The Express. — London, England, 1850-04-22 00:00:00

Lbr AT tabs who 111 1 Ass. f ai i; • • IMF II mg C• POD" • • • • • a• aye • • 1 • • • • • • 61i ,• . • . . in 11 • • • :*.y • . • Htr i:e 1 :443ti tx.• *Ktal 1. .6*. ;-' t -R. a .ret 1-' tiro ' • z„, • ••• WA, f:{l tr.:• • .4 1 • ell .../6 • I/d • ta..• i.• • rep . 4. , 4 •, • • I. 4,1 k •• • Fru a.% 141‘,. --an m LhAl4 r tr lopes. *AIL h Wald awe 11 i 44 11.04 - •d a ' • - • • - P. • .1 .0 ... !s e a geatletnanly and *kilns! cease, and to •. - .; u mach genies. He was, however, not .." ~.t h the other officers of the Sappho. th e I t e far! of Dendoesid, the admiral ai the . h . n . Commander Michrll was trird, hes • red acting commander of the Sappho. '10,44. the English minister to Mrziee, m Harem fee Vera Cruz, in the Medway, n Meted sa d Vera Cr*: were very healthy.. : ',, te ea the Earl of Doindonald had pa id a fall , ' , to the 00Ver110T to General Banbury, !Ludt. to. - of Kingston. In answer to an address ty .. e Mayer end merchants of Kingetoo, respect ger Sail route scheme of the West Jodie ?sr' Macdonald replied that be had ''r" - • rn toted to the Admiralty the impoliq of u a foreign island (St. Thomas) as the prim ' • r the packets, while we have so many ll ,: s 7 ; t 2t oty adapted for the purpose. ' V i a had floally left Jamaica for Cartha .' h e In 'lO4 to acquire the English lineage „ t o ir. eviety in coosepowee is stated to be .1 hie dump, of residesco. ote euyet of the cultivatioa of cotton ths.7a 'por... rays: tees tivatioo of the useful sad profitable Miele "• ' ch we have late rebeaWdly invited the et , r:sating ',leads will «pithy attract the aoties r.nes of the preys in Raglaad, and through • ; people, especially espitalisui. No estimate e.i the savl can perhaps, sow he formed at the 7 ,,,pecty to arise teem its selsivadon oo • Wee sad this could be des* without abrialimd. 3 , . 4 ea et and code* taltivatioo by a gee, atm BRI rISH OUIANA. . r „ t b, 6.4 Kw! Geattft of Nods 21.1 -.tied Court opened ue the 11•11, with an addoos ~.,c ; :cacy the Governor. The Ooveruor's address, .os from the throne" La general, is *sashed in ..,. • . the ElAt notiorable peat le it is the sanitise „c: 4 the feTlfhtle. Ha Randle:a states, that the • et duties rave yielded 112, dollars durine 3 ,. c c asses fully equal to the avenge of any W e have resume to believe that the returns for eine months will be eves Irigber, and that , 1 , I t he revenue will sot fall Am: ef half • sillies ! ,, c the twelveneinth. On the 11th little or no we dose, and the e3tlet adjourned to yob :he 211th, so as to enable the voters for a D series to fill up a misty in the Finals ectesioaed by the rearguatios of lir. . • the B rbice Rem be meant in . • Yee:et:day. the court Debts full, with the t ere chair. that of the Hoe. fiemml Beim, one . • membtn of the C..net of Policy, a reply was tier Ptrident of the Financial College, Mr. ~ ••• ti mentor's add ru. One or twe minim ei rhea peen, and the estimate was taken up, - it. fieTicieft the ecclesiastical items for the •.. • 8-eaad. pone thraugh. Amon liberal Ravi , a.a.lotor the chunk than we hare been aonetossed In, e net sat till six in the ermine , and . • tzt.n tio•lay at three in the, afternoon, that late v.; •fes turd to enable memben to write their , • ....ea There is evidently a wish on the part of the cf the Dunne., with as little needless delay sad it is generally supposed that the estimate by Monday or Tnesdty sent at latest. - e slither of the court who has succeeded Mr. , •.- :ltE rata le Mr. finnan Porter, junior, a gentle . to on Laser notations sat in both our legislative ;• ps-enses coastdorahl property is the county. • • C •-r• of Policy, on the B . h. two deepatcha won Eat: Grey, dated the 26th January and 16th • . • :wt. Thr first cominaniestes to tlie governor the t.zu.n with which her Majesty has learnt the of the new Fracchin Bill, and • her Majesty's • r. of the mode in which the 'comment has been ▪ • t e,rol, and the other expresses a hope that no .:*1 swill be made by the Coml•fised Court In pro- • : clergy, as " will tend to make British anions - !•:an o bee West Indian colonies for the reap - ured Airtime et other immigrants." It will Do • o h.• been stated above, that there is little fear . • . ;'s hopes bong fruiters:MA in this respect •....tch.e from the noble earl, dated the 30th ...t tai lot February last, were also read in the Co..a- on the llto. The first meatiness the resignation ,:er. the 84eriff of Etsequeho, by which one of the •. oleo oat the civil list will come under the nom .. ce the C nabined Court. His lordship expenses ~ -ate to tee. ive any communi sties which the court make on that subjtet. The other refers to the . . , ,•1 the beach, oceatioiled by the late sudden death %rice ?imbrue, second value judge, end not .y : eTtl the Warr of this office, which is likewise on • . t•. to be determined by the Combined Court, but . so well whether there shall be a mimosa plane iy lest , the 19th, a riveting of merebente WM *7. Cimen C inert, E.q. in the chair, for the c nimble tne Combined 'Coon for • relaxation •szaf, so far is it effects the imported articles of food , •eteed in the comay. A striog of resolution* was • i•d a committee appointed to frame • rtitica to the prig the store of the iseetieg , which stands • . •., **day next, when the petition will be ro .: sr...Wily adopted. s-ether, dude; the last fbrtaight, has been very fa- For the last day or two we have had heavy role; • at it the remainder of the fortnight the weather •r. !fight and dry, and well salted to "agar inahleg. Her Majesty's ships Imanm, Sappho, Persian, %tzcn, and Bermuda were at Jamaica. e Ir.aeotnale• and Alarm were at or near Bar _ t. No English ship of war in the Gulf or at ..r.sh. The Wellesley waa at Bermuda. A ship of the late and two ewvettes, and an lean tr:gate and war schooner, were at Ha- roe brig Josephine, of Liverpool, was on the co her : the carp will be saved. A small Ame s earner and two bargees, boned for California, Bermuda in distress. The schooner Scots_ Id. of Nowa le, wee roe dew, la the Sty of His . by the Ivanhoe, of Leased!. the crew saved :aka ea to Hannab. The g:ish schooner Re of Hal.fax, was totally lost off Haysnaah. The mee, of Liverpool, was wrecked near Port Maria, a 20th tut : she lost her oaptata on this Bth Feb. WEST INDUL MARKETS. JANARA.—Ltnwros. KaaCZ 22 . r a - Le Owdess% Marerdle lateftpatm.") tee 'h. W ov pit WOO so tie ISO OIL for zeros *UMW Orsiost Qty, se sew isitsme hone las= tot:VA et the sueltet. Isdodose toy nowt L &11, the trade stosijOe thoodses as their o ‘o.t nir ralsosted. With the anwies et the diegssel tits ea. ti lieh the Ireshoolesessessi .Lee Os Milos beer Sioreniat ; hat edam drolly ode Welk via the "ewe ert easy soli it la iteregaire Yes •'-‘l. The .totls se all mid= ed treweuky an ars= rem egodstly af Oh. sr Oda dos ses sow totes is the ark rerhst amid, sad at brodstelk Oda es :or tiweetido as Os look et loperiso. Ws* et esit esedies is is, towswer. wry kw th essimet say Sr* leo udoe sst WPM that We diking d thisatiele Al lay sties Me nos swiss messopeles ; Yoshioka., ar 4 .' l i %WOW. solesitsely Weds Os eke of halo less& 'IP —" ressal. " laltsiMsls.hdowskies. Willowy timbal • — Waimea 6atiata loft stoat OM lends. boa bun na. Past at Oa aim Iffamil Mil Ise Ns. so lb. Wm mime rill Plot line Ina Id= at fla and Ma. raepattivdy. •8•1 etariat et an Ira autaadara taa.—aties fa tie 'moat at filialkalat MA wars nada et Wid, vas subwiteently reamed for but sr IM Mfr. • the Lust raw. at an boa plead at bd., sod 1111 - i Tid. per ,b. Lbs•—Tbert an sot may la feat bast* awl tabs supply is • R.—English y wort► M. par A. Amide= is some at H. n. L—T Armed Sr nett desired; 40e. be pm lee I. 4 41 . evesderd Um esteem 'mike et orrery ears .4. 1 1 , •me AWL Se Mersellese Imre emir vs. Wrier Is verb $4 re ear. sod Colmar= tiorlors vik Se Is epee mem pereler. le greed se 161.,. and Armless, et Mika , 44 Ms = . oed. words. no ersumptimaot sir is.—b marl re lb. MS low Mw &rod bear se ret —..••111411 reponoL tioss.—lo pier OA of am ma nay tronnotion not on to *my memos atom; at 7a. sod 16r porter sod polo nopoottnly. Then is onnely say not holt rotor. tan —4. Z. wo tolin at to Id. to To pot Lop noro-00 idle Inn Is on moth at roorkat is worth 10. au -WO lon* wibary SUB obtopd bands at I. sad 'Aoll hMrat 700 t prim have bon pw k -Has saimmiwass at tb INt sasply. Cloa 4. Taira wassails& MO I sow WO On IS. pie Milo non ast Circling modo. fro -UnnonletY. pa pia /a 21 pruc day poll, Nat to . . Taiiimr - batis myquist, Wes bung no simulative demand. meit ISNk S owed at l(s. for 4Slta., I Is. W. tor Raba rim. ea Us. Ar wi roles al la s la lb. pir 1011 a. ~. -The inehat le emit lin of Casiadiek. Timm is bat 4..4 mud an MM. midge is Mal far la ad. to la id. Lsat la 'I 1. ti iselalit ma bled 911 We. --amerioas Masi an equal In quality to wool. at atm per WM Weal. • • Lusaass.—Jamaies Bank : 90 days, pm; In day. ; 10. par sent. prem. COW Hank : 90 days, V ) M id I psi mat. prem.; 104.7., le pot seat A IMPAMPUL Buocx OF AN EARTIIQUAXE wu te• fts se half paq 3, a.m.. of Wednesday, the sae weigh caused the greatest alarm. Tee noise whiLh I ."•N.e Um shwa le described us must terrine. If 14, 001.30 A P, MANCPACTORT.-80 unity morning Ism am seised a most everasive illicit soap mane. I •'°1. whack tt is evident km been carried on for a limed"• t0ri...1 at a plea call•ei Spring cottage, Bloke Nevelt* ,_•• .1: les with seaside:able ditheelty that the Olken I.•• P , Liaell to the premises. which were well a/elated. e.: elorie so, they first of all pounced upon twe well “aoe.len, aimed Jacob Beach and John Yelled, jut., I,rtlisith resassed to Clerksewell Court, were •••,... masted Is so imprirousitot ul three smooth. in • " 41 Ya1nsd ad. tub. PIRACY IN CHINA AND TER INDIAN Al/11i I lileT . ran • A return of RagßA vessels " captured. attacked, pluodered, or is say way isolated by Malay or Dyak pirates, es the meet or 'Wirt : " from August, 1839, to August, 1849, h as extracted from / . .ists,aad tad to the Romeo( Commons. Thirty-nee vemsls a s seamerated. Is sot One in steps, are the /ideates alleged to be Drib, thly one of the muse k mid be ham occurred withia 300 mike of Borneo, wed that is the came of a vessel " wrecked cc ode of the Weeds. Qui the coast 1846; of which the elliesre had bees Malaw i sad part of the arses sold es slaves Mat maim" - Thirties of the 'hips are simply 'mid lb be min-' Meg : of their fate seeking is loam. Three of them are expressly said to have passed °Minx*, through the Straits of Sande. Of See there is no evidence thee they aye reached the lodise Archipelago. Oa* disappeared between Musa sad MSOIIO ; one Map between Chasms and Penang; one Intense ie and Calcutta ; one had sailed from Manilla to Bestirs; sad or from the same port to Falmouth. Poe BON of them can the Dyad of Borneo be sus posted. Three of the vessels ere stated to have buss plus &rid in the Straits of Sunda and Lembeek. Two of them were plundered at the Nicobar Islands ; one in the omit of Acheia ; and one in the Straits of Banco. Four were attacked on the coast of China. One was attacked near the Anarnbas (300 miles from Borneo), but the pirate was obliged to *beer off. One vessel" was passed as if burnt," 60 miles from the Straits of Sunda; one "burned to the water's , edge" was parsed in the Prllawem Straits. In the course of ton years twenty-nine vessels have' l been lost in and near the Indian Archipelago; the manner in which fifteen of them were lost is un known ; six were wrecked and plundered, as they might bass been on the west coast of Ireland or Cornwall; eight were attacked by pirates (one an sisconsfoliy) ; four of them outside the Indian Archi pelago ; three in the Chinese waters ; and one at the Anambaa. There have been six cases of" wrecking" and eight of piracy in ten yea... In only one case (a case of wrecking) was the outrage committed near the cost of a 317110, end that case occurred at the north end or on the east of the island. many hundred miles from &resting, and was committed by Malaya of the &oleo island'. These facts are worthy the consideration of those who hate been misled by It ijah Brooke's thcdomon- Ude. Ine Court. The Chesil and Prince Albert toot a drive in an open oarnage and four oat Saturday. Th. Equerries to Waiting, L ird Charles Fitzroy, and Lieut.-Colonel F. H. Seymour, attended on homebsek. His Royal Highness the Prince Albert, attended by Lieut.-Colonel this Hon. C. B. Phipps, presided on Saturday morning at the Craned for the management of the Duchy of Cornwall, at the Dachy i.ffice, Sommer House. Prince Albert laspeted a bust of Viscount G mob, oy Mr. G G. Adams, on flatus-lay, at Buckingham Palace. Her Majesty sad Prince Albert in sp.eted, on Saturday, an advanced proof by Mr. Orestbach, from Sir 'large Hayter's picsurs of " The Christening of his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales," in St. Georges Cnaml, Windsor; also the etching from Wiaterhalier's picture of their Royal Highnesses the Prance Alfred and Princess Helena, in Highland eastern. ' en graving by H. T. Hy'''. submitted by Mr. Moon. Tbe royal dinner party at Buckingham Palace, on Bstutday, included the Disclose of Kent, the Duchess of Sutherlorid, Lady Anna Maria Dawson, Baroness de Sostb, lb. Earl Granville, Viseaunt Cantata', Lady Blantyre, Lord Portman, and Colossi' the Hoa. Charles Grey. The Queen and Prises Albert, the Printers Royal, the ladies and gentlemen of the Court, and the domestic house hold. attended D-vine service Jr stcrday in the private chapel in Buckingham Palate; the Hen. and Rev. Gerald Welles Icy officiated Her Royal Highness the Deck's* of Kent attended the service yesterday morning. The Roy Parody took their gaud cairn.. yesterday in the garden of Buckingham Palace. HEM ESTT THE QUEEN.—The morning papers state that at a late boar last eight the amoral members of the Cabinet, the Lord Chancellor, the Archbishop of Canter bury, and principal members of the Queen's household, were suddealy placed on the qui rem by an intimation proceeding from the palace that symptoms bad developed themselves of the approaehiog sod early ocroucAsusent of her Majesty. Ir quirks meads at Sinking/gam Pslace, at two o'clock this day, met with an answer to the effect that her Itilsj,sty was Bever fa better health," so that it would seem the happy event referred to is not se liar:nitwit% as reported. The Duke of Cambridde attended Divine service yesterday morning in the Foundling Hospital. A Cabinet Connell was held on Saturday afternoon at the Foreign-offiee. Tb. Ministers present w.re Lord John Remelt, the Merquis of Lansdowne, the Bari klinto, Si, George Grey, Visconnt Palmerron, Earl Grey, the Chancellor of the Eaebequer, Sir Francs Baring, Sir Jetta Hobbes'', the Earl of Carlisle, the Right Hoe. H. Labou elute, and the Hght Hoe. F4:l Mauls. The emend sat two hours and a half. _ Mr. George Henderson and Mr. Allen Gilmour, a deputation tr„esa the Glasgow Shipowners' Association, on tae Merchant Service, Adenessurenen• of Snips, and Sea men's Fund Bills, bad as interview with the Right Hon. H. L 'Wacker, no Saturday, at the °See of the Baud of Trade. Mr. Gurney and Mr. W. Tags had an interview with hit 0. Orvy on Saturday, at tae liontivoffice. Sir T. Freemaotle, Chairman of the Comeau, hael'en interview with the Chancellor ad the Erearguer en Saturday, at Ids dada residecco fa Dow, iiic-etreex _ _ A deputation, immolating of Joseph Neatby, Samuel Bturp, and George Stacey, bad an interview es Saturday with Sir George Gny. Sr. H. Verney had also an inter view with the right hon. baronet on Saturday. Lord John Remelt had a parliamentary dinntr party os Saturday, at hie residence is Chnhaaa-piese. Despatches were received on Saturday at the Colmial•ofilite from the Lord High Cownssioser of the [alias blonde. _ _ Dmatcbes for the Governors of Van Diemen's Lrad, B,ita and West Australia, were mat of ea Friday cueing from the Colonial-aim Th Duke of WellinAton attended the early service yesterday, is the Chapel Reysi, 81. James's. —F. R lacks? Is, !.1, has received the imp utast appointment of Presidia or .-.. Motel Order Department in the General Pat-e/se, in the room of Wan Barth, 8.q., deadwood. Mr. William Nmera. the Aristotle- Sweetasy to the Bards( Culimm Mahan appointed Secre tary of that dilatant on the ram of Mr. Small, who has been plead spot the retired Hot ; dad Mr. Gardner, a mtlestam pienz rz of tom the rook of Ark4nt , is ttte roam of Mr. Maclean. Mr. J. Arida, Ladingßarveyor at Damao, hue bon promoted to the odla Lerag Surveyor of Hoe Casual at C irk, valiant by the demise of Mr. Hart ; mad Mr. G. Arnott, Comptroller at Lynn, to be Comptroller sad Leadlag Surveyor at Dundee. Lieut. Edward Griffiths, N., le appointed Superintendent of Liberated Atrium at St. Helena.— Observer. IiAIitrFACTURING DISTRICTS. MANCHESTER, Aram 20. no Mayor of Manchester has been eminently one oessful is bis endeavours to get Ike nucleus of • fond for 11•1111Mhilig • public library and readins-room for the week due here, similar to the one in Salford. Sixteen, , or more, firms is the tows, have subscribed each towards this excellent dodo& ; aad, altogether, the I t oss fonds promised will be little lees than double that amount— say 3,0001. The Hall of Selena is Cempiel i :e voloy igthally built (not many years ego) for the floolobsie, is to be the depository of the library ; sad Sir Oswald Bart. (till nanny the lord of the manor of Mencheeter), befog the owner of the beading, as well as the lead, is prepared to sell them for the purpose. The hall wee • failure ea a socialist speculation, and has been little used of late. Attemps have been made before It us into Big Oswald Moeley's hands (who wee not the builder) to let it for public exhibitions, but the situation was sot Inf. !laically central. It has a population of 40,000 to 50,000 working people around it within a moderate tirade, and as the deviatory for • public library for this class of the popu lation it will be coeveniaatly placed—that is to say as a district library. To reader the work othiplete,l4 woald be desirable to establish another library of similar extent to wards the western extremity of hornets, which would be near the centre of another of the largest districts of the workieg population of the borough. Should the funds coins la well, probably the mayor will attempt something of the kind. One of those pleasing reunions of workpeopl• and em ployers, for which this aeighbourhood has lately become Ron T.-makable, took Vacs to day at Mottram. In the heontifal vale of the river Gait, and not far above its jun.:ion with the Ittherow, an situate the extensive calif.° and MUSH!' print works of Mr. Motley, whose handsome fen dense is in elms proximity. This was the kftietnanniverear of Mr. and Mn. Matley's wedding day, and they det armteed to celebrate it by a least to their workproVe. A spacious marquee was erected, and coven were laid for between 600 and 700 gwate, who, after a procession headed by a band of music sat dose to a plentiful repast at 2 o'clock. Mr. and Mrs. Malley and a camber of their friends wen present, and the procredieri were rendered more gratifying by the presentatien to Mr. Watley of a handsome piece of plate, sulucribed by his workpeopik, without his kaowledge to the last moment, bearing an icseriptign teetitying their love and grateful recollection of sassy peat kiedaases. Mane and dancing followed the certainty, and all present appeared to partake of the utmost enjoyment. THE FXPRESS, MONDAY EVENING, APRIL 22, 1850. THE LIVING AND THE DEAD.—No. L Ica 1849, London dose supplied 16,000 additional witaimes—asoonaeiose. bat most vermin. witnesses —to the mortal abousisatioa of Lowden churchyards. From Loudon graves, sixteen extra thousands reeked their testlinoey in unmistakeable ga s e s t o th e anseents.aceording t. the arithmatie of Dr. Playfair, .0(2,671,600 cable feet ; the whole of which, " be yond what is absorbed by the'soil, slut pass Into the water below or thi atmosphere above." Thus the poison is dqubly reoenupemded be our senses : Distend alike io air and water. Bat for a fall anti particular aceenntof all the evils, the ghastly shows, the brutalising indeesneith et the English gave even, at the best s wilkUlt,tbe promised secant's the sang exclusiveness of the church vault, and the defying, durability of • leaden coffin, most critically aoldered,—we refer the reader to the " Report as a General Scheme for Extramural Sepulture,* just issued 'by the Genial Booed of. Health. We , have shuddered through its mimesis details, and cannot but acknowledge a note of hYpooritie mockery in the phrase " Christian burial," ea fse the most part performed—hideously barlsequed--ie Christian England. Rich and poor are alike and by tunic made. the nuisacos aid the wrong. A ride man is buried with all funereal honours. The plucked ostrich yields its black-dyed feathers topsoils the good name's last : he goes plumed to the vault in two °offing; undisturbed, hermetically . secure in his lead—a most eonsciectious and artistic bit of plumb-work; and there—the funersl bill and church does paid, undertaker and tectw alike placid and content—then the good man, head somely bestowed, awaits the resurrection " which is the fife of the grave end sweetens our habitations in the land of moles sod piemires.' Such the tran quillity anticipated by the dying: such the fancied ' repose, purchased by survivors and further solemnised by a stamp receipt I 'Alas! for the pride of lead, and the vanity of the vault. Dxtor Waller Lewis reports his charnel experience is many churches; taking note of the ruthless, and if the dead can be cheated, the dishonest manner in which a corpse that has hand somely paid it. way in the land of caresses, is crushed, flattened into hideous insignificsece, by the new-comers from time to time put above it—by the new arrivals of leaden caskets piled, with a most mercenary eye to business, one upon another. Doc'or Lewis is in the vault of St. Andrew Under shaft. " A coffin and its contents," says the Doctor, " frequen'ly weigh three or four hundred weight; and as many as thirteen of these are sometimes heaped together in one column." Sorely, this is a little hard upon the undermost? Why, yee, for "the lower coffins were driven into the ground, and pressed quite fiat." There is, however, the strongest social reason for this—the reason of the breeches pocket. Every Baffin so piled in a vault, in the philosophical and arithmetical oonviction of a sexton of S.. Andrew Un dershaft, is " worth a good five-pound note." A dreary thought this; yet very illustrative of the oil truth that different minds see the species of different thing. in the same object ; the friends of the deceased with tearful eyes read in the coffin-piste the beloved name of the dead ; the sexton, with deeper vision, decyphere in the same marks the hidden meaning that is to him —" a good five-pound note!" Were further burial in church vaults to be 1. gall permitted, surely, in the fulness of time—though when, it would he hardihood to prophesy—even the better-instructed consciences of the well-to-do genera tion, with pockets fur ecclesiastical lying and the dear immunity of plumber's work, would sicken and re ' volt at the notion of becoming a nuisance and • danger to 'heir own living flesh ot the second and third generation, Sabbatically called together in the old family pew. Men, better taught, would outlive the filthy conceit of wishing to fermrut in the security of lead, after a time to evolve carbonic acid gas and other foulest emanatioos pestilential to the living. A man would feel himself a shabby, dastardly fellow, who should desire to bequeath his carcase as a mischievous legacy to the living. A sense of decency, a humble acknowledgment of the common fiat that says dust to dust, would make a men ashamed of the ghastly foppery that, in church vaults, juggles him with the notion of a place apart— rockers his spirit with the thought ot privil.ge for individual rottenness. For at the best the retirement of the coffin is now broken in upon : the exclusive ness is only a matter of years. Pay what yon will, time hustles your bones with the bones of strangers; pili s them up with alien relics—a confusion ocrtaioly not to be thought of when the pomp of the funeral is determined upon, and a chosen place in the vault se cured. Man, in his vanity, pays as he thinks for tenant right until the last day. Alas! he is only the sexton's other five-pound note—a note for time to change into gas and dust. Dr. Lewis is in the vault of St. : Here are plated 117020 hundred and fifty enfilni, is all onesible positi me, piled one above another-4e lower crushed by the so ..ight of dole above. The great majority are broken and decayed—:ha remains of mortality falling out between the rows of cAllas. Is all but the newest coffins the external wood is decayed, leaving the lead exposed. It is, of course, impassible in these ins sects to ascertain whose remains they contain. &torsos% cobwebs and lanai, with much dirt and filth, rendtr the it scriptions that remain illegible. Many of the coffins cousin of a mere shell of decayed wood, which, on the slightest touch, breaks into powder, and exposes the remains of the skeleton. The coffins are so fragile, and the yllu so much out of the perpendicular, that it is dangerous to approach very near them. In the two farther corners large colketions of base me piled together without any attempt at order or deceeey—a most revolting sight. That cobwebs and fungi should make illegible the words of coffin-plates is a sad yet significant triumph achieved over the vanity of the vault. And to be crashed out of one', coffin, and then to be picked up bone by bone, and toned into a earner wi - h a multi tude of bones, heaped with no more "attempt at order or decency "—what order would satisfy Doctor Lewis ?—than a heap of shingle, all this should be a victorious reproof of the worse than vanity that makes man hope to cheat the grave to whose consumption he is due. Is it not more pleasant to think our bones transmuted into grass, or gone to feed the pith of yew and cypress, than flung into a foal dark corner with a mob of bones—the said mob showing no " attempt at older or decency " ? . _ _ When the cotse cannot, or will not, afford, what an old poet cal " a fold of lead "—when the b-ely takes its plass in the vault in simple elm, it tikes with it, supplied by the undertaker, a thousand diein tarring agents that will surely undo the undertaker's work ; passing that " stout, handsome elm coffin" inexorably through their intestines, in a dark brown powder; and doubtless consanin the funereal wood, with as mach gusto as the undertaker's men—the funeral performed—displayed to the familiar waiter of the Bag-o'-Nails, in the customary consumption of gin and 'Woo. This resurrectionist insect is called the .Rhynoolus Ligttarists, or Weevil of the Elm : It is a dark, iiiesose-colommi West (ems Dr. Lewis), 'bottom-sixth of an huh is length, net isafrequeat in the vicinity of the metropolis, sad emptared generally Muth the bark of else. From the ern monist of bark' thus crest/use are at Mk in the larva state. With plenty of food. and wain the famarable con ditions of damp and quiet, with abeam of their etudes, the weevils propagate namerass generations, which feed, tandem the speedas je e s aid o die et only when the vege table fibre is completely l ed. The wood then, drilled with holes, dry and rotten, 'Baader, and leaves that heap of !sewn dust of @kapok*, soiseake, whose composi tion (Ins it Is ay longer wood) Moms a 'Minkel, not a to tankial problem. In this manner is the defrauded corpse eaten out of its elm case or crib by rhyncoime ligtearigu. Did the vanity of man exact new coffins like new coats, what a profitable insect to the undertaker would be the elm insect! Its ravages, however, are to be stayed by ven tilation. Bat, the passing victory over rhyncolue lignarius is dearly purchased; for, as Doctor Lewis convincingly observes, " where s vault is only kept pure by thorough ventilation, the surrounding atmo sphere mast have been poisoned by receiving the im purities from the vault." Thus, it is hardly to be contested, it is better, in a sanitary sense, to suffer rhyneoless lignarius to make its quiet meal, digesting handsome elm coffins into brown dust, than to stay it at the cost of charnel gases—deadly whiffs from the jaws of death, ?dosing up the nostril. and down the lungs of the living. In many churches the entrance to the vaults is in the body of the church, the atmosphere of which suet receive an irruption of poisonous gases sash time that the vaults are I opened. Thus in Si. Bsset'., Orsoschurah, five flagstones have to be raised from the able, aboat a foot depth of soil is then removed sad thrown Into the body of the church, and lastly a trap door Mused, and this forms the entrants Into the vault. Besides this tires communication with the kite- Hu of the church, a great may other bodies are boned in the soil undtr the flagstones of all parts of the church. St. Benet% Oraeseburch, must be considered, of all metropolitan churches, a most solemn place of worship; a place, in which all the vanities of life should be held of least account, seeing that their tennis is made so uncertain by the means of death that rise from the vaults, and the soil beneath the church... "by natural exhalation." The congrega tion of St. Banithp Otaceabarch, may be maid, ono. a week, at tisk, to affront death ; men as soldier. and sailor. me maid to affront him. To go to prayers at Bt. Benet% la almost as eponymous as to go into a general action. Game are no 10.. mortal Mangan.; and crashed leaden soaks quite a. dangaroas—we hasten to proof as leaden bullets. 0031/1101/11111 amid orstale *aide coatalaed la the lead s • glued, mama. wears they NM la mate* wits tide metal she adder. • eorrodisi salmi thee awe* the Wed lodeolrectcad a Teat le spode thrash shish„ the &Me she Mr I tat I ems • ammo mat 54th., a eathiediated sees a wee bowies from thi prow eltiti poem bide *this. Geserally speak* Owes la ewe of dropsy, either °sly a limited gestalt, et gams Wormed, or the wean Saws estabiao to form wales, ateneniel Or ether tehessaose with* form solids with the load. But Doctor Lewis is not prepared to may, di That lead may not filter a pearap " to certain 15..., and reform it to gloat oft scncsr body. Hat the unshorn of piling iodic upon oofiln—thme precious layara of flee pound nix*, maxtoit currency--crusbas most, ell crashing, cruahing, until the last Sre. pound note can be insinuated next S. the roof r and hence ttiri inertld pia set tree from the' beam had. And them, it mama, are from time to time la (Spacial form among the .eourageoes °myna* of St- Beriet's Graceolturoh . Thu mush for the peril to physical health from church interment. We now ►pproach the gaertlos of moral well-doing; mhch endangered, it would wens, in the vaults of the dead to the official living. What becomes of the coffins, has been a frequent question knocking at the meditative hearts et eouseasations. churchwardens p • It would meets that sun as Rhynoolus Lignarius has intestines for elm, so have certain sextons bowels for lead. The elm is, how ever, represented by brown powder—the metal shows no remaining dross. The sexton stomach leaves no deposit. Doctor Lurie, with increasing astonishment, jounnee from vault to vault;. and though "in some kof them interment has been going on ever sines the great fire in Laudon—in some even before that event," —the climber of coffins is, in comparison With the time, of so account : It iS extremely dielcult to arrive at satisfactory evidence of the eases sad maser of the diaappearaace of the older mans. That its missy installer a great camber of coffins have best removed so ems doubt', but, oa qussdosisg dam est parties the reon,the mower Leaman always Idols% knew ' Mr. Crib'', of IC,ng street, Covestepardea, says that when be became churchwarden of St. Paul, Covest-garska s sassy yeses ago, the seatou kept the keys of the nulls, sod had ancourrslled emu toting'. He hu resew' to believe that many old leaden seine were removed prior to his aeoe•sion to the sake. He believes that thus were usually removed dariag the might, sad the lead sold. Thos, the bran-new coffin that is a headlamp five -1 pound note to the sexton of one generation, has still some value for the sexton that shall follow. For by degrees the top coffin, like the tap card of speck, gets shuffled to the bottom ; is burst and broken; and so much old lead is malted and transmitted into shillings —moved during the sight—for the glad official of the time. The cheated, outraged bones—laid once so trimly in that handsome leaden coffin —are, of course, flung into that corner, piled in a heap " without any order or decency." Such the enduing glory of a vault funeral. The me:tone's of St. Andrew Undershaft speaks with the ingenuousness of her sex. She " knew that the vault had oons•anily been cl 4 ared out, and the old coffins removed to make room for newer ones." Ham let traces the dut of Alexander to the bunghole of a beer-barrel : as a grim burlesque might not the coffin lead of a London alderman be found in a London water-spout ? Mr. Underwood gave evidence to the following effect:— I was chterehwarden about %weary years ago, and when on the point of having that office the lust clearing out of the vault was made. li.verything above a hundred yearn old wsa then turned out. Many of the coffins were crushed quite Hat. Many had sunk into the soil from the wei,ght of the upper eoliths pressing upon them. All on the left-hand side of the vault were removed ; none on the right, as tto y were the newest. I do not know how many coffins were then rtmovtd, but there must have been a great many, as it took a week to do. The contents of the coffins were buried in the churchyard. Ido not know what was dune with the lead." But, no doubt, the sexton of the time—the alchemist sexton—could, if living, inform us. The parish of St. Margaret, Westminster, is in a strange state of ignorance in the matter of her old coffins : The churchwardens of St. Margaret, IVestatinster, "can not coronet for the absence of all the old coffins. They Isser4 of any faculty from the bishop having beet. granted for their removal." The vaults of Bt. Peter's, COTO • hill, have been devoted to the reception of the dead as long ae or perhaps longer than those of a y other church in the metropolis, but nose of the authorities can account for their saw mentateieg hut 72 coffins. There has evidently been much reprehensible laxity in the guardianship of them places generally throughout the metropolis. Even at the present day in many instances t►e keys are kept by the sex. ton or ',atones', and the churchwarden knows little or no- thing of the condition or contents of the vaults. In these cases, the philosophic sextons, like Mat-o% the Mint. have, no doubt, " turned all the lead to gold." Nevertheless, we acknowledge in the officials of St. Andrew Underehaft a .iport of coassignee that respected et coffu•lead under a hundred years old. To have a century's sleep—though much of the time severely crushed by superincumbent grave-fellows is a hiadsome allowance; though returning to the question of time, we are more strongly confirmed in the belief that a hundred years more or less in a church vault is a consideration unworthy of an immortal nature and—the anti-climax must be pardoned for the shrift enshrined in it—by no means justifies the cost of a leaden coffin. EXHIBITION OF 1861. F' REIGN AND COLONIAL PhoDUCTIoNS,IB6I.—Ar raneements mada by the Board of Customs to admit foreifu and colonial productioes for the parpolies of the exhibition isf 18.51 : —let. That all works intended for she satitiace should, in the first instance, be admitted into this country without payment of duty ; that the goods should net be sub ject to exaMination at the wateraido,but couveyed tithe place of exhibition, at the excess, of the Importer, tinder charge of proper officer, of the customs, to be there opened by the importer or his agent, and examined in the presence of the proper (Aar of the customs, in order to mew the amount of duty Which would become payahle thereon if sold in this ceun, and such market attached thereto as may be cen sideme n, emery to maintain the identity of the goods. tad. That the *Gods brought for exhibition should be mesidned as warehoused under the warehousing regu lations, in the'premises appointed for the exhibitlen ; and that security be given in each case for the due re-exportation of the goods, or payment of the duty at the elms of the exhibition : and no foreign goods, liable to ditty, to be on spy mount removed from the premises until the termina non of the exhibition ; and then only on payment of the distr, or for re-exportation. 3rd. That goods intended for exhibition should be imported into one of the following ports; vin.—London, Liverpool, Bristol, Hull, Newcastle, River, Folkestone, and Southampton ; and the Board of Customs to make such regulations, and appoint such officers of the ' department for taking charge of the goods at the pplays of exhibition, in communication with the comabeioa for conducting the proceedings, as ley be deemed essential fa the security of the istareita of the THE DEATH OP THE DUCHESS or MaaLitoreouoir. Ewa eancemes with regret the deplane of lier Grace the Dash= of Marlboreurb. Her grape was caelised with • 411111.11 as infant man live weeks ago, and was coneidered to be mildly programing to recovery. A severe mautal shock IMOeMaayszperienc4d about • fortnight ago took seekapowerfulMM.llke nervous systems that her never rallied from it, lad Mally conk under its bawhl Musses at an early beer on Saturday moming. Deceased was the Mb daughter of the Viscount and Viscountess Mhbrooke, sad was mem maternally to the lets Lord Mee** 0.C.8. fibs was bora November 26th, 1818, and was myriad la 1846 to the present Duke of Marlborough. His gram, bad been previously married to Lady Jane Stewart, daughter of the eighth Earl of Galloway, who died Oot. 12, 1844. TM duchess Just deceased was remerkable for her great Meld amomplathenenta and many amiable qualities. 13be wee also honourably known wi bin her circle as an accomplished artist la water coloun. SOCIETY OF Scnoourserrgas.—The annual general meeting of this society was held on &tardily in the ;come of the Royal Literary Fund, Grant Rowell-street, the Arch bishop of Canterbury in the choir, supported by the Bishops of Loudon sad Bt. /mph, Archdeacon Burney, Rev. Dr. Rump. Rai. Dr. Bice, Rev. Dr. Major, Riv. Dr. Boyers, R-v. J. Cooper, Rev. Canon Jennings, Rev. Dr. Vivian, Rev. Dr. Saunders, Rev. Dr. Chambers, and other clergy men and gentlemen coenected with our public schools. The treasurer's report for the past year stated that the receipts had been 4271., and the payments 4471, the lament of grants having been 471. Si: pensions of 101. each had been granted to widows of deceased subscribers, and five pensions of the same amount to widows of non-subscribers, while 1051. 12s. had been contributed towasds providing *donation for the children of schoolmasters. The Bishop of St. Amph moved, sad the Rev. Canon Jennings, seconded the adoption ash.. report, which was carried unanimously . The meeting was then addrcesod by the Bishop of London, Arehdeacon Burney, Rev. Dr. Chambers, and other gentlemen, warmly advocating the claims of the charity both upon the preferien and the public'. The committee and officers were them re elected, and the meeting elored with a vote of thanks se the archhehop for his kindness in taking the chair, which his grace shortly atknowledg.d. ELIZA CIIESTNEY.—This intrepid your woman has been marred recently. She vt•ited Cambridge on Friday, in company with her husband, on their wedding clears:on. Bhe appears still to walk lame from the serious s received trom the aro of the murdertr Rush, but in otnsr respects she seems to have recovered her health. THE NEW SOCIETY OF PAINTERS IN WATER- FINIS ARTS. COLOURS. This exhibition, the sixteenth annual one, was opened on Saturday to privets view, and is am remark able foe the deviation from th e o ld t raditions of water colour science, as for the vigour and power with which the members have prosecuted their studies in the newly-ohosea department of their art. In the are rage number of the works exhibited, the historical and figure pieces predominate over the landoespes, and the force and brilliancy of oil is aimed at. Hitherto confined to fleeting atmospheric effects, the humbler vehicle of water is now called on to depict the darker Beene* of history. dramatis motion and passion, and thus snap' the line which should define the limits or the two axle. A glance at the walls of this exhibition suf ficiently shows progression. Foremost amongst these progressive 'champions stands Mr. L. Highs. ahieedy a. veteran in success; his pre sent picture will add to talc laurels. It represents "a !wheel, or public reservoir, for the gratuitous 'apply ' of water. The ',heel is generally attached to the Mosque and on the top of it is an op en hullo!) or free school for children." A gathering of pole Bedouins —men, women, and children—are elating their thirst at a Moorish fountain, while an Arab guard leans en his musket. The different groups, in their expectant attitudes of relief, and the way in which they centre round the venerable bearded indivi dual who drains the cup, is managed with equal regard to truth sad picturesque composition of luxe. The Eastern raiment, as well as the milky modelling and drasting of the figures, recall strongly the works of Horace Vernet; the gestures however, and the expression of the heads, contain more feeling than those of the French painter. The draughtsmanship is as careful and scour .te throughout as unobtrusive. Two other pictures by the same artist make one regret the time and talent wasted on unworthy themes. All the handling in the world and accuracy of costume is not sufficient to vivify " Cavalier, " whether brawling in the " Ouard- room " or i n the durance of a prison. Bat the straits to which a painter may sometimes be put, when in search of interest, is well illustrated by M. F. H. Corbould; seeking the barbasio chronicles and costumes of nine centuries since. No. 271, "Elgiva in the hands of the creatures of Odo, Archbishop of Canterbury," is a sombre con ception, being executed in that hybrid manner which partakes alikl of oil and water-colour, and in the union of which some have conceived to be the great secret: be this as it may, Mr. Corbould has, by the dexterous adoption of this principle, produced a work of which the technical power and depth of tone are admirably suited to the tempo reqa.rements of the scene. The crunchier figure of the Queen, as she implores protection from the brand of infamy, and nestles in the sturdy frame of the Archbishop's satel lite, wavering between duty and conscience, evinces the dramatic power and pathos of the artist, to which the strong opposition of light and shade, and the fit ful glare of the fire, wherein another ruffian is heat ing the rod of iron, greatly contributes, and the audacity of which i s forgotten in its success. Other brilliant bits there are by the same artist, which show admirable command over the brash, whether in delineating silks or complexions, but which also betray a mind that would fain be empl o y e d on more ambitions subjects, and a broader canvass. --- Quite the reverse is the impression left by gazing on the charming productions of Miss Setchell, so well known by her picture of the "Momentous Ques tion," of which we are given a pleasanter version in her " Jesse and Colin, from Crabbe's tales ' this being no longer the woef u l, b u t th e p re tt y embarrass ment of two lovers in need of parental consent. The old and the young people are composed and painted with all the delightful freshness that unfortunately does not belong to the subject. While touching on feminine &henry of handling, the "Gardeners shed," by Mrs. Harrison, claims notice for the harmony and truth of fruit and flower, and its pic torial arrangement, a happy departure from the conventional style of hot-house delineation. Mr. Absolon, probably from the fact of his being engaged elsewhere in works which we have recently noticed, is in lens force than usual, though to some graceful designs are oppended his usual style and name. Of Eastern life, whether scenes of the city or the camp, there is such an abundant stock, as almost to amount to an artistical ra:sirs. M. Vacher has over run the Algerine provinces, abandoning thereby his favourite Venetian architecture for the more bizarre Moorish from which it sprang. His " bazaar at Algiers" has s!1 the semblance of a scene in the "Ara bian Nights," the porticoes in pleasing perspective, the warm tones of the white buildings and their listless inhabitants have that charm which belongs to the poetry of indolence. Not less genuine are the golden glimpses of desert life. M. \V. Wyld has " The Street, Bab-a-Zona, at Algiers; " it is a feeb'e imitation of Decamps' man ner, especially the children, one of whom, a young Jewess, is presenting a reclining merchant with a cup of coffee ; it would require a much stronger stimulant ever to make him budge with the limbs which the artist has endowed him with. More natural and poetical in conception is M. H. Warren's " Wise Men from the East," ander the guidance of the star. They are on camels, an animal the peculiar property of the artist. In his Christ with his Disciples in the Cum-field," the spictator is embarrassed in trying to discern which is the Pharisee and which the dis ciple : this is a fault scarcely redeemed by manipu lative dexterity. _ _ A fine specimen of Hibernian humour will be foiled in the cavalry portrait piece representing the " Irish Commander of the Forces and his Staff," by Michael Angelo Hayes. Grateful to the eye is the picture representing " Caxton reading the first Proof sheet from his Printing Press in Westminster Abbey, March, 1474," by E. H. Wenhert. In snob a scene the great secret and difficulty is to obtain at once diversity of grouping and concentration if interest. This the artist has well succeeded in, the by-play being perhaps the mod successful portion. Whilst the illus trious printer is reading to his eager assistants, Wyn kyn de Worde, Richard Pyceon, William Machlinia, and Letton, his first printed book, " The Game and Play of Chess," a youth checks the progress of a maiden laden with food of not so intellectual a kind. The distribution of the chiaro-feuro adds to the cen tral unity of the oomposition. But if a rapid survey of these walls suffices to show the preponderating influence of the historical depart ment of the art, it also shows that they are faithful adherents to the old traditions of water-colour perfec tion. Chief of these is Mr. W. Bennett, whose fertile pencil is tasked to the utmost in keeping pace with his perception of pastoral beauty ; his umbrageous, and mossy " Forest glades" and " Woodskirta" invite the eye to rest, or the ear to catch the silent gurgle, of his brooks. " /larlech Castle" and "Bolton Abbey" have been repeated, ad nauseam, but his are not the stereotype views. No. 105. " A View in Shrubland Park, near Ipswich," recalls the massive foliage and; bluey still distances; of Gainsborough, whose pastoral artistic education was made in these very woods. M. C. Davidson also sustains the cha ncier of the old English landscapist, and com bines the colouring of Cox with more elaboration and finish: and let us close with the hope that, in turning over the dusty chronicles of the past, they may not quite forget the shady lanes and quiet nooks of Old England. THE JUDGES AND THE CORPORATION OF ST. PAnr.'s.—Yesterday being the first Banda y in Eager term the judges, according to custJca, attended divine service at the metropolitan cathedral, being accompanied by a large number of members of the dein corporation, and several serjesnta at law, all in full °astute'. Amongst thaw present ware Lord Chief Justice'Camobell, Mr. Baron Parke, Mr. Baron Alderson, Mr. Justice Patteeon, Mr. Baron Rolfe, Mr. Justice Wmhtman, Mr. Justice Talfourd, the Lord Mayor, the Recorder, Alderman W. Hunter. Alderman Sid ney, M.P., Alderman Moon, Alderman Carden, Mr. Shuiff Nicoll, &c., Re. SALK Or RARE COINR.—The valuable cabinet of colas, the property of J. Bemoan, Esq., is now being ds persed under the hammer of the auctioneer, the owner giving up the pursuit of numismatics eau:count of declining health. The sale will last eight days, and is conducted by Messrs. Leigh, Sotheby, and John Wilkinson. On the RV two days a number of valuable Anglo-Ssion, English, Greek, and Roman gold and silver PAM were disposed A qoarterlieria of Edward 111., well preserved, and one of the most rare and valuable coins in the English gold series, only two other specimens king known, ri alised the me,. mous sum of 1201. E lward 111. hallflorin, oh,. Edward O. Gra. Rex. Angl. et Franc. Dm. Rb., crowned lion, with hues, bearing the arms of England fastened to ita neck, we ll muffe d, an d gcterculy rare, only one other sponimen know, that in the British blaseuss, was knocked down for 1281. The united proceeds of the two days' sale asinunted to 11,101. LITERATURE. The Fourth Estate. Contrthittione totomk a Hietori Newspapers, sad of the Ltberty of the Prat By P. ILNICIET HUNT. 2 vols. Baguio. Why the press is called " The Fourth Fatale," is a matter on which we believe a good deal of popular • misapprehension prevails, at least so far as repel the powers with which it is thus placed on a par. In the debate on Friday night Mr. Disraeli took occasion to administer a web -merited rebuke to the Australian committee for their bunglinfrabout the three estates. It certainly might have beenexpeeted that membered - . the home would have known better. Bat the serer which makes the sovereign one of the three estates is • very common. Mr. Disraeli defined an " abets" is. • this eases, to be " a class of subjects invested with political power.." Had he, betted or political said " politico-legislative, " his definition would have been more precise; and he propriety of adding the press, to the lords spiritual, lords temporal, • and commons, would follow as a matter of doom. All theme classes of the people, exercise de jure and de facto phi ioo legislative fenetiora ; sun there is no other class, however influential in other respects, of wham the • mine can be predicated. What were the precise views of so subtle cad pro. found a politician as Burke, when he first applied the term "Fourth Berate" to the rising power which he had done so much to educate and to elevate, is more • than we should like to vouch for. It may have been an accidental expression, caught up and remembered' for its happiness, end invested witn a currency which he did not anticipate for it. Or it may have been the utterance on his part of a conviction lung en tertained and meditated 00. Technically and philo sophically, the phrase might be caviled at. Some people argue that there must be three estates in a rearm, and that there cannot by possibility be more. And them who look on the Press as the church mili tant of modern times would concur in this, and re garding the bishops as nullities, consider them as re placed in the triple arrangement by the uoconsai crated but all-persuasive hierarchy of the broadsheet. In a popular sense, nothing could be hap. pier than Burke's expression ; though we are not sure that he would be much gratified It he could come to life now, and behold to what • formidable extent his prophecy has been verified. That no popular compendium—indeed no history in any shape—existed of the rise, progress, and present condition of a power so influential for good and evil, has long been a matter of surprise among literary. men. Yet when none of the toarth estate themselves stepped forward to remedy this deficiency, it could scar rely be expected that others should take in hand to celebrate the rise of • power, whose wide-spread and ever-increasing influences must naturally excite deep jealousies and misgivings In those who represent or adhere to the authorities which it threatens to dis place. Not only are all who dread the influence, or mistrust the good sense of the peeple, hoeile to the pretensions of the press ; but purely literary men, not wedded to extreme opinions on any side, look with a certain coldness on all displays of its power. It war, therefore, altogether a happy thought of Mr. Hunt to break the ice in this direction. Even were his volumes less interesting and dens ably exe cuted than they are, he would deserve high credit, and merit the especial thanks of his brethren of the press for having set them the example of doing for themselves what others appeared unwilling to do for them. In fact, by none other would the work be done as it ought. None bet those who have had a prac tical experience of the working of this mighty power can adequately appreciate its importance, its charac ter, the boundaries placed by nature to its uses and its abuses, and above all the difficulties that had to be overcome by those who have brought it to i:s preterit prosperous state. Powerful as the press is in its proper sphere, there are many of men's aims to the furtherance of which it is almost useless to attempt to app4: it. Recluses and enthusiasts are constantly dreaming dreams of this kind, and forming projects of working miracles by the aid of the press, to which, when they come to make the experiment,ttev find that somehow or other it refuses cordially to lend itself. And men of the same or of a cognate character, con templating its features in their closets, apart from the throng and tumult in which it " moves, and breathes, and has its being," are prone to exaggerate both its merits and its detects, and assign to it quite a dif ferent share in the development of man's destinies from that which it has actually played. The peculiar lecture of this, the so-called fourth estate of constitutional realms, as developed in this nineteenth century, is, that it unites two functions, both tolerably ancient and highly respectable in themselves, but which had not previously, unless under peculiar circumstances, been exercised in con cert, i. e., the receding of public events, and the criticism of them. Previously to the eighteenth century the former of these functions belonged principally to the news-writer, scriptorial or typo graphical, and the latter to the pamphleteer. During the greater part of the last century, though what had been the special province of the pamphlet was invaded by the newspaper, the former yet pre served mach of its circulation and authority. Now, no one, who has any sense, writes a pamphlet, unless debarred by one circums once or another, from ex pressing his opinions through some organ of the press ; and even the Reviews, which were at first, in essence and intention, joint stock issues of pamphlets, and succeeded to much of their authority, are now forestalled on all subjec's of high and pressing interest by the daily or weekly press. It is this fusion of powers hitherto shared among two or three separate and often rival influents, that, in our opinion, constitutes the importance and marks the mature development of what is called the fourth estate. The various professions which have thus merged in the modern newspaper are probably much more ancient, and have been much more uni versally diffused, than is commonly imagined. What we call news must have been from the earliest period that political society was constituted • commodity of such value, that it is difficult to con ceive Low the statesman, whether king or demagogue, could get cn without • regular supply of it. And the regularity of the supply once substantiated, the supplier of course assumes a protessio::al oharetter. Nor is it the statesman alone who cannot do without , , news. Social news has its value as well as - . political. In fact, there is no state of society ' that has not had its newsman under one shape or another. The bigger, the story-teller, the minstrel, the pedlar, have been ever the newsmen of primitive, pesters' or agricultural communities. The physician and the priest have also performed this func tion among many others which from time to time they have had occasion to practise. As Dor kings and statesmen, they have always had their spies and scouts of great or lesser note. Doubtless Nimrod and Sesastris took as much care to obtain accurate know ledge of all that was going on as Pitt or Buonaparte ; and had, we dare say, just as natural • liking fur scandal that did not concern them. ... . . . - The mention of mighty politicians like these brings us directly to the class from which, in our opinion, the fourth estate has sprung, and to many of whose most important functions it has practically succeeded. The bulletins (efiurna), which appear to have been regularly issued by the government of the Roman empire, or under its patronage, are generally taken to be the earliest example of published news; the pri sate news-letters of the 17th oentury,wheee trenference from manuscript to print is the perneemn *aliens of the modern newspaper, had likewise its precedents in ancient Rome; of which, if we mistake not, two or three examples, i, e., letters of news, written to hint by persons specially employed for the purpose,—are preserved among the correspondence of Cicero. Such is the most ancient paternity generally claimed for the newswriter. But for our parr, wo look upon the private dealers in news-letters of either ancient or modern times as of secondary importance to the powerful clime whom we take to be the true predecessors in power, in usefulness, and in authenticity, of that which now boasts to be a fourth estate of the realm—we mean the diplomatic body. Not only before the invention of printing, but long after, down to the compa►atively recent period when authentic news could be found in newspapers, it was the principal business of the am bassador to write a regular daily chronicle of every thing that occurred in the state to which he was deputed, and on the fidelity and weight of their reports have all the great operations of ancient and modern history depended. What a host of talent was enlisted in this department in mo dern times, and with what tact and talent the duty was performed, the archives of many realms soli. ciently attest, and the use made of them by the his torians of our day have made popularly known. Now a-days the statesman owes his knowledge of public I - 1 ~~ t 'S