, surgeon, of Cricklade, was called upon on the 7th of May, about half-past eleven ; saw the body on the spot, but did not examine it till it was brought to the Bell ; there was a gun-shot wound in the middle of the chest; saw no other wound that evening. On the Sunday following, about one o'clock, I opened the body : there were throe wounds, one large and two small ones, one on each side, about an inch from the large one. Before I opened the body, a female attendant-gave me a bullet and two heads of nails; a brooch had been driven in with part of the breast bone; and . had ruptured the prin cipal ascending artery ; further in I found three heads of horse nails, one in the spine, another at the end of the ribs, and the third in the lungs ; the spine had evidently been perforated in one place by a bul let; the ruptures of the artery caused the immediate death ; the other wounds would have caused death, but not immediately; Rodway must have been in a bending position when wounded, as the ball passed obliquely through his body. Cross-examined.—Did not examine the body till it •was brought to the . Bell ; Rodway. was subject to asthmatic affections, and I supposed he might hat e ruptured a vessel ; there was no mark of the deceased having struggled for a moment ; the hands were per fectly clean, which. could pot have been the case if he had struggled. I did not think he had been shot, till the body was brought m o tile 801 l ; the artery was ruptured in three places ; either would have caused death ; very little blood effused externally, but. the chest was full ; there was a little appearance of con vulsion round the mouth ; the bullet and other things may have been discharged from a pistol. • . Hubgood, ,of i'Vharf, married a daughter of Stephen Itodway, who was a consider able salt and coal-merchant ; I managed the whole business for him ; Itodway went from Cricklade to Woouon Bassett, about one o'clock, on a black horse ; lie had a light great coat tied up before him ; Wootton Bassett is eight miles from Cricklade, the road branches off in one part, . at the turnpike, to Purton. A few days before Rodway's death, I paid him a £5 Bank of England note, and two 1.3 Bank of England, and several other notes ; this was on the Sd of May. I had endorsed the £5 note with the name of John Williams, from whom I had received it; Williams wrote the name of the person from whom he took it ; I paid him also two Abingdon notes, one Gloucester, one Marlborough, one Ciren cester ; I marked all the notes ; I marked the Marl borough note with the name of Pety, and on the Cirencester, the name of John Daniels; I should know the notes again. Henry Cox, mason, of Wootton Bassett, knows Robert Watkins; was at the White Hart, Cricklade, l on the 7th of May, and saw the prisoner there about eight o'clock in the evening ; has kaown the prisoner long, he is a labourer ; his wife is lately dead, leay.. ing three children ; the prisoner said he was poorly ; they drank together. One of the Jurymen was here taken ill, and not, being likely to attend throngh the trial, another Jury man was put in his place. The prisoners weie newly arraigned, and My. Justice Bests then read from his notes the evidence already given. Henry Cox continued—The prisoner said he was poorly in his feet he said he should not go home to, sleep, but should sleep not there but a little further up in the town, in the direction towards Purton ; he went away, and left me at half-past eight.; . I saw no more of him that night ; -he had a great coat with him, rolled up in a tidy bundle across his knees, as . he 'sat down in the chair ; I could not judge wheth'er there was any thing in the hundle ; I know a person of the name of Blanshett., WilliaM Bathe againthi place where the lsodt was found it two miles and three4inatteilfrout the White flirt. \Villiam Ilitky ; 4 the enipl6.viryin.it - • • • • • •• • • • t • . . . .... , . . ~ , • Mr. reul t on, who lives on the road to Paut.on, b'. . tween Cricklade and il:e M( 07 . 0 &OA; I was ail4uiß my master's sheep about `gall fast ni4, at the top of Parton-hill ;a My called '1 Lomas EagliN; vas with me: I met somebody between the -small gate that ; goes through the fields and the large g a te ; • the . small gate is nearest to the Bell Lin; not so far:is half a mile ; he was about twentffne• yards florii the imall gate, and about a quarter ofa mile fiom %t here the body n as faund4 he was eh the satre st. C of tbi road with me, the right hand side gong to Crie6 lade ; he had a great coat on: I did not see his taco, Ithe hat which he had on was down over the eyes, and the collar of the coat was up round • the face; he erdssed to th e other side of the road just bo rne he came up to n 4.; 1 did rot scic him go out of the :tad at all; I s:id to him " Good night . ' t‘V ce, and v(ceivvcl no reply; Mr. Vickery she Wed me a great coat af-! terwards Which appfated in shape, make, •and co lour, a good deal like what I saw before; the per. •son I saw r.ppeared to hayesomething conceared under the great coat, at the tight shOuleer, but I could not ' tell wlutt. Cross-wiamined—Th.:rton-hill is allout a half mile fmm the Ben at . , Stoke, which mat be , two tniles and a half Ilona Purton; Imever was on the road but once before. • Thomas Eagles—/ am servant to Mr. Poulton, who lives between Cricklade and State. On the 7th of Mar, I was driving same sheep from Cannons Court Farm towards Wootton•Bassett, between nine and 'en o'clock ; I was going on first with the sheep and Hicks was behind ; I saw some man upon the road, against Stoke; he 'turned up to Stoke street ; he was about seven or eight yards from me; he had a great coat oa ; he appeared to have something against the right shoulder under the great coat; ase collar was buttoned up, and the hat pulled down ; I could not see the lace; he came back again Iran Stoke-street into the read, and kept straight along the road towards Purton. Cross-examined—l am sure it was the same Man that I saw both times. • Ann Seymour—My father lives in the road from • Cricklade to Pluton ; I know the spot where the body was found : it is three or. four humfred yards • from my father's home; there is a lane nearly oppc site to the house, called Bentham-lane: I was stand ing at the door between 'nine and ten o'clock in the evening of the 7th May ; I heard nothing more than a horse coming up, and the report of some fire-arm s the horse came up about ten minutes after I heard the report; some mar dressed in light clothes was cn the horse ; it appeared to be a light jacket or coat ; he went- down Bentham•!ane, - it was a dark horse. William Simkins—l live near Beatham•lane; foetid a black horse there, 100 , e,' on the Bth Mayo Coss-examined—l knotvfthe prisoner by siFirt ; never knew any person of the name of BlarwAtett i'n my life; I hive seen a man of the name of Blanketr. Sophia Cousans—l live at Ilunston, near Chiches ter ; I know the prisoner Robert; I live with my mother; the prisoner Robert was at our house ; I received three letters from the prisoner, Robert; I received two on . the 12,h of May ; Hunston is two miles from Chi Chester; I wrote an answer and evi closed a £3 note ; that is the note. It•was enclosed in one of the letters froth the prisoner. Cress;eiarnine&-I received a former letter, .but 1 • could not •find it ; I told the •Magistrates so; I have' never seen theoptisdriersince ; I* have seen the aer Write; I have seen him write. • John Hughes-i know the prisoner Robert ; I have frequently seen him Write ; I believe that is his writ ing; I'am a SherifFs (Aker, arid employed the pri soner as an asiistant.• ".: 7 • Cross-exatitinedl have• known Blaakett many years ; I hive known the prisoner Robert, from a child. An extratt of a lettet front Robert Watkins to Miss . Cousans was read, - enclosing a £5 Bank of England note, NO. 11:;9, dated the sth August, 1818, shred " F. Bdtith." A second letter from the same was wholly read as follows : u wo3tion Bassett, May 10, 16:9. __.• _ . . " War Ft lend--I hope" the that the not i send you to kipes tie dl I wan.s, now vase the note is backed wane names there is a Des; ute aboute the Nut; t e Man that I tt abet on p in Olte ab.u.e the Note, and I hope that yeeu wiU return the Note, aid the Mid has found twenty molt notes aboute him. I that be glid for yeue to sende the Note bear,- and I w.ll send anotlrer, or kipet til I comes, fore the man is in Olte ; but if you will re•urne the Note I will be glade, for it will seave roe deide of Troble, for r must come after note, for the man is keg,e in Oire til can receave an.sneer from . you, and if you have paid the note aways you must Jeate the n ote again, and please to re turne and I wil; t. ;id another. So no more at present fi om " Your faithfvel " ItotT. Wawsts." Sophia Cow.ans again.—l do not recollect writing a letter to the prisoner is May ; perhaps I wrote to him the latter end of April. This was the Bank-note I sent back ; I sent it hack in this letter, addressed to ,‘ Robt. Watkins, Post Office, Wootton Bassett, to we left till called for—Speed." • . The five'pound note was past in.and read. Haligood again.—This is the note I gave to Rodw•ay ; I am certain it is—here. is my writing and Williams's writing ; I lent Williams the pen after I wrpte Williams's name, and he wrote " J. Lane, May I," upon it. • ! • Robert Harding.—l am Mayor of Wootton Bas sett; in consequence of some infcrmation I received, I went to 'the Post Office, and saw the prisoner's wiie there ; on the 14th of May, a letter came for the pri soner; that is the letter ; I opened it,: and found that note•in.it. • . . • Edward Belcher,—.l am adzaper atWootton Bas sett; I know the prisoner ; he came on Monday, the 10th of May, and paid zne i t4) one pound notes ; I produced the notes. F epdorsa3 them- 44 Robert Watkins." ~• • : • , crowesamined,—Watkins -continued. to live at Wootton Bassett ttp• to-the ithti. The offence was publicly known•before I.rectived:sthe notes: The two country notes were gut in. and read. - H:thgood.—These -notes I gstve ottthe 3d of Mar to the decea,o4.• about Alglit, o'clock in the ever ITT. • - • -- _ • ___ Robert live atMoptton Bassett; I know 'the , l risoner,- ar.dwhere.-he. lives.. . 1 passel by has house a•few ti:sys;before.liodwal'ssleath. I saw a pistol in the house,. which : lay lukthe table, It was a large pistol. James Smith,/ am a bracksmislratWootton Bas sett ; 1 laiow the piisoners•ht lval4A my. shop on the sth cri.Mayito liare a tx-rew.turne4 le an iron pistol .rod; I did it fei-him;Lnever.saw the pistol, only the m&-it was itiong rod... •- • . • EgJamul Nibbfe‘s . titett-tI kw" the.prisoner di . • 1 ; e, . .:. ~.•... II 1 ~~ ,' t . , 7 i 110 I .i. :i 1 A ' • -.--- i . , 1 • 1 I 1 • , ii • • II ' I II 11 /k ' I • 1 , . . . 11 1 I ; I; I • . I ' l ' , 1 • , I I , • I ` 1, 1 • ' .1 . • 1 I I . . 4 I • (/ ' II i , 1 , ~, i I I I t it • 1 01 1. I' ' I i : I ' I . 1 '•' ' l' . ;:'' 1 , •1: • • I 4 ,11 1 1 1,1 it / .if , 1 / .. i , • 1 I 4 0 i t I ; .• . w -1 .1 ,11 4 , ; I •••.! I : •I , - 11 I . ' • ! ! ' II i .. I i . 1 I 1 ti 1 • . _ .• . . . s • . • . . . . . . . . :-. . • ... :,.. • • -'' . 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