The Express. — London, England, 1861-01-24 00:00:00

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PIT WHIM+ Joni% I- —THE IsLE IIV !Cr. Tli* MIMINaA Wlipri sad Larry Mr, K. kinickum Whit , .—Ad ENDTIIION . w. The Nan.tht)ll..% thatCrie.l Awn. C. Tow Ilisiraage . Mho. ti. rt, .t t..rner. IBILITANNIA. Tom MINN, TUIL FILINCIII AND TIM mar. m.s.n. PIM Pony. Jar Iwb. I. and Newham 31.111 k 4' qepli.n. Ohm A 1 1 .molve. lam W. Craidue4.—Arl A 411::.• %GE 11111%1 TOIL MLA. Mersa serreels aad maythoun. L Varnold. MOE WATEII AT LONDON =IDOL 11110 i DAT-ONtels& 4 ... Mimosa" M. TA4l.lloollP.4lseufts. M. Aftsisoos. 1104 LONDON, THURSDAY, JAN. 24. W►. should not ourselves have thought of draw ing wit a programme of the course and issue of the anticipated civil war in the United States ; but whets • leading contemporary undertakes to prophesy, and builds up a scheme on assump time, directly opposed to established facts, it is necessary to show what the elements of the case are, and what relation they bear to the future, in the event of civil war. Following the course of the speculations which our contemporary has indulged in, we have first the consideration of area. The Slave States have the larger area; and we may specify that the difference cousists of 235,000 square milts. But if the South included in her territory the Desert of Sahara, it would look very big on the map without being an element of greatness. In the existing territory of the South there are large tracts of pine barrens, sands and swamps, never yet turned to use ; and there is an annually increaaingarea of lapsed land, where the forest encroaches, and even wild beasts return, after a disappearance of a century. As for the territory beyond the existing boundaries, which are assumed to be waiting for the South to annex it —it bears no comparison to the new sou actually in the hands of the Federal government and the great North-West. Beyond Texas all is an imprac ticable desert, so parched as to forbid even the construction of a railway. New Mexico is enclosed between California and Kansas, which repudiate slave institutions ; and Mexico cannot be taken— nor even assailed—without a Federal force, which will certainly never he lent to seceding States. As for the division of Texas into several States, there is more than au offset to that in the broad area which lies between Kamm and Canada and the Mississippi and I)regon. Moreover, Texas is so far from being tit to sustain the Southern policy that it is now the field of conflict between free and slave labour. Germans and free negroes grow better cotton there than planters and slaves ; and the reign of terror under which the people of Texas have been living for above a year renders it absurd to talk of a great place among the nations as in reserve for a people so barbarous and so wretched. But the North will have no need to " give up to the South " all the south and south western territory here contemplated. California is with the North, and will remain so for the sake of her gold and trade. There is a strong hatred of slavery on all Mexican soil ; and there is no force in this Slave States disposable for foreign war, even if no curb were imposed by the North. Next we come to the assumption (involved in the preceding) that the frontier Slave States will certainly join the South. The plain facts are these :—Missouri is divided on the Slavery ques tion, and last year returned a free-soil representa tive to Congress. Enclosed on three aides by anti-slavery States, Missouri has everything to gain by abolishing slavery ; and her citizens have shown themselves well aware of the fact. They have indeed always felt that the imposition of slave institutions upon them, when no cireum stenos of climate or !Oil could be made an excuse for it, was an injury. Kentucky is nearly in the game position. When Kentucky became • State, thirty-seven years ago, the inhabitants desired to exclude slavery, but were overborne by their great statesman, Mr. CLAY, who boasted to the end of his life that he had compelled his native State to join the Southern interest, knowing that she could resort to free labour whenever she chose. Ever since the great rise of Ohio, on the opposite bank of the river, Kentucky has been jealous of the ads*itages of free labour ; and for some years past there has been an avowed anti-slavery section of society there, supporting a local abolition news paper. There remain Virginia, Delaware, and Maryland. The two little States complain bitterly of their position, unable to keep their own slaves, and made answerable for the passage of other people's slaves through them. For several years their lapsed lands have been passing into the hands of New York capitalists, who re trieve the soil, and grow food upon it ; and from year to year the preponderance of I ;enikan and native white labour over negro labour has been on the increase. Free negro labour also far exceeds slave labour, so that the interest of those small frontier States in Southern institutions has nearly died out. As for Virginia, we hear nothing from our contemporary about the will and pleasure of the inhabitants of that western por tion which so threatens its neighbours, as to reliev ing themselves of the burden of slavery. On the western side of the mountains, the inhabitants are, to a man, discontented with slavery ; and so anxious to get rid of it that they have, from time to time, brought (onward schemes of emancipa tion. These schemes here been less wise than well-intended ; but they show us that it would be rash to assume that, in awe of being compelled to choose, they would go with the South. Even its Eastern Virginia, between the mountains and the sea, there are extensive lodgments of free labour, while slavery is shrinking rapidly into • mere traffic in Negroes. That traffic is itself nearly destroyed by the present disturbance ; and there are a good many citizens sensible enough to KO that their territory is no site for a slave market, from the day when only a river will separate it from a foreign country. Taking this line of frontier States in tho mass, they have repeat edly declared that they could not undertake to be the conlon of the South —the gaolers of her negro population. Nothing could pay them for the danger and embarrassment and loss of such a position. Under these circumstances, it is a rare piece of audauty to assume that the border Slave' States will certainly throw in their lot with the South. To speak of the Fru* States as a mere Rump, in any case, is abundantly absurd, as any one may see by looking at the map from Maine to f)regen ; but the wildness of the notion can be understood only on the consideration of • few facts which make us wish we had the new census. However, we can satisfy ourselves without it, though unable to do full justice to the Free States. We are bidden to look at the map, and see the comparative extent of coast. The inhabitants may perhaps be of opinion that the coasts of the great inland seas may be at least as va luable to them as those of the gulf ; and if so, the only question is of the comparative value of the eastern line of coast. The Free States have a noble rampart of rock, with inde structible harbours thickset along their shores from the Hay of Fundy to Philadelphia ; whereas the Southern peoples have always regarded their coast line as their fatal and insurmountable weak ness. It is a long flat line of sand, incapable of defence, and unfavourable to the formation of harbours. New Orleans, Mobile, Savannah, Charles ton, and Norfolk are their ports ; and we need spend no more time in comparing them with those of the North than to say, that in 1859 the ton nage of Massachusetts alone exceeded that of all the Slate States together. The South is so weak on its sea line that its political conduct in the former revolution (and, perhaps, we shall see the sante thing in the present) was chiefly determined by the consciousness of utter helplessness :tgainst attack by sea. As for the rivers—the Free States have the ohio, the Missouri, the Upper Missimippi, and the chain of lakes ; so that if cut otf front New (Weans, they would have abundant waterway for their commerce. But they cannot be deprived of the Missimippi, because the Slave States produce neither food nor clothing ; and they cannot exist without supplies from the agri cultural districts of the North-West, and the manu factures of the North. The strangest notion of all is of the wealth the South is assumed to peeress now, and to have the prospect of hereafter. The South has no wealth but what is pledged for the payment of debt. Local testimony is best ; and we will make room for a few words of it. Alabama is regarded as unsurpassed for natural wealth—its virgin soil, its noble rivers, and excellent harbour. Here is the conclusion arrived at by a loyal son of the soil, and published in 1855 for the good of the State : " A country in its infancy, where fifty years ago " scarce a forest tree had been felled by the axe " of the pioneer, is already exhibiting the painful " signs of senility and decay apparent in Vir " ginia and the Carolinas. The freshness of its " agricultural glory is gone ; the vigour of its "youth is extinct ; and the spirit of desolation " seems brooding over it." So reports a son of Mr. CLAY, a zealous slaveholder. The same oipec• tacle is presented from State to State ; and we might infer as much, if we did not know it, from the figures in which their population and produce are reported, on government authority. How are the respective sections peopled? In the Slave States, there were, ten years since, air millions of whites, and in the Free States thirteen millions and a quarter. The slaves have increased to four millions ; and in South Carolina the whites have diminished in proportion to the negroes, if not in positive amount. Where is the force which is to overrun and annex foreign terri tories, after having put down the North? The available military force of the entire South is de clared to be under 50,000 men, while Massa chusetts alone has a militia, ready for work, of 155,000. The difference is that in the North the working men are the soldiery who undertake the defence of the country, while in the South they are the chief peril of the country, requiring more force to 'mercy them than can be sent out to make conquests. The prospects of conquest are not very brilliant, surely. Again, the population on a square mile averages 22 in the Free States, and a fraction more than 11 in the Slave States; and, as might be expected from this, the produce per acre is in the more populous section 8 dollars, to 34 in the South. With fewer cultivators, the North raises 227,000,000 dollars more of agricultural pro ducts than the South ; and its property, exclu sive of slaves, is four times as great as that of the South. Including slave property, at its highest rate of value, the wealth of the Slave States is less than two-thirds that of the Free States. What is more significant still, the mere increase of Northern property within five years is greater than the whole amount of that of the South. This is surely enough to put to silence all boasts about the present wealth and future prospects of the Slave States. But it will be asked, why has the North allowed matters to come to this pass? And how can the South be so mad as to have challenged ruin in this way f We can only say that the South w mad—mad in the way that is caused by passion acting on ignorance and a morbid self will. The people there know no better than to trust to prophets who declare their prospects to be brilliant, and the North likely to be a mere Rump. There are wiser people in the South; but they are silenced, or they are busy getting away to the Free States. They furnish the an swer as to why the North has waited thus long. His times as many persons go from the Slave States to live in the North as the reverse ; but there are enough of Southern wives, clergymen, and educators who are natives of the North to make it • serious thing—a most mournful and dreaded prooedure—to resort to war. At present the alarmed slaveholders from the North are hastening to their native States at any sacrifice ; while the immigrant Southerners in the Free States show no desire to move. They deserted the sinking vessel long ago, and are not going back to it now. It is bad enough to witness the madness of rebellion and treason from afar. We cannot have it here ; and the proposition that a barbaric slaveholding community has a prospect of splendour and wealth, in virtue of its barbarism, while a free and thriving people will become a mere rump of the Republic, because it is free, is treason to political principle in any civilized country in the world. REPItEsENTATION OF SOUTH WILTS.—Both par ties are now proceeding actively with their canvass, end Mr. Grove has nine.' a second address is which he states that " the result, so far, has been el the most encouraging and gratifying character, mil that with the prospect of almost certain stiecem he has determined to afford to every elector an opportunity of recording hie vote." Backed as they are by a requisition signed by upwards 1,1110 electors oat of • conitituency of not more than 3.00111, Lemiteniat-Colonel Bathurst** supporter. WO 0 1 01 4 rapine, but it is somewhat .loubtful whether the whole of those who signed the requisition will vomiter thernaelves pledged to the conservative cause ea the day of election. The contest will nettenbtedly be severe, Lord Herbert not having polled more than 1,500 wise in the ersatest of himself and Mr. Weadbant with Led Beam - Thymus in 1+457. The latter polled between 1,300 and 1,300. Lieutenant-Colonel Bathurst's *Jimmies have been guaranteed by his supporters, and between 2,000 f. and 3,000 1 . was inhscribed at a meeting at Balislanv. on Tuesday, Point of the leading agriculturist* of the district putting down their Santee far IC alai 1001. each. The nominitam will cot take place until after the meeting of parliannot Inat Court. WINDSOR CASTLE, Jan. 23. ielierai von Bouiu arrived yesterday afternoon ea a special mission from his Majeety William 1., King of Prumia, and was accompanied by the Prussian Mini/ter, Count Beruatorff ; Colonel Blumenthal, A.D.C., and Cap• min von Bonin. Lord John Russell also arrived at the Castle. shortly after their arrival her !Welty gave audience to Getend von Bonin to present letters from the King of Prussia. Count Bernstorff also had an audience of her Majesty. They were respectively intosluoed by Lunt John HusseU, her Majesty's Meese&try of State for Foreign Affairs. Lord John Russell had an audience of the Queen. Mir William Hoste was groom in waiting. In the evening the royal dinner party inducled the Princess Alice, Colonel the Hun. Mir Charles and Miss Phipps, the Hon. Mrs. Wellesley, Major Mphinstone, mid the visitors staying in the Ciuitle. The bend of the }Loyal Horse Guards played during dinner : Ked•ruble • h erturr, Le Dieu et Is liejradre" aims Stitt t n Moor hi Eetto " thalop. •• %Tumults Her Majesty's private bend afterwards performed in the drawing .room : irrertiire. Steve de Corinth" solo, Flute. Carnival de Venter" Mr. ithitsreutken. Duo, Te' Huguenots" Meyerliver. The Queen, with Princess Helena, walked and drove iu the Home Park this morning. The Prince Consort went out shooting. Count Hernstorff had the honour of accompanying his Royal Highness. In attend. nre were Sir William Heide, Lord Alfred Paget, and Colonel Ponsonby. Princess Alice and Princess Louise rode in the Riding. house. THE EXPRESS, THURSDAY EVENING, JANUARY 24, 1881. Prince Philip of Wurtemberg left the Castle yesterday. A Committee of the Lords of her Majesty's most Hon. Privy Council, appointed for the ounsideration of an ordi nance, framed by the Oxford University Commissioners, sat yesterday in the Councilethamber. The following petitions were considered : A petition of the President and Scholar., of St. John Baptist College, in the Univeraity of Oxford, praying that the ordinance of the commissioners may he rejected. That a proposed ehewe of your petitioners, with additions and modifications ' may he subetituted in the place of the Mid ordinance. Or that the said ordinance, or the proposed scheme of your petitioners, may be modified and altered in such manner, and that such regulations and ordinances may be established, as to your Majesty shall seem meet. A petition of the Master and Wardens cf the Merchant Taylors' Company in the City of London. A petition of Robert Appleton, M.A., Head Master of the Grammar School, Reeding. Petitions from Mr. Edward Cooiluitt Dermer, Mr. Wil liam Marshall, Dr. Stanley, and Lancelot Arthur Sharpe, B. LP. The Lords present were the Lord President, Lord Craig worth, the Lord Justice Knight Bniec, the Right Hon. Spencer Walpole, and the Right Hoe. Robert Lowe. Mr. Helps, Clerk to the Privy Council, attended. The Attorney-General and the Solicitor-General were in athrodanoe as assessor. Mr. It. Palmer was heard against the onlinaoce, and in support of proposed new statutes for St. John's College, Oxford. beeps tche* for the Governors of Cara& and for the Governors of the settlemente on the West Coast of Africa were sent yesterday from the Colonial-office. Viscount Palmerton will give a grand parlia mentary dinner on Monday, the 4th of the ensuing month, to the Right Hon. the Speaker of the House of Commons, and the leading members of the gorernnteut having seats in that assembly, at the noble Premier's residence in Pic cadilly. Hip( Excellency the Sardinian Bliuister comes to town to-day from Broadkods. The Earl and Countesa of Scarborough have left town for the Redford Hotel, Brighton. The Earl of Munlingtou has arrived at the Clarendon Hotel from Paris. Lord and Lady Sa!tom and family have arrived in Herefordatreet from Neer Castle, N.B. Lord Aahley, M. P., arrived in town on Tuesday, from Torquay. His lordship has since left for Northamp. ton. Her ladyship Main* at Torquay. The Right Hon. the Speaker and Lady Charlotte Denison are expected to arrive on the 2nd proximo at the right hon. gentleman's official residence at the New Palace of Westminster, from their seat in Nottinghamshire. The Right Hon. W. F. Cowper, M. P., and Mrs. Cowper have returned to town from visiting Viscount and Viscountess; Palmerston, at Broadlancla. Mr. Cowper will leave town on Saturday, for Wrest Park, on a visit to the Countess Cowper. Vice-Admiral the Hon. Sir Richard Dundax left town yesterday, for Windsor Castle, on a visit to her Majesty. Sir Robert and Lady Emily Peel, accompanied by Lady Jane Ray, have left town for Drayton Manor. Sir John and Lady Shelley have arrived at the Bedford Hotel, Brighton, from Mareifield Park, Summer. Adollama Brandt, F.aq., liararinu C.maxil-Genu nil, and family, have arrived at the Cavendish Hotel, Jermyrrstreet, from the Continent. Lord and Lady Cremorne'N family have been in a state of painful suspsese since Saturday last, occasioned by an accident to their third sou, the Hon. Richard Dawson, a youth of 15 years. It appears that on Saturday the lion. esey Dawson, the elder brother, and the Hon. Richard Deem; were amusing themselves at shooting with a small pistol front the back sitting-room window at a mark in the garden. During the time so engaged it seems the younger brother, anxious to shoot, in a playful spirit rushed at his brother, in order to obtthn the pistol, when in the scut% the weapon went off aoadantally, and the Hon. Richard Dawson was wounded by t►e bullet in the left skis, just above his hip. rht Tuesday the medical gentlemen pro nounced him out of danger, sad yesterday it was stated he was pra„messing favourably, although we understand the bullet has nut been found. Prufeemor Owen commenced a couree of twelve lectures "Oe the Comparative Anatomy, Physiology, and Fossil Remains of Fishes," at the Royal Institution, on 'Tuesday afternoon. The introductory lecture was on the general character of vertebrate animals. The auuual competitive trial of small-bore rifles will, by the permission of hie Royal Highams the COM mantlerhs-Cha, take place at Hythe on Tuesday, the 12th of February, at 10 d'elock On Saturday or Sunday next, when the tides range high, an attempt will be made to float the Queen Vic toria at Plymouth, by (.Initain Daniel Russel, from Lloyd's, • gentleman who has had much experience in operations of the kind. Harris, the diver, has examined her, and reports that a smooth rock, Ti to 3.i feet long, is right under her mainmast and pushes up the keel ; the after part of the ship, which was buoyant some time after grounding, has now sunk down on the beach. The Queen Victoria is divided into three compartments, and it is proposed to draw the water from the forward compartment with one of tiwynue's pump., worked by an engine of Iftherse power, and cspable of lifting 1,(100 gallons per minute. The after compartment is provided with another pump, worked by a 6-horse engine, which lifts .100 gallons per minute. When these compartments are empty (the cable being landed), it is hoped that she will float sufficiently to be taken into the large graving dock in the Plymouth (;rent Western Docks. The cable is believed to have received •o material injury, and tests very well. It is intended to rejoin the wire and thoroughly test the whole. "The childreu's ball which was lately given by the Princess Matbilile in honour of the Prince Imperial, was," says the Sport, " wort charming. It commenced at four o'clock in the afternoon, and ended at shout eight. The Emperor arrived at four, and the Prince Imperial, who wore t►e costume of a marquis of the old regime, at • quarter past. His imperial highness was received by all the little guests, who grouped themselves me Ida passage. The orchestra was composed of children, all in sacoesliogly pretty costumes, and the prince insisted on dancing with the lad who played the Bute. Millie. Widewski was attired to represent a butterfly, and the prince danced several times with her. Mdlle. Minetta Vimercati, daughter of the director of the hunting este- Wishment of King Victor Emmanuel, was in the costume of a Spanish girl, and the son of Zhao. Hisot am a postillion of the time of Louis XV. The ball concluded with the quadrille of 'Orphde.' . _ A letter from Trieste states that, fur hygienic reasons, the remains of the Count and Countess de kfoote molin had to be interred within • few hours after death, the interment taking place in the cathedral of St. Jug, in that city, where the bite lion Carlos reposes ; but that, on the 17th, • %Menai ❑mss for the ripose of the souls of the prince and princess was celebrate) in that cathedrsL LATEST INTELLIGENCE. THE SIEGE OF GAETA. • THE COUNCILS OF KING FRANCIS IL The Brussels Independance gives the following account of the reasons which influence King Francis 11. in remaining provisionally in Gaeta. On the 16th a grand council of war was held, at which General Ulloa (not the defender of Venice), who had returned from Paris, was present, as was also the young Queen. At this council it was assumed that the place could resist for some time yet, but nevertheless there was a differ mice of opinion as to what should be done. The majority wished that the command of the place should be given to a general, while the King retired with the Queen, who was decided to make the cam paign with him, into the Abruzzi. The King, how ever, did not take this view. The generals feared that if the blockade became too rigorous the King would find himself caught in a trap. Francis IL resisted, his principal argunient being that by leaving the place he should discourage the garrison. His Majesty told all those who were afraid, or who wished to leave for other reasons, that they were at liberty go, and the next (lay about 150 salient, 10 non-e ommisaioned officers, and 3 offioers accepted the offer. They said, however, that they were going to the Abruzzi. THE BOMBARDMENT. (nos OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT.) (BT SUBMARINE AND MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH.) NAPLES, JAN. 22. All the foreign vessels quitted Gaeta on the 20th. The besieged reootumenced firing from the Regina battery at daybreak this morning. Tim Piedmontese are continuing the siege works without replying. The following telegrams have been received at Mr. Reuter'e office : NAPLES, JAN. EL Troops have been dispatched to the Abruzzi and Calabria, where they were cheered by the inhabi tants. The reactionary movement has been every where suppressed. The batteries of Gaeta have slackened their fire. The Official Choate of Naples publishes a declara tion of the blockade of Gaeta. NAPLFE, JAL 22, 11011141 NO. The batteries of Gaeta opened fire against the Sardinians this morning. The latter are actively working at the new bat teries. The blockade of the bay is being rapidly carried out. (OFFICIAL DEMPATCH.) 110 LA DI GAETA, JAx. 22, Evexiso. At eight o'clock this morning the batteries of Gaeta unexpectedly commenced a very heavy fire. Our batteries promptly replied, and compelled the place to remain silent. The fleet placed itself in line at twelve o'clock. The fire of the besiegers continues. TURIN. JAN. 22. The bombardment of Gaeta commenced to-day. Fourteen vermehl are etationed before Gaeta. PRINCE NAPOLEON'S VISIT TO TURIN. Letters from Turin state that the Princess Clo thilde, whose arrival there with Prince Napoleon is expected in a few days, will probably piss the winter in the capital. The belief is that the prince is entrusted with some mission or secret negotiation relative to the evacuation of Rome. Both the government party and what is called the party of action in Italy seem to have their attention diverted at present from Venice to Rome. Some important step is evidently expected at an early date with regard to the latter city. AUSTRIA AND THE PRINCIPALITIES. The Wanderer of Vienna states that Count de Rechberg has addressed a second protest to Prince Cousa. Austria, in spite of the formal denials of the Moldo-Wallacbian ministers, continues to reproach Prince Conn, with tolerating, if not encouraging, iu the Danubian provinces proceed ings dangerous to her safety. Austria complains of the negligence of the Turkish and &Annan autho rities, in failing to keep watch for cargoes of arms which have lately ascended the Danube. Accord ing to the Wanderer, Austria has signalle•l to the Porte, in order that it may take precautions, the presence in the Mediterranean of five other vessels laden with armaments, including au English vessel and a Greek one. PRUSSIA AND SARDINIA. The Opisione of the 21st, after announcing the departure of General Marmora for Berlin, ob serves, " The government of the King, in con fiding to the illustrious general, formerly Minister and President of the Council, the mission of com plimenting the new Sovereign of Prussia, has wished to testify to the Cabinet of. Berlin how much it has at heart the preservation of good and friendly re lations with a state to which we are bound by the conformity of our representative institutions, and a multitude of political and commercial interests." HUNGARY. PEUTH, JAN. Z. The General Assembly of the Comitat of Gran has voted a reply to the last Imperial resolutions communicated by the Chancellor of Hungary to the government at Buda. The following is a summary of this reply : " The permanent conflicts with the government have rendered Hungary distrustful. " The Imperial Diploma of October 20 is iu con tradiction with the Pragmatic Sanction, which is binding on the King as well as on the nation. " The oath taken by Charles 111. is binding on his successors. "Taxes nut sanctioned by the Hungarian Diet are illegal. "The comitat demands guarantees for the right of the Diet to sanction or to reject taxes, and wishes that the King (Emperor of Austria) should reside in Hungary." DENMARK. PREPARATIONS FOR WAR. COPENHAGEN, J.u. 22. The Minister of Marine has ordered the equip meut of a steam squadron of 22 vessels, including gunboats and mortar-boats. A reserve force of 890 sailors is ordered to as soluble on the let March. A large popular meeting has been hell at Odensee, when addresses were voted to the King for the entire exclusion of Holstein and Lauenburg from the joint state. A committee has been appointed for the purchase of gunboats. COPENHAGEN, JAN. 23. The Minister of Marine has announced that a certain number of c►ptains of merchant vessels can be received into the naval service, if they are pre pared to undergo a course of instruction in the government training schools, which will be opened at the beginning of February. FRANCE. PARIS, THUISDAT MORNEKO. General \Villiaen was received yesterday by the Emperor, to wheal he remitted a letter from the King of Prussia announcing the death of hie brother and hie own aceeesion to the throne. UNITED STATES. SECESSION OF MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND FLORIDA. LONDONDERRY, 3A21. The Montreal Ocean Company's steamer North American, Captain Aiton, from Portland, Maine, un the 12th inst., has arrived here. She brings sews via Cape Race to the 15th inst. The steamers Nova Soutian and Glasgow had arrived out. Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida hail seceded. The excitement at Charleston bad abated, in con sequence of pacific news from Washington. The Federal troops had abandoned all the forts at Pensacola except Fort Pickens (1). 300 men had gone to take possession of this fort. Several forts and the Baton Rouge Arsenal, in Louisiana, had been taken by the secessionists. New York had offered the whole State force to the Federal government. A Washington correspondent of the Kea Y,,rk Times says that the Virginia delegation in Congress had, with three exceptions, signed a call for a con vention in Virginia with a view hi immediate It was intimated that the Brooklyn and the Harriet Lane would accompany the Star of the West in the next attempt to enter Cherie Atoll harbour. COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE. NEW YORK, JAN. 11. Stouts dull and lower. Illinois, 77 ; New York Central, n ; Erie, 374. Money inactive. Exchange yesterday was 61111 at closing quotations by last steamer. Cotton firm. Males to-day. 2.500 bales ; middling Upland. 1:11c. Bread. stuffs and provisions firm ; rice steady. Freights quiet. NEW OItLEANS, JAN. 10. Sales of cotton today 27,000 bales. The news by the last steamer from Europe has caused an advance. Middling is gluotivl 111 c. to 121 c. LATEIT BY TELEGRAPH VIA CAPE RACE. NEW YORK, Jan. 15. Stocks higher. Mint* ; Erie, 39f ; New York Central, The cotton market is heavy ; middling Upland, 121 c. in 121 c. Bresdatufin a true lower. LIVERPOOL, WEDNESDAV. The Now York, Liverpool, and Philadelphia Company's steamer Vigo, which sailed to-day fur New York, took 59,000 f. in specie on freight. EXPRESS FROM PARIS. (mom OUR OWN coaageroxmorr.) PARIS, WEDNESDAY EVENING. It appears by the Minsiteur that the business of the Senate yesterday was merely formal. M. Trop long's great speech is to come. The committee ap pointed to consider the senates cense/bon met to day and elected M. Troplong president. It is thought that his report will be presented at a pub lic sitting on Friday or Saturday. The Emperor is no doubt preparing his speech for February 4. It is remarked that lie has frequent interviews with MM. de Morny and de Persigny, no other person being present. The deputies are fast arriving in Paris, and there is no doubt that the Corps Legis half will be very fully attended at the opening of this exciting session. Notwithstanding what the Duke of Rovigo says of French thirst for glory, I believe the one great injunction which such of the members as may have consulted their constituents bring from the departments is is " keep the peace if possible." Several deputations from manufacturing towns have waited upon M. Roulier, to ask for explana tions as to the political situation. It is reported that the Minister of Commerce told them that he hoped for the maintenance of peace, but he was careful to add that this was only his personal opinion, and that the country would soon know what turn events were likely to take by the Em peror's speech, and the debate on the address. He could not say more, for I believe that neither he nor any other minister, Count de Pereigny ex cepted, knows anything more than the merest pri vate individual about the Emperor's foreign policy for the year. The absence of M. Thouvenel, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, froni the imperial consultations above alluded to, is h remarked upon. Baron de Winspeare arrived in Paris to-day from Gaeta, and had an interview with M. Thouvenel ; it is said that lie will see the Emperor to-morrow. The Prtfee publishea a letter from one of its new reilacteters, M. Lavertujon, of Bordeaux, com plaining that an article of his was very much muti lated by the editor ; and that, in particular, where ever he had written " opposition press " the phrase "liberal press" was substituted. Ile contends that the Emperor really wants to see an' op position, and that there is neither im propriety nor danger iu frankly making use of the word. M. Solar replies, in a leading article, that lie struck out the word " opposition," not because he was afraid to use it, but on account of his own personal objection to the term. When people say they belong to the opposition they acquire the habit of systematically opposing every thing that the government does, whether good or bad, and that is not the course the Preece wishes to pursue. To another point of M. Lavertujou's letter—the suppression of certain comments upon the contradictory or apparently contradictory foreign policy of Frauoe—the editor answers that it is better to wait to see what explanations will be given in the debate on the address. These curious i dixcussions between writers in the same journal, in the face of the public, arise from the law of signatures. The Bourse was dull. The Rento fell 20e. for cash, and sc. for account, closing at ii7fr. 40c. and 671 r. 45c. Mobilier fell Ur. Railways were from 3fr. to 6fr. lower. Very little business was done. The ice-houses itt the Buie de Boulogne, which are large enough to store 10,000,000 kilos~. of ice, have been completely filled. The immense quantities of ice col lected here and elsewhere in France will amply suffice for the year's consumption without importing any from Norway and Sweden, which countries usually supply the deficiency caused by mild winters in France. At St. Petersburg, the custom hitherto has been to vent, on the Human Now Year's-day, promotions, re. compeuses, decorations, &c., to the civil funetiewies of the government ; but thin year, to the grievous disappoint ment of the parties interested, noun have Lisa accorded. A letter from Warsaw, in the A 11.11 rian ga.vtte, rye:—" Priam Gortchakoff enjoys more than ever the confidence of the Emperor Alexander. The prince is the irreroncilealAe enemy of Austria, and is not over friendly to Prussia or to (lemony. A report is current here that the Emperor will visit this city in the spring, and proclaim the organic statute." A letter from Prosinone, in the vorriere Mer rnnrit, of Genoa, states that there are there six companies of Papal Chsaseurs, chiefly composed of men who, in capitulating to General Ciiddini, have engaged not to fight for the space of one year against the house of Savoy. It adds that Mgr. de Merode. Minister of War at Rome, has issued an order of the day, informing them that his Holiness releases then, from the said encagement—an announcement which, however. has not beet, favourably received Lyth.ni ft yen a feeling of mill tary honour. PRUSSIA AND THE GERMANIC CON FEDERATION. The Prussian journals publish a letter, addressed ou March 3rd, 1849, by Ernest Maurice Arndt to the late King Frederic William IV., to induce hint to accept the crown of the empire Germany, and the King's answer, dated the 18th of the same month. The following is the part of this answer in which the reausoms for refusing are given : You beg me to accept a crown which is offered me. Let us first consider who it is that offeers, next what ill offered. The great assembly which is called the Germs's National Assembly, and of which a great part is composed of the best men of Germany has no crown either to give or to o ff er. It has a constitution to elaborate in concert with all the states of Germany recognised by Europe. Where is these men's warrant for placing a king or an emperor above the lawful authorities to which they have taken oath Where is the council of prince, which, according to custom which dates from a thousand years ago, elects its king and proposes him for the confirmation of the people Your assembly has been always opposed to this council, to the representation of the German sovereigns at the new centre of the nation. It is an enormous fault, and its consequences are now perceived; everyone at Frankfort feels that in spite of such labours, merits, and pure inten t Mus, people are hamming at a sort of impossibility. Do you think that violent scenes, speeches, andstrlia mentary resolutions will render possible what is i mpos sible ? But supposing, my dear Arndt, that the fault had not been committed or could be repaired. that the council of Princes and the people could proceed to an election, and then offer me the ancient, veritable, legiti mate German crown, a thousand year. old, it would then be necessary to act, to acc...pt or refuse •, but I should answer as a Dian should answer to whom has been offered the highest honour in this world. But, alas! it is not so. Silence alone becomes ale in pre. Deuce of the message with which I am threatened from Frankfort I cannot answer, and I shall not answer, in order not to offend men whom I regard, as I do you, my old friend, with pride and gratitude. For what will they offer me This birth of the revolution, of 1848, is it a crown ! It bears no sign of the Holy Cross ; there is not stamped upon its front the seal of " the grace of God '." it is not a crown. It is the iron collar which would reduce to the rank of a slave of the revolution the son of 24 princes, electors, and kings, the chief of 16 millions of men, and the bravest and most devoted army hi the world. As the price of this toy I should have to break my word, given on Feb. 26, to the Prussian Diet, to attempt i n concert with all the other German prince. an understanding with the German National Assembly respecting the constitution of Germany. But will not violate that promise or any other. It seems to me, nay dear Arndt, that you share with many others a grave error, viz., that the revolution to be combated is only demagogy . and communism. The revolution is the abolition of the divine order, the contempt and overthrow of right and justice ; it will live and breathe ita deadly breath as long as the order of things is overthrown. As long, then, am the German authorities have no place in the centre of Frankfort, and do not sit at the head of the council sum. mooed to decide on the future of Germany ; as long as that centre remains below the surface of the revolutionary tor rent, and let. itself be carried away by it, so long it will have nothing to offer that pure hands can touch. As • ' Getman and a prince, whose "yea is valid, and whose "no" is worthy of consideration, I consent to nothing that can humble my beautiful country and give it up to the deri sion of its neighbours, and to the condemnation of history ; I accept nothing which is below my natural duties, or which places fetters on their accomplishment. ,Pizi et literati mdiniani Mat in. This letter, my old friend, is for you alone. You will understand the necessity of the secrecy which I urgeotly enjoin on you. But let my words sink deeply into both your mind and your heart ; be convinced that I cannot act otherwise without forswearing myself, and then reflect, talk with your friends, with sensible and worthy persons, raise your voice in Parliament, and demand what is wanting at present and what is absolutely necessary—legitimate and reasonable order. TURKEY. It has been stated that the Turkish Grand Vizir, Kiprinli Pacha, visited, some time ago, the Turkish provinces of the empire, to investigate the grievances of the Christian populations. It appears that his inquiry was not satisfactory to the latter, as a communication has just been addressed to the European Consuls at Belgrade, in the name of the Christians of 165 villages of Service and Roumania, setting forth in detail what they complain of. Among other things, they allege that some years back an illegal sale was made to certain natives of Turkey, by a Pacha then in authority, of some free villages in Old Semis, not belonging to any noble, and that, though the Sultan has issued several firmans annulling the transaction, no Pacha has ever thought fit to act on them. "The fact here referred to," says the lalepeafda•e, "is a new proof that what is wanting to the central govern ment at Constantinople is not so much good will and the sentiment of justice as the energy neces sary fur triumphing over the reaistazoe which its own agents in the provinces offer to its orders." LORD BROUGHAM AS A FRENCH REVIEWER. - ~ ._ The last number of the review La Criti q w. raise, contains a literary curiosity--an article in the French language, written and signed by Lord Brougham. The subject ta Count d'Haussonville's recent letter to the Senate, which his lordship speaks of in terms of enthusiastic praise. lie observes, however, that there is one essential point of view in the political history of the two neighbouring countries, which the able and spirited French writer appears to have overlooked, and that point accounts for all the difference between their political conditions at the present day. In England the history of parties and politi cal changes is a history of compromises and reciprocal ,on cessions, whereas in France the "grand secret of compro mises has either never been discovered cc has exercised no influence." After developing very shortly this leading idea, the article concludes in the following terms : The progress of our institutions in England has at. times been rather slow ; their amelioration hag been gra. dual ; but reciprocal 0011Olgal011% while frustrating the hopes of the most entliwriaatic spirits on either side, have produced a result the more advantagents to the public iu tereet, and with this inestimable benefit, that the motion of the machine has been gentle, without any overturning or breaking, without even any serious shock—at the utmost nothing more than just a jolt now and then--no revolu tionary crisis ; no alternations of anarchy and absolutism. More than two centuries have elapsed since our last revolu tion ; for the event which was so called forty years later was but a change and a very small change of dynasty said persons. The nearest approach to a revolutionary• crisis was the affair of I+t 2, in which I took part, as being at the head of the government with my dear and illustrious friend Lord Grey, one of the most enlightened and most virtuous of statesmen. I then thought 1 saw the revolution, though still far off, and its features were such as to gave me no desire to see it closer. lf, like several of my friends, Lord Cuchrsne, M. Guisot, and others, I were to set about writing the history of my time, I could give details which would bo at once the proof and the glorification of what I have just said. Meanwhile I think I have explained myself sufficiently. It is not the first time that I have expressed my sentiments oat the grand subject of our progress ; I have more than once touched upon it both in parliament and at the meetings of our national institution of 'neje! science. But I here take advantage of the privilege, if not the right, of people of my age, to repeat oneself. There is another subject on which Count dlimunonville might have gives good advice to the Senate, his country, and Europe. I mean the general armaments—the preparations for war in the midst of peace. This is the groat curse of our time. We trade ; we attend to agriculture ; we cultivate the arts and sciences, b u t we are armed; we support all the charges of war in a time of peace. We go to work armed just as they do in the northern province-4 of Turkey, where there is no police ; there the pe.esint tills his land with a loaded gun in one baud to defend himself. Europe in in just such an uufortunate position on account of too great military display, on Recount of armies very much larger than are necessary being kept on foot. Let us hope, let us pray that this state of things nay not last too long. " BILOCuHAM.; The editor, in a complimentary note, apologises to the "eminent and splipathetic foreigner" for not having placed his article at the head of the review—it did not arrive until the tint sheets were in type. THE CHIN E.NE AMBASSADOR TO EN(It.aND. —The Palm rays.—" The laid . accounts from Shangh a i men ti on a report as being current in that place to the effect that the Emperor of China would in the spring send hi. brother., Prince )(tins, as ambassador extraordi nar y to Paris and London. - TiIt:UNITED STATICH Meant.—lntelligenco d reache Southampton yesterday that the United se at ., ma il pac k et New York was detained in the Weser, and that she would not he able to take out the mails at the stipulated time. le consequence of this Intelligence, the United States mail, which arrived at Southampton by the day mail train rester. &v. we. immediately returned to Loudo n , i n orderihat it might be taut to the United States by way of Queenstown. 1 4'