The Express. — London, England, 1846-09-21 00:00:00

I MAILS. QPAIIISII BONDHOLDERS Lothb ' ASSOCIATION, 39, ory. Chairman—DEMPSTER lIENFING, Esq. leattoty-Cltairman—Sir T. B. LETHBIUDOE, Beet The object or tits Assoc:Men M urge and Meditate such an lame dicta arrangement of the Bondholders' claims it Imperatively de manded by justice, and which the improved financial condition et = now enables her to 'Met. Bondholders who wish to see these radio& and to ail the committee be moral illiblebees are mntet u ed to signify then approhution of, and concurrence in, the of the committee for the general interest, by letter to the demetazy.—By order of th, Committee, C. W. STORSIK. See. _ _ _ THEATRE.—Under the Managemem 17 of Mr. Dacidsan.—Mr. GREGORY haring, recovered front the e of his late accident, and haimp been received with the most enthusiastic acclamations on his reappearace as Saturday last, in the character of Shylock, will hare the honour to perform THIS EVENING, rm. 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We cannot notice, liTany;;;;lnycomn lisiTica — tTon that to lent to we anonymously; hot th ose 'rhodium. to address ua in conficierne wlll flnd tbeircomidenee respected. NEITHER CAN WE UNURKTAKE TO RETURN ANY MANUSCRIPTS WHATEVER. 0 . 6 Advertisement* intended for The F.:pries must teat the efilee by Two o'clock on the day of publication. MGR WATER AT LONDoN-BRIDGE. Tin DAY.—Muning, 14 min. past 2; Afternoon, 20 min. put 2. To-nonaow.—Morning, 45 min. put 2; Afternoon, 0 min. put 3. LONDON, MONDAY, SEPT. 21. r is not DON CiRLOS who has escaped, but his eldest son, the Count de MONTEMOLIN, in whose favour he lately abdicated his own pretensions. Thu Count has bowed an address to his followers, and is on his way to Spain. A better time could not have been selected to fling this new ingredient into the cauldron of discord. Never were the numbers and the zeal of those pre pared to risk lives or exert utmost efforts for the sup port of ISABELLA, fewer and smaller than at present. Let us for a moment look back, and regard the foundations which Esear.vtato laid to ensure the solidity and popularity of the Queen's throne. lie de feated the Carlists; but even in defeat conciliated their most able leaders and most practical men, separating them from the bigotry of their chief. lie established a free and fair representative system, confining the military to their just position in the state. The suc cessful defence against Caulks had been in a great measure carried on by the population of great cities, armed and determined to defend their walls. For the Carlist armies overran Spain, and successfully disputed the opea country, whilst they could never hold any thing larger than a village. Gratitude alone, therefore, no le,s than liberal feeling, dictated that the citizens of the Spanish towns should retain their arms, their natior.al guard, and their municipal liberties. On this point it was tlsat ESBARTERO and CHRISTINA, EXAL- T IDO and .Monsstano, quarrelled. ESPARTERO tri umphed fur a time. But France flinging its weight into the scale against him, whilst England held aloof, not only was he overthrown, but the constitution with him. The national guard was dissolved, the citizens disarmed, and the system of government re lapsed to that of FERDINAND: in other words, to the intimidation of the people by the army, and of one • portion of tke army by another. This system, established by the influence and advice of France, might nevertheless, however impatiently en dured, be considered as but temporary until now. Even those who bowed under it might hope that, in time, the Moderados would relent, and restore something I more than nominal freedom. But the Queen's mar riage, effected by this party without the least effort to conciliate the rest of the liberals; and a concomitant marriage with the son of the King of the French, to whom or to whose offspring must almost necessarily descend the crown of Spain, considering the peculiar and well known circumstances of the two marriages ;—these things, with the return of NARVAEZ, show too clearly that the present system is to be permanent, and that the existing tyranny, instead of maintaining itself by the plea of necessity, and as a mere means of restoring tranquillity to the country, is, in fact, nothing but a scheme for rendering Spain, its court, and cabinet, completely dependent upon France. With such a prospect before the eyes of thorough Liberals and Spaniards, the Carlists again threaten to appear on the scene. We know not what degree of liberty they may offer, and we do not think that Spanish Liberals would accept any boon of that kind from them. But it is pretty clear that if they do re-appear in Spain, and gather together any imposing force, arms mast be trusted into the hands of the citizens to resist them ; and those citizens are just as likely (and with more immediate provocation) to use their arms against NARTAF2 as against CARRERA. The Legitimist party, however, will have many difficulties to contend with, cre it can muster a respectable force. The Basques are lukewarm and weary. The Catalonians arc more ripe for revolt, but they do not present that mass of united population which rendered the Basques so formidable. It would require consi derable funds to gather and discipline followers; and France would struggle might and main, nay, would pay to counteract such a rising. France, at the same time, would do this single-handed. Louts PHILIPPE. has destroyed the Quadruple Alliance; or, rather, confiscated it to his own family advantage ; so that England would look on unconcerned in any future struggle between the Carlists and CHRISTINA. This alone, the real neutrality of England, would be an immense advantage for the former. The great hope of the legitimist prince must, how ever, be in the dissensions of the Liberals, in the dis affection of a large portion of the army, and in the deep discontent of the civic population; which, if unarmed, could not resist a Carlist attack ; if armed, would not bear a NARVARZ government. Barcelona is with dif ficulty kept tranquil by the furious tyranny of BRE TON. Saragossa is in a similar state of feeling and coercion. We know _the jablic sentiment of Madrid. To resist at once the Carlists, and this unani mous execration of the liberal citizens of every town, is a task utterly beyond the powers of QUEEN CHRIS TINA, General NARTAFS, and Count BRE.+SON. The French, to be sure, may intervene; and French bayonets, having once protected the execution of limo, may, with about the same honour and in the same spirit, protect the nuptials of the INFANTA. But the entrance of a French army into Spain would be viewed with more resentful feelings than even the invasion of 1823. For the crusade was then un dertaken to support a principle, at least, although an illiberal one. Now, it would be merely a repetition of NAPOLEON'S invasion, for the purpose of placing a eon or a brother on the Spanish throne. Whatever may betide, Louts PHILIPPE has cut out ample work for himself and his progeny for the next twenty years in the Peninsula. With 100,0001 men required to civilise Algeria, and 200,000 indis pensable to communicate the same benefit to Spain, the house of ORLEANS will be badly situated to resist that general hostility which it has now created throughout Europe. In fact, the NAPOLEON of Peace has fallen into precisely the same trap as the NAPO LEON of War. Singular it is, that the self-same bait, the crown of Spain, should have enticed and hooked the two leviathans A DOCUM ENT has been transmitted to us by our Dublin correspondent, which places in a striking point of view the appalling state of destitution prevailing in some districts of Ireland. The paper was drawn up by a well-known and influential resident in the county of Clare ; and is authenticated by the signattires of the respectable parties (several of them clergymen) who collected the information by personal inquiry, while acting as members of the re lief committee of the district to which it relates. It embodies a collection of tables showing the resident, population, and the food on which they have to de pend, in twenty-seven townlands in the south-western part of Clare. The potatoes in these townlands have been utterly destroyed, and the peasantry arc left entirely dependent upon the corn lands, small in ex tent, producing this year, in every case, corn of an indifferent quality, which has moreover in some of the townlands suffered from blight. The aggre gate of the tabular statements for the whole twenty seven, shows that there are in them 2,616 families, containing 14,414 individuals, dependent for• subsis tence upon 2,019 acres of bad corn. In the town land of Dough there are 449 families, containing 2,342 individuals, dependent upon 80 acres ; in the townland of Doonbeg there are 53 families, contain ing 355 individuals, dependent upon acres. In only seven of these townlands, are there provisions to nerve the inhabitants for a month or upwards ; in only one of them are there provisions fur two months. The average is less than provisions fur twenty days ; some have only provisions for eight, seven, five, or even two. On a rough average, twenty fami lies in each townland have no corn at all. With their potatoes perished all their resources. We dwell upon these figures, since it is only by such a process we can enable Englishmen to compre hend the appalling features which scarcity assumes in Ireland. Throughout the greater part of that country, the peasant's stock of food is in all seasons so scanty, that what would cause merely privation among better-fed people, is famine there. And this potato blight, withering the staple food of the country into dead sea-apples, brings home to us, on the other side of the Irish channel, within a day's journey of the wealthy commercial centres of Liverpool and Glas gow, a prospect of destitution and hunger unsurpassed by what we have read of in Indian failures of the rice crops. - - - - • - The time which is left the landlords of Ireland to work in, if they would avert famine from their dependents, is numbered by weeks, and in some instances by days. As Mr. O'CoNsami. says, in his letter to the editor of the ElVlaing Post, " Let it be recollected that the one thing wanted at present is food; that the pressure for food is immediate; that the supplying of food cannot be postponed with out the utmost inhumanity—nay, cannot be postponed with safety to any class." The letter to which we refer is a model of the kind , of address which a man possessed of influence like its writer's ought to issue at such a time. It is brief and business-like; telling the stern truth of the state of the peasantry in us few words as possible. "It is quite true," says Mr. O'Cosxs.i.l., " that many faults may bo found with the Government plan ; but then it is rapid of execution, and rapidity of action is, under existing circumstances, of the most vital importance." The plan suggests, he observes in another part of the letter, "the mode of obtaining food by earning wages : such wages to be paid for the execution of public works." By a brief enumeration of the complicated ►egal questions which would be raised, were the cry of some landlords who seek to shift the burden from the ir ow n shoulders, listened to, he quietly puts aside their cavils. He urges all to do the best with the existing law instead of proclaim ing its defects to a starving people. " Let us inspire in that people a confidence in our exertions, and con vince them that we will leave no practicable means untried to preserve the country from famine and pestilence." Mr. O'CONNELL indicates very clearly the mode of operation under the act. The presentment sessions are bound to meet on the day mentioned in the pro clamation; having met, they are bound to make pre sentments for works within their districts; the Lords of the Treasury are bound to advance all sums without specified limits ; the Board of Works are bound to put the works presented in operation without delay ; and the repayment is not to commence until 1847, " so that the landlords are by the act left all their resources for the present year, untouched by the payment of any rate." Mr. O'CONNELL recapitulates the remedies competent against presentment sessions disobeying the law, concluding his enumeration with the sirmufi cant words : " It is, therefore, to the last degree im probable that any sessions will refuse to make pre sentments." Under any circumstances we would have augured the best effects from this address, which in its hurry ing brevity and straightrorwardness is more like an action than mere words. It impresses us like some one pushing us forward. Our confidence is increased by the better spirit which, even before it appeared, was beginning to show itself at the presentment sessions held under the Lord-Lieutenant's proclama tion. The sessions of Upper Ormond and Skibbereen voted the necessary works promptly and in the best spirit. The session of Raphoe was under the neces sity of adjourning, to allow time for the officers of the Board of Works to offer suggestions but the landlords appeared willing to do their duty. Nowhere has the conduct of the gentry of Mayo been imitated, who met with their doors closed against reporters, and appointed a depu tation to " enlighten " Lord JOHN RUSSELL on the propriety of exempting the landlords from contribu tions to the national relief. The peop'e of England and Scotland will grudge no degree of liberality on the part of Government, that may tend to relieve their suffering brethren in Ireland. But the landlords of Ireland must be given' to understand that the people of England and Scot land will insist upon every precaution being taken to ensure that the relief finds its way to those who really need it. They will not tolerate the transfer of advances to find employment and food for the starv ing peasant, by some jobbing or juggling into the pockets of their landlords. They know that the landed proprietors of Irelard have long been accustomed to rely upon Government loans and grants for the means of making improvements of various kinds; they know that under the first act passed last session, to provide employment for the suffering Irish, the special object of relieving the people was to a great extent lost sight of, in the fear, shamelessly avowed in many eases, that if they did not join in the first rush upon the fund, even when there was no destitution in the district, they might not obtain what they called " their share of the grant." They think, with the intelligent editor of the Dublin Evening Poet, that the land in Ireland can maintain the people, and ought to be made to maintain the people ; though they will grudge no advances re quired to meet the immediate and urgent destitution of the Irish poor. AGRICULTURE must now undergo a transition, which should base been accomplished thirty years ago. Then it would have been comparatively tusy and natural. Nor is it now necessarily dittkult. The subject has, however, become somewhat com plicated and mixed up with political and party prejudices or antipathies, which have no proper con nexion with the interests of agriculture. Every true friend to agriculture will strive to separate it from such connexion. The questions which affect has- bandry are purely economical ; though it may some times be necessary, for the sake of explaining or eluci dating the actual state of English farming, to refer to Protectionist errors, as one would refer to bad seasons or a general blight, because they have pro duced permanent effects. They are facts which cannot be overlooked or forgotten. But we earnestly deprecate the maintenance of ideas which Pro tection has perpetuated, though it did not originate them. Whatever the immediate or temporary prospect, farmers must no longer accuatom themselves to look fur high prices. They should go for quantity without refe rence to price, and they cannot go far wrong. Letthem believe, if they will, that wheat may be as cheap as the wildest exaggerations of the parliamentary Pro tectionists have suggested, but let such belief only stimulate them to increased production. They will find the increased produce a reality, and the threat ened low price a mere dream. We could give innumerable instances iu evidence of the truth of our position, that the farmers who have disregarded mere price and looked to quantity for profit, have been for the last thirty years the only successful farmers. Nor will that fact he seriously denied, although the consequences which flow from it may be overlooked or evaded. It will be admitted by Protectionists that men of large capital, enterprise, and skill, may enter upon or continue the business of husbandry under low prices with a fair expectation of profitable results; but they say: " What is to become of the many, perhaps the majority of farmers, who are insufficiently supplied with capital, and who have exhibited small signs of enterprise or skill in husbandry ?" This view of the subject we know to have induced many excellent persons, who were unable to resist the general arguments used against the Corn-laws, to abstain from joining in the free-trade movement. It was the real pinch of the question amongst farmers ; and it was the most difficult part of the free-trade argument, because its explana tion required the power of taking wide views of the state of husbandry, not usually possessed by farmers, in combination with an intimate acquaintance with , fanning details, seldom acquired by any except farmers. The supporter of the Corn-laws was told that farmers must depend less upon grain and more on stock ; and he at once jumped to the conclusion that all except the richest lands would be converted into pasture, and that thereby the employment of half the peasantry destroyed. Or again, when the obviously deficient capitals of most farmers were referred to, the Protectionist assumed that free-trade in corn, and na tural prices, would cause all such farmers to be displaced to make room for a new class of farming capitalists. And upon these assumptions the most harrowing pro phecies of agricultural distress were based. There is not the slightest foundation for these predictions of evil. Free-trade is now attained ; and a little busi ness-like attention to the real circumstances of hus bandry will show how baseless are all such predictions. In the first place it must be observed, that, although the principles on which alterations in the system of fanning will take place in every district, are the same, the particular mode of working out the principles will be infinitely varied. Fur instance, the farmer who occupies a farm of not very good land, one-third or one-half too large for his capital, must, if he means to farm with profit, take ouc of two courses : he must either give up a part of his land, and, applying all his capital to the remainder, adopt a higher system of culture upon the smaller area; or he must introduce a longer rotation of crops, keeping some of his land two years in grass, and sowing green crops more extensively. Under the latter plan, he would:probably breed stock, both sheep and cattle, and only crop such a proportion of his land with grain as he could manage to prepare and manure perfectly. A third mode may be mentioned ; namely, borrowing the additional amount required forcultivuting the whole farm highly; but that involves considerations in connexion with the tenures of farmers which we reserve for future discussion. At present we will assume the farmer to have such:a secure possession of his farm as will induce him to lay out his capital with confidence. Now one of these plans, or some modification of them, is the mode by which farmers will have to meet the necessity of increased produce. Whether the plan adopted be more elabo rate cultivation of a fifth or sixth part of the farm cropped with grain, instead of a half, third, or fourth part, while the remainder is applied to rearing stock, and so kept under a gradual course of preparation for grain ; or whether it be by concentration of all the farmer's capital on a less quantity of land ; the result will be to give increased employment for labourers, and larger returns to the farmer. In either ease the foundation of improvement must be more stock kept to supply additional manure, and more perfect tillage of the land actually under grain crops. On many estates landholders might, by a firm and discriminating re-arrangement of their farms, secure to their tenants and themselves the great advantage of apportioning the size of the farms to the amount of capital possessed by the respective tenants ; and the benefits to all parties from such a re-arrangement would soon become so apparent. that any slight dirt satisfaction which might exist at first would speedily pass away. In nearly every backward district, it is certain that the first steps must be taken by the landowner, if only to remove impediments to good cultivation which the tenants have no right or power to remove. A few practical illustrations of this, drawn from a source not to be questioned, some of the prize essays of the Royal Agricultural Society, will fix attention on several of these points. In most of these prize essays the writers rather overstate than otherwise the condition of agriculture in the particular districts they are describing ; therefore. wherever they admit deficiencies, such admissions may be taken as pre vailing too generally to be passed over. Thus, in the essay on the farming of Kent, in the sixth volume of the society's journal, the writer, in describing the extensive clay district known as the Weald, after having stated the absolute necessity for draining before any improvement of the land can be usefully undertaken, shows that there is a prelimi nary obstacle to draining in the hedges and timber trees with which the district superabounds. He says: . . "Before draiainr can be successfully carried out in the Weald and other inclosed portions of the county, the small fields must be en- Larded by grubbin r hedges and feline trees. Not lets than an eighth of the entire aces of the amble land of this extensive district is occupied by hedges and tries, taking into calculation the ground that is injured by their roots and -bade. Many of the fields consist of only three or four acres ; the mere mechanical ili,advantag. therefore, of cultivation are obvious, especially when it Is considered that upon this heavy soil four horses are cruelly worked at length in ploughing. The corn, too, near the hedges is always of a very info rior quality, as well as deficient in quantity, being much injured by birds and lodged by winds. In showery harvests it is always sure to be damaged by sprouting, and In frequentle worthless. In small fields a large proportion of the ground eon.lits of headlands, which on an adhesive soil in wet seasons are made into a perfect puddle by the turning of the horses employed in the various pro_ ceases of cultivation ; the ground thus becomes useless. ' Lose tat to.-I,' as they are aptly termed, not unfrequently occur inwet autumn. in small inclosed fields where light and air arc in a measure shut out, and the important process of evaporation is as a consequence greatly impeded. Thus. nearly a whole year's expenses, and perhaps a dressing of manure, are almost lost. There are many thousands of norm in the Weald of Kent which cannot, under existing cirrus.- stanres, be euttirated without a positive loss, that might be made to yield of most kinds of rocs a foil areroge of the kingdom. It is a mistake to suppose that this portion of the county is in itself so muck beerier to the rest in the natural productiveness of its soil," THE EXPRESS, MONDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 21, 1846. Yet what a picture of agricultural desolation is presented ! And the description would apply, with very slight variations, to thousands upon thousands of acres in England. In spite of the obvious cause of backward husbandry in such districts, the land owners commonly regard their cribbed and cabined hedge-rows and abundant timber with a sort of superstitious affection. Not one in fifty would con sent to the removal of these absolute bars to good farming. Here, then, we find improvement stopped at the very threshold by obstacles of which the removal is quite out of the tenant's power. It is scarcely necessary to say that the occupiers of such lands are generally men of little capital and skill. If the owner of land thinks it advantageous to him to grow timber, he should set apart distinct por tions of his estate as plantation, in which arboriculture might be properly carried on. The writer from whom we have before quoted says: " Fledge-row timber, from its exposed situation, i" generally short and of stunted growth, eonsistinx principally of boughs, and there fore of but little value in the market" And he adds : It is common to see eery inferior trees do more injury in three or four years to the crops than the whole value of the trees will amount to otter continuing the mischief fur half a century?' The same views would be expressed by any intel ligent farmer or land-agent ; yet this state, this waste, of property goes on year after year, as if it were inevitable. Nevertheless, nothing but the will to remove the evil is wanted. The causes of the mischief may be made to furnish the means of cure. Ilear what the prize essayist says as to the facility with which the Weald of Kent might be improved: " The produce of the hedge-rows, consisting of timber and roots, would, after paying the expenses of grubbing, levelling, ere., go a great way in defraying the cost of thoroughly draining the *bole of the weala. In some situations it would be more than adequate. 714. district, three'', ' possesses within itself the mesas of its own amelioration. All that is required is tr, go about the business in a judicious manner. The Weald of Kent cannot be cleared up and drained in a year. Even if it could, it would not be desirable. Haste is not always sound program. There is now a dense population in this district, owing to the increasing hop culture, a Ise, portion of whom were in fanner years frequently thrown upon the rates in the winter months. By following nut a comprehensive system of progressive improvement, every band in the district, for an indefinite time to 00111 e, might be profitably employed throughout the year. The cheapest and most effective way of carrying out this great object would be for the owner. of land to commence their opera tions systematically, and to do nothing by piecemeal. Whatever is done should be done thoroughly. and not interfere with any improve ment to be subsequently effected. It would be well fur every estate to he annually kinked over with great care, with reference to per manent improvement, and to commence with what is most needed. The best way, perhaps, would be for the landlord to jely the whole expense of the draining, conducting it under his ns n superinten dence, and to charge a lair per centage on the rental. A judicious outlay might be made to yield, in many parts of this county, five or per cent., with a very great advantage to the occupying tenant." Here, then, we have a plain, unpretending amount of the way in which a wide and important district may be improved, and of the first steps which must be taken to render improvement practicable. This district is similar in its main features to numerous other districts where improvement is equally needed, and where it is as much impeded by obstacles beyond the reach of the tenant. In the remedies pro posed we meet with nothing like land thrown out of cultivation, or tenants displaced. On the contrary, a determination on the part of landlords and tenants to co-operate in the use of means already at their own disposal, is alone required to improve cultivation, and create a fair profit where little, if any, has hitherto existed. This is the practical mode of regarding agri culture; and the ultimate result is most hopeful. The Paris papers of Friday have reached us. They contuia no local news of importance. The Spanish, marriages we .e still the subject of comment ; the Debut* saying that the marriage of the Duke de Montpensier strikes the last blow to the Carlist party, while in the same breath it publishes the escape of Count de Nlontemolin on the 16th ult. _ The dispensations for the marriages of the Queen !of Spain with the Infant Don Francisco De Assis, and of the Duke de Montpensier with the Infanta Maria Luisa, were s , gned by the Pope on the Bth inst. The latter arrived at the Foreign Office in Paris on Thursday. An attack,' to the French embassy at Madrid arrived in Paris on Thursday, with a portrait of the Infanta, painted by a SpaniXartist, Ceeilio Corro, and sent to the Duke de Montpensier. The deed of settlement was expected on Sunday, and, as soon as it is ratified by the King, it will be returned to the plenipotentia ries at Madrid. Since the above was in type, we have received our express, and the Paris papersof the 19th. The pro 7 elamation of Count Mentemolin, which we give in another place, was published in the papers of Satur day. There is no other news of importance. his rumoured that the ticklish question of Tahiti is entirely settled between Lord Palmerston and M. Guizot—that the French protectorate is to remain as at present established, and a line of demarcation to be agreed on between the two Governments. Queen Pomare is to be reinstated in part of her dominions. The steamer Asmod/u, commanded by M. Blanc, which left Naples on the 10th, reached Toulon on Saturday evening, with despatches from Vice-Admi ral the Prince de Joinville. _ It was reported at Toulon that the squadron would be ordered to the coast of Morocco, where, under pre sent circumstances, it was believed its presence would produce a desirable effect. 'ADRID, SEPT. 11.—The following was received at Paris on Friday night, by extraordinary express. The sitting of the Senate and of the Congress has been opened. M. Isturitz, President of the Council, read the fol lowing message to the two Chambers:— 10 THE (OHM, " H. M. the Queen has ordered us to inform the Cortes, according to the terms of Art. 47 of the constitution, that, after long and serious deliberations on what was best for the welfare of the monarchy and her own happiness, she has resolved to contract a marriage with her august cousin, the Infant Don Francisco de Assis Maria of Bourbon. " 11. M. has likewise ordered us to announce to the Cortes in the same manner, and to the same intent, that H. It. li. the Infanta Maria Luisa Fernanda, of Bourbon, her august sister, and at present heir presumptive to the crown, intends, with consent and will of the Queen, to contract a marriage with 11.R.11. Antoine-Marie Philippe Louis d'Orleans, Duke of Montpensier. " Her Majesty hopes that these marriages will contribute efficaciowly to the happiness and prosperity of the monarchy, to her own happiness, and to that of her august sister; and she hops that the Cortes of the kingdom, who have given so many proofs of their love and devotion to the crown, of the interest they bear to the grandeur and prosperity of the nation, awl to the firm establishing of its institutions, will join in these consolatory hopes, and will be-etch the Almighty to grant their speedy accomplishment, and give to Spain a new era of peace, of concord, and of happiness. " Madrid, Sept. 14,1846." In the Senate and in the Congress the communica tion was received with emotion and respect. No demonstrations were made from the tribunes. The Minister of Finance then demanded the au thority to levy contributions. This is the point on which the opposition intends giving battle. M Orense then rose amidst universal silence, and demanded if the marriage of the Duke of Mont pensier was to take place immediately, or whether it was to be adjourned until the Queen had given direct successors to the Crown ?_ _ M. Isturitz rlied at once that the marriage of the Queerrand o f the Infanta were to be relehroted at the aline time. The precise tone of this answer caused a lively sensation. sL Orense sat down without endeavouring to bring cn a discussion. _ . A commission was then formed in the congress for the address. It is composed as follows : MM. Sar torias, Olivan, Benavides, Alvarez, Pesada Herrera, Gallardo, and Bravo Murillo. All of them in their respective bureaux pronounced themselves in favour of the message. The commission appointed to examine the proposed bill for authorising contributions, is composed, with the exception of one, of friends of the government. The populace which surrounded the Assembly Hall were perfectly quiet; not a shout was heard, and there we re no symptoms of excitement. On the 16th inst. the whole of the senate pro. ceeded in state to congratulate the Queen on the marriage of herself and sister. The address read by the president was in terms of the greatest approba tion. The proposed address of the congress is drawn up in the same spirit. EVASION OF COUNT MONTEMOLIN, SON OF DON CARLOI3.-It was on the evening of the 14th that Count Montemolin left Bourges. On the 12th, he dined with the Prefect of the Cher, and the military commander of the department. It was thirty blurs before his departure was known, owing to measures taken of a similar nature to those employed at Ham to conceal for a whole day the escape of Prince Louis. There was a report on the Pari3 Bourse, on Friday, that he had been taken at Limoges, in the dress of a cavalry officer, but the report has not been confumed. Cabrera, the opulent and enterprising chief of the Snish Carlists, is, it is said, no longer in France. lie had recently obtained permission to come to Paris. A few days since he left that capital, but instead of returning to Lyons, the place of residence assigned to him, he crossed over to England. What ever dangers may ensue to Spain from these escapes, the following is the proclamation, said to have been addressed to the Spaniards, dated the 12th : " SPANIAIIIIB, " My dignity, in accordance with my feelings, commanded me to await the events which I now behold taking place with out surprise in Spain, and to remain true to what I announced to you in my manifesto of the 23rd of May, 181.5. I then made you acquainted with my principles; my sole desire was to extricate our pvrty from the chaos in which it had Allen ; to bring about a lasting. reconciliation between the different parties; to give you that peace and happiness of which you stand as i much in need, and which you have so well deserved. The result did not answer my expectations, and your hopes were deceived. Your duty and my word of honour impose upon us new efforts for accomplishing the mission reserved to us. That moment has at length arrived, Spaniards, which I avoided with so much care, at so many sacrifices either on your side or on mine. It would be doing you injustice, and slander ing myself, to suppose you not equal to that reputation for energy which gained you the esteem of Europe. I know no factions: I behold only Spaniards who can all powerfully co-operate with me towards the accomplishment of the great work reserved for me by a Divine Providence. I therefore. appeal to you; I place my trust in all ; I discard none. The cause I repre sent is a just one; no otsstaele ought to stop us when success is our aim. The result is certain. For relying on your zeal, your activity, and your courage, I trust that you will eager:y respond to my appeal. I wish and ordain that the past be forgotten. The epoch before us must in nowise resemble the state we are in at present. A complete union must be esta blished between Spaniards. No more hateful epithets, no more hatreds, no more injuries. Institutions in the spirit of the age, the holy religion of our ancestors, the unbiassed exercise of justice, respect of property, the amalgamation of factions, will be a pledge of that happiness for which you sigh. I shall keep all my premises, and when the moment of triumph has struck, my greatest joy shall be to forget that there are victors and vanquishe". Receive my thanks for the many hardships undergone. Admirer of your courage wad your deeds, I shall reward them nobly on the field of battle.—ClientEs Loos. Bourges, Sept. 12, 1846." We are enabled to state, from undoubted au thority, that the Count de Nlontemelin arrived in Paris, from Bourges, by the Orleans railway, on the 15th inst. When there, he saw a confidential friend with whom he had a long interview, leaving with him copies of his address, to be sent to all the French journals as soon as lie (the Count) should be across the frontier. Two hours afterwards he left Paris by ' the Great Northern railway. The escape of Don Carlos has not been confirmed. i FRANCE.—PARIS, SEPT. 19.—The financial crisis, now prevailing in Germany, threatens to bear heavily, at no great distance of time, on the principal markets of Europe. In Paris, the paper of Frankfort, Vicr.na, and other German towns, is very scarce and in great demand. Large sales in Gortr uncut Securities have been made lately by leading mercantile houses with the view, a was confidently asserted, of sending reruitt nee, to Germany on securities received from B rlin and Vienna. Thus the tendency of the public funds to rise was chec ked at its very com mencement, and if railway shares maintained their prices it is Martially owing to large sales made some time since by jobbers, who were not in possession of the stock, and were obliged to buy it! However, the general feeling of specu lators in much better than it was in Paris three montks ago, and owing to the daily increase of the receipts of the Great Northern Railway, the shares of that company have once more become great favourites at the bourse, and this rise will, no doubt, exercise a favourable influence on the other railway shares. M. Alaux. the painter, has just been appointed by the King, Director of the French School of Painting at Rome. -- We have to announce the death of Count Simeon, Peer of France, and of Madame Berryer, mother of the eloquent deputy. The latter was in her 77th year. THE l'oT.tro 111.tuttz has been for some time past gradually extending itself in the western and southern districts of France; every week adds some new locality. Last year the principal scene of infection was in the north ; beyond Amiens to the frontier of Belgium almost every field was more or less damaged, and in some districts a sound potato was hardly to be found ; it was also, but in a modified form, in some parts of Picardy, Normandy, and sin the bottlers of the Rhone ; now the crops are all but lota in some of the lowlands of Calvados, Normandy, Tou raine, on the Garonne, about:Toulouse, and from thence to the Mediterranean; in several places near the Rhone, at Chanthery, and other parts of Sardinia and Italy, the loss is still more extensive ; in all these districts the late kinds have suffered most; at present I have not heard that it has made any progress in central France; in the neighbourhood of Paris, we are almost entirely free from taint. I have from time to time visited the various markets and seen but very little ; in fact, no disease among the early kinds • as to the later varieties, but very few have yet been taken up. The season has been so exceedingly dry and hot during the months °finite, July, and August, that the crops cannot be otherwise than cient, and I am perfectly certain that around Paris there will not be half an average crop—l might even say one fourth. The red spider, thrip, and drought have done al most as much mischief as the blight; geNl kinds are veiling from 8 to 12 francs the 100 kilos ( 6s. 6d. to 10s. for 2001b5.). All kinds of vegetables and fruit (with the exception of melons, grapes, and walnuts) are, at least, one-half dearer than last year. 1 have just returned from a tour throughout the whole length and breadth of Belgium and Rhenish Priaxsia, which, I am happy to say. present a very different appearance to what they did last autumn ; then a sound potato was scarcely to be seen, which, added to the shortness in rye and oats, created an almost universal alarm of famine; not only potatoes, but turnips, carrots, and every kind of grain, are generally good, and not far front an average crop. From Courtrai toGhent the farmers are everywhere busy get ting up the late crops, rather from fear of wet weather than actual necessity. Early potatoes are abundant in the markets of this last place, and almost entirely free from specks. The price asked for red kidneys was 10 and 12 francs the sack of 200 lbs. ; late kinds did not look so well, and sold from 7 to 10 francs. Towards Antwerp there is said to be a full crop of kidneys, and perfectly sound; but I saw many places where the blight had evidently attacked the late ones. At Bruges and West Flanders fear was entertained for those still in the ground, although actual disease had not exhibited itself to any great extent. At Bruss e ls I saw none in the fields, and those in the markets looked sound. At Malines and Louvain the people is ero all busy, and the yield seemed good. A friend living in an agricultural district, near Malines, told me that he had not seen or even heard of any disease among the early potatoes, and that generally the farmers were satisfied with the crops. Last season they were everywhere destroyed. Further east, towards St. Trond and Liege, I was told that here and therethey were bad, but I saw nothing of it. I went into a field that was being dug up, and certainly did not tee a single root tainted ; on the contrary, they appeared plentiful, full-sized, and sound. In this neigh bourhood last year the disease universal, and in its wont form. The present prices are 6 to 8 francs round, and 7 to 12 francs for the kidneys. Towards Aix and Cologne they did not look is good ; the stems appeared in many places blighted. At Frankfort, I understand, the late kinds are partially affected ; but by no weans so much as last year. Front what I have myself witnessed in the north of Prance and Belgium, I am fully persuaded there will not be one fourth of the loss of 1845, and I find from a report just made by the Government committee sitting at Ghent, that they entertain but little fear either as to quantity or quality, and that it is expected there will be at least 7-10ths of the crop saved, while butt year the loss was at least 8-10ths of the whole.—Correspondent to the Gardeners' Chronicle. SPAIN.—DON CARLOS'S SoNg.—lf we may be lieve several letters from Italy (says El Herald° of Madrid), Dan Juan and Don Fernand, two of Don Carlos's sons, are on the point of marrying two Italian princesses, one of whom is sister to the Duke of Modena. _ _ ITALY.—RomE, SErr. 9.—Measures have been taken by the Pontifical government for disbanding the Swiss troops in the service of the Roman states. A special agent has been sent into Switzerland to concert measures to that effect. This will be a great saving to the state, as Italian troops can be organised at much less expense. One of the principal features of the new Roman government is a strict system of economy in the public expenses. ROME AND itA I LWAYq.—It seems at length quite certain that there are to be railways in the Roman territory. Steam is to be allowed henceforth to hiss and sputter, not merely in the l'ort of Civita Vecchia, but under the very shadow of the Vatican, and, perhaps, within hearing of the tombs of the apostles. The Papal states—it is decided once for all--are not to constitute an impassable barrier between Northern and Southern Italy. Travellers who will one day have been darted through the Alps on roads of iron, and whirled through Tuscany at the rate of thirty or forty miles an hour, are not to be compelled slowly to sneak through the Pal al states before resuming those wings of fire that will before long precipitate them from Capua to Tarento. Rome, famous both in Pagan and Christian times for the mighty works by which it has led the van of civilisation, and shown its pre-eminence in labours of human utility and grandeur, is not to be put to shame in the nineteenth century. The city from whence the most perfect means of locomotion in ancient times were spread over the whole civilized world is not doomed to have the worst roads in the world merely because Rome is the head-quarters of spiritual civilisation. The Roman roads, the Roman aqueducts, the Roman sewers, are not to be left to tell of the astonishing achievements of human industry in past times to a race amongst whom all terrene energy is extinct for ever. Side by side with the old Appian, way, will, no doubt, be carried the new trunk line to Naples ; blocks of lava will be superseded by rods of iron ; the navigator will take the pla^e of the prisoner of wart and we shall probably hear of a railway terminus erect•Al near " the old Arches and the sloppy Capena."—The PiuslX. AND P EROIC NICIIOLAS.—T here appeared a semi-official statement lately in the German papers, that the Emperor of Russia intended sending a new mission to the Roman Court, to smooth the txisting difficulties between the Holy See and the cabinet of St. Petersburg. The mis sion is entrusted to one of the most enlightened statesmen of the Russian empire, to Count Bloudoff, echo since the decease of Count Sper,tnilsi, is at the head of the legislative depart meat in Russia; he is to be accompanied by a Cat pa. the Councillor of State, Itomuald Hub', formerly pro{ Z' a canon law at the University of Warsaw, a di stii4te , lawyer and a man of great sa„nneity. It may b e if their negotiations will be crowned with the mucu s hri, s l for at St. Petersburg. To do justice to the legitimate o tee , plaints of the Holy See it will be requisite for the tree to re , nounce the traditions bequeathed to him by Catherine s 4 d the emperors l'aul and Alexander, and to larhear attackise the germs of Polish nationality in the Catholic re ligion. Tee policy of the Russian government was to abolish in the es t . quered provinces the united Greek confeuion which is a si t of line between the Russian and the Ruthenian WOrship..ll, Ruthenian church fell a victim to the impl aca bl e fury di; Czars, owing to the bonds which joined it to th e it o , Bee. Numerous villages were convert e d w i t h t h e point...4th sword. Only two yeara since an ecclesiastical com • • escorted by two battalions, took possession of a cha se s_ assembled the inhabitants, and informed them that by o 4 of the Emperor, they were called upon to join the retie* of the realm. They refused, and the soldiers tell D, them sword in hand. Besides those acts o f violence, cedes ; Lion is resorted to. Money and brandy are not 'par e d i t gaining converts to the Russian church. This question , the united Greek confession is greatly neglected, anemia' being turned principally to the Catholic church. The poj against which the Roman church raises her voice are many and grievous, and Russia therefore has entru s t e d the raineje to men of high capabilities. GENOA.—The King (Charles Albert) of Sardini a is expected at Genoa to attend the scientific congress. Three new professorships have been created at Turin : oar of putifis and international law ; one of administrative law ; and the other of political economy. HOLLAND.—THE HAGUE, SEPT. 17.—The Senat e of the free city, Frankfort, has just published a proelamatina, allowing the importation of corn, duty free, into the tern. tory of the republic. The government of Frankfort ma pay to the Zollverein the 'duties chargeable on this coi l , according to the general tariff, which is c o m mon to all stun of the union. This measure has become necessary, is copse 'pence of the very high price of provisions. GERMAN'".—HAMBURG, SEPT. 12 . —During the night the bronze statue of the Duke Adolph IV. of il e f. stein, who, in 1227, defeats d King Waldemar IL, of Des. mark, at the battle of Benhoevde, was deprived of til e sword and helmet. VieNNA.—The inauguration of the railway from Vienna to Bruck took place on the 12th instant. BERLIN, SEPT. 1 I.—There is question of a conjoint note to be addressed by the three absolute preen to the English government, and eventually to that of the Tuileries, on the late revolt In Poland and the occupation of Cru m It will be remembered that the matter was brought forimed in both the English houses of Parliament, and that Lord Palmerstoa declared he had the right to demand more direct and more exact information towards the maintenance of the treaty of Vienna. The English ambassadors at St. Petal. burg, Vienna, and Berlin, received instructions from their government, according to which an interchange of di. plomatic notes took place. It has been declared, thin as the three protective powers acted in concert from the they were equally answerable tor the events, andbeei beginning address a conjoint note on the subject to the Bri tish Cabinet. Of the details of the note we arc not informed, but we can affirm that the acts of the Treaty of Vienna are recognised, and that it is asserted the late measures taken be the three powers in no wise violated the treaty. As resin:ls a special line of policy adopted in certain parts of Poland, the responsibility is shared between the three powers; them exists in this respect no treaty or international convention of a nature to sanction the interf,renee of a foreign power. The note in all probability is a formal nullity. MAILS BETWEEN BERLIN AND PARlS.—Owing to the establishment of special night trains on the French northern railway for the mails, and for establishing an ma. fettc service between Aix-la-Chapelle and Ilanover, in corre spondence with the first train from the latter city to Bailin, the letters which leave Paris at seven in the evening arrive at Berlin on the fourth day, about five in the afternoon, that is to say, twenty-six hours sooner than formerly', and are dis tributed the same evening. Letters from Berlin to Paris are eighty.thri e hours on the road. PoTsitam, Sept. 17.—Their Royal 'Highnesses the Prince and Princess Royal of Wurtenberg, the Grand Mae Constantine of Russia, and the Duke of Leuchtenbere, have arrived from St. Petersburg. The Grand Duke of Mecklen burg Schwerin, and his Highness Prince Frederick of Hesse, have arrived at the palace of Sans Souci.—A letter front St. Petersburg states that Count de Rantran, the Danish Am bassador to that court, had sent in his resignation.--A letter from Berlin of the 14th, in the Sicabirm Mercury, says I To-day the deputies of the association of Guetavus Adol phus held their eluting sitting in the Church of the Trinity. It has been decided that a petition shall be preaeLted to the Emperor of Russia, praying his Majesty to cause a strict investigation to be made in the provinces of Courland and Livonia, into the practice which has been adopted of increu ing the Greek Church at the expense of that of the Protest ant faith. It was also proposed to invite, by an address, the Sovereigns of Germany to protect the Proteetants, hut this proposition was rejected, one member observing that Austria already protected them, and that their oppression arose from other causes." _ GRAND DUCIIV ot• BADEN.--CARLSRITHE, SEPT. 12.—Some time hack deputy Hecker brought forward a motion tending to declare persons occupying certain offices a. incapable of fulfilling the duties of deputies. The follow ing report has been drawn up on the subject : II The Gram! Duke is invited to promulgate a law, according to which no minister or head of the ministry can net as deputy ; that, thenifinr, any &patty promoted to such Mitre is no longer capable if fulfilling the duties of deputy.-2. The incompatibility ot certain keg functionaries, as stated in seetien 3T of the constitution, i stitution, s to be appli cable also to the presidents of the different districts, and the comma. ure appointed to prmiale at an election is not eligibly us deputy.- 3. 'Mat this incompatibility be extended likewise to judges mid mem. beta of the bar.-4. Any deputy who has accepted of palatial! w ecclesiastical duties, or who has :tempted of an advance or increase at salary, is to resign, but may be re,lected. The other article. , tending that any deputy who accepted of a title, honor, er alesort ion from the government was to resign, were rejected by the commission. A decree of the government of Baden was published at Carlsruhe of the following tenor :- 1. The existing regulations respectmg the importation of foreign corn and pulse shall remain in forte till the Ist April, 2. Foreign Sour as well an foreign articles made of corn and pulse, to ; also pearl barley, groats, Solar of buck wheat, are free from iallisnrt duty from the Wu/ October, of the present year, till the Ist of (let., 1s1: FROM THE Eiiwn, SEPT. 10.—A serious difficulty has arisen between the King of Denmark and the Chancery of Schleswig-holstein and Lauenburg. The king had de manded the opinion of the chancery on the dismissal of the functionaries. The chancellor replied, that, as regarded the government functionaries, they might be dismissed by a royal order, receiving the usual pension, but that it was not so as regarded the law officers. '1 he king has addressed a rescript to the chancellor, containing the ptinciples or the right of dismissing the judges, and has ordered the Chan• eery to prepare and publish a law to that effect. They were also requested to take a new oath, according to the letter patent, but the members of the chancery refused. They will not admit of the dismissal of judges without just cause. A law to such effect must at all events first receive the sanction of the states. DE.NNlARK.—According to accounts from Vienna and Frankfurt, and which, though bearing a semi•othciat character, require confirmation, the German dirt intends declaring itself incompetent in the question of Schleswig and Hol►tein. SLEswic, Starr. 10.—The King of Denmark ar rived on that day at Sleawig. In the evening. groups bad formed in the streets. Anti-Danish songs were sung, and several windows smashed. 1% (FuEmt).—On the 7th inst. the King de cided on giving a new organisation to the regency of Schleswig-Holstein at Gotten?. It is to consist in future of a president and four councillor,. RUSSIA. ST. PETERSBURG, SEPT. 8. The Prince and Princess of Wurtemberg (Grand Duchess Olga) were to leave St. Petersburg on the 9th inst., to spend a few days at Sans-Souci with the royal family of Prussia, and are expected at Stuttgard on the 27th, which is the King of Wurtemberg's fife-day. The Grand-Duke Constantine is to accompany them to Stuttgard, and the Make de Leech temberg is to escort them to the I'olish frontier. It is stated that a marriage is to take place between one of the daughters of the Grand-Duke Michel aid Prince Frederick of Baden. It is further stated that M. Woronzoff I) •schkoff has been appointed ambassador for Russia at Vienna. Ti ItK EY AND PERSIA.—The Augsburg Ga:ette states that the number of deaths at Teheran is 200 daily. At Tauris commerce is at a stand still. The Perso-Munn quarantine on the Araxes has been increased from eight days to three weeks. There is a report at Trebisoude that a rela tion of Schamyl has defeated the Russians, and taken three pieces of cannon from them. Great silence is preserved on the late events at Erzeroorn. At Ancirianople 800 houses have been consumed by fire. THE ClieLmtA.—A letter from Teheran, dated 28th July, states that the cholera is raging there to a fearful extent. The Shah, in his retreat, left all his luggage behind him, like a vanquished foe flying before a victorious enemy. ALGERIA. ADMINISTRATION OF JUsTICE.—A cause was tried a few days since in Algeria against three officers of the commissariat, who have been found guilty of peculation. The persons who were present at this long trial speak much of a circumstance which took place on the morn ing of the sentence. The accused, Forcioli and Witte:sheim, who are ill at the hospital, were allowed, up to that date, to communicate freely with their counsel. On the eve of the day judgment was given ; their quarters were changed, and they were placed under the guard of four men, with strict orders not to allow them to be in communication with any one, not even their counsel. This ex traordinary precaution, and infringement on the rights of defence was taken by the commander of the place in the imaginary fear that the prisoners would make their escape. IN e sr.) well accustomed, say the National, to the violent and brutal acts of Marshal Bugeaud but we never dreamt that the dictatorial folly of that pro.consul would go so far as to violate the notions of common justice, by pro hibiting a person accused from communicating with his min i" It is not 03 be thought that two lawyers would carry off two men from a hospital well guarded. This brutal mea sure is not to be explained, or perhaps so by the hatred which Marsha) Bugeaud and his agents have for civil institutions, and, his desire to make his good will law in the colony. SOUTH AMERICA.—THE REPUBLIC OF NEW GRENADA. —The expedition of General Flores is in active preparation, both in Spain and in Ireland. The Spanish con tingent is now ready, and is to sail shortly for Ireland, where the two detach ments are to join before sailing to America. — Courier de to Huge. LA PLArA.—lnformation by way of Bordeaux has arrived from Monte Video up to the 12th July. By this communication we learn the arrival of the Devastation, steamer, with Mr. Hood, the British envoy, charged with a mission to Roses, from the English and French Govern ments. The Devastation did not put in to Monte Video, but passed by that port • ithout even communicating with the Chargia d'Affaires residing there fur intervening powers, and proceeded. proposition to otter to I ported to amongst tl anxiety a f were t French col WEST so wn on 18; Tnrn na da, 25th Aug. 18. 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