The Express. — London, England, 1846-09-14 00:00:00

SPANISH to BONDHOLDERS Iur ' ASSOCIATION, Chtdsthille—DAli thi flNT lTm a a t T. 11. 1 110 016122Pltrilli"n irisla ; isetleolithein ........ is de w...aft& Irl MAN% elel.. Memel toseellA 'MAW of risrw NAB , Mr Is DendbAry Wits tell i m iejr:bwe walked, WA le din by mat we to Alp* teak s rut emeseemas lei les = li e: tly eentedltee thAn& by laleer le lie Ifereetery.—By ardor ef theC. W. MUM, lies. THE NEW EVENING PAP ER, u THE EXPREIS."-1013AliT MM. 2404111.4101111 end Ilieme, No. 6, Iferenreitreet, Sinevamen, End 46, 111115140106, 161 • 66 fm , begs to inform the Inhabitants sthi abhors of Orsvewr a, emeleter, their vklialths, Vat he reeled, deilvere " Tint Emma' sews pour OM TM MOM* 0/ Testacerwer, AT lii PRIM MARAUD, • te. THE EXPRESH—THOMAS MUDIE & IMTONTS bps to rithe 110614=afLa:sed "The Sweat" by evening 16611. eme. le awe ta the sepply, they print the eddrew of their siagraige4 Vast ki ta vaunt or half-year. A re mitters of MAL A gm thr s r=p;l=l," and will be =ars =AI - 7 11 6 al" 15, EXPRESSORDERS supplied bitWV7SitY M. SAUNDERS, Stitioner and Agent for "The "6. Cbariag-erhee. London. on receipt of Poet-othee ordure for subweiptios of 19e. 6d. for tbree maths, or lei. for Si/ maths. The otosTas Twn sooruso,___ THE EXPRESS .— R. WESTLEY begs to an nounce that be receives orders far "The Express." n e. Directew London Awning Paper, 1K Si. n (tarter, If paid in adano Pent-othee ordersto Frederick Week*, 16S, Strand, Leedom FEW LONT)ON EVENING PAPER, ExPREBIL—OFABOE BOWES nand OD, T. Thavle6l6 l 4 orn, landau, print os the corer ilsur i s Ilme elle ;Meer them with their orders for hem a year. Ileilalleeellemlls . seeketely wersowieepe. A quarter, Ile. ed.; bario, is. Ur Itss coossoy Terms ficrrruen. IRE E VENI----XPRESS, E G PA =I PER-JOHN and vnuum CHAPLIN, sew 10 2, Floff4ann. rhtudetbatreet. London. wlll PuING• II 7 all codas that r mar be sole ith. Tint Norm TIME SUPPLIED. -------- punctually attended to .M. at THOMAS MERRETI'S Newspaper Mee, 7. St. Jobapequare, Loam, established hlrtyfive years. Subacrptlons, ill Ulnae. , 119 s. &I. sr quarter, on A swots Dori wits as roawasaux ix axemaxas PDS TO= POOTAsk e_....././ST he erprtoo. MAILS. "ea Vat Ms boa, except then ter Mid" Iftedursa, and florommiir Womb op on the saillor 011ie Mb bat. the fir Celome. ViitiN Obselo. Ullben. nallske. Cadiz , and Obrellar,vl l be male up ak *earwig of lbe 171 k bet. The alb be NOY North Aare" iseassie, asel the United /We, will le bode elo ow the moan i d iis leek bre. Th um & k e Mufti, Waft% taissiklbe lonima sm = o. EaPt , AI" Oefloo, yin, llowNolll, Ned arm via , will be mile op ea Sr of lbe Stet bat The owesierl , lira fig Marasales to the lleibeeresess, thee, Oeyies. lulls, , , will he orb = of the Seth bet. --_—_-- TO OORRBSPONDENTO. e.• adeertieemeala WNW br Me Raper most be at the eilleeby Two o'clock 4U 011 r7l pubilsatke. iont WATER AT LONDON-SHIM& Tam Der.--Maralap, 14 tout. past 9; Afternoon, 51 mia. peg 9. To.stoasow.—Yarnlag, 38 ma. pat 9; Afternocat, 19 Elia. past 10. ----- LONDON, MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 14. Some circumstances have come to light, and are but too well attested , respecting the betrothals of the Queen of SPAIN and her sister, which utterly preclude those feelings of satisfaction and of hope naturally excited by the marriages of the young and the favoured. It is one of the blessings of a constitu tional system of government, that the freedom of will which the people enjoy under it, is also secured in the more important acfs of life to the sovereign. In absolutist countries, the emperor, or autocrat, disposes of the hand of the princes and princesses of his family, with a power whic h the young do not even think of contradicting. Yet even thin is often com pensated by that paternal kindness of heart, which the Czar NICHOLAS, for example, has ever shown in consulting the affections and predilections of his family. In the marriage of his children, the Czar has not been guided by policy or by ambition. Nor has he, to gratify or aggrandise them, sacrificed the happiness or free affections of lesser or dependent princes. In eonstitutional countries, the representative as sembly of the nation limits the royal choice to such f a milies and principles as may not endanger the safe guards on which a free government is founded. That oared for, a sufficient degree of liberty is left to render a royal marriage a spontaneous act, and thereby to endow it with those prospects of domestic happiness so seldom found where cold policy, or avarice, or senile ambition, dictates the unions of the young. We regret to say that the poor:Queen of SPAIN has enjoyed, in the important matter of her marriage, not one of the advantages or rights which ought to have been hers either in a despotic or a constitutionalaystem. A despotic parent would, if kind, have consulted her affections; i; ambitious, would have concluded a marriage advantageous to the country, and this ad vantage would have reflected credit and popularity on the marriage. A constitutional control would also have left some scope to the royal choice; and would at least have set aside any candidate so physically and mentally deficient as to render ma Tinge a mockery. ISABELLA of Spain has enjoyed no such protec tion. The King of the French has stepped forth, as the head of the family, to dictate her marriage; and in this marriage, neither the free choice, nor the spontaneous affection, nor the future happiness of the Queen, have been consulted. They have been all trodden under foot, and for what ? Not for any Spanish, or any liberal, or any rational interest; but to the mere doting, feudal, superannuated desire to aggrandise and enrich an already over-aggrandised and enriched family. The moat important fact respecting the betrothal of the Queen to Don FRANCISCO D'ASSIS is, that ISABELLA was moat strongly averse to it, and that her mother CHRISTINA was equally averse. Both Queens considered that the happiness of the younger would be best secured by a marriage with Prince Lnoroto Or SAXE-COBURG. They both, conjointly, twice made the demand of the British Government to aid the young Queen in following up her free choice. Lord ABERDEEN first refused ; and, he having done so, the Whig Government does not seem to have thought it advisable to put itself forward in direct opposition to what was, indeed, the unwarrantable dictation of the King of the French, but still to his long-professed and determined will. They have probably felt it to be a matter which must eventually be decided in Spain itself ; if not by appeal to the better feelings of the French nation. The Queen of Spain, thus abandoned by the prudent and perhaps necessary caution of the political parties succeeding each other in power in England, of course relapsed under the power of France. That court, knowing that it could not effect t he marriage of the Due de MONTPENSIER with the Infanta without the previous or simultaneous marriage of the Queen, pressed the latter to conclude a match, and presented Don FRANCISCO D'ASSIS as the least inimical to its interests. We do not wish to state the chief objections to DON FRANCISCO D'ASSIS ; Baffin it to know, that the young Queen objected to it, as most repugnant to her; and that her mother supported her repugnance as well founded. M. BRESSON, the French Ambassador, undertook to conquer this repugnance ; and he did so, spending a whole night at the palace, in exhortation, argument, and menace. It was with evident reluctance, and in tears, that the young Queen was brought to consent to, and to go through, the ceremony of betrothal. The middle ages never offered an example of a forced marriage, more violently or disgracefully perpetrated, or where the august victim was more completely sacrificed to the insolence of a diplomatist, and to the dictation of his master. Political writers arc much given to grave converse on the immorality of Spanish Queens and Courts, of which all ages have unfortunately afforded example. Such crimes destroyed the respect due to the throne, and contributed mainly to the fall of that of FERDINAND'S father. In the present day, with the principles of freedom sown through the country; with publicity, more or less enjoyed, and impossible to suppress; a Queen injured in her reputation loses her legitimate influence, her hold of the national sceptre. ' Yet those who forte marriage upon a young Queen ; who give her for husband against her will, a per sonage imbecile in body and in mind, the inevitable object of her contempt ;—what seed do they sow ? What do they prepare ? We shudder to have to record, that the brutal zeal of an Ambassador should it& thus, in the name - of one of tlas sant pleas princes, precipitate a marriage, whist may redound to a personaFtriamph, but which Join in the royal family of Spain the seeds of misery, disorder, and crime. Ammo the many experiments which the humane and good are making to increase the sum of individual happiness, there is not one more interesting, or more worthy of candid observation, than the attempt to extend the field garden allotment system, which was the object of the Dorsetsbire meeting reported in our paper of Saturday. Many of the best virtues can only develope them selves in the atmosphere of home. But how few of our labourers can be mid to have homes ! The squalid huts of the agricultural poor are scarcely so well entitled to the name, as the wigwams of savages and the abodes of those who dwell in towns are mere barracks. Where all but the family circle cannot be shut out, there is no home. The feeling that it is entirely and exclusively their own; that so long as they occupy it, all others but the family circle are strangers, admitted as a matter of favour, or invited because, and only so long as, their company is agreeable ; is required to make a dwe llin g a home. Space wherein to exert invention and labour in storing up articles of convenience, is required to make a horn. Where these two requisites exist, a family can contribute to each other's happiness ; they have something in common to which none but them selves can lay claim. They have a motive for acting [in such a manner that the family union shall not be broken more independent up. They eiyhaee" source s of of happiness within, and without. We do not wish to be understood as attri buting to " home " the power of producing ideal ex cellence in its inmates. We would only direct atten tion to its natural and necessary tendency to impress, even upon the rude and illiterate, habits of self control and steadiness ; and to add to the amiability of the naturally well-disposed and the well-trained. Using the term in this sense, few of our labourers either in town or country canbe said to pawn" homes." They have places to shelter them from the worst in clemency of the weather ; places to sleep, perhaps to eat in; but no homes. The most thriving labourer of afford a spacious house. Two or throe, at the four apartments, are the utmost he can look for. Teo many have only one. There is small scope for the surplus activity of the members of the family within this limited room. Even in the rural districts, it is now too rarely the case that a small patch of ground out of doors affords them what they cannot find within ; and in the crowded towns and villages, economy of space crowds four, five, or six families into one house, where not only domestic activity but domestic seclusion is impossible. The country la bearer's hut, we repeat, is not so much of a home [as the savage's wigwam; and the town labourer's SP,' so much a home as the soldier's barrack. To give the labourer fair play, you must give him elbow-room ; you must unable families to live apart from each other, and find occupation, at once agree able and profitable, for those hours which cannot or need not be devoted to the service of employers, within their little respective family dominion. This is a doctrine we might have been slow to preach before the reign of free-trade commenced. Something else is required before they have it : the means of earn ing it. It would have been beginning at the wrong end to have said, let the labourer have a dwelling airy and apart,' so long as a suicidal law, by narrow ing artificially the field of profitable employment, deprived him of the power of earning where withal to hire or purchase a home, and left him no time to spend in it, even if he could acquire it. But, now that liberated commerce is about to create a demand for labour which will necessarily render it remunerative, it is time to adopt measures for awaken ing, or re-awakening, in the breasts of English labourers, the love of home and the ambition to pos ses one. When penury and precarious employment have reconciled men to the vrretchedno-homes in which our labourers are but too glad to find a shelter, mere im provement of their circumstances will not of itself make them desirous of better accommodation. Habit is a terrible tyrant. There is a book which has been of great use in Scotland, and which will serve to illustrate this position even for the benefit of those born south of the Tweed ; the Cottagers of Otenburnie. Every person who has read that book will remember the strange co-exist ence of sluttishness and disregard of comfort with con siderable wealth, in the establishment of a small Scotch farmer; and we may add, the demoralising influences of this combination. The secret was, that the penurious and filthy habits acquired during the period pictured in Warerky--when, as Sir WALTER Scorr well remarked, poverty seemed to be rendering naturally strong intellects and genial dispositions stunted—sur vived the impulse given about the end of last century to productive industry in Scotland. When the Scots first began to earn money, they did not know how to make themselves comfortable with it. So will it prove with our labouring class, upon which an age more remunerative to their unrivalled powers of steady and intelligent toil is opening, unless some thing be done to give them a foretaste of domestic comforts, and an appetite for them. In the rural districts this may moat easily be done. There, every yard of land is not so valuable as in large towns. The separate cottage, and the bit of garden ground, can be afforded to each family. Rural labour is not like that of the factory, regular and un intermitting. There are many days and half-days in the year, when the peasant's employer finds it difficult to invent tasks for the peasant to perform. These he might turn to good account in his own garden. The rough work, the breaking in, having been per formed at extra times by his own sinewy arm, the task of neatly finishing off, and keeping it tidy, is quite within the compass of his wife and children. To the former, it would supply an occupation com patible with keeping the house in order, and looking [ after the younger children. To the children them- [ selves, it would supply useful recreation in the hours they were not at school. A man, his wife, and two or three children, might make a quarter of an acre of fair average ground grow vegetables sufficient for their own consumption, and that of a few pigs, or even a cow. This might be accomplished without missing one day of the average working-days of the [ man throughout the year. Fortunately we are not speaking of a mere con jectural matter. The experiment has been tried in various parts of the country, and with uniform sue. ems. It requires no great persuasion to induce the Meurer to try it. If there be one taste mere universally diffused than another, it is that of cultivating plants, and of rearing tame animals. Every boy would have his rabbit-hutch if he could. The strange array of broken jugs and tea pots, and boxes with small quantities of earth in them, in which the artisans of London and the great manufacturing towns grow bits of flowers in our smoky and dusty towns, show how ineradicable is the desire to follow the occupation of our first ancestor. These instincts may be made, and have been made, to supply the family with food throughout the year ; leaving the proceeds of the father's from-home labour, for rent and clothing, and the savings bank. There are some of us old enough to remember a elan of labourers who have almost disappeared before the rapid growth of our manufactures and the intro duction of the big-farm system. They were that Glass which we wish to see reproduced, if possible, by the means of field-garden allotments. A kitchen garden or paddock was attached to their dwelling. When their employer did not require times, they could find employment within their own premises. They were independent; for they could be thrown out of employment for weeks, with out any fear of coming upon the parish. They could always find employment for their children suited to their strength, and thus implant habits of industry in them by times. It was principally from among their stance§ son W t children. may be. The benevolent among the clergy and the landlords, such as Attended the Dorsetshire meeting, who are either themselves making trial of tbe field garden allotments, or instituting societies with a view to their experiment on a larger scale and lime eva., tinuouslfr, may enable a few labourers in every soul district to become what these old-world labours* were; and this will rouse the emulation of the whole class to become as favourably eircumetanced. Were any sacrifice by any class required to attain this end, wo should despair. We have no faith in artificial institutions which demand permanent sacrifices. But the conviction that labourers can afford to pay a fair rental for oomfertable cottages with field gardens at tached, and that the occupants of such " homes" will prove better workmen, induces us to believe that the system only needs to be fairly introduced, in order to become permanent. Even though such a system were of necessity to be always confined to agricultural labourers, we should advocate the experiment. Next best to improving the condition of a whole class, is improving the condition of a large see , don of it. But we are far from deeming it impossible to devise means by which ex clusive homes, with scope for internal activity, pro fitable and pleasurable, may also be conferred upon the amaulhataziair Wawa% This is too wide a field to as‘ar era at present ; but the following facts may be .sated as justifying sanguine hopes in this respect. Already many manufactories have been established with emcees in isolated, and even secluded, districts, at a distance from large towns. Railways are making this of more frequent occurrence. In the course of every year, there are seasons when the manufacturer b wed to work short tine ; and he would resort to this more frequently were he assured that his labourers could profitably employ the time thus 1 1 thrown upon their hands. The men have the taste common to all for horticultural pursuits, and their health would be benefited by its occasional indulgence. Children under a certain age are now excluded from factories ; and when fi rst admitted , they are worked by relays. Light tasks for them might be found in their father's field-garden ; and the cottage and Held-garden (which around manufactories situated in the country could be procured as easily as for rural labourers) might occupy the time of the females. These considerations stimulate the wish to see the allotment system fairly tried ; seeing how wide and how beneficial might be the noiseless social revolution to which it would lead if enceendlil. We have received the Paris papers of Friday and Saturday. The preparations for the marriage of the Infanta Luisa Fernando with the Duke de Montpensier, eon thine in Paris with great activity. Xing Louis Philippe, accompanied by the Duke do Montpensier and M. Fontaine, the eminent architect, inspected, on Thursday, the unfinished gallery connecting the Tuileries and the Louvre, preparatory to some works to be executed on the occasion of the marriage. Grand fêtes are to take place at Fontainebleau to honour the reception of the Duchesse de Montpensier. It was reported that the royal bridegroom was to leave Paris with his brother, the Duke de Nemours, sooner than was previously arranged, in order to arrive in Madrid on the 14th inst., for the opening of the Cortes, but this is untrue. The returns of municipal elections in France, re ceived by the Minister of the Interior, show the suc cess of the opposition candidates in a great number of towns. According to the advices received in Paris by the Levant mail, Rear-Admiral Turpin commanding the French squadron in the Levant, left Constantinople for Smyrna, on the 24th of August. The Ottoman fleet was in the Dardanelles on its way to the Archi- kr. PeCaptain Lejenne, of the bark Leonie, which left Panama on the 12th April, and reached Havre on Thursday, states that they met on the 7th of August, in 28 north lat., and 33 west long., the American transport the Lexington, going from New York to California laden with troops. Preparations were making at La Malmaison for the reception of Queen Christina, who is expected to accompany the future Duchess of Montpensier. The celebrated Cabrera, who had obtained leave to repair to Paris on private business, and several other Carlist officers, had been ordered to quit that capital and return to the respective residences assigned to them. It was stated that M. Bernier, an attach?' of the foreign-office, who had arrived fr om Tangiers in the Veloce, was charged with despatches relative to an exchange of prisoners. Abd-el-Kader was said to have demanded four influential families and eleven selected persons from among the Arabs taken pri soners by the French. By Royal ordonnance, dated eth inst., M. Donal post-captain, has been appointed Governor of the French establishments in Oceania, in the room of Captain Bruat, promoted Rear-Admiral, and return ing home on his own application. The Monileur of Saturday contains, amongst several others of no interest to the English reader, a Royal ordonnance for the establishment at Athens of a French Normal School, under the direction of a pro fessor of the University or a member of the Institute, for the improved study of the Greek language, history, and antiquities. Joseph Henri left La Rocquette on Friday for the hulks of Toulon (instead of Rochefort, as has been previously announced) with a chain of eight other convicts. His appearance was quite changed from that which he wore at his trial. He was silent and looked dejected. A journal states that the day his trial began, he sold his establishment to his son for the sum of 20,000 francs, (8001.) to be paid to his creditors in five yearly instalment& The .Reforme states that, in consequence of the rise in the price of flour in the Paris markets, several bakers have had recourse to the markets of Rouen and Havre, where the price per sack is several francs less than at Paris. The recent accounts of the harvest in France are more satisfactory. A letter from Colmar (Upper Rhine) of the Bth inst. states, that " the present situa tion by no means justifies the fears which appear to have been formed, as to the harvest. The results are not so good as might have been hoped, but are yet superior to those of the past year. The great drought has necessarily affected the quantity, bat the quality is excellent , The wheat has been inferior in some districts, and average in others. It is believed to be quite adequate to the wants of the departments. Early potatoes partially failed, but the others give promise of a good return, from the late rains. In a word, the situation is better than last year." A letter from La Vendee remarks, that " if the yield of the wheat is inferior in quantity to the average , the quality is good, and the gram weighs from 43 to 80 kilogrammes the hectolitre. The millet and rye are pretty fair, and the department will have a supply greater than its demand. The vine crop in Burgundy and the Bordeaux dis trict is very promising, particularly as regards quan , titv. • A man, named Modem, a labourer, at Germigney (Jura), has been convicted of having set fire to a con siderable quantity of faggots belonging to one of his neighbours, against whom he had vindictive feelings, and senten ced to aix years' confinement, and tole exposed in public before undergoing his sentence. An accident took place on Friday on the Orleans and Tours Railway. On the departure of the eight o'clock train from Orleans, at the point of junction of the two railways, the train was thrown off the rail, and two wagons, containing goods, were broken. No person was hurt. The house of O'Neill and Co., of Paris, whose stop page was announced, is, it appears, able to pay all its creditors, remaining only indebted, in a large amount, EXPRESS, MONDAY Evtp • i;that the ',pop eh. ./Asholarlit i rbtalt Lb rge of saparintrnfai 540 s Is AVE itrl d.*hyi ws brie am& *no of *hare ll* mini" of tailfathir InsibiSrl'tPie Be Ike t !yip_ lifbi >ysi tha validate 4 : 1 hlish a position. In such a state of society of g class discontents are not so easily excited; in it a man is not, he has hope that himself or his pi is i pa pcsaidi hanker and lipeculatbr sd ' Who *ovate sitieipartner Of this arm. r Iga t i l ik. Aseertliwto'p letters recoiled in Pieria Frail Break; dated 6th tember, there "rem rrunours'et ' ezt hacc o tr ue in .the to ertery et enacow, which &till more accredited. fitrong parzole of the Austrian chereauz-legeri are constantly watch ing the frontiers of Galicia and at Cracow. The night patrols are reinforced with artillery. The nobles of Galicia take refuge at Cracow, and in that city the least ernsion of feeling hos tile to the great powers is visited with fines or even corporal punishment. Our advices from Madrid of the 6th inst. say, the engrossing theme at Madrid was still the royal marriage. It was stated that the formal demand of the hand of the Infanta for the Duc de Montpensier would not be made by the Count de Bresson until after he had received despatches expected from Paris. The intention was still, if possible, to have the union of the Queen and her sister with the Prince and the Duke on the same day that day being (as it is said) fixed by the Queen herself, for the 10th of October. It was, however, generally believed that the wedding (or weddings, as the case may be) will not take place until later in next month, or in November. Mr. Bnlwer, it was asserted, had sent a rejoinder to Senor Isturitz, in reply to his first note, but was as yet with out precise instructions from England. Heraldo, the thick and thin supporter of the double alliance, has the following : " A journal announces that the marriage of the Infanta with the Duc de Montpensier is suspended for the present. We have strong reasons for believing that this information is by no means exact. The wish of the Queen having been expressed, and the country having ratified it, the whole nation ought to devote its bftt energies to insist on the real isation of a marriage which can never be better sawed than when the Spanish amour-propre is excited. The _marriage (we believe we may safe ly assert) will be realised, notwithstanding any &taiga obstacles that may be raised, and it will take place , with the greatest facility, as the internal opposition, weak and Serious, raised by certain journals, must disappear, by ,reason of the futility of the very reasons used in support of it Gonzales Bravo was expected hourly at Madrid. There was a rumour, raised doubtless by the Opposi tion Journals, of a modification of ministry, and the names of Senors Castro and Seigas were mentioned but this is unlikely, especially at this moment.; We quote from El Clamor Public° a letter from Lisbon, of the 2nd instant : "To-morrow the Spanish frigate Isabella 11., and the steamer Blasco de Garay will lease for the coast of Galicia, where a squadron of four sailing vessels and two steamers aeo,to be stationed, to keep a look-out for the refugees, who are said to be 7,000 strong, at Santarem, Peruche, and Csacal, and are arriving hourly from the Spanish frontier. The British squadron in the Tagus communicates every other day with the English ambassador." Confidential letters dated Madrid, 7th September, written by well-informed correspondents, state that on that day Senor Isturitz and - his colleagues were anxiously awaiting official communications from Paris. Their energy and perseverance was said to depend entirely upon the attitude of the French Cabinet ; but, as the Duke de Montpensier's marriage was a question of family interest, rather than of a political nature, the Spanish ministers fully expect the support of Louis Philippe. Count Bresson had not yet re ceived instructions to make tne official demand of the Princess Luisa's hand, but they were hourly expected. It is said that the Infanta is quite pleased with the choice of the Duke de Montpensier as her future hus band, and does not attempt to conceal her joy. As to the Queen, her mind seems to be quite made up. Great credit is given to the Duke of Cadiz for the simplicity of his demeanour and the modesty with which he has received the unexpected honours con ferred upon him. The Ministers seem to fear some outbreak in Cata lonia, excited by the Progressiatas, and have requested the French Government to order the frontiers to be closely watched. By a decree of the 7th inst., Don Manuel Pando, Marquis de Miraflores, has been appointed President of the Senate, and not Narvaez, as was reported, General Don Joft Manuel de Gayenoche, Count of Cluaqui, has been created a Grandee of Spain of the first class. CONSTANTINOPLE, Also. 27. A notion seems to have got abroad that Mehemet Ali was not well received here : that he was designedly bumbled, and subjected to many slights and indignities by the Sultan and his ministers. There is not a word of truth in all this : and a fact or two will at once prove the contrary. It is 'laid that he was treated like a common Padua. He might have been so treated without shy violation of eti quette. But when did the Sultan ever advance into the antechamber of his hall of audience to take • common Pacha by the hand and lead him to a seat pissed on the same level with his own ? When was a kiosque of the Sultan ever placed at the disposal of a common Pacha When was • common Pacha ever invited to dine with the Sultana Valid° ? None of these favours have ever been known to have been conferred on any mere subject of the Sultan however illus trious : nor were the two last ever extended before, even to a crowned head. They must be taken, therefore, as un mistakeable tokens of the high distils: Lion w,th which the Sultan intended to receive the Viceroy of Egypt. Nothing can be more at variance with the character of Abd-ul-Medjid than that he should have taken advantage of the voluntary visit of *Mehemet Ali to pay off old scores by a peevish stint ing of honour and hospitality, and to requite the wars of an illu•trious rebel by such little revenges as a woman might use, of frowns and turnings of the back. No : what ever the Sultan's faults may be he is emphatically a g entleman. His conduct towards Mehemet Ali has been marked throughout with dignity. He had it in his power to mortify the foe of his house, and that under the pretext of a ceremonious necessity, by levelling him with the herd of his entails. But he preferred to treat that foe generously, and to show him all the distinction he could without compromis ing his own relation as sovereign paramount. Much stress has been laid upon the fact of no salute being fired when I Mehemet Ali took his departure. This arose from the pre tension of the viceroy to be answered by as many guns as he gave—namely, twenty-one--es if he were an ind , pendent sovereign; whereas the Porte declined to consider him as of higher rank than the Grand Vizier, who upon such an occa sion would receive only nineteen guns. Therefore it WWI agreed that no guns should be fired on either side Nor was this the only point in which Mehemet Ali comported him self in regal style. He insisted that he should not be required to return the visits of ministers; in which pretension he was humoured, and Kiamil Pacha was charged with the vicarious acknowledgment of these. It is said that, airing his first interview with the Sultan, he shed tears and excused himself humbly for the harsh proceedings to which be had been driven against Mahmoud. Upon receiving tke assurance which he implored of the Sultan's pardon, he is reported to have said, with much effusion of feeling, " I was the slave of your Majesty ; you emancipated me ; but now lam become your slave again," • speech not entirely destitute of that sort of Oriental grace which the Turks accuse him of being deficient in. The Sultan presented him with a diamond worth 2,500 purses, excusing the smallness of the gift. Mehemet Ali re plied that, bad it been a pebble , that he should henceforth rank the present above all his other jewels. People are wild here to know the meaning of this strange visit. The meet improbable and contradictory reports prevail. One is that the Viceroy:* journey was prompted by the desire of changing the succession of his kingdom in favour of Abbas Paths, whom he left governor ad interim, and of excluding Ibrahim. I confess this idea appears to me extremely unlikely, consi dering the great superiority of Ibrahim to Abbas, in point of talent., while the old Viceroy . shows no sign of that dotage which could dictate so undesirable a change. Be this as it may, it is certain that nothing less than political ends of the greatest importance could have dictated so enormous an out for besides 2110,0001. which he brought with him, and to have drawn on the bankers here to the tune of 150,0001. Changes of great Importance, and unhappily of the worst augury for the Reform party, have just taken place in some of the highest offices of the government, On the 24th Sarim Effendi, the late Minister of Commerce, succeeded Tahyr Bey, who resigned his place as Director of the Customs. Oa the same day Hadji Edhem Effendi, Accountant General and the second financial officer in the empire, was turned out to make room for Atef Bey, Defterdar or Receiver- General of Anatolia. To read aright the significance of these moves, you must consider that Sarim Effendi was one of the main stumbling blocks in the way of those reforms, which Reshid Pacha hat pursued with so much earnestness. The Reform Minister therefore exerted himself to the utmost to procure his removal from the high post which he lately en joyed. But no sooner had this object been effected than, nn [Uoirn to Reshid Pasha, a much more formidable enemy of and good government, no less a person than Riza grisimself, was put into the place of Minister of Commerce, made vacant by the disgrace of Sarim Effendi. It was aeherel to suppose that the aspect of affairs would be very iesm slanged atter this inauspicious appointment ; and that Ma having got his foot in, would secure his position by thrusting out as many as he could of his enemies, and filling their places with his friends. This manceuvnng is evidently the source of the present changes. Tahyr Bey was one of the most indefatigable underminers of Riza Pacha's power : limbo Effendi was always one of his strictest allies. For the 1 test the late Director of Customs was a man highly respected by all the merchants here, for the pre bity and ability with which, during a long course of years, he discharged his office. Meanwhile, the immediate cause of Tahyr Bey's resignation was the worrying treatment he received at the hands of Nafiz, Meat, and other pashas, who farmed the customs for the yearly payment of 800,00 0 L to the Porte: and whose exorbitant expectations of profit were not, it seems, satisfied by the late director's administration. With respect to the other appointment, the same sinister influence may be seen at work, and the same prin ciple of thrusting from office the enemies of Rio Pacha has triumphed. Hadji Edhem Effendi is chiefly known as baying taken a leading part in the inquiry which led to the conviction of Mahmoud and Zarif Mustafa Paellas, as guilty of peculation to an enormous extent in their several depart- mats ouneoted with the army; and the ftramo tad min ishmint of these Isiah ollenthes may be Weft trased.to the bashes mew and intsgritp with whisk be b usrf= duty in the examination of the amounts, wi szMence Midnst them. It is suspected that imetiter change la prospect is the removal of Max Pasha ham the pooh Minister of Pinanee.• Far be has been eaddesslyeeked a sickness, which, in use s absence of graveffisel symptoms, is suppo sed to be thelunt of smiliedy whisk always see inn to lay up a Tositisk saipistuabost • week before The official changes I have mentioned above seem to be connected with the absence of the Capitan Pasha, who, as an old enemy of Rise and ally of Reahid's, is supposed to have been purposely •meit away with the fleet by the in trigues of the latter, to give fair play to his macination. I mentioned in it'lateUm that an American missionary and physician had had his house broken into by a snob at Erzeroum. His name is Dr. Smith. He has resided there two years- during which time he has distributed bibles and treats in Turkish and Armenian, throughout the whole pro viace. The muse of the riot is variously stated. But the following is the account which appears the most deserving of credit. The Armenian bishop was desirous of hearing from Dr. Smith what was the number of Armenian converts to Protestantism in those parts; and perhaps of expostulating with the missionary upon his attempts to unsettle the creed of the Armenians. An interview accordingly took place at the bishop's house. But Dr. Smith's answers gave the bishop m little satisfaction, that the latter dismissed his visi tant rather unceremoniously. The Armenians supposing their prelate bad been insulted went together in a mob to the house of Dr. Smith, who fortunately was absent at the time, and breaking in did as much damage uthey oould. Dr. Smith appealed to the British Consul, Mr. Brant, for protection. And Mr. Wellesley, upon the Consul's representation of the facts, has applied to the Porte for reparation. Resbid Puha is said to have taken a view of the case less favourable to the missionaries than might have been expected from his declared liberality in matters of religion. Ho insists upon the recall of Dr. Smith from Erzeroum, and discountenances in the most positive manner all proselytism in that quarter. Mr. Wellesley seems disposed to support Dr. Smith in the right which he claims to stay, having received favourable accounts of his character, not only from our consul, but also from Colonel Williams and Mr. Redhouse, the English commissioner and interpreter at the conferences. Mr. Browne, the first dragomen of the American sabossr, Isar proceeded to Erzeroum to inquire into this roam No doubt the apparent contradiction to Rabid rubes usual liberality arises from the present extremely disturbed date of Erseroum, and the expediency of removing as many new elements of discord as possible. All tke populations of that part of Asia hang in • wild state of loose dependence upon the Porte, and are continually breaking out into rebellion. But the Armenians, in putt- cular, are animated by the feeling of their having formerly been the independent possessors of the soil ; and have always cherished the notion of restoring the nationality and freedom of their race. It is said that troops to the amount of 6,000, I whose fidelity was distrusted, have been replaced at Erre roum by the same number drawn in equal portions from the armies of Syria and Anatolia. I have heard that troops to the amount of 20,000 are to be concentrated in Kurdistan, ' for the total reduction to obedience of that unquiet province. The operations of Omar Pacha, in Lazestan, have been per fectly successful, and the rebel Kear Husum, who headed the insurrection, has been taken prisoner. The army in Kurdistan is to be under the command of Ismail Puha. The Turkish fleet sailed on Thursday the 20th, under the command of the Capitan-Pacha. The Sultan visited the Turkish admiral's flag-ship on the 18th, and that high officer took leave of him the some evening. The cholera has broken out with great violence in Persia. The latest amounts t h at have arrived from that quarter re preempt the Shah's son as having fallen a victim to that dreadful disease. Teheran is mid to be deserted. FRANCE.—AVOWAL OF FREE-TRADE PRINCIPL?... we TER MINISTERIAL PATEL—The Debate of the 9th inst. has at last spoken out on the subject of free-trade. The French government have hitherto manifested only a passive acquiescence in the development of the principles of commercial liberty, but from the article in the De;bale it may be inferred th at ministers will henceforward give a posi tire impulse to their extension. We quote the opening pas sages of the article, which extends over five columns. " The question of free - t rade is now fairly placed before all the states of Europe, by virtue of the example very recently given by a great nation, where, however, the protective had the support, generally all powerful, of rei l i tem aristocracy. An association whose importance none can dissimulate, is taking steps to reproduce amongst us, as well as it can, the efforts of the English League. What fel the course necessary to adopt ? Is the principle which tri- umphed in England equally true on this side the straitst l Do reason, propriety, and the decided determination on the part of the government, and in the ranks of the pet" W whom the elections have given so brilliant • victory, not to 1 give a shock to the country (by innovations), permit us to hope for the immediate application of this principle to a certain extent in France . This is a question which it is desirable to examine with calmness, and we purpose . to do so at some length. Free trade presents itself, it is ad mitted even by its adversaries, under a brilliant aspect. It would have the inappreciable advantage of ensuring the peace of the world, which is the greatest bleating of civilisation, the surest guarantee that can be given for liberty ; it would furnish every one with the means of exercising his industrial faculties entirely according to his will and to their full ex tent, of procuring every object at the lowest possible rate, and of selling the fruits of his labour in the market which ' offers the best price for them. From liberality and humanity one is disposed to love free-trade. On the other side, how ever, the protective system counts its partisans at the present day, not only amongst those whose fortunes we may believe are made by it, but amongst men who are evidently quite disin terested in the discussion. Certain great interests declare that the question of the maintenance or the destruction of the protective system is with them a question of life and death. It is even impossible to conceal from ourselves that certain industries, whose great value none can contest, have flourished by means of this system, and, thanks to it, have arrived at a great degree of prosperity. We do not hesi tate to say that our choice is made. We are advocated for free trade, in the sense that we consider it an object which ought to be attained gradually, and by constantly approach ing towards it as far as circumstances will permit. The protective system, interpreted by prohibition, for it is always in that sense that the term is used, may be very favourable to a particular branch of industry specially protected while in its infancy, but once that a country has taken great strides in a manufacturing career, the system, it will be seen, be comes injurious ; it arrests the progress of the arts which it pretends to protect, and which often believe themselves efficaciously protected; it opposes the natural order of things, in causing prohibition by way of reprisals against foreign countries, and in impeding by restrictions and augmentations in the price of the raw material at home, those branches of manufactures in which the country succeeds the best. It gives a bad direction to na tional capital, and maintains an artificial and burdensome state of things by creating factitious industries which live as in a hot-house, and do not produce results equivalent to the labour they ab sorb. It institutes and tends to perpetuate in equalities when the law has wished to give to every citizen equal facilities. The great majority of those who support it are led astray by prejudices and by false calculations. They have not correctly estimated and placed in parallel what it costs and what it produces, not only to the state and to the country, but to themselves. They only see the apparent profits, and deceive themselves as to the charges. The pre sent moment offers, for the organization of international ex changes on a more liberal footing, conditions extremely , favourable, and which may perhaps never be again found, if not now taken advantage of. AWARDING OF PRIZES BT THE FRENCH ACADEMY. —The Academie Fransaise on Thursday held its annual public sitting, M. Viennet in the chair, for the distribution of the prizes of Eloquence and History, and those of Virtue and Morals, founded by M. de Monthyon. M. Villemain read the report on the literary prizes, and was much olauded. He was followed by ltd. Ancelot, who read the E ede Turgot, by M. Baudrillart, which gained the prize f loquence. M. N'iennet read hie report on the prizes of Virtue and Morals. It was a splendid production, and was greatly applauded. The prizes were then announced—For acts of virtue and morality, 4000 fr. to M. Miller, the master boot-maker, of the sth Chewers ; 3000 fr. to Pierre Retel, a mason ; 1000 fr. to Catherine Queron • 2000 fr. to a person named Lucas and his wife ; three med als of 1000 fr. each to different persons ; ten medals of 500 fr. each, to persons in different parts of France ; a medal of 3000 fr. to M. Idarbeieu, for a work on the means of diminishing the misery of the poor ; a medal of 3000 fr. to Mlle. Csrpentier, fur a work on the Sallee d'A.sile ; a medal of 20 00 fr. to M. Leon Feug?re, fora work on the life of Etienne de la Boetie ; and a medal of 2000 fr. to M. Geruzez, for a work on literary history. SUICIDE OF A GERMAN POET AT PARIS.—About a month ago, a man was found in the Bois de Boulogne, baring committed suicide, but it has only just been ascer tained that he was a native of Berlin, named Kaufman. He was a distinguished poet, who had translated into German the plays of Shakespeare and the poems of Burns. He left his own country in 1841, upon the recommendation of the celebrated pianist, Liszt, and at Paris became affianced to a young German lady. She, however, died suddenly, and her loss rendered life insupportable to him. Only . two days before the fatal act, he had accepted the appointment of tutor in • high family in Paris, with a salary of 2,000 fr., besides his board and lodging. Among his papers were found two plays in manuscript and the commencement of a trans lation of Dante's " Divine Comedia." ITALY.—ROME, SEPT. I.—H. It. H. the Prince de Joinville has already left. His first intention was to remain till the 6th ; but as his presence at Rome caused some sen sation, and a demonstration in his favour was projected by the young Romans, he thought it advisable to leave sooner. On the 30th August, at noon, H.R.H. was admitted to an audience of the Pope, who seemed greatly rejoiced to see him, and spoke in terms of the greatest sympathy for the King and Queen of the French. In the evening the Prince dined ct the Embassy, in company of many noble Romans, among others Cardinal Gizzi. The Prince left on the Sunday evening for Naples by land. A number of his officers re mained at Rome to see the "lions."—Letters from Genoa state that great preparations are being made at that city for the opening of the Italian scientific congress on the 14th inst. Deputations from the University of Bologna, the Academies of Rome and other Italian states, will attend the congress. The statue to the memory of Christopher Colum bus is to be inaugurated during the stay of the congress, as also the anniversary of the expulsion of the Austrians from Genoa, by the Genoese, in 1746. The king of Sardinia has left his palace of Racconigi to be present at the manoeuvres of the camp near Turin. The number of Piedmontese troops assembled this year is 26,000, nearly double the num ber usually collected. Austria, always on the alert, has ordered troops to advance towards the Sardinian frontier. GERMANY.—AII the Prussian troops of the Rhenish provinces are assembled at the present moment in the neigh- boartood of Sarrelnnis to go through different macesvess. The Erteiversal Prussian Gazette contains part a document, signed by the Ministers the Interior, respecting the disturbances wh plans some time ago at Cologne. The object of t lira la to show that the facts as published at the nos of th•journals were grossly exaggerated, and utilttary did riot act in the violent manner repro thins esevante. The ministers at the same time n the aapprearioa of the journals of all the facts pro the an widen and the armed force bad been viol salted in the execution of the law. PRIMiIit.—BERLIN, SEPT. 3.—The finance still continues. Many persona have been ruined speculation. The public funds hare fallen from per eent. The ministers are fully aware that is must be done. It is, however, doubted if the go will take the railways into its own bands, as it reejuisite to raise a loan, and to raise a loan is to su existence of states-general. M. Rother, the min commenced by reducing the rate of exchange. & might be done by revoking the law of 24th M which caused a fall in the funds. _ - DEEmeni.—Km, SEPT. 4.—On the 2nd numerous meeting was held on the heights of W and different persons addressed the meeting on the the late events. Notwithstanding the prohibiti government, meetings of the better classes are held public feeling manifests itself freely. ALTONA, SEPT. 6.—Nine professors of the sity of Kiel have drawn up a reply to the advice* o minion, which served as basis for the letter pat King of Denmark. THE NETHER LANDS.—AMSTER DAM, S EPT. have reports from the Hague that his Excellent Hull, the minister of Seance, will have ad interim of minister of the interior ; but it is conjectured Vca Adeetaken will in the end be appointed to t No positive decision is to be expected till the ret , Wolf.. • ettftiMS.—ST. PETERSBURG, Auo. =— posture of the Prince and Princess of Wurtembe for the 9th of September. The Emperor does not s them to Moscow. PERSIA.—THE CHOLERA.—We have rem vices from Persia up to the let August. The el made its appearance at Tehran. Last year it care meroul victims at Lahore and Cabul, and diet direction of Kouloum, Kondoor, Bokhara, and the eastern shores of the Caspian sea. Here it w, it would rest and thee itself in the high and thinly regions of those parts. But it suddenly retraced and showed its awful countenance at Candahar. it crossed to Herat, to Meshed, and advanced Meskinau, a small frontier town in Khorassan days' journey from Tehntn. In the middle it made its appearance in one of the s Tehran. From the 20th to the 25th, six to took place daily ; and on the 30th July they had i forty. A brother of the Shah, Karaman-Mires man of six-and-twenty, and some of the high ft of the court, were carried off in a few hours. Te on the people, who flocked to the mountains for authorities set the example; the streets of Tehrat deserted, the shops closed, and commerce eni rupted. The Shah was at the camp at Niavera by his court ; but four cases of cholera having tel the 24th, he broke up his quarters, and, followei court, sought the mountains, about twelve miles On the following day five died, and he left this ni merit, with all him suite, for one of the heights It is here where the representatives of the differ powers are to join him, if he does not again quarters. At'Candahar and Cabul the numbe exceeded thirty daily. THE LEVANT MAIL.—By the Longsor, Alexandria on the 30th ult., we have advice, The general topics of conversation at Alexandria, at Cairo, are the intended reforms projected Pacha for the welfare of Egypt. Ibrahim has their freedom to all his white slaves, with permia the country, if they thought it better for their in se, or to remain with him if they preferred it. 1 a revolt in Upper Egypt hoe net been confirmed ATINENS, AUG. 30.—The Athena journal royal decree for the colonisation of the Thracie ions, and Serviette, resident in Greece. By thie are all to be united in one establishment, residing, as hitherto, in different parts of the co decree consists of thirty-four clauses, fixing the of the colony, and the attribution of the diffe The discussion on the budget was still going on i ber of Representatives. SMYRNA.—A sharp shock of earthqui attended with any calamity, was felt at Smyrna ult. Between the 15th and 20th, four shock much violence, were experienced at Mitylene. ALGIERS.—The Gazette do Mids publisl lowing letter from a correspondent, dated Tangi Aug. :—" We are at the eve of great events. A assuming the title of Defender of the Faith, has Emperor of Morocco unfit to reign, and is exci pulation to accept Muly-Edris, a descendant a vial family, as their true and legitimate sovereii already near Fes with an immense number of p the first shock with the troops of the govern= duce an active war, to which France and Eni remain indifferent." COLONIAL - - - - SAM/MA. -EXTRAORDINARY PHENOL the afternoon of the 25th of July, the remarlu was presented in the heavens of four rainbows, those in the centre, being nearly perfect, and brightness, while the outer ones, which were more apart, were faint and imperfect. After et centre ones were seen slowly to amalgamate; v either side faded away. Our informant was trt vicinity of Yallahs, when his attention was a. phenomenon. TRINIDAD.—BARBAROUS MURDER.—A 200 dollars has been offered for the apprehensi Rondon, accused of having murdered F. Gulls of Point-+l-Pierre. The facts are as follows : and barbarous murder wu perpetrated a few d quarter of Point-A-Pierre. A young man in ch at Claxton's Bay, and a Spanish lad, his serve in the store, had gone a hunting in the woods with a gun. In the course of the day, the Spa alone, entered the store, and by and by locked the key with a person close by, remarking ths back in the evening. Ile returned not, ni young man his master. Next day, suspicion was not right. A party tot out to the woods i in which firing had been heard on the previi body of the young man was found mangled manner. It appeared that two charges of sl fixed into his body, one in front and. the °thee and the skull was penetrated as if by a at muzzle of a fowling-piece. On the store being discovered that about one hundred dollars stracted. It is supposed that the murderer key of the store from the person of the Spaniard, the supposed murderer, has been t Cruz. NEW SOUTH WALES.—THE MURD BLACKS AT TAR BELLINOER.— The C Capt. Taite, arrived from the Bellinger the following additional particulars reepts ders committed in that district by the About the 17th ult. a child belonging to T. went out to Father wild strawberries, and 800 home in a fright, stating that she saw Mrs. 1) still in bed in the hut where she and her Mull consequence of which Woods went to the Mil Devlin murdered in bed, and also obtainei dence to induce him to believe that she had by the blacks. Several of the children li place subsequently stated to Woods how tb blacks behaving while Mrs. Devlin was wa place. On searching near the saw-pit wl Devlin had been at work, their bodies were over with a quantity of bark, and dreadfu black fellow s spear having passed through his body, while Devlin was perforated I wounds through the thighs, and also throng] it was known that Mrs. Devlin had an inl months old, a search was commenced for it days the helpless being was found lying short distance from Devlin's hut, and a larg to the father apparently doing its utmost to warm. The infant was immediately after the spot where it was discovered, and ever] to to prolong its existence, but without suce the following day. Mr. Commissioner M ceived information of the above circumstanc police turned out for the purpose of havin an aboriginal, and several others of the sat but without success. It appears, also, by th the George, that the M'Leay blacks are sp all round the Bellinger district, and that sawyers, who were cutting cedar in the vice have left the grounds, in order to avoid the the Devlin,.—Sydney Herald. VAN DIEMEN'S LAND.—ALLOTME: OP-LEATE AND CONDITIONALLY-PARDO Excellency's intention is to let town am allotments to prisoners, where they will be the clergyman and police magistrate, and e still under the control of government to eel they please. The governor considers that means were permitted to dot the colony, di in the formation of bands of robbers and whose depredations would be destructive te SOUTH AUSTRALIA. SURPLUS I publish to-day, says the Adelaide Gazett, abstract of the colonial revenue and expen, quarter of ] pocketse total amount of reve from the of the colonists di The total expenditure, including the j vernor and udges's salary, the entire pense of the police, c..stoms, and ev other department of the government, is Being an excess on the quarter of reve over expenditure, of and at which rate the excess of revenue k beyond the sum required for all the expel went, would reach Sixteen Thousand crease of revenue of 1845 over that of 11 On the Customs duties alone that inereas the amount of Customs duties for 1844 1845, 24,8121., making the net increas vemment expenditure has been increased over that for 1844 ; the amount in 1844 in 1845, 29,5321. 2 THE MONDAY EVENfifei, SEPTEMBER 18"