The Express. — London, England, 1865-06-28 00:00:00

lIPIIIIMOPMF LITERATURE• 'G, has sub) friends working . London. bored that early in the .present surrampericiee. legs available for the industrial clones pf the pope lame) of London &Muted notice in both houses hi parliament, and a disposition was shown to afford some relief for this inconvenient*, if only a way could be discovered. On the 7th of April Alderman Waterlow,after oonsulting several friends, addressed a letter to Mr. Frederick Peel, inviting him to bring under the notice of the Chaueellor of the Ex chequer a draft of a proposition which he had framed, and to inquire whether Mr. Gladstone would be willing to receive a deputation on the subject, of which Mr. Samuel Morley, Mr. George Moors, and Alderman Finnis were to be members. Alderman Waterlow added that if the government were ready to adopt the project • very large sum would at once be embarked in the erection of im proved dwellings, both in London and the suburbs, rn connection with the cheap workmen's trains. The plan proposed was based on the principle of the Act of 9 and 10 Via., cap. 74, by which the Public Works Loan Commissioners are empowered to lend money in such sums, and at suoh interest, as they may think fit, upon the security of local and parochial rates, for the purpose of erecting baths and wsshhouses for the use of the labouring classes ; the repayment of the principal and inte rest being made a first charge upon such structures and the profits which may arise from their use. It was suggested by Alderman Waterlow that if the legislature could be induced to pass an act giving the commissioners power to advance money to a limited extent upon the security of the buildings which have been or may hereafter be erected by persons or companies, whose object is to encourage and promote the improvement of the dwellings of the working classes, public benefit of almost incalculable extent might be ex pected to result, and a renewed impetus would be given to the movement which has sprung up for providing decent dwelling accommodation for the working classes in London and other cities, where, in consequence of the rapidly increasing wealth of the country, houses and lands are constantly rising in value , and it is at present impossible for such personate obtain decent and healthy dwellings at adequate rents. The assumption upon which the proposal of Alderman Waterlow was made to the government rested was that the profit rental likely to be derived from this class of dwellings is insufficient of itself to induce capitalists to invest the large sums which must necessarily be employed in order to provide the number of houses at all to be com pared with the present overwhelming demand--• demand that has been increasing with the popula tion year by year, and is now rendered urgent by the enormous destruction of small houses which has of late been caused by the construction of rail ways and other public works. It was further sug gested that the possibility of obtaining a higher rate of interest than that at present derived is likely to attend the investment of capital in large amounts, and to develop still further schemes which are already partially successful in remedying the evils complained of. Alderman Waterlow for warded the following notes as to the plan upon which the proposed advances might be made, offering them in the hope of eliciting suggestions and opinions, rather than as defining a particular scheme : - - 1. That an act of parliament should be passed In the pre mat session to suable the Pahlie Works Loon Commissiooers to grant loans upon mortgage of lauds, honest, and premises. which are now, or may hereafter be, applied to the e m and occupation of the wallies upon the same or a similar principle to that upon which advisor am now made for the carrying oat of various muelcipel public works, such as the maintenance of Atheism, collieries, mines, and high mays, and the erection of gaols, limbo asylums, work houses, baths and washhousse, ha, where the security for the repayment of the prineipal and interest of the loth con sists in a charge upon the tolls and dues, or upon the local or musty rates, or upon the profits of the baths, ha, as the we may ha ,• the repayment of the principal withstand being secured in this case by a first charge upon the rents and profits arising from the occupation of the tenements or premises comprising the martpre. 2. That no loan shall earthed in omega tires-fifths of the value of the property to be so mortgaged ; the value to be determined by thecommintioners. 3. %hat the whole amount of such loanshall, within two years of the granting thereof, be applied to toe satisfaction of the C2O/11111a00 , 11 in mod to wilds the erection of other additional dwellings or tene ments for the occupation of the industrial dares. 4. That the interest to be paid to the commissiosere on account of such loath shall be 44 per cent. per annum. 5. That the principal and interest thereon shall be repaid to the cram mummers by 35 equal annual payments. the amounts of which shall be agreed upon at the time of the granting of the loan. 6. That the mortgage shall empower the oommkeioners periodisially to inspect the mortgaged dwellings (mut also those erected by meths of the loss) with the view to meettain whether they are kept and main tained in proper repair, ad d aleo whether they are occuOed solely by persons of the intended to be besotted by the proposed act. 7. That, in the sweet of the foregoing requirements not being complied with at any time, the commissioners may, by giving six months' notice to the mortgagors, call in the balance of the loth then remaining unpaid, with interest to the date of AS repayment ; and. ' that the commisaionets may sell the property failing the repayment of the lima or compliance with their order after three mouths' further notice. On the 16th of May Mr. Frederick Peel informed Alderman Waterlow that the Lords of the Trea sury, having had his letter under their considera tion, doubted whether they would be j usti fi ed in holding out the expectation of public aid for a pur pose such as that described, except to such bodies as (all other conditions being satisfactorily adjusted) might so limit their rate of profit as to distinguish their case from that of ordinary commercial enter prise. In the course of his reply, dated May 24, Ald er man Waterlow wrote, speaking for himself and the company, of which he as the deputy chairman, that he always contemplated that there should be a stipulation as to the amount of profit to be derived by persons seeking to avail them selves of the assistance of government in such pro jects as had been referred to, and submitted that the maximum rate of profit to be derived from property upon which the government bad lent money should be not lees than 5 per cent. per annum. Alderman Waterlow observed The object should, I think, be to fix the rate of interest on the one hand so low NI to preclude objection on the ground that the public fends were being employed for pur pose pf private profit, and en the other sufficiently high to induce capitelist• to embark in esterprises of this nature. There are many considerations which might be brought to your lordships' notice is support of this rata being adopted, but I will confine myself by eidlieg attention to the fact Invest that the ordinary net retort's from ments on house property are from 74 to 10 per cent, and I would respect fully submit that there an be no reasonable objection to the governmest sedating persons who are desirous of plating the working OWNS in a better position, and who would be content with lam than they could certainly obtain upon ordinary investments of that cies.. It was also pointed out that great public benefit would arise from the periodical supervision, to which it is proposed the mortgaged dwellings should be sub mitted so long as the government loan was oonti nned. No loan would be granted except upon buildings already erected upon the best sanitary principles, and if these buildings were constantly maintained in thorough repair a very low death and disease rate would prevail as a' rule. The re duction of sickness and mortality almost invariably produces a low poor rate, and thus the dwellings in question would confer a pecuniary and a moral benefit. On the 14th of June Mr. Peel informed Alder man Waterlow that the Lords °Jibe Treasury consi dered 5 per cent. as the limit(of the profit which should be allowed, and that should that limit be thought a fair one, their lordships would be prepared to apply to parliament to obtain powers either perma nent or temporary for the pumese. On the 17th of June, Alderman Waterlow acknowledging Mr. Peel's le tter stated that his belief that the proposal to fix a limit of 5 per cent. as the maximum divi dend to be paid by all societies availing themselves of the borrowing power will be considered fair by all parties, and expressing gratification at the reso lution intimated on behalf of the government. In urging that no time should be lost he observed : During the last and present serious of parliament very extensive compulsory powers for the destruction of small boon property in the metropolis were granted by the Overt. of Justice Bill, the Inner Circle, the East London, U.-i powers will we and a very= almost topo * pawed throe.* ttbority to went ilitite wadi be that the work od prompt ennui eoletrsation is ) homes of the be difficult to 'indicted upon It ban been found imposaible to bring the ques tion before parliament at this period of the session with any prospect of a useful result, but Alder man Waterlow has permission to state publicly that " the government will be prepared to apply to par liament for the neoesirry powers" at the earliest possible date after the re-assembling of the houses. We warmly congratulate Alderman Waterlow on this result of his assiduity, which will greatly en courage all who are engaged in promoting the erec tion of improved industrial dwellings. THE PLAISTOW MISSION. This interesting minim), established through the persevering exertioos of Mr. Antonio Brady for the benefit of one of the most neglected populations that could be found in all England, has completed the eighth year of its ezistesee. Plaistow, now a parish, was astil lately one of the wards of the ancient parish of West Hess. The Metro politan Building Act drove sewer the river Les the most offensive trades which had previously flourished east of the stream, sad West Ham is now the seat of some of the filthiest manufactures asywhen to be encountered, such as gut @tinning. animal charcoal binning, and blood means making. The onstruction of the Vitoria Docks brought an enormous poor population to the neighbourhood. Warn Mr. Brody and his fries& took their work is band thousands of houses bad been run up, they could not be said to be built, in the midst al the' manh, tee feet below high water mark. They were planted on the turf without foundations, and many fell down before they were finished. The roads were unmade, streets impaired, and being only thew marsh soil, in wet weather they were almost impassable. The drainage and sewage of one hovel, built on a higher level, soaked into the parlour of the next. In one court all the surface wells were polluted by the draining of DOW= from cesspools often only a few feet off. The promoters at the mission went, with their county members, to the Sc the of State and to the Hos. Mr. Cowper at that time President of the Gemmel Board of Health.. Mr. Cowper went down and saw the well in Vicarage-plam, West Hem, which was the only water-supply for the whole court, and saw the people empty their slope rate the Mak et their own well. An outbreak of cholera drew attentioe to these abomination', and the local board of health have been urged to press forward the drainage of this district, sod to provide a proper water wipe*. The 4,000 people for whose benefit she Plaistow mission was set on foot are now increased in number to 14,000, and, happily, as will be imp, the physical eirmunstances of their lot have been much improved. Provision' for their spirituel wants has been accompanied with an amelioration of their dwellings and better water supply. Mr. Brady saw st once what kind d clerical work was required for the place. In an which he circulated privately, in 1857, he said : I n a t i s prepared, in the fast place, or as nom as funds are provided, to appoint one clergyman to every 1,000 or 1,500 of the population, to reside among them and to become per med* known to every man, women, and child in their Sock. They must not content themselves with preaching os a Sunday, or even oonsionally attending the sick when sent for, but they must go and live amongst their flock as their Hook, and become acquainted wish the poor is their own houses, not only in the day time, when the men are at work, but is their hours of relazation, when alone they are accevsible. They must be prepared be enter inter their feelings, and win their Minims by acts of kindness and self-denial, and thee do the real work of the church in this rapidly extending neigh bourhood. Besides this providoo, there are to be adult day schools, day and Sunday schools, abridged services of the church in the school-rooms at acted periods, district visitors, lectures on popular subjects, and venous breaches of entertainment of a recreative and instructive character ; sad subsequently (when the oosgreptions have been primed and prepared for them) churches under entails conditions will be eroded, seas to afford ample accommoda tion to the population of the district." A comparisonof the present state of the Phielow-marebes, with their condition physical and moral bane the mission began its labours is most gratifying. In the Dook districts a goodly church has been built and partly endowed, and there are three ministers resident. There ere also two school churches. In the other part of the original sphere of the minion there an two large school churches, under two able nod eacient minister& with a third school. when, it la to be regretted, the mission cannot now a ff ord a osier, but in clossectios with which there snits the anal machinery of Bible WOUND, pity millenaries, and other helps. A site has been obtained for a permanent church in the Barking-road, by which it is hoped to make the church ealfespeorting. in this district and so complete the work of the mimes, for without the oompletioa of this church &Bebe week that has been dope will be of no avail for the future. The subscrip tions for the mission were promised for five ne y bat so wonderful has been the growth of the population that it was found impracticable to finish the labour of the mission within the estimated time. Many of the subscribers ex tended their subsoriptionefor three years more. The last of the three years is more than half gone. A few months only remain, and the mission must beloved, mit isfoondestirely impossible to obtain mote mosey for its support, the public being tired of this continued beggiag. .11ere O eon 'rogation collected in the school church now overflowing anxious for a church sad willing to support it, a conviecioli proof that the missionary clergy have done their duty. The site is ready, the plans and spesseeshous prepared &el shout 4,0004 premised if the remaining 2,0001. can be I raised so as to be obis to constitute the district a new parish. The bishop ban accepted the patronage and perpe tuity. subject only to giving the Sri appotataimmt to the curate, theßev. Meorkelleyriek, who has worked the parish so well ever sines the mimics bogie its kboors. If the sem can be raised within the next six months the committee will be enabled to claim en endowment from theEcelesiasticalComraissioners, as the population will amount to the required number. The chunk will accom modate 1,000 persons, and will be wholly fres. Dio cesan Church Bean* Sods*, who have from the first warmly reopened the work of the mission, have voted 5001. towards the new church. The Bishop of London's Fund has voted a like sum, and a further ems of the same amount, making 1,0001. in all, on condition tbat an miaow meat be obtained from the Ecclesiastical Commiesionseir. The habits of the people have been improved with their dwellinp ; it is no longer dangerous to walk &bad ails dark although there axe still many roughs to teen', drunkenness and profligacy have diminished, sad is ens could walk through the New Town without helm alma / the superior aspect of the Owe sad people. fairly observed, and Sunday fights are now solo=9lllo woiwe i nT it,„' p ar upipme * ibis weeks' ts=dob It ialka t providingthe meaniby obtain is trained that fus will son be to Sala the church and enable the Ellerin to bend ever ts rapes- ' sibilities to the appointed miniter. The labile, who have eer nobly responded to former appeals, will sot slier the promoters of this mission to give it up for want of so cosi par &lively anal a sum as is sow neoessary to usable them to make the church not only self-supporting, but a fresh centre and source of limner hinny to the Pew neigh bonrhool now *riming up around it, a glorious example of the exporive power of the church to - keep pace with the growth of the nation. An additional sum of 5001. has since been groolddi. suribieSl4ool. is sa, bet still subject to the condition as regards 5001. Those who are disposed to claim a shin in this excelled undertaking may communicate with the treasurer sod mi. imitor of the mission Antonio Brady, Req., J.P., of Marylaad-point, Stratford, home I SHAW'S RAILWAY Baalta.-35:. Shaw, the in ventor of a new !slimy brake, which he expeots wOl alts. =Me " be adopted by the direction of all railways i• the world," convened • ants( yestseday at t►e Look• Tavern, for the wpm of making public the prlnsiples of gels iammition. He proposes also to farm • company with • eapital of 40,0001., and hopes to derive a• .bead•at renew teem • royalty of 11. par east per ••cam an the 12,000 mass of railway is Gnat Dribble sad the 900,000.miits abroad, upon all el which be believes hie invade' *SI be adopted. For himself, be expects thres4earths of the emits' in paidop sharer, together with a mentenst mat e► the board for " himself, his executors er trips." Mt, Hammed haste( taken the chair, Mr. Jane, ameba pas tem., rod • written statement, embodying the above bets; •Her which the inventor, Mr. Shaw, proceeded to exphda his Monde& The great obieetioe he red to the exleting hrako was, that they were act peovided with mane for acting on all the wheels of a railway tram at oboe. Hewers Montle& had met this defect so fear as sheet Wan were immersed, but his (11r. Shaw's) proposed to seep Oahe °San lengths and within the shortest distance. He proposed to give the power of stoppleg to the engine driver, without asy amintanoe from brakes:mos, pad to give the power of stopping within 150 yards, whams the preeset tease did cot beteg the trains op under 450 yseds. The idea ei the inventor appeared to be to apply t►e retarding porter exercised by the flywheel ce fan is a cloak or a musical ben to the gradual stoppage of a railway train. He proposes to place faze under the carrier sad inside the wheels, them few to be coenected by the buffer rode, which i• tura me to be commended by the .spas driver. Mr. thaw meolders tint the atmospheric mowers merobed by the foe will be much more effectual them the existing block takes. The meeting was rather Vilely attended, bet meth Intend ins exhibited in the invention. DRAMA. DRITZT-LANZ. The complimentary benefit to Mr. Leigh Murray took plum et this theatre yesterday esoreing, sad attraakg a larp sad ostbamiamt:o audieoon Legg ma the programa, was—lastiag fell fear issue—every piece. bath musical lei dematio, was well rented, and shoot who, with muiell ft feelimg appeased lest—Ube Ms. and the. Howard Paat... wore as well rewasded for their kiadsem se those who .. peered dm. The dadaist sad Hams:kit aspaviis f it . stied the chief desimalle perfermers, sad the awed as , sasteimed by Ms. W. H. Webs, Hiss Leiter 11.14 Bentley, and Hauer lielatems-Delby. Hr. end Wm. Hurray Wrested together la a krill Mae. 00.0114 g it Sham by Mr. Shirley Broolca, which partook orniaeggi d the asters of a doable address, sod nothing amid humb le Iwo pmostally written, men feelingly delivered, a ii , warmly resolved. It told the story of the lives at the * asters is a few brief sad teoddeg bees, sad it was p r i m Lady affesliag to those who balm the tree wommaly des, hos which Mrs.lierray bee shows is hue Mak halteed. Ir e believe that the pscusiary result of the bleed& h ell, satisfactory. TENING, JUNE N, li6 i , ~.‘ 6 , N.sad sere& • toy bills. Those poi it D r:nußß2N B ' 13R BAN " 9 /1 sissibt veg 'ly pet into form and _ I • ' ' I number l poor wi ll And it alma —••—• ../.• • • -• to obtain; • • sheet bill WIT* po allow has bet% parliament • the neoweery ellibi kin this subject t e tbe _li is q - addstioual factilil ea toe r ... required ealUtal tha nt with a result the friends of destrudiew , - : .ilextestntetioa ought pi taneoraiy. 1 • ewer, the passibility of roc Log Glasses of London. It will be m- delaye d fti •• elve mon th s or sitar th e 1 that early in the present st ation the moiling for bare been desk? ed. it will dimirwitioirsd the amber of dwell- eaketalw the extent of the ninny znpendinw ....A..=4,4ai Mamma the nova - Al i 61 ?"' . . s • THE EXPRESS, WEDNESDAY,‘ Ten Years in Secede's. Being a ic Description Fore o sts, f the Landsca, Climate, Domest Life, pe Mines, A gr i cu lture, Fuld Spores, and Fauna of Scandinavia. By an OLD Busanaer. London Oroombridge and Sons. Without much pretension to literary skill, this _ hoe* ecoomplisho very fairly r e it rt g a r ai r is t aar n the be_ • lamese of its title. We are - advantage which was anticipated between the Spec-. tater and his readers. We know nothing of th e her t no~twhat lim merits: whhe is short or tall, of a dark or fair complexion ; but we infer that be is a healthy man, robust, capable of enduring a good deal of hardship, and easily satisfied in respect to lodfling,_ food, clothing, and other necessaries of life. We think we can also discover that he is good-tempered and genial, that there is nothing cynical or niisanthropical in his disposition, and that whilst he rejoices in the flood and the field he loves the society of men, and can make himself at home in their haunts. The book which he now presents to the public is quite worthy of his former works on Aus tralia and Lapland, and somewhat resembles them in its arrangement. The author is honestly desi rous of exhausting his subject, or at least of leaving nothing important unsaid u p on it. He begins with the area of the country, and rectifies all his dimen sions by English standards. He expounds the money of Sweden, the weights and measures used by the people, and gives the proximate estimates, furnished by recent censuses, of the population in the several political divisions of Sweden. ensind Bee then cosesiders the climate, and gives compreh ve apparently accurate tables of its variations in dif ferent parts of the great northern peninsula. This naturally introduces vegetation and the soil, which are both well set out. From the surface of the land we descend into the mines, and are shown the mineral wealth of Sw eden, with special exposition of its iron deposits. Having in this manner exhausted the subject o f Sweden as an individual nation, our author considers it in its relation to other countries, explains the nature of ; its commerce, with the advantages it possesses anti the drawbacks under which it labours. We then come to the subject of government, the postal and railway systems, the religion, the laws, and the state of education, the army, the navy, and the taxes by which all are supported. We have next • chapter addressed particularly to tourists, containing some good advice and some very useful information respecting the people, their habits, and prejudices. This is followed by a chapter on the agriculture of Sweden, and this by one on field sports and game. The most important part of the book in a scientific point of view is " a list of every animal found in Scandinavia, Finland, and Denmark, scientifically arranged, with a short description of each." This catalogue takes up fully one-half of the volume, and will no doubt be highly appreciated both by sports men and naturalists, though it offers no matter for special criticism. We are more concerned with the human interests of the book, and these, we are bound to say, are very well expounded. The popu lation of Sweden is at present about four millions, but that of Norway must be over one million, so that the population of the united Scandinavian kingdom must now be between five and six millions. This is a formidable barrier in the way of the Czar panting to get out. if, when Sweden had lees than two millions of people she was able to hold her owe against Ruses at this aide of the Baltic, it is not likely that she will fail with treble the numbers and ten times the wealth. Were it not for the sentimental regret we should all feel at the blotting out of an ancient and renowned monarchy, the beat thing that could happen to Denmark would be to be absorbed into the Scandinavian Union, so that she might have resources to call up to her aid should pilfering Prussia attempt any further rob basics on her land. The Swedes are a very pure blooded race ; that is they are of the ancient Scan dinavian stock, and are probably lees mixed than any other people in Europe. There are about 10,000 Fins and about 5,000 Laps, who are of the Mongolian race, with a thousand Jews. These proportions vary somewhat as regards Norway, but the foreign element is so small, and still remains so entirely separated from the mass of the Scandinavian population, that it hes produced no effect upon the old native race. As with ourselves, the female sex is slightly in ad vance of the male sex in numbers. The author attributes this, curiously enough, to the destruction of the males in the wars of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. We are somewhat surprised at this statement, as the Old Bushman might have known that all inequality between the sexes caused by accidental circumstances must, by a law of nature, cease after one or two generations, leaving only that which is due to natural increase. Stockholm is the only large city in Sweden, and that does not exceed the extent and population of many of our third rate cities. The po pulation of Stockholm is about 1111,000, th at is, about the same as that of Bristol or Cork. The marriage bond is not held in much honour among the lower classes in Stockholm. Out of every 100 children born there, some 42 are born out of wedlock, and we are told that • peasant seldom marries till be bas been living with his affianced wife for some time. The oorn and potato brandy, or branvin, used in Bweden,is a source of incalculable evils to the people. It is a sort of fiery whisky, such as is met with in Ireland and Scotland, and used formerly to be considered as an absolute ne cessary of life. Of late years the oonsnmption of this detestable spirit has considerably diminished, indicating a corresponding rise in the moral and social condition of the.people. This improvement, which is in a great measure due to the restrictions placed by government on the manufacture and sale of the fiery poison, is corroborated and made pro gressive by the excellent education provided every where for children. In this grind element of peace anti civilisation, the Swedes are un questionably. a long way before us. Education in Sweden is freer, feller, incomparably less ex pensive, and far more gene rally diffused than it is in England. The system resembles rather the parochial method as it formerly existed in Scotland than anything we have in this country. The stupid separation of classes that prevails in England, the fashions that rigidly prescribe se pa rate courses throughout the whole term of their lives to the eon of the gentleman and the son of the workman, do not exist in Sweden. The peasant and the noble do not meet, as with us, like strangers and foreigners speaking each a different dialect, practising wholly didereat habits, and with mutual dislike and repul sion. There is in nearly every town a public school open to all classes, and peasants are admitted on a perfect equality with gentlemen. The lads come from all the neighbouring districts and board and lodge in the town; th e whole expense for everything does not e xceed 15% a-vear—that is, somethin leel a alic a middle-class parent is obliged to pay in for a boy at a day-school of no particular c r. The course of education is much more liberal than any that obtains even in such schools as those on the foundation of King Edward VI. It includes, besides languages living and dead, a full course of science and of natural history, and, what is still more important, all is taught i n a natural manner. Corporal punishment is entirely unknown ' • the teachers obtain influence over the minds of the pupils by kindness and sympathy, and this wise treatment is reflected in the conduct of the boys. They are well behaved in the schools, attentive, obedient, anxious to get on, 113 well for the pleasure their application gives to the masters, as for the satisfaction they feel is making progress in learning. Out of school they are well mannered and gentlemanly ; they never alarm the neighbourhood with rough games or outrageous noises, and no passenger has to complain of being jeered by them or insulted. In short, the educa tional system of Sweden reflects the greatest credit ou the government, which thus sedulously attends to the formation of the popular mind as one of its chief duties. Nor ia this care unrepaid. The Swedes are one of the most loyal nations in Europe ; there are uo complaints of king, or diet, no grumbling against oppressive laws, no subterranean dis con tent arch as occasionally makes itself felt even in Eng land by dull hearings and mutterings. This gene ral coatentment has other causes, no doubt, but it , ---------- is chiefly to be referred to theionfidenos ,A.„,4 le have in their rulers. Web d .. " ..r. , scot c ountry of the advantages of g ore ties, and the figment has . ted ~,....,, in connection with the We .., in spite of parties that kit i of _to obtain place and power ipdr t at last to be regarded as the causes of natio pros *ty. Nor is this monstrous delusion confined to thaA il"fal ejoithe . irbig pace - l —rwew nor tort' w ho toll"; man ever *wakes bf shaping his cou rse by thereal interests of tbii whole people, but always meets and hedges ace cording to the mraumstanoes most likely to prolong his tenure of office, are yet so hoodwinked by tra dition and rhetorical sophistry as to think tlet the emdlicts of parties are absolutely necessary to this' public welfare. In London all sections of the peo- I iple are fairly and adequately represented. They , have no " great historical parties," but they have ) men in this parliament wh o not only represent the different classes of society, but mitaally belong to them. There the frieze-coated = sant sits by the side of the cas socked and the decorated noble, and each contributes his :i actual practical knowledge to the general council which legislates for the comm on good. Our author mentions with approbation the general readiness of the Swedes to earn a living by any respectable means. There is among them none of that vile pride which will urge men rather to cheat at horse oouping, or " nobbling," or at cards, than use their i faculties in a rational and upright manner, and I which will prefer the fallen trade of a billiard 'marker to the respectable profession of a tailor or shoemaker. Many of the military officers, whose I pay is small, employ their leisure in teaching laud surveying and other useful branches of knowledge. Many more of them live upon farms granted to them by the government, and when not on duty occupy themselves in the useful and healthful pur suits of agriculture. By these means the taxa are kept down, and a thoroughly efficient army always kept in a state of preparation. With an excellent force of 130.000 troops of all arms, and a navy of 260 ships, carrying 1,215 cannon, and all this exclusive of the army and navy of Norway, with an admirable police, a system of education and poor relief superior to ours, with all the ad vantages of one of the best governments in Europe, the whole of the taxes for all purposes amounted in Sweden in 1861 toexactlyone million and a half ster ling. We cannot of course expect our " old histori cal partite" to give up their traditions and histories for the public good. We cannot expect Sir Carnaby Jenks, of the Blues, to forsake the drawing-rooms of Tiburnia and acce pt the position of mathematical master at King's College School, of Captain Trefusis to accept a farm on her Ma jesty's manor of Hempholin in lien of his pay it would be outrageous to dream of asking Rear-Admiral Bowline to lecture the boys at Greenwich Naval School on the duties they will by-and-by be called upon to perform as seamen and petty officers. We therefore preserve Air dig nity, and we pay for it. Our author indu%as in a somewhat exaggerated groan over the decay of the Swedish nobility, regrets that they have no law of primogeniture or of entails by which titles may be preserved and supported, but we cannot go with him. It is, no doubt, an agreeable method° exercise to contemplate the long association of a name with a certain piece of land, and to remember that a man who once owned the land and the name did something great, but it is not so agreeable a reflec tion that because of that one great or clever action the descendants of that man are for evermore to have a factitious pre-eminence over men quite as good, and often &great deal better, than themselves. Above all, it is not pleasant to reflect that these descendants are thenceforth through all generations to be rulers and legislators for the people that are to be born, that the one good deed of the ancestor is to endow all his posterity with qualities which shall be substitutes for wisdom, valour, and morality, although the descendants may be occasionally fools, or cowards, or vicious criminals. It seems to us that the Swedish system of rewarding a man for what he does himself is better than the more senti mental one of rewarding him for what was done by a remote ancestor ; and one of the best effects of it is that there is in Sweden none of that arrogant exclusivisnkwhich renders our nobility one of the most inaccessible and selfish bodies in Europe ; nor are there' among she true hearted Swedes those fearful chasms dividing class from class which yawn before us in the United Kingdom, rendering im possible that sympathy between rich and poor for which Mr. Justice Talfourd sighed with his last breath. The religion of our north-eastern neighbours is Lutheran, and has been so since the time of Gustavus Vasa, who introduced it in the sixteenth century. There is, we fear, very little toleration in the Swedish chu rch. The clergy, like those of Rome, from whom they diverge so widely in doctrine, are convinced that they alone are right, and that everyone who differs from them must be wrong. There are no dissenters in Swe den, and but very few catholic or jeers. There is, however, • class of people called " Lasare," or readers, who, although not dissenters, remind us strongly of the original puritans in the times of Elizabeth and James I. They are still in the church, but they are stricter in the discharge of their duties than the mass of their fellow-commu nicants They take a higher and more spiritual view of religious ceremonies, and they belong chiefly to the middle and inferior classes. .Now if this does not promise dissent here after, we are very much mistaken in our interpretation of history. The clergy are an ex emplary class, they work hard, and their pay is of the slenderest. The ordinary stipend of a Swedish curate is 101. a year, when be becomes rector he may have some 401., and the richest bishop has but 1,2001. a year. There is one bishop who hen over 2,0001., but this is to be reduced to 1,0001. ; and the Bishop of Carlstadt has 6001 The Swedes seem to have very happily combined some of those observances and methods which in this couutry be long peculiarly to dissentem with the more rigid forms of an establishment. The incumbent of a parish, for example, is chosen by the voice of the parishioners, so that they never can have imposed upon them, as in the church of England often happens, a man wholly distasteful to the entire flock. Our author informs us that the Swedish Sabbath begins at 6 o'clock on the Saturday evening and ends at 6 p.m. on the Sunday. Theremainder of the Sunday evening is generally devoted to jollity and social entertainment. Dinner parties are given, drawing-rooms and ball-rooms ate filled, and the theatre and opera are open. The author condemns the practice, and we think with very sound and abundant reasons. The Swedes are in general honest and well conducted ; robbery is veep rare, and the graver crimes affecting life are almost un known. Crime of all kinds is decreasing, and this is chiefly attributable to the restrictions placed upon the sale of corn brandy—a fact which ought to be encouraging to teetotallers and Maine Liquor Law men. The sporting chapters will be welcome to many, not only for the sound information they contain, tut for the wholesome warnings the author gives to his brother tourists and sportsmen. We must confess that the prospect be holds out to the lovers of the gun and rod is by no means inviting. Game is scarce in Sweden, unless you choose to follow it into almost inacces sible fastnesses, where you would have to rick your We for very little. Salmon fishing is still more disappointing, as there are no salmon to be found except in a few places, and not always there. The Old Bushman wan mightily smitten with thecharms of the Swedish maidens, and declares that if he' were in want of a wife he would go there to look 1 for one. The people everywhere were honest, affable, hospitable ; the mere fact that our author' was a strangeer was universally regarded as eats-I blishing his claims upon their kindness. They are I a tall, handsome race, and are, we are glad to be informed, scrupulously clean in their persons and habits, a virtue of which there is • plentiful lack among our continental neigh bours in gene ral. They are, however , averse from much exercise, will never prefer walking for its own sake to riding even for the shortest distances, and they live very much in-doors. This may be owing to the severity . of the climate which renders out door exercise difficult during a great part of the year, acd account', we are disposed to think, • I q...t.; •1136 . nt for the eons t e h what flabby v And uneterprisiag y. th ~,.1 • h bin WIN :Mb Alle n 'r ' These its mod They'.. :". the e i the ys of s o . . and • Gong my, an still I n. , 4 n p Own ed not inf to other the field'of battle. We have read the Old man's amount Sudan militate* pismium salt 4erived moth instruction frool,it. The scient,ifio elmaificstion of the Ileandinavissi Fauna is a iubstaidial and per manent benefit oonferred upon the saw* of Da ; tura history. —.__— • The Great Schools of England : on Account of the FoundatioN Bnclownsents, and Discipline of the Chief Seminaries of Learning in begland, includ ing Eton, Winchester, Westminster, St. Paula, Charter house, Merchant Taylors', Barrow, BugbY Shrewsbury, de. By HOWARD STAUNTON. With Illustrations. London : Sampson Low, Son, and Marston. The interest in the history and present audi tion of one great public schools very generally ex cited by the report of the Royal Commissioners, published rather more than a year ago, has in duced Mr. Howard Staunton to extend and ela borate certain articles on those schools which appear ed some time back in a newspaper, and which he had previously thought of reprinting as they stood. He has accordingly spread his canvas rather broadly, and has produced a bulky volume containing as much as most readers will care to read about those ancient seats of learning, which have certainly had a most important influence in shaping the national character of Englishmen. His account of the schools themselves is preceded by an intro ductory essay, in which be criticises the public school system generally, zed offers a few ang gestions for its improvement. Mr. Staunton is very friendly to that system, but he sees that the development of modern civilisation has ren dered various changes necessary, and be condemns, with much reason, the bigotry of those men who, in an age of progress, are doing their utmost to main tain • meduaval and partially effete character in our old endorsed schools. We do not at all object to this combination of the feeling of reverence with the desire foe reform, because that is precisely the mood in which most Englishmen regard the whole of their institutions, and which saves them at once from stagnation and revolution. But it certainly does appear to us that Mr. Staunton, while on the whole supporting the public) school system, makes ad missions which, if they are correct, amount to an entire condemnation of that system. He either grants too much or claims too much. He says that our public schools " neither furnish the best moral training, nor the best mental discipline, nor the most salutary and substantial mental enrichment ;" that " they do not form the most accomplished scholars, or the most heroic, exalted, and disinterested men." In another passage we read that the best friends of these schools confess that they contain much that is pedantic, much that is puerile, much that is anti quated, much that is obsolete, much that is obstruc tive, and not a little that is barbarous, and that, like other English institutions, they are apt to con found stolidity with solidity." Again—" Edu cation in Zugland is at present very much of a chance-medley affair. It has neither unity of object nor of spirit. The whims of individuals, the bigotry of sects,the timid interference of the govern ment, the tricks of charlatans, sciolism, incompe tency, coarse popular feeling, and neoessity, all commingle and counteract. What fruits can such a system, or rather such an absence of sys tem, bear ?' Flogging and fagging are also condemned as mischievous and disgraoeftg ; and of the latter we are told that its fruits "are likely to be the most savage, most capricious bullying on the one hand, and the most craven ap prehension on the ther." if all these objections be just, it is difficult to understand how Mr. Staun ton can give his support, as be does most enthuai statically, to the public school system in the main. He says that these schools are mediaeval in spirit, beyond the p ossibility of cure without entirely changing their nature ; he asserts that "by no process of transfigurement" could they be made into institutions` aiming mainly at stimulating and storing the mind ," yet he thinks they answer so excellent a purpose that he cannot conceive any other form of educational establishments doing the same work as well. What that excellent purpose is, is not at all clearly made out. It would seem, how ever, from one sentence, that the author chiefly values such schools as Eton, Winchester, Harrow, Rugby,. etc., as " theatres of athletic manners ! and the training places of a gallant, generous spirit for the English gentleman." How they can be all this, and yet fail to furnish either the best moral or the best mental training, we do not understand. But then these schools were designed mainly for the aristocracy, . and " the aspiration of the English aristottracy is to be, not the beet educated, but for prattlcal purposes the most cultivated." Very good ; but, if our public schools give their pupils a defective training, not only in intellectual matters, but in morals—if they are incurably medietval, in many respeeta barbarous, apt to mistake stolidity for solidity, incapable of forming "the most heroic, exalted, and disinterested men," and of such a nature that they can only be tinkered and blotched, instead of being radically reformed, we are at a loss to see how they can make our aristocracy the most cultivated body in the world. We are not here taking sides ; we mean nothing more than that Mr. Staunton destroys•his own case. We might, rhaps, quarrel with th is gentleman's extravaga nt assertions that the English aristocracy " does not exist for its own sake ; does not exist merely to monopolise certain privileges ; it exists that it may be the national ornament and bulwark ; it exists that it may crown that social hierarchy which should symbolize the hierarchy of nature ;" and that aif English society as a whole is intensely aris tocratic, the English universities, the great English endowed schools, the English church, the English army, the Eneish navy, should be aristocratic also." But to discuss these points would lead us too far afield, and we desire simply to call attention to Mr. Staunton's leading strictures and suggestions with referenoe to the institutions which he here describes, and to the state of education in England at lerge. With respect to reforms, he would make the learning of French compulsory, adding other modern languages if the pupil or his parents desired it, though without giving up the old devotion to Greek and Latin. He also urges, , with re spect to education generally, the ap pointment of a Minister of Public Instruc tion, with somewhat of autocratic authority the establishment of a National University " (in or near London) ; "and the formation of academies and schools corresponding to the Gym nasia and Realsehulen of the Germans, in which the business of instruction should not be 'monopolised, to the extent it is in our great schools, by the minis ' tees of the church." These are suggestions wb ich may ' be readily understood ;but some of Mr. Staunton's remarks strike us as being very cloudy. Thus, we are told that " the superficiality complained of in the knowledge of the present day may in some degree be ascribed to the abandonment of a good old English habit—that of reading aloud at stated times." It may be so ; but the reason is certainly not obvious on the face of it, and Mr. Staunton does not help us to an explanation. The notices of the schools in the body of the work are full and entertaining ; but in the account of Christ's Hospital, our author has made a ludi crous slip of the pen. He appears to reckon Cole ridge among the "earliest" scholars of the Bluecoat School ! Of course we are aware that he does not ;mean this ; but the sentence b eg i oo --.‘ N o t a bl e among the earliest scholars are the memorable Jesuit, Edmund Campion," and so on down to '"Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Allen." It would be as well to amend this in any future edi tion. However, the work (which is adorned with some rather muddy woodcuts) is sure to interest a l arge b o dy of readers, and to them we commend it COURT OF COXIIIOII COIINCIL.-At a special Coact a c osines cooed), held yesterday for thet purpose. the sheriffs poisestod • eemmusiciation slating that her Majesty had appointed this day (Wednesday) to receive the edifies at coogratulation has the corporation on the birth of a sewed prism accordisse to a meolotion of the 15th inst., sad the court proceeded, with closed loss, to nomi nate the depot•tics. . NAVAL AND MILITARY. (nom LAW =wee mizerm) WARAFTIOR, JUNI 27. 001003BARIAT DEPARTMENT. Depaty Commireery-Clenerel Humphrey Stanley R e i m J me 5,0.8., to be cemmtaserr (camel, resit. B. D N .. plated ea ha-pay ;Depety-Amostent General James Stewart Calder Satherlasd, suirtant-oommisoary-geseral, vice J. M. li. Nam , =lupon retired lira ; Deptity-Amielant Cormstar q . 1 Rome Travers to be assistant omara ul . "weal. vies Atickosoo. &mew& OHAPLAJN'S DEPARTMENT.The Reverend Hugh HaliattOlL L., ahaplain of the ale* elms, to be chaplets of the lost alma ADKIRALTT J UNZ 27.—Arrourraturra--00.. m J made: J. A. am*, to be inspeetisg-eozameader 4 M Coat Gond, vine Chilean', to too Guinea Lieutenant W. IL Eton, to the Pembroke, for moin ti the Coed Guard. A. B. Pratt, to the Gault. C=7. x. Aplen, to the Gannet. ieneel-Orsh D. O. Kea, to the Cambridge. Midshipman W. B. Farber . to the Bemsrch. Naval tbiet (nossimbed) H. 0. iilloggstt. First Ciro Assistant laginser B. M. Hence, to 11, Victoria. A c ting Socood Class Assistant Engineer G. P. to the victoria. PORTSMOUTH, AU LT. The Terrill* 22, atoms frigate Captain °west i. Rapier, is expiated to sail about Misplay for the Owe al omb, trims she et sp with awl for he ADA* BOOrwiT 108 IllPtoviltai nil CONDMON of car Lototrano Czonsms.—The twisty-/sit annual asetiog d this peaky took place yesterday, at Wi ll is's-rearm Lip Meek Bs. James's. the Earl of Shaftesbury is the ctia. Prayer barn been offered up by the Bey. lit. 011111.11 lengthy report was read by the secretary, setting forth m condition sad prospects of the society, and showing thit it had well intitained the principles upon which it week:maim —not by any ostentatious display of au*, but by Wirt worklag out a particular sc hem e el sodal Moran The anemia raiermant for the year media( 31et Dessan. 1864, showed that the bade actually nerved doling be mos from all soirees for the general purpose al theatri e! seenwated to 6,3601. 17s, 901., ad the taboo le berm the somatemereest ol the year to 29t1. 10s. 4d. mire i kohl el notipts eniounting to 6,6941. 86.1aTlie total soma el morns of all the iodine-houses. SOMBaa repthi, painting, ke., wee 3,4311. Bs. 2d. The amen* of Mos sad interest on loam deb, 2,2984 10e. 2d. The mid 410110, salaries, and other expenses, 6774 ils. 9d. ; Lona Mimes al 2871. Os. O'd . TM prop bo, il a spotty (mimed a* cost) was 44,15611. tle. ild. ; and ths v. soil Biathlon were 21,7894 6s. fori., loving seers ease* Mg to UMW. 3s. 6d. The report wee adopted, mat Me sormaittes al management were 'violated, the epeaMen the resolations leis[ the Rev. Canoe Conway, Si. WOE Stirling, Bart.,, the Nev. Br. Owen, mid Br. W. J..Li• well. The observations of time potions west to pis that the Indiana° bad been of greet sad le wing the to the working clams, and, through them, to the ram Oty at Urge, Sir Walter Stirling ememang his corsios thi the precut = =asthma the warmest oath" hem of the al the moiety. A cordial sled *Maks to the °heirloom dosed the proceedings. ROYAL Wiernelarreat Ors:Thermic Harrro..— The annual meting el the govireors sad Moods el ths 1 amity wee MU_ yesterday in the board Nan of the ho Iti L hogirWor, Charing-cross, the Marais d M the sheir. The report stated that stain to of the 'mastics, I. 1816, te the let of Jowl kik 172,567 pass= bed availed thammelyes al its berth Of these, 3,352 hod been restored to eight by ilia omatio for cataract sal that for the formation of se.ertileisl pial, end the eight as wall as the perusal appear el 11,101 persons bad been isommed by the operation for the mood of squinting. Doh, the past year, 8,094 prices bad Om received as new geilints, and the average Dumber Mired weekly amounted to MOO. The crones incurred in to - lag the hospital for the year 1864 had beim 1,0471. 14e. bil.; to meet which there were remit& el 1,0064 9s. 81., km big a deficit of 421. be. lid. to be provided for. Addle,' wards had been opined, and by great martin end 114 soonomy the commaitte• of management bad bees enlist to keep ammo& col 32 beds continually accepted. TM ior port bevies been received sad adopted, the minry acknowledged contribatioes to the amount of 100 1 , W. chiding 1004 from the chairman. Hon= 01 Cattirrr, tiOlio-6qtrAme..—This animal meeg of this institution took place yesterday Awe" whim Wm was service ia the dispel, and a sermon fortis them the Archbishop of Dahlia. Amempt the OM* woe the lthroldomers el Allesbury, the lbeildesim if Waterford. the Donner. Lay Wanks*, Ladies Whim cliffs, in GT./. Blantyre. lhurell, Our, and the hulas. Kw Chambers. Os the maim of me Qama's Almon the report was adopted and ordered to be printed. The= membets of the omen woe reireiree sod it wee than *very effort should be made to dear ea the einhe debt el 2,9604 The sum eillected doming the day re Ski besides 15/. towards extinkuishing the debt. STOPPAGIL 07 Tai L.ANTILRBIJUr SAVISCS BAIL —CANTIMMIT, TUXODAY APTIBSOON. Lid Mit, but act until a late hour, it boom* known that ism Misr wee wrong in cosnectioe with the Canterbury lioMi Beak, an institution which has for many yam es the fullest confidami of the Liberties clams of ho Kest. The darnels egrouit to not km thee 10,000 1 . to 150,0004 Tbh morass the Dews woad ra a t the bank had stopped, and for rem time caZ alarm wee felt. Then could be no doubt at the feet,ki the 11110S0111/1013101164 was mad* athidally bi the .11aSsi Gonne, but the ahem wee prevented from boot szeitoment by the smaseaseetent that the trustees =1 had decided as a meeting orivemed t o 070i0 Pathkg of the _holigii to OM the domain ia fall. The task hot be aimed fa consainesoe, it re rd. el the defalcation al the actuary and ....4.y. Mr. 8. Graves, who hes far as yore beet held is greet by most al the gentimme el parka sod Imilmenee fa fin Kent So far as has tem moorteissik kis del mous% to over 5.0004, and they steed ever a mai et more than 20 yews. No promedinp love yet been • spirit the socreterl, who her, our mireoloadent made over he property to the Motor of the beak, after been denoted he mimed pest medlar, to all soidesse is eleeeing lip the mossats. Theo& not in ', tidy. he is nailer • cartsia &gime onoe ; taut slates that he has no intenhOle al *lag to_ wade say s ... 6 ,, eepwidek may be otter be bed spinet 11161 month, st 10 Aire the beak wee open to nerve amdepilate? I ::s e m t t i l:hti Moto. sad imenegess lis with the ooneenenes al the esithartho the National they will tine be la • to pay the &whore amount col their respeetne senate with blame. TM delaalting seerdinry bee Is, eevetal yeses itheirma cd the Canterbury Gat Wattimmirs thimpeay. BIOTIIIIZ 19LITIIIII. —During the sheer* . Births, limit* lathe metropolis them have been asatherees smog the brethren of the Eagilli torli=dNirkk andthe mt xiqu wi t h r il . It d w • to tot et the sal truth el the artier, bet it thincem al the soaks are dimardied with the she system istabikhad by Brother Ignatius, aid re termiaed too leave so more of it. Ole of the mall! L uz Moll n o " . roil , to Public OpisionL a lmj a l l is is sila l i, and ruling Yl t 4 2 b s e most arbitea been ly roomer. lane serried ont which of St. lieu7ht hes serried aster ors, be bes made she to the WI doom. Jest briar, he west ewer faith • now mho el laws WOOL he maid eel allow ahe queetiomed. We protested, before be twist the sebierary eaten of them rule& am sews were ant lidened to. When be awsw lie Mt down meet °portrays moral ow Adhere, to kneel for th ree boom au the dame Mitin the early morning, to recite the whole Pair liek no the deist in the Mrs el • erns semi we the dirty stem Soots. These were seat for the a rule which bed never been made, sad the Ow tad avian this, and declared that iii Maio (edge wed an elective body, he (limeali) ° timbres arks regulations against the sides and their eseneat, Be took me Belies el this remiselo.* red me deed him to appear and give am aernat al 111 P 1 ". diaillegy Thermos be pethmehOl the whole Maw, • We then snot • moil memenger to UMW to cesviln r sesi smiau amigo and his till be sheath choose tot ow', _._,_ and ssawer the mean maims lin by the ow" Maly." That Bother free bum bt big own .cabs. sad they that in revenge be his diandody psalm to them, isterroPt dal IN. iY ly I: .. IPI Tri,W3 T soone r Pe gib kr, 0 0,000 dob P IP bo d e d 19 pro 0,10 fb• Inman st yolt on Fp . , Witt .2...Fars. Sl)* 1 7 i 7 Di t it p.ln c p., The cit rat Now Te ri is sPPl igatkli i .. l ther reamoull me the th° act 6 orwr of the im i the Souther] le whirre d that. eritaahl Etat A *sir " e l down to lo better thaa . f °bloom 1 4 4 4114 . rig lb, trunata4 gu r ed, bu 6 , 3 , amid be mold do most w.-- s y k k n oe hal v i n o trim ,( draft of( Is reported the Th. only U O ne of two c The Wean that large no were promo& not with the It is report that Nordin Lopez on the 001 ilaneY av 1471, mg. Buhl X. Ma Stc Ceetrah,' 94 Bonds, 10 4 flour godd b Ifirmer. Pro and molawm refined, 51. Money a don, 159 ; d firmer. /it Brie, 77i ; laud tiplie quiet. Prt quiet. Mt 35 ; reheat( The Net take out 9( THE MI Itumoue such posit of the in Count Go psi= et It is sti Pion has I resigned 1 House tl three m< The rem their ree arrange' prorisia council. Hunger, oellor of function be apps to oat new Hu has bee The modifio Adv the ch The from after 1 reetio mimic the P coma Ac 20th won] repi (Per 1 00 Ad VOW T 1 woo 1 sea Col 3 1 4 101 Wo: and Ma es, Ns big 101 do I 2