The Express. — London, England, 1849-01-09 00:00:00

r wer gold lon e• their dress tbs. the Lord Mayor's loosehold ea gala days. The leer bill for gold late was 1601 ' seer, hear ) The 'elk were kept at &temperature of 60 , we re supplied with • lamp, eaniraut shales M knelt', ether ceeveuiseess. The sorponttiou should comities.. mei Wore they permitted the construction of a similar seta 11101Mnst at the expense of the City. He leered it would be' m or es eaceuregement to crime. The model prison of ire of the most expensive is the kingdom gave the 6167 per s int. of re-contaiittals.. Lord Iles- Mee " himself stele* apiece gin suit e' ad. to I=. l His lordship did not is. why • feint =aye opportunities of learning a trade which were do. tied M the locust decitute. Mr. ALCocit, in introducing tkeAmt noolatias, objected 1 , rue m-rbid pilaw ahropy which wee prompting our kon and palm men to oostrive comforts tor the kiss's woe, which wen ilesiicd to the union workhouse, the inmates keilijah were guilty of so crime bet poverty. He protested o mit vying the sot of 80,0001. for the erection of • Tplace at Holloway. Why, they were sot prisons at hey might to be caed Osman% retreats for the vicious. 14 trostel that, 'instant might be the decision with re roses th lie new prima, system a, the s o htiry oyste would ad be He did not see why any offence should subiect ths suifortutsate ma to the risk of losing his arcs. (Hear, bar.) lint why edam Holloway ? They had • fearful sample before them ix the owe it the Orphaa Asylum at using. The parish awhorities thought they were w ell s sending the poor children to Tooting. But what had rue larreigation discovered ? Why, that the poor hors sus in hovels coast' acted over a stagnant ditch finking with seUria ; while th.. pin, were lodged I. the front, to meet tgo imp:cams of philanthropic Win. It therefore did not fellow e.at the selectioa of • rural site fora prison was nn to secure health to the inmates. Other particulars, such gyaseye, dc., should he also att. aded to. Ale, some hider observances Hr. Alen& moved ggigh L larairlleat no .be representatives of the gases WNW ist has Widens or the City te chime and sabres the meet rigid elleilly In the expenditure of the Cis/ bob st ml llama hat yew pay a thr preset pearl at peat eallgeellet premiere as an siren el the eielleavualty. That this t lias MN with camera use dm omen of OenmosiCeseell Iheetesthe ef a Bore ef Clashes at Itedieway, so wpm af NAIL Tlllt, Prim r n duds the laseavallest dlehme be tee Illy, the ism prelleri by the otagienelea the ppm of the delay elan. etyma of der where to sod lea Or prise mem and exam Of Jolla Ile la soy le a verette aelghbeirlexa sir the rooms.. mid "Ntimmagl meet; MI= Ppm= he anspelliid opygrAtitte of the Fetes oldie it is imetleg es ems Y tee reopriety of malatelelng gapsrmpp.x awl whole. ago dleity!!ne to • rade, it is ssseYied that the ind.i!enee. unexcelled to Mabel,. by which their sea -1 Yew erred asigetior to that at beret yawls hove has the burs mane at dimeatent eel mina while tag myeedlhre In the eamellet bandied at a primp bea look theember team Is rmlemudpapwe,sadYmmpeWbr with die Pews el kepi. motet. That It U important and rantorninn Innt the Ones end mete et Jollies Amid be as ist le orb whit sod aseelhes ilia gotta{ ealli OP the arissiglig the of the Met Prior mete efteatheyestlEbereerlOsi se tin 1 0 el a will Moen der Caellia am Om ell represelledvesel weed be llpillere to oap :rt nO Mar a then ellabitielle to the Court el Cemeea OixaoriL lgr. Honors seconded the resolatios, and strongly ob jolted to anything like a sonless szreaditure of the City remises, whether attain hem acensauntious or from ear rest taus. It was i.e rted that se plea of discipline had been determined on fur the proposed prison, but yet the walls were to be made of sufficient extent to allow of the solitary s 3 ste as, and as all the promoters of the new prison were ads 'cues of that system, he thought there were reason able grounds for supposing that its estatdiehnsirot was con templated. Wish ten ranee to the querion of capon.., the enigmas* woe KUM& but the prison at Heading basing been estimated at 30,00 W oast 60 0001, and allowing the same ratio of Masai. fur H Avers'', and taking into consideration the proposed Roush. rof insist( s (4005, the building would cost as musk as a 2001. bowie for each prisoner, and the annual 4914 MN a 1 mithiteceihce would be 231 6e. 111014 for each pressor theta he would cost in the Middlesex House of C.v. ',edam. ln Wooing gaol (another solitary prima) the annual ezianso for each prisoner was 564., so that the solitary syst ea was proved to be the most expensive es well as the moat health destroying that could be adopted. He objected also to costly prisons, which by thair ecraforts tempted to the commission of crime, and were amok more attractive to the poor man than the virkkome. He had beard of a ease in Wilt shire, in which roue peer men, dissatisfied with the tesatnent they ree. toed in the wo rkhouse, broke this win does, and thus got themeeleres traasterred to the piece, in eider that they might have, as they termed it, " s merry Christmas." (A laugh.) He had great pleasure in second- Muting resolailos. Dlr. 0011401 differed in foto both from mover and se. under. Ile bell-wet that a large maj wity of the aldermen wen la favour of the proposed erection. The only alterna tire was a prison in the City, and he thought that sits was thickly enough peopled already. Some alterations were gelled for, seeing that several of the City prisons were in • ascot filthy state. There were only 16 persons present besides the report , rs, and yet that was to be called a meeting of the ward.—After some tutelary conversation, Mr A•coc• repl , ed, and suggested he knowing amend ment to the ret lotion That this meeting requ:sta Leif representatives in the C tent of Common Council to withhold their conceit to the building of any new prison until the principle of elisriphne to Is, adopted iu it has been maturely considered and decided on ;" whelk :vas agreed to, and the meeting separated. THE CHOLERA AT THE JUVENILE PAUPER ASYLUM, TOOTING. Notwithstanding the fact that more than one-half of the children usually iubabieing the wards of Mr. Dronet's astlunt at Tooting have been removed, the cholera, though modille-1 in its malignant character, continues to in fect that establishment, and to attack its inmates indiecri minately. la reply to a letter from the Board of Heath, re questing a return of fresh eases, Mr. Kite, the resident sur geon oldie asylum, and the other medical authorities, in their answer, date I yesterday, my:—" We have to report more favourably today of the existing state of things here as eons. pared with yesterday. The number of new cues that have occurred firma 2, p.m., yesterda., up to 2, p in., to-day, have amounted to 10; number of cases of iliarrhcea, 4; number now under medical treatment, 118. The number now in the eenvaleecent wards are 45." Ths number of new cues which have occurred between two o'clock yesterday afternoon and six last evening Lave bees 6, asking the total number attacked in the asylum 2rA); and Ito total cumber of deaths, 84, seven mere haring occurred between two and six o'clock yesterday after noon. In 'edition to the foregoing it must be added that the number of deaths amltpst the children removed from 'footing to the workhouses of the various parishes to which they belong are m , it slarmirg. In St. Pancras, the disease has extended to 12 children, and 4 dents have ensued. In the Royal Free Hospital, Grey's-inn lane, several new cars hive occurred, and tire deaths have taken place, and several mores are expected. It is understood that there u a great disagreement be twins the Poor-law Board and the General Board of Health am to the removal of the children—the Poor law Board being of opinion that the removal is improper, whilst the opinion of the Board of Health is decidedly the contrary. In coaitenuenee of this several boards have re fined to remove the children, especially as upwards of 800 have already left the establishment, end the peat complaint el overcrowding is no longer tenable. MUTING or THE GUARDW3 OP CTIELBEA. Yesterday forenoon a special meeting of the board of direc tors and guardians of the puled of St. Lake, Cbelse', was held at the workh , -Itee in the King's-rood, for the purpose of talus( into consideration commanseations from the Lead of Health and the Poor-law Commisekesers with »krone, to the recent outbreak of the cholera at Taub g, and where the children &Angie g to this parish are boated. Mr. J. B. Ryder, chairmaa of the board, presided. Mr. Lomita!), the clerk, read two letters, oats from the °meal Heard of Health, the other from the Poor-law Hoard, expressing their eoneern that the cholera had broken out and prevailert among the children in Yr. Drama's estab lishment at Tooting, conga:rim in the necessity of their re moval, and requiring a suimble provision for them when regime, Mr. le.v. land also read • letter received that morning from Mr. Dame; in which be states that there had been four more deaths amass the children belonging to CE show Tree Cut AIRMAN raid it was with feelings of the deepest nun that he addressed the members of that board, in con sequence of • moat unfounded charge, that members of boards of guardians had not paid that attention to the com forts of thy children, sent to Mr. Droners, they should have done. To that he begged, as for as the guardians of Chelsea were condensed, to give the flattest gentnedietion. With reference to the 'muse of the malady that bed broken oat at Tooting, he denied that it could be attributed to atone phone inflame% he if that wee the ease it would not have men ambled to Mr. Drimet's establish ment. Mr. Dronet unhand it to a fog that came over the village on the Friday night, and on being told that if it erase from that the poor of the vintage would also have been affected, he said it must be the cesspools which had caused it. He (the chairman) believed it arose princip illy, if not entirely from over- erowding sun the one band, and poor living on the other. That we, not the fault of the guardians, for there had been various occasions when they had remonstrated with Mr. Drys; t on the quality of the food; and on one of them they went so for as to draw ap a report for the purpose of enuring it in the " aspen Book ;" but when they inquired for the book I. was net bribe:ming, and they were told it was at the Strand Union. Yeelirg dissatisfied with that rnswer they wrote out the report, and Mr. Drown promised that he would limn it. This was never dune • end although they had fre gamily asked for the report, it Could never be found. With Menace to the payment of 4s. 6d. per week for each child, the sum in the first irstance asked by Mr. Drouet was 4s. 3d. only; but when he afterwards said he could not keep them under 4s. 6d. that sum wee iramediet, ly enured him. There was no beating down, as hal been insillaated, and if it was not sufficient for him it was his duty to have asked for more, and to have kept the children warm with proper clothing, and to have given them 'hokum' food. He had • right to presume that be fad. was unely sufficient for the support of tab child, leaving Mr. Drouet a fair profit. In carroboratioa of his atatanatat be need only refer them to Mr. ILabites esta blishment at Norwood, where with disable the numb*r of attendees!' the charge was the same. They must bear in mind thst h r , Drouit had the proceeds of the labour of the e t •il'hea. and taking that into consideration, at 4e. 6.1. each, it had been coat need by persons able to 'nage, that after paying the who • expense of his esta t he had a dear pr .fit of Is. per week on each child. Mr. Guntra.r. said, if Mr. Drouet had not given the chil dren props, food, it wag the duty of the guardians to have Mee them away. The question, however, which they had to discuss, was what were they to do under the present cir comstances—whether to ri move the children Or not. Mr. Mt:MUT, one albs vice chairmen of the board sad Qt . report sad* by them was not a report that the feed wee issallieleat, but Nat the potatoes won deadest in quality, aid the mums Shea we that they were libe female of a lugs stack. Urea that ecessioa the shibleta had bread aid cheese given them, which he very mask baled they would have hod, if *presidia's had aat bats pail& That was at tie ef 1117, sad is April fallorifre they agate had ease to asaigilis. The removals( the Maisie frima that asylums had bag been a deferred peals, the lasprestita. bility beige where to put them if semood. Mr. Jigs. said that there Wag RA uses dm 700 in the asylum at the prep nt time, he wield te Maw , drew Mr. Goshen, ea a medical men, witetherihadediaabeisasia. to their parish had sot better remain than le mwmwei hunt the asylum And also, what were his opinion with respect to the origin of the cholera at the asylum. Mr. Ousast.z. said his opinion was that the aid netnews. the overcrowding of the cialdrea, for it we a well-known feet, that cholera was almost nye to tweak oat in crowded places or where toe many persons slept together. For the overcrowding that had taken plate the memben of b-ards of guardians were not to blame, fur it had been brought about with the sanction of the poor law sommiasioners. He thought the safest course would be, now that the numler had been reduced to 700, to let the children remain is the asylum, which ought tis have had :more than 800 or 900 at say ono time. He was against removal in ems .a of choler., as it was always attended with great damson. Doctors littered with respect to cholera, but, in his opinion, it was as Maur apheric digest* attacking those who were is a peculiar Mita of bodily health, and who could not resin the attack. Mr. Molt/tai was surprised that the Board of Health should direct then to take toe children away whea the healthy ones cure low kept far away from those who were sick. He agreed that overcrowding wee one cause, but at the same time he thought the exposure to cold which these children had had to suffer from the sudden change of the weather, and the deficiency and low quality of the food, was the primary cause. In ths schoolroom, on . stodgy, it was like a bakehouse, whilst the children had to go to and from it aeries the cold yards without any additionvl cover- With the diminished number 01 children, he thought the wisest entree for them to puns' was to let their own ra m tin, and he would move that a deputation consisting of the chairman and the two vice chairmen wait upon the poor-law comminionen and the Uoard of Health for their advice. Mr. Jut, seconded this, which, with another resolution appointing Mr. Gukell sad Mr. Young a deputation' to visit the asylum, was carried.—Mr. Ryder said he wee not aware un.il that moment that the boys had been employed in claming out the ditch at the back of Mr. Drouet'e este bliehmest.—Mr. Fielder said that acme of the elder boys were sent out to work, and Mr. Drone got is. per week for their labour.—After some farther remarks, the board ad. joused. CROLERA.—Yesterday the Board of Health issued the blowing list of fresh COSS reparted to them. It will be sees that the disease has maaihated itself fatally in those workhouses to which infected children were taken home the Tootiag Asylum:—Royal Free Hospital, Gtarg-inn-lane, 10, 4 fatal; Bt. Pancras Workhouse, 3 fatal; Chelsea Workhouse, 1 Mtn ; Wandsworth and Clapham Unica, 1 fatal ; Dronett's pauper establishment, Tooting, 10, 7 fatal ; Whitechapel, 1 ; Edinburgh, 11, 6 fiVa: ; Glasgow, 180, 69 fatal; Haddington for last 14 days, 21, 16 fatal; Oresnock, 1 fatal; Paisley, from 26th alt., 6, 2 fatal ; Ola llonkland, 11,6 fatal ; Old Kilpatrick,. 3, 2 fatal; Dumbar ton, ; Dasher, 1 fasal; Meuehline, 1 feud ; bathhouses., by Falkirk, 3 fatal ; Jedbiergb, 4, 1 fatal; Internees, 1 fatal. Total new mem, 272; 116 &whs. PLOCGR MONDAT.—Yesterday being Plough Mon day a petty seesiona was held in the Guildhall, by the Lord Mayer ant Aldermen for the perm, of receiving the re turns and presentments of the several wards.—Mr. Godson, foreman of the inquest for Alderegete ward, complained of • most intolerable nuisance which proceeded from • whalebone manufactory. The nuisance was not visible, but closely im bedded in the heart of the ward, and the effect upan the organs of smelling was alt gather beyond description. Added Ito that, he stated that was cisorderly linens of the worst Mai were in a Mate of constant °Reece, and Alderegato beildinge needed the operation of draining so much that it weak' be difficult to find in the City of London a neighbour. hood in which sanitary regulation, were more neceresay Aldermen Challis expressed surprise that the alderman of the ward had not represented the matters of complaint in the Court of Alderesen.—Mr. Godson, who is one of the deputies of the ward, and that Sir Peter Laurie had coin. plainest of the nuisance by which the inhabitants were almost poisoned, hut the evil remained uncorrected.—The Lord Mann assured the deputy that the Court of Aldermen would taxer up the subject with all possible expedition. ASYLUM FOR THE DEAF AND DOMB.—Yesterday, the half-yearly general meeting of this institusim was held in the London Tavern, far the purpose of tire ing 30 chil dren to become inmates of the asylum from a list of 70 can didates. Robert Pugh, E•q., peel:did. From the annual report, it appeared that the cumber of persons in the asylum is 343, including the recipients of its bount the nt'.eers who watch over the children, the domestics, &c. The total re ceipta for the past year amount to 10,0971. fie. 10d , of which 2,0. 2a. consist of annual euhecriptions and 3,7491. 10e. the dividends on the etock. The legacies and bequests to' the institution have been unusually large, and have ensblcd the society to clear itself of the few pecuniary diffl collies into which it had fallen during the reel .us year. The disbursements for the twelve months 111410tilit to 7,4621 lie. 2d., leaving a balance in the treasurer's hands of 1,3351. 19s. 8.1. The society has been established for more than half a century, and has afilmded a useful educati-n, combined with sound echelons ins•ruction and enor.d train ing, to upwards of 2,000 deaf and dumb poor children from all parts of the Bri.esk empire. Many of those who have left the institution are now earning a livelihood at the various trades to which they were apprenticed by the funds of the charity. The report having been adopted, and tlie names of the successful candidates announced, a vote of thanks • the chairman tern I iated the me seeding.. THE New ARRANGEMENTS or THE CONSOLIDATED Eames AND STAMPS AND TAXIS DEPAZTMENTS.-11 is stated that the appointment of Mr. Hart Davis (the pre ant deputy chairman of the Board of Excise) as one of the com missioners under the united board, will be only of a tem porary desation,—viz., until July next, when the bon. deputy chairman will have completed a service of 35 years, and will then see entitled to the highest retiring allowance. Admiral the Hon. W. H. Percy also retires on the super annuation allowance, added to his pay of retired admiral ; and Mr. Charles Rots, the junior commirsioncr, has been ap muted one of the commissioners for carrying into ffeet the Act for the Improvement of the Heal.h of Towns. Several other cheaps are splken of, and it appears still to be • n nu nlikd question whether Somerset House or the present Excise-Aloe will be considered the best locality fur the j.int department SALE OF THE STOWE LlBRARY.—Yeaterday the' sale of the Duke of Buckingham's library, removed from Stowe, was commenced at Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson's rooms, in Wellington-greet. There was a very large atten dance of purchasers, including nearly all the eminent book sellers in London, either in person or by their representa tives. Sir George Warrender, and several private collectors, were also present. There is little in the character of this library calling for particular remark. It consists chiefly of en accumulation of books from various libraries, which in course of generations have descended to the Bnckiogham family. I here is in consequence an abeence of that completecess in any department of the collection which is generally looked far in libraries of this description. Among the books, however, there are some of great value, and the presentation copies of rare works are exceedingly numerous. One black letter volume, entitled "The most ancient and femme History of the Renowned Prince Arthur, King of Britain," with woad engravings (1634), was bought very cheaply, being knocked down for 11. Ss None of the other lets were worthy capo nel notice. The amount realised by the day's sale was 3341. 9s 6d. The sale will contiatte deity during the next fortnight. PROBATE Derr.—Sir,—ln advocating the exten sion of the probate duties to real property, Mr. Cobden and the financial reformers appe ar to have overlooked the ob jectionable nature of the tax, which in the great majority of amnia certainly oily second in iniquity to the infamous in- come tax. The death of a lather not only deprives his fa. milt' of their natural protector, but too frequently reduces them from a state of affluence to comparative poverty and in such a moment of privation and distress ' the state, hi/teed of protecting, posse's in the shape of this vile tax upon the little fund saved by a life perhaps of industry for their sup port. What, I ask, can be more cruel or barbarous ? Is it not in the most literal sense robbing the tuberless and widows, and those who have none to help them ? What can be more disgusting than such oppression of the weak and the afflicted by the 90 potent hand of law ? Now the extension of this impost to real property would aggravate and inereme this deplorable evil, for although I (ally admit the mean selfishness and glaring injustice of the great proprietors of land in ex. mpting themselves from this tag, and the al solute necessity of compelling them in future to pay their fair share of the barthens cowed by their own mismanagement of the national aff..iis, yet I cannot think it either desirable or just, for the sake of making the greatlandowners pay the probate tax, to increase the her infliction resulting from it to the small property clams. In meting out justice to the few, let us be careful to avoid injustice to the many. I would rather advocate the entire abolition of such a tax, and if direct taxati,n is to be the ordtr of the day, the nation ought to tolerate none other than a gradual property tax, for by snob a tax only can the great and wealthy be forced to contribute their lair share to the neceesities of the country.—A SCBSClLlllllo.—Guildford, Jan. 6, 1849. INQUffirT, YftIerLIDAT.—SODDEN MATH OP AN Airrisr.—By Mr. Bedford, at St. Gear"?' hospital, on the body of Mr. William Stevenson, portrait painter, aged 37. At th e adjourned eeguiry it appeared that deers:fed had fcr some time post enjoyed the most pert, et health ; that on the morning of Saturday week he left his residence in /heck noek-cresxnt, Camden Town, to pay a profcteronal visit to the Earl of Cardigan, at Hounslow. He reached Piccadilly after the Wiadsor stage, by which he intended to go, had started, and hsd to run some distance before he overtrick it. , He then mounted to the top of the coach, hut had no sooner ' taken his seat behind the driver than be fell backwards and irstantly expired. His body was carried to the hospital. Mr. Henry Potter, the Irtusa surgeon, who made a poet 1/11740M examination, found all the viscera healthy, with the exception of the heart. Considering that the de ceased bad run very fast to overtake the each, and the weak state of the heart, the surgeon thought the de ceased had fainted and died from exhasuftion. Tbh evidence was not considered sufficient to warrant the conclusion that tho deceased had died a natural death; and in order to remove all doubt the contents of the stomach were analysed. Nothing of a deleterious nature was however found, and the ar returned a verdict of "Natural lhath."—The deceased had taken the portraits and published engravings of severe distinguished characters. At the period of his death he was 'niggled upon, and had nearly finished, the portrait of the Bari of Cardigan. He has lest a widow and several children. THE EXPRESS, TUESDAY EVENING, JANUARY 9, 1849. THE UNPAID MAGISTRACY. Sts,—ln year pipe et Friday, Des. 16, occur II wake remarks .0 die vapid ariOuntes, in relation to the Wymoadkaa .caca • aa p t s tir the duirableaces drab. stitrting a saiirlod elected by the rate payers, for the present slam. I believe that me London edits, iaer can be, aware of die oefiof the meaty mask tncy. You naturally flu rat Mleatka ea a kw tallest paints. such as that at Wymondhsat ; but of the character and effects of the cyst= sa a whole you are likely to know absolutely nothing. Aad lot, with your smatier glean of judging, you land oa the oonaltulsa to which all who live in the ranl districts ham been bug Windbag—sanely. the substatutios, not only is pollee, bat to all other come now disposed of by county magistrates, of • court similar in kind to t h e county courts, or of a pail Jostler at the Mod of a circuit.. I w6l 'rah, first, of the present mode of appointing rarity magistrates, and on this, r all besides, I will state only what has come ander my own personal obeervatica. We have heard much ha praise at "an unpaid magis tracy." Been you speak of It as "an institution designed le encourage habits of business In our gentry." Never was e a great a 'retake. Believe me there are many induct made to Mame the office of which you are not aware. hie sought ea a distinctiou appertaining to leaded nroprietors—as a sans of strengthentne a party es a sours of patronage and power—mac, not least of all, as a means 01 promoting personal and private Interists. No doubt many magistrates are actuated by public feelings ; but of the coat majority I will venture to darn that the acquisition of " habits of busi ness," or (as you farther say) 'keeping the law a living part of man's thought,"is the last thing that occupies either their aims or their "thoughts." A gentleman inherits a landed property, or he obtains one in a particular divisin. He desires to qualify as a justice, or, if the then existing bench jurist* him to he suitable to their tastes, he is invited to qualify. He is then noose. weeded to the lord lieutenant by some magistrate intimate with his lordship, or who has his ear; mad, if the other magistrates do not object, he is appointed. This is the peo nes in the oases which have come under my notice. I have known it matter of boast among magistrates that they had net one on their bench who ilia not hold conservative prin. eipin ; and as to any one being a magistrate who bad not considerable landed estates—phoo! the thing was not to be thought of. Let any one look around him, and, if he reside in a rural district, and that district at all reessable these I refer to, what will he find? He will see a bench, numerens beyond the requirements of the district, sad qualified, nay super. qualified, to act as megistratee—by the possession not merely of 1001 per annum landed property, but of many hundreds. But if he inquire more narrowly into their qualifications, what will he further find ? He will disrwer that they are men generally and as a body bel.w the avenge as to natural fitness ; men not only wholly ignorant of law, and unread even in " Burn's Justice," but without the capacity some times, and often without the disposition, to repair their defi ciencies' sad who are eoatent to remain wholly in the hands of their clerk as to points of law, while they are shielded from all the consequences of any but the most glaring and wilful wrongs, by the act of parliament " for protecting justices against vexatious actions," so called, but which ought rather to have been entitled " an air for protecting justices in their wrongs," for I defy any but a rich man to obtain redraw, and even he must be content to do it at a certain loss. Lot such a one then proceed to analys- the composition of the county magistracy of his district more precisely, and he will find at to be made up of some such elements as these. It will consist of the Noires of his division. Of these the greater part will seldom set, or act only oa special occasions, such as cases where they have some proximate interest—the making or altering of a road, the prosecution of some offeace against the tame laws, where they cm oblige a brother ma gistrate; cc on what may be termed state merlon., each as ar ending at quarter sessions. The general business will be in the hands eat some half-dox-n justices, of whom one or two will be hustling men —men, oftentimes, who wiil have to decide cases in which they are interested, and three or four others who must be dull indeed if they cannot serve to make up a quorum. Such are the men who, nine times out of ten, transact the busiers at petty morons, where, after all, most of that bur nets is transachd which affects communities, and the mass of which more than makes up for its minuteness. It is not by the acts of jostle s assembled at quarter sessions, where the eye of the public is full upon them, and where there are venally a few nobler, more generous, aid better info wed spirts to take the lead or give the tone, that the un:said ma gistracy, as a whole, is to he estimated, although it isof these almost alone that the London press and the world at large take note. As, in private life, it is the current of daily actions, email in detail but large in amount, which tam and declare the character, so it is in the weekly sessions, which no barrister Wends to watch, and of which few but the parties interested take heed, that the true character of magi. 'trans and a inseistraey is seen. And there, with some re spectabls exceptions, may be a'enost weekly witnessed not only ignorance, dulness and inaptitude —not only temper, petulant pride of office, and a jealous exac•ing of ceremonious observance such as would be ridiculous even in a judge, but an exhibition of tendencies, far the indulgence ot which, in an administrator of justice, human frailty can furnish Ism extenuation. But of these I may speak hereafter. Looking then at the constitution of our county mai:jersey, and this, either in the a *tract principle on hie,' they are appointed, with no reference to any qualification but acres; or in the concrete, as they appear upon the b .nch, is it not a spectacle fitted for a barbarous age ? Does it not stand forth moue the most aneular phenomena of the age we live in, Or now, when England is so expended in her population a. to nem one vast town—when there is no lack either of pro le.sional men, or funds to remunerate them—we should be content to we the laws administered by men avowedly ignorant of its veriest rudiments; men who, if you talk to them, you will find never think of looking into a law book. To me, I confess, the toleration of such a system amongst us, is one of the most thoroughly ridiculous things that still linger on the surface of civil society. Yet, no! The elects, is rural districts, have been ams Miens for laughter.—Ovrts. THE SOUTH WESTERN RAILWAY AND THE FINANCIAL REFORM ASSOCIATION AND SIR WILLIAM NAPIER. The Asesciation has just published the 13th section et that, trade. lon the loathe last published, the TNT 1 0011141 . of this allant 'Meer, who assails the Financial which must wk as given;. ok but the subject has its ramifications, b overloed. It is only neameary to look hack into recent political his tory as tar se the alga of the reform question, 1831-2, to dis cover that reform writer* had few stronger arguments to urge against the abuse of military patronage than this, that the Napier., because they were wedge, had been for many years un rewarded by promotion. And if a cone spondee' (who is quoted hereafter) be not in error, no tonnes or psi. were more frequeally— at least more effeetaally--maployed in exposing the abases in the clothing department of regiments (the head taikirships) than those of the Napier*. Incessant grumbling. however, and a belief on the part of the public that they bad net had their fair share of promotion, gained Ice them both promotioa and emolument*. Orlegot• command in ladia,and besides his Scindlan pries -money, that metable of the Napier family had his pay as • general tfilcer ; his pay as a com mander; his flea pay ; and his " allowances," more then eau be enumerated here. Also he ha;, and hes, the heed taihrship of the 22d R eg i men t, w hi c h was worth, in 1843 (since which there have been no morns), 1,4421. 9s. ld., that is, allowing him the usual rate of 6001. ss pay in his capacity of clotting colonel, the shop profi: s oa the clothing amounted to 9421.95. Id. The dates of this officer's (Sir Charles James Napier's) promote; m were—ensign, January, 1794 ; lieutenant, May, 1794 ; captain, 1803 ; major, 1806; lientenantimlonel, 1811; from which p rind there was ne step until 1826, fourteen years; nor was there • step from 1825 until 1837, when he became mejor-general. In 1843 he got the head tailoring of the 22nd Regimen; the profits worth in that year 9421. 9e. 16., uMmady stated ; and, in 1846, he was mad* • lieutenant-general. In the returns of public salaries, 1844, quoted in the last section, we find anotoer Napier, presumed to be the one at that time in Shade, of whom income " no return " had been received ; and next to him is Sir George f:Napier, unat;el;l pay •s • mjoagesi••L £4OO Pension lar wounds 340 Governor of the Caps of Owl Hoye 1.5.700 This officer bosun* a lie ntenant colonel in 1812, and like the rest, was under the " told shade," until 1825, when he was made a colonel. He succeeded to be major-general in 1837, lieutenanLgenersl in 1846, and head tailor to the Ist West India Regiment in 1844. The shop profits as this re giment have not been aacsrtained. The pay for being clothing colonel was returned, in 1844, at 3141. 13e. Id. ; but that:pincer who then clothed the regiment drew, in addi- Lon, pay as a major-general, unattached; and 6.0001. per manna as • governor of Malta," t►e profits in taikriag being allotted, in his absence, to a substitute. Anointr of the. Napier family is Major-Gencrel Thomas Ersk , ne N‘pier, cumm aiding the Limerick district in Ire land. Besides which there is a young growth, out of vari.us old stocks, coming up to major-generalships and head tailor ships, some of w►om have alrea4 rtached the dangerous eminence (dangerous to the tame) of "colonels on the staff,". Of the Napier, in the Navy List nothing shall be said at present. They alas have for their motto. " Ready, aye ready." One of them was • member of parliament for • "popular constituency ;" but is now more profitably em• ployed in assisting to spend the seven millions nine hundred and fifty-one thousand eight hundred and lorty-two pounds voted tot the nstry. He is making experiments in sailing, with ships which were built upon exptrinssot. but to re• turn to Sir William Napier. The constitution of the board of ofßeers, which Sir W. Napier proudly points at as bring • check upon improper nroceedings in the clothing department, was fully explained in the last section, and a remarkable figure it makes. It was shown, am; that private soldiers are not the msn to make appeals or amen legal rights *pilot the pleasure of their superior,, seeing that they may thus be distinguished by unfavourable marks, as " lawyer.," ..0., in their book of character. _ but it is the indiscretion of the an.ry msjorgeneral that leads to the question of whether that board offers a sufficient guarantee. The question was not mooted in the Tract No. 4, from which he votes. The assertion therein was not, as he says, that general officers deliberately sup. ply bed clothing to obtain greater prof n." The assertion was, that the office of clothing colonel i. conferred on general officers because it affords a profit from t;.e clothes, and that in cases where the clothing niust be of such a good quality as net to afford profit, or much profit, en allowance in money is made to make up for the deficiency. As, for instance, in the cavalry regiments, the pay of el.ithitig colonel (see Aar Edward Kerri‘on, No. 7 of the foregoing list) is 1,0001, while it is generally about WO/. ice the infantry, where the clothing is:inferior, and where deaths are more frequent, and the proflis, consequently, greater. The military cone spondent already quoted, relative t. the custom of making dianges in regimental necesiaries, by which the soldiers have their pay stopped, say s— hed Sir W. Napier been a soldier In the same regiment with me, he would have bed to leave of wearing s t a bl e s h oes, be reghr.eittal orders, though the, wore not half worn. Hs would have been obliged to accept • parr of high -lows to wear In the stebka, bawd from the guartartnaltet's store, at ils. lid., to be paid by stoppages; and in three months (before e high-lows were half worn, or before the mond pair of cries were bolt worn', he would have been obliged to throw the higiolows aside, by regsental order, not allowed to wear or retain them In his possession ; and he must have sub mitted to take • pair of shoal (thus time with buckles) from the quartermaster's store, and again piy fur them by stoppages. In any 'meal regiment he must eubmlt to take a pair of cloth over alls and a new 'noble Jacket, and par fur them by stoppage*. In any regiment the soldier who Is easing, rarebit, and so economic d as to go to the hsberdashere to buy his own linen, heeler", flannels, or otto r wares, may look out fur the frowns of the troop eel geantsma)or In cavalry, the colour sergeant and pay sergeant In itifentry, tool the qulrternoster in any of them. If the soldier takes the profit which they look for to any other shop, be will soon have a handle to his name, and a sunk upon his charms ter; he will be "Lowry Brown." If by choice, there be • bpd upoa his belts, or dullness on bin brass s, or rust upon his rararid. after that —ah : it had been bettor far him not to have gone past the barrack store with his :usual. Major General Napier proceeds to argue about the cap tains of the army not having a pecuniary barren in the necessaries served out to the Bolding. It was not alleged th tt they had. The captains were not spoken of nor hit ted at. Ile proceeds into other matters wnich have no connexion with the sobj ets in question, into which nothing but ranee could hive led him. The question at issue 11 this:—There being an average of profits pocketed by the clothing colonels of ab nit 7.5,0001., and pay to the amount of 86,8-501 74. 6d., making 161,8501. 7. 6d., and those clothing colonels, even by Sir William Nopier's own showing, doing nothing, good or bed, with the clothing, " never seeing their regiments," ae be admits ; being powerless undi r the board of generals and the Queen's regulations ; seeing this to be the case, might no the whole of that sum be saved to the taxpayers ? The objection of the association to the system, as expressed in Tract No. 4, is, that a fiction is continued by those general Officers to take money from the public none while they blindfold the public • yea. Major- General Napier rushes into print to defend the " honour" of this fiction, and the " honour" of those who blindfold the pubic eye. Against pay earned by services actually per formed the association make no complaint; nor do they ques• tion the amount of such pay and declare it to be too high ; on the contrary, it has always surprised merchants, manufac turers, and others ens aged actively in commerce, that gentle men boasting of their high birth, of their family, and their personal honour,should use family influence to scramble, and political influence to intrigue, for appointments, the legiti mate pay of which is about the same as the salaries of junior clerks, or head porters in the establishing - Its of merchants; whose ultimate advancement, if some more powerful scram• bleu do not force them aside, is to be major-generals, lieut.- nant-geeerals, possibly generals, or (twenty thousand chances to one against them) held-marehals, and whose legitimate, honestly avowed pay is but equal to the salaries of mercantile clrrks of the first clue, or the profits of second or third-rate tradesmen. It is their other emoluments which alore make their military rank • doable, without which they are discontented grumblers. To obtain these they scramble into parliament, or, if they cannot obtain seats there themselves, they rack their family influence to the uttermost to place relatives in parliament (nearly three hundred such being there now), through whose venal votes they may be placed elsewhere, to receive those other emolument, in andition to their legitimate pay, namely, the head tailoring of regiments, the horse dealing of cavalry and artillery, the sinecure commands of garrisons, the staff commands of districts, the commands of ships or dockyards, the governorships of colooies, the " table allow ances," and official pickings of such governorehipr--emolu meats which are alike oppreseive to the distressed taxpayers who bear the burthen, and discreditable to these tax-eaters. PROPOSED COUNTY SCHOOL-FARM FOR HEREFORDSHIRE. A report of the committee on a Hereford county and city school-farm, for if icing young people of the labour ing classes in agricultural industry, on the se:f supporting system, was read at a meeting in Hereford last week. It was carried unanimously. Leaving aside children of earlier years than nine to the ar• ranomments made for them in their respective parishes, under the supervision of the clergy, he coramitG e apply themselves to the question—What sort of establishment and what course of education will be most suitable and advisable for the cor rection of prevailing evils, and for the discharge of those Cbrietiac obligations which the opulent owe to the indigent ? Statistics show that in: England end Wales there was an inerea-e in committels to prison of 4,530 in the last two years. It is understood that the number of crimes perpetrated is six times as many as the number of committals. The total costs for the detection and punishment of crime for the year ending at E tater, 1818, far the county of Hereford, were, in round numbers, beneath the true once, 6.0601. ; for the city, 2,3001., exclusive of the orate borne by Fovernment In England and Wales, the increase, in 1847, of the num ber of paupers relieved was 389,271 —The total number of paupers now exceeds one tenth of the whole population, and it is understood that the returns for 1849 will show a considerable increase. The cot ter paupers in the county of Hereford for 1837 was 39,2181 .; for 1847, 45,3631. The chairman of the Board of Guardians has already announced that the number of children in the workhouse has increased in seven years from 50 to 150, the number now in the house, and that the premises will soon I equire enlargement to ac commodate the ennually.increming number of applications. The committe, in view of thee. facer, are convinced that an in stitution for training the children of thelabouring classai,as we 11 as the chiViren of the minty and city, in agricultural industry, if efficiently directed, would conduce mate rielly to the beet in terests of the communit y. And further, that such an institution, formed on a somas of magnitude and munificenc craneneu• rate with its importance, deserves and demon .e the cordial co- 3peration of every one for its establishment. Much ince vetting and inetesetlve natter lee been brought before the r attention 01 the ataunittee, which shows the almost bound less reeourees of the soil under diciest systems of spade husbandry and economical maanagemeat of manures. Tuese extraordinary results, however, have only hitherto lamed boo limited qualities of lead . They neverthelees exhibit, ea s amtua sae* a mast enisorssfing prospect of the great —sued ef deed which had ensulany cultivaUld on a large seals rim he expected to produce. Tim cesamittee, with deference, submitted the fellewies so fiat wed Indastrld /keel. he the einestien et deism ells* mama et as Montag dress Is the eseney Mr;sientikleeL T hat the eine be senheeleil es • esirespeort tag epitlein. Trot a ions bele= en keen Thst the yew( prople he seeded Is the eiteeLheut, talll lbe are et *Men was. That priliki Farris. is pines • toy In lbe edeoWerm,sed le ger his Adele (sperm belimety, be In to do eo, end to meow him dm issamber being linked. That Maimed* be gives in theeilmenressi ler these hams dilly. That a Wit a metros, a slesilaister, • sobool-ralstress, esreant-maids, sad these selected ishemeees be the Waken cabers or the school-fare. That a helm, telee , _ .....L. sbeemsker, and carpenter, be occeelorially 'employed on the not the lfol Bmipteres be lead daily In the 'shoot ; that FieabYsn le thereon, and the seoeeary Explanations be elm% mil that be Moine*, of every day bey,in and end with prayer L em oi l=iea That the church be taught to the children of of the church of England ; but not to those whose parents, sanaters of ether religions bodges, object to it. That the young people to taught and trained in the principles and practice of Chris timaty, In elementary knowledge, in etude huxbundry, In the usual beeinee Of • hum, and in other useful occupations, with • view to at tom, by obristl.in condos end habits of industry, to earn • reputable Mdegoodeat livelihood. That the young people attend divine eerie. every Sunday in the parish church, with the bailiff or school. raggeter. The committee basing failed to find any practical example of the system of spade husbandry they »commend large enough to warrant them in arriving at any definite oonclo nen as to the amount of produce which can by due shill and labour be realised, or in ascertaining the proper proportion between the sup,ily of labour and the quantity of land re quisite for the attainment of the greatest benefit to the pupils, and the largest return from the so-I. The produce must be greatly determined by the skill and cue with which the sys. tam is administered, and the number required for its cultiva tion, by the results of practical experience. As there must, under any circumstances, intervene a considerable period before the lanl is brought to its full bearing, the committee recommend that, for the purpose of maintaining the young people and supplying the interest of the necessary outlay for the first few years, a sum be raised by subscription, and that the amount of such subscription shall determine the scale on which the enterprise is first founded. The east of 300 pupils will be less in proportion than that for 100, because the same establishment of officers nearly wi.l suffice. A capital of some amount for the purchase of stock, manure, implements, die , will be also requisite ; and the committee recommend that this sum be raised= ken, and bear interest. The pre. bable expenses may be stated thus : Rent, rates, and taxes for the farm 50s. per acre. Salaries—BAK 601. per annum; matron, SOL ; tech elm eater, 501. ; mistress, 301. • servant maids, each 101 ; selected labourers. each 1.51. Maintenance —Rations, clothes, and all other costs fir the pupils, each per week 3a. 6d. ; rations for efficers, 201. each per annum ; keep of two horses, each 201. rm annum. The commi•tee understand that the self-supporting principle shall he carried into every department of the institution, not simply with a view to economise the funds, hut with the far more impor tant object of exhibiting to the young people a aye em cf domestic management and economy in its minutest detaile, which to the cottager may be essential to the comfort or sub sistence • f the family. On the other hand, it is tar from their purpose that the school-farm shall be wholly dep. ndsnt for its continuance upon the labour of the poor children who are admitted its inmates. During the first few years, the poverty of the soil and the inaptitude of the young labourers may present innumerable obstacles to the full attainmect of the end aimed at. The committee, however, are persuaded that»e interest which has been so generally expressed by the county families, and by many in the city, in the proposed scheme, may be taken as an instalment of their teadinetu to contribute towards the support of the school-farm, at least mat.' its merits shall be cevelopcd. Nor will they jutLe those merits by the naked balance-sheet of pounds, shillings, and pence. Tt.ty will give to that department which is its chief object, viz , training the children practically in chris ian conduct, and habituating them to the details of agricultural industry, its due proportion. Every sovereign invested in this purpme may, if the schaol•larm prosper. b 3 set down by the capitalist as a sum that shall in a few years return an amt le per centage. The more sanguine members of the committee, however, feel th. =selves fully just•tiol in expressing their conviction that with a sufficient evict', to commence with. and a due number of willing young labourers, after the first few years, this cradle of etithtianity, industry, on I agriculture will need no external support. Oa the contrary, that it will be pre pared to offer a hospitable hem* to many friendless and most hopeless young wanderers. By accepting orphans and the children of indigent parents as the children of the county, or th , children of the city—as individuals whom, by the laws of the realm , the. are bound to keen in order—hitherto through the terror of the gaol, end bonne , to provide a maintenance for—hitherto through the medium of workhouses and the form of poor-laws—the opulent do in fact only extend to them the same principle which the soundest policy prompts them to pursue in the management of their own children. To prevent is in every case wiser then to cure. To bend twigs -a infinitely more easy than to mould timber. To win the respect, the regard, and the obedience of young people by wtoleanme discipline, and by initiating them in the duty and love they owe to God and to their neighbours, an Basis r task than to force conformity from the hoary head and heardened heart. But the pent mid weight of the argurnet.t in favour of the establishment of schools of agricultural industry does not be in holdinu them forth as defensive measures against the pro gress of vice and the inroads of pauperism. Much higher and nobler prospective ends crown this work. To qualify the labauring climes by intelligence, by discipline, and by habits to identify their individual interests with the best interests of mankind generally ; and to give them an interest in preserving the peace and happiness of all around them, will be to build the safest bulwarks against the ravages and cals. mities which now desolate Europe. The willing h , arts and ready if rvices of an intelligent, industrious, grateful, and efsristian people, will be the best national defences, and the best c overvatives of the national resources. While as patriots they will share and rejoice in their country's pros perity, as christians they will receive with thankfulness the bounties with which a gracious Providence shall bless the work of their hands for their sustenance in this life, and they may look forw.ird with hope and cheerfulness to that hour when their Redeemer shall intro.uce them to .another lire, happy and everlasting. PERIODICAL TICKETS. Sir,—As I presume the statement which appeared in your paper of Tuesday last may be taken as an exposition of the views of the directors on the questions pending between them end the passengers, you wilt not, I am sure, refuse to give pubiicity to a few remarks in reply. With re ant to the prop-sed season tickets, although the charge of 21. 10e. per mile by the year is higher than on any other line in the kingdom where the plan has been intro duced, it may, perhaps, be said that the passengers have the option of taking them or not; hut from the rise in the daily fares they have no escape, and are entirely at the mercy of the directors. I shall be told, perhaps. that the directors have not actually increased the fares. They have only re duced the drawback on return tickets, which used to be one third—and in some instances a fourth of the double fares to one-sixth. As if that were not substantially the game thing. Bat even to this principle they have not adhered, for at Kingston, which has the largest traffic of any single station on the lines, the driwhack no the second-class tickets is just ' one seventh of the double fare. The director take mace credit to themselves for the bees they have given to the public in the mason tickets, and this Is made the pretext for altering the double journey fang, which had already been twice raised within the last ten mouths. So far, however, as the se.ond clam piesengere Sr. concerned, the directors have trended to them the penalty, but not the boon. They have raised their fans, but allowed them no season tickets It was upon this point chic fiy that a committee of the passenger, was deputed to request a conference with the directors, which has been declined. 01 this, I think, the committee have fair reason to complain, and that a respectable body of gentlemen, who are all ens. stunt customers of the company to the event of from 301. SO 401. a year each upon au average, had a right to expect this they would at least be allowed a hearing upon a subject seriously affecting their interests. Possibly the price suggested by the pamengen for the season tickets might be thought as much too low, se that fixed by the directors was too high ; but if the p irties could have met, it is probable that =vital concessions would have been made. And I have reason to believe that if the oom piny would have consented to grant yearly tickets at the rate of 21. per mile for the first class, and 11. 10s. for the second, leaving the daily fares without alteration, the plan would have been very generally accepted, and would have produced a large return. For a long time, when the fares were considerably loner than they were even before the late rise, the comrimy psid a dividend of 7 per cent., and sometimes more, and they are, therefore, on the horns of this dilemma: either the low fares then yielded them a fair return for their capital, or they paid a dividend which their profits did not warrant. If the latter, why are the public to pay for their improvidence ? If they have since expended a large additional capital in various extensions which were of no benefit to the old tra veller on the line, why are the latter to suffer for their imprudent speculations ? The extension to Waterloo bridge alone has been of any ser vice to the regular paseengen on the line, and for this they have already paid in the two additions to the fares which I have alluded to. But the great advantage which the company have derived from this exteruion is that they have thereby been enabled to compete with the Great Western in a line to Windsor, which would have had no chance while the terminus was at Nine Elms. And yet will it be believed, that while this immense outlay has been incurred princi pally with a view to the Windsor and Richmond traffic, the fares on that line, though considerably lower than on the main line, have not been raised in anything like the same proportion, and in some instances have even been reduced ! The follow* table will give some notion of the glsring difference between the double journey fares cn two lines under the same maangemest wanes tin.. . _ f SOCTILUIPSOS MS!. - lot 2nd Clem ClaaL Claw Clem Nike. Ld. ad. Minn d. u. hatchet 24 .. .. 4 . Woking..... ZS .. 8 4.. 6 Winstbury b .. 6 .. 4 Onertary.... 21 .. 70.. 6 Staines Teckc¢hao ll+ .. 3 .. 2 Marton .... 12 .. 42 .. Rkhinond .. .. Weldon ...... 10; .. 2 4 .. Mortlake Wen.l.T °Kb 8 .. 1 .. 1 Clapham .... 6 .. 18.. 1 Is this fair Or Just towards the regular trav,llers on the main line ? And tea any reason be given for it, except the competition which exists on ens line and not on the other ? Railway directors are indignant if it is suggested that com petition is a thing to be desired. It seems, however, that we are indebted to the director for another bo-al. At this fedive season they have put on " Theatre trains," which start three times a week at mid night. Bowe most be content to pay Weber fares all the year round, If we are allowed En extra train in the " festive B season." ut here again :he indulgence is all for the Rich mond line. I have heard of no such favour for the inhabi tants of Htneston and Wimbledon, nor am I aware that they with it, bat I cannot understand why this is to ba thrown in their teeth, or why they are to pay an extra charge ke allowing the Richmond puseorre to see a Christmas panto- Inisne.—A SIIIOIITON PASS/EMIL IRELAND. DUBLIN, JAN. O. The social revolution amongst the gentry coot:ages !to make way. A great Munster landlord is stagger ing under debts contracted forty years ago for a large country mansion, a church built pro bons publiro, and a demesne wall several miles lunir. These have re mained unsettled to this day. The difficulties of a liberal peer in the south of Ireland, hitherto supposed to have been very wealthy, are now freely spoken of. But it is not alone the landlords who are breaking down. The failure of a very prudent and meet respectable merchant in a southern city within the last few days has caused much surprise, as he was a member of one of the first commercial families in Ireland. He was connected with the Irish home trade, which hasp suffered fearfully of late. The head of one of oar first firms recently stated that there was now as much due to him from one county in Ireland, u was formerly owed to him from one of the four provinces under the old system of trade. Within the la,t couple of days the weather has be come misty, with more fog and less cold than we had in the b ginning of the week. It is expected that the drawing-room on the 25th ' will be well attended, and already our fashionable 'circles are interested about the new presentations, and the course of gaiety likely to take place in the ap proaching Dublin season. At present, however, the town is exceedingly dull and empty. The gloom of the times makes society, even in this lighthearted city, very sombre and depressed in tone. Ala., what happy times, compared with these, were those days when O'Connell, astride upon the populace, used to be telling his laughing audiences that " we were the most unfortunate people upon the earth ^' In the country there has been some social gaiety lately, which in these sad times is quite a novelty. At rowerecourt thew has been mach juvenile hila rity, and under the auspices of the Duke of Devon shire there has been a round of public balls at Lis more, which, however, have not succeeded very welL There was an extremely interesting discussion at the Cork Scientific and Literary Society, last Thursday evening, when Mr. Colthant, the cele brated bog-reclaimer, attended, and explained his views. I subjoin a report of the discussion. At a meeting in Longford last week, the mem bers for the county attended, and resolutions were passed to the effect that all descriptions of pro perty should be rated for the relief of the poor. If such meetings take place in other parts of Ireland, the Chancellor of the Exchequer will appeal to them as evideo-e of the necessity for an income tax. One of the questions which on the meeting of par liament will be soonest and most vigorously pressed upon the attention of the legislature, will be the area of taxation for poor-law rating. The difficult part of this complicated subject will be to devise a good law of settlement, suitable to the exceptional state of this country. Whether government will legislate directly on this subject appears to be still uncertain, as it is said there is much discordance of opinion on the point between certain members of the administration and a leading controller of the whole poor-law system. The practical members amongst our representatives are turning their attention to it, but as yet there is great crudeness in their views. The enormous number of juvenile paupers now maintained in the workhouses is becoming a great evil. By some persons it is proposed that government should establish depots in the chief seaports, and export wholesale to the colonies cargoes of pauper Irish boys and girls. The tone of the Young Ireland organs ham under gone a sensible change of late. Tae clerical party in this country have been much alarmed by the results of ciabbism on the continent, and by the expulsion of the Pops from Rome. 800 Itscormartow. —At the meeting of the Cork Salien t& Society, en Thursday, Mr. C. Celt/met, of Cleo ethyl*. J.P., attended to give any explanation that might be deemed desirable to the eockty in respect to the plan he had adopted in reclaiming the lands of Milken—Theaseretary having read dummy of Its. Richard T. Hill, on the recla mation el waste lands, In Ireland, Mr. Coltharst aaidthat nothing would have induced him to come from his tame but the necessity he saw of Inducing the employment of the people remuneratively to employers. He had been suosessful is his endeavours to reclaim waste land. Having suo elided and having data to fie on, be wee now ready to give every explanation in his power. Any person could do what he had done If he availed himself of common industry, a little intelligence, and, of course, the riqui• site capital. If he endeavoured to shoe what he had dose and what the result, it would be a mere recapitulation of the essay just real, the great work having been accom plished by the profits arising (tom 20 acres which he had previously reclaimed. These 20 acres were valued under the Tithe Composition Act at 11,1., when in the posses sion of a farmer named John Hely, who was ejteted for non payment of rent. That was in 1835; and in 1846 it had made for him 2,2641. 13s. 24. He trusted it would not be (apposed that he was egotistical, er that he desired to blow W own trumpet ; his only anxiety being to impress on the public mind that industry, skill, and -spited, would ova worth any obstacles it followed up with energy and spirit. He bad been working lea wilderness from 1830 to 1848, and the re sult had been a profit of 10,0001. ; be expected by 1851 to make 5,0001. more. Tnis had been done in the middle of the Milleens, where there was neither house nor herbage. Now, this showed that much could be done in Ireland if the people would only aiteanpt it, and he hoped the day wee not far distant when ad classes: and all creeds would tordially oo operate for the benefit of the country, for there waif no 'flee ing the matter, this country was at present in a precarious position. though its fertility was beyond the knowledge of man. He had waited upon the Lord Lieutenant, and had detailed to him the Lame of his works, end he rs cc iyed his Excellency's cordial approbation for the ingenious mode he had adep:ed of ri claiming bog land, which was certainly very novel, and which originated with himself. The plan was the flooding-on the essence of soils, which was extracted by the water from the alluvial deposits of the country, over the land he sought to manure. Now he estimated that the water he ftoo-ed on the land was worth 11, en acre, which, ea the 2.50 acres reclaimed, was 'qua to 250/. a year. Therefore, if the water which flowed over the 1.000 three he held at Ballyvourney could he made worth 1,0001. a year, see the value of the water which idly flawed through the lands of Ireland. There was no doubt hut watt r was the best agent for the improvement of bog. 11 they thorsughly drained a hog, the summer sun would dry it up end destroy its properties for vesetatiou, while if bog wa s allowed to be saturated in wet weather it would not give vegetable food. To meet thee* defects he employed water-gates, which ens bled him to raise or lower the level of the water in hie • Juices at pleasure.—Mr. Corbett desired to know how the farm was situate in respect to limestone ? Mr. Colrhorst replied that it was ten miles removed from it. He considered limestone absolutely necessary f.r the finishing off of bog land, which contained many impurities that lime removed. He had lately brought tinder the notice of the public the 10,000 acres of bog from Kilcrea to Incise genie, through which limestone was abundant, and which posseesed ten times the advantages that his property did.— Mr. F. M. Jennings said that a few months since he was 1* the neighbourhood of Mr. Colthurst's property, and he could bear testimony to all that was 'said in reterenre to the im provement. He was particularly struck with the fertility of the Milleens improvement, which exceeded all desiriptioo— , the plan of improvement being very novel, in proof of which he perceived the Society of Civil Eagiseers had passed a vote of thanks to Mr. Colthurst. It was well known that bog stuff soil gravel and sand to the bog by means of flit:Kling. lie was good manure, and the plan of Mr. Colthurst brought never saw in any country greener land than a portion of the beg where lime was strewn. lie tried the depth of the bog stuff, and bored to 12 feet without corning at the subsoil. By systematic flooding Mr. Colthurst had not only drawn off the bad matter but had infused all that was useful ; and if the system was carried out extensively, the country would be peculiarly benefited. In some places bog was re claimed by drawing sand and gravel by horses, hut this was too expensive, and, not being periodically kept up, the hog fall back to its original waste. This was now effected by flooding, which was produced without either cost or trouble. Mr. Colthurst said that many persons, at vast expense, brought to bog land matter that was injurious; but by his plan all that was injurious was separated by the operation of the water much better then by any other process human in genuity could devise, and spread over the land the very es sence of the aril. The ground got all that was good, and the canal kept all that was bad, and which was carried elf by the floods. Every flood brought down top-dressing for his land, and the friction of the water preventt d the growth of moss.—Alderman Bowden desired to know if cue stream course was sufficient to drain a tog?—Mr. Colthurat said he had one main drain and numerous small open drains. When irrigation was the object, covered drains were not only use less but positively injurious.—Mr. Abel heard farmers say that continuous irrigation produced few crops and wastsql the sod. —Mr. C ilthurst did not ate how this could bs. He looked upon irrigation es the first of all improvements, for this ree son, that there was not a pint of water which did not coutain certain portico., of manure. He admitted that if water we, e applied to land in a slobbering way it would do mot , injury than good, but if brought on on a slope of one foot in fifty, it had sufficient friction to remove all that was injiir:ous to the land, with sufficient steadiness to deposit all that was held in solution that was useful to the land. His father was the gentleman who first introduced irrigation into Mu e kerry. A portion of his lawn was irrigatrd is 1800, and in the course of every succeeding year ho pledged his honour that it yielded to the average three tons of haw per acre for the forty-tight years, and got nothing but irriga tion. He would mention a curious fact:—he haul in his demesne a spring of the purest water, which limed over a portion of the land, and the irrigation of this water gave much better results than that of the river water. — Mr. Jennings said there was no doubt that the purest •pring water rintained very fertilising matter. When they considered the way in which spring wat er we formed, they ,e either for h el th i e rom sus g tene .d ti g ce ro a ti o n d d development or froin o rockst in p'a a nt elate ti . must be aware of i ce carrying away the impuritire of the land. Water contained immense quantities of inerganic matter had seen i nstances of very rich spring w ater w hi c h b e d c te le o i t decompueition, which supplied what the ground required I r fertility. When • bog wan in a dry state it was utterly impossible for vegetation to go ten, neither could it when in a wet state; and, therefore, removing moisture in one sea son and supplying it in another enabled plants to draw their constituents from water and air. They could by constant cropping make alluvial soils barren, hut Mr. Culthurst by his plan supplied the land with fresh alluvial soil every year, and prevented exhaustion. Liebig, in one of his works pointed out how a very few feet of decomposed rock spread upon ground preduced inorganic food fee plants, and that bog produced carbonaceous requisites, all of whi c h were brought. into use by fl aiding the land. Those who under stood the subject regretted the quantity of alluvial matter removed by floods and taken down the river, to the injury of the harbour, which, if collected and spread on land, would give an immense amount of the richest soil for the growth of the food of animals.—Mr. Bergin said that the plan now under consideration was a mere adoption of the ancient sys tem—the inunda• ions of the Nile. He wished to know if Mr. Colthurst had ever tried kelp as a manure for bog mould ?—Mr. Colthurst had never used anything except lime, water, end ashes.—Mr. Bergin found kelp on broken grass ground give enor mous crops, which showed that vegetable matter acted on by kelp produced enormously. He used kelp on a piece of mend at the rate of half a tow to the acre. He wished to know the expense per acre of keeping the sluices and water courses in working order, for if the cost were large it would be an obstacle to the use of the plan by the farmers in geno ral.—Mr. Colthurst said that no rush of water afrect.d the peat banks, and therefere the only cost was in respect to the sluice gates, which were perishable. The most expensive Pest of these was the metal. Toil, with proper care, would lest for half a citatory, while the wood would last at least twenty years. But he looked on these expenses as a mere bagatelle, the profits were so enormous, for ho had proved that land which was worth 41. an micro would not be worth 11. by any other process of reclamation. His great stop hatch cost 101., and the other two SI. each, making 201 He could say, after thirty years' experience. any reasonable ex pense gone to for irrigation would be m ere th an repa id . —Th e discussion was adjourned to the next me e ti ng ,—Abrid ge d from Cork Constaution. PROVINCIAL. LANCASHIRE. PROPOSED REVIVAL OF THE AGITATION FOR THE Tux Horne' But..—The recent adverse decisions of the magistrates in Lancashire, and the consequent general adep that of the relay system, by which the adult hands are, in some instances, compelled to work 12 to 15 hours per day, as stated by many of them, have led to a proposal to revive the ten hours' agitation. A meeting of delegates wet held on Saturday eveuing last at the Woodman's Hut, Great Ancostaatreet, Manchester, for this purpose; or, in the words of the notice convening the meeting, t' for the pur pose of devising the best means to render the Ten Hours' Bill effective, and to prevent the adult kande being worked more than that period per day."—Mr.C.Hindley, M.P., and other friends, lied been invited, and were present. Mr. Hindley raid his mind was so impressed with the importance of the subject upon which they had met, that he should not waste a moment in introductory remarks. It was important they should know what they were about ; and he begged first to direct their attention to the exact posture of affairs. The history of the factory act was well known; and it should not be disguised that they had a strong notion the passing of the act would prevent the unwilling toil of a great many adults. At the same time it was not expected that under the late bill the manufaiturers would be abk to secure such an amount of adult male labour as to be willing to work no more then ten hours. But what was the result ? They had a good many adult males employed 14 hours, and even as many as 15 hours per day. Against this there was no protection by act of parliament, or.d he would cordially tell them that if either Lord Ashley, or Mr. Fielden, or him self, were to go to the House of Commute and ask it to be an act to protect adult males in factories they would be laughed at. They would be told It would be an invasion of men's rights and they would not be list , med to. He cos} teased, therAore, that he feared if the presentprosperity is trade cot,tinutd, the present Ten Hours' Act, instead of at ail helping !nab, adults, would entail longer hours than, surat...--, were known bt fore ; because, under tte recent iptigrett lion of the act by magistrate., it young persons a littre aptstreet " • • A • F-4 -,. • : I f A4 t .tisVif§.4) 1