The Express. — London, England, 1846-10-19 00:00:00

NEW WORK by G. A. a BECKETT & JOHN LEECH. reservoirs are so far below the brim. There may be little to flow io, but in God's name let all there is be admitted. Prussia may have little to offer, but tempt her to sell before her prices rise to famine mark. Open your ports, if it be but for the sweepings of Odessa warehouses, and the stealthy abstrac tions from the jealousy of a starving con tinent. Let all come that will, be it much or little. When a mysterious decree has shortened the supplies of the world, let not Eng land aggravate the chastisement of a higher power by artificial limitations of human law. As to the remedy of subscription for Ireland, sug gested to our contemporaries and ourselves by count less correspondents, we cannot see its justice or wis dom at present. Let Irish property and Irish soil do their best, before we proceed to wring its hard earn ings from English foresight, and tax Saxon benevo lence for Irish destitution. We have wrongs to re pair to Ireland; but they are not to be repaired thus. Let the present measures of relief be tried, and tried to the utmost, before we step in with the beggar's boon. Itis not till labour fails that charity should interfere. It is mischievous to him that gives and him that takes. It inflates the former with a contemptuous and unjust pity, and degrades the latter with the consciousness of pauperism. Money given with no equivalent in work done, should be the last resource of those who receive, and the last tried remedy of those who offer it. It cannot be said that if proffered and accepted now, it would be either of these in the case of Ireland. The relief works have not come into operation in very many cases ; but in most they are on the point of commencing. They have been least delayed when most intelligently and carefully proposed. It is hard that the peasantry should suffer for the indis criminate precipitation of the landed proprietors. But this inevitable tardiness in the arrival of work and wages does not justify WI in offering the dole without work. If it is to be offered, it is from Irish local benevolence : knowing the mischief, chargeable with the causes of it, responsible for the distribution, and more likely to distribute their doles wisely when the money comes from their own resources. Let Government increase the meal stores ; let them turn traders where they now shrink from so doing ; let them treble the executive of the Board of Works, and employ tenfold their present number of sur veyors and engineers. All this may be done to quicken the approach of employment to wards destitute industry. No effort can be too determined ; no disregard of economical principle, in deference to exceptional conditions, too bold ; no in crease of expenses too great for the crisis. But alms-giving, private or public, is a direful thing, when it is the industry of a nation that turns pauper. Only starvation can justify it. Hard as the struggle with hunger may be in Ireland, the means of avert ing it have not yet got into operation. Till they have been tried and found unequal to the demands upon them, the most fatal kindness that England could confer on Ireland would be a contribution by way of alms ; every penny of it, perhaps, subtracted from a useful porpoise, to supply a remedy which must be short-lived, and may be fatal to the patient Now published, riot Om Nisei. 140. IV. S of ME COMIC HISTORY of ENGLAND. BY OILBERT ABBOTT 1 ozar.m. WITH • COLOMED ETCHING ON Rrux. ASS NVINZIOVII ILINVNIA -1100,1 NT JOIC4 LEECH. Plie*PiCTOS In anremalug a Comic History of Emeigull a it maybe semary to observe Out the hotly implied in the tide urn rein W the mom but by se mamba the matter of the week Silk SI be with the pram& repind to the truth gad esswasy tbet Ome n requires. The t the writer will be Isseent a aellidel for Slob Ow b ets eetanhelthee will be the sit lo wrath eh to Ike saw ht wore onieff i = resZerte bees thawed samilMis with the dignity of listeity. Thato on the wwilest inteedbid meritice fidelity te the teasto show that the one et al le a n li Ze =. _The o f blending anmeemmit with Wire& has ore mimes*, •id there la an sod who arnmehmile felhey that food tor the wid requires the uninvidnidammr phids. The COMIC 1111110ItY of ENGL.% ND will not bs am* of any other sok ow Sit It follow servilely ia the Spotty= hidortan. The welber does not nopur to walk to theighlenteSees of Hume, the easy *pegs of Smollett, the gokabea of OsidultlM erase pumps of PSsoi. In literature the shoes of 111106111. MO to to pr , • lotis to the piety attempting to seeko We may lo a dimeure for which he was sew lined. The Cowie Slam et MOM will, therefore, be en sale* arigluel wwwieltls tha otaledels for which well he derived tro ve • mentenni of all =a bid Wenn already in eideNeos. wham eseureey will be tested by direst whom to the set Menthol authorities. gide of this preliminary anaomltement is to seed the pokile say mismeeptioe of the intseded character of the mark as came of he title. A narrative may, it is hoped, he correct as wells says ; tor, as truth Is IMunW. than Action,' history is menedmas mudt more ludicrous than the Taxies of the humorist. The es of the work being explained. It remains only to announce- ie the gum of publuution. It will appear in Moothly Parte, price One Wiling tech, hand.omely printed in evo., and copiously illustrated by Jona Lisen, with One large Etching and from tile to Twelve Wood Engravings. The COMIC lIIATORY of ENGLAND will coroprle from Twelve to Twenty Parts, and will a ppear regularly with the monthly maga zines until its completion. Published at the Punch Office, U, Pleet-etreet. ht airesig. MAILS. Tb overiarvl nail for Gibraltar. Malta, Grreoe, the lonian Zt Aden, Ceylon, India, Hong-Kong, and China, no Southampton, muds up on the morning of the Nth October. The overland closed mails. via Marseille*, to the Mediterranean. Egypt. Aden, Ceylon. India, Hong-Kong, &c., will be made up on the evening or the 2llh October. The mails for New South Wake , Tan Dieman's Land, will be made op on the Slat October. The West India mails, including those for Mexico, Honduras, and Harana, will be made up on the moruingof the 2nd November. TO CORRESPONDENTS. We cannot notice, in any way, any communication that is sent to m anooymously ; but Wee who choose to address us in confldenoe will Ind their oonfatence respected. NEITHER CAN WE UNDERTAKE TO RETURN ANY MANUSCRIPTS WHATEVER. Advertisements intended for The Express must be at the Office by Two o'clock on the day a publication. 111011 WATER AT LONDON-BRIDGE. TN Day. Morning, 9 min. past 1; Afternoon, 26 min. past 1. To.lllollloW.—Morning, 42 rain. put 1; Afternoon, 38 rain. past 1. LONDON, MONDAY, OCT. 19. NOTHING can be more painful than the task of the public writer who has to deal with the subject of Ireland, in her present emergency. He sets about his task appalled at the magnitude of the calamity, bewildered at the multiplicity of re medies suggested. With the laudable desire of qua lifying himself for the suggestion of real alleviations, he faces that sad record of past misdeeds, mistakes, misconceptions, and misadventures, called Irish his tory. He toils through the painful intelligence which every day accumulates, of starving multitudes gather ed for food or labour, and of gentry exhorting them to patience, and voting recklessly sums which they can never repay, for works which hold out no prospect of utility. The evils on which he has to expatiate are obvious, present, monstrous ; the immediate causes almost as apparent as the disastrous effects. A step further, and he plunges into that quagmire of economical nostrums and social and territorial re forms, through which he must struggle in the search for helpful or valuable suggestion, though such growth be as rare on the delusive soil as buckwheat on an Irish bog. The misery of Ireland increases weekly, daily, hourly. Apprehension grows to reality. Distress deepens into despair. The hunger that threatened this district, has laid its gaunt gripe upon its victims; the famine of another has begun to bear its fruits of rifled bread-carts, and ripped-up meal-bags. Reme dies, unhappily, are not so rapid as diseases. Public works have been presented, so extensively and so indiscriminately, that the Board of Works is puzzled, and its labour of selection rendered doubly onerous. Much of the delay complained of on the part of the public functionaries, is rendered necessary by the break-neck, dare-devil style, in which the pro prietors have gone to work in proposing schemes of employment. The change sanctioned by the LORD LIEUTENANT in admitting drainage and such work on land to the operation of the Labour Rate Act, will probably have the effect of diminishing this recklessness ; and of in ducing the reflection, that as the advance is to be a charge on the estate, it is as well to be careful that the application of it is a profitable one. Selfishness may transform the desperate presenter of 14,0001. for a road, which the barony must pay for, into the sober applicant for a loan of one-third the amount, to change his sodden and spongy potato plots into smiling corn fields. It may be a misfortune that the land lord is to receive the greatest of the ultimate benefits to flow from such an employment of treasury loans. He may not have deserved it at our hands, as compared with the peasant—the victim of causes he has not created. We may fall into error on this point. It is the curse of such chronic evil influences as those of Ireland, that they corrupt the whole body politic, head, hands, and heart. The carelessness, improvidence, party blindness, and obstinate ad herence to meaningless watchwords and outworn poli tical symbols, which mark the landlord, find their reflection in the abject contentment, the insouciance, faction fights, and ribbonism of the cottier peasant. The system must bear the weight of originating the men who perpetuate it, both high and low. For every deserved word of blame for the Irish landlord, there is a complemental charge against the Irish tenant. ONE can scarcely imagine a Government which dates from the Revolution of July, 1830, and which assumed power and sovereignty on the condition of fol lowing up and establishing the principles of that greater Revolution which preceded it—one can scarcely ima gine such a Government and its organs upholding, in every country where it has influence, the most retro grade and despotic principles. Yet whereverthe French Government has authority, wherever its organs have a voice, both are exerted to crush popular freedom, to put down liberal parties, to stifle the press, to make a farm of representative government, and to proscribe even the vestiges of municipal rights. We see flagrant proofs of this in Spain, where the marriage of a French Prince is accompanied by the same events which marked the restoratiou of FERDINAND THE SEVENTH. These preferences of the French Louis-Philippists for a despotic and military party in Spain, and in Greece, might possibly be explained by the fact, that all the great civilian parties in those countries are opposed to the views of France, and that, in sober truth, a few officers and start.; are the only govern ment on whose servility and attachment, in either country, the French could rely. But there is no such shadow of excuse with respect to Switzerland. There the liberal and progressive party are naturally attached to France, at least to France such as the Revolution of July rendered it; whilst the re trogrades of Switzerland look to Austria, to Prussia, and to Russia, as their guides and allies. But such are the despotic and anti-liberal tendencies of the French Court and Government, that all their sympathies have been given to this retrograde Austrian party. The Journal des Mats, in an article recounting the struggles in Switzerland, justly dates the com mencement of their present serious aspect from the convents of Argovia having been suppressed. This the French court journal stigmatises as an infamy, a monstrosity, an outrage on the part of the Liberals, which has warranted all the retrograde and libertine sets, by which the illiberal party of Swiss have met it. Now, what was the case ? By the pro gress of public opinion, and by the exercise of a free vote, the Great Council, the government and legislature of Argovia, became liberal and popular. The monks and convents of the canton plotted and rebelled to overturn it. The cantonal government turned out the monks in consequence, and confiscated th e p r operty of the convents ; just as any government might confiscate the property of one of its subjects who had taken up arms against it. Besides, how can convents, established after the old feudal fashion, en dowed with great wealth, numerous retainers, inalien able rights, how can such things be made to har monise with a modern representative system ? The' Swims routed and drove away the aristocracy many centuries ago. Austria and Burgundy tried succes sively to crush their ultra-liberalism, and the Swiss successfully beat the Emperor of Austala and the Princes of BURGUNDY. The Swiss would now get rid of their princely abbots, and of monks who conspire against their republic ; and not only Austria, but France, revolutionary France, which proscribed her own clergy, and but the other day passed a law against monastic institutions, would uphold monkery in Switzerland. This is quite as monstrous as this same French Government dissolving the national guard, and abrogating the municipal rights of the Hence it is we fear lest the settlement of a free holding small cottier population on reclaimed bog and waste lands, if attempted with such rapidity as to meet the present crisis might fail for the want of that influence and example which has raised Lord GEORGE HILL'S tenants at Gweedore from starving and half-savage wrecker-fishermen to orderly, well-to-do, contented and instructed cot tagers ; and has worked analogous effects among the tenantry of LordHEADLEY. Without guidance and control, no permanent good can, we seriously believe,be effected for Ireland. The redemption of encumbrances by the State, with a surrender of their properties by such proprietors as were willing, to the Government, would be an equally ineffective plan. It would sub stitute one large public creditor for many small pri vate ones. What plan of instruction and improvement could Government, as Irish proprietors, put into opera tion, which it could not work more effectually through the willing or compulsory agency of existing owners. Increased facilities for disposing of real property are no doubt desirable ; but in themselves, taking even their remotest effects into account, utterly inade quate to effect much that must be done to secure the regeneration of Ireland. With regard to the present and moat mining point, the existing starvation, the axiom urged at first must be repeated as often as the subject is broached. The people must be fed. Bad as the interference with trade may be, depots must be established in places where, as is often the case in Ireland, the ordinary machinery of trade does not exist. The supply of food must be increased at all hazards. Not only Ireland, but England and Scot land, have craving stomachs and hungry eyes, watch ing with dismay the rise in the boll or quarters. We may soon have on our shoulders the starvation, not of a province, but a kingdom. In this state of things it is monstrous to common sense that any arti ficial restrictions should be suffered to continue. It looks like a parody on legislative action to be stopping a single channel of supply, when the contents of our S P anard ' s • Driven from Argovia, the monastic party took refuge in Lucerne, overthrew the liberal Catholic government there,called on the Jesuits to take charge of public education, suspended every vestige of free dom, and obliged all the old liberals to fly in order to escape a prison. This filled the surrounding cantons with the exiles of Lucerne, just as France and E n land have been overrun with Poles and S Bat these exiles of course planned and plotted a forcible return ; and they met with friends and sympathisers, who formed bands, and subscribed and marched to effect a restoration. It is precisely what took place in France and Eng land. The ultra Catholics of Switzerland first resorted to violence, and they are answered by vio lence. The consequence has been a civil war. In the prosecution of this war, and in the dif ferent phases of it, neither party observe nor affect much respect for the federal constitution. Nor have the influential persons and authorities of this federal constitution conducted themselves so as to com mand respect. They have tried to observe a kind of juste milieu, a species of indifference to liberalism or anti-liberalism, Protestant or Catholic. This indifference, possible to educated men, is everywhere to the distaste of the_ people, who con sequently rise, as at Geneva, and eject from office a Government whom they consider traitorous, though it has been merely lukewarm, pusillanimous, and imbecile. When the American Governor of Illinois was applied THE EXPRESS, MONDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 19, 1846. to, the other day, to interfere in Abe deitilty strife between Mormon and anli-Mormork, he coolly replied, " Let tbeii tight it out ;" itnd it has ended by the ejecticit of, the anti-social sect. We do notreite this in approbation of political Lynch-law. But really we see no hope of any other mode of deciding the question between the free Swiss, and those Mormons at Lueerne who have established a genuine inquisition for blindness and cruelty, both in politics and in THE storm which so severely tried the seaworthi ness of the Great Western, appears to have extended over a wide tract of the Atlantic. The same day be gan the gale at St. John's, New Brunswick, of which we published an account on Friday, though we are not in possession of specific information as to the hour. The gale began with the Great Western we learn from its log-book about 10 p.m., but not before mid night did the storm burst in all its fury. At noon the Great Western was about 1 deg. to the northward, and upwards of 20 deg. to the eastward of St. John's. From the shipping intelligence of the New York Courier and Enquirer, we gather that the ships Waterloo and II udson from Liverpool, and the ship Oneida from Havre, experienced a severe gale on the same day (Saturday, 19th) between 42 deg. 30 min. and 43 deg. 20 min. of N. lat., and between 60 deg. and 62 deg. of W. long. In the report of the Waterloo's misadventures, it is stated that the storm began about 3 p.m. The position of these vessels is from 4 to 5 degrees south of St. John's, and from 7 to 9 degrees to the westward. In the case of the Great Western, the wind was observed to veer during the continuance of the gale from S.E. to N.N.W.; in the case of the sailing vessels, from S.E. to N.N.E.; of its direction at St. John's we are still ignorant. Additional information will soon be received, and the observations on this terrific storm will doubtless throw light on the workings of similar atmospheric phenomena. Our present object, however, in dwell ing upon these details, is to impress upon the minds of our readers the great extent of ocean over which the influence of this storm was felt; a storm which all the admirable sailing qualities of the Great , Western no more than enabled it to brave, and which, on the terra firma of Newfoundland, laid prostrate before it substantial brick (,buildings, and wrenched church towers from their original bearings. The portion of the Atlantic over which the storm is already known to have burst in its full force (from the 40th to the 49th degree'of north lati tude, and from the 34th to 62nd degree of west longitude) is no inconsiderable part of the tract over which British emigrants to the United States or to our own North American provinces, must of necessity sail. The Hudson had 69 steerage passengers on board ; doubtless most of them emigrants. In 1845, upwards of 58,500 emigrants sailed from this country for the United States, and 31,800 for the British colo nies of North America. Is adequate care taken by government for the safety of this interesting portion of the community? The bulk of our emigrants are among the most honest and energetic of oar fellow-citizens. They are of those who disdain to eat the pauper's dole so long as they can labour, and who seek in remote countries not a life of indolence, not wealth, but leave to work hard for a subsistence. A few young and untamed spirits' may be carried away by the spirit of adventure, but the mass of a population never change their seats unless driven by stern necessity. Of late years there has been much talk at times of so directing the spon taneous stream of emigration as to render it safe and easy for the emigrants themselves, and conducive to the advantage of the whole community. It has been shown by universal experience, that new settle ments, after the first difficulties have been sur mounted, are tlx most favourable fields for honest in dustry ; those in which independence may be most easily acquired, by men of persevering energy. It has been shown in the case of South Australia (wretchedly mismanaged by Government though that colony has been, from first to last), that by acting malt systematic plan the severe hardships encountered by the first founders of most colonies may be evaded. Nevertheless, Government has experimented in sys tematic colonisation with a rash timidity ; an inter mitting fever of alternate neglect and overmeddling, which in the new colonies (such as,South;Australia and New Zealand) has alternately placed the young corn munities on the verge of bankruptcy and a war of races ; and in the older settlements (as for example New South Wales),has disturbed the steady progress of natural prosperity by awakening a gambling spirit and its necessary concomitants, over-sanguine speculation and bankruptcy. Waiving this consideration for the present, how ever, we desire to see adequate precautions taken to ensure the greatest possible degree of safety of passage to the emigrants compelled by necessity to tear them selves from the scenes and society to which, from in fancy, they have been accustomed, in search of honest independence. The last and least boon the country can bestow upon these unfortunates is, to care for their safe passage. But even this, there is too much reason to fear, is withheld. The task of superintending and directing the embarkation of emigrants, trans ferred from the Agent General for Emigration to the Commissioners of Colonial Lands and Emigrations, appears to be performed in the most negligent and unsatisfactory manner. The Elizabeth and Sarah, on board of which so many deaths occurred on her last voyage, was built, we are in formed, in 1762, and is consequently now 84 years old. What resistance could this venerable hull have opposed to the hurricane which that rare sea-boat, the Great Western, had so much ado to weather ? How could the vessel have been worked during the ga l e , I crowded and hampered by her luckless passengers, exceeding the legal quantum in the ratio of 241 to 133? How, supposing her to have been dismasted and left to hull on the sea after the storm blew over, would the passengers and crew have fared, the bread stuffs directed by law not having been shipped, and the stock of water being 2,382 gallons deficient? There is something beautiful and elevating about the narrative of the Great Western's dangers. The pious resignation of the passengers, and the gallant exertions of the captain and crew, are alike beyond praise. The idea of expressing gratitude for their unlooked for preservation, by contributing to the formation of a fund for the relief of families whose heads and supporters have been lost at sea, is equally admirable in the eye of sentiment and reason. Still it is better to avert danger than to alleviate the suffering it pro duces. May the impressive incidents of the late awful storm move the hearts of all who were exposed to its fury, and all to whom they are dear, to urge upon Government the adoption of more efficient and energetic measures to ensure the safety of our emigrant& Oppesitinn ime i gined that the Chamber wets everything ; sad the mu, of the game put played has proved it nothing. Speakers, writers, deputies, and eleetors—ia short, all tke nomigal functionaries of the constitution, have n sr learned, that the only nal practical flanctionaries are the Cabinet managers. The business of parliament is to discuss mea sures which have been already taken : and the conqueron of Charles Z., who wanted a king to reignsnd none govern, have now nothing to do but to follow the vessel of the state, and speculate on the causes which have brought it among the shoals. We repeat it, all the constitutional parties, from the right to the left, are overpowered by the influence of the monarch. Enfeebled as that power is, it is greater than that of the institutions. Hercules has awakened from his slumber, broken the chains put upon him, and carried off the dwarfs who would have controlled him, in spite of their cries of distress ! In such a crisis what are parties to do ? Evidently to convoke the national cham ber, and resign to the country the pretended :parliamentary sovereignty, which lays upon them a responsibility without giving them either power of direction or resistance. Let them appeal to the nation. Let them cease to represent 200,000 payers of 200 francs of taxes. Let them present M. Guirot to a true representation of the nation, and they will soon see whether the minister will not possess means of superior resistance and controul, and whether any individual shall have the power of bringing the vessel of the state among the breakers, and sacrificing the interest, the safety, and the prospects of a great people by useless alliances. The reform of the electoral law is, then, indispensable to the preservation of the representative system. To promote it is equally the interest of the Conservatives and of the dynastic Left—in a word, dell who do not desire to be mere slaves." Such is the language of the Legitimist party. The revenue returns for the first nine months of the present year have been published. The total amount is 601 millions of francs. This, compared with the corresponding months of 1844, gives an in crease of 27 millions. Compared with 1845, the increase is 13 millions. Thus there would appear a regular annual increase amounting to a little above two per cent. of the gross annual revenue. Of the 13 millions increase of the present year upon the last, 3; millions are upon the customs and 3; millions on the duty raised on the manufacture of beet-root sugar in France, and another 34 millions on the manufacture of tobacco, which is a government monopoly. Of these augmentations, that upon home-manufactured sugar has been produced, not by increased con sumption of the article, but by an augmented rate of duty imposed on it. The increase of 3i millions on the customs is owing to the insuf ficient harvests rendering necessary the importa tion of food. This is manifested by the fact that the amount of the import duties on grain in the first three months of the present year amounted to ten millions, whereas in the corresponding quarter of last year its amount was only two millions. On the whole, notwithstanding the augmentation of the gross revenue, the financial and commercial situation of the country is not considered satisfactory. The heaviness of the market for the public securities and shares indi cates this. _ There is no further intelligence of importance from Switzerland. All is tranquil at Geneva, and the victorions party show every proper disposition to wards moderation and justice. It is said that a pro position of a joint intervention on the part of the cabinets of Vienna, Berlin, and the Tuillenes was pro , posed ; but no credit is attached to the report. The advantages of general peace are too universally felt to render it probable that any measures will be taken which might tend to develop international differences in Europe. The agitation of the free-trade question progresses in France. Pamphlets multiply in favour of the measure, especially in the seaports. We shall soon have re-enacted in France the drama of the League. Advices from Rome say that the new Pope pursues his enlightened measures of reform steadily in spite of the discountenance of Austria. The spite of Prince Metternich is said to betray itself even in the circulation of epigrams and pasquinades. Since the advent of Pius IX. the statues of Pasquin and Marforio, against which it is usual to attach placards, have been covered with the praises of the Pontiff. Recently two affiches, said to be of Austrian manufac ture, appeared on them as follows :—Marforio : They say that Pius IX. is going to abolish the celibacy of the clergy, and that ho will practise what he preaches. Might he not marry Queen Isabella P—Pasquin : Xay, Her Catholic Majesty will not marry a heretic. The Esperanza says that the Infanta Louisa cannot speak French, nor the Duke of Montpensier Spanish. They can only converse by an interpreter! On Thurn&y the Minister of Foreign Affairs gave a grand dinner to Lord Normanby. Amongst the guests were Prince de Wallenstein, Minister of Bava ria; the Ministers of War, Marine, Commerce, and Public Works ; Duke Pasquier, the Duke de Broglie, Count and Countess de St. Aulaire, Count de Rambu tcau, M. and Mme. G. Delessert, Baron J. de Roths child, Count Rossi, &c. The Bey of Tunis is expected daily . at Marseilles, and his visit is in consequence of an invitation from the King of the French. The Marquis of Durourc, the nominee of Marshal Sebastian', has been elected deputy at Bastia (Corsica), in the room of the Marshal, who, elected for Bastin and Ajaccio, has made choice of the latter. The Infant Don Enrique has just arrived at Spa. In spite of the strict surveillance kept by the agents of the French government over the Spanish refugees, Lieutenant-General de Uranga contrived to make his escape from Metz on the Bth instant. Poujade, who has managed the French Con sulate at Beyrout for two years, is appointed Consul at Malta. _ The price of bread in Paris remains the same for the second fortnight in October as it was during the first half of the month. We have received by our ordinary express the Paris letters and journals of Friday. Electoral reform begins to claim the attention of the press and the public. A petition on that subject is in course of signature in Paris. All parties, even the Carlists, unite in desiring some such measure, however they may differ as to its extent and character. It is incoatestible that the Spanish marriages have disconcerted all parties, and that even the ministerial party itself has been dragged into the measure against its will, by the irresistible influence exercised by Louis Philippe. With that personage at the head of the council board, nothing is left to the minister save responsibility. Guizot hardly ventures to raise his voice. lace him by M. Thiers, and the case will be nearly e same. There is much truth in the following observations of the Gazette de France on the marriages : " The Conservatives, who believed themselves to be the leaders in this affair, have found themselves dragged against their feeling and interest where they desired to hinder the government from going. The dynastic Left is also put out of its way. It intended to play a parliamentary game, with office as the stake, and it finds itself seated at a game of pure monarchy, at which all the international relations are sub vertsd, and the policy o f government changed, without consulting the Cham bers. In fine, the other sections of the The despatches of our Paris correspondent, toge ther with the French journals of Saturday, have reached us by the usual express. The intelligence made known the preceding day of the change of ministry at Lisbon was exciting much attention in Paris. This intelligence in flict was re ceived by government on Thursday, but was not communicated to the public even by the ministerial papers until the announcement in the Massager at a late hour on Friday night. The Spanish journals received at the same time announce that General Villalonga has been ordered to concentrate his forces on the frontier of Estramadura, and to hold them ready to advance at a moment's notice. Parties in Pans connected with the radical opposition refuse to receive the Lisbon news as any conclusive indication of re-action. The National scouts the idea that Marshal Saldanha would lend himself to any counter-revolu- tionary projects. The observations on the Spanish marriages in the leading columns of the Daily News arc quoted at length by the Paris journals of various parties—La Presse, La France, L'Esprit Public, &v. ' with comments according to their political bias. La Preue infers that the marriage question is regarded more dispassionately by the public in England than the French people are led to think from the general tone of the London press on the subject. The Government are allowing the diplomatic notes of M. Gnizot and Lord Palmerston to become public, but in a very unsatisfactory and garbled manner. The Revue des deux Mantles and Revue Nouvelle, both of which are understood to receive their information directly from the Foreign-office, have just appeared, and have each given an abridged s3-nopsis of the note of Lord Palmerston to Lord Normanby, of 22nd September ' which was laid by the latter before M . Guizot on the 25th September, and also of the answers of M. Guizot of the sth October. The Paris Opposition pappecrrs observe va rious contradictions and incompatibilities between the note of M. Guizot as reported and the semi-official statements which have appeared in the London press on the same subject, and declare that they attach no importance to these publications, and will await the official publication of the documents, and their dis cussion in parliament and in the chamber. " One thing, however," says the Constitutionnel, " appears very evident, even under the construction most favourable to the French cabinet, which is, that at this moment England and France are divided by a grave cause of dissent" The Constitutionne/ of Saturday devotes its leading column to an article on the Spanish question, of which the following is the essence : To what does the dispute tend ? In two words to this, by the confession of the organs of the cabinet itself :—The Queen of Spain will either have children or not. If she have heirs, than the entente cordiale, so highly prized, has been broken merely to accelerate by a year or so the marriage of the Duke of hantpensier and the Infanta. If she have no children, then arises a permanent cause of misunder standing, division, of war, perhaps, in Europe. In any event, the entente cordiale is sacrificed, not for reciprocal independence, but to be replaced by national ill-will and secret hostility. All continues tranquil at Geneva, from which letters and journals have been received to the 14th. Several of the cantonal governments have transmitted to the provisional government the liveliest assurances of sympathy and support. The complete re-establish- c ment of order has suspendetl the necessity of other cantons sending oommissionen: to Geneva as had been intended. The Vaudois bra:Ti which bad advanced to the Geneveso frontier have also returned to The members of the fallen government are at Mornay, a Payayard village. The Gazette de Berne, a Conservative journal, looks forward to a movement at Bile similar to that of Geneva. Bile, like Geneva, is a reformed canton. It is ander the influence of a monied aristocracy, opposed to progress, and giving secret countenance to the Jesuits. The council of Bile ought, according to the Gazette, to take warning from the fate of that of Geneva, and detach itself in time from the Jesuits. It is a remarkable fact, indicating the state of the public mind in Europe, that the two cities which have been notable for religious wars should be simul taneously the theatres of great movements. The Rome of Protestantism is the scene of a revolution, in which the people enforce their claims, deposing the established authorities. Catholic Rome is the theatre of the most extensive system of social and political reform which Italy has witnessed for centuries, not emanating from the people, or extorted by physical force, but proceeding from the spontaneous will,—from the mere motion of the Sovereign Pontiff himself. The people, instead of rising in arms to claim and enforce their rights, are showering benedictions on the head of the successor of St. Peter. Instead of raising barricades, they are erecting arches of triumph. Instead of dis charging destructive missiles from the windows and roofs, they are decorating them with garlands and singing hymns of gratulation and triumph. This is no fancy picture ; it is the literal report of impartial Protestant eye witnesses to the progresses of his Holiness. To such excess has popular enthusiasm been carried, that the authorities of Rome hare issued an order to discourage the continuance of such popular demon strations, as interfering with the regular industry of the people, and imposing injurious expenses upon them. Notwithstanding the extent to which the public attention has been engrossed by the Spanish question, and other topics of more immediate urgency, the free trade agitation is spreading with unexpected ra pidity. The tacit countenance, or rather toleration, which the ministry has given to the advocates of that doctrine, and the direct support it has received in the most prominent of the official organs of the govern ment, have alarmed the protectionists—or prohibi ' tionists, as they are called—in France. They fear that M. Guizot contemplates playing them the same trick that Sir Robert Peel played the agricultural party. "It would be singular enough," says one of the party, " if French industry should perish by a manoeuvre, or, to speak more plainly, by a treachery similar exactly to that which has been so successful against industry in England." These suspicions are gradually gaining strength. A central protectionist committee is established in Paris, and local committees will soon be established in the chief seats of manufacture. The meetings and banquets can scarcely, it is thought, be pro hibited, so long as those of the free traders are tole rated. On the other hand, at the chief seaports, such as Havre and Bordeaux, the free trade party are making manifestations. M. Bastiat, who seems to aspire after the fame of a French Cobden, has been putting in circulation some excellent articles in the Journal du Harre, which have attracted much atten tion. Nor have the partisans of either question limited their efforts to speakin and writing. Sub scriptions on both sides have been opened, and money is flowing in. Lille, the manufacturing capital of the North, presents itself as one of the strong-holds of protectionism. A provisional committee has been organised there by the Chamber of Commerce, of which M. Roll Bernard has been named the reporter, who addressed a meeting of 300 on Tuesday last at the Hotel de Ville. The price of bread in Paris for the last fortnight of October, is for the best quality 13 centimes per kilo gramme, and for second quality 3(1 centimes. The first quality is about the same as the common house hold bread of London. The price of this quality is equivalent to about na. per lb., which would be 81d. for the 41b. loaf. Captain Lavand of the nary, appointed Governor- General of the French Establishments in Oceania, left Paris on Friday for Brest, whence he is to embark for Otaiti. A petition has been presented to the Minister of the Inter►or to authorise a society for the defence of the workman's interests in the free-trade question. The Madrid journals of the 11th inst. have reached us. Her Majesty has invested the Due dc Montpen sier with the order of the Golden Fleece, and as a grateful return to the Count de Bresson for his active and successful mediation, the Queen intends to confer on him, and his heirs for ever, the distinction of Grandee of Spain of the first Class, and the title of Duke of Santa Isabel. The Infant Don Francisco is made Captain-General of the army. It was reported that Villalonga had ordered all the disposable forces in Galicia to advance to the frontier of Portugal. A letter from Oporto states, that Cabrera had landed there. A letter dated Gripe (province of Saragossa), 7th inst., states, that placards in favour of the Count de Montemolin had been found affixed to the doors of the Cathedral. The following is the account of the ceremony that took place on the 11th in the morning: " In the church of Atocha the mass of the velariones was performed. The cortege to the church, on that day, was magnificent, and the whole garrison was under arms; the church of Atocha decked out for the occasion. Two major domos were at the door to receive the invited persons, and four major demos conducted each person to his place. The patriarch, seated before the high altar in his pontifical robes, the mitre on his head and crosier in hand, and surrounded by a large body of ecclesiastics, awaited the royal brides. On their entering the churoh, the ceremony of the rt lociones began by the blessing the offerings (las arras) consisting in thirteen pieces of money, which the husband offers to his wife, and she in her turn offers to the church. The Artjutoriuns nostrum, then struck up, after which the patriarch recited a prayer, composed for the occasion. The nuptial rings were then brought to the patriarch on a richly embossed salver, which were blessed according to the rights of the Roman church. Ile then sprinkled holy water on them and on the bridal pair, and blessed all present. The exchange of rings then took place with the usual forms. `Whilst the patriarch resumed ,the mitre and crosier, the newly-married couple, holding each other by the right hand, followed the prelate towards the altar, to the place where high mass was to be celebrated, the hymn " pl ace manes qui Lenient Dominum qui ambulant in ilia ejus " being chaunted the while. On the last step of the altar the bridal pair knelt, and received again the nuptial blessing; after which the patriarch put on his robes of high-priest to hold the mass which, according to the Roman rites, is celebrated without chaunting. (" Missam qua• sine canto ab episcopo celebrator.") During the epistle two lighted wax tapers were given to the kneeling couple, which they offered to the Virgin at the moment of the offerearium, after having kissed the cross presented to them by the patriarch. A white veil was then thrown over the heads of the bride and bridegroom, and when the patriarch had recited the prayer " Libera nos, quTsumus Domine," he invoked the heavenly blessing upon them ; and having given them the pa: (pis) to kiss, he con tinued the mass until " Its, missa eats" Ile then resumed the mitre and crosier, and having pronounced a parting ex hortation to each, the ceremony terminated. We learn from La Gaceta of Madrid, of the 12th instant, that Queen Isabella had, by the advice of her ministers, created her husband Don Francisco "King and Majesty." The royal "baise-mains" had been very brilliant on the 12th. In the evening the royal couples were to go to the Theatre San Cruz. A letter dated Catalonia, 10th instant, in the Phare de Bayonne, states that " a band of ten men have attempted an attack near Tordera. They were com manded by a man who has a certain influence in the vicinity. It was quickly repulsed." By the arrival of the mail steamer Queen, we have intelligence of importance from Lisbon up to the 10th inst, A sudden change of ministry had taken place in the night of the 6th. The Queen, having called together her ministers, had notified to them the reso lution she had come to to form a new ministry, and, on their refusal, locked them all in together till they signed their several resignations. Her views were forwarded in a great measure by her Consort, who gained over the army, at the same time that she was performing her portion of the plan, by judiciously promoting the most influential persons of that profes sion to higher grades. In addition to these measures, several persons were promoted to rank among the nobility, that they might help to carry the measures of the Queen. The Queen charged Marshal Sa'denim with the formation of a Cabinet on the 7th inst., and the Mar shal had selected for his colleagues Farinho, Minister of Orace and Justice; Manuel Portugal de Castro, s‘,N• Minister of MariOliveira , ministerortik, It was believed, also, th a t Count Mo tu , „ co t Saldanha's Cabin e t. This coup d'itat was perpetrated with th e promptitude, and al mos t without bloodshed, the troops quartered in the city had risen, civilians were killed. A li eu t enant of gnus: killed by his own serjeant ; but whether by or not is not know n . Th e troops quart, of -7 citadel had held out aga i nst them red it easures Queen for some ti me , until bribed to give tk e i t sent to them. The wh o l e country is a pr ey to and confusion; and bribery seems everywhete order of the day. The Queen's popularity, per, great, is completely at an end ; and one °{4vuiers of the King ( a G etman) has been threatened with assa ss i na ti on. Some Spasl4 diers, who had sought protection from th e i st meat, were transferred to a se venty. , gun-ship, they havin g been found in cones. ence with the revolutionary faction, s a d Portuguese officers had been refused pe e 6, to enter the frontier of Portugal from th e 6 tion of Vigo, at a place called Valesca. Thebes of the press had been suspended, and the k ero i, I de Septembro had appeared on half a sheet only. The fears excited in Spain relative to an old ie against the present government, had caused th e te eentration of the whole of the Spanish di„ palti force, viz., one frigate, two corvettes, fire bties one steamer, at Ferrol. Despat c h es had 4,7; „, ' warded to Sir Robert Wils on a t Gibraltar, from o Bulwer, at Madrid, the result of which had h em sending out at early dawn of a strainer after Ad*, Sir William Parker, who had sailed in th e the westward. Her Majesty's war steamer Cyclops, which Tei , Southampton a few hours later th an the chitty-7i Lisbon the day after the Queen. She beats, it is ic,4 important government despatches. L or d Walden, English Ambassador at Lisbon, has cettx in her to England. CONSTANTINOPLE, Silt Since my letter of the 27th, an important dg ib has taken place in the cabinet. The aged Grand rr Raouf Pasha has resigned, and Reshid Pasha has : t advanced to that high dignity. The place of X enia Foreign Affairs, vacant by the promotion of habit P will be filled b 7 Ali Effendi, late under secretary of gut. partment. Alt Effendi had the chief management offish affairs in the interval between the disgrace of Rim eas h recall of Reshid Pasha, and lately, during the Sultan's,a, age in P.oumilia, discharged vicariously the concuss. 44, Effendi. He is highly spoken of by all parties, is a Nat strict integrity, excellent abilities, and close applati ma business ; and ia, without doubt, the fittest parson That have been chosen to succeed Reshid. An instant:eat/04 highly creditable to Ali Effendi, and extremely rare o il Turkish functionaries, deserves not to be forgotten. 14 the fall of Rim, his high appreciation of the charade( Iteshid Pasha, and the need which he felt cf doine jaFioa th is genuine sent iment of admiration, promptedluratodete to the Sultan that he could not consult the interests of bisec pire better than by recalling Reshid Pasha from his him. able exile as ambassador at Paris, and putting InUn atheist of foreign affairs, an arrangement which necessarily Mai* his own retirement. Thus he laboured assiduously: : himself appointed to an inferior post, that his counts, • have the benefit of the talents of a great man ; and ditto ruinous system of state-robbery which he had Isamu under the administration of Rio, might effectually la an end to. I believe that I mentioned to you at the time of Meta tan's voyage, that even then there was a design on kyr', elevating Reshid Pasha to the post of Grand Vizier, i n ni l that the scope of his power might be enlarged, so utoba down the opposition which he encountered from the nun of the cabinet hostile to reform, led by Khosref Pats, m deal freely with those questions of internal adannivang which fall more especially under the province of the Gnal 1 Vizier ; for that functionary Las the supreme civil extra over all internal affairs, as the Sheik-al-Islam has the • preme religious. He is the Home Minister and High Clia cellor of the empire; and in time of war or intestine trellis his office is commonly united with that of Graud &Talk But of late years the office has fallen into o.wuzily, set been administered by feeble minds ; and the power tl.at is wielded with so much effect by Mehemet Itertid Izzet Pasha, fell in the hands of Ran( mere pageant. The office hung loosely about are feeble old man, like too large a gown. But NOW we =slat to all its extensive privileges being fully asserted, to all ■ large drapery, as it were, being well filled out, and en with becoming majesty. While the promotion of Estill Puha to the highest office in the state augurs well bras progress of improved government, its significance is Mails in a party point of view. It shows that he enjoin the SU tan's favour and confidence in the highest degree; andtha the power of the opposition party as, for the moment a least, not in the ascendant, as it was lately, from the haw tion of Riza to n place in the cabinet, supposed to be. 1k latter set are mainly composed of Riza, Kbosref, sad Nis Pashas ; while Reshid is firmly seconded by Ahmed Teti Pasha, the Sultan's brother-in-law, and Au Effendi. The main ground of difference between these parties relates a the political position of the myelin, towards whom itis ml known that Reshid Pasha desires to adopt a liberal prim. and to relieve them of some of the disabilities under all tbsey at present labour; which the other party are • thoroughly opposed to all concession Utile Orangemen war to Catholic Emancipation. Now, whatever may be the hurt either of the rival statesmen, whose names have been so law familiar to the readers of Turkish politics as the watchwria of progress and barbarism, who figure before the Bri6t public with more or less of truth, as the Oromasdes sal Ahrimanes who divide the destinies of the Osmanleessas represent the antagonist principles of light and dirties reason and prejudice, liberty and deny otism in this Ottawa region, I say, whatever the fate of these two " mighty opp sites " may be, any man who has looked upon what Its been doing in this part of the world for the last twenty thirty years, and sees what is going on now, ainnot enterai the shadow of a doubt with respect to the proximate elms cipation of the rayahs. Whether the Sultan's ear be is at keeping of Reshid er of Rica, one fact is sufficiently ended that the rayahs are marching towards emancipation at a gore round pace: and no accident within the range of probability can prevent them from soon reaching the goal. In Eats peon Turkey they surpass the 0-manlees in numbers, wealth, and knowledge. It is idle to suppose that such element e of superiority can be long kept down by a brute militus domination. The most potent Pashas are over head and anis debt to Armenian serati ; the trade is in the hands of the Greeks ; whole provinces are peopled by Selavonians,and ULU tenths of the manual labour, operative or agricultural,, performed by these Christian races. With these facts sting one in the face—with the head-fact of their gaining mtrnrth and prominence with the arrival of every fresh steamboat. it is not possible for any man in his senses to imagine thst the ' Christians in Turkey can remain long in their present rtes of political degradation. The only question, as coneems the rival statesmen, is whether Christian emancipation is to be gradually brought about by judicious concessions on the put of the Csttoman government, or whether it is to be smug from the Osmanlees by the external pressure of Christ's Europe, or possibly by internal rebellion, in case the latter should not be sufficiently stringent. Reshid Pasha is the man to stave off the evils with which the latter alternative threaten Turkish society. Such men as Rita vainly Unseal they can rule by bayonets, and secure the continuance al Moslem supremacy, even in defiance of Europe, by an In =ease standing army. That game might do a century terk but at this time of day is merely desperate. Without doubt, one of the first reforms that will eagle the earnest attention of Reshid Pasha, in his new positing; concerns the administration of justice in the courts of law The insufferable pretension of excluding Christian evidence from the Mahometan courts hu been taken tip strongly the English minister ; and it is incumbent upon our dignity no longer to endure the existence of this absurd sad presumptuous anomaly in Turkish law : through the °peti tion of which a Turk may murder a British subjeet silt impunity. The vile system of perjury which is daily pit action before these barbarous tribunals, which rejects Christian's testimony upon oath as incredible, I have lad occasion to expose to you in a preceding letter. The time is most seasonable for urging this question, now, while the fresh honours of lteshid Pasha are worn in their newest gloss. The ebb of favour may bear thia,boon to the Christina, now so opportune to the diplomatic grasp, out to sea again, and they may have to wade through many difficulties to pt it. But more than all the concernment of our nations' honour in the question forbids the abandonment cf it obi satisfactorily settled. The Hatti Sherif appointing Reshid Pasha, Grand Vizier. has nothing in particular to distinguish it from similar duns ments of this kind. Yet one passage deserves notice. Tin new Grand Vizier is enjoined to bestow particular attention upon the army, the new university, and all that relates to public instruction, these being the main objects of the Sultan's solicitude. He is also commanded to maintain good understanding with Khoeref Pasha, Grand Seradd, vs' the other ministers. GERMANY. —FROM me ELBE, Oct. J.—The last manifestation of the conjoint opgrations of the three northern powers, in consequence of the Polish insurrection will be a collective note to the cabinets of St. James and of the Tuileries, in which they will give a categorical molt to the questions put to them by those two goverame* o This answer will refer to no other event than the occupsto 4 of Cracow, as the treaty of Vienna is the only point al question. What took place in the Grand Duchy of Poses and in Poland, forms part of the internal policy 0. th e • thre. states, and no foreign power has the right to call the mo account. Well informed persons assert that the note * worded in a manner to satiss - the constitutional poem _, whose attention is now absorbed by the affairs of Spat* 0 ° Germany, and that they will regard the Polish question 0 settled, at least for some time to come. ArSTRIA.—VIENNA, OCT. 11.—News was received at Vienna on the 10th of the serious indisposition of tilt Archduke Palatine of Hungary. Another courier arrived in the night, saying that the illness had taken a most serious turn. Great anxiety was felt at court, and a courier was 0 1, ' mediately despatched to the Archduke Stephen, at Icoug gratz, and the Archduke Charles left at two o'clock in the afternoon in a special steamer for Ofen. H.R.H. the Pru** of Prussia leftl icons, on the 10th. GeLIcIA.—LEMBERG, OCT. 6.—The assertions that the peasants of Galicia had returned to order k. no* r. bl i k b ; te:kt . of . s pice cedonn =hue . more e , #. The aeries tions, exoePte DR' been LP war. #t PRA Sel , l. 4 ca . Bonne t exarnin declare POP it is eta to the f• city, to regula# of w " Liter DE ET•OTt stadt on excesses the kin • sans in ' inhabits treated • foot. 110 day the which who has Van • tenor. OCT. dant al . dition, • great as years, b use of th Ocr. meat in florins i • millions authorit tracting TUN Tunis which is on board The arrived a Jamaica, does, 24 ; She brio and 4 68 bales 451. 17s. • gold due tierces 9 • MOTE Tumult, Pickle se • the 23rd ' had sailed ships had England. Drlntsm ing Spun' Cuba on and appa 6 guns, h 3 guns, a • and diacip 1!4 EiLCII were wa i on the 1:I• Philndelp • 11th 0.1.. German e cncnnia.. diatr• -I I. with %Sat , 6 I:Nt l'. nued to # . colonies, t• Islands ha serious th. and Pet. 1. Chagree, quiet ; an governme n other wor were enter • Mingo, eve her. The prospect o republic. THIN, # Council m announced from the e. The new •• The Atto • prehension republic U letter was tecommen. persons wi adopted to matter hoes mins, relati the school the Bishop mittec. T • ' thought th to get it. mittee no • and unless out the ge • PUBLIC On the 18 • that those alarm ; tht • condition • bill was c The follow deputation • them : "That this sire scale. I eery restrie • this colou, whence to di position ass' upon his Es.. CTSry MOMS thin Wand of object the hi e Of Africa for —That this i• alt imperial 0 Colonies sill and an It " duties are this Wand • collect.' ; tb. made up by cos would peucral prim . tor NAN mat', edema thee market t as we L7,4 .... 1. d, it.1 Claims, us a r . , seasions, fur r • itilta pl s tl t at s. they can be ens BA ItTlltt V of Spain (w on Sunday, of the same “ Sunday, the i . described as • colony for SO • ringing; few , without a cr Church was congregation ' been close an was excessive shock seemed violent abou alight, and following so day the 1 perienced in occurred a. • More the sh. . a powder-in' usually cape another eery generally felt leas violent t . be universal' '. greatest un others. In f 4 Spain, pa buildings at, case of the f• more an x jou. the congeert of the finials thrown down slate and ho unoccupied, • the Kid .S. escaped unbu GRENA i island, even a we have go m IiA.RBAt quake in our i not been felt 1 COLONIST Selman of lar applied to the o il ' .