The Express. — London, England, 1846-09-02 00:00:00

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Oxe portion of the Treasury Minute which we pub- Used yesterday is almost enough to make us wish in the fear of a famine at home, that our own poor be as well relieved as those of Ireland. We to the arrangements for employing the desti tute its public works, at wages a trifle below the Wane wages of the district; and, as far as practi table, for making the payment proportioned, not to the time spent, but to the quantity of work done. This is the true principle of relief to the able-bodied poor. It is that on which our Poor-law system was originally founded ; although both in the old law and the new it has been disregarded to • extent preinetive of the most pernicious When the State acknowledges the old the distressed to the means of subsistence, it enforce its own correlative right to the labour ellhose whom it supplies with food. The difficulty, for 'perished and anions, is in finding work, and such work as shall not bring pauper labour into depressing competition with that of the yet nnpauporized. This -can ally be done by the intervention of government. The plan adopted for Ireland is characterized by a wise beneficence. The public will eventually gain ,b the timely assistance which is rendered from its Ands. Nor do we ace why the same principle might net have been applied in this country, sparing us the enormities of stone-breaking and bone-crushing, and avoiding that incidental reduction of the rate of wages which has undoubtedly, in some localities, been the result of the mode of administering the New Poor-law. This principle is, it is true, adopted in Ireland with 1-isinemise to the present terrible emergency. Only by Ilene& emergencies can governments be forced out of :the beaten track, however loudly justice and common sense may plead for the deviation. But we rely on the good working of the plans now adopted, for their 'ornament and general application. The necessity • midi then be superseded for breaking up the homes •:• of Ile distressed, and forcing them into the work horses. We should have something of the much desi rinalled " organisation of industry." And the able- • bad, being thus enlisted and regimented for active • wise ; and the chance of abuse averted; a more • treatment of the victims of age or accident, ' the only tenants of the poorhouse, would become easy, and might be confidently anticipated. It is grievous to see how many Irish landlords are acting in a way to aggravate the distress of their • country, instead of heartily co-operating with the Imperial Government for its relief. Our paper of yesterday contained several instances of the seizure and sale, for rent, of crops and household furniture. In one instance, at least, this cruelty was practised on an old man, 70 years of age (we allude to the case of CONWAY), wko, without a lease, was paying 255. an acre for mountain land, the worth of which must have mainly consisted in his own labour. And these things are done at a time when it is estimated that 4,200,000 persons, accustomed to subsist on potatoes, are left destitute of their daily food ; and that, on a moderate calculation, the failure of the potato crop will require, for the next year, the enormous quantity of 1,250 tons daily of Indian corn, or a total of 375,000 tons, at a cost of 3,000,0001. It requires some nerve to seize the scanty crops of the cottiere, and proceed with the eviction of families, in the awful presence of National Destitution. Nor is this the only mode in which some of the Irish landlords are evincing a heartless disregard of the claims upon them of Irish suffering and British example. We commented yesterday on the extert to which the measures of the late government had been perverted to the purposes of jobbery. The landlords were invited to help ; and they helped themselves. In some instances it has been found difficult to force the Baronial Sessions from their selection of works in which a private interest was the paramount considera tion. To get a share of the grant, was the point at which they drove headlong. But for the most judi cious arrangements, no small portion of the public money would have failed to reach its charitable destination, and been absorbed in the insatiable morass of Irish landlordism. These men are in sensible of shame, and invulnerable to opinion. " Ireland for the Irish," indeed ! Where and what would Ireland be, but for the British? We acknow ledge the debt of misgovernment. We readily pay the penalty of the past. Throughout the country there is but one impulse to beat back, in the most efficient manner, the advances of Famine. But the more darkly appears the contrast of those whose peel tip demanded of them to be foremost in the struggle against impending calamity. Nothing will teach such men their duty, but that to which Ireland must come, a righteous and stringent Poor-law, making these pay largely who so largely pauperise. We hope soon to hear of the progress of enlistment in these new corps of industry. They will tend to raise the average rate of wages by which their own payments are regulated. The destitute will be with drawn from their desperate competition a ith those for whom there is employment. There are no de grading conditions ; no needless and aggravating pri vations. They will not be taught dependence upon alms-giving. The meal they earn will not be doled out es a charity ; nor will they, unless in a few exceptional cases, flock to a government store for their supply of food. Out of their very wants a new trade will be created. The traffic in Indian Corn will create a new class of dealers, while it adds a new article to Irish oommerce. How different in spirit and results from the promise by which Lord GEORGE BENTINCIE won the praises of Mr. SMITH O'BRIEN ! the application of public money to the purchase of oats and other produce of Irish estates, in order to give it for food to the population. Such a scheme would have beggared the population, in soul and body, and made famine a golden harvest to the landed proprietary. The worst results of tem porary misfortune would have been perpetuated- Now, we can rely on the evil being so wisely, yet generously, met, as to educe from it the best hopes for improvement that have yet dawned upon Ireland. The spirit of self-reliance is cherished, together with a merited confidence in the humanity that will spare no effort to carry the people through their time of trial. It must needs be a fearful time. By every day's report the cloud grows darker. But let all true hearted Irishmen " awake their senses" to the worth and wisdom of the plan adopted by Government, and yield their earnest co-operation. There is no occasion for despondency. Ws expected little insight into the character of railway labourers from the Report of the Committee respecting them, sad we have not been disappointed. It is not by examining witsetwes during the fozemoons of half-a-dozen days that even intelligent a n d well educated gentlemen can make themselves acquainted with the peculiarities of a very peculiar ekes And were it even possible for the Committee to learn thus to understand the " navvies," it Is loot by the \ "1/4 didactic form which • report to parliament mast of necessity assume, that their knowledge can be best imparted to others. We did, however, expect to find more information an the subject in e minutes of evidence than it there to be found ; and the dsficieney we incline to attribute mainly to the not very felici tous selection of witnesses. Mr. Licinne, Mr. Paco, Mr. BRUNEL, and 'Cali tain Moonson are practical men, and possessed of superior powers of observation and reflection. Their evidence is valuable as far as it goes. Their hints regarding the management of large bodies of railway labourers, of the best means of keeping the men contented and well conducted, are most valuable. But from their avocations they do not come into close and continuous collision with the railway labourers; their masterly outlines inquire to be filled up by those who do. This filling up is supplied in a small measure by Mr. THOMAS /MOOR, Mr. WILLIAM BREAKING, and the Rev. J. GILLIES, employed by, or at the sugges tion of, missionary societies on various lines, These individuals appear to have been well qualified for their occupation, and to understand the characters with whom they have to deal. BENJAMIN BAILEY, too, a railwaylaboarer, who has sunk down to that standing from being a sub-contractor; Mr. J. SHARP, a contractor who began as a workman ; RICHARD PEARCE aid Tao MAS EATON, who have worked as excavators for a quarter of a century each ; contribute a considerable amount of instructive information. More might have been elicited from them by skilful inquirers. But the rest af the witnesses might have been dis pensed with, for any knowledge we derive of the peculiar habits and characters of railway labourers from their evidence. With one exception, they have brought to their brief and distant observation of the class no knowledge of the general habits of English labourers as a body. They are unable to distinguish between what is oommon to all our labourer., and what is peculiar to the railway labourer. They cannot plat* themselves in the situation of the labourer, enter into his feelings, appreciate his motives and conduct. They try him by the standard-of-the educated and refined classes. The one • exception we allude to is Mr. CHADWICK I and we mean no disrespect to that gen tleman when we say that he would have been mae useful as a committee-man than a witness. Ilia answers are not so much evidence u reports upon evidence not before the Committee. . We sincerely hope, therefore, that the most irre proachably logical report of the Committee may not be next session translated into the peculiar phrase ology of the law, and sent oat with the stamp of an Act of Parliament upon it. Much requires to be done for the railway labourer ; and the peculiar rela tions of the railway labourer invite to the attempt, because they afford opportunities of doing much for him. But members of Parliament do not yet under stand him sufficiently to take upon them to do this by way of legislation ; and the labours of their Com• mitten will not much increase their aptitude for the task. The oli original " navvy," like the sailor, has no home. PEA us and EATON went forth from their native districts some quarter of a century ago, and have lived since that time upon the works they have been engaged on. This class of labourers was formed in our canals and docks. The immense demand for their services occasioned by the rapid extension of the rail way system, has caused their ranks to be recruited from all quarters ; and the peculiarities of the " navvy" have thus to a considersible extent been toned down to the level of ordinary labourers. The " navvy" is from his avocation stronger than the average of work ing men ; his wages are higher ; he has broken loose from local ties, or thelailuence of a permanent resi dence ; and he has beceihe one of a band similarly cir cumstanced with himself. The body of "navvies" are to him what relations add fellow-parishioners are to other labourers ; what ;the men of the same regi ment or shipmates are to the soldier or sailor. The agricultural labourer, (in this respect almost as absurd as the squire, when ho talks of great merchants and manufacturers as his inferiors), with his 10s. a-week, affects to look down upon the "navvies," who repay him with scorn and rude practi cal jokes. The raw recruit into the excavators' army is subjected to 'initiatory practical jokes, in which the strong veteran is apt to forget that all are not as thoroughly hardened to excessive toil as him self. The thorough-bred "navvy " is sure of assist ance from his brethren wherever he goes, " a share of their supper, a share of their bed." The excava tors scorn parish relief ; and seek support in sickness from benefit clubs, or the charity of their fellows. Many "navvies" have laid by money; a not incon siderable number have raised themselves to be sub contractors; though among them, as among every class, the prudent are the minority. They are rude and boisterous, not depraved; they buffet each other lustily in their cups; they take pleasure in making supercilious boors and townsmen stand in awe of their rude strength ; and they are jealous of the interference of the police. And for these things, fine gentlemen who have been reduced to accept of chaplaincies from home mission societies, and country justices who do not know how to manage such rough customers, call them ruffians and reprobates. But men like Captain Moonsom, Messrs. BRUNEL and PETO, and Mr. SHARP, find it easy to keep them in order, and win their affectionate confidence at the same time. An estimate has been made that for some years to come 200,000 labourers may find employment upon railways. We believe that this is within the mark, and that the employment will be permanent. In this number are included not merely excavators, but many who belong to the skilled artisan class. But even the mere excavator can earn with ease his 3e. 6d. a day, and more, whet the agricultural labourer can not earn his eighteen-pence. Here is an occupation healthy and invigorating as that of a well-employed agriculturist, paid at the rate of the in-door mechanic. The excavator, too, may rise through various grades to be a contractor, a capitalist : the factory skilled-labourer is an operative for life. By turning to account the esprit du corps of the "navvies," by sending mission ary schoolmasters among them to teach the elements of arithmetic and applied mathematics, the railway labourers may be made to hold a place in our social economy analogous to that of the rural yeomen who have died out, or are fast disappearing. Mr. Prro has introduced an almost military discipline among his men; Messrs. BREAKING and iENOUR, by ex horting the labourers on their respective lines in a hearty homely way, and by teaching all who wished the first elements of education, have elevated them to self-respect and more decorous conduct. Send school masters among them, send religious and temperance ' missionaries. Let them be paid weekly, or at the furthest fortnightly. Eschew the truck system. Let the managers and other officers of the companies show that they are interested in them, and give them advice and assistance when necessary. These pri vates in our civil engineer corps may thus be made the Elite of our working population. But we deprecate hasty legislation. PLANS of Buckingham Palace are likely 40 be in request just sow. Many sympathisers with royal distress will be clarions to see what sort of accommo dation the building really liffOrds. Professional archi tects and connoisseurs will be no less carious to ascer tain what sort of s patient Dr. BLORE has got to operate upon. Whatever may be his ingenuity and skill, they are likely to be taxed on the occasion. It is one to puff up an ordinary mind ; but to render a discreet man (and ambitious withal) a little nervous. Hitherto a sort of fatality has attended royal palaces in this country. Some have so calif* dis appeared that only the fame of du= remains, and that confined to the antiquarian world. Nonsuch, Shene, and Richmond, have left their names, but no. other vestige of existence : none, at least, mo _ _ _ TEE EXPRESS, WEDNESDAY ' EVENING, SEPTEMBER 1r1840.-- - - - - - telligibla as to show what they were as works of architecture. Another royal pile of shoat the runs age, Huspton Court, has tmderpos what in Ww's time was considered "an improvement." We need not say with what result to the original architecture. ral oo 7cons's Whitehall was an unembodied architeo phantom ; it did not perish by fire, but vanished Smoke. Greenwich, began for a royal palace, and, not unexceptionable in taste, more grandiose end ig h m`9 e din character than any actual royal resi dence since attempted, was never occupied as such, but converted into an hospital. Winchester, after like fashion, designed by Wilms, remained un finished for many years; was first occupied by French prisoners, and then converted into barracks. The wheel of time brings about its revenges, with a cer tain ironical fitness. The trammels of state etiquette are not inaptly represented by the fetters of the poor Frenchman, and the monotonous routine of a court by the unvarying drills and parades of a regiment. Windsor itself will now be thrown into the shade by Westminster, which, by the bye, is to be a palace but in name only. Carlton-house, of which the portico alone is to be regretted as an architectural loss, has disap peared, having been taken down as if it were no better than a nuisance, absolutely not worth even giving away, although its cost must have been enormous, if we take into account all the sums expended upon it from first to last. Then there was Kew Palace, built from the foundation atone by GEORGE M., pulled down by GEORGE IV., and never for a single hour inhabited by either founder, destroyer, or any one else. A similar fate awaits that pet architectural hobby of GEORGE IV., the Brighton Pavilion, originally commenced as a cottage ornee by the Prince's cook or confectioner, and then converted into the Prince's country box, a monument of more exaggerated and grotesque ab surdity than any of the royal "follies" of Europe. Still we English pique ourselves on our economical and clever management, though in the world's judg ment, like many other notable managers, we generally contrive to pay double. Thus, though Carlton-house was razed to the ground without the slightest com punction, Buckingham-house was to be preserved; only a little altered, extended, and improved, so as to render it a sufficiently commodious town resi dence for Royalty. No demand could be more reasonable; and as to the taste to be shown, surely the first gentleman in Europe arsa entitled to carte blanche in that respect Accordingly GEORGE THE FOURTH and NASH THE FIRST (unless BEAU NASH makes him the second great man of the name) were allowed to have it all their own way ; and having tried their 'prentice hands in altering the old house, they were so pleased with the employment that they took to altering the new one. No sooner was the new palace fledged, than it was made to moult its first wings ; they being found very dumpy, stumpy, and ridiculous ; an unpleasant dis covery, because it could not be kept secret. The consolation was that if mach needless expense had been incurred, there had been no such extravagance as that of having a model of the intended structure prepared on a satisfactory scale, in order that it might be understood by a series of separate drawings, In saving the expense of a model, there was the only prudence ever exhibited by GEORGE the Fourth, that of the penny-wise sort. There may also have been discretion in not letting it be known beforehand that the new palace would turn out of no higher grade, in point of architectural quality, than the Regent-street and Regent's-park fabrics of the same artist, which are characterised by littleness, meanness, and the most trivial and commonplace details. There is not a single part of the whole ex terior of Buckingham Palace that seems to have been maturely studied, or studied at all. The very first ideas that presented themselves appear to have been taken at once, without so much as a second thought bestowed upon them. As to the south side of the palace, it is the merest architectural hotch potch:; no pains having been taken to shape it even into decent regularity. It was the last part built and the first pulled down; and has since received additions and adaptations, in order to meet the demands for increased accommodation. The line of out-build " This resale gives amOher prod of the ettrueelt of the Camonvera patty I. the new legidaitare—that absolutely meter d the of UN% mid the comet have any fartharar i made( h. in ;Two 67 ' , the situation is dear, sod lobe a miter of dos. Power has its like oaltlitty ; =1:1161.-trum gamily, the Consarnithe patty aught to prop dim it knows how to turn Its strength to goad aceramat, and not merely to weigh like an Mort mass Is the halanos of parties. Its responsibuity increneur in proptetioa to its numerical importance, and at the sod of each sissies the country will more than ever have a right to say What have you lone for my interests and my greatness ? ' From this moment the Conservative party ought to prepare to reply to this question ; there is no longer say pretext to dispense it from acting ; its inaction can henceforward be imputable to itself alone. We see with pleasure that personal predilections have this year been altogether placed in the background. Assuredly, M. flaunt is not the president that all the members of the majo rity would have preferred. His previous conduct, what ever men may s y, recommended him but little for that office. Nevertheless, each silenced his own particular pre ferences, rather than call forth a schism amongst the majority relative to proper names. Questions of things alone merit to have sufficient importance attached to them, to cause men not to give up their ideas and principles. We augur well from the commencement of the new Chamber. Not to spend its energy in petty struggles of self-love, is to reserve it for serious affairs. The future, we trust, will confirm the idea that the Chamber has given by its conduct yesterday." Great preparations are making at Bordeaux by the Free-trade Society, to give a banquet to Mr. Cobden. Our Madrid ,journals to the 26th ult. do not con tain one fact of interest. FRANCE.-THE ENGLISH COLONY AT CANNES.- A letter from Cannes of An,rust 22nd says:—" Lord Brougham and Mr. Leader have just afforded us a spectacle quite unusual in this country. It may be remembered that three years back these gentlemen purchased the fine forest of La Croix de Gerdy. The whole of it has been since sur rounded with a high wall in the English style, and yester day fourteen stags, as many does, and a number of young fawns, arrived here from Sardinia, and are to be immediately let loose in the forest. They were under the care of six keepers in handsome liveries of marone-coloured velvet with gilt buttons, bearing his lordship's erect. A pack of hounds arrived here from England three months back, and every thing for a hunting eatabllsbanent is to be sent from Paris. It is said that a number of sporting men from England are to arrive here this year. Indeed. this place is becoming quite an English colony. On every side are springing up handsome habitations built with English money, combining British comfort and Italian elegance." PUNISHMENTS IN ME PUNCH ARMY.—An official report on punishments in the French army, during 1845, contains the following :—Of 334,091 men, comprising the municipal guard and the fire-brigade such being the elf. cure torte of the army, 4,100 men had rendered them selves amenable to • eat, or a proportion of lin 84. Of this number 2, were sentenced, which gives a propor- tion of Ito 112. The number of condemnations to panes afflictive. et infamantes, that is to say, death, imprison ment, hard labour, solitary confinement, was 420. Con demnations to pease* correetionnellee were 2,567. The painu injamontes inflicted were as Ito 795. The pain** earredionnelles, 1 in 130. Of 90 capital sentences, 85 were oommated by the royal mercy. Of the five who suffered death, ore was for the insemination of a Frenchman in France, one for the murder of a Frenchman in Algeria, one for insubordination, in Algeria, and two for acting as spies against the French in Algeria. Ammg the volunteers the proportion is 1 accused in 27, and 1 condemnation in 35. Among the recruits the proportion is 1 accused in 103. and 1 condemned in 148. Substitutes, I accused in 51, and 1 condemnation in 08. In the cavalry 1 condemnation in 134 ; in the infantry, 1 in 108. Artillery, 'I in 101 • in the engineers lin 231 Among the veterans li n 177. Among the staff and scholars from military schools not a single cannot reprimand. In the fire brigade at Paris 4 condemnations in 653 men. The muni cipal guard only had 3 condemnations in an effective corp. of 3,158 men. Among the gendarmerie, in 15,000 men there was only one ease of reprimand and one condemnation. HOVEN AND HAVRE RAILWAY.—EXPERIMENTAL Tem.—The first experimental trip on the Rouen and Havre Railway took, place on Sunday last, and proved to be a remarkably succeuful one. The extent of the trip was from the station at Havre to the magnificent viaduct at Mereville, a distance of about eighteen English miles. The train was under the special and personal direction of Mr. Charles Laffitte himsalf, who was desirous of practically exhibiting to the residents of Havre and its neighbourhood the solidity and safety of the line as far as it has been prepared. He was accompanied by the sous-pnfet of Havre, the mayors of Havre, Ingonville, and Onville, (through whose communes the line runs), the engineers of the Ponta et Chansons resident at Havre, the principal editors of the Ilene and Rouen journals, and many of the most eminent merchants of Havre, who unanimously and unreservedly expressed their approbation of the ease with which the train performed it, work, and the solidity of the bed of the road, which was declared, by competent judgee, to be equal to that of any line in existence, either in England or }ranee. The train ran at the rate of twenty miles an hour, stopping at Harfieur, and at Etainhus, the first station on the line from Havre. Arrived at Mi rville the company alighted, and partook, along with IL Laffitte, of a cold collation laid out on the crown of the viaduct, after which they made • cursory inspection of this truly magnificent pile of brick end mortar. It has fifty-two arches, stretching over one of the loveliest valleys in Nor mandy, where valleys are not "few nor far between ;" and its appearance impressed every one present with a tho rough conviction of its great solidity. Whatever feeling of distrust might have been entertained respecting this line I since the fall of the Barentin viaduct, the experiment made on Sunday last is calculated entirely to remove it. All pre sent acknowledged that the company had well profited by that unfortunate accident to place the works on the line in such a condition of solidity and security as to avoid any possible recurrence of the like misfortunes. Even the local journals, whose hostility towards the company and the con tractors had become almost proverbial, are at length con strained to give their unqualified praise to both. Every thing bids fair to Pee the line permanently opened, accord ing to the present intentions of the company, in the course if the month of October. The great works, that is, the via ducts at Mereville, Barentin, and Malaunay, are on the eve of completion. Indeed, the latter is entirely finished, and the rumoars spread abroad of its defectiveness happily proved to be unfounded. For several days back it has been subjected to a very severe test; a dead weight, consisting of a quan• tity of ballasting, estimated at several times the weight ofthe heaviest train that will ever pass over it: this has been laid on the top, and over it trains have been passed. Hitherto no symptoms of sinking has been observed. It is reported also that the interests of the Rouen and Havre and Paris and Rouen lines will shortly be amalgamated. Those persons who are interested in either of these lines will be glad to learn that measures are about to be taken that must secure to the Havre line nearly all the traffic between that town and Paris. The Rouen people have succeeded at length in obtaining a government grant for improving the bed of the Seine, to enable them to compete with the nulway in the carriage of merchandise. To contend against this rival, the railway company have commenced erecting in the vicinity of the Havre station, and parallel with the rails, an immense pile of warehouses, which are intended to serve as a grand entrepot for merchandise of every description, whether going to or returning from Rouen or Paris. On the opposite side of the rails, and adjoining the Bassin Vauban, a series of dry docks will also bepaired, so that vessels with wine, spirits, &c., may land_ pre their cargoes into the railway warehouses, where they will be ready for transmission into the interior. We believe an association, in connection with the railway company, is about to be formed for the purpose of carrying out this object ; and, independent of the beneficial consequences that are likely to result from it in Itt commercial sense, it will meet with encouragement by the people of Havre, from the fact that, it will be the means of conferring a lasting benefit on the town, by removing to a distance the danger of destructive fires. There are few if any sea ports in Europe, so inconveniently and dangerously crowded, or as it were, conglomerated together ; so much so, that should • fire of any extent unhappily break out in the vicinity of the docks, it would, In all probability, share the fate of Hamburg. ing for offices, which, besides being mean in itself, runs most awkwardly askew against the west angle of the palace, shows a degree of clumsy bungling that would not be endured in the temporary accommodations far a fete. Whether it is now intended to remove that very unsightly excrescence, and also to give architectural regularity to the whole of the south side of the palace, is not revealed to us; but other, if not addi tional kitchen offices are, we are told, to be built, and immediately o”er them a spacious ball as a ball and banquetting-room. Such a room can hardly be brought into that new line of building with which it is proposed to connect the wings and enclose the present open court on the park side ; because, in that case, it would not be connected with the state apart ments and reception rooms. On studying the plan, we see where a noble banquetting-room might be got oat of the present building, with a splendid approach to it, presenting a succession of architectural effects, commencing from the present grand staircase ; but the situation and arrangement which suggest them selves to us, can hardly be those contemplated, if the additional hall is to be over the proposed new kitchens. _ In the opinion of Mr. HUME and others the advisable course is, instead of enlarging and improv ing the present building, to appropriate it to the pur pose of a National Gallery, and to erect a new palace. There are, however, many objections to such a pro 'ject, at least as regards the conversion into a Na tional Picture Gallery. As tie building was not designed for any such purpose, it can be only the state apartments on the principal floor which are at allsuited for it ; and even those would require a vast deal of alteration ; such as stopping up the present windows, and lighting the rooms through lanterns in their ceilings. And as to the other rooms, chambers, and offices, are they to be left empty and useless, or to be laid several of them together, so as to form longer and loftier rooms for pictures? This would amount to little lees than entirely reconstructing the greater part of the interior. Besides which, by the time the new palace could be completed, it will in all likelihood have been found out that the Buckingham cannot after all be very well spared for the public, as a separate residence will then or soon after be required for the PRINCE OF WALES. If, therefore, there is to be another royal palace in the metropolis, the present one had perhaps better be left in 'tofu quo, without the expenditure of any money for alterations ; and in the interim, while another structure is erecting, the inconveniences endured with decent fortitude. We have received our private correspondence and the Paris journals of Monday. The Moniteur de l'Armee publishes the promotion of a major-general to the rank of lieutenant-general, and of six colonels to the rank of majors-general. Among the colonels promoted we remark M. Hera clitis de Polignac, who has occupied the rank of coionel in the Russian army, and is a relation of Prince Polignac, the late minister of Charles X. it is said that Admiral Dupetit Tkouers will be promoted to the rank of vioe-airal. The Duke and Duchess of Nemours arrived at Nenilly on Sunday. The Queen of Holland passed through Strasburg on Saturday. The Duc de Mont penaier west immediately to pay his respects to her Mej!ety,shor which he accompanied her and her suite in his own carriages to visit the cathedral, and then esoorted the Queen to the railway station. The latest intelligence from Algeria declares the whole colony to be in • state of tranquillity. Joseph H enri is still in the prison of the Luxem bourg, awaiting the result of his 'application to the King for mercy. The Chamber of Deputies had not yet nominated its fourth Vice-President and Secretaries. The elec tion of M. Mazet was declared valid in its sitting-of Monday. The Prone has the following article on the election of the President and Vice-Prtstdents Se the Chamber of Deputies : SEDUCTION SUICIDE, AND REVENGE.—A young lad named Edalie, aged 18, about two years ago, lost her widowediiiother, and came to Paris on the invitation of an aunt. She was presently offered a situation, and accepted thr of superintendent at the house of one Barnage, a of 45, who promised to be as a father to her. 13=was beautiful—Barnage soon manifested intentions miiikarems anything but paternal ; he left untried no means a lOW finally the young lady became his victim. bi akw however, she bitterly repented her fault, at semi declared to Barnage that nothing should induce her to smatinne in a position so contrary. to the principles in which the had been brought up, and that she would instantly Warn to her aunt. The attempts of Barnage to iodate bar to remain with him were unavailing, and it Imo with a sort of savage spite that he witnessed her departs». Baturning to her relative, the poor girl, saddened by the re thewithenee of her fault, applied herself diligently to the task soodlowork, declining to partake of those pleasures and ammosts so natural to her age. In this way did tw• nnantha pm It happened that in the same house thole disk a _young man, a working jeweller. He had ohm sauced Eulalie ; and struck with the modesty of her sp pearance, as well as by her assidui, he asked her hand Is marriage. His offer was accepte d; and the wedding was fi xed. They looked forward to a life of happin. but, alas ! who can command the future ? One mans ing the bridegroom received a letter, which informed him that a Raison had his interest at heart weak' I make certain ss altated to induce him to pause ere he fulfilled kik of • to Eulalia. p lius reeen le ted tteL mseu was from his hoot . _lnstantl e ial you ti nzmaa had occurred between hinteiff gel EOM , Waal boasted that she adored him, aisd dsat to'coptirehl she had had reconuee to every maeOf feesale:lmedtletloh; The lover de sired some proof of this, which the other being supply, he, in a paroxysm of rage and in Mee his ß : rnage iv lo u ve, th h t : v e th rela e an gr("d ted y to truth . her lind in w il it had all ße e recurr ti :Z oi the an iu.r d °lljWit aaked ? ef i &delis would not hi (salty ef a falsehood. Her afflicted lover declare/ that the engagement between them was void. TnlcipeTeisZiffpaTr Ililfgegtrtresolved upon suicide. She 'tilted ay= of char*al,.and after writiug to her lover these simple and tosehisig wordt: fie prepared to die:—" I ones lost your love pug your esteem. I have no have hope but in God, who sees into my ham; and by that will he judge me. Adieu! Adieu! or, rather let us hope to meat above." Fortunately, assistanie was at hand, and the lib of the unhappy girl was saved. The young man befote the correctional to police answer for the ri t r is re a gave to Homage, and was scijudged to pay a fine of 16f., and the expenses.—Gaselts a4 Tribtataisz. GERMAIR.—A letter from Berlin states that in the interview which is shortly to take place between the King of Prussia and the Emperor of Russia at Konigsberg, the question of the Polish provinces and of the succession of the duchies will be discussed. It is also asserted that the ques tion of the new constitution, which William IV of Prussia intends promulgating on the tsth of October next, not withstanding the pressing and lively objections of the Czar will be dimmed between the two monarchs. The question of the duchies is agitating Germany more and more, and demands a speedy 131ution. It is affirmed that Austria and , Prussia have given orders to their ministers at the Diet, to declare that not only are the relations of Holstein to the German confederation to be maintained, but that, in future, the word of command is to be given in German, instead of in Danish, in the contingent of the duchy. As regards the question of the independence of the duchies, Austria is said to have formally expressed her opinion that it is to be decided by the five powers. BERLIN AUGII,T 21.—1 t is announced that the King of Denmark has addressed a memorandum to the different German governments, containing the dis cussion on the question of succession in the duchies, as drawn up by the commission. The memorandum says that in the ducky of Schleswig the succession is regulated by the royal law. It contains an historical treatise on the question, beginning " At a most ancient date the duchy of Schleswig formed a part of the kingdom of Denmark ;" and documents in support of the royal letters patent, the homage paid by the Dukes of Glucksburg and Augustenburg. It is not so explicit as regards Holstein. To prove that the house of Souderbtwg have no claims on Schleswig, the guarantees of France and England, and the renunciation of the Emperor Paul on the 31st May, 1773, are quoted. THE FATE OF CHACOW.—It is reported that the three powers have come to an arrangement concerning the isle of Cracow, which will be made public as soon as certain marten pending with European powers hare been settled. RUSSIA.—STATE OP THE BOOK TRADE.—It appears front a report recently made by the Minister of Public In struction in Russia, on the state of the book trade during 1845, thatthe number of new works printed in the empire in that year amounted to 861, of which 795 were original, and 68 translations. Those works (among which periodica l publications are not included) are !generally on the medical sciences, law, agriculture, arts and trades, history and philology. During the same period 713,389 volumes of foreign works were imported into Russia. At the end of 1845 the Royal Library of St. Petersburg contained 444,335 printed volumes, 18,229 manuscripts, and 355 col.- Motions of autographs. The reading-room of that library was only frequented during 1845 by 828 persons, a number very limited compared with the population. Although the Imperial Library has existed for 34 years, it is only now that • catalogue of the printed works is being prepared ; that of the manuscripts was completed last year, and is composed of 28 volumes. PRESENTS FROM THE CHINA SEAS.—The King of Prussia bas received a letter from Ali,Rajah of Rionw,an island in the China seas, lying north of Sumatra, under the follow ing circumstances: M. Roettger, • Protestant missionary, whom functions called him to Rionw in 1834, on his return to Prussia spoke with great praise and gratitude of the cor dial reception given by the Rajah to his colleagues and him self; and the humane treatment they had received during an eight years' residence in the country. In acknowledgment for this hospitable reception, the King, upon the recommenda tion of M. Roettger, sent some splendid presents to the Rajah, consisting of chandeliers, girandoles, musical clocks, a rich vase, and gold and silver tissues, accompanied with an autograph letter from his Majesty. These presents were carried over by M. Roettger, who took his departure in 1844 and presented by him in due course, with the King's letter, to the Rajah. The latter, in return, has sent a letter of thanks, accompanied by a dagger in a golden scabbard, and some javelins with golden ornaments. VIENNA, AUGUST 23.—1 t is reported that owing to the mediation of an august personage, the sequestration of the possesaions of Princess Adam Czartoriski in Galicia, has been removed. Prince Czartoriski is, however, to sign • written engagement to abstain from all interference in the affairs of Poland. In case of non-compliance all his goods are to be confiscated. AUGUST 24.—The accounts from Galicia are far from satisfactory. In some districts the peasants will not listen to any species of corvee, and a largo body armed with scythes and other weapons had refused to sub mit. "We learn from Tarnow that on the 16th the peasanto of Wolga, near, Dembetza, to the number of 200, excited by a Jewish emissary, assailed the chateau of that place, and pillaged it. The owner of the chateau escaped with great difliculty. On the receipt of this news, a detachment of cavalry left Dembetza, and dispersed the band, taking 26 prisoners. The principal leader, however, escaped. The event has caused so much alarm among the gentry that they all left their country houses and sought refuge in the towns. Tarnow is full of refugees. The reports which are in circu lation, that disturbances had taken place in the circle of Lemberg, are without faundation." AUGSBURG, AUGUST 25. —An address to the Germans of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein is now being signed in our town. Our deputy Baran de Schweler is at the head of this patriotic movement, and the lively in terest universally felt for the cause of the German duchies will no doubt be followed by numerous signatures. PRAGUE, AUGUST 26.—0 n the 2nd of September a camp of 23,000 men, and 3,700 cavalry, is to be held near Prague. The manccuvres are to last till the 21st, under the orders of Prince Windischgraltz. The head-quarters are to be in the fortress of Theresienatadt. ITALY.—A fact of the greatest importance if true, and which was regarded so at Rome, is, that the King of Sardinia is said to have written a moat complimentary letter to the Pope, congratulating him en the amnesty and on the institutions he has promised to his states. A good under standing between the Papal and Sardinian governments would be a mortal blow to the retrogade party and to Aus trian influence. This step of the King of Sardinia is said to have inspired new confidence in Cardinal Gizzi, who has sent a notification to the King of Naples complaining of the hostile intentions of the Neapolitan government towards the court of Rome. THE MURDER OP THE CHEVALIER STEWART.—A letter from Ancona gives the following details of the murder of the Chevalier Abbe Stewart, a brief account of which appeared • short time since in the papers : " Mr. Stewart put up at Casabrugiate for • few days, for the bene fit of sea-bathing, previous to visiting the fair of Sinigaglia. On the morning of the 17th of July he bathed at a secluded voclif the shore, when a peasant approached him and ten. his services to hold an umbrella, which he accepted, sad remunerated the man for his trouble, upon which the peasant inquired if Mr. Stewart intended bathing again in the evening? He replied he should, but would not require his services. However, the peasant dodged him to the shore between four and five o'clock in the afternoon, and waited his opportunity for committing his premeditated crime, having prepared, and partly manufactured, a long stiletto since the morning. He took advantage of the moment that Stewart was passing his shirt over his head, and inflicted three Inaba, which Stewart received on his left arm, and at once faced his murderer, without weapon or covering to his body, and demanded his intentions. The wretch replied " Plunder." Poor Stewart pointed to his clothes, watch, ring, and money, and besought him to take everything and decamp, and spare his life. The monster hesitated for a moment, and then rushed again upon Stewart, and stabbed him eight times more, two of which wounds extended to the whole length of the stiletto. Stewart fell, and the murderer made off with Lis things. Then poor Stewart rose to his feet, wrapped himself in a sheet, and proceeded nearly half a mile to the nearest cottage, falling twice before he could accom plish the distance. Medical aid from Monte Mercian° soon reached him, but mortal aid was of no avail ; about an hour after midnight he expired, praying fervently, and wonder fully composed to the last moment. Half an hour previous to his last gasp, he took up a pen and wrote to his brother, who, I believe, is his heir, " Dearest George,—l am dying. T. Stewart." By poor Stewart's description, the assassin was arrested within an hour of the bloody deed. Though there is all necessary proof of the identity of the culprit, yet I apprehend the extreme penalty of the law may not reach him, being under age (19), according to the laws of this country. I understand that, in cases of great atrocity, the Pope can lend, as it is called here, a few years to the cri minal. The British Consul has represented this case to Rome as one requiring the exertion of this power, and awaits the decision. The Consul has had poor Stewart's body embalmed, and placed in the church of Santa Maria, preparatory to embarkation for England. Now comes the extraordinary and almost incredible sequel to this most melancholy and dreadful deed. The priests (I presume) having learnt that the deceased belonged to a rich family, began, as usual , to speculate upon what might turn up most to their advantage. All at once a child, a cripple from its birth, was cured by crawling over the coffin, and left his crutches there. The fame of this miracle spread through out the town and ne.ghbourhood, and the lame and halt flocked in from all sides. Numerous other miracles are said to have been perfermed--offerings of wax began to drop in to the church—scores of children were brought in to be cured of all kinds of diseases. At length the crowds of deluded beings reached such an extent that the British Consul feared they would destroy the coffin, and accordingly ordered it to be removed out of the body of the church to a vault ; but this was an undertaking of some difficulty, and be was obliged to call in the aid of the gendarmes to close the chief entrance to the church, and get the crowd out by a back way, and prevent the populace out side from rushing in. By half-past nine o'clock at night they succeeded in clearing the church and removing the coffin. Next morning the church was again beset by crowds, who timed and adored the ground upon which the co ffi n had been placed, and strewed it with flowers and garlands. It is said, also, that the ground has wrought miracles. It is also said that the priests will endeavour to oppose the Consul when he claims the body for shipment, as they hope the family will canonize their relative, and let them reap the advantages attendant upon such ceremonies, leaving the body with them." SwITZEHLAND.—TIIE QUESTION OP THE JESUITS. —The Swims Diet is reduced te that state of division which announces a speedy downfall, and, op the different questions lately brought before it, majority Mr net been obtained in • single case. The question of the Jemits, after four sit tings, has not been decided. The following is the result come to. Eight states were foe abandoning the question altogether, ten were for declaring it a federal question ; nine and • half cantons were for calling upon the others to banish the Jesuits, but no majority was obtained. To carry a quo- --,. ... Lion it is requisite to have a majority of twelve aad cantons. Geneva and fit.. Gallen refuse to take part sg the Jesuits, and perpetuate a struggle which will ed civil war. aaancr.. —Ammo, Almon 13. —The pi Minister has submitted a bill to the Chamber proposing two-thirds of the °valid= of receipts of the budget or be debt. employed for the payment of the English and Raj Aso. 12.— s Ali from Tattooed lays that the Persian ambassador wt eau& dirstreesed by the late events that it Will five de e, lona be seat a atatement of events to Teheran. Th e t e , elm of the Mash' was such, that they would not allow deed to be buried. Murcia Bey, at the head of si thanasall Walk red great resistance to th e P orte. Pasea beetelmag thousand piastres for his head. Li e ateemers are outplayed in conveying troops and ammunit HAM Paola is near Techeroek. Ile COWL Lord John Russell arrived yesterday afternooa Osborne House on a visit to her M.jesty. Her Majesty the Queen Dowager accompani e d H.R.H. the Pnncess of Prussia went yesterday to her i donee at Bushy House, Bushy Park, and retained Marlborough House in the evening. H.R.H. the Duchess of Kent visited the Q 4 Dowager in the course of the day, and in the afters returned to Frogmore House. Mr. H. Bandy, M.P., and Mr. Macgregor had interview with the Chancellor of the Exchequer yesterdi Le Commandeur Marquee Lisboa, the Brazil minister, transacted business Commission at the Foreign 019 The Milbank Prison Commission held a meet yesterday at the Millhank Prison. The Chairman of the Customs had an intervi with the Chancellor of the Exchequer yesterday. 1 Highans, Secretary and Comptroller G enera l to the C 4 nuasioners for the Reduction of the National Debt, also an interview yesterday with the right hon. gentian's Despatchea, were received yesterday at the Colog Ogles from the Governor of the Mauritius. Despatches were sent off last evening from Colonial Office for the Governors of the West India Colon. The Right lion. H. Labouchere left town oa Mo day for Ireland. [From last night's Gaut WHITEHALL, AUOUST 29. —The Ghee,' has be pleased to appoint Edward Strutt, Esg., to be one of Commissioners of Railways, and also President of ths s resmnliatiarter. OFFICE OF ORDNANCE, Ato. 26 Royal Regiment of Artillery—Major-Gen. J. W. Tobin to be e commandant, Tice Lord Bloomfield, dec. ; Major-Gen. IL S. Bro to be coL-conimanctunt, 'ice Wulff, ebsc. ADMIRALTY, Ann. 26. Corps of Royal Marines—First lieut. A. S. S. Walsh to be ea vice Hollinworth, dec.; See. Lieut. W. M. Mansell to be first lint. MARYLEBONE VESTRY. THE SMALL DEBTS BlLL. — Yesterday a very merously attended special meeting of the vestry of St. Ms lebone took place at the Courthouse, Marylebonedans, the purpose of considering the report of a committee on • subject of the Small Debts Bill, and the propriety of wait on the Lord Chancellor on the subject of granting te Marylebone district a court of its own. Mr. J. WILLIAMS having been called to the ch a i r , Mr. FLOOD, the vestry ark, read the report, which commended that steps snould be taken, by a deputation the Lord Chancellor or otherwise, in order that this pare in the contemplated division of the country into thatri ma _y form one of such districts. Mr. LOVERIDGE, in moving the adoption of the rep called the attention of the vestry to the struggles which I been made from time to time by the people of Maryleb to obtain a Local Courts Bill for the recovery of small dsl but which they had not proceeded with, on account of promises made from time to time by various government introduce a general measure on the subject. (Hear, het That general measure bad now passed the legislature,' as it wu intended to divide the country into districts, considered it was not too much for the vestry to ask, as representatives of 150,000 persons, that Marylebone alto have a court of its own. lie considered that the mum a gested by the report to send a deputation to the Lord Ch cellor, in whom the power of parcelling out the districts • vested, was a moot proper one, and he had no doubt the would meet with the sanction of the vestry. Mr. SODIN seconded the motion. Mr. Gomm, in supporting the adoption of the report some length went into an explanation of the advantage be derived by the bill. Amongst the most important the facilities it afforded for the speedy and cheap recover all debts under 201., and in enabling landlords of small to ments, in cases of unprincipled occupants, to carry ou more summary method of ejectment. Ile most cordially proved of all the principles of the bill. The report having been unanimously adopted, Mr. Ponta moved the appointment of a deputatioi the Lord Chancellor. Mr. Wilma seconded the resolution, and observed the tradesmen of Marylebune would be much indebts the government for having passed this bill, as the proce rectiveriog small debts, under the old law, was of so raising and expensive a description as to render it ah better to forego the debt altogether than proceed for it. The CHAIRMAN could hear testimony to the latter to went. The losses of the firm with which he was °Mum amounted to nearly 3001. per annum, in debts of 41. 51. for goods left, when parties happened to be absent I home, and who frequently, in a few days after, either their residences and went abroad or in the country, be process could be issued, and thus the tradesmen mitt Under the new bill, process would be so speedy, that results would be greatly diminished. The resolution was then carried unanimously. Mr. H. C. WILSON moved: " That this board ha v a gmbsilall moollection of the labs services rentimed by Yr. Be L'lfunSs (what ens of its mob in the preperstkin and conaertbr et a 1014 the estslaisiuml lona taut Ise the et emell dab In this pal* IRMA ems I/libitum boo t eliwwet Amwaye atoaths arliestm tint the doss poestimsat woohl kb( is a_ gasped mom noon the subject, des reprapoitha vestry' of et. Merybesse b declare that ft he mash plasma In besting Its testimony to the sent legal qualifications of Mr. Ibooms, and his great the law of debtor and creditor, awl that his extensive advocate before the sheriff, remiss him peculiarly quill* lb take of judge, under the anal astas set; and this heal the humbly and respecltally, bit west earnestly submits his shams i notice of the Lordakens4ar, being considered that his appoint would give the credal otisbeWn to the ratepayers at forge." Mr. J. WILSON in seconding the resolution, alludt the vast practice which Mr. Thomas enjoyed in the She Court, which would be all but destroyed by this bill, ani right he therefore had to the appointment as a compensa Idr. G. DANIELL condemned the application to the C cellor for places as premature, and likely to be consid out of doors as very much like a job. A. long discussion on this point ensued ; on the one being contended that the vestry in sending the resointio the Lord Chancellor was usurping functions which did belong to it, and on the other, that they had a perfect r to interfere in the election of an officer they would I themselves to pay. The resolution was ultimately carried unanimously, Messrs. Potter, H. C. Wilson, G. Daniell, Annson,434 and Bell, having been appointe d the deputation, the vt p searated. THE WORLD'S TEMPERANCE CONTENTTON.-1 evening, the closing meeting, in connexion with the at named Convention, was held, for the purpose of impre upon Sunday-school teachers sad instractors of youth, importance of temperance, as connected with education, held at Biahopsgate chapel. The spacious building crowded. G. W. Atwood, Esq., of America-square, pres Dr. Beecher, the Rev. T. Ravynor, Philadelphia, the Dr. Patten, and others addressed the meeting on the portance of the labours of Sabbath-school teachers, and 0 necessity of imbuing the minds of their pupils with the of abstinence from all intoxicating liquors. The me did not terminate till a late hour. . _ - THE RAJAH Of SATTAILL—A public meeting held last evening at the Literary and Scientific Bantu Edward-streev, Portman-square, on the subject of dethronement of Purtaub Sing, Rajah of Setters.- John Williams presided, and in opening the protrei observed that the wrongs of the rajah would be explains Rungo Bassogee, the rajah's accredited agent. R Baasogee headed in • written statement, which was rea Mr. George Daniels. It explained the el:owns:4 which gave rise to the dethronement of the T as they have been stated repeatedly in p ment, and at the India House by the rajal4's .. fsii 'ln conclusion, he stated, that the rajah threw lir if the justice of the English people to obtain • fair hearii his case.--Mr Geo. Thompson then delivered an ads stating that the present was only the commencement agitation which would extend to evert part of the col to establish the rajah's rights.—Mtpaniels then prop and Mr. Potter seconded, a resolution expressive of syml with the rajah, and regretting the course which the lei five authorities had pursued. This was adopted, as war a second, authorising the spat of the rajah to cooveyu an expression of their indignation at the treatment hi experienced, and a third appointing a committee to out the opinions therein expressed. After some addresses, the meeting separated. There was a large at ance of highly respectable persons, who appeared to great interest in the proceedings. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.—The first mcetinj the autumn season was held yesterday afternoon, Barchard, Esq., in the chair. There was a very larg intim of plants and flowers, of which those from gardens of the society were predominant. Among/ presents announced to the meeting, was the last numl the " Flora Batavia," a publication by the King of Hoi From Mr. Barnes, gardener to Lady Rolle, at Hiatt* Devonshire, were exhibited three pine apples ofOganti ROYAL COLLEGE OF CHEMISTRY. — The meeting of the members of this college was he generalon Monday, in the institution, Hanover-square. In the at of the Earl of Clarendon, the chair was occupied by : Cabbell, Esq., and supported by the Earl of Antrim, 1 Clarks, M.D. and other gentlemen. The details o report (the fir st presented to the members) bore refe more particularly to the positive transactions of the in tion than to vqptters of public interest connected wit] science of cheiffhary. Since the establishment of the o in 1844 the total receipts, including those for the purps the new building, amounted to 3,556/. 195., and th bunements to 4,517!. 6s. 9d., leaving • balan 1,03 W. las. 3d. The subscriptions, &c., amounted to 1, I II ■ I I f . T'~~. , ~