The Press. — London, England, 1856-09-27 00:00:00

SEIYr. 27, 1856. lorcign anb tolonial FRANCE. The Emperor and Empress, it is anticipated, will return to St. Cloud earlier than was expected. The Neapolitan question excites much interest. The dispatch of Admiral Trehouart with a squadron will not take place it is now believed until the reply of the King of Naples to the ultimatum is received. Baron Hubner, it is affirmed, is en route to, if be has not arrived at, Biarritz. The Marquis Antonini, the Neapolitan Minister at Paris, has received orders in case of rupture to retire to Brussels. An important article bas appeared in the Moniteur this week upon the question of house rent, with a view to show that the enormous increase in rents is not so much owing to the demolition of houses for improvements as to the increase in the population of Paris, and, while admitting that in the changes made lodgings for the poorer classes suffered great dimi nution, it asserts that. this deficiency will speedily be made up. The Bank of France has raised its rate of discount from five to six per cent. M. de Hatzfeldt, Prussian Minister, continues with the Emperor at Biarritz. AUSTRIA. General Martini, Austrian Ambassador to the Two Sidlies, left Vienna on the 22nd for Naples. The German press is not agreed as to the course Austria is taking in reference to the differences be tween Naples and the Western powers. A Berlin letter of the 19th, in the Nuremberg Cor respondent, says : Accounts from Vienna represent that the object of the visit of Baron Hubner to the King of Naples is to induce him to accept, not all the demands of the Western powers, but the more important of them, and to come to an under standing with him as to their details. In the event of the King consenting to this, Austria offers to act as &mediator, so as to cause the Western powers to accept the concessions he may offer. On the other hand, the Augsburg Gazette is in formed from Vienna that— The English and French Ministers have notified the approaching appearance of an Anglo-French fleet in the Neapolitan waters, in case the King should again reply in a negative strain. The Austrian Cabinet has replied, that not only was it not prepared to object to such a course, but that it would have the King to understand that he had to attribute to himself alone the consequences of his conduct. In a word, Austria will leave the King to his fate unless he yield. Prince Petrulla, the Neapolitan Envoy at Vienna, has tendered his resignation to the King his master. A number of the disbanded soldiers of the British Italian Legion have, on entering Lombardy, been arrested by order of the Austrian authorities and sent to the fortress of Mantua. They are to be tried by court-martial for having entered a foreign service without the permission of their Government. The Emperor continues his tour in Hungary. PRUSSIA. The King left Berlin on the 24th, on a tour through the Rhenish provinces. His Majesty will visit the Grand Duke of Baden, and pass through the principality of Hohenzollern. The marriage of the Princess Louisa and the Grand Duke of Baden was celebrated at Berlin last Saturday with much ceremony. Itussii. The coronation fetes of Moscow have continued during the week, and were to conclude on the 30L11 by a grand display of fireworks. The Empress• Mother is expected at Warsaw on the 28th, en route to Nice. ITALY. Intelligence from Vienna announces that Sar dinia will take part in the demonstration against Naples. The latest intelligence from Naples antici pates a rupture with the Western powers. Le Nord of the 25th refuses to believe in such an extremity, until it sees the respective embassies on board their respective squadrons in the Bay. The King of Naples, Le Nord maintains, has not denied the utility of certain reforms, but he re,;erves his judgment of the proper opportunity for intro -clueing them. The King, Le Nord adds, has perfect faith in the fidelity and patriotism of his people, and Is prepared for all emergencies. Several discharged soldiers of the British Italian Legion have been arrested and imprisoned in Tuscany and Parma. The English Ministers at these Courts have protested against the act, and de manded the release of the men. LSPAIN. The Madrid Gazette publishes a royal decree sus pending, till further resolution, the sale of the ecclesiastical estates. Another decree appoints M. Rivaniera Director of the Sale of National Property, and M. Sierra Director 0 the Ir,asury. Serious dissensions in the Cabinet upon the ques tion of the repeal of the law for the sale of Church property have led to the resignation of M. Cantero, Minister of Finance. Marshal O'Donnell supported "THE PRESS. M. Canter° in his desire to carry out the bill, and it is reported also tendered his resignation. The Queen refused either to support M. Cantero's project or accept Marshal O'Donnell's resignation. The return of Marshal Narvaez is thought probable. TURKEY. Despatches from Constantinople, dated the 15th September, state that the squadron of Admiral Lyons has received orders by telegraph to remain, in con sequence of the dispute with Russia relative to Bolgrad and the Isle of Serpents. The French ships are also to arrive speedily. The Austrian troops, for the same reasons, will remain in the principalities. AMERICA. Intelligence from New York to the 9th brings disastrous news from Kansas. The free•soilers and pro-slavery men were sitting down into a regular system of guerilla warfare, ravaging one another's districts and carrying fire, rapine, and bloodshed throughout the country. The regular troops were inadequate to suppress the war, and the militia were being enrolled in haste. The Presidential election was exciting much spent". Lion. Fremont had been chosen in Maine "by a majority of ten or twelve thousand." The S3uthern States anticipated his election as certain, unlesit Buchanan and Filmore coalesced. THE TREATY WITH HONDURAS. THE copy of a communication from Don Leon Alva rado to the Governor of the Republic of Honduras, advising him of the conclusion of the negotiations with England and specifying the terms of the treaty, has appeared this week. The letter is dated "Lega tion of Honduras, London, September 15th, 1850." Although claiming the Bay Islands, Honduras was willing to leave them free to the enterprise of the world, on condition that her sovertignty were recog nised and the Mosquito territory were returned to her. The United States accepted these conditions, and England saw in them a mean.; of getting out of a disagreeable question. The ambassador then an nounces that the treaties are conchided as follows : 1. The restitution of the sovereign rights of Honduras over the islands of Ruatan, 13onacca, &c., and declaring them " free territory," governed by its proper municipality. 2. Acknowledges the territorial limits of Honduras marked in the map by the Hon. G. Squier—say from the River Warns 6 Segovia to the River Negro. A tribunal of reference, composed of one citizen of Hon duras and one British, and if necessary an impartial third of any nation, will fix the boundary, indemnify the Dios. quito Indians for the losses which they suffer, and adjust all claims whatsoever. 3. Memorandum of the basis of negotiations:— Senor klinister,—True wisdom teaches that a nation should march with the circumstances of the day. Honduras enters a new political life ; her steps should, therefore, be to declare,- 1. That she knows no enemies or parties, and forgives all past offences. 2. Cultivates friendly relations with all who will accept them. 3. To avoid all compromises, Mfensive or defensive leagues, so common in America, and so disiuitrous. 4. To form no league, diet, or confederatioh. 5. Invites all her neighbours to regulate territorial limits, and to examine the claims made by Copan on the part of Florida, and that in six or eight mouths the titles should be exhibited. 6. Prohibits or abolishes from the public press all politics, give regulations for education, &c. In announcing this treaty, Don Leon Alvarado ex presses his thanks to Mr. Marcy, to Lord Clarendon, to Mr. Dallas, to Mr. William Brown, M.P., to Mr. Squier, &c., for their several shares in effecting this treaty. A TREATY OF COMMERCE WItH THE KING OF SIAN has also been concluded. The treaty was signed at Bangkok on the 18th of April, 1855, and the ratifica tions exchanged on the sth of April last. By this treaty certain articles in the old treaty of 1826, Nos. 1,2, 3,8, 11, 12, 13, 14, and certain clauses of arti cles 6 and 10, relating to the treatment of fraudu lent traders on either side, and to the overland trade, are not abrogated, and other articles and agreements between the two Governments are set forth at length and in detail, regulating the power of the consul and the rights and privileges of British subjects, toge ther with the laws and rules by which commerce shall be carried on between the two nations, the duties and customs, dm. The regulations are very minute, and appear to have been carefully drawn up. The commercial agreement annexed to the old treaty is abrogated by the new treaty, with the ex ception of the undermentioned clauses of Articles 1. and IV. Of Article 1., the Siamese desire to retain the following clause British merchants importing firearms, shot, or gun powder, Are prohihited from selling them to any party but the GAernment ; should the Government not require such firearms, shot, or gunpowder, the merchants must re-export the whole of them. Article IV. stipulates that no charge or duty shall be levied on boats carrying cargo to British ships at the bar. The Siamese desire to repeal this clause, and Mr. Parkes undertakes to submit this point to the consideration of her Majesty's Minister Plenipoten tiary to the Court of Siam. 917 EDUCATIONAL MEETING AT OLDHAM. Tan Oldham Lyceum was opened on Monday with great ceremony. Among the guests present were Lord Stanley, M.P., Sir J. K. Shuttleworth, W. Brown, Esq., M.P., W. J. Fox, Esq., M.P., &c., and the authorities and leading inhabitants of the borough. A procession was formed at the Town hall, and, followed by an immense assemblage of people, proceeded through the streets to the door of the new building, when Mr. Platt, President of the Institution, addressed Lord Stanley and the gentle men present in a brief speech, explaining the object of the institution, and entering into the details of its origin and of the manner in which the work had been successfully brought to completion. At the close of Mr. Platt's address the doors of the building were opened, and the procession passed through and in spected the various rooms. The bui.ding, com pleted in little more than a year, and situated in Union street, is a handsome erection of stone, in the Italian style, in two storeys, with underground rooms far schools, and attics for class-rooms, above which is an observatory commanding an extensive range of country. The two principal storeys contain an ex ceedingly fine news-room and lecture•hall, besides club, board, and other rooms. The cost of the building has been upwards of 5,0001. In the evening a meeting was held, at which Lord STANLEY, M.P., presided. The noble lord, in taking the chair, said I had last year the pleasure to see the first stone laid of this building, the inauguration of which we celebrate to-day • it is therefore doubly gratifying to me to witness the cor dialityl with which Oldham has seconded the design of its founders, and the rare rapidity with which a work of such magnitude has been completed. We cannot as yet pretend to estimate the numbers of those who may hereafter attend your lectures, avail themselves of your library, or partake of the instruction of your evening classes. if I am to judge by the accounts which have reached me to-day, I believe the fact to be that, whereas in the old building where the institution was accustomed to meet the number of subscribers was about four hun dred, not less than three hundred names have been added since the occupation of the premises which you have en tered to-day. I give you the figures as 1 have heard them; your experience will test whether they are correct. But there is one remark which may be made even without the help of experience—that we greatly underrate the efficacy, in point of amount, of adult instruction given in these institutions, if we take merely the number of those who frequent an atheneum or a mechanics' institu tion, and compare it with, or judge it by, the numbers of those who attend a school. The difference is this—child ren go to school because their parents send them, and many, as we know, with no particular desire to learn ; youths and men attend places of teaching of their own free choice, with the determination to profit, as well as with intellects more ripened and matured. Thus while in schools you must teach many in order that, compara tively speaking, a few may benefit, in an atheneum you may be sure that none, or next to none, of the teaching given will be thrown away; that the words of the instruct( r will rill upon open ears and will be received into willing minds. It is common to contend (and the objection weighs with many who are otherwise our friends) that the mechanic, the operative, the tradesman, the man immersed in bus.- ness, has no time to learn anything really, that he must be a smatterer only, and will merely acquire a taste which he can never indulge. I want to say a word on that point, because the objection, if well founded, would be almost fatal. I believe it is t t well founded, and I will tell you the reason. It a true that most, perhaps all of those whom yot r Lyceum will instruct, are not men of leisure ; but .t is not true that a large amount of leisure is requisite in order to obtain a considerable proportion of learning. The brain, like the body, ca.i only bear a certain amount of active exertion—nay, of all bodily organs it is the most delicate, the most easily put out of repair, the most difficult to set right when once disorganised. Now, it is liable to suffer in two ways—from too little work in those whose labour is mechanical only, or who do no work at all ; from too much work in those whose labour employs chiefly or exclusively the intellectual faculties. It is idle, therefore, to suppose that the majority of men, though free from any pressure of business, though independent of • profession or trade, can, whatever the amount of their leisure or how. ever much they may desire it, occupy anything like the whole or even the greater part of their time in study. If no external circumstances interpose to limit their exertions, Nature will and does. The mind only retains its freshness for a limited time; if that time be exceeded exhaustion ensues, little is learnt, and the seeds of future mischief are sown in the constitution. What 1 contend tor, then. s this—that no man willing to study need despond bee 1•10 he can only command a portion, it may be, of his while others are masters of the whole day. It is bad ant metic in such matters to compute that four times as mu, 11 can be learnt in four hours as in one. Just as reasunahl might one argue that, because one good dinner daily giv. s health and strength, therefore four such dinners every d: y would make a man four times as strong and four times • healthy. Just as reasonably might one affirm, what I she have looked into the elements of finance know o be untrue, that if you double the rate of a tax you will double the amount it produces. The fact is, nature intends that we should develop all our faculties, that we should work our whole organisation iu turn, and not a part of it only. The man who exerts