The Express. — London, England, 1850-01-22 00:00:00

Vie erpre%%. OUTGOING MAILS. TY smile MA Marseilles, to the Mediterranean, Fre, Cerise, led* Boarlieng, die., will be made up *a *4 armies of Jas. 24. The math kr British North America sad tbe UMW Bates will be made up ea the everibig of Jan. 25. The math lee Liebe.,Spa* and Gibraltar will be made up ea Jam 27. The West India Mails, 'Wattle, Bermuda, Ilavannab, Num, Bandana, New Orleans, sad MuMe, and 'minding these fee Madan St. Jam-de-Namara; New Granada, Chlll,2mil Fire, will be medeup ea Feb. 2. The mils he Mader* t h e Heusi* sod Buenos Apres,will be made ap as the musing el Feb. 4. Taa Mill ter Gibraltar, Malta, Grime, the lonian Islands, i Coyle., India, sad Cbiaa, Southamptes, b=e up ea the morals' of Felt. 20. Io RATA AT LONDON 11111101. Two Da—Marmag. TAM IA *Arrow I 17 , A Trarisins—Waraist. I b. INA ..... —.AhemAm lA. TM- LONDON, TUESDAY, JANUARY 22. more than 15 or 20 per cent., sew, aiktuialioßi sixth, which will redoes the blab* capital to I. OOO L : 4," We most here deal with the qiistbie whether tie , Mare cultivator of the 140-iores b. lithaetofese, be make an income of 1841. a year ; or; arser it shall be reduced in respect of his labour and skill es well •of the lower amount of capital employed; or, in of his diminished capital only. PIN C t q. t=on raises many collateral ones, as whe ther the interest of money will remain the same; whether the pees of the community, in the aggro -I =MI Ronk the same; whether the relative of Wald sad tenant shall remain the same, mad Ohms se Ism important and difficult. Abair day we shall recur to the landlord end I lima portion of the inquir meantime, in the pe- oat stage of it, the landlord will appear in the wino imbibe pmdtion. It is the sonsequencs of our treat. lei the poet state of things as (that which the pew tistimists have hull it to be) a sound one. n the as we shall on tress prembss arrive at a mor l e jest essalesies. If beesset red profits is the general are treated. ee en the awe smile as in the times messily gees Web the tome ihemers should also retain the ems stele el yrolltrese en the tares peat in the peplos sem— roc it esupsesstssa Ike the skill end kherse applied to the mansemest ef capital as distinguished hos interest ; but, in the owe in question, the amount et these is undiminished, being oPPli r od to the gem area of cultivation—that is, of 140 acres—and the Nene compensation ought to be computed. Not so the pert which is on respect of interest, so called; the toast farmers, in consequence of the risk appertaining to their use of it, have not &Cued their money, la eluding interest, risk, and comminioo, below 7i pee cent. A reduction, then, of 71 per oent. in respect of the cost of the 2001. diminution in the capital em ployed is all the abatement to be insisted on under this item of the second class, leaving the cost for en=el 1691. deduction may undoubtedly be expected in the own of tradesmen's and artificers bills, and in wear and tear and incidental expenses. We have said that it is difficult to estimate them; for illustra tion, therefore, we will take the deduction arbitrarily at 20 per cent. on 801., reducing these items to 641. The total redaction under this class is 15÷16=311., lei leasing the total future computed cost 2311. The third class is very little under the control of the tinffint. The landlords manage the county ban ana, the police and the roads, and enact the taxes. The pews rate, indeed, is in some measure control lable by the tenant, who is the immediate rate payer; and in times past, in a low state of prices, he hes too frequently augmented tba charge by die =Ltdlabourers and charging them on this of simply availing himself of the reduc tion of expenditure which a low price of provisions had rendered practicable. But it is for the landlord to regulate each and all of the costs under this class. If he give a bounty to crime by stocking his woods and his farms with game, and so augment the county and police rates ; if he neglect the improvement of his domain, and especially in periods of exigency, and so multiply the ranks of pauperism ; if he abandon the management of the union and highways to ill chosen and highly paid functionaries; if, above all, NI aid to tax the sinews and thews of the people to provide for his family out of the public establish ments, on him be the whole burden of this third part of the costa of production ' • if the tenant, who cannot reduce it, pay part of this 661. (an incubus of' 10 per cent on the profits of his toil) a second time in his rent it is his own fault and not ours; we insist that in principle and in equity the 661 . must remain a de duction from the rent. How, then, now stands our calculation? The occu pier receiving the esine profit, and the taxes remain ing the same as before? If by drawing our produce from an enlarged area of supply, the gram value of 1,0001. is reduced to 7501., and the ocsts of the first class become thereby 3151., those of the second 2331., and the third remain 661., making a total of costa and charges of 6141., there still remains applicable to rent 1361. And this on the supposition that things as regards the cultivation of the soil remain as they have been. We have argued the question on the protectioaiste own ground. We purpose another day to choose our own partition • and we have no doubt we shall show to the satisfaction of any man open to conviction that our 140 acres, if the landlord and the tenant will do justice to each other and to themselves, if they will reduce the taxes and prosecute their business with skill, economy, and vigoer, will rerder its produce at free-trade prices without a diminution of either ram or profit. In any case let the tenants do their duty to the country and to themselves; let them compute their rents on sound and just principles, and the super structure of exorbitant taxation, their bane and the bane of their fellow-men, will fall to the ground, demolished by the very bands which have so long upheld it. Tree arguments and counter-arguments which have been exchanged daring the list week between the protectionists and the tree-traders contribute greatly to strengthen the position taken as the oesis of our agricultural calculation, in an article published on the 14th. We then assumed that the price of wheat would settle down at 6e. 6d. pee bushel. The state ment of the Economist (of which we gave the sum mary yesterday) would bring it nearer to 6s. We adhere, however, for the sake of argument, to our first supposition, which ought not to deter the agricul turist The question in the way we put it .lies between the farmer and his landlord, between the farmer and his own skill, between the farmer and the taxman. And we need not say that the farmer has need of his ut most sagacity to set himself right with all three. Neither in this do we despair of the firmer. When ever tenants will set, u the higher class of them have now don for years in Lincolnshire and Nor folk, and treated for their holdings on sound calcula tions, and as independent men, there is no fear of their prudence failing them, or of their not finding • spirit of enterprise equal to their prudence. Let Ivslation be allowed to remain steady, and capital not be wantiag to such men, as long as they are able to make those calculations independent of the ebb and flow of party hopes, and the nusrepreeenta tion of party =immu re. la a former paper we assumed, for illustration, that the rodeos heretofore of the average valoe of 1,0001, may be reduced to an average value of 7501. a year. We assumed also that upon the 1,0001. a year the pro~orti• n rendered for rent had been one-fourth, or 22607. If each item of the costs of productios caul be reduced in rateable proportion to the dindaudea if the value—that is, in the proportion of 1,0001. to 7304 it is manifest that the reduction of rent would be in the like proportion, viz., from 2301. to 1871.10 e.; as. however, these costs neither severally nor in the te are capable of reduction in the suet ratio i ' l l g oa re i g o :nether, and as (let it be always remembered) rent is strictly that which remains after all the costs of production, including a fair remuneration to the cultivator foe the employment of his capital, skilLand labour, together with the inevitable outgoings, are paid, the portion of the 760/. applicable for rent may be greater or lees than 1871. 10s., according as the costs of production shall be greater or less than 7301. less 1871.105. These costs may be resolved into thin classes: mach as esasist suastantively cf a part of the produce or as a role manse or diminish with its prices ; such the isearriag of which, either in their nature or in roint of time or of dearer, is more or less optional ; and such as in kind are Inevitable and for the most part uncontrollable in amount. It is difficult to treat the subject apart from a con sideration of the justly anticipated effects of modern discovery and science. On the Question of the amount of produce subetantivelyapplied to cultivation, we must pause at the threshold to consider whether the seed corn shall be taken at the quantity heretofore used, or, as many eminent practical men contend it may (and that with advantage to the crop), at a re daction of at least one-half; and again, whether the produce of which it has heretofore formed, in given circumstances, a definite fractional part, shall be taken at that which results front the inefficient hus bandry of the larger portion of the cultivators, or at the amount produced by those whose capital and toil have been vigorously and skilfully applied. Un doubtedly •he country is entitled to the advantage of the most efficient application ;of its soil, and we cer tainly shall not abandon on its behalf our clean to those advantages, and the landowner, when he has done his own duty, has a no less indisputable claim to the surplus which accrues in the due use, not in the abuse of his commodity, the broad acres; but at present, for the purpose we have in hand, that of communicating to the existing tenantry a sense of their true interest, we prefer to treat of things as they are, railer than as they ought to be. If then for our purpose we assume the 1,0001. to have arisen on a firm of 140 acres of arable land of average quality and produce, indicated by a cast of 28 bushels of wheat per acre, and other products in like proportion, as far as we can gather the costs of certain and inevitable outgoin_a have been in some what the following proportions : _ No answer has been given, or indeed attempted, to Mr. COBDEN'i charges against the loan to Russia, as insecure, as imm oral, unpatriotic, as based on mis representation and fraud. Those very journals which clamoured so 1011d1 to warn people against investing their money is railroad enterprise, and which de manded parliamentary interference to save our sur plus capital from being . thus fixed, now argue that similar objections against not fixing, but flinging away our surplus capital for Russian campaigning, are sins against both fairness and free trade. Tee Times declares that it can see no difference be tween the lucrative interchange of Russian tal low for English cotton, and the gathering up of millions, the fruits of English industry, to expend them in feeding Russian solders. Tree principle, forsooth, is just the same, be it warlike expenditure, or pacific trade! The Times is a great patron of brute tyranny abroad. It gloats in seeing Russia and Austria treading down Hungary, and sucking the blood of the brave, whilst the Times it self does the ancillary work f blackening the cha racter of the unfortunate patriots, men and women, who Lavc escaped the slaughter. Bat the Times, which de;ights in this physical tyranny abroad, can not, it seems, bear even moral restraint at home. It would rather be the " subject of the CZAR, or the property of a Russian noble, and be compelled to ' tight and work at their discretion, than be 7 , 50 bound to feel • virtuous indignation at Ras -250 elan or Austrian absolutism." The confession is naive, and the preference honestly avowed. Any £I,OUO one, adds the Times, that would " allow a moral We are aware that this classification is not per- dictator to prescribe particular and persons' applica tautly accurate. In the first clue the manual labour tion of a moral rule is a slave in the worst of senses." and the tithe rent charges do not all at once conform There is a moral rule which forbids men to enslave to the price of corn ; but the latter inevitably does so and sell one another • there is a moral rule that for on the average, in conformity to the statute , in the b ids to calumniate t he innocent and the unfortunate. alternations of a very few year.; and labnur as in- The Times would rather be a slave, and a Russian one, evitably does so, subject to the operation of the prin- too, than have such doctrines impressed upon it, or ciple of supply and demand. So the tradesmen's and recommended to it personally. Its idea of morals is artificers' charges in the second class, and the poor that of an abstract code, not personally applicable; rates in the third clam, in a large degree tend to an its idea of freedom of conduct, and freedom of trade, is approximation to the prices of 'Ades of first nose- an exemption from all moral considerations; and its ity, and under a perfect economy would be exactly idea of the freedom of the press is the unlimited power regulated by the teal average of prices at any given of calumny and abus e. period. Far from thinking that Mr. CoBDEN and his All the items of the first class are in their nature friends have gone too fee in denouncing loans such as inevitable. We have for our pr,seut purpose assumed these, we feel that he has not gone far enough. that in point of amount (as distinguished from vales) There is a great difference between individual acts, they bare been kept at their due limit, neither too and parties setting up as the agents and instruments little nor too much: if this be so, it prover that they of col'ective acts. If any hundred vagrants amongst will hereafter bear the same proportion to 7601. that us choose to transfer their services individually to the 4201. has borne to 1,0001., i. e., 3151. Russian army or the Halted States navy, we have In the second dams, min the first, we must take for nothing to say; but if a company is formed, and a ranted that the past amounts have been duly crimpi..g establishment set up for thus disposing of fated. But their fwurn relative nntnnnts do not fdl Englishmen, mutely the press, and the public orator, if under tke same natural adjustment. The re quisite not the public accuser, is bound to interfere. amount of permanent cepital,ll3 far as it motets in The Rand= lona is a crimping establishment for Wait right and working stock ; and the fluotuatiag the making away with English gold, and the immo capital, so far as it, consists in lire stock and labour, relity of it, u well as the insecurity, is denounced, will, it may be presumed, as they arise out ef form not tor the sake of rendering virtuous indignation, or' product, cuttorm to the same scale of prix s. But it the affectation of it, compulsory upon the chief crimps IS doubtful whether the cost of implements and ma- or their chief organ, but of exciting eenerous moral clattery, and the capital requisite to the current ad- las well as prudential feeling, by fair argument vane.* on public and local tax , s are susceptible of be- ' and calm representation, in the breasts of in reduced in the like degas se. those persons who might otherwise take por- The uneastrollable element of taxation, 101 l and i tions of this vile and worthless scrip with-. petrel, affect) in • degree not easily capable of urn- ; oat knowing what cause they were abetting, station not only din ctly the ace ant of capital need- and on what security they were leaning. In let to be advanced in respect of it, but indirectly the ; formation and discussiee r the fullest information, is cost of all articles not he pruduct of the farm. The ; the very soul of free trade, and the taut necessary primary tax upon flu wherlerieht, the smith, the element of free trade .0 money. Trade in money harness maker, Mid - the mitebinise whether on the at present is, unfortunately, as mysterious as raw meter al et tLe r Rocas or it.directly on the out elchemy —there hangs the darkceia of secrecy and of their labour, is inerelsed to the c saNumer in a night over it. Ti .c Beat:fee and the llcrrnscniLos gar metrical ratio. I acid, they fore, of a reduction may know what they are about in the handling and of the input of 1,2001. by 25 per cent. nicking it d•sposal of money. But the public knows nothing. 9004, it may tot be foetid to admit of redaction by It goes upon trait, and trusts its money, as children ... . Class 1.-1. Seed corn and horse feed £145 2. Manual labour 2OO 3. lithe commutation, rent charge 4. Clover sod turnip seed £ 420 Clan 2.-5. Capital and labour and 'kill in the application of it. 1. Permanent during occupa tion in working, stock, im plements, mac..inery, and tenant rig!): valuation -5004. at 20 par cent. 2. Casual and fluctuating in live stick and advances for labour, cultivation, tun, and reat-7001. at 12 per east - Si 6. Trade nen, artificers, and fillifnerd of stock 7. Wear and tear of arotlvng dock 8. Manuring and tacid.utal coats 264 Claos 3.-0. Local tease, viz , conn'y, potter, poor, road, an,i church rates 55 10. Public taxes afferent, applicable to rent THE EXPRESS, TUESDAY de, to !Its, to kaki, ama lay out& Wes.- gli.di kr , stir thee...Nis kept in the dark y, its den bet h p y i ?ress of Eigland befog inlesgue lli tr . b. loan more end the &a tootles to keep the Ihig in the-dark. Joni Holz trusts. to tho reads the nines. But the Tines is la the interest of the Czar NICHOLAS and of BARING BROYHILL Its sole principle is to toady the great and to act jackal to the tyrant, provided ha be pow 'chit.- And Joss Bolt is the dope, beams had*. seeders at mos his totalled and his parse into the bends of those whose sole interest is to blind him of the one, in order to cheat him more dreamily of the other. Of all the loans that have ever been made from one =to another, is any one Quixotic enough to that any holders of such obligation, will wee be repaid the principal P The interest indeed may be paid, provided the majority of the indebted emir, be a commercial community, for they know the nature and the necessity of meeting such obligations. But when a country is not corarameiel t when a miejority of its people are ma m% in agriculture living in the interior, unarms and unvers ed in commercial rules and idem, the result is inevitably iation. Load te Holland, lend to old England a u to New England, and you will get the interest et year mossy. Bat lend to the Pennsylvanian, the Spanish, the Calm- Man, the Austrian, or the Ransian agriculturist, end you will ask in vain for either interest or principal, at least an soon as the government has more to gala from falsifying than remaining true to its mpg,- mate. No debts nor taxes will for any length of time be paid in any country where public) opinion is decidedly against them. What reason will public ' opinion in Russia have to consider itself bound to bear the burden of the loan of Baum BROTHERS ? There is, indeed, one species of government that must become bankrupt or extinct; it is that which spends all, and more than it ma collect, on military politico and establishments. The general view that is taken of Russia is, that it is a oountry rising in wealth and civilisation, and that whatever debts it incurs in its backward state it can easily repay in its developed prosperity. But Russia is not in progress, nor in a way to progress. Had any of oar European states, such as France or England, been har dened with all the expenses and policies of the nineteenth century, with only the means of the fourteenth, where would have been their progress? If Louis XL or HENRY VII. had kept up armies of one or two hundred thousand men, what would have become of the industry, the liberties, the enlighten ment, the prospects of either country? From its own institutions Riegle gets not a particle of civilisation. All it acquires comes filtered to it through other mew tries, and does but feed that impatience and disgust at its despotic and military system, which cannot be successful till it is full, and when full must sweep away all that is superposed upon it with the violence and devastation of a deluge. Russia is not like any other of our European coun tries, which have advanced through all the degrees of feudalism to freedom. Russia has Lever known feudalism; it wants the seeds and elements which oar western kingdoms have had. So that, instead of progress to an) thing stable, it is merely extending its empire, like the great Eastern monarchits of olden time, without laying any foundation for its durability, its only prospects being those of break-up or of decay. While it exists, however, its influence is fiendish and maleficent. It stand!, forth the great obstacle to the pacific development of German ItMety or &layman independence. It keeps all Avis is disquiet, and all Europe in arms. It causes yearly a greater expense of money for the moat faille of purposes than all other nations can counter balms by frugality and industry. England end Bemis act as the antipodes both in position and an • —the one embodying the principle of an and industry and the prevalence of mind over brute force, the other upholding the dogmas of absolute rale, greedy monopoly, cmiqutst, oppression, prodiga lity, and physical force. To sum up all,the wealth which the one saves and midges in peace and freedom, the other expends in the task of enslavement and of war. And the aim of the Russian loanmonger is amongst these to act the go-between, and sacrifice all the re sults of the economical virtues of English life to the criminal and spendthrift propensities of the Russian Czar. Tue letters on the chintz and plate-glass trades which appeared in our impression of the Bth inst., illustrate in a striking manner one merles operandi by which free trade benefits a nation. Previous to the free admission of foreign chintzes and plate glass, the trade in both articles was carried on through the intervention of wholesale houses, or factors, between the manufacturers and the retail dealers. It is unnecessary, it would be unjust, to im pute extortion or unfair dealing to any of the parties ; but the necessary consequence of such arrangements was to increase the price of the commodities to such an amount as placed them beyond the reach of the general pubhc. The addition of the factor's or middle man's profit to the profits of the manufacturer and the retail dealer could not but have this effect. The admission of plate glass and chintzes of foreign fabric to the British market is putting an end to this state of affairs. The foreign articles being supplied of equal quality at a lower price, the dimiiiished sales of the home manufacturers obliged them to look about for means to meet their new rivals on more eqoal terms. Teen means were obvious enough—they had only to dispense with the intervention of the factors or middle. men. This new mode of transacting business by dis pensing with one of the three profits, at once reduced the price of the home-made commodities. The manu facturers found that they could thus supply the retail dealer with an article fully as good as the foreign, at a lower price. It is easy to see how protective duties, so high as to exclude foreign competition, necessinly lead to such mercantile arrangements as preceded the admission of foreign chintzes and plate glass to the English market. Under the exclusive system customers were obliged to deal with the bolus manufacturer, or abstain from the use of the commodity alto gether. His price therefore was only limited by ;the numbers and wealth of the class whom fashion, taste, or comfort induced to use his article. In a wealthy country like ours, the persons composing this class are sufficiently numerous, and possessed of sufficient funds, to pay liberally a few great capitalists engaged in the trade. All men cir cumstanced u oar chants and plate-glass manatee:s tarers were until very lately, find it more connoting and agreeable to make large profits on a few trainee tions, than numerous small profits on a great many. And men making a fortune in this comparatively easy manner, are apt still further to indulge the love of ease common to all mankind, by de volving much of the trouble of business upon factors. The middle-man or factor system was the necessary consequence of protected monopoly, and nothing bit the admission of new competitors by free trade could ever have put an end to it. This middle man or factor system has not been con fined to the chintz and plate-glass trades. It has more or less pervaded every protected trade. Fur example, it has been the main cause of the men strously expensive manner in which the West India planters, or, as they might more properly be called, sugar manufacturers, have biluerto conducted their business. The importing houses, to whom most of the West India planters are bound by large advances they are unable to repay, are the middlemen between them and the retail dealers, exacting the third t. Large profits insured to every class of pr:- seers by monopoly inevitably engender that indo lence or pride that leads them to devolve the minute drudgery of mercantile transactions upon factors. The consequence is that the zublic has always in such cases to pay three profits instead of one, even when the necessities of one of the parties, or the combination of ell, do not still further enhance p peicee. The effects of breaking up moncp dies are shown in what is now going on in the chintz trade. Foreign competition, the-mita: of cheaper foreign goody, has compelled the manu'acturers to rely upon moderate profits on mart' transactione, instead of high profits ota .a few. The adoption of this new pilicy compel. them to seek for an extended Salo of their goods by a re duction of prices. This on the one hand rend thrir:commndity attainable by now classes of pur chasers, and enables a great number of persons to increase their comforts ; and on the other obliges the meunfacturers to employ a much greater number of operatives. Even the factors, or middlemen, may emape without detriment, for the c inereas2d demand fur the article will enabl e them to turn their capital to account either as retail dealers or manutacturers. The tendency of free trade will thus be seem to be to bonne the oonthrts of all classes; to provide en t for augieented numbers both of eapitalieb i i nropetalives, and to Mammoths amount at nation" the predate of industry. Free trade pro ruotertythis east by the simple peones of obliging . men 4.4 be mare actin, and more inventive fa deviling economical modes of tionducting their buinem. What is true in the chintz trade is true in the plate glass, the silk, and the sugar trades; and anytime who will give himself the trouble to examine the state of any trade recently relieved from the illusive fetters of pro tection will fiad it trine then also. This is only one of the Processes by which free trade increase, the aggregate property of a nation, and facilitates its dee eadnalthy &trinities through all classes of society. Bat it is an important and in teresting one. This analysis of this modal operandi of free trade in enriching a nation, and adding to the general comfort of society, deserves the attention of our &grind tarsi protectionists. We might say to landlords that if free trade lower their recta it mare than com pensates them by reducing the prices both of the necessaries of life and of those elegant luxuries which habit has rendered necessaries to them. Bat by yieldieg to the necessity which free trade imposes upon them, by bringing more activity and intelhgent economy to the management of their estates, they may reap the benefit of reduced prices without in the end sacrificing any part of their income. And to this agreeable result they may attain not only without deteriorating the condition of their farmers and la bourer., but actually by improving the circumstances of the former and finding full employment and better I mes for many more of the latter than they have hitherto done. 7 JANUARY 22, 1850. FRANCE. PARIS, MONDAY, 6 rig. There is in article in the NapoMoos, which ham given rise to much conversation today in Paris. In the absence of any news, I cannot do better than send you a translation of the article, which is as follows : In our two first numbers we did not wish to attack any one, we simply stated facts. On the rectitude of the data always depends the just solution of a problem. We advised the President of the republic to disdain all the old parties, and only to render an amount t, himself ; we merely endeavoured to show from the evidence of the past that he tad en intrinsic force which be did sot owe to any of them. We said, that if he bad shown himself conciliating, even kind, with all those who had been hostile to him, it was through reason, and not through weakness ; that, on the other bend, if he claimed his rights, it was not through pride, but from appreciation of his duties and his mission. Glum rants which have only a borrowed strength pay court to all parties, in order to afterwards betray them ; those which ars ooneeions of their strength seek to unite them and make them co-operate for the public welfare. Neither have we wished to let it he understood that the President should alight the Assembly and seek to depreciate it in public esti mation ; but we have said and have clearly established that the executive government which for four years at least re. presents a system, should freely enjoy Its clear and well. defined prerogatives. These are facts and principles which certainly are open to no controversy ; but it is impossible to see in them either an attack on the dignity of the Assembly, or a desire to encroach on its legitimate rights. We must thelese agree that the present form of government has an inconvenience for those who are actustonted to ancient pre/riots ; that of not being obliged to reckon as much u the constitutional monarchy, with parties end persons. We are just come out of a regime where the whole art of the go vernment consisted in conciliating 200,000 electors and in seducing 300 deputies. Thus all the advances, all the caresses of the government were addressed to certain men, who, according as they became friends or adver saries caused the tarn in the political scales. All favours, ill places, were in general given to influential deputies. Such a system, it may be conceived, wounded our suscepti bility. It softly guided the car of the state through parlia mentary windings, until the thy when, sinking into a quag mire, it war overthrown. Governments, on the contrary, wince, overruling personal considerations, have in view the interest of all, Ingot wily offend, without wishing it, those whom they love and respect the mat. Always preoccu pied with a great object, they too much neglect certain ac cessories which for others are the principal means. We may thus sum up the difference between thaw governments that rely on the messes, and those which support themselves on privilege ; the one always seeks by what it must govern, and the others by whom. the fall of the governments which have perished has had for its first cause the incessant study of by what little means they might captivate public favour, by what temporary measures, but what expedients, they may gtt out of embarrassment, by what seductions they may sof en the hostility of some leaders—in short, on what pri vileged class they may momentarily support themselve.. Governments, on the contrary, which have lett behind them deep tracts of their pusage, have disdained intrigue, the resource of great weakness. Supporting themselves on the muses, they have sought to apply justice in the interest of all, instead of restraining the favour of it to a small number, sink ng always by what great measures they may accomplish the general welfare; relying on the future they have braved the unpopularity of the day, and even the hostility of party leaders. Like generals who do not amuse themselves in thirmishiog wits a small number of picked troops to make attuks or retreats more or leas skilful, they have made war on a grand scale, and have either triumphed with their troops united, cr fallen in the midst of them. Thus then the governments which seek by what they shall respond to the confidence of the country consider the general interest ; others, on the contrary, in only asking themselves by whom they may support themselves only favour private interests. The former embrace all classes of society, the latter are ex clusive. Cannot however these two political methods be reconciled and thus unite the advantages which they offer separately i We think so. and we do not hesitate to advise the President of the It. public to draw to him all those who do not follow up a systematic resistance to him, provided they will serve him in the genial interest of tie country. There has been much talk at the Bourne this after noon on the following occurrences, which are men tioned to-day in the Gazette des Tribunaux of yes terdlay : . - - A person names W—, employed in a mercer's shop, was arrested and sent to the punter's in June, 1848, for hoe ing taken an active part in the insurrectioe. Shortly after his arrest his employed found lit .t he had defrauded ban of money and goods to a considerable amount. Complaints were made to the police, bat as W— was undergalog transportation nothing amid be done. &thistly a pardon was granted to him, among other insurgents, and he re turned to Paris. His master notified this to the police, aid he was arrested on the charge of robbery. He immediately made extraordinary revelations, of which the following is the substance :—At Brest W-- was placed in the pouton La Ouerriere ; and he and a certain number of the trans ported insurgents confined therein formed themselves into a secret society, with the object of samosinating the President of the Republic, all the conspirators making an oath on a dagger to employ all measures in their power for the ceu of their project, as soon as they should be set at liberty. Having been released, many of these conspirators held met., ings by the intervention of W— in a house in the Passage Bs.tht Paul. It was agreed among them that, in order not to excite the attention of the pollee, they should divide themselves in.o small groups of tour or five, end draw by lute to see which ebould have the honour of first attempt ing their enterprise. The lot fell to the fraction to which W— belonged. The means of execution were surly discussed, and it was agreed that an attempt should be made to assassinate the President 'ilia at the theatre or on his leaving the Elsie. These resolutions having been taken, aid his set met in a wine shop in the Roe St. Antoine, to decide the part each should play; but it appeared to them that, in order to soothed, one man alone should attempt to commit the crime. Lots were again drawn, and W— was designated. The next day he purchased a pistol, gunpowder, ballets, and a (Ingest., for the payment of which a subscription had been !aim d. On the 24tn December it was stated that the Presideut of the Republic was to visit the Theatre Italics, and W— went there armed ; but the President did not go. A ineette.g of the conviraton to ,k place some days (after; W— attended, and was abused by the others for being deficient in energy and devotedness, and not profiting by the oppor tunities which every evening presented. Ite was hintheif threatened with personal violence it be did not act. W— made eze.aes, promised to set without delay, and succet de in calming the impatience of his friends. From that titu , ., however, he resolved to abandon the design, and if po-sible escape the v,t.geance of his leilow conspirators. He wee in this state of =led when he was arrested. At his lodging. «ere Coin' the pistol, ammnuition, and dagger, which he had purchased ; and in consequence of hie revelation eleven individuals have been arrested. Usher arrests are also to be made," For Account. For Money. Opining ___ ------- 3pm Cents. 3 por Vents. s do. Nev Loan ,, n n n 13 pee ORM& ft .. It n . it 4 per Conte.. 1 7P25 . ~ .. 2.663324 e on Loudon : SO do 23 421 •90 dly, 25 M. Be 3, MO 99 Money. Naples distr. 93 10 UCIII ) Do. 3, 1613 Do. 4; 16). 4 Piedmont 3 par Pets 67 75 „ PALUS, J. 21. Lu.est. I elt.ing. - - • Douala. —Pada and Orletuta. R 3%; Paris and Rotten, 352 30 ; Rouen and Han!, 247 30; Avignon and Marseilles, 216 25; eitramboure and Basle, 119 75 ; Orleans and Vioraon, 3,10 ; Orleans and Bor deaux, 422 50; Northern, 4o0; tdunteratu and Truro., 115; Peristuvl Ittreabourg. 337 50 ; Tears and Nantra, 02 50, Mehl, 417 20; Versailles (right bank), 203 73; Vetrailles (IA bank), 168 74; North, 400. FIRE AT A CANDLI MANUIPACTORT.-81.0tily be fore seven o'clock yesterday morning a fire nr..ke out nu tha premix.. belonging to an oilman and candle nt..ker, Miagman, situate in Shoeinoker-ro.e, Ludgate hill. Toe fire, when first discovered, was burning in an urider.itri,uud floor used ex • melting ram end warehome, rud w not extinguished until the stock in trade, &t., were seri..usly damaged Mr. liugmtin is luckily insured. The origin of the outbreak is At present unknown. ~. BBAIN, JAN. 18. No *age of a decided kind has taken place upon the gnat question. Use most significant fact is, that the ministers were asked in the Chamber whe ther these demands of the king were his ultimatum, bat preserved complete silence. You may therefore assume that the whole mind of the king has not been found out here and that fresh demands remain be hind. This alone would be suflicint to make the Chambers draw in any conciliatory show which they might be disposed to pat on, if they thought they had to deal with a sincere prop osal.i It is bitter for men to think they have been moulted with many months of toil which mean nothing, and will hand down their names in the history of their country to ridicule, instead of honour; and these Chambers seem just awaking to a swiss of the way in which they have been sold, that by the government and then by the orown. It has been determined to bring forward the dis cussion, which has been put off until next Wednesday, first in the Upper Chamber, in order that the message may not be at once exposed to the more embittered mood of the people's house, and may be broken in its fall by the more compliant disposition of the Senate. TRANSYLVANIA. Transylvania at the present time exhibits the extra ordinary aspect of a country without persons capable or willing to fill all the offices required for the civil edministration. In Transylvania particularly, ac cording to the Oat-Deutsche Post, the Wallacks being totally incapable from ignorance, and the Magyars refusing because they are unwilling to aid in destroy ing the constitution of their country, the Aastriens have been obliged to bring in Germans from Gal -1 licia and the Bukovina, who are totally ignorant of both the Magyar and Wallack languages. And these men have the slight task imposed on them of intro ducing an entirely new code of laws, new forms of judicature—in face, of revolutionising the institutions of a whole nation. The consequence is that the country is in a complete state of anarchy, and not one of the many nations who compose it but are discon tented. From Hermannstadt we hear that 14,125 head of cattle have been attacked by the murrain in Transylvania, and 7,051 have dit d in consequence. The last blow is about to be given to the unfortunate nobles of Transylvania. With estates devastated, their whole capital lost in paper money, and their cattle now destroyed by ei.- ease, a rew and very heavy tax, amounting to at least half the rent, is about to be laid on the land. THE ' , TIMES' °SORRESPONDENT AT VIENNA. .TO TEI SDITOII 01 THE DAILY NEWS. 6114-4 have lately returned from Vienna, and therefore know what is going on there ; and you will not wonder if I tell you that I have read with intense astonishment and disgust the articles in the Times, emanating from their "Own Correspondent" at that place. Rut when, in this day's paper, I find an as sertion made by that gentleman, in reference to the national guard, that the majority of the citizens of %%enva would object to wear again that uniform of which they had so much reason to be ashamed during the latter part of 1818, I must ask fur a small space in your valuable journal to enter my indignant protest against such an asser tion—a protest which will be echoed by thou sands of my countrymen. We have reason ' to be, not ashamed, but proud of that uniform, which, when we wore, we proved that it covered hearts worthy of that great and glorious lib-rty for which we have hitherto struggled in vain, bat which, depend upon it, in spite of the Times and its scribes, we shall yet live to c3nquer and enjoy. If that struggle has been sullied by a solitary crime, such as the murder of Count Latour (which no one will attempt to justify, even in an outbreak of popular fury), upon which the Times never ceases to vent its virtuous indignation—l would request that exemplary journal to compare that solitary crime with the wholesale butcheries, woman-floggings, and official highway robberies, per petrated by the "paternal government" on a van quished people, and then say who has reason to be ashamed ? _ . . --...-- . I could easily show you, did I not fear to tres pass on your columns, how it is that state ments like these aro allowed to go forth to the world, as representing the sentiments of the denizens of Austria: there is no chance of amli alteram partem—there is at at present no press in Austria to represent the feelings of the people, who are threatened with a sample of the " powder and lead" jurisdicion, if they are found guilty of the crime of subscribing to a liberal paper. But should you think these lines worthy of insertion, I may in a future letter draw you a little pi tare of the state of things in Austria. which will do the Times et hoc genus omnes heart good to read. In one of your late numbers you made a very cle ver observation : that the correspondence of the Times was such as the Austrian police would be glad to pay for the insertion of. But I do not wish to leave that exemplary official body under the imputation of ever having had such a bright idea as that of promul gating their principles abroad. The "Own Corre spondent" of the Times at Vienna is a teacher of lan guages, who would do much better to stick to his Lie dley Murray, and his qure taribta, than meddle with politics, of which he knows about as much as a Greenwich pensioner of tight-rope 'lancing. Tois is the "authority " on which your contemporary prides himself so greatly, and who has had the singular magnanimity or effrontery (I am not sufficiently ac quainted with the English language to dscide which is the proper term) to proclaim to the world that he was ready to became personally responsible to whoever was found bold enough to take up the gauntlet for each and every ore of the infamous calumnies he has thought proper to heap on the unfortunate heroes who fought in the noble cause of the " half-savage hordes" (as the Times apostro phises them to-day) of Hungary. I am, yours. &c., AN AUSTRIAN. London, Jan. 19, 1830. WELSH SYMPATHY WITH HUNGARY. The following affecting letter, having reference to the recent meeting in Wales on behalf of the Hun rims, will well repay perusal : Sir,—The Hungarian refugees residing in London beg to inform you that it was with feelings of the tendetest emotion and deepest gratitude they read the retort of the meeting presided over by you on the 28th ult. The noble sentiments of sympathy marittated with our reverse fell like sweet balm upon the wounds of our hearts, white the right com prehens on of our situation, and the just views of our recent struggle, fill us with admiration for the high knowledge and sagacity of the noble speakers, so much the more as one , portion of the English press, the Times, endeavours to mis• lead public OUIOIOII. YOB, sir, we bay, been the most peaceable of all nations— 0 the most loyal of all subjects ; strangers to all revolutionary and subversive schemes —conspiracies and demagogical stra tagems were unknown with us. Our only aim was to infra Yee such reforms in our constitution as religious tell ranee and the spirit of the nineteenth century loudly required. We have not sought the contest : we were pushed into the revolution by the duplicity and perfidy of that dynasty so w• 11 characterised in the judgment of one of your most re- clowned statesmen, cited by the principal speaker in the meeting. That dynasty eat bed a fratricide war between two brother-peoples, hitherto living in the deepest peace and frieedship. Yes,sir, the Emperor himself, who swore solemnly to conserve our constitution, convened the Hungarian Diet, summoning them to put down the Crottian r. volt, while secretly, and a few weeks later openly, be instigated the Croatians to ravage our country, with the sordid view of destroying both the contesting 'Little!, and buil l the tower of abenlusism on the miss of both. God assisted our arms; we defeated the perfidious army, though by tar more numerous, and would have succeeded in s. curing the blessings of peace and lib ny to our beloved country but for the invasion of those northern barbarians, who, in overwhelming us, enslaved also Austria, are about to subdue Turkey and the Danubian provincee, the key of the Orient, and have gain. d such a preponderance on the continent as to endanger the peace of Europe, if England dope not oppose their ambitious echemrs. God the Almighty will, we trust, revenge the cruelties pet pints d on our heroic. brethren and innocent sis tr., and he shall pour his blessings on the nation of Britons, who so generously gave shelter to the homeless and assistant • to the forsaken. Finally, we beg to inform the honourable waiter, A. J. Joints, Req., whose name we will for ever record in gratitude, that though Knesuth was a protestant but in the ministry, there were besides Count Batthyany, murdered labts , Austrians. even a catholic bishop, via., the historian l Horvath, Bishop of emoted. In the name of the Hungarian refugee., 0. KLAMA, General, 20, Word-terrace, London, Jan. 4, 1850. Mr. Richardson, of Absrldraant. SPAIN. MADRID, JAN. 13. In the Senate to-day, a discussion took place upon the admission of Castillo y Ayensa, ex-au beseador to the Pontifical Court. This gentleman's property qualification wss objected to, se, instead of assisting in real property, as repaired by law, it consists for the most part in landed property. It was argued that, as he bad the rank and pay of a minister plenipo tentiary, he should be admitted ; and the fact of his being refused became his fortune was in the Three rzi:ls i nts., would show that that stock was not well upon by the Senate, which would have the im politic effect at decrying it : and when it was said that funded property was uncertain, a senator, recently appointed, observed that he himself had been admitted on showing his title deeds of real property, and that a few days after all that property had been consumed by fire, so that one was as uncertain as the other. The Minister of Justice said that the mooting of this ques tion interfered with the prerogatives et the crown. The law requirinF a senator to have 30,000 reale a year was made with a view of having senators rich enough to keep up their dignity, and that indication was ful filled in the present case. The admission was finally conceded. In the Chamber of D. Rutin, the discus sion of the bill on public accoants was gone on with. Every clause of the bill was approved of, with some few modifications. Vasquez Quripo, the gentlemen who resigned his sub-secretaryship in the home de partment and joined the moderado opposition, made some critical observations upon the vast sums of se cret service money uselessly spent. The minister for foreign affairs said that the greater port of such mo ney was necessarily uselessly spent, but the informa tion derived . from It had saved immense sums to the country. One of the progresieta party, by dint of declaim ing in favour of monopoly and against England, has found means to get elected for Barcelona, in opposi tion to the government candidate. The general committee on the estimates hes et lenuth made a report thereon. After praising Moo's tributary system, and the tariff bit, it says that order and clearness have been introduced into the finances, no impost has been done away with, but an important reduction has been made in one of the heaviest char ges in the territorial contribution. The Legislature has not deprived the government of the means of applying the estimates for one branch to another brarch of the same nature, but the govern. ment is not permitted to apply the money voted for one service to be applied to another. Former debts have not been paid, at is true, but they have been classified, and arrangements have been made to attend re ligiously to some, and prudently to others. The esti mates have been divided, as in former years, in ex traordinary and ordinary. There is, however, a notable difference between the extraordiiary esti ' mates of the year 1850 and those of form r years. In those of former years were comprehended all those expenses which were not reproduced fr.xn year to year. In those of 1850 are only comprehended as extraordinary expenses those which belonged to the former estimates, and of which payment cannot be delayed. Estimates for 1850: —Ordinary estimates, 1,146,907,536 reale; extraordinary ditto, 60,000,000 reale ; total, 1,206,907,536—being 58,452,777 reels less than for the year 1849. 'f ois is wsat the com mittee says, but as you have seen, the committee, like the government, has exaggerated the resources of the public revenue, and underrated the liabilities of the treasury. JAx. 11 The sitting of the Cortes is about to begin. How ever, there is little doubt but that the cabinet will have its own way. Last night it was said thst tho opposition would muster 105 votes against 130 minis teiialists. These letter will not give their sweet voices for nothing. Nearly all the members of the committee will receive advatAageous posts for them selves or their relations, while those h i have tco much wealth to covet a portion of the nation's w... 1 have ribbands and stars. ITALY. ROMAN STATES.—Our correspondent's le - t,r om Rome of the 10th inst., state that " the ceiebri.i tion at Naples of a truluunt, or religious ceremony three days duration, as a propitiatory and preparatory step to the direct appeal by which it is the intentiun of the Pope to consult the wit of Heaven with respect to his return or non-return to Rome," had been ordered. It would be attended by the Pr pe, his cardinals, and the King, Queen, and rest of the royal family of Naples. NAPLES.—We have letters from our Naples ccv respondent to January 9. Thousands were anxiously looking forward to the 12th of January, the Kings birth-day, in expectation that an amnesty will then be published—an expectation which our correspond ent considers would not be realied. A lone list had been published, ut officers and privates, who are to receive medals for the " glorious expedition in Sicily." Neapolitan Fives were at 9.5, and ExchAnge on London 576. TURKEY. The 'Wats has the following from Constantinople, dated the sth :—" As I announced to you in my letttr of the 31st of December, Russia resumed on that day her relations with the Porte. Everything passed off very simply. Instructions, drawn up and signed in advance, were exchanged, and some moments after the man-of-war on the station ran up to the mainmast the Ottoman flag, which it saluted with 21 guns, the salute being returned by the Turkish batteries. The following is a list of the fourteen persons of whom Russia demanded the extradition, and whom she now requires to be removed to a distance : General Dembinski, General Rem, General Wisocki, Count Ladislas Zamoyski, MM. Severin Korserski, Main Suzioski, Stanislas Schimanski, Edouard D:nayski, Stanislas Hiodreski, Adam Donatcnovski, Jules 1...- badinski, Jaques Miastianovitch, Stanislas Grigenski. and Francois Daschkevich. This list is now r.duced to twelve, since General Beni has embraced Islamism. and Count Zamoyski has claimed the benefit of his title of naturalised Frenchmen. The situ ation of the Porte with respect to Austria is still the same. The number of Hungarians whom that last named power requires to be sent into the interior is 32; but it is to be observed that this list wi.l remain open tor two mouths, and that consequently many names may be added to it." THE CIVIL GOVERNOR OF MALTA AND lIIS STAFF. Our Malta correspondent writes:—" It has puzzled me, and no doubt will puzzle everybody else, to find out what on earth the civil governor of Malta wan:s will two aides•de-camp. At all events, they ougl,: not to be any expense to the island. Instead of this, one of them, Captain Shore, on full pay here of the Royal Artillery, gets about 2001. per annum from the island treasury for his unki own onerous duties. Lord Grey will tell you that the governor's salary has been reduced from 5,000!. to 1,500!. per annum, but he does not, at the same time, say that the gerers• in command of the forces receives 500/., his sidle-de' camp 2001., and his private secretary 3001. from the civil chest, thus increasing the g , vernment went by .500 f., and raising it to 5,500/. per annum. instead of the 5,000!. which the military governors always enjoyed. This is another specimen of LA Grey's colonial administration. " COMMITTEE Or EMMANUEL EOSrITAL. (I n Saturday Mr. Abrahosse, the surveyor, avend..l the cos: mutes of Emmanuel Hospital, at Osildhall, end pret.nt a plan of the intended improvements at W.atininster. site of the hospital, acid the grounds attach. d to and pet longing to the erate, erosions of between six and sewn .• Mr. Alderman Musgrove, the chains en ut the c urralco. stated that the governors would feel it t. , he trete duty to . dissent from the propori ion to effect the ...le of • port''",' l the estate, but, ut on the full value, under a corapalsory beieu at plied tor, as to the whole property, th, re w.rul I lv ho abjection to e..tite to terms. It is supposed from the salt et recent sales of property in the vicinitv, that t he emu s of the Emmanuel Hospital ground is about 5,0001 , T (OIL• • an acre, and thvt valuation is stated not to buildings themsaly.s, *Welt are very extensive. 'f he ot`P,`: ti •n to dispose m. rely of • part of the estate writes trout fear that the health of the inmates would be athete.t by . l% contraction of the premises. The I xlf yearly aeotunt et agricultural rental of Braiddrurt..t, in York-hire, tus.: produces shout 4,0001. a year, was pre•ented to the coustrott'.;; It appeared, from that account, that all the Michaelmu last were paid, wi , tt tho exce pt ion of doe one t ' niutt, who was in srre.ir hemg Zi yet tro t ** than hie wear at Lady-day,