Star. — London, England, 1809-08-01 00:00:00

proieeding to Cawsand iay, the Naiade joitted Me of Falmouth, when Capt. Dundas informed me, that the enemy's fleet from Brest; consisting of 8 sail of the line and 2 frigates, had entered Basque Roads on the 24 t h of February, where they had been reinforced by t h e 4 sail of the line and 2 frigates, previously lying i n the Aix Roads. This communication being made to the Admiralty, I received orders from their L o rd s hips, on the Sd March, to put to sea with t h e Caledonia, Tennant, Mdstrious, Resolution, and p,ellona; together with any frigates and smaller ves sels under my command, that might be ready for sea at Plymouth, to form a junction with Rear-Admiral S to pford, commanding . his Majesty's squadron off Rochefort. .Oa my arrival off Rochefort on the 7th o f m ar ch, I found .that Rear Admiral Stopford pith the Caul, Defiance, Donegal, and four frigates, h a d, in the Cowie of the 24th of FebKuary, been triumph, by CaPtain Beresford, with the Theseus, t r i um ph, Valiant, Revenge, and one frigate, and s h ort ly after by the kiss.° ; and that the French fleet had moved from Basque into Aix Roads, and t a ken anchorage thele sitith 11 sail of the line and four frigates. In consequence of the intricacy of the n avigation, one of their ships was totally wrecked.— J u dging that the occupation of Basque Roads by the ticet under my command would be' most effectual, either for blockading the enemy, or for carrying on o ff ens ive operations, should they preve i micable ; I immediately ordered some of the s of the beet to emceed in, and to take every advantage of weather, iii sounding and surveying the anchorage, in or d er to ascertain the part most advisable to be occu- T i l ed by a fleet sof the magnitude of that under my orders. [fbe rest of the Defence we are obliged to postpose till to. morrow, owing to want of roorst. When the Defence was 6- niched witnesses were called to substantiate the points which it embraced—The following is their evidence Mr. Err✓Am FAIIIIAX was called and sworn. Q. Were you employed sounding or surveying, in Bisque Roads and towards Aix Roads, previous to the 12th of April Yes, and reconnoitring the position of the enemy. s tate the general service on which you were em ployed.—l was mostly employed on the Long Sand, and found that it extended full three quarters of a mile to the eastward and northward from where laid down. I will state to the Coast SU it, bearings (des.. Mbed to the Court), and Inuch,shallower water than that laid down in the Charts and Neptune Francois. Q. Was the space for anchorage fot large ships sinch confined in Aix Roads?—A. The space is much confined ; I have not sounded myself ; I will state to die Court bon; I ascertained the space is much con fined, and likewise the position : the whole spate they uccupy in length• of line is three quarters of a mile ; this report was given by Sir H. Neale to Lord Gam bier ; the enemy's fleet, the last time reconnoitred, were abtiut south and by west, by compass, from the citadel in.Aii Island; Q.* Is. the naitigatinti •of Aix roads difficult for la as fa as you 610 ,717—. A. Very moth so. g! IT What is the rise and : Wel the tide ?--A., s h ou ld suppose Om eighteen to ribinty feet, the log aft& Caledonia will prove this fact. Q. Do You knoW di LordCoChrane's making any ieport to me of the position of the enemy's fleet,. pre virnis to the 11th of April, 'in confequence of his hav ing feconnoitred .them Most: certainly I do, they were placed nearly north-east, and west north west, by compass,. to the best of my recollection, the day before the attack. Q.. Did you know, previotts to the 12th of April, Quarry anchorage ab out the Buoyart Shoal, near the Palais Shoal, for 1.14 e of battle ships, without the range of the, enemy's. abet k—A. I did not, nor have I acquired knOwledge of it since. Q. What distance .was the British fleet from that of the enemy, wben at its first ancht'rage at Basque Roads The Caledonia, from the citadel of Isle d'Aix, was distance 11,900 yards. near biz nautical miles, by admeasurement of angles, which I took for the purpose. O. Where were yoti eti the 'Mottling of the 11th of April On board the Lyra Q Where was the Lyra at that time ?--A. They were w , .rking out from Isle d'Aia towards the fleet. Q. Were the enemy's ships that were aground lying so close together, that the yards et two of them were locked together ?—A. I think not. Q. Had any ships gone in on the morning of the 12th of April, to attack the enemy's ships, at what time !ras it possible for them to 'return ?—:-A4 They could not hare shifted their situation before the water •. , :auld have shoaled so much, they would have grounded. Q. Had you an opportunity of observing the strength of the current of the tide in the harbour of the Isle d' fir Q. Was it such, as far as you did observe it, as . would admit of a fast-sailing ship -working over it, and beating out against the good , as the wind was on the loth of April ?—A. By repot, should-imagine :hat no s hip or cutte t coul d, by what l b h a r ne e4iessd ::pm Pilats, and the narrowness of the , • • Q. If then a part of the fleet had into the mad 1 )1 Aix when the finperieuse made th e first.,signal 'in r.e mcrning, must it have remained 'within three. 'porters of a mile of those batteries till the ebb.,Made is the afternoon ?—A. They might have shifted by e flood, but then they would have got in it,i!orse Q . Were you in the Road of Aix after the lirutsh were placed for the purpose of attacking the ?—A. I was not. Q. You have said that three of the enemy's ships :ra in a line, were you afterwards in any situation' ;at enabled you to tell they were not new each other ? No ; it was prior that I distinguished them se parate. Q. Can you at all determine bow far they were ?—A. I should think not a ship's tenth from c.ch ot;:er, those three. Q. Were you on board the Caledonia when the r ' Lt was at sir.ale anchor I was on board the Q. Were you on board the Caledonia when they at , gircti?—A. I was. _ _ At what hour (141 the fleet-ivies to app oech ' - e of Aix ?—A. About nine or ten o'clock ; and '.me plain to anchor about half an hour afterwards. Q. Alt::: anchoring again, what was the distance' ^! the Caledonia from the fort on the Isle P'Aht A. Cross bearings gave it abopt three miles and a • ~1, horn tzer.ce to three miles. Mr. STOKES called. Q. Where *ere you in the forenoon of the 126, of April last ?—A. I was on board the Caledonia. State how the wind was on that day, and the time of high water.—From day-light in the morning, till twelve o'clock, N.N. West, from ten to twelve N.N.W. and N.N.E. from twelve to three in the afternoon, from N.N.E. to N.N.W. the wind varying. Q. Could any of the enemy's ships, on the 12th of April, before they ran up the Charante, have an. noyed, and reached any of the shins that might have been sent in to attack them ?—A. The Foudroyant and Cassard both lay afloat ; the Cassard about a third of a mile distant from the Isle of Aix, and close on the edge of the bank that extends from the Isle d'Aix, to the N. W. Point of the Palais Shoal, the Foudroyant also lay close to that bank, and, I sup pose, about three cabl e s distant from the Cassard ; the three-deckers lay with their broadsides flanking, the passage, and would have fired with complete effect on any ships that might approach, Q. After the enemy's ships had run u? the Cha rente, could they have been approached by any of the British ships ?—A. No. Q. Is the navigation of Aix Roads difficult for large ships, and much limited in space ?--A. Very difficult for.large ships, deep water very much limited. Q. Then the space for anchorage must be very much confined, and water around it shoal ?—A. Yes. Q. Were you employed sounding • and surveying within the Isle of Aix ?—A. I was, from the 17th to the 24th of April. Q. Did the general knowledge you obtained while so employed by my orders", agree with the chart, or Neptune Francois,' of that part ?—A. In some parts it agreed, in other parts I have found a wide differ ence ; the Neptune FrancoiS gave more water than I found in many places. Q. Did you sound between the Buoyart shoal and j the Palais shoal ?—A. I passed between them three or four times ; I took soundings at those times. Q. Is the account that you gave of 16 and 12 feet water, at low water, between these two shoals, de rived from the information of your own soundings ? i --A. Not entirely from my own soundings, but from the soundings taken by the master of the Dotterell, whom I sent for that purpose, who reported, in wrifing t. to ms those soundin g s. what is Had you any opportunity of ascertai n i ng is the rise of the tide in Aix Roads, or the vicinity of Aix Roads, at spring tides ?—A. The lead wakbove, and the depth of water carefully ascertained, every half-hour, on board the Caledonia, until her depar ture from Basque Roads, whereby we ascertained, beyond all manner of doubt, that the actual rise of water in Basque Roads was nineteen feet in spring- ' tides, and eight feet in dead neaps. Q. If the rise of the tide is 19 feet in Basque Roads, must the rise be greater or less in Aix Roads? —.A. The rise of the tide found in Aix Roads is 21 feet at high spring tides, which is more than we ever j found it rise in Basque Roads. Q. Could the three French ships which were aground on the sand, and afterwards warped off, and run up the Charante, ever have been attacked by line of battle ships ?—A. No ; they never could have come near enough for the shot to reach. Q. Could any more of the enemy's ships have been destroyed, had any of the King's ships been sent to attack them at day-light on the 12th of April ?—A. If we had atticked the enemy's ships on the morning of the 12th, in the position of the —, Foudroyant, and the three-decked ships, I think we should have sacrificed our own ships without making any impres sion on the enemy ; the only tinle that they could have been attacked, with any prospect of success, was at the time the attack was made. The tide had then ebbed, and the ships were fast on the ground, with their sterns to the westward, and they could not bring any guns to bear on the attacking ships ; and under that circumstance, in my opinion, we owed our whole success ; for had the French ships grounded .with their Broadsides, in flanking the passage, they would have been able to have defended themselves, and could not have been attacked. Q.. As you were employed some time in the Inner Road of Aix, you had an opportunity of ascertaining the strength at the vitt-rent of the tide in the Road of Aix I had. Q. Was it so strong as to prevent fast sailing ships from working dyer it and beating out against the flood? A. The Rood tide and the springs run at least three' knots an hour, so that it is impossible that any ship can work against the tide. Q. a lien Chips going in at the end of the ebb must necessarily remain during the whole of the flood ? A. They must. Q. You have said, that if any ships of the line had gone into Aix Roads on the morning of the 12th of April, they could not possibly have got out again that day ?—A. They could not. Q. Is that an opinion you have formed since yott left Basque Roads, or was it your opinion on the 12th of April ?—A. It was my opinion on the morning of the 12th, and I have never had any reason whatever to alter it. - Q. Were . you consulted on the practicability of go.. ing in and out of the Road of Aix, bn the 12th of April ?—s.A. I was not particularly consulted; but Sir Harry Neale, on the morning of the 12th, seeing the enemy's ships on shore, asked me what I thought (or words to that effect) could be done in taking the line of battle ships in to attack the enemy ? I told him, perhaps we might destroy some of their ships, but that we should sacrifice our own, having no idea whatever of any of the ships being able to return. Are you quite clear that you gave that opinion to Sir H. Neale, on the morning of the 12th of April ? Yes. Q. I think you have said that you had no know ledge whatever of the anchorage within the Isle . of Aix, where ships of the line may ride in five fathoms water, till after the 12th of April ?- -A. I had no know ledge of that anchorage until after the 12th. Q. If you had known of that anchorage before the 12th of April, would the tide have admitted ships of the line to have gone to it on the morning of that day ? —A. The tide would not have admitted the ships of the line to have gone to that anchorage, until twelie 1 or one o'clock on that day. 1 Q. Were you on board the Caledonia on the after noon of the 11th April L.A. Yes, Q. Do you know the cause of the fleet being moor lecl that afternoon ?—A. I mentioned to Capt. Bedford about seven in the evening, the necessity of mooring the fleet, that th.q might not swing on board of each • ottrer during the weather 134 er - mentioned it to Lord Gambier, and the fleet was moored. To unmoor 'was solely the business of half an hoar. Q. Had three or four line of battle ships been • advanced towards the Isle of 'Air, and laid during the night at single anchor, could they, by. weigh ing when Lord Cochrane made the signal,- about five in the morning, at that tune of tide, have gone into the road of Aix, without the greatest dangeri to have attacked any part of the enemy Had four sail of the line gone into Aix Roads, when . Lord Co c h r a ne n u d e t h e signal; they would there have met a force equal to themselves; they would have made an attack under every clisad+antage ; the fire of Isle d'Aix, as well as the fire of the Fou droyant, the Cassard, and Ocean, would have been directed on them, they had no place to retreat to, and their only safety remained in the destruCtion of the enemies ships, and in silencing the batteries from the Isle d'Aix, which I am sure it would have been 'impossible for them to accomplish. Q. Did you know any thing of the Calcutta strik ing ?—A. Yes : she had not struck when I was on board the Imperieuse ; and l'Aigle, Unicorn, and Emerald had anchored and fired on her ; one of her shot struck a boat astern of the Imperieuse after they had anchored and fired ; the Indefatigable had not anchored when I left the Imperieuse: • Q. Were the ships and vessels sent in to attack the enemy as soon as it could have been done with pro , priety, considering the state of the wind and tide ;A. They were, in my opinion. Q. From the first attack made on the enemy's ships, to the final cessation of hostilities against them, was every thing done that could be done to effect their destruction ?—A. E ver y t hi ng was d one that I could be done to effect the "destruction of the sue t my's ships. Captain Bunn called in and sworn. Q. Do you recollect the situation of the enemy's fleet, on the morning of the 12th of April, at day light I—A. I do ; I think it was represented in the chart of Mr. Stokes, now before the Cpurt. Q. Do you recollect the telegraph signal being made from the Imperieuse, on the mottling of that day ?—A. I do. Q. What was that signal ?—A. I think, that half the fleet could destroy,the enemy's ships. Q. At what distance was the Imperieuse from .the enemy, and from the Caledonia, when they made that signal ?—A. The Caledonia was about six miles from Isle d'Aix, and the Imperieuse about half way-- about three miles. Q. Had I sent in line of battle ships that day to Aix Roads early in the morning, or soon after, were any of the enemy's ships in a situation to have enabled ! them to rake or annoy our ships as they advanced ? A. Two of them were lying with their broadsides to wards the entrance, and would have considerably an noyed any ships sent against them. Q. Were any of the enemy's ships that were ; aground capable of annoying our ships ?—A. Early in the morning they lay with their broadsides towards the entrance, and I think they were capable of an noying the ships. Q. What number of guns were there on the bat teries of Aix Island ?—A. When at anchor in Aix Roads, I counted fifty ; there might have been more; but I am certain there were not less. Q. Did the enemy throw shells from the Island.? ;A. They did. Q. Can you speak at all of the number of mortars they had I—A. No, I cannot. Q. If any of our line of battle ships, advancing under the circumstances just stated, had become crippled, could they have returned that day before night ; or what would have been the consequences ? • A. I do not think, under all the circumstances, that. if the line of battle ships had been sent in, they ever would have returned ; I think it would have been sending them to irretrievable destruction. Q. When I sent you into Aix Roads, what were the orders, in the afternoon of the 12th, I gave you ? were they discretionary or not ?—A. To use my ut most endeavours to destroy the enemy's ships ; I con sidered them discretionary, in the same measure, as the sole responsibility rested on the Captain ; the Pilot having refused to take the ship in. Q. Do you recollect what time I gave you the or ders ?—A. The first order I received from the Corn mander in Chief, was at eight o'clock in the morning, to anchor near the Buoyart Shoal, and within the range of shells of the Isle d'Aix. The second order I re , j ceived was at two o'clock in the afternoon, to pro ! coed in. Relate to the Court your proceeding in Aix Roads, until your return to Basque Roads.—About half-past two I weighed anchor; I went in, in coMpany with the Revenge, to the attack of the enemy's ships; our frigates were lying in clo s e line, about N. and by W. to S. and by E. rather a curved line ; I anchored to the southward of them, close to the Indefatigable, and a little after three we commenced our fire on the Calcutta, when shortly after I observed her crew abondoning her, leaving her colours flying. We then directed our fire to the Aquilon, Ville de Varsovie, and Tonnere, as we could get our broadside to bear on them. The Ville de Varsovie's crew partly left her, and I think she was taken possesSlon of by the Unicorn's boats The Aquilon was the only I ship that struck her colour::, and the Tonnere, at five o'clock, was left by her crew, who set her on fire. As the tide fell, the Revenge grounded; but by the exertions of Captain Kerr she was soon fill got off, and went between the Buoyart and Palais ; the frigates all followed her, except the Imperieuse, which ship grounded ; at six that evening, in mooring the Valiant, she grounded on a shoal, and remained until 11 o'clock that night ; the tide rose and she got off. At low water, there were 17 feet water alongside her. There were four fire-ships prepared by order of the Commander in Chief, and sent in afterwards ; two to have gone against the Foudroyant, under the orders of Captain Seymour, and two against the Ocean, a three-decked ship ; it was half-past eleven o'clock before they were completely ready, when the wind being baffling, and at times blowing directly out, I applied to AclmiralStopford for some gun-brigs to cover the retreat of our boats, the enemy's boats being moored in two lines across the stern of the Ocean, with boats in advance. As the wind conti nued to blow directly out until four o'clock in the morning. I judged the attempt to be impracticable, and therefore ordered die fire-ships to move to where . the Imperieuse was lying, and follow the directions of Lord Cochrane. At half-past three o'clock, the • ' • _ . . _.... prisoners hieing — arrived from -cite Aquaso)i . ' ' and Vilie ' le Varsovie, and the water at that time up to heir orlop decks, I ordered them to be set on fire, and at day light I weighed, in obedience to a signal tram Admi.: rat Stopford, and proceeded to Bisque Roads. Q. Was not the Valiant, and were not some Of the other ships that were aground, in a very perikus situa tion ?—A. The Valiant visa try a • irerY - perilous sitna ,"•tinslii mud nothing- but the wind shiftingi and bloiiing directly out, saved her front being wrecked. -State the enemy's shipi that were destroyed, at well ' as thcise rendered urifit for service. -There were four of the French 'ships destroyed. I think the Others must hive been consideiably damaged, excepting two s from.* beirig on shore: Q: What is your oPiriiiiii of die, poOtinii •aken by Captain Kerr', of the Revenge ?—A. It is impossible that a Ship Could be better placed than the Revenge, and indeed the general. cOnduct Of the Revenge on that dad ftflectsthe highest credit On the zeal and bravery of her captain: - . . Q. Did the Revenge go Within the Istiperie - tise and Other frigates, arid relieie them from the fire of the batteries, it well ai from the eneniy'S ships i —A. She anchored the nottherrunott and easternmost ship, stbOtit three cables' length within the iniperietise, a.id Appeared to Inc to draw the fire of the batteries of the Isle d'Aix from the frigates td her ; the fire from !the enemy's ships throughout, from their helpless situ atiOn, Wag very slack, and I never thought it was an object to be protected from it. Q. You have stated that tlit ketrenke_siat Very ju diCiotisly placed, and yOti ha* &sallied the conduct of that ship at having been highly meritorious on the occasion; were not the other ships and vessels engaged with the enemy; .placed as adVantageogsly as they could have beet' i according as peculiar circumstances existed; and did it not appear to yob, that the Cap tains and Cominatiders.of them conducted themselves with equal Zeal ..for .the public service ?—A. The utmost zeal was manifested by every ship engaged ; I think it itkpossibie they' could be better placed for the destruction Of the enemy's ships than they were. The Court here ad journed till this mOrning at nine o'clock. • IVAIPAL ThT L IGENCE. CORK ; JULY 27. • • Arrived aliont 4.0 tail of transports from Lisbon. PLYMOUTH DOCK, JULY so. Arrived, the CECILIA tender, from Cork, with im pressed men.--Sailed, the CADMUS, for Dartmoor. PORTSMOUTH { JULY st. Arrived his Majesty's ship NYMPH from Portugal. flailed the ANT and DEXTEROUS, with about thirty transports, to the Eastward.—Wind W. S.W. ICINGSTON, JAMAICA, JULY 8. The Moselle brig, of 18 guns, arrived on Tuesday at . Port Royal: She sailed from St. George's, Ber muda, on the 14th April, and left there the Swift sure of 74. guns, Junon frigate, of 10 guns, and the Horatio frigate, of 38 guns. Two days previous to her sailing, a large than of war schooner, and two merchant brigs, captured by two of the squadron be. longing to the Halifax station, arrived at. Bermuda. In the Mona Passage, on the 21st tilt. the Moselle descried a strange vessel, suppposed to be an enemy, from her not answering signals, and got within two miles of her, when she discovered her to be a French frigate, full of men. She laid to for a considerable time, but did not attempt firing a single shot at the Moselle, When Captain Boys, in consequence of the inferiority of his force, left her, and proceeded to St. Domingo, to acquaint do- squadron of the circum stance. The following day, off the Island of Mona, the Moselle spoke to the Aurora frigate of 28 guns, and informed her of her having seen an enemy's vessel. —The Aurora also communicated the intelligence to the Princess Charlotte frigate of 38 guns, bound to Cork; which she fell in with shortly afterwards, and she proceeded in quest of the enemy with every hope of being able to come up with her. The Aurora, a few hours after parting with the Princess Char.o:t rejoined the squadron off St. Domingo. On the 23d the Moselle spoke the Pelican brig, of 16 guns, Cap. tarn A'Court, from Curacoa, bound to this island. She had convoyed five sail of merchantmen from Cu racoa bound to London, through the Mona Passage, and parted from them on the 19th, all well. On the 23d the Moselle also joined the squadron off St. Do mingo, consisting of the Polyphemus, of 61 guns ; Aurora frigate ; Tweed and Thrush sloops of war ; Satellite, le Griffon,. and Pert brigs ; and the Pike schooner. The Moselle left them on Saturday last, at which time they were all moored with springs on their cables, preparatory to making a joint attack with the Spaniards on Fort Jerome, which it was un derstood would take place on Monday morning last. Several Shrapnell's shells have been thrown into the city, by a detachment of the Royal Artillery under the command of Lieutenant Faddy., which had do &+ considerable mischief, and killed several of the inha bitants. On Monday the Moselle spoke the Star sloop of war, of 18 guns, Capt. Patterson, from this island to Barbadoes, all well. Arrived the brig Charles—She sailed from Kenne bank on the 12th April ; on the 30th, in lat. 26. she fell in with a frigate and a merchantman, bound from St. Kitt's to England. About two hours after, she spoke a large merchant vessel from Demerara, also for England. On the 16th ultimo, the Charles wds brought to, about ten leagues to the westward of Cape Nichola Mole, by Christophe's squadron, the Com modore of which ordered her to Gonaives, where she arrived on the 19th, and was compelled to pay ten per cent. duty on her cargo before she was allowed to depart, which she was permitted to do on the 20th. BREAM—This day no Court of Aldermen was field. The LORD MAYOR after inspecting the returns of the Bakers' Company and Meal Weighers, ordered it to rise 2d. per peck. Buckle, the celebrated jockey, was thrown from his horse at the Lewes races, by coming in contact with a carriage, and reteived a severe contusion on his side and right thigh. Yesterday morning, about one o'clock, a fire was d is covered in the underpart of the upholsterer's, No. 43, in Bedford -street, Covent Garden. The fire, la a__iough at first alirming, was h ippily extinguished in the kitchen where it began. ►. In proCeeding to Cr of Falmouth, when the ettemy'a fleet froi line and 2 frigates, 24th of February, wl the 4 sail of the line in the Aix Roads. ' to the Admiralty, Lordships, on the t h e Caledonia, Tonto Begone; together wi sets under my comm at Plymouth, to font Stopford, command Rochefort. IN foun my o f March, I d with the Caul:, Delta had, in the courio c 'Triumph, by Captain 'T r i um ph, Valiant, I s h ort ly after by the fleet had moved froze taken anchorage then four frigates. In con n iviganon, one of the Judging that the occt fleet under my con= either for blockading offensive operations, 1 immediately order fleet to pmceed in, a weather, its sounding or der to aseertain the pied by a fleet of the orders. • [lbe rest of the Defer morrow, owing to want niched winsesses were Ca: embraced--The following Mr. ErVARD Fa Q. Were you empl Basque Roads and u the 12th of April ?—n position of the enemy . State the general se ployed.—l was mostl and found that it est mile to the eastward down. I will state to cribed to the Court), that laid down in the Q. Was the space innch confined in Aix confuted ; I hal. not the Court bow I asci finch and likewise the Occupy in length. of 1 this report was given bier the enemy's Be were abtiut•south and citadel in.Aii Q.. Is. the nairigat large ships, as far as ; Qt What is the ri; should suppose from e Of the Caledonia Q. Do 'you know riC irport to me of the pc rinds to the 11th of A fag reconnoitred Abet they were placed neai West, by compass,. tb day before. the attack. Q.. Did you knoie ;Dian) , anchorag e abo Palais Shoal, or lira range of the, enemy's. I acquired knOwledge Q. What distance of the enemy, when Roads The Ca] d'Aix, was distance miles, by admeasuren the purpose. Q. Where were yot April ?.-A. On boar Q Where was the sere w eking out frot Q. Were the enemy so close together, that locked together ?—A. Q. Had any ships 12th of April, to am time -.vas it possible 1 could not have shifted . . •