The Express. — London, England, 1855-08-16 00:00:00

gbe ".•xvreigig. aavisumusars id •IT 17. Evealas paper, mot be at dro Ofts, 1., Swaveriaslzeit. b Two <Moak on as do palglasdes. HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE. T■n My—moraine. 4b. 17be Aftersoon, 4h. 174 a. Tobasbow—blorsiag, 4h. 42a ..... Attaboos, 40. 3Sa. LONDON, THURSDAY, AUGUST 16. THE most important reinit to be looked for from tie bombardment of Sweaborg is the reatorstion of good humane and confident hope to our crews in the Baltie. it cannot be denied that in consequence of the prolonged inaction of the early part of the season, they had turned rather rusty, and were beginning to move s,owiy and jarringly, as doors turning on rusty hinges are apt to do. But it is obvious, even from the meagre reports that have asyet come to hand, thattbeir success at Sweaborg has inspired them with new life —flushed with triumph, they are ready for anything. On the other hand, the Russians must be correspond ingly depressed by the bold enterprise of our navy. They looked upon the place as impreg nable ; they expected that our war vessels would only dish on the granite islands that form the har• bour, crowned u they were with fortifications of solid masonry, to meet assured destruction. They have now been better teudht ; and by the light of the confhgration of the arsenal and other govern ment buildings at Sweaborg may see a hand pointing zo defensive structures in which they have hitherto placed more unlimited contid"ace—to the granite buckler that covers the heart of their empire. In short, the devastation wrought at Sweaborg derives its value from the demonstration it affords of what the Allies can do, and what the Russians cannot prevent. .Were it not for this, the harm done to Russia would be limited to the loss entailed upon her by the destruction of stores and buildings. Sweaborg, even if it were in our posses sion—which it does not appear to be—commands no extensive di.trict, is the key to no important line of communication. It is difficult to figure to oneself that the attack upon it makes part of any great combined scheme of action—is the prelude to any enterprise of greater moment. A short time will show whether this successful achievement is to be fol'owed up, or whether it is to remain an Isolated and fruitless act of gallantry like the destruction of Bomarsund last year. The lingering of our unnavigable floating batteries in our own harbours is but an indifferent omen of what is to ensue. We speak in no spirit of despondency es to the ultimate n sults of the struggle in which we are engaged. We know from sources upon which we can rely that the protracted war is weukeniog and im poverishing Russia to an extent far beyond what is generally imagined. The roads available for traffic in that country are limited in number and of very imperfect construction. The manufactures that have been called into existence by Russia's protec tive system are almost all the property of nobles, who carry them on by the labour of their serfs (or of serfs hired from other nobles), upon capital advanced by Government on the security of mortgages of their landed property. The drain of men to till the ranks of the array has stopped most of the great factories, and the interest on the borrowed capital thus ren dered useless is rapidly accumulatiog. We are pool tively assured that the constant transport of ordnance and other heavy stores has broken up the great lines of road, sod rendered them in many places aloes solutely impassable. In ordinary times—with the aboodaece of material and serf labour at the com mand of the Government—this latter evil could have been promptly repaired ; but at present, owing to the withdrawal of the greater part of the athletic adults to serve in the army, it is impossible. The paucity of available la bour has also told upon the cultivation of the soil, and upon the important pursuits of forest industry and the fisheries. The internal trade of Russia— that commerce of detail upon the activity of which depends the supply of the population with the indis pensable necessaries of existence—is in a state bor dering on paralysis. Privation is universal, and poverty is making gigantic strides among all classes. The enormous efforts that the Russian Government has been oblig.d to make for the defence of Sebastopol, and to maintain armies on its southern and northern frontiers, are exhaust ing the Imperial Treasury, and the growing poverty of the whole community precludes all hope of replenishing it, even by new sad exorbitant taxes —et best *dangerous resource. A financial crisis is imminent in Russia. Beggared and bankrupt, what foreign capitalists will venture *to advance money to het? And without money how can she con tinue to put her armies in motion ? Though the war his been carried on upon our part sluggishly, and apparently without plan, the Russian Government already sees destruction impending over it from its presumption in dashing itself even upon the via Mor tice of the Western Powers. It would not surprise us to see these facts laid hold of by the indiscriminate apologists of Government and tortured into evidence of its wisdom. " Our English statesmen," we can fancy we hear them say, "knowing that Russia must inevitably wear herself out in any prolonged struggle, have wisely abstained from any enterprises which might have exposed us to serious though partial and temporary checks and reverses." This cannot be said with even the appearance of troth of the Aberdeenite seceders from the Ministry. These worthies have been unable to keep their own secret; they h►ve confessed that the purpose of their inaction was to avert humiliation and weakness from Russia. As for Lord PALMERSTON, he has not held the reins of Government long enough to enable us to conjecture what his policy is, or whether he has any definite policy. But whatever it may be, the Fabian tactics' which we have assumed may be attributed to his lordship by his partisans, though they may serve to ripen events for a final blow at Russia, will not suffice to strike that blow. In order to turn the exhaustion of Russia to account, some decided plan of action must be adopted and vigorously can ied out. On this soon we confess we are not without our apprehen sions. There is mach meaning in the protest of an official Austrian journal, published yesterday (exclu sively) in the Daily News, against the statement made by Sir Geoace GREY, that Austria had declined to give "an explicit assurance in writing, that if her proposal were acceded to by England and France, and rejected by Russia, its rejection would immediately have placed Austria by the side of the belligerent powers." The deliberate affirmation of the journal to which we have alluded, that "the pleni potentiaries of France and England had telegraphed to their Governments, that upon the non-acceptance of Austria's intended ultimatum by Russia, the cams belli would immediately arise, and Austria would sign a military convention with the Western Po " has very much the appearance of an attempt to pave the way to the re-opening of negotiations. And it ought not to be overlooked—in connexion with this Austrian protest—that reports have of late been indutriously circulated, in what are called " good quarters," of a treaty having been concluded by England, France, and Austria, binding tbesogiewttv• not to make any treaty separately with Rustic Yes these circumstances it behoves the public to be witt h. fel and prepared (or action I for renewedi saegotia time with Austria can mean nuttiness bat Serante men ts for letting Russia escape, and betrayal of the liberties of Europe. Oar trust for such a termination of the war u will extend the liberties of Europe and confirm the inde pendence of its nationalities is in the people of Eng land, and we know that they will not disappoint it. It is cheering to reflect that along with the prospect of the emancipation of countries now subject to Mus covite rule, the present condition of Russia affords fair hopes that the return of pesos will be attended with material benefits to her own people. In order to repair the derangement of its finances, and restore material prosperity to its subjects, the Russian Government will be compelled, to open its gates for the admission of foreign commerce to an unprece dented extent. And with the products and manufac tures of Europe, its ideas will rush in like the overflow of the Nile, submerging to fertilise the " holy soil." THE EXPRESS, THURSDAY EVENING, AUGUST 16, 1855. gbt Court. OSBORNR, Almon The Queen, accompanied by the Primus Royal, boomed Cowes regatta with hw prisms yesterday. The &mg ehildres walked sad drove in the 'made. The Duchess of Keat, samba by Lady Augusta Bras and S Giorgi Coy*, left town yestarday morning by the Ors* Northern Railway, for Ahemldle. The Royal Boehm would remain at Newcastle lest night, and proceed to Edinburgh this day. A deratation from the Australian Direct Steam Natiga• tioo Company had an interview with Sir William Moles , worth yesterday, at the Colonial•ofce. The deputation con- slated of Mr. William Fanning, Mr. James J. Maaintyre, Mr. George Herring, and Captain J. C. Hoseaeon, with Mr. Henry Yammer' (Secretary). The Right Hon. Robert Lowe transacted business yester day at the Board of Trade, for the first time since his appointment as Viee-President. Despatches were received at the Colonial-office yesterday from the Lord High Commissions: of the lonian Islands. NOTICES OF MOTION WHICH NOW STAND IN THE °BUBB BOOK OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS FOIL THE NEXT SESSION. The Marquis of Blandford—Episcopal and Capitals, Estates—Bill to make betwr provision for the management of episcopal and eapitular unites. The Martinis of Blendford—Formation, &0., of Parishes —Bill to make better provision for the formation and en- I dowment of ',pante and distinct parishes. Mr. bun Butt—Bleaching Works—Bill to shorten the hours of work for women and children in the bleaching, dyeing, and finlshirg works in the United Kingdom. Sir James Hut—Bill for remedy against the Hundred, in the case of the breaking of windows by a riotou and tumultuous assemblage of persona. Viscount Ebringtoa—British Magoon, eto.—That In the opinion of this house, it I. desirable that the British Mu seum, the National Gallery. and the Crystal Palace at Sydenham should, like the Botanic Garden at Kew, and the Hampton Court Palace and Garden, be open to the public on Sunda afternoon. Mr. Ewan— ,het the several estimates for the public service be referred to select committees for examination, previous to their peeling through the House of Commons. Bk. E wart—Bill to extend to certain Scottish boroughs, now administered on a principle of self-election, the privi lers of the Scottish Municipal Reform Act. Mr. Fagan—Miniater's Money (Irelend)—To move, in committee of the whole house, tu- leave to bring in a bill for the total abolition of the tax new levied exclusively in sight c:roorate towns in Ireland, in lieu of ministers' money. Sir Gilbert Heathcote—To call the attention of the go vernment to the subject of diminishing, as much u possible, the expenses of the dress of the officers of the army, sod also still farther to decrease the distinctions between that of the officers and privates; also to the comfort of the private soldier by still further lightening his knapsack of super duns a tides, end by adapting his clothing to the climate in which he may serve, and by ensuring a more careful pre paration of his food, especially in military hospitals. Heywood—Marriage Lew Amendment—Bill to amend the Law of Marriage, so far as relate. to certain Marriages of collateral affinity. Mr. Heywood—Advent:assent of Sideau—Select Com mittee to inquire what public measures an be adopted to advance science, end improve the position of its cultivators. Mr. Heywood—Bible (authorised version)—Addrees to her Majesty, praying that her Majesty witl be graciously pleased to appoint a commission to inquire into the state of the authorised version of the Bible, and to prepare a plan for the further Tuition of that translation. Mr. Mackinnon—Houses of Pultaumut—Select com mittee toucan:sin the present state of the buildings of the houses of parliament, and the works authorised and still required to &Ample'. them ; also to inquire into the past expenditure, end to consider and report the steps necessary to ensure the speedy completion of the houses, end a due control over the works and weir the future expenditure. Mr. Malins—Bill to enable married women to dispose of': Reversionary Interests and Persanal Estate. Mr. Mull—That this hoses resolve itself into a committee to take into consideration the Temporalities, of the Irish Church Establishment. Mr. Thames Mitchell—Contractors Disqualification Re moval—Bill to repeal the sot of 1782, which disqualifies contractors from sitting in parliament. Mr. Monts—Queen Anne's Bounty—Select committee to examine into the constitution and management of Qasen Aene's Bounty, with a view to report to the hones some re commendation for the name effectual management of the MEW _ _ _ _ Mr. Murrough—Bill to abolish the Property QinMotion of Members of Parliament. Mr. Napier—Administrative Reform—That it is the opi. pion of this house, that in any measures of administrative reform, provision should be made for a responsible depart ment of public justice, with • view to secure the skilful preparation sad proper structure of parliamentary bills, and promote the progressive improvement of the law. Colonel North-a-Cavalry Officers (army)—That as humble address be permuted to her Majesty, praying that she will be graciously pleased to take into consideration the position of toe cavalry of of the army, with regard to the war rant enabling officers to retire upon the lull pay of their rank, and receiving a step of promotion. Captain Daniel O'Connell—To draw the attention of the house to the ease of the Tralee savings beck depositors. Mr. Oliveira—Wise; Duty—To call the attention of the boon to the present high rata of duty charged upon foreign and colonial wises; its prohibitory I fleet upon the imports-'I lion and!consiimptkon of the cheaper wines produced is Prance, Spain,Portogal,and Gormany,and p ring those countries from reducing their tariffs upon the, importation of British manufactured goods; sad to move, that, with a view to promote increased commercial intercourse with those countries, and to cement our alliance with Prance, this House wirl resolve itself into a giolamittee to consider of the reduction of t he same. Sir George &QOM, Pechell—Seleet C.taimittee to inquire into the operation of the Act 6 and 7 Vie., concerning the Fisherieeio the sea. between the Brit.ah Wands and France. Mr. John George Paillintore--Registration of Charges on Land—Bill fur the Registration of Cn.rges on Land through out England. Mr. John George Phillimcre—To call the attention of the hcuse to the salt tax in India, with a view to its abo lition. Mr. Robert PhiElmore—Toes!' the attention of the house to the grievous injustice of the present fiscal burdens on the clergy of the church of Enpl.nd. Mr. Robert Phillimore—Bill for the further reform of the mica *deal spurts in England end Waler. Mr. Ricardo-0 ..... meat Contracts—Select committee to inquire into the contracts entered into by thegoveinuseat since the commencement of the war, and to report on the woraiog and policy of the contract system g By. Captain &obeli— Government of the Navy—Select com mittee to Inquire into the government of the Navy, relating to the lists of cfficere, patronage, promotion, and the efil ciency of the service in all the grades belonging to it. Mr. Francis Scully—To call the attention of the house to the recent Post (face regulation for the transmission of newspapers between the United Kingdom and the B ' ' h colonise, and to move,—Tnat in the opinion of this house, the recent Post-office order imposing a new rate upon the transmission of newspapers from the United Kingdom to the British colonies is impolitic and should be rescinded. Sir John Shelley—To call the attention of the home to the p. runt state of the Irish bench ; and, if necessary, to bring forward a substantive motion on the subject. Mr. Walpole—To mai the attention of the house to the present system of national education in Ireland, with the view of relazkg it, under proper regulation, in favour of theme religious bodies which bare received no portion of the public grant. By the death of the Duke of Somerset, Lord Pal merston trill, for the first time, have to advise her Majesty as to the bestowal of a blue ribbon. It is reported (ssys the Portsmouth Guardian) that Sir Francis Suing is about to accept office unties the present Government. and will consequently be obliged to appear again before his constituents. His Excellency the Bavarian Minister has taken a house at Brighton for the season. Lord and Lady Brougham are receiving company at Brougham Hall. Sir William and Lady lidolosworth hays loft town for their seat, Penearrow, Cornwall. The Right Hon. Bart. returns to London in a few days, to resume his of eiel duties. Lady Moleswerti will remain at Penearrow till the end of September, to naive a inaseessien el visitors. Among the recent visitors at the Royal Victoria Hotel, St. Leonerdron-ths-Bm, bees bees the liarquieead Marchioness of Abereora sad Lady Louise Hamilton, Suomi Jean Rothothild, Lord sad Lady Foley sad the Hee. Mee Foley, Lord Dais's, Sir A. sad Lady Again, Sir &beard sad Lady Beaton, &o. The Needonam, of yesterday, says :—" The weather daring tie last three or fear days bee greatly Improved, aad indeed bee bees almost all that scald be desired. Some bui*y bee bees eat seer Niddry, sad is °tbbr early keelitiee, but wry little wheat will be ready for the sickle fee at hest • week, sad it is very Isiah lodged sad twilled by the latS homy Was" THE QUEEN'S VISIT TO PARIS. We read in the Comstitutionnal: The preparations for the arrival of the Queen of England are actively continued. The temporary junction between the Northern and Eastern Railways is finished. A trial was made yesterday by the engineers in chief of both lines. In the interior of the splendid Strasbourg station numbers of workmen are employed in com pletiog the decoration. A large platform has bees erected to receive the authorities. The company is prodigal in gilding and drapery, and will shrink from no expense to make the reception worthy of the oecaelon. The entire length of the Boulevard de Strasburg is already lined with Venetian poles, with but very short intervals between them. Many triumphal arches are already snak ing on the Boulevards. Two in particular are expected to be very splendid--one subscribed for by the Stock Er cheap, and the other by the keepers of cafés on the Bugle yards. Workpeople are engaged in making English and Turkish flags to unite with the French ones for the tro phies. One club, whose windows look on the Boulevards, has purchased 60 of them. The horses of Prince Albert have already arrived in Paris. At Boulogne-our-Mgr the preparations are making with equal eagerness ; the town is having constructed • gigantic triumphal arch opposite the Custom house, where the landing will take place. The Northern Railway Company is erecting another at the terminus. The terminus of Dordogne will rival in decoration that of Strasburg. Ornaments for it are sent off from Paris several times a day. The Emperor will leave Paris on Friday at ono o'clock for Boulogne, to receive Queen Victoria. Her Majesty will arrive off Boulogne in the evening of that day, will pass the night cn board her yacht, and land about noon on Saturday morning. Their Majesties will leave Boulogne about one o'clock. It Is I thought that there will be a short stop at Amiens, and that the principal authorities: will te admitted to present their homage to the illustrious party. PROGRAMME OF THE ROYAL VISIT. The following is understood to be the programme as at present arranged, of the iinal Visit to the imperial Court: SATURDAY, 18.—Progreas through Buie and atrial at St. Cloud, as already aunouneed in the Moteiteur. SUNDAY, 19.—Rut; at 6, dinner .it famine; at half past 9, concert of the Conservatoire de Haskins (sacred saris). MONDAY, 20.—At 9, breakfast at St. Cloud ; at half-past 10, start in carriages for Paris ; at 11, visit to the Exposi- tion of Fine Arts ; at 2, lunch as the Made; at half-pat 2, reception of the Corps Thplomatique; at a, visit to the Sante Chapelle and drive on the Boulevards; at half-past 5, return to Br. Cloud ; at 6, rest ; at 8, dinner of 60 covers ; at 9, theatricals at St. Cloud. Representation of the Thaws Francais. TUISDAY, 21 —At 9, breakfast at St. Cloud ; at half-past 10, start for Variants ; at 2, lunch at Trianon; at half-past 3, return to St. Cloud; at half pat 4, rest; at half-put 6, (honer en familk; at half.past 7, start from St. Cloud; at 8, visit to the Grand Opera. WEDNIDIDAY, 22.—Breakfast at St. Cloud; at half-put 10, start for Paris; at 11, visit to the Universal Elbibition; at 2, lunch at the Tuileries ; at half-put 4, Mum to St. Cloud; at 6, rest; at 8, dinner of 60 covers at St. Cloud; at 9, theatneals at St. Cloud by the Artiste,. of the Thin:a du Gyanau (Lsjtis de finale). THURSDAY, 23.—At 9, breakfast at St. Cloud; at half past 10, visit of Prince Albert (alone) to the Eahibitlon ; at half put I,,the Quin to start for Paris ; at 2, lunch at the Tuileries; at half-past 2, visit to the Picture Galleries of the Leaves ; at 5, rest ; at 7, dinner en familia at the Tui leries ; at 9, grand ball at the Hotel de Ville. FRIDAY, 24.—At 2, breakfast at St. Cloud; at 11, start for Paris; at half-put 11, grand review M the Champ de liars ;at 2, lunch at the Ecole Militaire; at half-put 2, visit to the Hotel des Invalides; at half-put 3, visit to the Universal Eahibition ;at half-past 6, rut; at 7, dinner en female at the TailerMs ;at half-put 8, visit to the Opera Connives (Amber's liaidie.") SATURDAY, 25.—Breakfast at St. Cloud; at 11, start for St. Guiana. and drive is the forest ; at $, return to St. Cloud ; at 4, rest; at 7, dinner en /gunk. SUNDAY, 26.—Rest. MONDAY, 27.—Departure for England. DEATH OF THE DUKE OF SOMERSET, KO. We regret to announce the death of the Duke of Somerset, LG., who expired at twenty five minutes past eight yesterday morning, at the family =maim' in Perk iest,. The noble duke had for the last two years been in declining hsaltb, but the occasional attacks by which he was seised yielded to medical treatment. It was feared that his advanced age and increasing infirmities would, see long, prevail over a naturally strong constitution, and, at length, yesterday morning, he died, attended up to the last moment by his dutiful and affectionate Duchess, who, daring the illness of her noble hasband, has been a constant nurse in the sick chamber. The late duke was poseeseed of considerable attainments, and was the author of several scientific treatises. He was for some years president of t►e Royal Institution, vies president of the University College, London, a fellow of the Royal Society (being one of the oldest memben of that learned body, having been elected . • fellow in 1797), a member of the Royal Asiatic Society, a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and of the Limiest% &misty, and a D.C.L. The noble duke was a Knight of the Garter, and held the appointment of viee•adminl of the coast of Soatersetabire. The noble deceased is succeeded fa the peerage by his eldest son, Lord Seymour, M.P., born in 1804. He married. June 10, 1830, Jane Georgians, youngest daughter of Mr. Thee. Sheridan, and grand daughter of the Right Hon. Richard Brineley Sheridan, by whom hie grace has • numerous family; his eldest eon, Lord Ferdinand St. Maur, now ia his 21st year, becoming Lord Seymour. The present duke was, in 1830, returned to the House of Commons for Oakhampton ; and, in 1834, be was elected member for Tomes, which he has aims con tinued to represent in parliament. He was a Lord of the Treasury in Viscount Melbourne's second administration, and afterwards Secretary to t►e Board of Control (from 1839 to Jeep, 1841,) when he accepted the oMee of Under Secre tary #f State for the Home Department, and was subee questly (in Lord John Russell's administration) Commis lacer of Woods and Formic The families of the Duke of Hamilton, Mr. and Lady Charlotte Blew, Mr. sad lady Await Mule Tellmmesh', sad many others of nab, are plead is mourning by the event. Yesterday an official dinner was given at Albert gat* Homo by the Ambissador of France, oa amnion of the fek of the Emperor of the Fronk. The company con sisted of Viscount Palmerston, the Marquis of Lansdowne, the Earl of Clarendon, Viscount Harding*, the Coast de Plahault, Sir Chaska Wood, sad Sir Georg* Corinna' Lewis ; and of the leading memben of the corps disdain- Aqua Daring tin dessert, Lori Palmantsa proposed " The Health of his Majesty the Emperor of the F renc h, sad may his reign be keg and glosses's." The Ambassador thea gays "Her Majesty the Queen of Gnat Britain sad Irslead, sad the entkaskatle Tempting which she would *godson as her approaching visit to From." Saber quad,. his Ezesliesey proposed " The Health of the Bon ragas Conaectod by Friendship sad Alliance with Franco sad Ecglaad." The Marchioness of Ely, who will be the Lady in %Mar la 'Undone, upon her Majesty daring the sp rees/Mai Royal visit to the Pruett Court, is supposed to have be.. appointed for this high duty, is seasequeseme of bar poems' friendship with the limprom of the heeds. 17101 t FRANCE. . ---•- PARIS, WZDNINDAY MOB.NIIIO. In consequence of the Fete Napoleon, the Post office closes at 12 to-day. With the exception' of the following telegraphic despatch, containing a further summary of the intelligence brought by the Indus, there is literally no news : MAZIIIILLIII. TOZSDAT IVENING. General Canrobert arrived atConstaatinople on the morn iog of the 6th, sad left the same evening for Handles. He he just landed from the Indite. He has been replaced (pro visionally) in the command of the lit division by General Espinasse. The cannonade of the Russians was incessant at Sebas- topol when the mall left, but the batteries of the AUies had been greatly strengthened by the engineers, more especially those constructed with a view to silence the yowls remain ing in the port. Several of the besiegers' works are masked, sad ao person is slowed to visit them, so that their true state may be kept secret. General Pelletier frequently inspects the fortifications of Kainiescb, which are fast approaching completion. Im mense stores of provisions sad ammunition are continually coining in to this place. AU the Turkish soldiers forming part of the regular army of Asia that could be disposed of, and also the redifs, have been sent to Ereeroure, where a battle was expected to be fought very shortly. The Paths of Jerusalem has brought the insurgents at Nepalese, in Syria, to subjection. He left on the 20th ult. with some troops and artillery against some other insurgents at Libros. The Porte his ordered the immediate return of Omer Peas to the Crimea. Rifest Paths has been named President of the Serathierat. The Constantinople journala state that General Zamoisky is to organise the deserters and the Poles who have been made prisoners, and will arm them to act against the Russians. Admiral Lushington and the Eoglish Generals Fraser and Shirley have arrived at Mar seilles. Paris this morning does not present the festive ap pearance usual on August 15. The environs of the Tuileries are thronged with the constituted bodies and functionaries in official costume who are going to pay their respects to the Emperor in the order laid down in the programme. There are queues at all the theatres, the doors of which will presently be thrown open gratis. But in other parts of the town there is no excitement whatever. Great numbers have taken advantage of the holiday to go out of town. There is nothing going on either in the Champs Elysees or the Champ de Maros usually the two great central points of attraction. People are evidently reserving themselves for the arrival of the Queen, and are con tented this year that the Fete Napoleon should be shorn of its beams. THE CHASSEURS OF VINCENNES. Worthy to form a companion picture to that which we have endeavoured to draw of the Zonaves (who justified their reputation as sagacious pillagers, as well as brave soldiers, only the other day, at Kertch) —conspicuous in a brave army for their admirable discipline, as well as their impetuous courage—ars the Chassenrs—generally known as the Chasseurs de Vincennes. Their story has not that kind of interest attached to it which gives a piquancy to the details of our Algerian friends, with their Arab name and their Turkish dress. The interest belonging to the Chasseure is entirely owing to the military technicali ties—the improvements in the science of warfare, of which they are the suconsful experiment. They pre sent to us the soldier, with all the latest improve ments. They are the last development of the first Spanish mousquetaires. They represent the perfected idea, first shadowed forth in the tercias of the penin sula. If one of the old arquebusiers of the army of Picardy or Piedmont, in the time of the Huguenot struggle, could riso from his warrior's grave, and exa mine the t quipment of a Charmer of the 19th century, with his dark plume of feathers, his sombre dress, and the terrible weapon fixed to his wonderful gun, he would be filled with all the wonder which the civi lised man inspires in the savage. In spite of the anathema of Bayard, the sarcasms of Ariosto, fire arms grew in popularity throughout the armies of Europe. The reader will remember the importance attached to them by Henri IV., and the effect of his mounted chamfers, the arquebusiers de rattier. Maurice of Nassau first arranged infantry to combine the services of arquebusiers and pikemen, the modern development of which combination is the bayonet; but the execution of the idea was reserved for Gus tavus Adolphus. He created a moveable artillery, and hie infantry became a model for the rest of Europe. His great weapons were not drawn upon the field of battle by oxen, but, being lightly made, were easily conveyed by active hones. He adopted the cartouche and cartouche-box. The introduction of fire-arms into the science of warfare necessitated new tactics: these tactics were invented by the Swedish hero. Then, in the progress of military science, under these modern influences, Vauban came upon the scene. To him trance is indebted for the bayonet. The first French troops armed with this formidable weapon were the King's Fusiliers, in 1670. It was not before 1703 that the French army can be said to have set aside the pike. The successes of Frederick the Great gave to Europe universal confidence in the modern system. The musket was fairly established as the great modern weapon; and with the exception of the percussion cap, the arm now in use differs little, except in im proved manufacture end in elegance, from that which served the great captain of the Seven Years' War. The modern musket, with the bayonet, was de scribed by Napoleon as " the best instrument of war ever invented by man." Its use was established throughout the armies of Europe. By degrees men versed in military affairs found that the musket was a very imperfect weapon. No man could depend upon it. It carried the ball wide of the mark. The story of the experiments made by various men to remedy this great defect is one which has but recently appeared in this journal. It is one in which rival interests are engaged; and we care not to enter into a fruitless controversy. Let it suffice now, that im provements were made which gave additional impetus to the ball, and truth to its destination. The grooves, which communicated a rotatory motion, the modes of charging, &c., are points in the progress of the rifle to its present state which we need not trace step by step. The superiority of the rifles now used in the equipment of our troops, as well as is that of our Allies—the advantages of the Delvigne—Mtni rifle in short, are generally acknowledged—are uni versally understood. But when the rifle was first in troduced, it presented grave inconveniences. The loading was a complicated process, the short barrel rendered the firing in line dangerous. Thus, at first the rifle could not displace the musket. Its use was confined to special bodies of troops of light cavalry— the carabins, or carbioeers. The hunters of the Tyrol—the Swiss—delightedly adopted it in the pur suit of the chamois, for in this sport its truth was of inestimable value. Hifi) practice became a national pastime, of which the Austrian government was the first to take advantage, by organising battalions of Tyrolese riflemen. These troops were of so much service against the Prussians that Frederick the Great soon found himself compelled to organise battalions of car bineers himself. Corps of riflemen were also orga nised in France In the course of the eighteenth cen tury, but they did not last long. Some of these, however, remained intact long enough to acquire a brilliant reputation—the Legion de Grusin, for ex ample. But France owes her light infantry carrying rifles to the Convention. This power decreed the formation of half brigades of light infantry, in which the picked men were armed with rifles, and received the title of carabiniers. The rifle of the year 1793 is the model of the first arm of this kind regularly em ployed in the French service. But the inconveniences , 1 attending the use of this formidable weapon, and the absence of special professors to teach its use, soon threw it into discredit. It disappeared from the French army. When Napoleon re armed his troops he did not even inclode it among the available weapons ; still the regiments of light infantry were preserved, as were even the carabiniers. In the old Imperial Guard there were even regiments of chasseurs, of tirailieure r of flasegweers—but none of these corps Were specially armed nor specially instructed. It was I the will of the Emperor that the instruction of all the regiments of infantry should be uniform, so that the lie* might serve as light troops, or light troops with the line. He simply congregated the more active and Intelligent men of different regiment., whose want of height prevented their enrolment with the grenadier's, into companies of voltigeurs. These companiesjuitifled the Emperor's reliance on their good service.. They were described as one of his finer military creations. But it is contended that he carried his idea too far. Undoubtedly it is well to instruct infantry of the line so that it may act in various ways; but it is also certain that, with the arms thus generally used, the advan tage of a body of riflemen, to attack or defend a farm-house, for instance—to protect a wood, • village, a fortified work—to harass a moving body of the enemy, or to disperse a staff of officers, was beyond dispute. This advantage was perceived by the English, the Austrians, the Prus sians, and the Russians, and even by the Pied montese, the Swiss, and the Swedes. All these powers continued to employ rifle corps. Battalions of chasseurs were enrolled in the French army in 1815. The creation of these battalions is a measure attributed to the sagacity of Marshal Gonvion Saint-Cyr; but they did not last long es established by the marshal—they shared the fate of the depart mental legions. Still the rifle was excluded from the list o. French military weapons ; and it was only when the invention of ao old officer of the Royal Guard, M. Delvigne, enabled men to load this for midable instrument of death as easily as a musket, that its use became general. This first step towards the development of the rifle as a weapon of war is incontestably due to the above gentleman ; but his in vention had grave defect.. The mode of loading destroyed the spherical form of the ball, and so injured the truth of aim, which was the conspicuous advantage of the rifle. Then, in 1833, a royal ordonnance, on the report of Marshal Souk, ' directed the formation of companies offrone-lireurs, to be armed with rifles and to be dressed in accordance with their duties. But this command was not immedi ately executed. Meantime the Committee of Artillery made experiments on M. Delvigne's invention ; and Colonel Poncharra contrived to remedy the defect apparent in the system of loading, as first described by Delvigne. It was only after these experiments had been completely successful that the Duke of Orleans ordered the formation of a company of rifle men, equipped in a special manner, and armed with the Delvigne-Poncharra rifle. This company was garrisoned at Vincennes, and was the nucleus of the famous Chalmers de Vincennes, whose courage and remarkable matceuvres have given them a place in the modern history of military France side by side with the &naves. This company was commanded by Captain Dela mane, and placed under the eye of General d'Hou dslot, one of the King's aide-de-camps. The experi ment was so satisfactory, that in 1838 it was judged advisable to organise a battalion of riflemen, which esesived the title, so popular jut now, of Tirailleurs de Vincennes. They were dressed in a tunic, wide trousers, and a light shako. The sword and car touche-box no longer interfered with the free action of the limbs. These troops were armed with a rifle and a long selid bayonet, called a sword-bayonet. This sword-bayonet is a formidable weapon, for it can be fixed to the end of the rifle, or be treed separately as a sword. The organisation did not end here. As the Delvigne-Poncharra rifle did not carry so far as the ordinary infantry musket, the strong riflemen were armed with a heavy rifle, which carried a ball, with unerring truth, to a great distance. These men were distinguished from the ordinary riflemen, being called carbineers. Thus the tirAlleurs de Vin manes could keep up a most efficacious fire at an ordinary distance, while its carbineers, with their heavy weapons, could reach the the enemy when he thought himself beyond reach. Grouped together, these carbineers could produce the most telling effect. They were often called, on this account, hand-artillery. The battalion of riflemen formed two deep—an order rendered almost inevitable by the shortness of their rifles, and indeed which was preferred by some authorities to the regular three line order. It manoeuvred in line, like any other infantry battalion, but to the ordinary exercises of the foot-soldier, the tirailleur added gymnastic exercises, evolutions per formed running, fencing with the bayonet, and special instruction in shooting. The happiest of these innovations were the rapid evolutions. They permitted the battalion to be directed upon a given point—almost with the rapidity of cavalry. The bayonet exercise was also a good exercise, giving the men confidence in the use of their weapon. Nor was the practice in shooting less excellent. The men learned to mea sure distances, to fire lying at full length, or on their knees—in short, to take any advantages of ground or height. Ten months after the formation of the first battalion, the results obtained were so satisfac tory that it was definitively constituted. An ordon mune. bearing date the 28th of August, 1839, de clared it to be a separate and distinct corps. It was sent to camp at Fontainebleau. Here the agility of the men, their light and free clothing, and their rapid and exact manoeuvres, impressed all who saw them. Before the camp was dispersed the King went to passe review. When the riflemen of Vincennes de filed before him, he asked Marshal Soult, then President of the Council, what he thought of the new troops. " Sire," replied the marshal, "it is not one, but thirty battalions like this, I wish to see in the service of your Majesty." All military authorities I did not share the approbation of the marshal. Many thought that it was wrong to sacrifice the gun's power of carrying to its truth; others declared simply that these riflemen were a superfluous corps. Aod—we are reminded by the Duke of Aumale—if such resistance irritates now and then, if we find reason to blame the blindness of routine, let us be comforted with the assurance that, generally, truth issues triumphantly from the discussion. Even if, now and then, a good idea be lost, is there not consolation in the reflection that many dangerous innovations have been stopped by this wise barrier P And then the duke goes on to show that France owes the efficiency of the riflemen of Vin cennes to the opposition their creation met with : because had the system met with no opposition, its application would not have met with that healthy restriction which gives it proper value. But the best test for the new corps was that to which it was put, viz., the test of war. War ad again burst forth in Africa—the battalion of riflemen was sent thither. The experiment sue oeeded. The men, trained by their gymnastic exer cises, were soon inured to long marches and other fatigues of a campaign. The excellence of their individual military education was remarked— and produced the happiest results. The success of the heavy rifles—above all—was most re markable. A great many marksmen were particu larly noticed for their skill, among others Adjutant Piatonley. Brigaded with the Zouaves—their most natural associates—under the orders of the general who had watched over their first instruction (Count d'Hondelot), animated by a very strong esprit-de corps, led by offioers at once ardent and intrepid, they soon had a good reputation, bought at the price of blood generously shed. Their commander, Grobon (now general of division), fell wounded, at the assault of the Col—a captain, M. Vichery, was killed in the Bois des Oliviers. Several more officers, among whom the brave Captain Uhrioh may be cited, suffered from the fire of the enemy. This officer retired with the rank of colonel after the revolution of February, 1848. SPAIN. MADRID, Ara. 14. The government will reply in a moderate but energetic manner to the Papal allocution. The state ment that Garibaldi and hlsaaini had applied for permiasion to come to Spain is untrue. In case they should do so, the government would refuse their application. EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM AN OFFICER, DATED Camelia, JULY 30.—h addition to the bigwigs already gone home, I bear General Airey Intends to go soon. He is now Sir R. Airey, R.C.B , and I suppose wishes to repose on hie laurels. It hu a very odd appearance a many leaving. Colonel Collis' gwood Dickson, who was looked sop to as one of oar best artillery cilloen, and who speaks Tarklah Remaly, is gone to take charge of powder mills at Waltham. Major Claremont, on special service at the French bud guitars, pas how, *Nigh mistily wall. ITALY. mora OUS ow; .--c.ogasaßratiar Ir/orsitleoof The intention of the British governonmaenoyt to pre f te orm z . t an Italian legion to . serve in the Crimean wax has again roused the military aspirations of the quondam republican soldiers of Rome, and consequently re. vived the jealous surveillance of the Papal govern. ment, displeased no doubt to witness the eagerness o f its subjects to embark in a foreign cause, as eon . treated with their reluctance to enlist under th e b in . aer of the "keys," even at the present high thirty dollars boun ty . money. Government spies hang about the British Consulate to watch the r eel who come to offer as recruits, and as every difficulty is raised to their leaving the country whatever, the only way for them to reach head. quarters in Piedmont will be through the grantors of the French military authorities, who eau afford them the necessary passports and pase cie b y sea to Genoa. There is no disguising the fact that the majority of the clergy, and especially those ki t h in office, are essentially hostile to the lilies. Their principle of government, that of dee. potism, is represented and carried to its ne plat ultra by the Czar, and to him,. consequently, they give their warmest sympathies , the tall assuranc e that it their temporal authority is defended from revolutionary attacks by Russ ian bayonets, th ere will be no danger of their spi ritual dominion off e r. ing from the encroachments of schism, the p ower of their church being, as they believe, or affect to be. lieve, explicitly declared by revelation to be without end. On Sunday last the relics of St. Catherine of Snot were carried processionally through the principal streets of the city, previous to being placed under the high altar of the recently restored Dominicanchurch of the Minerva, where the relics have hitherto beau preserved in the Capranica chapel. The crowds of spectators who thronged the Corso, the balconies, and the whole line of the procession, &lewd either great veneration towards St. Catherine or an inor dinate love for anything in the shape of does and pageantry. The festivities lasted, with church ceremonies in the morning, and orchestras on the piazza in the evening, for three days, when the pickpock e t s put an end to the affair by producing a panic amo ngst t h e spectators on Wednesday evening, and accomplishing the usual amount of crushing, stamping, and trans ferring property, for which some of them, who were , il o lo n ry th , e a see nd n b e u. of captured, are to afford the " most lame and i m p o t ent their misdemeanours. c ti o n n a e d l oe us d ion of according "being t e o xP th e e ed ne o w n tehdeicpt SWEABORO. The fortress of Sweaborg, which has just been bombarded by the allied fleet, is built on granite isles, about a mile in advance of Helsingfors, the Russian capital of Finland, as Abo was formerly its Swedish capital. The isles in question, eight in number, are mere mks connected together by a strong fortification, and in the centre is situated the port where the Russian flotilla is placed. The largest of the rock., is that called Gustavus' Sword, on which is built the residence of the governor, with a sort or gardea formed of mould brought from the main land, and a vast cistern, in which is heaped together a lugs quantity of snow in winter to furnish water to the garrison. Sweaborg has been called the Gibraltar of the North ; it would seem, however, not with as mach justice as was formerly thought, CM the late bombardment shows it to be anything but impregnable. The islands fl Ink each other, and all have the granite cut perpendicularly to a height of from 30 to 40 feet. The only passage by which the roadstead of liel singfon, which is one of the great war ports of Russia, can be reached winds along thsse formidable isles, which an armed with 600 guns of large calibre. As Sweaborg only present, an unapproachable ceinture of granite, a 'kegs of it could not be made by land, and the plan amid only be reduced by famine. But it might be attacked and demolished from the as by the means of a bombardment, and this is what hie just been executed with full esteem by the Anglo-French fleet—a bombardment which must have caused immense material leases to the Russian government by destroying the barracks, the different maritime establishments, and the arsenal of the fort. Sweaborg was constructed in the 18th century by the King of Sweden, Gustavus 111. In the re volution which dethroned Gustavus IV. in 1803, and which afforded Russ:a the opportunity long sought for of invading Finland, the impregnable fortress was given up without com bat to the Russian General Barclay de Tolly by a " traitor who forgot what was due to his country to satisfy his politi cal passions." Soreaborg has a population of about 3,400 persons. Its barracks can contain more than 12,000 men; and, besides its fins port, it bas two Maine to repair ships. MISSION TO THE KING OF DURM.4E. (From the Bengal Ilterkaru.) We understand that in addition to the presents already sent to Rangoon intended for the King of Burnish, there are some splendid carriages by Dykes and Co., which will be taken round hence by tl.e Zenobis. She will be at Rangoon in the first week in July, and the musion to Ara wilt immediately set out. We learn that Major Philp./ has been formally appointed as chief of the mission lino rem , @entail's of the Governor-General, and that all arrange ments Dave been finally made for the departure and pro gress of the mission. We have not beard the names of all the offi.crs who are to go up to Asa, but Captain Rennie, I.N. ' is to be of the number. There is, how ever, a still more remarkable aleachd appointed to this projected Ava mission, in the person of Mr. Golds wortoy Grant, the well-known Calcura artist. Mr. Grant will receive a salary of Its. 500 per mensem, and it will be his part to make skeichcs of the river and the r:ads which the mission may have to pass throu.4h in its progress, with the forests and cultivated lands, and houses and gardens that may be met with. Of course Mr. Grant will make graphic pictures.sr the landing of the m u sion; or its rutty into the royal palace at Ave; of the meetirg of the British envoy with the L:ird ef all the White Elephants; and in short everything useful and grand, picturesque, Leautitul, or rare, wi.l afford subjects for the employment of the artist's pencil. Ws are told that ft is not improbable that Mr. Newland's skill in photography may also be engaged in the same service, if indeed be has not already been appointed. We are likewise Worried that two mercantile gentlemen, or gentlemen possessing mercantile knowledge and expe rience are likely to accompany the MiSli4D, for the purpose of gathering all the information possible regarding the internal and external commerce of the country. As Pro fessor Oldham is, we believe, in the province of Pep, we prestress his scientific knowledge will also be turned to account in sending him with the mission to take notes in his department of ob ion. TELE ATTACK ON SWEABORO. MANCIIESTEE, A1:111 :ST lb.—The news of the attack on Sweaborg by the allied fleets, with its results, has produced greet satirise tion here, and we have had flags flying, with other demon strations of joy. Seeing how little our magnificent fleets had accomplished in the present war heretofore, this proof of its power wu as necessary, perhaps, to reassure us at home that our ancient renown on the ocean could yet be upheld, as it was to teach a lesson to the enemy.; BEIGIITON,WEDN ESDAY EVENING.—The news from before Sweaborg was hailed this morning with unbounded satisfaction, as a proof that the disturber of Europe is not altogether beyond the reach of punishment behind his owt batteries. Later in the day:the (Acid despatches were closely scanned, and thought not to bear out the earlier report of the " destruction " of Sweaborg. It was remarked that the admirals do not state the effect of their fire on the to:toga batteries which, after all, constitute Sweaborg a forums. The language of Admiral Dundee, representkg the affair as a mortar and gun-boat attack, seems to prove that the forts ►ave not been battered, and gives to the operation the same character as the bombardment of Odessa last year. The St. Petersburg Journal announces that the reigning Cur has assumid the title of Chief of the Rifle Regiment of the Imperial Family. The colonels of the several battalions of this corps, it appears, are the Grand Dukes Constantine, Nicolas, and Michael, brothers of the ign, while the following personages are borne on the muster•rolls of the regiment: Their Imperial Iligliaemis the Hereditary Grand Duke Nicolas Alexandrovitelt, the Grand Dukes Alexandre Alexacdtovitcb, Vladimir Ala/- min:vita, Alexis Alexandrovitcb, and Nicolas Coaster tinovitch ; and the Princes Romanovsky, vie., Moo" Maximilianovite Eugene Maximilianovitch, Sergio Ham milianovitob, and George Maximilianovitch. A man at Swansea, named Lewis, has been the mesas of saving no less than eighteen of his fellow•cmturM from drowning. The other day, while engaged in liss ordinary business, and the weather being comparatively fine, he was himself drowned off Port Talbot, taking a oft of timber to the works of the Messrs. Vivian, at Tsibsd• A widow and nine orphans are loft.