The Express. — London, England, 1846-11-26 00:00:00

.\ ..• • 3LIEATRE ROYAL COVENT GARDEN: POSITIVELY THE LAST NIGHT BUT TWO OF IL EN'S GONCIRTS. PROGRAM= Kr THIS EVENING (Thursday), Nov. BS. Faze ftreekWebte.—NewQuathille (flest HM ) , bun ths I. co;set e rnil Hood„'' Mrs. A. Beckett—New KIK "Gs few r 1 sash Lois _•'• T. Baker.—Ynet Sae- Bois. 311111116614 "Ogee leer tits lim o Seek amt.—New Vida, the ?pat . tbee), New (OM tier l e kee i% edoe- Itereeteket ,44 enr =2ll7kelam. Ni Illeorlard Dom Iliebe.— " The Bettie Amy," eleistoi by** bet Bode, MNi AT IL—Opera, Selectien town "I Lombardi; with Solos, NerdL --Air and YariationuLdiss Birch, Roie—New Conde Polka, The &roe- Ooomertias, btx. Cue, Case.--Galop, Le, Fin du 'NI *meats 110111111110011 at Eight, and are over at Eleven. The Bare Ida lowiird• as MONDAY MELT, November 30, with the GRAND HAL MASQUE. THEATRE ROYAL, COVENT-GARDEN. — m. lULLIF2CB GRAND BAL MARQUE.—M. JULLIEN has the r to ennoonee that the shove GRAND ENTERTALN KENThonou will take place next MONDAY, Nov. 30. ; and roost positively be the only Dal Masque this season. On this occasion M. Jullien feels the greatest confidence of being enabled to present to his pa =an evening's amusement, which, as a scene of variety and g brilliancy, will be pronounced unrivalled.—Tickets for the Ball, 105. 6d. each. Every arrangement will be made for the accommodation of those who wish to be mere spoetators, for whom the audience portion of the Theatre will be entirely set apart. Priors of admission for Spectators—Drew Circle, 55.; Boxes, 3a. Lower Gallery, 2n .; Upper Gallery, la. —Private Boxes from L 3 35.; upwards. Persons hiking Private Boxes will have the privilege of pulling to and from the Ball-room without extra charge. Tickets for tho Ball, places, and private boxes m.y be secured on appticatiou to Mr. Reilly, at the Box-oilice of the Theatre, which is open from 10 till 5 ; Private Boxes, also, at Mr. Mitchell's and Mr. Barns 's Libraries, and at M. Junks and Co.'s Musical Establishment, 214, Regent.street. Mr. L Nathan, Jun., of IS, Castle-street, Leicester-square, is aps pointed costumier to the Ball. __ . . -L• YCEUM THEATRE. MR. ALLCROFI " S PROMENADE CONCERTS.—LAST THREE NIGHTS of Mr. MRY RUSSELL. TIIIS EVE.NLNG (Thursday), Nov. 26, ra0G11•1011: Part I. Overture, " Der Fricschutz." Quadrille, Drachenfells." Operatic Selection from " Robert the Devil." by Distin and his four Scats, on the silver Sara-horns. Polk; " Victoria-Albert." Scotch Song, Mr. Sinclair. Solo, Violin, Master Thirlwall. Waltz, " Naiades." Distin's Grand Military Quadrille. In the mural of the evening Mr. Henry Russell will shut several of his popular Songs. Part ll.—.Selettions from Loele's "Macbeth." Solo, Saxe-horn, Mr. H. Wain. Polka, Overture, " Tampa." Finale, " Tarantella." Conductor M. Negri Leaders, Nam. Thiessen and Tbornas.—Pit. Promena d e, and Upper Boner, Is.; Dress Circle, 2s. ed.; Private Boles, 10 s. 6 d. and 21s. Appli elation to be made at the Boa-ofllte. THIS EVENING.—APOLLONICON ROOMS. Mr. JOHN MULLAH will commence his FIRST LECTURE cm the ELEMENTS of HARMONY and MUSICAL COMPOSITION, THIS EVENINO (Thursday), Nov. 20, at Half-past Seven o'clock. — Terms : Half a Guinea for a course of Twenty Lectures of two hours mech.—Tickets, and fall particulars may be had at the ApoUonicon Emma 101, St. Martin's- lane ir_rhivrtoo. MAILS. Tho mails for Vigo Oporto, Lisbon, Madeira, Cadle, and Gibraltar, veil be made up on the morning of the 27th November (to-morrow). The malls for New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land, and New Zealand will be made up on the evening of the 30th November. The West India mails, excluding those for Mexico, Ilonduraa, and the Havannah, will be made up on the morning of the 2nd December. Thy overland mails far Gibraltar, Malta, Greece, the lonian Islands, ElMen, Ceylon, India, Hong-Kong, and China, via Southampton, wtlit made up nn the morning of the 3rd December. The mails for British North America, Bermuda, and the United States, will be made up on the eveniag of the 3d December. The mails for the Brains, the River PLte, Monte Video, Pernam buco, Bahia. Madeira, and Buenos Ayres, will be dispatched on the evening of the 4th December. The overland closed malls, tis Marscilka, to the Mediterranean, Egypt, Men, Ceylon, India, Kong Kong, &c., will be made up on the evening of the 7th December. TO CORRESPONDENTS. We esnnot mew, inanyway,;;;;communication thane sent to ne anonymously; Wt those wbo choose to address us eoniklenoe will find their confident* rresospeeledM. NEMIER CAN WE UNDERTAKE TO RETURN ANY MANUBCRIYTB WHATEVER. If One of the Roses" will send as such • letter as we could put into the hands of a gentleman we will refer it to our authority for the statement of which he complains ; and, should It prove incorrect, the required contradicUon Will be given. se Advertisements intended for The laprese, London evening paper, must be at the °Moe by Two o'clock on the day of publication. Of philanthropy , Or the warnings of religion. The wisest reforms are those which consider existing interests until :In clash with the higher purpose of the change. When once they come into collision there should be no question with the statesman,which of the 'swo should go to the wall. Time will harmo nise private interest with public good in all cases. The state may rightly an d wisely disregard noisy predictions of a ruin which can fall on nothing but nuisances. The deputation pointed oat to the Home Secretary the important local interests depending on the decision of the government as to sanatory mea sures. Many towns have taken steps to apply during the approaching session for local acts connected more or less remotely with sanatory objects. Much of the expenditure caused by such applications may be ren dered altogether useless by a general measure. The Home Secretary admitted the awkwardness of the predicament, bat gave no very satisfactory remedy. He had recommended all such parties to comply with the standing orders,thatthey might be prepared to pro ceed with their bills or not, as might appear necessary, but not to spend a single shilling beyond what was re quired for this purpose. This is safe advice, at all events, and, on the whole, perhaps as sound as could be given. But we would most earnestly urge on all towns proposing . to apply for local draining, paving, gas, water, lighting, police, market, or similar acts, to postpone their applications till the session has produced the promised general sanatory measure, as well as the consolidation acts on such matters, as recommended by Mr. HVME'S committee on private bills. In the points of gas and water, especially, such a postpone ment is desirable. It is probable that a general measure will place the superintendence of these supplies under the same authority, and that stringent obligations will be laid on both, bat especially on water companies, to keep up a constant supply of that first necessary of life at high pressure. It has been distinctly shown in the different sanatory reports, that, when the supply is intermittent, the water is vitiated; the inconvenience and labour of obtaining it great ; the supply itself both expensive and inadequate ; and the results of the method demoralising, and destructive to health. A constant supply on the other hand preserves the purity of the water, and releases for other uses the space now appropriated in the crowded houses of the poor to the receptacles for water, while it saves time, labour, and expense to the consumer. As to its influence on the interests of the company, it requires smaller mains and pipes, superintended by tower officers, prevents waste, acts as its own police, and, to crown all, is univers ally practicable. A mass of evidence, of undoubted authority, has proved that a constant high-pressure supply of water may be afforded at one penny per week to every house. It is so supplied in Nottingham. But even where it is much more expensive, from bad management, the poor are found to pay their share of the cost most willingly and gratefully. Besides the direct eco nomy of the constant high-pressure supply, it affords indirect advantages. It goes to super sede the use of fire engines, as it has completely done at Preston; and, wherever it exists, water may be brought to bear on a fire at the rate of thirty gallons a minute. The saving on insurances from this source should be no inconsiderable item in estimating the economy of this method. Lord LINCOLN'S bill, however, so far from making this plan compulsory, actually recognises and perpe tuates the old and bad system of intermittent supply. The committee of the Health of Towns Associution, accordingly, recommend the introduction into the measure of compulsory provisions for securing a con stant high-pressure supply of filtered water. After showing that this can be made binding on companies already existing, they remark, as to new companies : But if It is right that the legislative should require all existing water companies to submit to this condition, and to whatever other regulations are proved to be necessary for the maintenance of the public health and the protection of public property, n fortiori It ought to withhold its sanction ( run the establishment of new water com panies until the provision• are determined on which the powers and privileges sought can be granted without compromising the interests of the community. Iler Alajestynt Commissioners state, as the con. elusions to which they have arrived from the vast mass of evidence that has come before them, that the water supply should be constant ; that it should be consolidated with the works of drainage; that to separate these works is to render both inefficient, and to double or treble the expense for the construction, maintenance, and working of each. The Commissioners will therefore, indeed, have laboured in vain, if the legislature should listen to the applications now before Parliament ; applications which the very announcement of the em elusions of the Commissioners appear to have sugg,eisl; schemes for the pre-occupation of towns by water-works for trading companies, without the slightest additional security for the public interest.. MOH WATER AT LONDON-BRIDGE. Tim DAT. MOrTIIIIII, S 8 lain. plat 8; Afternoon, 31 min. past 7. Toatoanow.—Morning, 5 min. put B; Afternoon, 42 min. put B. LONDON, THURSDAY, NOV. 26, IT requires no judicial or parliamentary investiga tion to decide, what would have been the conduct of Mr. BESPEILD FERRAND in any of the duties or positions of a public man. Whether on the hustings or in the HOll9O of Commons, in eketion committee-room, or anti-factory meeting, as chairman of a Board of Guardians, or president of a political hell-fire club, it is quite plain to every one, how Mr. FERRAND would act, how Mr. FERRAND must act. The nature of the man is too indelible, too original, too rough, for civilisation or any other of the humanising processes of society, to have had the least influence upon him. There is no problem more easily solved, no question more easily answered, than " Given Mr. FERRAND in certain positions, what will Mr. FES.. RAND do ?" The hon. member for Knaresboro' is one of a class known to every zoologist. The mild and free system of this country does permit such speci mens of the animal kingdom to walk abroad, nay, to be mingled in the common affairs of life. But every one must feel the extreme danger and inconveniencies of such intermixture. A wolf, habited and collared like the majority of the dog tribe, and made to keep company with them; a dwarf tiger trusted to lie down and gambol in a community of cats, could not create more alarm, or produce more frightful instances of collision and dismay, than Mr. FERRAND walking and talking amidst the rest of mankind. For our own . satisfaction, therefore, we have no need of diving into the reports of either Mr. MOTT or Sir JOHN \VALSIIAM in order to form an idea of how Mr. FERRAND conducted himself, especially before his social schooling of the last two years, as chairman of the Keighly Board of Guardians. He hated the Poor-law that he undertook to administer, and, of course, he non-administered it. It was the more easy to do this, as it was non-administered before him. The order for the assistant-commissioner to inquire . . Parallel in importance to water arc air and light. The functions of the former of these, too, in puri fying the blood, arc well known. Little as we know, at present, of the peculiar manner in which the latter operates on the human organisation, its im portance to health is ascertained to be much greater . than our forefathers imagined. Indeed, if we, udge our revered progenitors by their construction, they appear to have laboured under an equal ignorance of the value to health of water, light, and air itself. The same utter ignorance or carelessness is apparent, indeed, in their arrangements as to every sanatory point whatever. The conditions of health and disease seem never to have suggested themselves to their much-respected and often-quoted " wisdom," in con nexion with either public or private buildings. _ . . • into the abuses of the union was issued before Mr. FERRAND was chairman. The inquiry found him in the full swing and continuance of the abuse. And his excuse is, that the inquiry was ordered and directed against him personally . by the Secretary of State and the Poor-Law commissioners. Never was a lamer tale, never a subterfuge more common, than that of the culprit who gives out he is the victim of per secution. The dates alone refute the allegation of conspiracy. It may therefore be superfluous to in quire what could be the aim or use of such a supposed conspiracy? To expose Mr. FERRAND? But Mr. FERRAND is a man that needs no exposure; he does nothing but expose himself. The opinions of him which any man has, every man has, and the proofs of them are circronspke and as rice. But the old observation, that a drunken man deems every man around him drunk too, is fully borne out in Mr. FERRAND'S case. With tongue and hand raised against every man's character, he sees every tongue and hand raised against his. No man can go about the common business of life, no functionary can direct the common business of office, but, should they chance to interfere with Mr. FERRAND, it must have been done on purp9Se to expose, and blacken, and " crush " him. Mr. FERRAND is a political ROUSSEAU. Every one shuns him, for fear of his uncouth character, susceptible feelings, and unscrupu lous vindictiveness ; and therefore all the world is leagued to poison and destroy him. The fittest place to lodge Mr. FERRAND would be the infirmary of a menagerie. But, unfortunately, we have no Bedlam for political maniacs, and, therefore, Mr. FERRAND must still be allowed to walk abroad. But so long as he does we shall have a series of Parliamentary scenes and personalities, scrapes, and insults, libels and pro secutions. Every year will produce its " great Morr case." And Mr. LEvas will not be the last to look to the courts of law for protection against the un governable tongue of Mr. FERRAND, and the equally unscrupulous type of his "organ." The first and hardest labour of their successors is, to undo what they have done badly. We may frame regulations for houses yet to be built, but our utmost efforts can do little with those built already. But in proportion to our impotence over the past, should be our determined and vigorous control over the future. One yet remaining defect of Lord LINCOLN'S bill leaves far behind it in importance all those we have already noticed, and assimilates the measure to the ancestral wisdom above alluded to. It omits all notice whatever of v entilation ! Conceive a dial without a gnomon, a compass with out a needle, a gun without a lock, a coach without horses, a steamer without boilers, a government with out patronage, wit without money, or anything else that is most useless, truncated, lame, idle and impo tent, and it will hardly match a sanatory measure without a single provision for ventilation. To this curious and characteristic omission we shall recur in a future article. The fact that the sums of the annual exports and imports of Great Britain have about doubled within the last twenty years is of itself enough to excite astonishment upon reflection. But this is not all. The principal civilised nations have, without one exception, increased their annual exports and imports in about the same ratio. The sleepless enterprise, the almost preternaturally rapid expansion of the powers of productive industry, which the last twenty years have witnessed in this country, have had their coun terparts over the whole of Europe and throughout the United States of America. And yet we have all found markets. If anything can extirpate the silly jealousies which states and statesmen have been too upt to entertain when contemplating the growing prosperity of their neighbours, this reflec tion ought to do it. Far a-head of the commerce of all contemporary States is that of our own country. If the figures 124.8 be taken to represent the annual aggregate exports and imports of the principal manufacturing and trading states of Europe and America, their respective shares _in this sum will be found to be as follows : _ _ . 5.3 1 -6 WE are glad to learn from the answer of the Secretary of State to a deputation from the Health of Towns Association, on Friday last, that it is pro posed to bring forward a general sanatory measure early in the approaching session. Sir G. GREY fUrther assured the deputation, that the metropolis, Ireland, and Scotland, were omitted from Lord LIN COLN'S bill, only that they might be made the subject of special acts, with machinery adapted to the peculiar circumstances of each of the three. This, of course, we had anticipated as the motive of exclusion. It may be that difficulties lie in the way of a really general measure, grave enough to justi f y the course adopted by Lord LINCOLN, and apparently acquiesced in by the present government. The official tendency, however, in dealing with such questions, is too often to exaggerate, instead of smoothing the dif ficulties which private interests, narrowly estimated, always throw in the way of great changes, demanded, not in the name of pounds, shillings, and pence, but on the score of national morality and public health. Too ready an audience has always been given to the speculator, the builder, or the landlord, while a deaf ear has been turned to the physician, the clergyman, and the schoolmaster. The demands of property have enforced more submission than the pleadings_ ..... . '. l.- -.7 THE EXPRESS, THURSDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 26; 1846. that wealth, which, seen through the magnifying me dium of imaginative avarice seemed enough and more than enough for all, to which he can establish a legal title : and this, under the direction of judges, enforc ing adherence to the law as laid down by the Lord Chief Baron, will be fairly enough done by common jurors, now that their righteous wrath against railway projectors has cooled. The ordonnance and proclamation which accom panied the seizure of Cracow appeared in extenso in all the journals of Paris on Tuesday, followed by those indignant comments which are indeed in every month as well as in every print. To a dispassionate observer it is curious to notice the turn which the question of the English alliance has taken. Formerly the journals of the Opposition denounced it, while those of the Court and Cabinet professed to regard it as the sheet-anchor of French policy. Then came the Spanish marriages, and the consequent quarrel, when the Opposition journals pointed out how little value an alliance was which was so easily broken, while, of the journals of the Court and Cabinet, some affected to think that France could easily dispense with the entente cordiale, and others urged advances to an alliance with the absolutist courts. Now, however, all is changed ; the English alliance is everything ! It is indispensable to the peace of the world—the only means of establishing poli tical equilibrium in Europe, and the sole instrument by which liberal ideas can be propagated, and consti tutional principles of government diffused. So far from disparaging the entente cordiale, and depre cating its consequences, the opposition and the imma terial journals of Paris have now fallen to quarrelling as to which may be entitled to the credit and originality of creating, advocating and cementing it. Yesterday we quoted a remarkable article which ap peared in the Constitutionnel on this subject, and bore visible marks of the pen of the mostpowerful journalist' if not most sagacious statesman, of France. To-day we find the Debats, the official organ of his rival and opponent, not only claiming all the opinions and argu ments of that article as their own, but transferring the very article itself bodily to their columns. However it may be, says the De'bats, since the leader of the Opposition seems now disposed to adopt better senti ments, since putting aside his personal recollections of 1840, he proclaims the superior advantages of the English alliance, we shall not childishly amuse ourselves in reproaching him with the past. We are much better pleased to accept his co operation for the future. What the Constitutionnel has said of the advantages of the English alliance yesterday, we have ourselves said a hundred times already, but we have never said it better. And eo the leading organ of the Gaizot Cabinet repeats in its columns the article of M. Thiers, the leader of the Opposition, which appeared in the Constituttonnel of the preceding: day with so much effect. • In referring to the manifesto by which the Emperor of Austria declares himself possessed of the town and territory of Cracow, the comments of the Ministerial journals are marked with quite as little reserve or measure as those of the radical opposition. Speaking of these documents, the lit , bats says: We publish these pieces, which it is difficult to read with out the most lively indignation ; we have already said what we think of the alleged motive for PI flagrant a usurpation. The brutal language of force might provoke indeed less painful reflections. The Epoque, which is considered more especially to express the personal sentiments of M. Guizot, is not less unmeasured in its language. Even if the three protecting powers, says that journal, had really apprehended danger from the independent exis tence of Cracow, they would still have no right separately to decree its suppression, and annul, in regard to it, the treaties of 1815. All they could do, without violating their engagements, would have been to appeal to the other powers which signed the treaty to intervene. We will repeat, there fore, after having read the imperial manifesto, what we said on first hearing of the attack on the independence of Cra cow. The treaties of Vienna no longer exist, and France, emancipated from the hard conditions to which she was sub jected in 1815, has no reason to regret that they are annihi lated. We repeat now, and can never allow it to be forgotten, that the question is not of wrongs, more or less serious, alleged to be committed by Cracow ' • the question is of the part which all Europe ha d taken in esta blishing the public law which governs her, and whether she has not a positive right to have a voice in its modification. The question is one between the three northern powers and the other States of Europe, and not between those and the City of Cracow. This city was, so to speak, subject to each and all of the powers which had guaranteed its independence, and it could ,t he effared (coin the number of free states without the concurrence of the governments which signed the treaties of 1815. To enumerate, therefore, the offences of Cracow, real or imaginary, and to derive from this enumeration aright to annihilate it, is an outrage on common sense, law, and equity. Again and again, we say, these offences are not the question ; if they were • hundred times more numerous, and &hundred times more real, it is for Europe to decide upon them, and to decree the fate of the offender. Austria, Russia, and Prussia, were only the protectors of Cracow ; Europe was its master. _ _ _ The irresistible unanimity of public opinion on this subject in Paris cannot be more strikingly demon strated than by the tone which La Presse, notwith standing its Russian tendencies, feels itself compelled to adopt upon it. I)ay after day the columns of that journal are filled with invectives against the measure of spoliation, marked by all the ability, and not a little of the acerbity, which usually characterise its style. " No !" says that journal on Tuesday, " the liberty and independence of Cracow were not thus placed at the mercy of the three courts which Europe had charged to protect them. They were the creation of Europe, the three courts were pledged to Europe to respect them in perpetuity. It was not for the sake of mere form, that the articles of the :1 of May were annexed to the general treaty, and declared integral parts of it. Austria was not more free to seize Cra cow, witkout the cement of France, Sweden, Spain, and England, than without that of Russia; for all thcs powers united had consecrated the liberty of Cracow. That liberty bad become one of the conditions of European equilibrium. It has been violated ; the pact which established that equi librium has been torn. Europe has been unsettled ; France lib liberated from the trammels and sacrifices which were im posed on her in 1815. Let the opportunity now come! cur rights are restored to us. Behold the truth ; and in this truth there is matter of serious reflection for those Cabinets which have just taken the trouble to confiscate a little republic, which was assuredly tot worth what the act may one day cost them. - - - Such is the language of the most Conservative of the dynastic monarchical organs of the press in France. While the journals which represent those sections of the Chamber which must necessarily come into office, if public opinion should, as seems at present not improbable, pronounce itself against the present administration, advocate in strong and unequivocal terms the re-establishment of the English alliance, they assail with unsparing acrimony all the retro grade tendencies which the present Cabinet has shown. We have given examples of this already from the Constitutionnel, the organ of M. niers ; we shall now give one from Le SW , ele, that of M. Odilon Barrot. While ' says the Sack, the Cabinet has excited the resent ment of Lord Palmerston, and the well-founded distrust of the liberal party in France and throughout the world, it has received from those whose favours it courted by abject ser vility the bloodiest of outrages. The blow it has received is as rude as it is merited. It has been compelled suddenly, despair in its heart and a blush in its front, to solicit that statesman whom it affected to hold in disdain, and whom it publicly reviled. He shows no relaxation of his rancour against it. He must be, nevertheless, appeased, and con vinced that the dignity of the two governments has been of fended, and that it is the interest of both people to protest in common against the violation of the common law of Europe. This, no doubt, is right; but will the offences of the evening be effaced by the arguments of the morrow, and will the deceptions which have been too oft en practised on the Whigs ever allow the re-establishment of that entire and absolute eonfidence in the present cabinet without which there can be no real alliance ? What is going on at this moment ? While promptitude of mutual action is most urgent, the two governments observe each other with suspicion. each looking for snares spread by the other ; and to M. Guixot, who supplicates with uplift.ed hands the aid of Great Britain against the spoliators of Poland, Lord Pal merston coldly replies, by as ki ng" whether he is not himself in secret co-operation with the spoilers ?" Behold to what a pass brought t e bcoltshemr three ups tarts the h w or l i i ii o ur h. c;f e F rance end . their origin , en without being able to obtain forgiveness for it, and whose ability has only been shown in falsehood and deceit. Before such a state of abasement what will the nation do ? This is a question which is now put by the serious organs of all parties. La Presse, stunned by the insult which our go vernment has just received, dares not resume its usual advo- cacy of a Russian alliance, but it adjures France to hold in distrust Austria, the natural ally of England, and to avoid more than ever England herself. It is absolute isolation that is advised. The moment that the image of the Czar is effaced from the mind of these conservatives all is impotence and Inertia. The writer then notices the article in the Consiitu tionnel, advocating the re-establishment of the British alliance, expressing hie full concurrence in it. The policy, in a word, which is now pursued and will doubtless be acted upon on the opening of the ensuin g session, will be to elicit a strong expression of public opinion in support of a cordial alliance between the constitutional etatee of Europe, to show that this can not he effected between the present cabinet of St. James's and the Tuileries, and thence to infer a \ Great Uritain....... ........ ..... ..... , France United States (N. A.) Zoilverein Austria Netherlands Russia Beloritun Sardinia The comparative productiveness and wealth of these states is by no means in the same ratio as their com parative extent and populousness. The figure which represents the annual aggregate traffic of Great Britain is rather more than that which represents the annual trade of France ; and the figure representing the annual trade of France nearly doubles that of Austria. Yet the superficial extent of Great Britain is only about 116,000 square miles, and its population 27,019,558 ; while France extends to 202,123 square miles, with 34,194,875 inhabitants; and Austria to 255,226 square miles with 36,519,600 inhabitants. The superior productiveness of Great Britain is, no doubt, in a great degree owing to the comparatively limited extent within which its population is packed. This condition of its existence is favourable to com bined effort. There are croakers wha infer from this that Great Britain is not likely to to retain the start it has gotten of other countries ; that, as its com petitors fill up, their greater mass will tell against us, and that we cannot go much farther. It may be so; but, as yet, we see no signs of this. There are no symptoms of the most densely peopled trading -1---- . natieseA keg standing, flagging in the race . , as com pared silk the most energetic of their juvenile rivals - . ii irts T for example, the United States of America and um. The annual aggregate v alue of expor ts and , in the former, from 1838 to 1841. was as follows : 18811. .... -.................... ........ 235,579,720 &Um 1837 212,983,790 „ 1 1838 104,520,437 „ 1839 224,562,307 „ 1840 . 143,981,580 „ 1841 228,234,525 We are not in possession at Belgian returts for so long a period, but those for the years 1841, 1842, and 1843, will serve our present purpose, Thich is merely illustrative: 1841... 1842 490,358,231 ~1 843 516,738,461 , The oscillating amounts in the young sta te of the Union indicate a stationary trade ; the augmenting totals of the returns from the oldest trading state of northern Europe show a steadily increasing trade. In 1845 the commercial movement of Belgium exceeded 670 millions of francs. There mar be limits beyond which the productiveness of territories and nitions cannot be increased, but it is obvious that the countries of Europe, the most densely peo pled and in which industrial pursuits have been longest cultivated, have not yet touched - .hose limits. The economical laws which determine whe ther the productiveness of nations is to be progressive, stationary, or retrograde, are still essentially the same in the thinly peopled states of the American Uaioe, and in the crowded plains of Belgium. The development of British and French industry of late years, has been nearly in the same ratio. The ratio of British increase from 1830 to 1843 is alicat as 2.5 to 4.5 1 the ratio of French increase as 1.2 ts 2.4. We still keep the lead, and are likely to keep it; but our ingenious and indefatigable neighbours will put us to it to maintain our present position, The aggregate annual value of French imports and exports in 1830 was 1,200 millions of francs; in 1845 it was 2,415. In the imports the most marked increase has been in cotton. From 1827 to 1836 the average value of the year's importation of cotton was 71 millions of francs, to the amount of 39 millions being reserved for consumption by manufacturers; from 1839 to 1843 it was 128 millions, to the value of 94 millions being reserved for consumption by manufacturers ; in 1844 the value was 111 millions, of which 105 millions represented the amount reserved worked up in the country. The imports next in importance, in respect of their aggre gate amount and value, are (in the order in which they are named) silk, sugar, wool, cereals, &c. The most important exports are the manufactures of silk, cotton, and wool. From ISt7 to 1836 there were annually exported silks to the average value of 143 millions of francs; from 1839 to 1843, to the average value of 185 millions ; in 1844 the value was 198 millions. Of woollens there were annually ex• ported, from 1827 to 1836, to the value of 41 millions ; from 1836 to 1843, to the value of 82 millions; in 1814, the value was 128 millions. The annual values of cottons exported during the same periods were respectively 66, 129, and 156 millions of francs. Even in the export of wines, notwithstanding the impo litic hindrances thrown in the way of the development of that branch of industry there has been a steady though slight increase. The averse annual value of wines exported from 1827 to 18367 was -17 millions of francs; from 1836 to 1843, it was 49 millions ; in 1844, the value was 52 millions. . . It is with sincere pleasure that we contemplate the rapid and steady augmentation of the productive industry of France, convinced that the growing importance and power of the class to whose efforts it is owing, is the best and only guarantee for the per petuation of peace. THE broad and sound legal principles enounced by the Lord Chief Baron yesterday in the cases REYNELL r. LEwts, and WILD r. liontms, will be received with general acquiescence on account of their substantial justice. They are equally fitted to stand the test of strict law and abstract equity. The cases named, and all others relating to the liabilities of provisional committeemen, involve no question of partnership. The law of partnership has no bearing upon them. The agreement to become a provisional committeeman is simply an agreement to set on foot a certain scheme under certain circum stances. Provisional committees imply no agreement to share in the profit or loss of the coneey.s they are intended to promote, and it is such an agreement that constitutes or is the real essence of partLership. Pro visional committeemen not being partners in the eye of the law, the acts of one oi 7 niore of them do not necessarily bind the rest. Any liability which provisional committeemen may have incurred under contracts entered into by third parties must be derived from the established doctrines of the law of England relative to agency. A provisional committeeman may be bound by the acts of his fellows in the provisional committee, or the solicitor, or the secretary of the scheme, provided it can be established that they have acted as his agents. For example, it may be, in some instances, susceptible of proof that an " acting committee" was appointed by the provisional committee, or some of the members, to act as theil agent. In others, deeds and words of provisional committeemen, sanctioning the proceedings of those who acted in the name a the company, may be proved. In these or similar cases provisional committeemen may be held to have incurred liabilities, not, however, in their capacity of provisional committeemen—not er ne cessitate, because they are held to be of a eo-partnery —but because, having appointed agents to act foe them, these agents can contract liabilities in their name. On these distinct and obvious grounds the Court of Exchequer has remitted the cases of REYNELL v. LEWIS, and Wrui r. Horses, to undergo the ordeal of a new trial before a jury. The law is, that provi sional committeemen do not, by assuming that cha racter, render themselves liable for any responsibilities but such as they incur by their own acts, or the acts of their agents. The creditors of the innumerable defunct, shattered, or insolvent railway schemes, can only establish claims against a provisional committee man by proving that their work was done, or their goods delivered, in consequence of orders given by the defendant, or parties appointed or recognised by him as his agents. The proof of the order given, or the agency constituted, must be special in each case. These views, legally considered, seem unassailable. And what is more, they appear to comply with all the demands of abstract e9uity or natural justice. The courts in which the actions of railway creditors against provisional committeemen have been brought are not eourts of penal but distributive justice. The object of the snits is not to have crimes punish ed, but to have questions of disputed property settled—to ascertain to which of two parties certain sums of money lawfully belong. When the cases which have now been remitted to a new trial, and some others of the same class, were tried last year, there was a great deal of excitement in the public mind, on account of the mad and mis chievous extent to which railway speculation had been carried, aggravated by the exaggerated appeals of impassioned writers in the daily press, against all who had taken an active and ostensible part in the operations under that mania. Juries certainly (and we are not certain that the bench entirely escaped the mistake) looked upon themselves for the time less as arbitrators in disputed questions of melon and boon than as vindicators of morality. And in their anxiety to punish knaves, they were apt to forget that there is sometimes more of guilt on the part of the seeming seduced than of the seeming seducer. Far be it from us to deny that there was a good deal of rascality at work in the railway mania of last autumn, but there was mach more folly. And the culpable folly was pretty equally distributed among all classes who caught the contagion. If there were knavish projectors who put forth impracticable projects to catch the deposits of gulls, there were also gambling applicants for shares, who sought them even from good companies only in hopes of fingering the premium, without ever lay ing out a penny. If honest tradesmen have lost by orders from fraudulent concerns, there were many who recklessly and culpably took orders right and left from obviously bubble schemes, in order to catch a share of the deposit moneys. It would be an eudless task to try to decide in every individual case whether a party was biter or bitee. Nor is it now of mach consequence. It is a law of nature that men are to suffer in this world for their folly as well as for their gailt, and all parties to exploded bubble schemes have already been sufficiently punished for their participation in them. What remains for the courts of justice—judges and juries—to do is, to a ss i gn I to each individual among them the small portion of 4 . '", N. .....---....._ changeovernment in France which will bring them into harmony. The proceedings of the Austrian authorities at Cracow are thus referred to in a letter from Podgorge, dated Nov. 15, addressed to the Journal des Debata. i Cracow no longer exists as a free city. To- morrow the official publication of the incorporation of that city to the Anita= dominions will take place. The greatest precautions have been taken by the authorities not to let the fact tran spire among the public before the official announcement. Sentinels have been placed at all the . printing offices, and the new decrees are now in press. The civil governor of Cracow , ,I. Dehn, has juht arrived. The military goernor, M. C tigliene, has resided there since the last insurrection. The administration of Galicia is to be revised. A part of the dis trict of Wadowice is, it is said, to be separated from Galicia, and incorporated with Austrian Silesia. I send you this letter by private hand, es all letters and communications be tween Cracow and Germany and France are intercepted. Reports of a ministerial crisis continue to be circu lated in Paris. It was said that, at the close of the Cabinet Council held on Sunday, which lasted three hours, M. (Juizot was abandoned by all his col- leagues. One of them, says Le Commerce, whom we may designate clearly enough by recalling his strange pretensions to the presidency, when M. Guizot spoke of adopting energetic measures against the proceeding of the northern powers, re plied, " We will not follow you in the dangerous course to which your weakness and imprudence conduct you." It appears that the colleagues of M. Guizot are of opinion that this statesman is incapable of surmounting the difficulties with which he is surrounded. "It is asked," says Le Courrier Francais, "why M. Mole has had a conference with the king, and it is answered, because M. Guizot desired not only to make a demonstration on the Rhine, but also to oppose Prince Metternich in the affair of the Swiss cantons, and to send a fleet to the Adriatic. In fact, the rumour is, that the Ministry of Marine has been consulted, and that the Prince de Joinville has conferred with M. blacken, who called to his aid the heads of his department." The Bey of Tunis, who resides at the palace of Elysee Bourbon, was received by the king at the Tuileries on Monday. He was conducted with his suite to the place in two of the royal state carriages. A regiment of the Line, and a detachment of Lancers, were drawn up in the court of the palace to receive On Monday the Bey received, at the Elysee Bour bon, a deputation of the principal merchants of Paris who trade with Tunis. Lord Brougham left for London on Sunday. The Madrid mails, with the journals of that city of the 18th instant, and private correspondence, were received in Paris on Tuesday. The Queen and royal family attended a representa tion at the Teatro de la Craz on the evening of the 1 ith. _ Private letters say, that in spite of the assertion of certain journals of the opposition, the government will afford free scope to all candidates at the general elections. so as to merit at least the praise of tole rance and impartiality. El Egpanol states that intelligence had been re ceived at Madrid, on the 18th instant, that the fort of San Miguel, an important position close to Lisbon, had declared itself in favour of 1/as Antes and the insurrection. El Clamor Public ° states that it has seen a letter from Lisbon, dated 12th instant, which affirms that a ship had arrived from the island of San Miguel with the intelligence that all the Azores, with their garri sons, had declared in favour of the insurrection. El Espanol of the 18th states that Mr. Cobden re ceives successively, in all the Spanish provinces, the most flattering welcome. The city of Cadiz in parti cular, desiring to testify its sympathy for the system of free-trade, a great number of the most distin guished inhabitants gave a banquet to the celebrated English economist. Senor Don Giorgio Ortegui Navaiepresided, with Mr. Cobden on his right hand, and the English Consul on his left. The first toast given was, " The Queen and Royal family of Spain ;" second, " Queen Victoria ;" and the third, " Richard Cobden." El Clamor Public° calls the attention of its readers to the following article from El Eapectador. Saturday, at noon, the Duchess de Rianzares held a court at her hotel, in the Rue de la Rejas. It will appear incre dible that one of the noblesse could hold a court ; but the fact is certain. The invitations addressed to the grandees were thus conceived .—" H. M. has deigned to name the hour of noon on Saturday to gibe you the audience you have solicited." Several persons who had received these cards went to the chamberlain to say that they had not solicited any audience. "No matter," he replied, "do not fail to come." The grandees being assembled in the salon intended for this reception, the Duke de Raileu commenced by kiss ing the hand of the Duchess, who appeared only to yield to the urgency of the Duke. This ceremony has been unex pected, since the Duchess has paned into the rank of the nobility. Advices from Switzerland, received in Paris, inti mate the continuance of the exertions of the diplo matic agents of Austria to detach the lesser cantons from the Liberal party, and to intimidate them from favouring any armed movement directed against the cantons of the league. The cantons of the Grisons and Tessin have been apprised that Austria would discontinue with them her friendly relations, if they should cause armed troops to march into the cantons of the Catholic league. On the other hand, it is be lieved that Austria has insisted on Lucerne and the other cantons of the league removing all pretext of aggression, by sending away the Jesuits. It is said that by the intervention of Austria, negotiations have already been opened on this subject with Rome, and the recent departure of the Secretary of State, M. Bernard Meyer, seems to confirm this. Austria hopes by these measures to recover in Switzerland the influence of which the events of 1830 deprived her. To give effect to her present intervention, she has placed the cantons of the Grisons and Tessin in a sort of blockade, having closed against them the markets of the Tyrol and Lombardy. FRANCE.--Tne SPANISH MARRIAGE.—The King has received letters in reply to the notification of the mar riage of the Duke of Montpensier with the Infanta Maria- Louisa from the Emperor of Austria, the King of Sardinia, the King of the Belgians, the Elector of Besse, and the Duke of Nassau. PARIS SAVINGS' BANKS.—The following is the movement of the Paris savings' bank during the last week : —Sums paid in on the 22nd and 23rd Nov., by 4,272 depo sitors, 579,8941 r. ; sums reimbursed to 1,963 depositors, 852,336 fr. 80c.; rentes bought by request of depositors during the week for the amount of 167,1741 r. 10c., capital ; demands of reimbursement on the 22nd Nov., 1,095,646 fr. THE BEY OF TUNIS.—AIong the whole road from Toulon to Paris, Ahmed Pacha was received as a sovereign. The authorities everywhere came to felicitate him, and guards of honour were everywhere given him. In all the towns he left considerable sums to the poor ; and at Roanne, hearing of the:late disasters, he ordered 50,000 francs to be placed at the disposal of the authorities. In quitting his states, the Bey gave a proof of his humanity. In confiding to his cousin, Sidi Runde, and to Saeb Tad, the govern. ment of his regency, he expressly forbade that any life should be taken away during his absence. Such an idea in an eastern sovereign is calculated to honour his reign ; and, in consequence, when the Bey embarked on board the steamer which was to take him to France, a multitude of boats followed him out of the port of Goulette, with all the marks of deep regret. The Bey was himself deeply elected. Before going on board he had collected together his troops at Goulette to pass them in review. At the last moment he took in his arms the colours of the different regiments, and with tears in his eyes, said, " I leave you; but it is for you that Igo to France. We shall soon met again." BELGIUM.—BRCSSELS, Nov. 24.—The reply to the King's speech was presented yesterday to his Majesty, by &deputation from the Chamber of Representatives. The Infanta Isabella of Spain, who is married to a Polish count, and who resides in this city, has left for Paris. A German journal, called the Deutscher Brusseller Zeitun 9, will be published here at the beginning of the new year. MENDICITY DEPOTS.—During several years past, the mendicity depots of this country have been generally condemned, on account of the inherent vices of their organi sation and the absence of a uniform system of management. In the five large depots at present existing, there is no classi fication of the inmates, save with regard to sex—old and young, able-bodied and infirm, lazy vagrants and honest ope ratives, being jumbled together. The evils of such asystem are too apparent to need particular mention. The government has at last directed its attention to the subject, and issued a project of law for the reformation of the mendicity depots. It is now proposed to establish two such depots, properly called, one for able-bodied mendicants and paupers of the male sex, and another for similar persons of the female. It is, moreover, proposed to establish two schools of ref,,rm for mendicants and paupers under 18 years of age, one for each sex. All four establishments will be opened in rural dis tricts, and will partake, as much as possible, of the nature of agricultural colonies. NETHERLANDS.—THE HAGUE, Nov. 19.—As a proof of the great importance of the exportation to Eng land, we may mention that in the course of this week no fewer than 12 steam-boats, with oxen, fruit, and other pro visions, have left this city for that country. Nov. 22.—The Provincial Tribunal of Gueldcrinnd delivered sentence on the 19th of this month, in the affair of M. Geptens, Vicar of the Roman Catholic Church of Groenlow, accused of an attempt to murder with pro. meditation, which murder was prevented by circumstances independent of the will of the accused. The tribunal firo nouneed him guilty, and passed sentence of death upon him. After the reading of the sentence, the president addressed the criminal in an affecting speech, informing him that he • \4 had the liberty to apply to tie King for / honed him to profit by the time which re - himself before God, and t o i mp l ore forgiven We learn that H.R.H. Prince Frederck n o ' to-morrow to Arnheim by the train, whence to Dusseldorf, and that the Prince of Sue out the dm _after to-morrow for Lo n d on. GERmANY.—TBE INCORPORATIO: The solemnity of this important act took pl " At 9 a.m., all the civil and military auth in the palace of the Senat e . A t 91, the ire aulic commissary, Count de Deym, arrived followed by a squadron of cavalry. ill tee principal entrance of the palace by the Sen and bljewski ; at the foot of the staircase e Castiglione, and. the president of the admit: Krienzarski, who ushered the impel into the hall of the Senate, where Marshal Castiglione read, first in p, in German, the manifesto, stating the suppression of the free city of name count o De f th ym e thre as i e m p p ro eriali tecting eommis p owsaryen i to h : military authorities, informing them that I sonage the will of the Emperor would be them. The imperial patent was then res guages, and the imperial commissary sane authorities that in future all the acts of would be published in the name of his M s j of Austria. However, all the laws and ei of the military government were to be Mho by the three powers, until other measures The same publication was mode on the to by the commissaries of the respective distil guns from the castle announced this new mint to the inhabitants of Cracow. The sary then proceeded in solemn state to t Holy Virgin amidst the exclamations of The commissary was accompahied by military authorities, by the Cullen with their respective banners. Afttr national Austrian hymn, " Goth Kaiser Ferdinand " (God save the nand), struck up. All the troops of I under arms since half-put eight in the high mass the roar of artillery and plate up. On leaving the church, the imperil Field-Marshal Count Castiglione proceed place to witness the defiling of the tree arms as they passed. At a banquet give Count Castiglione, toasts were given in I peror of Austria and the Imperial Lail: the city was partly illuminateJ. THE CRACOW QUESTION.—The states that Austria,. in return for the cesi made over to Prussia the lordship of Hot in Austrian Silesia, and to Russia a porn , the northern part of the Gallician circle EXTENT OF CRACOW.—The terr extends 21 square miles. The popukt 43,000, of the territory 146,000. The two-and-a-quarter millions of Polish fiord BOIIEMIA.—ERAGCE, NOT. 13. says a letter from Prague of the above da of our town, Count Deym, received Vienna, requiring his immediate presem occupy the post of Vice-preshient of t/ duke Stephen, the most popular of all the is to leave us for Vienna, to take the Louis in the cabinet of the Emperor. Th of Bohemia will, it is said, be given to C merly Civil Governor of Moravia. Letters from the Polish frontier peasants are in a very rebellious state, A nobleman, M. Wolieki, has been mud near Warsaw. They wished to share his AFRICA.— ABD-EL-KADER.—A journal pretends that the Inn& consul al transmitted to M. Guizot the copy Ma ix dressed by Abd-el-Kader to the Porte, to I to the Viceroy of Egypt, and to all Easters document is said to consist of two tole aide, the one containing the acts of the Er the other those of the Emir, relative to thi On the one side are the concessions Rahman to the Christians ; on the of of Abd-el-Kader against them ; his sac received in lighting for the faith of at the end of the document a single line worthy to command the children of the Rahman, or Abd-el-Kader ?" The ger journal, has been informed to a certainty of the Emir was taken to Constantino] Alexandria, by English agents, and dm the English cabinet is endeavouring to c to France in Algeria, The French gover that 5,000 muskets, ammunition, and a ( money in Spanish piastres, have beat sot the Mo•rish frontier, to the indefatigable this aid, has been enabled to recompose enter the province of Oran at the head of LIEUT. WAGHORN arrived in 1 o'clock yesterday, with dispatches from V Rome. He expects his Indian express, reach sewn on or before the 2Sth inst. COLONIAL WEST INDIES. TRLNIDAD.—In primate letters mail, from various influential colonists, w the new governor's (Lord Harris') attei spoken of in terms of high commendation. too, is expressed in his just and amiable d those who may dissent from some of his vi as one who has still much experience to a ball gives by his lordship, alluded to in public news received by last mail, furni proof of the advantage of a straightforwar placed at the head of a colony, acting in on his own right impulses. Before and the ball,'Lord Harris was worried with r he had not been sufficiently " select" or' invitations ; the result has shown that he garding his volunteer monitors. We sat from the letters we have been referring to. have at this moment a practical interest b and the mother country. They indicate at opinions in Trinidad. The first bears upon' afforded by the Royal Mail Steam packet nial intercommunication. We have grey sound practical judgment of the gentles direction, but it can do them no harm to gossip about them in the colonies Jab:. be regretted that the directors of d packet Company persist in their present fares sowers. They are decidedly acting in direct rests of the alku-vholders. It is really a pity to lying idle here for nine or ten days at a time al much more profitably- employed. I cannot b srer—at all events a trial might be made — months to the .Vain. . The recent meetings on the sugar dm poets of the cocoa planters, are thus con gentleman : There have been two public meetings, one duties, the other of cocoa planters, who, at Imt, selves and endeavouring to get ',lief in some at Harris's letter on the subject of the coma intere and able document. It is published for general encouragement of the poor cocoa planters. I b memorial will be prepared. and that there win . b showing that in c o mmon fairness the Trundadm their coma alone used in the army and am*. tunable demand, and it has this to recommend .1 of its quality over that of Para and Guayaquil render it the cheapest, as it is the most wholtv our sailors and soldiers are entitled to this poor . be Court. The unfavourable state of the wea whole of the forenoon yesterday prevents her Royal Consort from leaving Osborne- Sir Thomas Fremantle, Chairman had an interview with the Chancellor of t terday, at his official residence in Downing The Marquis of Breadalbane had a Sir George Grey yesterday at the Home-o banks had also an interview yesterday wii Baronet. A deputation from Brighton had to Lord Morpeth yesterda y at the office of V in Whitehall-place. The deputation col Pecboll and Lord Alfred Hervey, the to ton, the High-Constable of Brighton; Thomas Attrec, Esq. ; Thomas Preen; Sliell, Esq., clerk to the commissioners of The Right Hon. E. Strutt and 3 had an interview yesterday with the Exchequer. Sir 1)e Lacy Evans had an int( Right Hon. T. Milner Gibson yesterday, I Board of Trade. The Bishop of Newfoundland hal with Earl Grey yesterday at the Colonial.< The Chancellor of the Exchequer party yesterday, at his residence in Eat Mary NVood had afterwards an evening pa Lord and Lady John Russell left on a visit to the Rev. Lord Wriothesley Ri Bucks. The Right Hon. T. B. Macaulayleft The Lord Chancellor has left town NEW QUEEN'S COUNSEL.—Mr. I'., and judge-advocate general, havin one of her Majesty's counsel, was invite within the bar of the Equity and Com yesterday. POST-OFFICE CHANGES.—We have we believe to be good authority, that Col about to retire, on his full salary, from the to the postmastereneral ; and that ho wil Mr. Rowland Hill, whose claims to the off a vacancy, perfectly irresistible.—Manchesi DEATH FROM STARVATION LEBONE. _ NEGLECT OF THE AUTIIORITIEEL-1 noon an investigation (adjourned from I resumed before Mr. G. I. Mills, deputy cor I sex, at the Lord Wellington, Crawford-sta respecting the death of Lolltill 3laudant, ag m our paper of Saturday. Mr. Messer, the a and Messrs. Sparks, Bei:ramie, Tuckwood, officirs of 3darylebone, were present. Mary Anne Mandan; the sister of deco ciated appearance excited the cummiserati said : I resided at 93, Crawford-street, with my deceased sister, who was a needlcwonti