The Express. — London, England, 1850-07-05 00:00:00

!aced S the 'hate , sal of the govermeost , for .„ u•i• • tadtvi' 'dual Waists was b o n,. St which no ant the Priv7 Colimal. gi sot -000 n atio 'tweeting it from which / es , s o on departure. (Rear, hear ) to Ow" "ponies three founding a ech• ol . ••: no , ' who evistrshutt4 one-theret Moab* slam to lay ru les of en solipsism'. toaninded that it was not the fact 1.. •a • u Mal C.unastute of Privy Council assumed do t i - 2 r avish. the whole of these m. 7hocla. The rider wheb the treats wart gent gnat • A•• . . ro t t •••dlope and hielsope regard so the chord' T" *'• • isms w.rt aypoiuted. is COI.IIMCGOII with the +: 1 " '• shat inspection would be tat remd • o .,nt; the prate were to b. Stitt to them ; •of th• slyest. instruction war se be loader , Ir „ - • a teats , sad the ele.gy. Saltily that did idiom:es:tot of the Mats or Wises of the 'l, the ullection of the'. obsal S tiety was to er r not o ( the Costaiite• of Privy C./until in any „ doubt right gift every etoottragemint to "' 0 31 at:,: the Inhesiptioas of Inetl bodie; bat if I the Sl truth that the con. t-': .;ml/ether Stolid is law, and that ao figum • .••t m.esaesuut of the school woe provided Sr, it •• • , ay. /La ,he huh. and :eased miesW t a n it..4 i t to su. rvi.i.o should be made. This ' isat th..e me wh o mid that the Commune. of the ` •:,...t05.1.1 as interfcre with the deeds and sr , ,1 the /cheek. Next with regard to th e se ' o oraeot ft wee eft denied that that' ough t be d.on Ilse toanaeiag ambraittee. his had ' -„. ..) the NS! nal Society. and it had been .on cry t he mu zebus of the church oa • rni the heir positim as laymen did mot e • • .1 Ms ch waver et churchmen. The perpetual .. .ly hmever erosisre4 of clergymen—the n as snare the evemin•endence of the • errs). Tb• hieing might exclude any • • t ,li iran s ground*, and insist on the . v.:waters or teaehers if he Lad t• • •rpoi: them gained in sgtrd ' L . ni , With regard to 'ocular teaching, it woe .• a tstmittte of hymen staid aft with the .r. I. that it as oppeal wire &shwas that • a ho.ly of a diet rent ht-id, Stomach as it t or vitae that ia the ease of the •. rue °pads sad six ow miss of the lay . ••h i -, that the appeal shoeid lie to the bishop _ . • . . • , • • •uurit:,e of the Privy Ctautil, seeing that . ;wo n wide cat of the public fonds, soil that 1 ' ' : .eve er entar as well as religious instraction, . . a-y-a: which amid rue sa•isfutory to all be wended: sad :hat i! it wet* wo w to r.irtaus tosteuttion only, they should !• • . ' tor •at of private loads at:y. lie did not titbit . t ice Com tte. cf the Privy Council . .'• Ne; hat so it hod been sated that there tr. T 7 r• 'am the whole matter next semi es, g: '1.7 th-ght not be to raise ciao jealousy in . aoicr.ttr• at the great advantages and the , • a • ..h i.it raemb•es ut Sae church of Hartland ttai gr.nt was • tamer tor three who ail. •• .i.y to madder. He would only add that . •-, t system if there 11...1 any oureasnable •,! tee suhje . t was one for parliaosentaty . 'a. 7. the qu.otion of wbc.ber the grant should be u rd r v. I, .! wed :hat the obj.et of the array , • -• ••• tI .3 salves an otine Mars of influehee. o re* i. liberty—R 'mut catholie an! dig , .•, is-ly iatetteted with the church , ms: mists to 'triode from the it ,rran: ad won would not accept . o f tr.; Committee of Privy Council. t. 1. I'IX :trustlit that the most perfect free. I . . be coaceltd to those who in any lattemphei to promote the great otjeet of the : n • the pm: that ell churches and all in ,. thus sanlieeted their :isrality should be . a•ortrnaut along they pleamd,aael to image . ar;...t.ver mucer they thcoett bat. ?hobs& „. • is eneausagement of them was to look to n... • - :man to arrangements and manarea , st, and • ,•,. ..•• .`•.rality in proportion as they skewed them-' 3 ~: i s pso•aattiog moral, awful, and indstrious • c , - • lie thtrefore thought no school ought .:eh.: its foatders though: fit to put it • . e itch siurictl management. He might .. • • - a••• om is so dole,. he sight doubt whether had ever leen ttlB stoat ardent and • • • • of odusaii3l; but he fully recognised the • • ••• r• tart .Le • ditltrallt view, and to see in eerie. . ...• : recce what they tb - men the best security foe • . .• "se Kind of inetru lion. Whilst admiring in t. : eosins°, the Committee of Eris Council, • mistake was aprarent is many et their pro. : • c•••e•Itoo much to SI whistry, sad too little • • •• t: was not in the building of schools, in -; • ie... in the 3p;ointment of trustees, and in eitangeintnts in a hich there had hien tro .upent.temisnee, that the proper grounds , . . er.e.aras.ment they 'herald lavish. rather w- - _ .:-.1 results; and according to dim results s" • _,:ouragcmcnt and pttroaage of the tiffs. -• , • ..eh they were produced. If they found Es:; • e .p men who worth ly flVed their several Es:: r. —if they found them chaltag the aarunt u: .. • +psalm, and misery is the localitia • -toy ware established—if, on the pi of it* inekeerrre, !ham etlto.ls were .• ft/sighing condition to to the in'el •,.• 11 .67'1 moral results of their teaching the • , ...y .f :be Kau should be guided by theft actual prat . : and whether men contributed largely or scat :. - • —a ',they they MA up their schools to this or that r taorcb, beet, or tuteminetim, of made them as !.. -r. ,per sa they etuld—whitener these arrangements =..r.f he, they should he left in all eases to the parties. A rnanitattd like the Committee of Privy Council was ; • La best sad moat perfect means of commanitatiog in- •.:t:on and •raiaiag. ~ HENLEY woe fratifirl to learn that the whole sub • t was about to node rgo as iavestigation. (Hear, bear.) The report was then agreed to. CHARITABLY! TRUSTS BILL. TLis ma amended, was eousidt red, su.d agreed to. WOODS AND FORESTS BILL. -- I. rd J. RUSSELL moved that the emiriderstion of this he postponed nand thatday three months. Lor4DUNCAN thought the tonsure could not be poet wagy us detriment to the public revenue. .9 • J. RUSSELL said It had ben. hie intention, until I:, to petered with the bill, hat at this period of s.• a it wee impossible to carry it through. • t i : was then, by leave, withdrawn. 11..O1E.IIADR . SPIRITS IN BOND BILL. NAAS 'Loved the second bailie, of this bill. iI.NCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER oppeeed o•inuse he considered that no adequate reasons .or f the mesons had been stated, and that it • a does to fraud. lie did not think that the ciotela tritillers should pay a lesser amount of t :tie did at present. In England the duty was In Scotland it was 39. Bd. ; and in Ireland, The proposal to pay • lesser amount of duty In sad Ireland would operate unfairly. The pro n.:en was anottleetimsable whereas the bill of the noble be txceerliagis unju st towards the English Lad received many representations to this effect, La ea• ionised to believe that they were founded on fact. sec y or, aid oa which such a claim could be louaded irk: tut , :Iat.UOT in Ireland and Scotland was subject to ,r ee. tie ;. :radiation of colonial spirits. It that were would be by lowering the duty on Irish 5e•,.•9 than take this mode, which would open the great deal of Iraud. The duty on rum was lowered as Jt....1, if he could show that the producer of L. •n• Scotland and Irelend had not been in : thaohly reason for this claim ceased to exist. ct.a tonparison of the quantity of rum consumed in .t.and sad Irelaod. taken together in 1847 and 1949, and A •AaLt.ty of bona-made spirits consumed in the same • • , I , ,uad that in 1812 there were consumed • .4 us-yens of ram, and, ia 1849, 432,000 pilaus tbie 1. , a a, tension, in the eOll/111 In two years a diminu ti• nof no lens :tea 134000 galleon But what was the pas •ah r. ral to home-made spirits la the same two years ? le 1-i; the - ,•usistity of home-made spirits consumed IMO villain, and in 1849 the quantity °n iacin was 1 - 4, 7 / 8 ,0411 an increase of 1,476,000 palms. So that it seemed the consumption of colonial spirits had fa..in off, while the con..‘amption of home-made spirits b , s4 cranny 1G . 244,44. It wes not true, therefore, that tic itici..er had suffere4 from the competition of colo min spirits. The connangt an of rum in proportion to home aisle spii.b was is Scotland hoar gallons of ram to one bun dint gs.oas Si tan, -tun spirits • and in Ireland, two and a hat gii.ons thi. hundred. lie might also state that at the ':tats the daty on c:1 and spirits wee reduced he intro. U , kk s ,, esu imamate which created an export trade for the th•tillen, a tads which is the former state of the law they coals not cargos. is Ihl7 there was no export of spirits f r' 2 - holtnd, *Le list year G 7,000 gallons were exported tr , :a that 11.1.117. He moved that the bill be read a second t roe that day sin months Sir tt ILL (IMO , 1 that the debate be adjourned /Jar a fee wets from Mr. ROOM and Mr. Bass Is lap p:•rt ',Le noble,, and Mr. Ransom* against it, Its t. -~.t aerjded— to, the adjournment 96 /taws.. it fa, our retain to the gallery we lowed Mr. 1. NAULE addreesiog the hones, and Mating that to '•isond thn bill on the round of morality, and Of ittimperwee is Scotland, sad to mitigate *Lit eseitirgs hid !xis held, and the religiose portion assmatity were ming their inhumes to meet 1 els was a distiller's yeesties and was is teid•si to abbe whisky cheaper at a time when in. oe.pituote was inerellAia and pauperism. wee sure that those who knew what poor-rates were in htotlaa4 woad ant aid is that winch would inereses than, t b. 7 do aught which would tend to inmate mete. irt at. Lag J. RUSSELL—The het &Amiga showed that UN 'sue of the tease au la favour of the principle of the WI, "'I he Pis easiest te take that girlies se • divales ea the masa aiding, sad set trouble the house to divide. lie '4.414 . lomtritt, oppose the le al fetus* stages. the alas bolas of the day were thee disposed of, and the holm &hayseed at f Oda/. T uP• InvINON 0$ TIM POYEIGN POLICY OY Ana W HDA.—.Tia do &War ol the Daily Num—Sir.— Bariy feat iolumead from • abort &bassos la Portugal, I take asrlisotopyortualty to soy that It 1 bad bon pretest la tie 'SSW with** majority 1. du Boon of t; Imam a• tbt resolatias of rositdosor be ssr forelos toLay.—Yein'a übodiratly, Assays ANDRII6OII. MIMI, July 4. Eke ilErpreoo. OUTGOING MAILS The sidle ter Britt& Math /Marie' sad the trailed dimes will be Mae up Ude eresiac. The mails for Liebe., Spain, tad Gibraltar will be made ep es Jell, 7. The meth aid Mereeillee, to the Mediterreasea, O ilea, Leda,. HasunKesg, dtc., will be made up ?go 'waist of J4 l , I. The West India Mails, eseludiaa Beranols, Ileveaust, Illeseau, Honduras, New °slams, eat Mad*, sad leidading them ler Madeira, et. Jamt-de-Nlearegus, New Grenada, Chili, sad Peru, will be made up es dm siersbig et July 17. The wells ler , Gibraltar, Mahe, Meese, the Imams Wawa, larpt, Cerium, LAM, sad Cldas, liambassptisa, aIU be made up ea Me moeutag 411 Jay td. I The mail ter Medsrisolt• Btmib, sad Steam Ayres, will be made up as the amain of Augsat 4. MION WATIII A. LIAM= MUNI& Tess Da—Wsnums. S. Mumma le.. lea t•-■•••••—lbsislag, Bar • Akinesa. Us We. LONDON, FRIDAY, JULY 5. Lard HARDWICILIN philosophy of education is borrowed from Urials limp, and is eontaioed in one maxim—Be humble. Hs is terrihly afraid that eiu: cation will make the lower claaat; better informed than the middle; and that canaquently the lower class wili leak down upon them, not look up. Ifs is also mons'rously afraid that model and training schools will produce a crop of echoolnasstere who will ' dignify their profession. Ar.d Lord HARDWIOKE is very much afraid of what school muter, may do, it they should happen to be superior men and "get abroad. " One shou:d think that to keep the middle class ahead of the lower, it was merely necessary to give them also superior means and modes of educatioa, such as continental countries afford in their gymna siums. Bat Lord HARDWICKE can discover no mode of maks the middle cl.o be looked up to but by keeping the lower clue ignorant. Now, will the middle class of Englishmen accept such a oompiiment ? Will it not rather spurn such protection ? We are sorry to see that matt of the speakers in parliament, when treating of the subject of education, utterly ignore the serious revolution that has taken place in mon's minds, and in the ideas and feelings which occupy them. S 31114) centuries ago religion filled the whole mind during its whole time. Either in contemplation, in disquisition, in ceremony, in hope, and in fear, rel'gious ideas and aims not ° only dominated but absorbed. At the present time Englishmen are, we think, just as truly religious, that is, actuated by reli.zions principle, as ' they were one century or two centuries ago, but they are not so absorbed by religion. Worldly or secular knowledge, as it is called, bas come to fill a much larger portion of men's minds and exiiitence. Reason is exercised and required to be exercised on a crowd of subjects which never before presented themselves. Man was the creature of traditit n. But men now have fallen upon a time when they have need of all their faculties, inquiring, calculating, rea soning. Men's mutual relations and respects, and fortunes have become exceedingly oomph eated, and the humblest are compelled to raise t, eir thosibts to sabieets which ceuturi-•s ego were as re mote frum them as the fixed et.rs. The French are dismissing what they c►ll socialism, which stirs up society to its depths. And our humblest classes are not alloyed to remain strangers to politics. We have factory bills, poor-laws, corn-laws and education laws. We have an extended suffrage, and will inevitably have a more extended one. To meat this new order of things, these new and great requirements, the majority in the French and English parliament see the chief mei ssity to be to return to that old narrow system, not of education, but of • mere instilment of religious creed, which prevailed in past centuries. M. Times and M. DE MOtTALEMBUT would give up French youth once more to the Jesuits, whilst st.th us the .poor are to be taught to solve the great questions of polttical economy which affect them by being made to read and to learn the church catechism. We cannot imagine more dangerous or short-sighted folly. Nothing has been more fully proved than the strength of the current which rune in the midst of our society, a current in which religion., political, social, oe'tish, and sentimental ideas are blended. The idlest of hopes is for a caste or party, whether of nobles, priests, or dortrinaires, to endeavour, after having failed to influence the risen and living gene ration, to try and lay hold of the young generation in order to turn them back into their peculiar way of thinking. The atte met is absurd, far the stronger the contrast between the spirit of the education given and the tone of society into which the youth falls, the more merked is the revulsion of character and principle. And thus it was remarked in the late debate of the French Cham berath st forced education in general bege's its con trary in principle. The Jesuit" of 1775 reared the French generation of 1790. The military and mathematical professors of Numeral' produced the philosophic, the speculative and religiously inclined school of Cousin and the eclectics. And so will it ever be. Opinions progress in the adult generations, more owing to events and circumstances than to reason or to right. If there be any things, or institutions oppressive, dic tatorial, retrograde, popular ideas rush to overturn what stand, forth as an obstacle. But it is this very obstacle that in general ham undertaken to mould and direct education. The very effort being one to dominate and perhaps pervert, the young mind swells indignant against it. And be this power church or state, it is eventually weakened, and possi bly overthrown, by the very power which it sought to wield and to grasp. We have great fears of state education, as our public men understand it, because by the state's mono policing this power it compels the church and all churches to aim at either sharing or weakening the power of government. What is more, it prompts the people and the people's parties to do the same. We admit, however, that we are in an inchoate and exceptional condition. Education, to be universal and organised, requires both the intervention of the state' and the co-operation of the religious bodies that have originated it. But to leave the task, and the guidance, and the patronage of education, to one or the other, or both, can merely lead, in the end, to nullify education from its true purpose, that of making men fit and intelligent members of society. Generations succeed each other, inherit eath ether's ideas, and modify them to suit the wants and the developments of the time. Seek to tie them by anticipation to a stake, or to move them by some old idol of a popedom or an establishment; and the effort succeeds not in enchaining and anode ing Time, but in pulling from its anchor and casting afloat and adrift the superannuated and rotten thing, 0 which a parliament attempts to tie Eternity. In the course of the debates, however, the great ob ject dell parties seemed to have been to find some stake or mother to which it could tie the education—nay, the dogmatic opinions of the country. One set of people think laymen far too wavering in their sentiments, and opine, that the only way to secure an undeviating coarse of philosophy of education is to confide the di rection altogether to the clergy. Now, we think we Gould prove that there is far more frequent and lam swim alternation of religious opinions in the Avila than in the lay body of a church, and we think we might also prove that there is wider antagonism b► twos different bishops than between any two bodies of laymen. The Bishop of OXFORD is not only afraid of lay influence interfering with scolseleatical, but he is afraid of the influence of the state, as a guiding is etitotios, in which other than Anglican tenets =or have influence. Thus, whilst one will not allow the largos of education to be anchored in the bosun if the great lay community of the church, another will sot have it tied to the state, which favours and up hold. that church, nor yet to the lower clergy, nor to public wants nor public opinion. Is it not plain that these narrow views and isolated exigencies with r► spect to education will totally annihilate it, or redoes it to the mere teaching of a catechism, and the lasal• cation of religiose principles, for which these is already ample national endowment, and whisk is ea widely apart from real education as the church is from the wheal, at as the next world is from this ? Nointsr; out tell more plainly the anomalesis condition under which English farmers sorry an their business. than the measure which Mr. PIIBIST has, session after cession, forced upon the attention of the House of Commons. The mann whisk hes sow assumed the form of " a bill to improve else reislisne of landlord sad tenant in &shad aid Ireland," was discard on the third reading on Tuesday night. Its history and transmutations are carious sad signifi cant. In its origin it was a tenant farsam's mum" THE FXPRESS, FRIDAY EVENING: JULY 5, II N. the result of a demand on the part of yearly tenants, who farm well, to obtain soma protection against the capricious exercise of their Muller& power to turn them out of their farms. The first biU introduced by FRANCE. Mr. Pony, Accordingly, proposed to give to all occu piers of agricultural land the abselate right to be paid for all improvements effected upon their lands withia definite periods antecedent to the determination of their tenancies, by draining, fencing, raced making, building, and so forth, as well as for improvements of a more temporary kind, such as the feeding cattle and sheep, upon corn, oilcake, and other purchased food, and fur artificial manures. These improvements were to be taken as having a purchasable value for a cer tain number of years—di ff erent periods being as signed to the different kinds of improvement—and where the tenants had not cccupied their farms so long after each act of improvement as to have ex hausted it, according to the scale prescribed by the bill, they were empowered to call on their landlords to pay for the inexhausted improvements by valua tion. The award of the value-s was to be enforced in PARIS, THURSDAY 11111111110. Most of the papers contain a tribute to the meting of Sir Robert Peel. The Debate says that "this statesman having ceased to be' a party chief, had brooms the regulator, moderator, and umpire of parties. Although declining raters to power, h• exercised an authority universally reoognissdt and in matters of internal policy was regarded as an oracle. So great a porition suddenly destroyed by a ' common fall, reminds one of the grain of sand which Pasctl mentions as having arrested the life of Crom well." The pans law is attacked by the Pattie and the downal des Debuts on one side ' and by all the demo cratic rem on the other. It becomes daily less p!)- pular in the Assembly, will certainly never pass us its presert form, sod is espooted to be withdrawn. M. de Tinguy has proposed, as an amendment to the law, that every article in a newspaper shall be signed by its writ r, under pain of being fined 600 francs, or 1,000 francs in ease of repeating the omission. M. Mintier has moved the abAition of deposits of caution money. • *ummery way. Of courte each a bill found no &vont with the landed members of the House of. Commons, and none others appear to have interfered with the subject. The subject, however, had got such strong hold of " the agricultural mind" out of door', that the immediate rejection of the bill was not deemed adris2ble. It was, therefore, re ferred to a select committee of landlord members, The re-election of M. Dopin as president of the Assembly is a clear proof how little attention is paid on these ocearrious to what ought to be the main qualifications of such a functionary, namely, impar toddy and dignity. No sooner is a liberal orator installed in the tribune than the President Dipin, inceed of protecting him evilest the interruptions of the Right, aggravates his distress by a thousand little tallies of waspish petulance. The sparkling string of epigrams wherewith the president seasons a dull de bate is co doubt refreshing to a jaded house, pertien larly in the dog days, bat his wit too often degenerates into buffoonery, and his liveliness becomes mere im pertinence. Dupla is the spoiled child of the As sembly ; but the lesense of his tongue is really en couraged, beelines it is found useful in serving the spleen and rancour of the majority, and his authority becomes a potent instrument of oppression against their political adversaries. Tne Duke of Sotomayor, Spanish ambassador at Paris, bas had several interview, with General Labial., in order to open nentiations for a treaty, with the object of repressing the acts of piracy which are in the habit of being committed under the shadow of the .normal legislation of the United State. of America. The French minister is reported to have given a favourable reception to the overtures of the Spanish government, and Great Britain has been invited to join with France and Spain upon thin and came back to the house greatly modified ; com pensation being confined to future agreements, and node dependent on the express assent or acquiescence of the landlord. Subsequently it has been more and more pared down, until the bill, which stood for a third reading on Tuesday, was simply one to enable landowners baring settled estates to make agreements binding on their successors, to compensate tenants for outlays in the permanent: and durable improvements only ; the compensation in respi et of high cultivation having been struck out in committee. There is also a clause authorising tenants to remove fixtures erected for the purposes of tbelr business, such as steam engines and the like, in analogy to trade fixtures, which at present they cannot lawfully e.o. There is so of much formality and previous notice required on the part cf the tecant, that we doubt whether the bill would have any extensive operation should it become law ; and it is, in its pry sent sta!e, chiefly remarkable u incicating the obstacle to improvement our eye cm of settlement presents. Nine-tenths of the land of this country is owned by persons who have only lite interests, and who can make no leases or covenants with tenants which will be binding on the next taker of the estate, though such next taker be the eldest son. Of course this presents au insuperable obstacle to large outlays in permanent improvement by tenants, and accounts for the very inferior condition of so much of the agricul tural land of England. But we very much doubt whether Mr. PICSEY . 3 measure would remedy that evil. We believe that it would be altogether delusive to tenants, for very few landowners would act upcn their great fear being that they may some time or other be called upon to pay large sums as compensa tions to outgoing tenants. Tone on one oceasio.i, Sir J. Y. BOLLER said, " a landlord might be &sealed by two or three outgoing tenants at once, claiming com persition from him, at a time when he was! unable to give it for want of money." And it is quite certain that very few, if any, owners of considerable estates could meet any simultaneous demand on the part of their tenants for campensation for untie hauated improvements. Practically, however, these compensations would be paid by the incoming tenant, and the chief eflect upon the landlord would be to im. p e w on him the necessity of finding a new tenant with capital sufficient to enable him to pey down a' large sum for the improvements on entering the farm. And if nothing be required to be paid for but whet is of value to the new te• ant, that w..uld be no disadvantage to either party ; but there are in many districts customs which bind inooming tenants to pay for objects which are useless, or nearly useless, to them during their occupation cf their farms, and they only get back their capital so lying dead, wheu they themselves quit. Against the possibility if such burdens on their properties landowners may well object. Upon the whole we believe the opi nions and the practice of the agricultural community to be at present too unsettled on tee subject of com pensation to out-going tenants to render it desirable to legislate on that narrow question. landlords and tenants must learn to do their own business without the special interposition of the legislature. If legislation is required, and we believe that it is, with reference to landed property, something much more comprehensive than Mr. PUBET's bill is wanted ; as for instance, all landowners should have full power to grant leases of any duration, and make stipula tions with tenants for improving the property without any other restriction than not to diminish the yearly income derivable from the estate beyond a limited period, say for seven or ten years, and with a prohibition against taking a fine or premium fur the lease ; and every actual poseesn:r of a settled estate should be enabled to sell so much of it as would enable him to pay cff incumbrances, and to effect permanent improvements on the remainder of his property. To this point the opinion of the landed class is, though somewhat slowly and reluctantly, tending. By and by, when, the mists of protection are completely cleared from their minds, they will discover that they most manage their property like men of business, and they will cease to retain in nominal ownership estates they have not the means to improve, arid which they will not grant to tenants on terms sufficiently attractive to induce them to make permanent improve cents. Neither is it clear that the tenant farmers notion is correct that they are entitled to be paid for all the improvement they effect on the land they occupy. On this point there is great difference of opinion among experienced agriculturists. Thus in a very able work on " The Valuation of Real Property," by Mr. LATTON Cooxe, recently published, we find this pertinent remark: "Amongst the agricultural ten antry an opinion appears very generally to pre vail, that their claim to remuneration is co-exten sive with the duration of the improvement, and that they have a right to deprive the land of any benefit it may have acquired from the application of their capital to it, or to be paid for any portion of the improvement that may be assumed to be nnexhausted at the termination of au occu pancy." This he deems erroneous; " what they are really entitled to is an opportunity to obtain by the improved state of the land, the amount expended by them in the improvement, and to be paid on quitting any portion of the cast that may not have been satisfied. The question then in each case will be, "in what time will an improvement repay itself ? " and this will probably be beat solved oy individual agreements. And this will be best effected by means el leases. "A tenant under lease," says Mr. CooKE, "would know previously to his commencing an im provement how long he might depend upon reeelvisg the additional profit, and would regulate his expenditure accordingly"; while "a tenant from year to year could only calculate upon receiving the occu pier's profit for a very limited period, and the mere return of the cost out of pocket would not be a suffi- Giant inducement for him to undertake improvements as permanent nature." That improvements by tenants will, in ordinary sues, only be made under leases of considerable do nation, is certain ; and it will be well that landlords sad tenant farmers should understand that yearly Mandes and large improvements or high cultivatica I ca the part of tenants, cannot co-exist ; and we be lieve that any attempt to render yearly tenancies com patible with progress in agriculture, such as that em bodied in Mr. PUSEY'S bill, will prove a failure. subject. A convention for the reciprocal Extradition of male factors between France and Saxony was signed on the 24th of April at Dresden, by the plenipotentiaries of the two countries, and hal been presented by the Minister of Foreign Affairs to the Assembly for ratification. _ _ Two lists ore in circulation at the Institute for the appointment of three members to represent this body in the superior council of instruction. The first list, drawn up by M. Cousin and his friends, bears the names of MM. Thiere, Pointlet,at:d Passy. The can didates of the opposite party are MM. Mole, Bong , not, and Flourene. The Assembly was occupied yesterday with the law relative to the education of young prisoners, There are about twelve thousand minor* of both sexes confined in the houees of correction, a great number of whom will not be liberated until they have attained the age of twenty. The object of the law is to give to these during their confinement in the peni , tentiaries a moral, religious, and professional ethica -1 don in order to enable them to re-enter society in a creditable manner. A distinct quarter in the prisons is to be usigned to youthful offenders of every category. Young offenders acquitted as having acted without discernment, but not restored to their parents, are sent to a penitentiary colony, where they are subjected to a severe discipline, and applied to agricultural labour,. The event of the sitting of to day is the re-election of M. Dupin as President of the Assembly. The ' number of voters was 538. M. Dupin obtained 32.5 votes; M. Michel de Boarges, the candidate of the 'Mountain, 102; General Lamoriciere, 60; General lledeou, 3,5. Sixteen votes were lost. The result of the ballot having been announced, M. Dupin was pro claim al president. General Belleau, MM. Darn, Benoit d'Azy, and Leon Faucher, were elected vice-presiden's of the Assembly. Jules de Lasteyrie has, therefore, been the only one of the former vice-presidents excluded. MM. Arnaud (de l'Ariege), Lacaze, Peupin, de Heckeren, Caart, and Berard were chosen secrete rite of the Assembly. The three first articles of the bill, for settling the expeuses of the past for the colonisation of Algeria, without engaging France is new experiments for the future, are adopted without debate. Art. 4 submits the agricultural colonies during three years more to • the military authority. M. Emile Barrault proposed one year instead of three, :arid maintained that the colony would be ruined by the term fixed by the bill. General d'llautpoul opposed the ameudmtnt of M. Barrault. I , A tumultuous movement took place in the Assem bly, in consequence of the report that a violent alter cation was going on in the passages between MM. de I la Devansaye and Benne. A great number of mem- I ben rushed oat in great haste. The cause of the quarrel was this : M. Valentin, wounded the other day in a duel with M. Clary, had some votes in his favour ea secretary. This announce ment having raised a titter among the :majority, M. Baune made nee of some expression which was inter ' preted as an insult by M. de la Deena:lye. A duel is expected to take place this evening in consequence. The amendment of M. Emile Barrault was thrown out. The sittiog broke up without any further business. The committee of initiative has had laid before it a motion of M. Joret, proposing a credit of eight millions in favour of the establishment of societies of mutual assurance against hail, losses of cattle, and other disasters incident to agriculture. The debate on the press-law is fixed for Monday. It appears from a statistical document recently published, that the population of France is now nearly 36 millions. The census of 1700 made the population 19,669,000. Thus it appears that France does not quite double her population in 150 years, whilst some other countries of Europe double their population in less than half that period. Several Frenchmen of distinction quitted Paris this morning to be present at the funeral of Sir Robert Peel. M. de la Vale l'Evtque, M. Guizot, and many of their friends, were among the number of depar tures for this object. The cause of the fall in the funds yesterday having been removed, the Fives opened to-day at 95, and closed at 93fr. 20c., a rise of 43c. upon the closing prices of yesterday. The Threes closed at 57fr. 15c., being a rise of 30c. Nothing occurred to change a dull course of business which prevailed. BOURSE. Fur Account. PARIS, JOLT 4. Poe Menry. ',Opening litibeet. fewest. Closing II per Dad o. .... 86 95 57 10 57 15 57 0 57 15 8 yet Omlns .—.. 94 99 35 0 95 20 94 90 95 20 5 en MO W Lou... a a II it le le 16 ller Oate —.. „ re a re 4 Dm Den 18..—...... 74 ~ is II on Lusion: at idght, 75 45 ;1/0 days,i4 32f. II ettgian, U r. IX ••••• 0 9i Money. Noyes Mar 9 Wary Dm is 1/43 ...... 991 „ I Ronan Leas, 1549 77i „ Dm 16 --....... 91 Ditto, do.— 1140 77 „ Do. 3 r. Treasury Ikea' ... 5 „ Piedmont 5 mar Cents. 81 20 „ Bank Mara Donut— St. Germain, —; Vanninsa (right bank), 155; ditto (let bank), 140 ; Paris and Orin 747 If ; Parts and Bonn, 552 30; Bonen sad Havre, MI 50; Wasestiles and arip s y s t 50; Strasbourg and Bale, ;08 71i; Orisons and Vistmos, US 7 • add Bordeaux, 320; North, 441 11; Paris sad Strawkssirg. 751 T Bll7 . and Nantes, 333 73 ; Dieppe and Visoung, 183. Bra R. PEres HORSE.—It is stated that the horse' from which Sir it. Peel received his fatal fall on Saturday wee bought at Tattenalls' on the 22nd of April lost, by Mr. Beaten Denison, and intended to be offered to Sir Robert Peel. Mr. Denison rode him daily for a weak. He met the troops with their bands playing, at well as omnibuses and sumps in Piccadilly—all whisk the bone pommel with out drawing the smallest &position to shy. Mr. Denison insisted upon Sir Robert riding him fora week before he desided on keeping him. He did eo, and then requested he --- night have him . The hone Dad bean regularly hunted, The National Council of Switzerland met at Berne was eight years old, sad bed hoes ridden by Lord Villiers, on the let. After certain preliminary proceedings, who thought he would snit his father-in-law ezondinga well. Foe the lest ewe nionthe Sir Hobert bad ridden Dr. Kern was electedpresident, b 59 votes to 19. y horse regularly. The new president delivered a brief address, in which BOOTH SPA Cottrunv.—The half-yearly general he stated that he would employ all his efforts to merit mart el this comp= was field yesterday at the Beath Sea the con fi dence placed in him by the Assembly ;he Ileess, Charles Franke, Esq., the declared his attachment to the federal institutions, sableverase, teak the chair, on the omission. The usual and his determination to seek progress by the regular easenate were reed te the nesting. The c harms* said it develo tof them. lie then referred to the affairs pmea would appose hem the sonants that the Meanie fee the elf we 154,825 i. ls. ild., sae that th e mi tosis were on which the Amiably would have to deliberate, and . Os. 10d., leaving a basses se gum M. del., from concluded by expiating the wish that the spirit of illW 6- • divideltd me now reposed of lit. per cad-, conciliation and patriotic sentiments would draw whisk Todd tobollat to 64 ,0984. Ida. ,6d. Isiah's • bilis" closer the ties which unite the members of the As k Imsd ef 9011. sa. 11d. The dividend of if per es._st-, en the same day as the goverantrat ermalso. Nov - - ' - gamble The Assembly than elected M. Stampfli =tits agreed to, the coast adjourned. rice-prescient, and ohoss four secretaries. SWITZERLAND. SPAIN. The Comercio of Cadiz says: "It appears that ordain have been sent to England by the Spanish government for the construction of two steamers of 500-horse power each, of the acme dimensions as those which are now building in the dockyards here. The ships which are now building here, or which will be shortly commenced, ara a shi,, of 80 guns, l another of 80, a frigate of 50, a corvette of 30, 5 brigs, 3 schooners, 4 steam , rs of 5001orse power, I 4 of 350, and one of 200. Such activity has not been witnessed since the most prosperous period of the Spanish navy." ITALY. ROMAN STATES. Letters from Rome of the 220 d nit. state &at the Leavy rains that prevail at present have caused tie Tiber to overflow. The church of the Rotunda (Pan theon) is filled with water, and roars aro entertained that the hay, and perhaps the core crops, will be lost. NAPLES, June 24. The Opinions of Turin says : A correspondence of tha 24:h from Naples communicates the following document, which declares officially the abolition of the &canto : " Circular of the Minister of the Inte rior to the functionaries of the kingdom.—Order having by the grace of God been re-established in the countries on either side of the Pharo, his Ma jesty the King, our absolute master, has expres-ed his will that all employh should take a new oath, according to the terms of the decree of 1816. (Signed) MORESNA." According to the new oath exacted from the mili tary, they are bound not to belong to any secret sect or uscciation. GERMANY. PRUSSIA. A telegraphic despatch from our Berlin corm po-dent, dated July 3, confirms the news of 'he signing of the treaty of peace between "Germany, Prussia, and Ihnmark," which took place on the 2nd. Tke treaty must be ratified by all the German states within three weeks. BERLIN, JILT 1. In my letter yesterday, I referred to the aheratiots in the tariff of the Zollvercin which are to be pro posed to the Zlllverein Congress at Cassell, by the representative of Prussia, and showed, from an official article in the Gazette, that the expectations which had been enteraked of an alteration being made in their chanter before they reached the congress, had ' entirely failed. Herr von der Heydt, the Min'ster of Comm rcc ,and his colic agues are determinedto continue their protectionist policy. The only change towards a system of free trade, the reduction of the total abolition of other duties in articles of food, as wu proposed in the original memorial, has b-en with drawn. There is another document in circulation at present, which,though its parent may not be officially represented at the approaching congress, will never theless be discussed. I allude to the Austrian memo- vial on ft customs constitution and commercial policy for the Austrian and German states united in a cus-. tome union. This is the wood memorial on this subject. In October or November last Kerr von Bruck, the Austrian Minister of Commerce, pro- . . pounded the same idea in an elaborate and lengthy despatch to the Austrian interim committsiocers at Frankfort-on-the-Maine. That memorial failed in producing the desired effect, for it was too generally understood that it was but a sham, aid intended to procure to Austria greater popularity for her political designs on Germany. The present document is a kind of commentary on the preceding one, and ex plains many doubtful points, but cannot, under the present circumstances, bs regarded in any other light than the former. The end which the Austrian govern ment has in view is not that which appears on the face of this memorial. In every case however, it is only just that the chief pints should be noticed. It com- meoces with the following introduction : Two facts must be carefully considered in solving the (Neiman question ; they are the desire of the German nation to obtain a closer union of its member', and the desire of the Atter lAD empire to accomplish an manic political union of its component parts. Both demands are based upon a political necessity, the strength of which is equally felt in both. The federal constitution, which is to be rrestabliehcd must therefore equally satisfy both demands; it must can• tam nothing which will render the political unity of Aurri_ impossible, or will hinder the fulfilment of the just demands of the German nation. The alteration of the Bundesokte of 1815 must be commenced and completed, therefore, from this double point of view. - - Herr von Bruck, having thus asserted the two great principles which ought to guide the reconstruction of the federal constitution, proceeds to repeat certain phrases which are to be found, as if stereotyped, in every Austrian despatch on the German question. The Austrian constitution of the 4th of March has not disturbed the permanent historical relations of Germany to Austria; an indispensable step to the solution of the German question, is an Austrian-Ger man customs and commercial union ; a German poli tical union must be made a commercial one, and vice versa, or both will be an untruth, a deception. The existing Zillverein rests on a material and moral ne cessity, but requires • firm legal foundation in the laws of the confederation. I will not trouble you with any more of these truisms, which the Austrian • Minister of Commerce employs very extensively in the memorial, but will at once state the conditions which he requires should be included in the federal constitution to procure their accomplishment : Par. 1. All the federal states form a territory by similar customs and commercial legislation. The exclusion from the common customs' frontier of smaller portions of states, toge ther with the particular conditions of local regulations for the benefit of trade (depots for bonded goo's. markets, free ports, &a) ax. reserved to the federal power. The incorpo ration of neighbouring states into the German-Austrian customs union, and the general regulation of their nets lions to it must be effected by federal resolutions, which are, however, not to abolish or alter existing treaties of this nature. 2. Within the common customs boundary trade is entirely free, with the sole reservation of the existing limitations consequent on internal spurns of taxation or financial mono polies. 3. The regulation of import, export, drawback, and transit duties is exclusively in the hands of the central federal w 4. The central federal organ, in the execution of its powers of representing the confederation in its commercial relations will appoint consuls in foreign countries to represent and guard the interests of the 'objects of each state belonging to the union, and will further define the relations of the:consuls of each state to thou of the confederation. 6. The central federal organ is alone empowered to con clude commercial and navigation treaties with foreign states, which shall include the whole confederation, and be equally binding in all the states within the union. Treaties of this nature, concluded by individital states belonging to the union, must not be is contradiction to the general treaties. 6. The central federal organ shall watch over and regulate trade within the union, as well as the trade, navigation, and traffic of the union with foreign countries. 7. The central federal organ shall possess the supreme direction of all means of traffic, navigation, post•office, rail ways, and talinraphs within the union, without, however, interfering in the immediate control of the same. The marine institutions shall be under the direction of the litoral states, who shall be empowered to raise dues for their employment. These dues, which shall be controlled by the central federal organ, shall not exceed the cost of maintain ing the institutions in question. The same principle shall be acted up to in the river navigation and river dues, and ge nerally to road duet, the general regulation of which shall he procured by compensating those states which must thereby incur large losses. 8. The central federal organ shall superintend the admi nistration of the customs laws in all states within the union, and shall control the fulfilment of all orders in refor mism as Mom 9. The net receipts from the common customs duties and dines shall be divided amongst the states belonging to the union, after the central federal organ shall have deducted the matriculation quotas of the individual states. 10. The c entred federal organ shall possess an advising council on commercial and navigation matters. The duties of this council will be the examination of the principles which melt to govern the commercial policy of the union; of the the impedimenta to trade and commerce in the interior of the united states; of the commercial and navigation treaties to be concluded by individual states, with reference to their mincidenes with the federal treaties, as well as of the new Melia tobe concluded by the union- the preparation of =proposals, and explanations in all matters coming us circle of its operations ; the representation of its *Mem respecting the requirements and the condition of trade and navigation, auxiliary institutions, and means of trefa ; the proposiog of the persons to be appointed as fede ral commercial agents, and the ezpraseMn of opinion en all cautions of commercial and maritime law, of coinage, mea sures, and weights. The central federal organ shall require the opinion of the maned on all Batten referring to the fixing of ensues duties, navigation and commerce, naviga tion and eauniereld trestle, and the appointment of com mercial repruentachwo 11. The *den' eweatil few navigation and commerce shall oasis& of a superior erased, which shall be regularly roe vaned ones a year, and, In mass of importance, eau be am' used at any time by the central federal organ, end of a 00111. mines whia shall assist the central federal organ as a per manent board of advise. The latter shall pupate end perfect the labours of the InperiA eouSell; sod sten erfi &weak, the selentifie inquiries advised by the former. 12. The superior souneil shall wicsist of deputies, the major pact to be sleeted by the representatives of the indus trial interest', or by et ambers of c...mntema where they exist. and the minor part to be appoiuti d by the government,. Tee number of deputies to be appointed shall be regulated by the commercial importance cf each sate. 13. The superior council shell sleet a president, vice pre sidents, and secretaries, as well as the memb. Ti of the com mittee, the latter so th at !Lustre, Prussia, the Nerth German Neural states, and Smith Germany shall l;e represented in it. 14. The central federal organ shall possess its • feces as 'uproot), controlling authority of trade, marine, and river navigation, means of traffic, cuinage, weights and measures, foreign commercial representation, emigration and colonisa tion, together with a statistical bureau and a customs con trol and audit board. The above are the proposals which Herr von Bruck's memorial c retains. They will doubtlessly meet with supporter. in the approaching Zollverein congress in Cassell, though they are as impracticable in the present state of at as the political plans of Aostriawith respect to the u:d ennfederat hat. In order, however, to attempt their fulfilment, the memorial contains a . propceal for a Z3ll congress at Frankfort on-the-Maine, but states at the same time that the Austrian government is nut iLuisposed previously to eater such negotiations with Prussis on the subject. JULY 2. In a cabinet council held yesterday, it was deter mined to persevere with the Erfurt Union. The provisiorium, which expires on the le:t:e inst., will must probably be prolonged. Count Berustortf returns to his post at Vienna to morrow. The Aber dpost was confiscated again last night. Von der Pfordten, the Mi istcr lor Foreign Affairs in Bsvaria, has confirmed, by an evasive answer t o Prince Wallerstein, the statement that Is o ,va r i a ap plied to Russia, England, aid Franco iu February last, to know how far those states would permit the new formation of Germany to i.. - oceed without inter vention. The Grand Duke of Hessm I , as aptkinted irres ponsible ministers, as-uming him.eii the chief direction of the government. Basun, JULY 3. Voluetaiy 1.91111, 1041 ; National Debt, hbb ; Commercial &Kitty 's niium, 1031; Bank Shares, 98i. VIENNA, Jvxe 29. Great pro. a rees is makirg with the new fortified arsenal on the Wienerberg. When completed, it will contai i eight separate barracks, and 20,000 men. It corers 35 acres r f ground, and will be defended by 85 pieces of artillery. The expense will amount to upwards of 10,000,000 florins .1,000,0001) Trial by jury commences in the Austrian empire on the let of July. The Lew political organisation of Croatia and Sla vonia is disapproved of. _ . _ The financ;il report for the first quarter of the pre sent year 1.a3 just been published. The income for the quarter is ~toted at 44,959,-170 florins. and the expen diture at 62,021,721, leaving a deficit thus of 18,021,721 florins. Extraordinary supplies, by Lana, remission of paper money, tic., have provided the treasury at the end of the quarter with a sum of 10,76,5,726 florins. VIENNA, June 2.—Piro rer Cent. Nietalliqwts, 961 ; Four per Cents. ditto, t3l. B Srire... 1112. FRANKFORT, JILT 1. The relief which the vote of t he 1 L11:e of t 4; is - mons has afforded to Central Europe can only be estimated by those who knew the extent of the con ga rnation produced by the vote of the House of Lords on Lord Stanley's motion. The divi-ion of the peers fell like a thunderbolt in th? midst of the gradually settling down of the revolu.ionary eh men's, pro moted as this settling down had been by the conduct of England's representatives in Greece and in the ' Levant. It is here no secret, the full importance attached to the main question recently discuesed by both houses. It is also a fact that Lord Palmnston's recent policy had the effect of breaking tip a cabal, han which nothing more monstrous or more fearful in the result which must hare ensued bad nothing prevented the effort from beir.g made. WURTEMBURG. The French governmect )eeterday received the following telegraphic despatch from Strasburg:— " The ministers of the Kirg of Wurtemburg have resigned. Their resignation has been accepted by the King. On the 2nd the new cAhintt was composed of ' the following members:-111. Linden, interior ; de Plessen, prlice ; de Reinhard, foreign tartars ; Knoppe, finances; Von Muller, war ; Kammener, worship. GREE( 'E. All the English ships of war cruising in the Mediterranean have received orders to meet at Malta. The three ships of the line viisicit have sailed for Gibraltar, and four large steamers have also re ceived crders to place themselves utder the command of Sir William Parker. The destination of the fleet is not known, Naples heir g assigned by some re ports, and the Dardanelles by others. • AMERICA. The United States mail steamer Hermann, Capt. E. Crabtree, arrived off Cowes this morning, and after discharging her mails and passengers for South ampton, prcceeded on her v4ugc to Bremen. She carries specie, 0,000 dols., for Havre. She brings accounts from New York to the 20th ult. This date, it will be remembered, was anticipated by the intelligence telegraphed from New York to Halifax and brought by the America, whose news (including an ample commercial summary) appeared in Monday's Express. 'Etc Court. The Queen and Prince Albert, with the Prince of Prussia, went yesterday afternocn in an open barcuche and four to Dulwich College, and inspected the gallery of rent ing.. Colonel Buckley atd Lient.-Colorel the Hon. Alex ander Gordon, the Equerries in Waiting, were in attendance. His Royal Highness Prince Albert, attended by Lieut.• Colonel the Hon. Alexander Gordon, vi:ited their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of C imbriige yesterday at Cambridge House, and Her Royal Highness the Duchess of ifik.ucester, at Gloucester House. Their Royal High nesses the Prince of Wales, the Princess Royal, the Princess Alice, and the younger members of the royal family, took their usual walking and riding exercise yesterday. Don Francisco de Rivero was presented to the Queen at the levee on Wednesday in St. James's Poise', by Viscount Palmerston, as charg6 d'affaires from Peru. Mr. (Sheriff Alison presented his " History of Europe " to her Majesty at the Wee. Lieutenant Glanville, Royal Horse Artillery, was presented to her Majesty at the levee on Wednesday, by the Marquis of Anglesey. Sir Robert Pigot was presented, on his marriage, by Lord Forester. Lieutenant Edward J. White, Bengal Army, was pre sented by Sir John Hothouse. Lieutenant Williamson was presented, on appointment to the Coldstream Guards, by Colonel Chaplin. Sir Philip Crampton. Bart., Surgeon an Ordinary to tke Queen in Ireland, and Surgeon General to the Forces, Mr. Hume Burnley, Attache to Ber Majesty's Hied= at Madrid, and Mr. Charles liortright, Her Majesty's Consul at Carthagsna, New Granada, were present at the Queen's levee on Wednesday. A deputation, consisting of Mr. J. Grundy (solici tor), Mr. C. W. Eborall (manlier), and Mr. J. S. Poring (engineer), on behalf of the East Lancashire Railway Com pany; and Messrs. E. Shonooch and J. Econ. (directors), Mr. Perfect (solicitor), and Mr. Flanagan (engineer), on behalf of the Bolton, Blackburn, and Clitheroe Railway Company, had an interview with the Commissioners of Railways on Wednesday, at the odic. of the Board of Trade. The Right Rev. Dr. Brady had an interview with Earl Grey yesterday.—Mr. Tidd Pratt had an interview with the Chancellor of the Exchequer yesterday.—Mr. John Wood, chairman of the Board of Inland Revenue, had an interview with the right hon. baronet on Wednesday, at his official residence in Downing-street. The Ecclesiastical Commissioners for England had a general meeting yesterday. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ea were, Mr. Baron Parke, y A a ti s m t a i r r d a a l y r a n r d l a t h i v a e a to d the Chancellor of the Duchy of Cornwall, and Sir Edward R y an. th an e a Cil eal y A fr o o n m e. inTaheilligorhd.Coprennsenntf IsieU FlffilitAufs.—Yesterday several Irish mem bers of parliament assembled in one of the anti-rooms of the Mouse of Commons, for the purpose of taking into consider ation a proposal made by Mr. James Ward and Mr. Dillon C ro ker, for cultivating the fisheries of belted. The chair was occupied by Monty A. lierbert, Esq., M.P., who stated that the proposal was Wig facts of great importance, and that he hoped it would receive the careful attention of all who wished well to the deep sea fisheries of the sister coun try. .iks the meeting did not commence until 4 o'clock, and the house mat at half-past four, there was not sufficient time for Messrs. Ward and Croker to explain their proposal. The Emilio( was therefore adjourned until two o'clock 40-day, when detailed explanations will be given. i , I ' ' i il 1 i t i : 1 ' 1 . I I