The Express. — London, England, 1850-04-04 00:00:00

,( ghe erpreoo. .OUTGOING The mails for liodsria, the Besaile, mid Beanie Apse, will be math so this evades. The SAWS for British North Avast** sad the United States wiU be made up tesnorrow meninte. The math for Lisbon, Spain, sad Gibraltar will be math up en the morning of April 8. Tim mails Mr is the hisditerraamm, itypt, Ceylou, 1 odia, Boaritheir, &a, will be mode up ea the was of April 8. Tao West India Meth, szoledias Bermuda, Havaaasb, Names, Hoodlum, Now Otheas,lllllll Neale*, and isaluding *see for Madeira, IL Jnerde-Nisararia, New Onassis, Chili, end Pun, win be made up ea April 17. The math for Gihndem, Melee, Greets, the lonia Islands, BO" thylea. sad Chime s via Southampton, will be made up on the mesafai of April 20. MOM WATER AT lANDON 11111101. Tan Oss—naralse. es. am Taressow —"WAWA. TA /0.A.. ..... .thesses. Ss. 10.. LONDON, THURSDAY, APRIL 4. It the present struggle in Germany owed its ra'n z to contending dynasties, or consisted of a mere ri between Austria and Prussia, it would not be w the very great interest which the English and Euro pean public' take in it. And if the unity of Germany and of Germans were but the fulfilment of a theory, the 'satisfaction of a sentimental dense, we should not feel any necessity for uttering vows, or showing sym pathy on its behalf. But unfortunately the question is not whether Austria or Prussia shall predominate, whether Ger many shall be one or multiple, oonstilutionally or despotically governed, bat whether there shall sur vive in Central Europe any independent and power ful state, and whether, in fret, there shall be a Ger many at all. For let us suppose that the abso lutists succeed in their aims, that they cheat the German people of all the hopes enter tained or realiz.d in 1848, that the federal bar d in Germany re-becomes what it was since ISIS, a mere nexus of kings and court delegates, occupied with guaranteeing one another against the frowsrdoees of subjects, and the development of CV::liberties : suppose Prussian pretensions droves Berlin. and its spirit of government once more confined to the barracks of Potsdam; suppose Baden and Saxony restored to the old childish state of non-government. with the courts of Bavaria . and of Hanover in Austrian and . Russian leading-etnnge. What is the result ? Why, that Germany is irre vocably broken up. Fall one-half of its population, despairing of being anything by themselves, would tern their aims to France, would make common cense with the ultra-liberals westward of the Rhine, and would, moreover, give strength to that democratic party by the great weight of German adhesion. II hen, not many years back, there was a probability of a war with France, and Austrian statesmen came to consider the common defence of Germany, what was their opinion and declaration, at once deli vered ? It was that Western Germany was not to be felled on and could not be defended in ease of French invasion, for the population of all the miller states would fling themselves into the arms of France. It is not only to this state of things that Austria would recur for the re-constitution of Germany, but to this state of things aggravated one hundred-fold by universal disaffection and discontent. What Prussia Forme, on the contrary, is to create in Germany what Germans might raUy to, and which Germany could defend. Nor is it Prussia alone that proposes it, but such men as GAGERN, as Renowrrz, as'eutruirszos, men as little exclusively Prussian as can be found, and who, in their efforts at German freedom and German unity, would in the first instance hare a gladly ac.epted the aid of Austria as of Prussia. I,et the history of the Frankfort parliament be locked to, and it will be seen that its dominant party, in which G.oczitoc and RADowin bore so influ ential a part, could by no means be accused of leaning to Prussia. What was their first act ? The election of an Austrian archduke to be chief of the new empire. What was their next? The promulgation of a system of federation including the German pro vinces of Austria, and forming strong and natural link, with its remaining province.. How did Austria reply to this fairest of offers ? By the greatest con tamely, the most contemptuous refusal: Austria resisted the least idea of German unity or German freedom. And to brand this opinion and these insults into the popular mind in Germany, the Austrian court, having sem:d a deputy from the German parliament in Vie ca, ignominiously put him to death, because he was a deputy from that parliament. Ater such repeated acts, each total identification of Austria, both with • separatist and an absolutist policy in Germany, con she, or eta we, wonder that other German powers and statesmen seek to constitute a federal Germany without her? It was too barefaced and too idle to hope to put down the earnest, bond fide constitu tion of °ADMIX and of Prussia, by an avowed return to the princely despotism and nullity of the old Diet. And therefore the pretence, the ghost, the humbug of • constitution has been got up, &constitu tion without popular representation; a constitution, in which the uncrowned and lesser princes are sacri ficed to the kings, and by which all Germany i, vir tually flung ander the sceptre of Austria. No German, however, that is out of livery, and that dwells beyond the precincts of • court, puts trust in, or thinks seriously of, the counter constitution of Sellwmerzza- BERG and VON DEE PFORTEN, on every leaf and clause of which the Russian eagle is stamped in delibly. In judging, indeed, and in taking part with the different proposals for the reconstitution of Germany, it is impossible for any German or for any English man, not to be averse instinctively to that policy and that prupmel, which is pursued and supported by Russia. We well know what the patronage and in terference of Russia with neighbouring states leads to. We see what it produced on the Vistula and upon the Danube. We now see Austian diplomacy in Germany carried on avowedly by Russian agents; and the Times itself makes the extraordinary boast that the Czar NICHOLAS has un dertaken the petition management of Germany ! A paper, calling itself English, actually congratulates the English nation upon this fact! The probable, nay, the necessary effect of this holy alliance of absolutism against the liberty and unity of Germany, upon the popular mind of the Germans, and up in its future efforts and convulsions, opens a Wag series of contingencies which scarcely require to be pointed out. Bat there are more imme diate results which the Aostro-Rtuvlian or ABERDEEN school ought to ponder, ere they halloo on the Russian and Austrian courts to crush those preten sions which Prussia abets and puts forward on behalf of Germany. What they are doing must have the effect of not only drivir.g the German people into an alliance with French liberalism, but they are compelling the Prussian court itself to look to France for succour. There are but the four great military power?. And it is infallibly the came that when two, such as Austria and Roark unite against a third, that third, as Prussia, must call in France to its aid. It may be mid that France is weak, is disorganised, that LOUIS NAPOLEON is Russian, that fear of the socialists moat prevent his ever engaging in war. We would strongly recommend our absolutist politicians not to trust to such calculations. Let them reflect that Prussia has conditions and baits to offer to France that see French government could re fuse—conditions that would give Locos NAPOLEON the best chew:" of securing his throne, and of con verting the agnaliat movement into • national and warlike one. How mash never the good understand ing of France and Prussia be to be desired, it is by no means to be coveted that bath should find it ne cessary to form an armed and active alliance; for this would probably lead to war, as well as to a serious remodelling of the north-west of Europe. But such results, however untoward, are preferable to seeing l'russia and France reduced, one after the other, to submission to Russian dictates and a Row mien statesman. Mid it is better that such • yoke should be flung off by the efforts and resistance of in dependent governments like those of France and Prussia, than to have this done afterwards by an insurrection of the French and North German people. Th• failure of the former would necessarily produce the latter one day or another, and the events of 1848 and 1702 combined were nothing compared with what would happen then. For!, whole host of reasons, therefore, for the pre servation of the peace sad balance of Europe, for the sake of the existence at Germany without the necessity of either a German revolution, or • European war, we trod that the leaders of the Erfurt parliament may be enabled to awry oat their .gesst nationsi-sni liberal, and jut um.. ItAtiowns Emit eloquelatitl and nobly beepoke these aim % se 001 Wr the fair Flair; eiplee which guided Preemie is ilitftertbg them." IN. do sot," said RADowns. Ism/ is foto' any eermin prince or government to OW kettle, In* erste determined that no other power shoo exercise - its compulsion to prevent them joining us." Thus ars menaces anawered by memos I and armed Mon, we are tally smeared, will be met wow ont:, es it ought, by arms. IT would be difficult to adduce a stronger example of the neesuity of acoompanyiag relig►ous koowledge with some degree of secular education, than is to be found in the case of the Rev. Mr. firownx, of Man chester. That gentleman uttered a speech on Faster Monday of no doubt excellent and orthodox theology; but we regret that he displayed at the same time such an inter ignorance of history, past and re mit, oldie condition of countries, and of the facts connected with them, as rendered his theological lie utterly inapplicable to the affairs of this world. We all know the circumstances that overthrew re ligion in France. The chief cause of this was, that when the revolution broke forth, religion was found to be represented by a hierarchy, in close alliance with the pretensions, the abuses, and the extortions of the upper classes and the state. The duties of the French church had lapsed into sinecure; its morality identified with that of the Jesuits, had incurred every honest man's censure. To keep . itself in ignorance and the people in the same ignorance, was the French law of religion in the last century. How could a church, or a religion, which thus committed suicide, survive ? The church and education were both re-constituted by NAPOLEON, and made matters of state. The curate and the schoolmaster were both salaried by the state. The colleges were ruled by a depart Lent of the state, and the professors looked to the state for advancement. If oommonam and socialism have sprung from this system, what has it to say to the Lancashire Public School system ? There are three ways of educating, or striving to educate, a rising generation :—for their fathers, or for the community, to educate them in prevailing senti meets; for the priesthood to undertake the task, for -1 bidding all education that they do not control, and thee give a sacerdotal stamp on the mind of youth ; the third is for the state to do this, and to direct and impose the doctrines and the principles which snit it. lathe two latter cuss, that is, where either the ' state or the church claims the monopoly of direction, it is done with a view to amend or counteract the spirit and tendencies of society. The French Rot:a scot; wished to make the rising generation religious and monarchic, and for this purpose gave op the col leges to the Jesuits. BotzArzwrz, on the contrary, wanted to make French youths soldiers; he accord ingly banded them over to be drilled by sergeants, and taught chiefly the elements of mathematics and engineering. The Republic the other day wanted to create a generation of thorough republicans, and the Minister of Public Instruction, CALNOT, set zealously about it. Then again, if the state have its changing views, so has the church. Theology is always mixing itself with questions and doctrines more or less political. It is for authority, or it admits reason and judgment. It is for sacerdotal dogmatism, or for lay delibera tion. There is no end to these lay purposes and vagaries. But the upshot is, that where the state or the church labour by means of education to direct the rising generation in ideas and principles different from those of their fathers, cr from ecciety in ge neral, family and social influence takes revenge, and bends youth back again. Thus, whilst BO'AP.tRTE laboured to create a military generation, lathers and mothers instilled a horror of soldiering. The elder BOURBONS strove to raise 'generation of young Jesuits; the result was to create a generation of priest h sten. ' I.otu PRILIPPE taught, and instilled, and peached everywhere the principles of order and respect for pro perty. Disorder and disrespect for property came of his education. In fact, it is a hopeless task to taise up a generation in a spirit adverse to or much differ ing from that of their fathers or of society. It is a great mistake, therefore, made by either the state or the church, to think that they can make up for their lack of influence over the adult generation by instilling their peculiar views unto the young. Better to leave the young to the full influence of the old, of the moral and religions amongst them ; let their education be the natural reflex of society, and the consequence of it, and thus it can never lead to revulsion, or to that antagonism between the over strained discipline of the religious school, and the subsequent laxity of the worldly one. In declaring society itself to be the best and the only power for ordering the instruction of the young, we by no mews ignore the large part which the clergy make of this society, and how very widely their ideas and influence prevaiL Far from objecting to this, we hail it and accept it, recognistog the influence thus exercised as more legitimate and effective than if wielded by virtue of a statute, or by the prescriptive privileges of a sacer dotal class. Mr. STown.t spoke of New England without knowing it, and talked of slavery as connected with it in a most prepcsteroua contempt of fact and of truth. We are apt to consider the Americans as a go-ahead people, ea given mach to fitful progress and to new ideas. But the fact is that there as no popu lation in Europe which has gone on with such fixed nese of view and oontinnation of ideas ant principles as the American. Whilst one generation of French men is the very antipodes of that which went before it, and whilst Englishmen themselves have been sub ject to wiry great alterna•ions of opinion on religious, political, and social subjects, the American mind seems to continue itself equably, religiously, progressively, from one generation to another. This is owing to the national system of education. With us, whilst the schoolmaster has to instil one thing, the parent sets the example of another, whilst life or reading perhaps drive the adolescent mind in direct contradiction to both. This comes of state and sacerdotal education, which does not ensure continuity even of religious We are as much partisans as any of the necessity of instilling religious truth, and ordaining the prac tice of religion to youth. Bat the milting this'll in all, is merely establishing that contrast and antagonism between the school and the world, the school and society, which makes more infidels and vicious men than any other cause. The antagonism that has been created between relights and education, between mental exercise and spiritual belief, has done more harm to religion, perhaps, than the mass of infidel writers. If this antagonism was bad in the olden times, when education was limited, and the human mind crept on all fours, what must be it henceforth, when there is so much to learn, and to think, and to make daily use of in the stores of amassed knowledge, that not to be educated is almost the same as not to be born, so extended are the views, and enjoyments, and pur poses of life ? WE have heretofore, 'in expressing our conviction that no alteration would be effected, daring the pre vent session of Congress, in the duties imposed upon imports by the American tariff of 1846, excepted those upon coal and iron, in reference to which we have intimated our belief that some change would be attempted, if not actually carried into effect. Should each a change be attempted, it will owe its suoce,s, not to the strength of the protectionists, bat to the' desire of the leaders of the democratic, or free-trade, party to conciliate the important state of Pennsyl- think which they alienated from their ranks by the policy pursued in 1846. If any evidence were wanted that some concession to that state is now contemplated, not from economical, but purely political, motives, it is furnished is the correspondence which has just taken place upon the subject between Sir H. ButwEs and the American government, and which has produced a very unneces sary degree of excitement &maggot some of the more hot-headed members of both houses of Congress. This, so far as its stability is concerned, is no doubt the weak point of the tariff act of 1846. To politi cians, who are inspired in all that they dos more by par 7 than by national considerations, the political position of a state like Pennsylvania, with her nume rous delegation in the House of Representatives, and her large vote, the second in the Union, in the elec tion of a president, cannot be a matter of indifference. Did the matter rest solely in the hands of political leaden and their partisans, Pennsylvania would readily obtain any concession which she might demand. But the intermits of the consumers have to be consulted, and so closely identified are they with the maintenance of the present order of things, that it diScalt to believe that .le uab rill be seed flood, e 41#114ejlthanZ sui tit6Mds !of tido IvabiSiresmast , to the t see th danatia hi pronilbr .tite which Mir a.. thew are motives which teigt.flifeca the idleiriellal putts to sapiens in m, Wily unapt which 7 re d sc ii i te dubs to secure beth speedily and cheaply a . 'apply of w l oe which would meet the an of the home demand at least, and defy the eampetilloa - -of the world. Bat this is not the ease, for whilst the pro tection for which the instituters ate eilintwasiag Is a very high one, pest experience teethes thiiiassamere that it is imbed, not for a brief, bat for an indefinite, period. The east at which the Aweelota oesemere are called apes, he the exclusive benefit et the pie deoen, to build up ea independent bun taro of ire., may be intoned from a eeedismalen of the present position of the iron interest in Premayks- Jas, and the demands which it is now peeheving to congresa. At this moment, the duty owl aeries upou her-iron, which both operate in the way of pro tection to the home producer, are as high m 874 per cent. ad valorem. A ton of am iron, therefore, cost ing in England Si. 18s. 11d., or 25 dais 97 cents., cannot be landed in New York under 40 dole. 92 cents. If, with an high a protectioo, the American iron-master cannot compete with the foreigner, it is evident that he cannot succeed, except_ at a ;cat to the consumer., to which they are not like ly to submit. Many of the ironmuters admit that the present duties are high enough, but insist that they should be made specific, instead of being levied on the value of the article. Others again contend for a sliding scale, on the ground that the operation of die ad valorem principle is to afford them the lout protection at the very time when they require the most. It serves their present purpose to decry this principle, although it was upon it that the gi eater half of the revenue was levied, under their own pet tariff of 1842. To entrench (the ironmuters behind • eliding scale would be but to endeavour to protect them from those fluctuations in trade to which the farmer, the merchant, and the manufacturer of other articles are necessarily exposed. Such being the protection, of the inadequacy of which the ironmutere have for the last four years been complainir.g, let us see what, in their own esti mation, would suffice to enable them to compete with the foreigner. At a convention held in Pittsburg in November last, they came to the following resolu tion : That it la the ernes of this invention, in view of the pal mist Mate of the foreign market, it will require a ditty of 10 disk a ton on pig Wax, of 20 dole. a ton cm common bar, and a corresponding Menem is all other iron sad mastitia tares of iron, is proportion fa sod of make, to ;protect t►s Americus market. Now, as the present value of pig iron in England is about 11 dole. 44 c., the duty thus modestly asked for is about 87j per cent. ad valorem. But this is not the protection of 87f per cent. thus sought, being solely in the shape of duty upon the value of the article abroad. Superaddsd to this would be the protection afforded by all the expenses of impor tation, such as freight, premium on exchange, in surance, So., which would amount to upwards of 27 per cent., so that the whole protection claimed is about 113 per cent. On bar iron the duty asked is about 77 per cent. of its present value abroad, which, with the expenses of importation, would give to the home producer a protection of upwards of 100 per cent. The ostensible ohjtet of the ironmasters, in de manding this high protection, is to render the country independent of the foreigner in regard to so im• porant an article as iron, and to raise up a great national interest, the maintenance and success of which would redound to the prosperity of all dosses of the community. They allege that, except in rare cases, all manufactures require the fostering protec tion of the government in their infancy, but that a healthy interest will soon outgrow the necessity for such protection. If the ironutasters of Pennsylvania get their way, the iron interest in America will have a very long minority, and the time be indefinitely postponed when it can stand by itself and be inde pendent of extraneous aid. It ought to be stronger and more independent now, according to their reason ing, than it was 23 years ago, and yet their present demands amount to a confession that it is weaker now than it was then. A convention similar to that which recently met in Pittsburg was held in Harrisburg in the year 1P27. It was then and there resolved that the American ironmaster required for his protection that the duty on bar iron, for instance, should be advanced from 18 do!. to 22 dole,. 50 cents. a ton. But, indeed of 51. 16s. Ild., as now, the value of bar iron in Eng land at that time was W. per ton ; so that the duty then asked was but about 30 per cent. al ralorem. Yet now, 23 years after that period, during 19 of which the American producer has enjoyed the benefit of high protective tariffs, we have the lame parties gravely stating that they have no chance in compet ing with the foreigner, unless protected by a duty of 77 per cent. ad ralfireas upon the foreign article. It'e have thus the American iron interest confessing to the public that, instead of waxing stronger and more independent under the protection which it has en joyed, it has become so weak and attenuated that it cannot now subsist unless an advance is made in its behalf of more than 50 per cent. upon the duties which it demanded for its protection 23 years ago. No one can doubt the aeprestion from which the interest in question is now suffering. But to what is that depression attributable ? Not to competition with the foreigner, but to that very exemption from competition which it is still desirous to have con tinued to it. Over-production, stimulated by pro . tection and high priZes, has been the cause of eviL During the four years for which the high tariff of 1842 was in operation, the quantity of iron produced in Pennsylvania increased by more than 100 per cent. In 1830 the total quantity produced in the United States did not exceed 183,0010 tons, whilst the increase in the production of Pennsylvania alone, daring the four years which succeeded 1842, amounted to 288,000 tons. This required an addi tional capital of upwards of 14,000,000 dole. to deal with the iron in its rough state, and of upwards of 20,000,000 dole. to deal with it in its converted state. , This enormous ore production, stimulated by a pro tection, in some instances even lower than that now demanded, is the main cause of the distrets from which the iron interest of Pennsylvania is now un doubtedly suffering. Nothing can better serve to exemplify the miechiev ous tendencies of protection than the history and ex perience of the American iron interest. That it has been of no service to the very interest which it was especially designed to encourag e, is evident from the admission now virtually mad e by that interest itself, that it is now lea able to e Rl:Mind competition than it was 23 years ago ; whilst the consumers have all along been heavily taxed for an object which has after all eluded them. The consumers now see that instead of being patriots they have only been victims, and will no longer consent to be the dupes of selfish ness appealing to them in the garb of nationality. To acquiesce in the proposal of the iron masters would be but to consent to pay from seven to nine millions a year more for the iron which they ceesume than they now do, a tax to which they will not be wiling to submit for the exclusive benefit of a numerically insignificant class. Nor is it to be forgotten that, since 1846, this country has saved in its expenditure for iron, under the tariff of that year, no less than 25,000,000 dole. But this is not the only advantage which Ame rica has gained from the system of free trade. Even in Pennsylvania there are other and greater interests than that represented by iron. Tnere is even in that state, a large agricultural community, which has benefited to an incalculable extent by the free admission of its produce into the ports of this country. It was said, as far back SS 1827, at the Harrisburg convention, that the opening of the British ports to the produce of America, would enhaLce the fee simple of Penasylvani a fully 100 millions o f dollars. This enhancement has since taken place, and it Is now the special interest of the agricultural body to maintain a system which has told so favourably on the value of their property. A check given to that system, such as a compliance with the demands of the iron masters would give it, would deteriorate the value of that property to an extent which the farmers could not contemplate with indifference. With the interests, therefore, of the whole body of consumers, and with those of the farmers as customers and pro duotrs and holders of property opposed to them, at is not likely that the iron masters, backed though they be by unscrupulous and aspiring pnliticians, will sue- Geed to the extent of their wishes. It is by no means certain that they will succeed at all; but if they do , their nooses will fall far short of their demands. THE EXPRESS, THURSDAY LUTING, APRIL 4, 1850. FRANCE. • FARM, WiDiIISDAY, 6 P.M. The does of the fitting of the National Assembly yesterday redeemed by a brilliant display of oratory the heavy drudgery and debuts of the debate on the concluding chapters of the budget of public instruc tion. No sooner had the disunion on the next pi - winos of the budget, the deportment of worship, opened, than M. Jdes Fevre roes to make a Bastion which involved one of the most knotty and menu ton questions of ecclesiastical government. The ae rates of France are divided into two classes, one of which is irremovable by the bishops, while the info rior class, charged with the spiritual superintendence of rural districts, and called desservans, or deacons, may be deprived of their office at the pleasure of the diocesan. The motion of Jules Fevre proposed that this inferior clergy should be lifted to an equal degree of independence with the upper order of curates, and be irremovable by epis copal authority. The question, sport from its abstract merits, becomes peculiarly interesting viewed in con nection with the republic, and with the conflicting forces which are struggling on the one hand to abolish all institutions which have the least relish of democracy, and on the other to complete the triumph of the democratic principle. Nor could it be debated between two parliamentary athletes better matched than the young advocate, of whom the days of February made a statesman, and the experienced statesmic who, to combat the progress of the same revolution, stoops to the sophistic arts of an advocate. M. Fevre developed with equal skill and clearness the historical and the logical part of his argument, the tradition, the law, and the right. Only, when he came to the last, the better tone pervading the previous portion of his speech gave place to some of those fervid ejacula tions in favour of liberty which are more suitable to a demsgotue than to a representative of the people. He proved distinctly that the right which he now claimed for the rural clergy had been aright accorded to that class from the earliest times by the great ecclesiastical councils, and confirmed by the temporal power under Louis XIII., XIV., and XV. Down to 89 the rural clergy were irremovable. When the Concordat was signed in 1802 it ratified this privilege of the same order. Bat the organic law annexed to the Concordat drew the distinction which now prevailed between the two classes of psrccbial clergy. So this matter had remained until the days of February. Mean while a vast number of petitions and remonstrances had been presented to various parliaments on the arbitrary exercise of the episcopal authority in dis missing members of the rural clergy. These were submitted to the committee of worship appointed by the Constituent Assembly. Singularly enough, that committee, in spite of its origin, was squeamish enough to declare their own incompetency to decide this matter without consulting the see of Rome. This was the most effective part of Jules Fure's speech. The organic law dictated by Napoleon was a pure emanation of the temporal power, and could there fore clearly be repealed without calling iu the spiritual to consent. Bat more than this: the organics laws had never been accepted by the papal power. It was, therefore, an absurd punc tiliousness in the committee to refer to 'tome for decision with regard to rescinding a law which Rome had no finger in making, and to which she h-d re fused her consent. It was in fact a abdication of the right of exclusive competency in the Assembly on • most important point. M. Fevre clearly proved, by precedents drawn from the reigns of the French kings, that in the settlement of such matters of eccle siastical discipline they had invariably acted inde pendently of the holy see; and quited in particular the famous declarations of 1682, which established distinctly the irremovability of the inferior clergy. Finally, he besought that republican Assembly not to be more timid than the kings of the seventeenth century, not to be less inclTend ent than the councils of the 4th and sth cen turies. He claimed equality before the law for 22,200 priests, who stood in this exceptional position to wards 3,000 of their privileged colleagues. Although the reply . of NI. Berryer it conaidered oy his admirers one of his happiest efforts, I am at a loss to discover any argument throughout his speech in reply to those which have been cited above. M. Berryer expressed his surprise at the language of the hon. representative, who appeared to quite misunderstand the question. What servitude or in equality could there be in the subordination of • men's conscience—in the voluntary submission which every member of the church mode, when he entered on his sacred functions ? How did that sub mission strike at his liberty or independence u a citi zen ? As a citizen, the clergyman enjoyed all his inde pendence, but as • member of the church he had tic ctpted an authority which &Tended neither on con stitutions nor assemblies. What was the indispen sable check in that religious society called the church ? It was the authority established by her internal cipline ; in all times the church had been the absolute torereign in all questions of dogma and disciplint her discipline belonged only to herself. Every cler gyman, when he entered the church, was perfectly aware that he was to resign himself to her authority ; and if he considered his obedience a burden he wu no Lougee fit to belong to the sacred callini which he had chosen. The amendment of the hon. representive, conseqnently, was not only misplaced, but was an absolute affront to the persons whom it professel to aid. A division being called for, gave the following result : Ayes .. .. 112 Noes .. .. 433 Majority .. .. 291 The amendment wu consequently declared to be rejected. It being then half-put six, the Assembly rose. In the sitticg of the Assembly to-day the budget of worship was proceeded with. Au interesting item occurred at the opening of the debate, namely, the cost of the Israelite worship, amounting to 128,3001. M. Cremieux proposed to increase this sum by 7,800 f., and his motion was adopted. With this vote the de partment of worship was concluded. The next budget was that of the interior. The Ist item was the esta tablishmente of tine arts, 468,0001. The reduction proposed by the committee of 12,000 f. was carried. Next came the central administration. The reduction of the committee, amounting to 36,000 f. on the lists of employes, was carried in spite of the remonstrance of the present minister and two ex-ministers of the interior, Malleville and Dufaure. This vote excited some sensation. The election of the Vosges in favour of M. Guilgot was declared valid, until the production of the documents relating thereto. On the materiel of the budget another reduction was voted. On the chapter of secret expenditure a re duction amounting to 32,000 fr. was proposed by Jules Fevre, who, amid considerab!e interruption, complained of the power exercised by the prefect of police. I have just heard from a good source that the Minister of Finance is going to propose a tax on paper, which he expects to bring him in 250 millions. The exchequer stands in the utmost need of some substan tial resource. _ M. de Larochejacque in is about to publish a pam phlet relative to hie recent motion, of which 100,000 copies will be printed. The democrats seem to fight shy of Girardin as a candidate for the Seine. He jumped too quickly at the gap which offered in the representation ; and the votes which he wishes to canvass are said to be likely to be competed for by Ferdinand Lessepe, of Roman celebrity, or M. Huard. The opposition hesitate between these two, but do not spprove Girardio. As the President of the Republic was returning on Saturday from inspecting the troops at Vin cennes, his carriage, and the escort of cair n/niers which surrounded it, were encountered, at a point of the road called La Tourelle, by a dense crowd of persons of the lower orders. The cortege was obliged in ounsequence to move at a slower rate,:while an array:of menacing faces and gestures on either aide the road, showed that the mob was animated with anything but friendly feelings to the first magistrate of their republic and his friends. " A bas lee tyrans!" " Coquits, von nous le payerez," and many more insulting expressions, were can in the teeth of the President and Changarnier, the latter of whom rode beside the carriage. The spot where this outrage occurred being outside the baffler, the un wonted maws of populace gathered there showed cle irly that the President had been waylaid on his return ' • but no greater thole/toe than words was offered. _ . Thein wu a slight fall at the Bonne today, in Puenoe, sippareally, of the insane offered to the ent at La Tawas. The national guard of Lerignam (Aide) has been dissolved by degree of the President of the Republic. The custom-houses of the Savoy frontier had re ceived orders to intercept the fugitive editor of the Pevk Soweaves,Paures. The committee on the press met yesterday. The following are the points on which it is said to agree : To preserve theeenfion-money at the preeentrate, but that all journals undergoing a condemnation shall pay within three days both the fins and the costs, so that thematic's-mosey shall always revisals intent. A stormy and scandalous scene occurred at the close of the sitting. Daohb, having been called a fellow of the police, retaliated by calling M. Chas soigne a coward. M. Mint then insulted M. Deejoy. The most insulting expressions and menacing ges tures were reciprocated amid dreadful uproar. Finally, hi. Mint was called to order, and the Assembly pro nounced a vote of censure upon his behaviour. The Assembly broke up in violent disorder. I. P.,... Niamey. BOORBP- I pre do. New Loan 44 P Clain I par Oasts. lkdtan, I, 1640 OA taw — IA 6, 1643 4131 Trisaury a „ Piedmont I per Omits 64 0 n I Bank Marta Boons—Bt. Germain, —; Versailles (right bank), 173 73 ; Do. (felt hank), 147 50; Parks and °Tinton 760 ; Paris and ltouth, 612 .54 Rouen and Elavre,23o ; Avignon and Karoeflles, 167 60 ; Strasbourg and Bale, 113 ; Chicano and Vinson, 316 23; Orleans and Bordeaux, 34); North, 433 73; Thais and ogranionrg, 333 73; Tom and Nantes, 236 13; Ilthlterean and Troyes, 143 75. for Amount. For Nosey. 06171415651. Lowest. Clcani. —— 92 40 Se IS 55 50 is o 65 50 49 SO 69 40 69 43 69 0 69 49 OP 0. P. NO W. Pt 00 NI i 9. 00 cam :So days, 25 50 " . le dari7ls . 69 :I Mosey. 1 Naples Itiolos 93 Mosey . M iloruan Lae 1849 781 so .. I Du. 1110 49J ” . Tr"!"ri Bon" 2 . - SPAIN. Our correspondent writes as follows on the 29th ult.: Count Mirasol has set out for Ilivannah. These two or three days, as you know, a rumour has been very current that the misunderstanding be tween England and Spain has ceased. This news, which yesterday freely circulated at the Puerba del Sol, the rendezvous of stock-jobbers on festivals, caused a rise in the fund,. The Three per Cents, were done at 29 3-6 instead of 28 11-16. At night in the com mercial circle 291 was offered. To-day the news ob tains with greater strength than ever, and at 4 o'clock this afternoon 291 was given. I have not been able to ascertain the grounds of the rumour. It is how ever certain that the king-consort is anxious to have an English envoy here as a paint d'appui. A correspondent of the Clamor Piddle°, writing from Benamargoss, on the 22nd of the month, men tions that a band of robbers entered that place the other day, and demanded payment of 40,000 reals, which they asked for a few days before in a threat ening letter, of the family of the Santiagns, rich land owners of the locality. Finding that the mosey was not forthcoming, they deliberately set fire to their property, and then walked leisurely away, taking with them a calf, which, on their arrival in the neighbouring mountains, they killed and feastad upon. Here they were attacked by some civil guards, ' with whom they kept up a running fire for come time, and then escaped. As the inhabitants of the country have all been disarmed by government, they have no means of resistance, and consequently are afraid to go out into the fields to their daily labour. At Cirnuiells five men were taken prisoners while in the act of attempting to rob. The better to effect their purpose, they had hired themselves as road menders, and always seemed peaceably at work when the civil guards passed near them. ITALY. Letters from our correspondents at Rime and Naples, the former to the 2.lth ult., state that the official accounts regarding the Pope's return re mained firm; bat reports prevailed which rendered the event doubtful. Another letter from Rome lays that there would be a rising at Naples on the evening of the 25th. The consuls of Au,tria, Russia, and Naples were the only functionaries of that eider who assisted at the ceremony of the 23rd of March, in rtEoring the Austrian shield at Rome. Exchange on London at Naples, 590. GERMANY. AUSTRIA. Our ccrrespondent lyrical: VIENNA, Mettco 30. _. . _ The prisons here are s 3 full, and the political and criminal police are so a?tive in their eff.rts to capture offenders of both kinds, that trifling offenders and persons merely suspect.d are permitted to be at large, simply because there is no room fur them. The prisons of Lonna are literally choking with human life; the disgusting brutalities that are exer cised within their walls I leave to the imagination. It will be sufficient for me to state that the unhappy inmates are half-starved, badly clothed, and from their numbers halt-suffo cated. The horrors of our English prisons, which ' called into successful action the persevering and labo rious philanthropy of Howard, aro surpassed here ; ten Howard. would not suffice to humanise the con dition of the Austrian prisons. Hundreds are incar cerated daily. The papers yesterday announced that no less than four hundred offenders were brought before the police authorities ; what becomes of thism is a mystery. There can be no room in the prisons; they are quite fulL Side by side with this announcement one reads stories of extensive bands of forgers, burglars, and robbers, whose ramifi cations are said to extend throughout the Continent, and not to terminate even across the channel. That there is some truth in these paragraphs is clear, for Vienna never before saw within its walls so many rogues, vagabonds, and thieves. Are the wreckers watching for the moment when the ship shall strike ? The prices of gold and silver have again risen. Gold now stands at 23 per cent. premium, and silver at 20, with no sellers. The Five per C en t.Rentee are at 101, and the Three per Cent.. at 44. The friends of religious freedom are again alarmed by the re-appearance of the rumour that the minicry of religion and instruction is to be separated, and that the former is to be confided to one of the great digni taries of the Roman catholic church. Such a step would of course put an end to all religious freedom, and will not be executed without very great opposi tion. Bach, Schmorling, and Thun 'are said to have protested against any measure of the kind, and to have threatened to resign should it be persisted in. DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES. Letters from Bucharest, of the 18th inst., state that portions of the Russian troops hsve commenced their march towards their own frontier. The smaller bodies, which were distributed in Little Wallachia, are being concentrated for the same purpose at Kra jova. Nothing positive is known yet as to the numbtr of men who wilt continue to occupy the provinces. A telegraphic message from Trieste, dated the 29th, brings dates from Bosnia to the 25th, and states that at that date the insurrection in Bosnia was ra pidly spreading, and the danger increasing. The population of Bangaluka had risen and driven out 2,000 Turkish soldiers. The vizier of Travnik had applied to the pachas for assistance, but his applica tion was disregarded. Beaus • 2.—Volv a lla mi lm un z, 811". Back Debt s S 5l. BERLIN, M %RCN 31.—Yesterday, a cabinet council was held at Bellevue, at which the king presided, and to which Lieutenant-general Itadowitz was admitted. Definitive decisions were come to on the occasion respecting the course to be followed by the govern ment with respect to the Erfurt constitution question. Upon the bronzing up of the council, the Minister of the Interior set out for his estate, in the Lausitz. M. Von Itadowitz will this evening, take his departure for Erfurt. According to the Erfurt Correspondent: Bureau, reigning princes, dukes, and princes have seats in the German parliament in the following proportion : Three in Staatenhaus, and four in Volkshaus. Of land owners, there are 10 in the former, and 1.5 in the latter; of merchants, traders, and physicians, one in Staatenhaus, and 12 is the other; ecclesiastics, two and five ; whilst all the other members of both houses arc composed of pablic functionaries. THB TAXES ON KNOWLEDGE —THE XEWs. PAPERS OF THB UNI TED STATES. NEW YORE., MARCR 20,18;0. the effort making in England to abulish the te e ee newspaper advertisements as well Si the newspaper stamp duty, excites the liveliest interest to th e United States. That tax, however much it may b e deemed necessary to the support of government, i s evidently a tax on enterprise, industry, and Ne es maw, aw, and has probably in an indirect manner tended to impair their progress and prosperity. We, th ere . fore, trust the effort will be successful, and we her e not a doubt that the repeal of the act will be fullowed by immediate and universally acknowledged ari sen . Cage.. In the United States we have never had any such duties or restrictions, for we deem that loas genes is the life of liberty, and newspapers may b e set down as one of our necessities without the grati fication of which we could not get on for a s i, gis week. Nor have we much cared how many w ere published, nor what set of principles or whit pllicy they advocated, fir we have another maxim in which we religiously believe, tha • error is never danger where reason is left free to oombat it." From the best infoimation I can gather, we b are now about 2,200 newspapers in the United State; besides a large number of monthly periodicals of th e magazine class. These consist of dailies, semi-we e e. lies, tri-weeklies, and weeklies, as we term them, e t a the prices of these vary from 10 to 1 dollar ps.. r annum. A few of these have a respectable age, aid have existed ever since the formation of the pmernmeet. Others boast if 20 or 25 years' duration, and °these, again, are scarcely well established. In the city the Evening i'ust and Commercial Advertiser are the old est we have among the nine daily journals. Th e National Intelliyencer is the oldest, published at the seat of government, aid probably the most digtifled and honourably conducted paper in the Uuited States. These enjoy a circulation, respectively' far in the rear of the p enn y Dili e, ra e :i eg sp the difference generally in the price of subscrip tion. The Sun, a penny paper, in New York, haute of a circulation of 30,000. The ledge r of Philadelphia claims a still larger ore, and it is I curious tact, that in a city, not half so commercial asNew York, such a circulation can be maintained. The Herald and Tribone of this city have the next largest number of subscribers. The circulation of cauntry dailies is much less everywhere. One of three or four thousand is deemed quite large. Per haps the papers published at the city of Washington circulate daily, six or seven thousand cop'.es. The weekly country papers are deemed pros perous if they have 2,000 subscribers, led very t4m inonly they have not more than 700 or flies. Amon? the weeklies most successful are the Sunday p , ..pnr, or papers published on Saturday for perusal on S eas day. Some of them in New York, Boston, aid delphia have from 7, 01 0 to 10,000 whim:bet, it is quite impossible to state mum coy staiistics that can come before the public what is tic euteent of capital employed in the publication of ezekt papers. In the legitimate sense of that word I !Lir t say none is used. The Tribune, a daily paper of ::.is c:•7, edited by a very eccentric man at talent ct the tome of Horace Greely, was commenced by any capital of h•ei own. He borrowed .7.0 , 1 or dole. of some friend, incurred debt tor pr :tic.? materials, rents, and paper, and succee led Li. the energy of his character and the reputation he lt A r:r talent, in establishing him se lf firmly. .N..t . however, a competent accountant, he ao..ght a partner, and the resuit is that the property of toe pap, r enhanced so much in value, as to hove nirio expedient to make it a jointitock with a ca;i'.i so ruled of 100,000 doll. Shares in tr.'.s as purcLased, prov:ded the purchaser is sgreesh e :o owners; and it is said that, aft , .r pa}Litnt expenses of pub ., ication,editorisl salaries, arse, s.rv.ces of reporters and tveistants, a dividend er.is made •'..e last year of 25,000 dole. Tne Ne , r Yu, ( Mtn: ld is also believed to . .)e tea proptr:y of several owners; ore of them an t xt,ni:re dealer in printing paper, and is said to LIT the last year about 20,000 dole. Tee ostensibly owned by James %Mon Webb, our rejected minister to Austria, and is arid to he wort. 40,000 dols. a year in profits. The .f , •.ert ?tierce is set down as a productive paper, the iTcr:- which are estimated at from 13,000 to 20,00 u per annum. The Express aid Lee :ze leading evening paper', support their proprietors and arta , 'ies very respectably, and have a ini.ll etiztai surplus. Tne truth is, that literary pe ple, who !tare a fondness for the press, a? d engage in vocation, are generally very wt-II coit;n: ii they can make both ends meet at the ezd of the year, alter having gained a aubsietence for themselves in the interim. Many, again, are sa!te ooutent to live along from year to year, even fa.:iag gradually into debt, under the hope tba: their er....irts will finally prove suoccssful. Ido not believe, there , fore, that there is in the United States a single instance of a paper starting with a fixed capita!, or maintaining one through its career. The actual profits are taken up from time to time, and invested an something more permanent than types exel ma chinery. All our newspaper proprietors, as soon as they are able, purchase estates, or bail stock, or become interested in various specu'atio:s es tar re moved from literature as it is possible to conceive. Mr. Hallick, of the Junrnal of Coma:snot., is a sort of banker, and circulates large quantities of bank notes. issued by an institution in New Haven, where his family resides, and in which he is interested. The principal proprietors of the Trihthe own a large tract of land in Pennsylvania, where they are trying the plan of a phalanstery. 'the owners of the penny paper, the Sun, are deeply interested iu ferries between New York and a point where they are twit; to establish a kind of suburb. le!!ed It is carious to observe how the private interests of these journals influence their character. The J , ,tr, z! (f Ceninteree is excellent authority for banktrs and commercial men, and des:rcs to give an oul:mitel power to capital. The Tril , utte advocates scam' reform and the system of Faurter. The s , .n advocates any scheme in which it may have a sh..ro, under pre tence of being the friend of ;he poor. I suppose what ie true of New Yerk in this respect is true of all other American clays. The wet kly papers aim at iromethirg quite 1:!- ferent from the dailies. They desire to have Sands,' readers only ; they seek to place du:we:yes in the hands of these too busy to read clu, the week. In this city particularly, whore our eating ant &irking houses abound, particular price is taken to nerve up something that will please the pilaus of t_c ha bitues of these places. Thus, " thrilling" ram' tires, sporting intelligence, rumours of a delicate" character, and broad jukes, are the ataisles of their columns. What the respectablo dailice wyald sera notice, are " meat, drink, washing and lodging" for them. Theatrical, and particularly " green-room " infor mation, is a principal topic with their etliturs. rhcY strict, and not without truth, a close intimacy wiln ' the " inimitable " Burton, witty Jack Ilrougtiam. the rising tragedian, Mr. Murdoch, and ret al the of tre soire.is of the beautiful Mrs. Smith, who,e transcendent performaamm at the Bowery ni3ht•Y draw entranced audiences." In looking over the list of editors who are ,'.15ti . ...- guished either by their ability or success in the eoc trol of the leading journals, we find but very few who aro thoroughly educated men. Messrs. Bryant 1 Bigelow, of the Pus!, are the only two gentlenicnal:• 3 are really tine scholars. Mr. ltry;int's poeti:al no : <' have placed him in the first rank of American auth,ro. 'l'he editors of the Express, of tha Journal t: • nieree, of the Courier, of the Tribune, and of the Su• • are almost without exception only succeisful adven turers, who have loft other walks in life to money by the press. It is really wonderful that shiy are so successful. What they a ant in edevation they make up in practical knowledge and common never laying aside for a moment the consideration ea dollars and cents, not even in their loftiest flights , The material of a leading daily may be deter:lv; as consisting of one or mores machine presses, morel by steam, and having the very latest improve:Beaty I l Among these is lice's rotary prow, only one of is as yet in use in this city. This t. capable of pro.: lug 10,000 sheets per hour. 'The Herald Ace is th, only one whereas yet this maohice is in use. In every office there is a composing room. wau , from 12 to 23 stands for the type-mitti n; a tar:` marble slab table, on which they place the contewhnts. of their sticks ; a proof press; and a trough, ,te. the forms are washed clear of ink atter hming bL.° sled. 'the press room is now almost lament' s '', under ground, and, at some offices, a new bnler o a furnace have been tried with success, eaulawillni is. 3 4 Petsii Iy (14 64 Iffy in %SU