The Express. — London, England, 1846-12-08 00:00:00

kACR ED HALL. —The attendance of the ltExlllilitgratlee 01011 is requested at a FULL, ItEhtgABBAL of "Igo" mike Large Hall, TIIIS EVOILNIG (Tuesday), egnicensbeedift Vein & preci se ly. Only thew mowed la the perloesoant, and mbeetthers, cart be admitted. ogL'S " JOBl--'--TrW'will--------berEltiqiitYLED .......e.. by the CECILIAN SOCIETY, at ALBION HALL, Id= , es TEURSDAY EVENING, at Eight o'Clock.—icketa, OM •11, to be had d Ilr: Peek, 44, Newmte-stesse. or Mr. Nerolider , IIS, Laudon- wall. Members' Subscription, sa. per quarer. Mass CHMIATNLAS EVE, " THE IlkslAll.'. Principal V Miss Rated* Miss Thornton, Mr. DIXIWT. Mr. tihoubridge, wal P Mr. Latter. BRONX ROOM, CROSBY HALL.—Madalue Adelaide, Madame Miami Davia and Mons. Lads d'Errills , bare the bosom to announce that their REUNION DANSANTE it hold at the above mom ewe,. Thursday evenior.—For. particulars Way at 7, Bury-stieet, St. lama's, 11, Mount-sued, Greemmor squair, or at Crotby. LLSON'SSCOTTISH EN'fBR'rAINMENTS. At CROSBY-HALL. THIS EVENING Monday), Dec. 8, st 8 o'clock, Mr. WILSON will give his THIRD rtTERTAINMEN, wises, by particular desire, be will rive a NIGUT of OLD FA VOURITES, including "Sa w yaw wee thimf," "My boy Tammy,: "The Land o' Osebre Amid Rabin Grey," " Allister M'Allider, et up aed tad the deer; "Ify sin Arende," " The y nee luck shoot the berass," its.--1100.2", Ms. lead. T IrCEUM THEATRIL:-BAL A Li xr. a t NEAroirmx BAL BLUIQUE ISE take piese DNESDY. Dec. le, Us. It floodiveir do lea ads maim A sew meows will be as , at tbe estilwity el tbe &oh Webs a 'pashas an% TA* will be Newll earpelvd. tbe ealke theatre will bo MilwiTV Maldsolog rd eremweett. ilee embalm will ceadet et ow kindred Ikekrate egegge Per s ue . WOW et she. twin agates Wise ewe foam lave bow la. ; ipeadessoWs t o To, 6d.; Caen alsol4 illi dn, piper knee. fa. Ild. ; OaDery, Is. Ow *b e le. isia bons, sad plains to be made at the bax.eiliae, awl et IL aßarg4olo. sad IS, New Hoed eked ; sad ginennee. 7, Teolegeolugrod. Ovont-garden. Is sp=igoatrigslae. epee at banitiae &noire to commence at Toote•elesk. LYCEUM. THEATRE. - Mr. ALLCROFr'S PROMENADE CONCERTS. —LAST MORT sui EVENING, Tuesday, Dee. B.—Proyreters : Overture, Mello; =lZoBeri6llst time ; The Messrs. (Actin on the tiaz-Horns, • Quadrille, Macryregor ; Sao, (Wiese, Mr. BediseMy t Scotch ballad, Mr. Sinc l a ir ; Trio, Minds R. and C. Tow an Ors Barn ? and Mins S. an on the Violin; Polka, Th . totin sod Albert ; biotin's Milder, Quadrille. PertlL—Operstio Seim. bs. lad& di laramerrooor i Qnartette, .. The Prize Glee," Iler nee 'Dlsin Brothers; Teed Duet, the Witham, " The Wllide • Qeadrilie, Msepobtan Carni Mu ms oa Duet, "We GSM Is 66, Way," s Williams; Polka, Royal Mail; Moak Oslo, s eas . fir, M. Nevi ; Leaden, Mean een* and Thonee.—Pit, Pteeneeride, and Upper 8030% I t ter .pa r r MGM IL Si.; ,Peteste Roma, los. 6a. and 2 ie. ,toson to he orb it SI 1011441 Vie 40nort00. MAILS Tbi mails Or Vilp, Oporto, Lisbon, M ad e ira , Cads, and Gamins', will be mode op so the morning or the 17th Dsornber. The West India moll; excluding those to Mexico. Hoodorm, and the Her semekwill be mode up on the ma:donor the 17th December. 71m emehon wails fir Gibraltar. Malta, GTVOOI4 the lonian Wands, Adm,Ossisonlidia,Hang-Kong, and China . Me Southampton, wile .. mo= -10 MI entodorg tithe 19th December. The demi maa, eta blarseines, to the Mediterranean, W i l t ra. Camens=rog Kong, tca, will bean& up on the The mirky Nine Sough Ne:i7cit; Diemen's Loud, and New Toissei wallesmie op of the 31st December. ' Thema he IMMON orth sod the United Mel" mill le Eris up ea tit* MI/AM OD al The m tar dr ilisolls, the liver Plats, Mice=itico, Pennon. MillastkarbUointima.l•4oos Altar will to dlepatobed on the TO CORRESPONDENTS. We have reeetwd a tares tbe Bev. Kr. Tenn Cat, dray isw tka allawies eiOK relative to Ida latraelon fate tie seertwaia at Meetwilar d lt?_t_kelaw two the proprietress ci r Meth= bela atilbtf SE:s ae ll. Zi t o w. lad attaidat Ws eat la Ns leek; dot It Was at *5 51 ug at Wet be hsd retuned to sdakieer le bee: Ciwtells. la desOka et Wee Rama *erne voli tive. Thavalawee to lave boo a reds fwd" of owne d ea both dim V adiewWwwwttialoadled kw The Itawrew,Loadept ve =r 9w . sad le W Onnthe by Two o'eloek on the day et -------- HIGII 44AT6It AT LOI4DO6IBRIDOE. TIM DAL MOndllg. 1 pea 6; *Remo" 21 Eft post 6. Taro asow—Yorning, 41 min. put 5; Aftinsoon, 1 Pia 0. - - LONDON, TUESDAY, DEC. 8. THERE are a few favoured districts in Ireland which have long acquired the privilege of having all their movements, meetings, disturbances, talks, and agrarian outrages regularly chronicled in the news papers, and presented as a fair sample of the entire country. Excitement is indigenous in these regions, and seems tolireak out periodically, no matter what the state of food supply, or of the: lements, or of the labour market. There is alwayeither starvation, or riot, or clearings, or Rock ism, or repeal meetings, and what is almost as amusing and anormal, Presentment Sessions, going on in the district. Such a state of things, being most stirring and in teresting, obtains, of course, most publicity, came fluently most attention ; and the current of relief and notoriety is directed in consequence to the noisiest district. We greatly fear, that this very notoriety and its consequences act as a premium on the perma nent agitation of the district, and that the premium is at the present moment acting as an theminduceent, not to the poor pemant, but to certain of landlords themselves to be tarbulent. When we look to the distribution of the relief fund, and to the money raised and employed under the 9th and 10th VICTORIA we fear that these very counties lave the largest sha re,: although they are neither the moat populous, nor, we believe, the most destitute. It is here that the peasantry are arming, and out . rages recommencing, whilst the landlords, or no insignifi cant portion of them, meet to denounce the Board of Works. We do not think that the deeds and movements of the peasantry in these regions ought to be taken as examples of the conduct of the whole population; neither do we think that all landlords are to be judged from those of Clare, as exemplified in the last Irish papers. The rising demands of this class' have indeed been almost incredible. Independent of the facilities for drainage long since offered, neglected as ' not advantageous enough or as too troublesome but now discovered to be the most advantageous aft er all, there were first the loans offered for public works; these were denounced as not reproductive, and works of mingled private and public advantage were sub stituted. But on the nature of these, it seems, the gentlemen of a barony cannot agree. Each gentle man is now anxious to borrow _government money to on kis own townland, and CORNELIUSO'BRIEN, P., fills up the climax by declaring that he wants the money to plough, and sow, and carry on the common cultivation of his estate. The next demand will be, that the state should find a joint of roast beef for each landlord's family, and, moreover, pay a butler to carve it. We have heard of paternal governments ; but this is calling on government for the exercise of paternal functions in a manner calculated to throw ridicule and absurdity upon any government's interference or aid. Mr. Lusoucntle's answer to such demands was the only conceivable one, and yet we dare say it will be the object of as much abuse in the high-pressure octonties of Ireland, as Sir RAN nom."( Dorm's economical counsels. Still we do think that the Irish government might go farther than the mere warning to the landlords, that the -public money, could not be devoted exclusively to schemes of private advantage. Irish proprietors not having by themselves been able to discover works of a mingled Oldie sad private nature, and at the same /tints repretbactivet the Government might point out mato theca. Mr. Extra V.Bairae, in a letter, of which we published the principal parts yesterday, unfolds a plan for the cultivation of waste lands on the same singedn by the assne means, as those offered by the Art. Mr. Joint Lavouens, in an y able letter, seconds the denisind by saying, A for greater facility than ampesen exists must be given, not only to the tended prop, but also to the tenant, to improve by draining sad cultivation the great extent of tram land in Ireland, ia order to increase, as far as possible, the quantity of food necessary (by the loss of the potato tropi to supply the wants sof our countrymen. The first step in the reclaiming of waste lands is, to a cass id er ahls extent, drainage, so that the two *Weds ore naturally connected. After such a strong recommendation of the measure as appeared in the resolutions of the assembled gentry of the county of Waterford some time back, we do not see how Government can hesitate to ooasider draining and aselaiming as in the same It is . suggested, however, that a great difficulty cams in Imam as tothe terms on which the peasantry are to be employed and located on the waste landt• Some insist on giving them the fee-simple of the 1 lands at once ; others on making them tenants, and securing to the landlord the eventual profit of all the wild land brought under cultivation. 'The project cannot be achieved without strongly interesting both dames, and without making landlord and peasant go-operate in the task. For the government to step forward and take the Irish peasant by the hand,setting the landlord aside, and giving him a just cause of complaint, or just fear of future insecurity, would be a very dangerous and impolitic step. The Irish proprietary must indeed be The ominous foreclosing of mortgages, tam e = geral, is a pressure and a calamity that ought b lead to it. There ought at the same time tobe ever' beaky held oat for the formation of yeomen, or smell to industry, and sagacity, ana irui5......„, ..._ reWOEd, ,llot, converted into a common • remedy mere destitution. We see at present in Irela t h e results of a m onster system of out-doo , relief. If this relief is to be extended from usten ance and employ to grants of habitations arid landed troperty, Ireland will certainly become en El Dorado for the peasant, but, at the same time, it will be rendered a purgatory or worse for every other Thelrish landlords require, at. present, as much care as the Irish peasant. They are, we repeat, in their rank and circumstances, almost as destitute, and Monoporti to their rank, apparently as ignorant. y is offered them, mud they know not how. to use it; whilst to deal with the population under them; to manage, employ, content, or feed it, they thseeerm to have lost or ne ver known the art. They, e , fore, require to be aided, guided, and enlightened as mach as the peasant. And if trodden upon, or rudely treated, they are just as likely to turn against this r country and the union, as the peasantry itself. I Young Ireland and Old Ireland unite now in address ing, not the peasantry, but the landlords. The cry for an Irish parliament, little cared for by them asses, i s ron ded to by the landed proprietors. re g.Mr-ea all the address of Lord BESSBOROC" to quash Mr. O'CONNELL'S idea of a landlord Wittenagernot. It is a very serious thing, now that Government is in a fair way of being_ezclusive creator, and getting into its hands, like PHARAOH, all the land of Ireland as return for moneys lent, to superadd at the same moment the plan of a completely new nursery of a new race of Irish lauded proprietors. A rmtvin and original writer could complain, a few years back, that, amidst the jostle of partes and the clamour of contending interests, " the condition of-England question" was not thought of. It very was objected to him that the aggregate of those I legislative matters which he treated so contemp tweedy., operating together, determined " the con - don " question. But this complaint could malady have occurred to the same writer at the present time. In all quarters, among all ranks and all classes of opinion, "the condition of England " in slide shape or other is in hands or under discussion. We have a government coming to its first parlia mentary session bent upon settling the greatest soc i a l problems. Education, sanitary regula tions, prison discipline, Poor-law, pauper settle ment, are all branches of the samethe parent s tream. It seems as if the repeal of corn and provision laws had quickened the living interest in these questions; es though restriction had bin like a huge dam across the channels of improvement, which, once pierced, the waters have flowed forththe to spread themselves with fertilizing effect over haghts and the depths of society. Of course, thi s interest in social questions is marked by the appearance, in a new form, at the universal spirit of cant. An intelligent writer in the Spectator has set about an analysis of this spirit, and its successive developments. Theological and political cant, as he sensffily main ' tains, have given ground to a new brother anomalies, " social edit—the cant of social contrasts, social add social generation.' It may be that modern on deals largely in this, but the writer in the Opatator is unjust in attributing the practice too y. There are men whosework is to write on =lllasubjects, to paint old wrongs and existing Miseries, merely, it may be, to inflame our suscepti bilities, by depicting selfishness in exaggerated forms, and throwing the saintly glory of martyrdom with an indiscriminate canonization round the headcc- of poverty. But even such exaggeration does not y imply a conscious cant. There are those, and that not the truest, writers who relieve with the pen more largely than with pence, loaf, or lancet. But do we find that the disposition to write extrava gantly on these themes, and to talk clamorously and hotly them, is attended with dea d ness in re action or indifference in the practice of relief ? It may be that these subjects never were so popular, but were they ever, in public estimation, so seriously important? Is it an accident that Dr. SOUTHWOOD Mr. SMITH is the contemporary and friend of D IC KENS and Mr. JERROLD ? Has England ever qeen such a practical protest , as of late years against intole rable injustices or tolerated atrocities of society and law ? Dom the amelioration of our criminal code say nothing for the society which demanded , and obtained it ? Are our Health of Towns Associations —our so cieties for the reformation of juvenile offenders,' for improving the dwellings of the poor, for foun cant'di public baths and wash-houses, the growth of If this be louder and more irksome now than at other times, it is because the real feeling, of which it is the hollow and bodiless echo, is more active than at any former period of our history. But can the most saturnine of publicists, the most distrustful of all progress, deny that the activity of the social regenerator has assumed some of those f or ms amongst us, in which cant finds least shelter? Take the sanitary question, for example. Here the reformer must deal with fa cts, or not deal at all. He has private interests (in their own narrow notions of the subject) arrayed against him ; legislators to stir into activity ; facts of science to prove, and tests of science to submit to. His work is one not less loath some than laborious. He must snatch his weapons from the hand of Pestilence herself ; he must track Death to his dwelling-place, and nerve his head to observe where his heart tells him to relieve, or failing that power, to shudder and fly. Have we wanted men for these functions ? Is not this work of sanitary regulation peculiarly and above all a growth of our own times? Will any one suspect Lord ASHLEY, or Mr. CHADWICK, or Dr. SOUTHWOOD Simon, or their active fellow-labourers, of being " canters themselves, or consciously the cauthe se of cant in others ?" It appears to us rather that cant of this time differs from previous cants, in having more smack ofreality about it. "Our g l o rious constitution in Church and State " was a cant symbol, but it would be difficult to find a meaning carried out, or to be carried out by the party who paraded it. That educa tion is better than execution, that ignorance and filth engender and perpetuate crime, are, in every sense, better catchwords, and cries likelier to awake the good angel that sleeps in all human hearts. We have been led into these remarks from a juxta position of the Spectator's article with the report of the Exeter meeting for the formation of a sanitary committee in that city, in connexion with they ndon ' Association, represented at the meeting Mr. CHADWICK and Dr. SOUTHWOOD SMITH. We will not dwell on the speeches, which could derive no force from our comment. But we urge the perusal of them on all who feel that the words " duty to my neighbour" mean something even after we cease to repeat the catechism. The association has also circulated a paper of queries, under the heads of sickness and disease, sewers, cesspools and privies, &c., water, ventilation and light, street cleansing, interments in towns, smoke and gases, baths and washhouses. This step will help to bring together information, wide enough to serve as the basis of a legislative measure. Were our voice as potent as our convictions on this point are elamg and settled, we should not cease from pressing on all those, who by education and intelligence are leaders of the population amongst which they live, the duty of seconding the Health of Towns Amocie tion in their work. We are neither Utopian nor foolish enough to believe that, having sent the children to school,. cleansed the streets, opened the sewers, supplied the water, and sweetened the air of our large towns, we have regenerated a community, and may fold our arms to await the harvest of our toil. Vice will still be vice when all this is done, and poverty poverty. But much now passes for vice, and is punished for vice, which is but the inevitable result of ignorance, neglect, and filth, and which will disappear when these, its causes, are removed. Poverty, though it may not cease from among us, may, by sound sanitary regulations, be robbed of half its squalor, and, with this, of much of its self-degra dation. In a word, we anticipate no golden age— all we want is to see our iron one burnished and scoured to its brightest. Meanwhile, provided real work is done, we shall not turn from cheering it onward to complain that this literary labourer is preaching instead of digging, or that political adventurer is thrusting his tongue into his cheek even while bidding an ostentatious God-speed to his willing and earnest comrades. A cORRESPONDENT, whose letter will be found in another column, communicates some interesting in formation respecting the parochial teachers of Scot lank new no doubt to many of our English bim feel that lie 11l lluvwr — - ro participation in thninanageltent.er ownal - airs as fr o m becominghim a mere dreamy book worm. About the beginniog of. the Fluent century an act was passed to authorise the" of fluid for the -widows et 6o he achoolmuters, by oontri butiens from the =embus of that body in proportion to their salaries. The management of this fund was entrusted to delegates annually elected by the teachers of each Presbytery. The habit of meeting every year in Edinburgh to inspec s the accounts of the concern, and to ' take. measure for increasing and properly applyng the fond. has developed a large amount of practical business talent, and taught the parties concerned a practical lesson of self-reliance. This, and the election of dele gates, has given a popular turn to their esprit de corps, and stimulated them to keep pace with the advance of the age. A number of these teachers have availed themselves of the annual meetings to take council with each other regarding improved methods of. tuition, and one result has been the publication under th,,ie auspices of a aeries of excellent elementary school hooks. While we agree with our correspondent in tracing the fine spirit of intelligent zeal for their profession, which is at present c ons p icuous in the body about which he writes, in no small degree to the institution of the widows' fund, we must observe at the same time that the seed fell upon soil well pre wed. The parochial schoolmasters of Scotland ' have from the beginning been a superior class. hey formed one body with the teachers of the grammar and borough school'. The schoolmaster of the mast sequestered parish was frequently an aspirant to the clerical character, who sought to earn in this manner wherewith to support himself at college, or to obtain a livelihood until some church might become vacant. Circumstances often occurred to defeat the hopes of clerical promotion and keep, as schoolmasters for life, men whose learning and respectability of character qualified them for the office. These individuals were at times promoted to a borough school —at times left to drag out life in a rural parish. But, in point of con ventional rank, the teacher of a borough school. where the classics, book-keeping, mensusation, nevi gation, and pure mathematics were in request, the future clergyman who officiated as teacher pro temper., and the indoctrinator of the pea santry in the mere elements of reading, writing, and the catechism, were upon a footing. The poorest pedagogue felt that he belonged to the y s ame class as the master of a seminary midwa ice tween a school and college, and aimed at attaining acquirements worthy of this rank. Some of the ablest and most accomplished professors of the Scotch Universities have commenced life as mere parochial schoolmasters. Before India and the colonies afforded an opening for the cadets of the landed gentry, and widened the conventional distance between the small' " lairds" and the substantial burgesses of " landward towns," the borough schoolmaster ranked in that clam; and now the juster estimate formed of the teacher's importance in this age is restoring him to his format status, before the tradition of it has been lost. The parochial schoolmaster of Scotland has from the be- . Oiling been a gentleman, and, on the whole, treated as such. But for this circumstance the effect of in truding their widows fund to the control of the collective body might have been less fortunate. Our correspondent writes under the impression that ministers have abandoned all intention of submit ting any educational scheme to Parliament during the ensuing session. Looking to the source where the rumour to that effect originated, we are disposed to lisps with a weekly ; contemporary that " the wish was father to the thought." We do not, indeed, ex pect, neither do we wish, that Lord JOHN should come down to Parliament next session with a national sys tem of education cut and dry . for its acceptance. But deeply pledged as the Premier is, we do look for his taking some decisive measure to augm ent the provi sion for general education which government has of late years been beginning to make. We look for a marked recognition at his hands of the principle that it is the duty of the state to care for the education of its citizens. Already a committee of the Privy Council has been entrusted with the affairs of education, as another committee of that body has been entrustedwith those of trade. Perhaps the most judicious move that ministers co* make, would be to place a responsible minister at the head of that committee, with an increased vote for educational purposes at his disposal, and his whole time devoted to their superintendence. To admit of any public institution working well, it must be in accordance with the pre-existent sentiments and modes of action of the community. In England, Scotland, and Ireland, much has already been done by government to promote education, though not in a sufficiently comprehensive or systematic spirit. These beginnings are the foundations upon which a wise minister of education will seek to build, the influences he will seek to enlarge until they are co-extensive with the wants of society. In each of the three king doms he will endeavour to improve the means of education and render them more accessible, as far as in his power, but be will rest contented with perfect ing in each that kind and mode of education to which each has been accustomed. In Scotland he will find that the peculiar constitution of the parochial and borough schools, and the universities, has, in a great measure, prepared the people for a complete eye ' tem of national education. They are familiar with the idea of local schools for limited districts. They are ac customed to see the local means of tuition made to correspond with the social wants of the district—to see one elementary teacher in poor and secluded =4:three, four, or five teac hers of different of classical, scientific, and commercial know ledge in wealthy towns ; professors of learning in the universities. They have been accustomed see the able and intelligent teacher of a poor parish school pro moted to a place in a grammar school, borough school, or academy ; and to see the ranks of the university professors recruited from the most distinguished schoolmasters. Above all, they have been accustomed to see full scope left to zealou s and intelligent teachers in the adoption of those modes of tuition, by which experience has told them they could most successfully communicate instruction. The teacher, it has been taken for granted in Scotland, knows his own trade best. The parochial and borough schoolmasters, at least, have been elected by the heritors and kirk session, and by the magistrates ; the parties appoint ing.them have judged of their skill in teaching by their success, without prescribing how they were to teach ; and when they have proved insufficient teachers, means have generally been contrived to get rid of them. The nvalry, too, of private enter price has acted as a useful check upon the estah lished teachers. Here is a system of national education a l m ost made to the hand of the legislature. Little more seems necessary than te l make the elective body in rural parishes a more exact representative of the heads of families; to declare teachers of all sects eligible to the appointment of local schoolmasters ; to increase their number in pro portion to the wants of the poulation ; and to define the circumstances, under whi p ch and the forms by which an inefficient or scandalous schoolmaster may be deposed. Ws publish to-day, under the head of " Kent," what appears to be a very flagrant case of oppression and injustice exercised upon a poor man by the police and town court of Dover. We trust that, however humble the individual. his complaint will attract the attention that it deserves, and that so infamous a case of neglect and tyranny on the part of the authorities of Dover will not be allowed to pass unnoticed or unpunished. VIENNA, Dec. 1. To those who are acquainted with the trading ar rangements of the continental nations of Europe, it can excite little surprise that an outcry should in all be raised for government interference to increase the circulating medium. So restricted is the scale on which private credit is exerted to facilitate commer cial transactions in those states, that nearly every transfer of goods takes place against payment in coin or in the notes sanctioned and guaranteed by the state. Not even amongst the bankers in the great marts do we find a disposition to evade this costly and rude mode of dealing. Cheques are un known. Their respective balances are sent about on the shoulders of sturdy porters, when the sum is not weighty enough to demand a track or a horse and cart. Such a state of things had its origin in the former bad communications. Many are still living who tregnented the great lairs on horseback, attended lulled, on one Mae, rnu pc. edd into false security. On the other hand, afforded no guarantee or indemnification to any party when things wont wrong. The constant variations in the tariffs formed another cause repres sive of industry. Old connexions were daily cut off, and.riew branches of trade had to establish themselves before they inspired confidence. The right assumed by the governments of licensing all kinds of industrial undertakings exposed bankers in one state to the risk of not having their paper tolerated in another. Private issues of notes were out of the question in all countries, where, as in Prussia, the paper money con-' fisted of Exchequer bills. With the improvement in the internal communications that the last thirty I years have witnessed, trade increased ; production improved; consumption kept pace with abundance. A demand for new facilities to promote the exchange of commodities was most naturaL The issues of paper money by the governments of Prussia and Austria were carried to the utmost stretch that their credit would admit of. It was easy to exhaust this source ions before the wants of the t ra der were satis fi ed. h.oreover , thi s paper circula tion had no more elasti ity than metallic currency. It was alternately a dru, in the hands of the holders, or was sought as a limit d article, and purchased at a ruinous premium. The late railway crisis has forced both Austria and Prussia to ado p t steps to save the trading classes, if possible, from inevitable ruin. Government alone could interfere in the antiquated system still adhered to at Berlin and Vienna. Each has, within a few weeks, tried its own experiment,l which it would lead us too far to analyse here. Prussia has made a considerable issue of notes, which are only partly guaranteed by the state. The Austrian government has oome forward as a pur chaser of all railway shares that are forced upon the market by the necessities of the holders. In both eases, however, the observer who has learnt to look upon money as a mere tool or engine wherewith traffic is facilitated, rather than as an end desirable in itself, sees in this interference of the crown a re versal of all sound principles of currency. The growth of private credit, that inestimable and, when judiciously applied, inexhaustible source of wealth to a country, is rather repressed than encouraged by the issues of government paper. It is too onerous a responsibility to charge on the servants of the crown the chance of loos arising from mercantile trans actions. For governments are sure ultimately to find that the credit and prosperity of state banks is no less dependent upon the soundness of the trans actions they encourage, than that of private banks. Private credit is the offspring of an exercise of the most useful social virtues. Punctuality, order, strict honesty, and a disposition to assist the deserving, are all indispensable where private credit is to flourish. There is great danger where the credit of the state is substituted for that of the individual. Not only is the spur want ing to the exercise of the virtues we have named, but temptation is thrown in the way of many, which is notoriously difficult to resist. Within the last year numerous defalcations in public offices have occurred inCiermany. According to the existing international law; political changes do not interfere with private transactions. Government obligations, on the con trary, are everywhere dissolved b 7 conquest. It is, perhaps, at this moment, not possible for any con tinental government to raise a sum of 20,000,000/. on 'other than railway security. If, therefore, it be the -serious wish of the continental states to increase their trade, and to secure it from dangerous crises, they will do well to refrain from direct interference, while they devote all possible attention to the development of the natural resources of the state, amongst which private credit is the most important. P.S. We do not believe here that Louis Philippe is an accomplice in the Cracow delinquency ; for the simple rea son that the northern powers themselves did not believe the thing to be feasible three months back. The resolution was undoubtedly taken on the spur of annoyance at the Spanish marriage. FRANCE,—PREVENTION OP PREMATURE INTER mENT.—A trial, says one of the French papers, is about to be made at the :cemetery . of Mont-Parnasse, for the purpose of preventing pre mature interment. A salle dpi morts is to be established, in which all bodies are to remain, under the eyes of a scientific commission, for 26 hours before they are buried. INUNDATIONS OF THE LOIRE.—The Val d'Orlettna has narrowly escaped from a new inundation. The Journal du Loiret says : •On Sunday, the 29th ult., the whole of our valley was again a prey to fresh apprehensions. At four in the afternoon the Loire had risen two metres, and by mid night it was half a metre higher. In the afternoon the workmen on the embankment at Bandillon were ell absent to receive their pay, but in consequence of the increase of the river, the alarm was beaten to hasten their return. The works were resumed, and continued till one in the meesisg. At one time the water had risen so high that not men dna half a metre of the breach was left uncovered. Rem hew- ever, it stopped, and on Monday morning began to fall." SUIT AGAINST THE QUEEN DOWAGER OF SPAIN. —The Tribunal de Commerce was engaged a few days sines with a cause, in which M. Lefebure, a merchant, in the Rue de Clfry, summooed M. Lillo, the intendant of the property in Prance belonging to Queen Christina, for the payment of the sum of 11,184 fr., the %aloe of sundry samples of lace delivered to him to forward to Madrid, for the inspection of her Majesty Queen Christina, and the said samples not having been duly returned , they were considered as duly sold, and payment was claimed accordingly. consider . Schayf, counsel for M. Life, contested the competency of the Tri bunal of Commerce to take cognizance of the matter, on the ground that M. Lillo could not be considered as a commer cial man. lie further admitted that M. Lino was ready to deliver up the samples, and that the delay in doing so had been occasioned by the time lost in the return of the Duke', Montpensierdes from Madrid, by whom the Queen Dowage r had sent them back to Paris. The Tribunal declared itself competent, and the cause will be tried on a future day. SPAIN.—The following is the text of the letter addressed by Don Henry to the Queen, dated Brussels, the 19th ult., published by the Madrid Gazette of the 29th ult.: " Madam, —Desiring, on the one hand, that my conduct may make to appear obesure, and on the other, to give to your 11tiesty, on the day of your fête , a testimony of respect and attachment, et/patriotism and profound devotedness to the eonstitutional will of your Majesty, and the decisions of the legitimate representatives of the nation, I have resolved, of my spontaneous will, free from all influence, and yielding only to the impulse of my conacitnee, to annul solemnly my protest signed at Ghent on the 9th September last, so that it may at no time have force, or produce the least effect. Deign, Madam, to receive with favour the expr ession of m y sentiments of devotedness, and the respectful homage of the attachment and fidelity of your affectionate and submissive cousin, who kisses the feet of your royal Majesty." NETHERLANDS.—THE HAGUE, DEC. 2.-11. , Batavia journals received by the Overland* mail bring the following news: " Conformably to the treaty betweest the Dutch government and that of Koctie, the only net** Ina of the late Sultan suoceedshis father by the title of Melieseedl Adil Ralipatoel Ifeeminin. During tee minority of the new Sultan the government will be directed by a Council of Recy consisting of three persons. the choice of whea l haseen approved by the Governor-General of oar Indian possessions.— On the 15th of August, 1816, a dreadful be reduced to ashes one of the first and most populous Dosses, in the district of Rengel , in the residency of Remburg. The rice by the residency of Cheribon has hem very unit/our able this year, in consequence of the ravages committed by insects. The situation of the farmert bin been severely affected by reason of this failure. The government hastaken various measures in their favour, and has given orders for the cultivation of other agricultural products. Den. I.—Great preparations are being made for the celebration of his Majesty's birthday on Sunday next. Since our last accounts, thirteen herring-boats have arrived at Schenningen, with 1,043,000 herrings. The prime have risen. Some of the owners have realised considerable sums, and the fishing, which at the beginning was unfavourable, has turned out very excellent. Of the fleet, which consisted of 63 vessels, 27 are still absent AMSTERDAM, DEC. 6.—From the table of the receipts of the ways and means of the first 9 months of this year, corresponding with that of the three preceding years, it appears that there 3s an increase in some taxes of 803,70711. 63c., and a decrease in other taxes of 663,7376. 83c. ; so that the total receipts for the first 9 months of this year exceed that of the corresponding period in 1843 by 140,0566. 90c. The official communication lately made to our go vernment by that of Belgium, respecting the importation of fresh fi sh into Belgium, completely disproves what was be fore slimed against the treaty in many quarters. A fear was expressed that the maximum of importation under favour able circumstances, would be greatly exceeded ; now, how ever, the facts show how groundless this fear was, since the maximum of importation allowed amounting for the months of September to December inclusive of this year, were— Dutch pounds : via Antwerp 116,000, Ghent 16,500, Ostend 16,500, West Wesel 16,000. During the months of Septem ber and October, i. e., the half of the period granted, there were only imported: via Antwerp 39,039, West Wesel 5,484, that is only a fifteenth part of what our govern ' meat held out under more favourable circumstances. If we further consider the results communicated by the directors of the fisheries in their address of thanks to the Ministers of Finance, the Interior, and the Colonies, we must acknow ledge with gratitude, that in this matter care has been liken to secure the interests of the public in general and of the IMP timid fisheries. GERMANY. BERLIN, NOV. 29. Mr. Von Kamptz has been commissioned to proceed immediately to Vienna, there to regulate the commercial relations of Silesia in reference to the incorporation of Cracow. Tug FOLlem r nun a aam _ of January next year, the . Gusty will between the king will be aboli dom of Poland and the Russian Empire shed, and the commerce bet ween them be entirely free, by ct which the mod b r illiant prospects are opened to the manufacturers of Poland fir the disposal of their goods in the interior of Russia. The kingdom of Poland, established by the Emperor Alexander, and sanctioned by the European powers in the congress of Vienna, having lost its constitution In 1831, by a ukase of the Emperor Nicholas will be abolished at the Russian new year, and convert ed into a government of Russia, for which all the preparatory measures are already in p SrMEN.—SToCKBOIM, NOV. 27.—Yesterda 7 at noon, an ill - dressed young man appeared at th® palace, and with violent gesticulations, required Colonel Von Peyrcei, his Majesty's chamberlain on duty, to procure him audience of the king. The chamberlain declining to do so, he threat- ened the Colonel, with a pistol which he drew from his pocket; and soon afterwards aimed a second pistol at Count Vonnon, 1 governor of the palace, who had hastened with some men from the guard-heues to arrest him. The pistol was die charged,happily . without injuring anyone. From the exami nation of the prisoner , which iinniiately p took lac ein the police-office, it appease that his name is Platin, and that he was quarter-master in the regiment of Dalecarlia; that he has been for a year in the lunatic asylum of Denviken, from which he was discharged as cured on the 20th of May, 1845, I when he was sent back to his relations, and had only been , two days in Stockholm. The two pistols were fully loaded with iron shot of different lees. The reports of the 1 physicians who have examined him, state that be is completely insane, and he will therefore be sent to the hospital at Danviktn. There is every reason to believe that the intentions of this unfortunate man were not a criminal as they at first appeared. In con sequence of the danger Which threatened - the King, yester day, the audience all the IMMO salted for the national hyma,mhick wee Maid* Maid* the. loudest applause. The gales what has been found the Meet satitatie et the Melts in circulation. • The so-called Zed. Von Instill, when he required the Captain of the Guards to introduce him to Col. Peyton, was extremely dirty and ill-dressed, so that when he announced hi him an s desire to have an audience of the King, the latter gave evasive answer, and desired him to lean the palace, and to muse another day. He then repeated . his refuaal, uhe which the man declined to state any particulars of what desired'of the Kipg, and immediately drew oat a pistol, and Yid It to the breast of the chamberlain, exclaiming, " An manals me, or I will fire." The chamberlain turned midi the inunle, and t pollination of the pistol, mat to the guard-house a nd to the police-office all which the .111111161. observed, but remained still, with his hand in bie. pod*, About an hour afterwards Count Horn, the of the palace, came from the guard-house, and or the men to arrest Platin, who stood behind a screen , drew out a second pistol and fired at the count, whose &Mk and temples were graced by was the shot, so that his hair singed, and the bullet entered the wall. Platin was eideed without much resistance, and taken to the police elks, where, during his examination, he spoke very boldly, threatened the officers, the French ministers, rte. On exami nation he was found to have a large knife, a watch with metal case, some printed placards in bad Swedish, were .te prove that his proper name was the Duke of Bourbon, a bundle of papers, but not a penny . in money. On being questioned, In stated that it was his intention to demand the eat of there who, in the year 1844, had placed him =untie asylum at Daeviken. Being ask why he MOO armed, he said that a Duke of Bourbon nev er went neeemed. In less than an hoer he seemed to have for ,....illip.Lvss/etictirgedttsont had to be p i ard e ili n th e f o renoon. ih The . 7 1/P ester=sy afternoon he wee again conveyed ta the lunatic asylum. He is a young man between 26 and 27 years of age, and has euffered mental aberration for many years, but without showing any violence. According to the Afton pad, his name is A. O. G. Von Platin, bora 1822, son of Captain C. A. Von Platin, and has served as Quarter. master in the rectment of Dalecarlia. AFRICA.—The Portajoglio Maltese publishes a letter from Tunis, stating that Ahmet Bey bad offered to grant to the French government the forests of Tatiana, as guarantee for a loan of 30,000,000 f., and that privileges will be accorded to a company for a free exploitation of the land till the sum advanced is reimbursed. The letter, which is said to have emanated from parties espousing English polities, hints that this mode of p r oceeding is only a ruse by the French government to induce the bey to grant a cession of territory on terms' which it is known can never be satisfied. The acquisition of this place, it is said, would be of great advantage to the French, as it would afford them another source of communi cation with Algiers ; and the paragraph which is going the round of the continental papers speaks so confidently on the subject as to affirm that a negotiation has been already opened between the two interested powers. int OHO. The Queen and Prince Albert took their usual earli walk yesterday, in the plantations of Osborne House. Prince George has arrived at his residence in St. James's Palace, from Ireland. Mr. C. and Mr. J. Marryatt had an interview with Earl Grey yesterday, at the Colonial-oftioe.—Lord Marcus Hill had also an interview with the noble Earl. THE CONDE MONTEMOLIN.—Yeaterday the Conde de Montemolin, attended by the Marquis de Villafranca, General Don Juan de Montenegro, and Colonel Merry, visited the Traveller's Club, Pall-mall. Lord John Manners was in waiting to receive the illustrious party and con ducted them over the magnificent range of apartments of that 'club-house. The royal visitor's name and those of his aides de-camp were inserted in the members' book, as honorary visitors during the Count's sojourn in London. The Count was received with every possible distinction. DEATH an SIR C. MORGAN, BART.—The venerable Sir C. Morgan, Bart., died at his seat, Tredegar-park, Mon- ' mouthshire, on Saturday last, in the 86th year of his age. He was seised with a severe attack of influenza, accompanied with fever, about a fortnight since, which terminated fatally. He has left surviving his eldest son, the present Sir C. M. R. Morgan, the member for Brecon ; and two other sons, the Rev. A. Morgan, and G. Morgan, Esq., the member for Monmouthshire ; and two daughters, the Right Hon. Lady , the widow of George, late Lord Rodney , and t he ltit7Major-General Milman. The family of the Morgans, of Tredegar, is one of the most ancient in the principality, where there are many very long pedigrees. The record tells as that Llewellin, of Ivor, Lord St. Clears and Own-Vaye, Lord of Kilsaint married Anointed, daughter and co-heir of Sir Morgan Meredith, Lord of Tredegar (descended from Rhys, Prince of South Wales), and thus acquired the Treclecestates. The last male heir of the line, John Morgan, . (only son of Thomas Morgan, Esq., of Ruperra, an d nephew of Sir William Morgan, K. 8., of Tredegar), married Miss Burt, niece of his Excellency William Matthew Burt, Governor of the Leeward Islands, when the Tredegar estates passed to the Gould family. The father of the late baronet was Dr. Charles Gould, an eminent civilian, who was appointed Judge Advocate and Judge Mar shal of the Forces, and was sworn of the Privy Council in 1779, received the honour of knighthood, and was created a baronet in November. 1792. He married Jane, eldest daghter ' of Thomas Morgan, Esq., of Ruperra, county of Glamorgan, Lord Lieutenant of the counties of Monmouth and Brecon, and brother of Sir W. Morgan, of Tredegar. He assumed, in conformity with the testamentary injunction of his brother-in-law, John Morgan, Esq., and, by Royal permis mission, the surname and armorial bearings of the family of Morgan of Tredegar. He represented the county of Brecon, and on his retirement, in 1806, he received the unanimous thanks of his constituents. Tax Wurrrnorrox CLUB.— A special general meeting of the members of this institution was held yester day evening, at the Crown and Anchor tavern, Strand, for the purpose of considering ant adopting a code of lAws and regulations for the government of the society, which had been prepared and agreed to by the eceinciL Mr. Jenkin Jones, the chairman of the council, presided. The draft was read at length by Mr. Yapp, one of the honorary secretaries, and the several rules embodied therein were generally agreed to, after a long discussion, and with some amendments. By one of them it was settled that the club should continue open till 12 o'clock. An amendment that the club should be wholly closed on Sunday was resisted, and negatived by an overwhelming majority. On the motion of Mr. Petty B. St. John, seconded by Mrs. John Dareus, thanks were voted to the chairman, and the meeting, after a tedious sitting of nearly four hours, broke up at 11 o'clock. SOIREE OF THE EARLY CLOSING ASSOCIATION. — A soiree, in furtherance of the objects of the above associa tion, was held yesterday evening, in the Queen's Concert room, Hanover-square. The company assembled at seven o'cock, for refreshments, and at a quarter-past eight Mr. B. B. Cabbell, M.P., took the chair. Mr. Nash said that, as secretary to the metropolitan association, he was there to explain the change which had been made in its title, which now no longer applied to drapers only, but . to all trades. This was done for the purpose of embracing all trades, which they would have done from the beginning, but that they hoped to obtain a more vigorous organisation by appealing to the class feelings of a large and important branch of trade, when they could gradually include all other branches within the scope of their operations. Theirs was no selfish object ; they wished to ameliorate the condition of tegerople m every department of industry, whether en in the crowded story or heated shop, or working at the sickly employment of the dreams/Ler. Serena other gentlemen addressed the meeting, and proposed a number of " sentiments ; " after which thanks were voted to the chairman, and the soiree concluded. TOWER HAMLETS COMMISSION OF SEWERS.—Last night an influential meeting of rate-payers was held at the committee-room, Church-street, Hackney, to take into con sideration the present constitution of the Commissioners of Sewrs and their frequent and excessive levy of taxation. Mr. Churchwarden Border was in the chair. Resolutions were adopted denouncing the irresponsible constitution of the commission, and complaining of its extravagance. A petition to parliament for the reform of the commission was also agreed to. MR. MILLS AND THE ST. PANCRAS VESTRY.— At a special meeting, held last evening, of thecommittee ap pointed, in pursuance of a resolution unanimously adopted, to consider the steps to be taken with reference to the recent conduct of Mr. Mills, the deputy-coroaer for Middlesex, take to 1.001:tdra; et — Quelb ; ; &nth, to ascertain the 'opinion of that web conduct. REPRESENTATION OP W}MTNIINOTE S tiss, signed by 136 electors of West m i nster, es presented to C. Cocbrsne, Esq., of Detonaha allow himself to be placed in nomination as a ( represent Westminster in Parliament. Mr. Cpel Bed his assent. THE LFrERATt'RE OP THE "LITERARY —The curious information is seriously copy, Literary Gazette that " the Government hie Melly signified the final determination to dispb lington Statue from the Arch at Hyde-park. erect it somewhere on a pedestal to be designed , under its 0501$ direction, and of its own exp affords a couple of rich subjects for the caricaturis Sketches of the bronze monster designing its o and then paying for it, would be irresistible. THE GRATUITOUS MARRIAGES AT $. CLURaRNwELL, which, on the fint occasion, w th a n 40, and on the second 36, yesterday d• to two couple. This is attributed by the k 1 Hughes, who officiates gratuitously two days to the great publicity given to the circumstance - PARKINS'S PATENT LOCOMOTION,—A e of locomotion, on the railway principle, has submitted to the public ; and a model, exhile the invention and its economy. is i n the 'nurse exhibition at the chambers of the inventor and T. Perkier' ' in Old Broad-street. The obj ects tentee seeks to secure are stated to be three-fo to human life, certainty of action, and miaow Lion and working. How far he may be sw i achievement of these important purposes presumptuous in ua to hazard an Of have only to describe the operations of th as achibited by the working model. i n wheels being attached to the carriages, the MI to fix them permanently on the line of rad e engine, carnage., and trucks, are intended to by means of their construction as level platform the inventor calculates upon relieving end of the weight of the rotatory adjuncts, the carriages, and lastly, that of the engine, u which, at present, are the requiaite means of r tion, and thus not only to reduce the n • ordinary steam power at present in opine, eiderable outlay of capital. The motive pm plan is so applied that the line of tract into the centre of the railway, and the doe the fracture of an axle or other similar sus The experiments made with the working me, 30 feet in length are interesting. THE GREAT BRITAIN.—" A tol, Nov. the 28th," says the Lire fl going the round of the papers,' stating, in i Great Britain, that ' the engineer, whose ting her off had been approved, repreeee gales have so far strained and damaged h not repay the cost which would ottani-ay the attempt.' The engineer is Mr. Bream not made any such representation. We h with Mr. Bremner a few days ago, and his the vessel as snug as possible for the remaiod and in spring he intends to take her off it an operation which he will perform on the opportunity. One of Mr. Bremner's mos great engineering ability, we are sorry to se to leave the superintendence of the great indisposition." INCREASE OF THE ARMY.—On dil, fidently too, in certain military circles, that zeoostaiderable increase in the arm an ts, it is said, or 12,000 men. If re ealeteieed, we should rather think that it Vedia ad second battalions ; but this math run would be nearly the same. We giv has reached us, without offering any open bility. We can only say we think a con ought to be made to the standing army. Cape must be doubled, if not trebled. ' must be relieved; and, indeed, reliefs in rally are called for by the voice of sound of humanity. Of a war, thank God, tl except in India ; but we should be prepay regiments from the Cape and Australia t and supplying their places with troops Dublin Evening Post. THE LATE GENERAL NOTT.—It I House of Commons last session that the hero of Cruidahar, died in affluent that Lady Nott, his widow, was, e peovided for as residuary legatee uncle I however, was incorrect; for since have got into Chancery, and it appear of Lady Nott, the executrix ' that unless property at Carmarthen shou ld sell at a r there will not be enough, after paying th legacies to the daughters ; and that Lai titled only to the residue, will consequi tinder the will. HOME COLONISATION.—Ties CRS r:ex.—A short time ago, two pieces one situated at Herring-gate, Hera, coons , * the other at Red Morley, Woreestenhi acres, were purchased by the Chartists, the erection of cottages upon them. Dot up to Friday night last, the sum of raised, the whole sum collected being I object. On the former estate 3f) coital have been built, at an expense of 5,000(. taken possession of by the allottees on tl Early in the ensuing year a number erected on the latter estate. The Res Russell, minister of Chenies, in the neigh frequently at Herring-rate, viewing t undertaking.—Sunday Times. CONFINEMENT IN A WORKHOtS ford petty sessions ' two young women an attempt to set fire to the Brentfor The charge was dismissed. In the con tion it transpired that the y worn oung rse tenced by the magistrates, for misbeh house, to twenty-one da) s' confinemen and that the master of the workhouse, h order of the Board of Guardians, place workroom, and set them to pick cede returned from the prison to the workh chairman of the magistrates, was indig dared that after the young worrier punishment, it was most improper to pl called solitary confinement. The row having been admonished by the bench, the order until the Board of Guardians AN ALLEGED AUTOGRAPH Cl Yesterday, at a sale by auction at Men son's rooms in Piccadilly, amongst am was a signature presumed to be the s Shakspeere. 'The notes were inserte " Hollinshed's Chronicles," first edit The auctioneer stated that he would n nature to be genuine. The volume s graph on the vellum cover of a book (s of Shakspeare sold sometime ago for' FUNERAL OF THE CANON RIF remains of the late Canon Miguel del illustrious general), were deposited in tholic Chapel, Moorfields. The tom its resting-place by_ many friends of whom were Lord Nugent, Dr. Bow tare of Buenos Ayres (Messrs. Morel Charles Malcolm, Sir F. B. Meyer donnell. The canon was known toe It was highly esteemed. Be was a mar particularly well acquainted with tl Spain. He was a sincere, without patriot, but his zeal for his countr weir &Ward on all occasions ; his ilia Wang, his manners simple and WALKS AMONGST THE WORKI do me a favour by inserting the inclosed sorry that X. L. M. should have given or aware, Sir, that persons born and educated to have the fault with which he channv m ignorant of that fact, or else my proem did not detect my Scottish origin : Colliers of Walkden Moor," and signed that on visiting the figures,inantechool the mast some exercises on and called bege-een, sad "twenty-eight" twenty-A took no interest in the exercise, which wi mien, and that they seemed tired. Now, t Corrempagident, I feel bound, as teacher tell him most distinctly that be is entire' lag the vowel:sound in eight, &c. As tow have the 1014 sound of a or 1, I leave othe I rare, the latter is the more common c ite. "etghteen" ite-een, and Cle u y i rt m l d i I odor the tartar, ten it X. datdati Mae whistekr, henry, refer with, Or aloe won* sat tot e rme author' speasieties, 240. X. L. M. was not s ebildren were tired, yet be might hare = ipi rriti be hes sot dine. He knee leveed the direr-hour specie. while their rampeadana from the Jim/ team is the yhey-dreond. He must hr =boob it be expect that children of twe ormaarehead lesson of figure , (be shoul r thap of seven. In " Walks Had he Inquired mare minutely be the russet children are often is Bert free the others, and haw suitable to their capacities than t sad, moreover, that every lesson given comprelersion. He seems howelef. ' 3 be wes no redeeming feature to set off tt the vapintices of the teacher. Perhap among the colliers of Walluien Moor, he with something more than a ten mini hour. It is much to be regretted that AO like X. L. M., formina their opinion+ of mere glance, and Si .ting them with as m zetb;reeks with them; little thinkin .—I remain, sir, your obedt, errs Infant SchooL—Dec. I. We, of course, submitted the ale pondent, whose reply we now add : In reply to "The Teacher of Walkden state that, in my comnimication of chic whatever *booth's aspiration o f vowels, I re.assert most distinctly, that when children in the rudiments of firm* he A Ire; eighteen, !sateen t and twenty. not refer to " Walker,"' for we that whatever Water, or his endswity the word Adat=eZZ or trelli 11 it it not so d I of