The Express. — London, England, 1859-10-20 00:00:00

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TUE gas consumers of London, as the facts we pro duced lad Friday show, are the victims of • confede racy. Like the Italians of the Centre, they lavaboes undone by rent treaties and combinations opposed to public pediey. As ling as the companies. being ang{r-banded,and relying upon their own fair-dealing • for support,were practically reepoasible,all went If householden were dissatisfied, they could trans fee their cuatom to others, and the Itsowledge of this feet kept the companies in a tolerably safe lies. This security se longer exists. The powers, without taking amount of the population, have met in Ne gress, have sashed sew distributions of torridly sad sew allotments of the inhabitants at their plea mire: seder them circumstances, with meted per- , masa* hawed epos them, the Londoners see ; ally ow skanee Of living • quiet if.. Since the epenals us se limier amenable to the old means of selves, ft is well to ask whether something effectual emit be done Mitigate their despotism, to define tisk powers, substitute law he arbitrary force, end. la • word, to obtain the advantages of • con altitudes. This is what the united Metropolitan Delegates have undertaken to attempt. They seek to obtain • cow general act to regulate the stingy of pm to the metropolis. Armada on the altered pod nee in which the public has hese placed by the ciesaliaation of the companies sad the cemation of competition. Foe the security of the CORIPORIWe interests the •apply of pa should be made dependent only oa their ability to pay for It; its quality should be genre& teed ; its rice per foot restrained within dos sad it should be sold by some wellommetaimed mostraze. A general Metrepolitaa Gas Bill amid provide for all these objects ; it would still be a clumsy substitute for the natural regulation of price by " the higgliag of the market ;" but it is the beet that is left to us. It is sometimes said on be half of the Composes that, even alder a monopoly, their interests and those of the consumers are oat, moos the former mast always desire to sell as much gas as posaible. But this I. sot correct. Their interest is to make as much massy es pomade ea their invested capital. Ids true that to do this they must dis poni of &certain quantity of their article per annum; but in • large district, with increasing wants, it is Tao possible to do this by choosing the most profit able customers, sad still treat the convenience of in dividuals with flagrant contempt. Dr. enALLIca, is his evidence before the Select Committee of the limes of Common lad year, stated that since the districting system has been carried out in South- wark, it is the cast et the Companies to settle the most trivial dispels, which arise bottom them and their customers by immediately cutting off the gas. In mese to • suggestion of Mr. BARROW, that be most be aware that it could not be the interest of the Com- paay to cut off the gas, and so deprive them selves of the profit on its sale, Dr. CHALLICII said, " I will give you an illustration which is within my " own knowledge, for I saw it. It was the ease at " sae of my patients. I saw his place in darkness ; 1 " I Inked him the reason, and he showed me the " account for 11.175. 6d. which had been sent to him " for gin. He had tendered 11. 161., which was " the price of the quantity which the meter regis tered, according to figures which he showed me; " and upon this dispute of Is. 6d. his pa was eat di the next day, and the plus was in darkness whoa I was in the house." No doubt there are Com panies which would not h►ve acted in this illiberal Milner ; but tie fact shows that a company in secure possession of a monopoly does not always recognise the identity of its interests with those of the consumer. The company which thus acts knows very well that it does not rink • customer, or maks any sacrifice. The oo•samer cannot do without the article, and invariably mu , renders at discretion, paying for the reconnection a sum which more than C3mpeneates the Company for the suspension for two or three days of its ordinary profits. This arbitrary power of the Companies should be restrained, as it might well be, by • clause in a general act providing for a reference of disputes to an impartial authority. Another practice, equally arbitrary, that of requiring as •condition of the supply of gas to an incoming occupier the payment of the debt due from a former tenant to the Company, ought to be suppressed by statute, se it is se far as regards one Company, the Imperial, by the fifteenth section of their act. The supply of the article having been thus secured, its quality and the standard of its measurement, upon which two points the relation of the amount paid by the consumer to the quantity of light he receives in return depends, are next to be cared for. The illuminating power of gas is sear tainable by well-known processes. Most of the Companies, if not all, employ inspectors, to test and certify the quality of their gas. Them officers are gentlemen of high, sometimes of eminent attainments, and their eulogistic reports are no dot.ht perfectly accurate as fax as the gas submitted to their examination is concerned. Bu: the shot keeper, who finds that it is necessary to have ao per cent. more gas to keep up the accustomed light, without casting any reflection on those scientific persons, conceives that the Company is not doing him justice, and thinks, cot unnaturally, that a rood test of gas should be conducted by parties indepen dent alike of the producer end the consumer, and the' t should take place, not in the place where the gee ia made bet in that where it is burnt. The illumi nating pewee of gas is fixed by Ism in most provincial acts, as it is also in the Imperial Com. psay's Act, and it should be provided ftt in a general Metropolitan Bill. The question of meters naturally belong,' to this. The law provides in the interest of the public an inspector of weights and measures for coal, corn, theme, tea, and other commodities sold by quality ; but not for the inspection of the measure et gee. There is no standard measure for a cubic foot of gas; different meter makers use different standards, and the Gas Companies' measures are not all alike. On the plainest principles of business, this anomaly ought to be extinguished. Protection against exorbitant prices is more diffi cult to secure ; but it is attainable without injustice 1 1 to the Companies. The charges of a few Companies are restrained by a maximum prim' inserted in their Act of Parliament. This, with a limitation of divi dends to a certain per tentage, which should be liberal, would meet the case ; but without some such restriction the public would be left at the mercy of the monopolist. Far this purpose the Com panies should be plated under the obligation of publishing yearly ea account in abstract of their receipts and expenditure, showing that the amounts they have thought proper to divide amongst their peoprietary, add to capital, or place in a reserve fund, are not collectively greater than the produce of a dividend of ten per cent. on their capital. The amount of capital which owing to bad management has been sank in some Metropolitan Companies is so extravagant and enormous that a limitation of dividend, unaccompanied by • restriction on the price of the pa, would prove • very unsatisfactory security to the con sumer. Nevertheless the capital invested in metropolitan gee works pays nearly twice as much per cent. as that inverted in the railways of the Uaited Kingdom. The points we have enumerated an those in which th; interested the Landes gas consumer, no longer protected by the mama laws of trade, bat exposed helplessly to the monopolist, require protection. There is nothing new in the climactic of the demands now mad;, nothing which Parliament has not resognind as just and necessary in similar cases. The gentlemen who have undertaken to bring the case of the gas esaanniers before Parliament have only to do jostles to their emus by energy and prudence to command • social and legislative success. !be Court. WINDSOR CABTLX, Ocr._l9. The royal dime party, yesterday, included the PAWNS Alice, Lady Caroline &Mylss, do Hos. his. Bdddalpb Major 111Masams. sad Catimas Otey, 2E4 Balsam Granada, Otis. The or .e the Gemilir Owes Owed Wag Mawr. - armor ire Fi Fl_l7l: s.ll,hy. Mists Darl tis inderrese blostise pm: _ _ w n."T ::~;~-' Tits Qtrs. eeteopeeled by Mime Alios drove is tie Ilemeperk ttd. ramiss. !name Mame ma Nemo Loeb* rode on bombe*. ftleee leaped leek • esevisie drive. The TelseePemert nth eat as benebeck, attended by THE EXPRESS, THURSDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 20, 1860. are enjoined not to lend importance to their acts by tilting about them ; to say anything good et them is a mortal sin. At the opening of the San Carlos Theatre for the winter season the King appeared in hie box. A cry of " Viva it Re!" was repeated several times, but it proceeded from • single box and a single mouth. The individual who made this solitary demonstration of loyalty turned out to be the M. Ajossa above mentioned. The exhibition of modern artists con tained a picture representing the studio of the Count of Syracuse, who is himself a distinguished sculptor. Among the various subjects reproduced in this picture was a seditious group representing Italy crowning Piedmont, while Naples sits crouch ing apart, shamefaced and sad. When the King went to the exhibition he was horrified to see this picture, and complained bitterly to the directors of the academy about it. They, not daring to remove a picture hung under the immediate patronage of a member of the royal family, took a middle course, and covered the offensive group with a coating of white chalk. Thereupon the Count of Syracuse came to the gallery himself, and rubbed off the chalk with his pocket-handkerchief. The academicians were frightened oat of their lives, but did nothing ; the closing of the exhibition in due course has now relieved them from their embarrassment. the Hon. D. de Ras. Llooloont-001001l tb Moo. D. de Roe two 000loodod laeoloomoi4olonsi Poosoaby ma Egoorry is W. to tbo hew Comoro. • Cabinet Council was held yesterday at the MOW redden, of the First Lase of the Trans", la Downing-stmt. It was attended by Lad John RanaS. the Duke of Newcastle, the Ri6t Hon. abbey Herbert, Sir Charles Wood, the - Drake of Secanset, the Right Hon. T. Milner Gibson, Sir George Grey, Earl of Elgin, and the Right Hon. C. P. Villiers. y. Palmerston left town on Tuesday oradni kr his soh aimarde, Hants. Tb. Clannesdor at the lac!liquor left London on Tuesday min Ihr llolybead. Their Royal Highneatea the Duke and Dachas Clam& sad the Coma de Paris have been starlit( on a whit b Coust sad Countess de Jame, at Thosaastown Cast* their omit is Inlaid. His Ezeellency the Prussian Minister and the csinntin de Berastorff an expected in town warty nest week km Tunbridge Walls. The Duke of Hamilton is expected in town in a Iva dm from Scotload, os his way to Pods to join tho dialllll. The Kathleen§ (Frames Anne) of Londonderry hr send se lentos Castle s v iit to the Earl mid Cousins of irgiabsa. free Garrott Tower, her ladyehip'm sot is behind. The Marquis and Marthioneee of Normanby, the Mamie Conyegtient and Lady Cecilia Coe ham, 131 r Tilollllll SIMI Lady Greeley, and Copula Watt have arrived et tile St. Georges Hotel. The Earl and Countess Granville are shortly expected la town from Carlsbad. The Earl of Annesley and the Hon. Mr. and Ws. W. Vernon have left the St. Gene's Hotel. Lady Peel and Mr. Arthur Peal left town yester day ea a visit to the Right Hon. Frederiek Peel, M.P., and Xn. Pod, at Hampton in Arden, Warnickehirt. On Tiiseasy rejoicings of the old English charac ter took place at Comeau Park, near Norwich, the eget of Lord Blefford, to commemorate his lordship'• return to the estate of hie encestore with h's young brkle. The only drawback wee the natentanble stets of the weather, which wee rather wet. On Tuesday tits marriage was oelsbrated at St. 11011inr a Clunk illibisas, of Marie Alfred Watts, to Aims Mary Howitt. alder dassittar of Witham and Mary Howitt. The Right Rev. G. Tomlinson, Lord Bishop of Gibraltar, with his two children sad servants, has arrived M Gibraltar from Marseilles, in the Dutch swami:lp William 111. Win. Drummond Ray wife of her Britannic llWady's Charge d'Affaires at Morocco, also arrived at Gibraltar, in the same steamer, from England. Aa eight readily have been supposed, there wi m Ileasdeilea err the extraordinary statement pat forward by Se Dela News respecting certain changes in the NMhog Based et Macedon which ware alleged to be laid Wine the Banes embolic prelates is the letter of the Irish CW B.antsrp. The News of list night flatly contradicts Yews slog, seer giving the original tale the full boat of the circulation of he many nanaseaker. A handsome rosewood writing-desk, ornamented with braes fittings, has been presented to the oornimarder of the Bsnnlckburn steamer, by the officers of the Great Eastern. It beers the following inscriptim Preemie' to Capt. Fowter by the omen of the Great Eastern steam ship for his kinds/ am and attention t, them whilst laying in Portland Harbour. October 7, II159." The Gas Consumers' Aseociation of Manchester appears to be fairly embarked in its career of agitation (or a reductim of the price of Mae. On Tuesday evening the directors of the aesoclation held their weakly meeting, and the chairman in his remarks drew a comparison between the srvangetnents of Liverp,ol and Maachaster. The former plain, he seid, could sell its gee at 3s. W. a thouasad ruble fest, sad at that price realised 4,0001. a year more than warn dons is Maaclwater, and ha thought it oohs preetioable for Yeactiester to follow this example. The words " marketable value" have been altered by the directors of the association is 3s. 91. per 1,000 cubic lett, and this amendment was oat. sidorwkby the =Alm to make the object of the siltation ' definite. Oa Tassday main, a public mortiug of the in babitaats of flailybridge eru held, to meld is erecting • mosiusust i• Tedieeraa, to the oar Dory of the late Mr. Joliet raft. The mead pert of Mr. Fulton's life which wee thought dearviae of coueaemor•toa was the part be took . . . procttriug the Tea Hours Bill. A resolution approving of the object for which the tusetlui was called, was unaniesously carried. The vseereble Mr. Richard Outlet delivered sa address in support of the rseoluts.):. LATEST INTELLIGENCE, THE TREATY OF PEACE. The following summary of the treaty of peace has been received at Mr. Renter's office this morning : ZURICH, Tarsi%Dir. The following is an analysis of the treaty of peace concluded between France and Austria u signed by the plenipotentiaries, but which hu not yet re calved the ratification of the two governments. The treaty commences with the usual preamble : Desirous of patting au end to the calamities of war, and forming into a definite treaty the prelimi naries made at Villerance, the two Emperors have named their plenipotentiaries and communicated to them full powers, and the said plenipotentiaries have agreed to the following : That peace shall be concluded, &c. France returns to Austria the Austrian steamers seized during the war, but on which judgment ham not been pained, &c. Austria gives up Lombardy, with the exception of Mantua, Peachier', and es far as the; frontier line fixed by a special commission (the limit of which is already known). The Emperor of the French declares that he transfers theta portions of Lombardy to the King of Sardinia. Then follow the articles concerning the kuisdie tion, namely : The option for the employee of Piedmont and Austria to remain in the eervioe of the two ;govern ments and to bays the option of transferring within a year their goods to Piedmont, and vice vas& ; they would, however, retain their right to any property left behind them when they move their domicile from Austria to Sardinia, or from Sardinia to Austria. The pensions acquired by persons in Lombardy will be respected and paid by the new government to those entitled to them, and, in those cases where it is so stipulated, to the widows and children of those pensioned. Then follows the settlement of the debt which is the subject of two articles, one of which is an additional agreement for the mode of payment. According to these articles Piedmont is to pay to Austria 40 million. of florin. (conventions-menu), and besides is responsible for three-fifths of the debt of the Monte-Lombardo-Venetian. Altogether the debt transferred to Sardinia amounts to 260 millions of frenee. Then follows Art. 18, which runs thin: " Desiring that the tranquillity of the church and the power of the Holy Father should be mauled, aad being convinced that this end could not be ob tained in a more effective manner than by a system suited to the wants of the populations, and by re forms the alosesity of which has been already recog nisi& by the Sovereign Pontiff, the two contracting parties will unite their efforts in order that a reform in the administration of the states of the church should be carried out by his Holiness." Art. 19 states that the territorial limits of the independent states of Italy which did not take part in the last war, could be changed only with the assent of the other powers of Europe which took part in forming and guaranteed the existence of these states. The rights of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, the Duke of Modena, and the Doke of Parma are expressly reserved by the high contract ing powers. Art. 20. The two Emperors will mist with all their power in the formaticn of a confederation of all the states of Italy, the object of which will be the preservation of the independence and integrity of Italy, which will bemire the development of the moral and material interests, and will watch over the defence of the interior and exterior of Italy by means of a federal army. ♦`enetia, which will remain under the rule of the Emperor of Austria, will form a part of this con federation and will participate in the rights and in the obligations of the federal treaty, the clauses of which will be established by the representatives of all the states of Italy. Art. 21 stipulates that persons having taken part in the late events will net be attacked either in their person or their property, and can remain un molested in the two countries. Art. 22. The present treaty shall be signed and ratified, and the ratification shall be exchanged at Zurich within fifteen days. Other articles stipulate that Austria shall be obliged to free from military servioe the soldiers belonging to the territory which she gives up. , Austria undertakes likewise to restore the secs- rides and deposits of private persons placed in the public establishments belonging to Austria. Art. 16 grants to the religious establishments in Lombardy the liberty to dispose freely of their pri vate and landed property, if the possession of such property is incompatible with the laws of the new government. INSURRECTIONARY MOVEMENT AT PALERMO. A Naples letter of the 15th, in the Prase, says it is quite certain that there has been an insurree- Vanity movement in the neighbourhood of Palermo. After a combat between the paerani and the mili tary, an order wu given that all private individuals possessing arms should immediately give them up to the authorities. The correspondent gives this fact on the evidence of travellers who saw the de ' ores posted in the streets of Palermo. As to the character of the conflict, and the probable conse quences of it, reports are various and contradictory. The liberals give out that the insurrection, the head quarters of which are said to be at Carini (17 kilometers to the left of Palermo), is a well planned and formidable one. The insurgents, they say, have got possession of a cannon taken out of a gunboat, and are likely to hold out against the royal troops for a long time. On the other hand, the codini—(literally people who wear pig tails—an opprobrious expression used to designate altra•conservatives)—affirm that the emeute wu a trifling one, that it is now entirely put down, and that 150 rebels were killed. nil lotto' relator some curious anecdotes illustra tive of the state of feeling in Naples. The Cardinal Archbishop of Naples, with the concurrence of the courtiers, MM. Mora and Bisignano, lately sent for all the curie of the city, and commanded them to preach against those two enemies of the church, Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi. All the faithful ITALY. PABMA, Om. 19. Justice continues to be energetically oanied out ; some new arrests hare taken place. The munici pality has determined on the destruction of the column on which the head of Colonel Anviti was placed. SPAIN. MADRID, Ocr. 19. The Cortes has resumed the discussion of the budget. Government expects very shortly to receive an answer from Morocco to the demand for guaran tees for the future preservation of peace; the war preparations continue nevertheless. TURKEY. Ocr. 19. News from Constantinople has been received to the 12th inst. The ambassadors have continued during the week to hold conferences at the residence of M. de Thom nel, and were perfectly agreed. A haughty answer was givers by Rumein Pacha when he was brought before and questioned by his judges; this has given rise to the supposition that a fresh outbreak of the conspiracy may take place. Agitation prevails in Bosnia and some other pro vinces. AMERICA. (11T =len= vinseinri.) LIVERPOOL, TIIMUIDAT 3101111110. The *crew steamer City of Baltimore, from New York, hu arrived at Queenstown. She Loft on the Bth inst., and ham 33,356 dollars in specie. Her news is anticipated per Vanderbilt. She spoke the Amerieen ship Fiddle on the 19th inst., bound east. She encountered strong easterly gales daring the voyage. She left for Liverpool at 5.30 a.m. The screw steamer North American, with the Oa =disci mails to the Bth inst., wee off Donaghades at six o'clock this morning. EXPRESS FROM PARIS. (nom on °lnt PARIS, WiDNIIIIDAT NTIDIIIIO. It eontinues to be positively asserted in official quarters that all is settled at Zurich, so far u con cerns the difficulties which stood in the way of Sar dinia being a party to the treaty of peace. :The absence in the If oniteur of this morning of the an aouncement of the signature of &second treaty, which was rather looked for, is alleged to be of co coma_ quince whatever, the delay being ocessiowed solely by " formalities of the diplomatic chanceries." How long these delays are to last is not very clearly indicated. A telegram from Zurich says that the 1 " divers plenipotentiaries will proceed to exchange ratifinatiorls of "the" treaty in about three weeks. What treaty does this allude to ? It can hardly be the one signed the day before yesterday between France and Austria, because Sardinia, being no party to it, cannot well have any thing to do with its ratification. And yet, if the final treaty between the three powers be meant, the telegram ignores the fact that neither that nor the one which is to precede it has yet been signed. Is it necessary that the treaty between France and Austria should be ratified before the other two are executed ? And if so, what time will be required for that formality, and will the first treaty be made public before the others? I have no data for an swering any of these questions. I can only mention that the whole business is expected to be signed about the 3th of November. As to what has been done, the Pays this evening assumes that the Zurich Conference confined itself to regulating the terms of the cession of Lombardy to Piedmont, to marking the boundary line, and apportioning the Lombard debt, and that the "definitive" settlement of the other points comprised in the preliminaries of Villafranoa is left to a superior jurisdiction. Therefore, says the Pays, a congress is not only probable, but neces sary. A hint has been given to the government press to attack England for insisting upon condi tions before she will come into a congress. A regu lar set will now be made against Lord John Russell's Aberdeen declaration ; England will be accused of inconsistency and perversity, and it will be argued that it would be absurd to go into a congress to dis cuss the question of the Duchies if the right of the Italian people to choose their own government were to be admitted beforehand. The great object of Austria is to get England into a congress to be out voted, or to throw upon her the responsibility of breaking the congress up ; and that is Count Walew ski's policy, too. Whether the Emperor Napoleon has the same designs as his Foreign Minister time alone can show. The Bonne has been calm, with eoareely any change. The Rents rose 10c. for cash, and fell 60. for account, closing at 139 fr. 76c. and 69fr. 700. Mobilier fell lir. 26c. In railways there is no verb"- tion worth noticing. "Many persons," says the Opinion Nationetle, "have been surprised at not seeing the assessors of the agents de change commence their operations at the Roane yesterday. The imperial decree was issued agreeably to the proposition of the agents, and it now remains far the syndicate to draw up the regulation for its application. The syndicate under stands that it thus becomes responsible for the sots of the assessors, and it is anxious to take its pre cautions. Each agent dl chow* will not definitively name his assessors, but will hand in their names to , the syndicate, who will rots by ballot for their ad- minion. One third of their number in black balls will spike fee the rejection, and the agent who pre sents the name is not to have any voice. -.-. . . M. MelWl:dm some time since received an order for a painting representing the interview of the two Emperors at Villafranoa. Pesos being now signed he is about to go to Vienna to take the portrait of the Emperor of Austria. He will return to Paris by way of Italy. A Paris letter, in the Indepeoutance of Brume* mays :—" The Emperor of Austria is said to have proposed to the Emperor of the French, with whom he is now on the most courteous terms, to have the congrese held in Paris. I am, however, assured positively that the Emperor Napoleon 111. wishes to yield to the susceptibilities of the Cabinet of St. James's, and to give to King Leopold a proof of deference, by having Brussels made the pleas of meeting." ITALY. CENTRAL ITALY. ITALY. Mom ova sracm. PARKA, Oar. 15. We have received important news to-day, which, as in duty bound, I transmit to you, without vouching for its ciorreetnees, though it comes from a safe quarter. It is said that the Emperor of Austria has at last succeeded in persuading his imperial cousin, Francis V., to give up his rights over the Dachy of Modena. You will not forget that by one of the provisions of the treaty signed in 1748 at ALx.la-Chapelle Austria was to succeed to the sovereignty of the duchy on the extinction of the House of Este. According to the agreement, which, if I am rightly informed, was signed at Vienna last week, the Emperor of Austria has on his part re nounced this eventual right in favour of the young Duke of Parma. If this is the case, it is gaits clear that the Duke of Modena has been sacrificed to the anger of Louis Napoleon, who could not forgive having been snubbed by the petty despot in the famous correspondence published by Signor Luigi Carlo Farini. This news, although not yet published, has produced a painful sensation both here and at Modena. How could it be otherwise when one of the most enlightened states of Italy is threatened with the forcible imposition of a govern ment which, daring 12 years, has proved so utterly indifferent to the moral and material welfare of a neighbouring province? To exchange a bad master for a worse, one who has already been con demned by the public opinion of the country, is, to say the least, a wanton and dangerous course. It was not indeed worth while to rout the Auatrians at Magenta and Solferino, if one of the results of that glorious campaign is to be the restoration of a system which has been repeatedly denounced by the unanimous opinion of the Italians. To force the Duchess of Parma upon the Modeneee, when her government has been condemned by her own former subjects, will open the door to new and endless revo lutions. It would be madness to imagine that a people who have been allowed to choose their own government would be disposed willingly and patiently to accept Luigia of Bourbon. If Louis Napoleon has made up his mind to make such a concession to his newly-acquired friend of Villa franca, he must be prepared to meet the most deter mined opposition, for Modena, Tuscany, and the Legations are determined to risk the chances of an armed struggle rather than bend before the capricious will of a depot. I need scarcely tell you that all the hopes of Italian patriots stand now upon England. The last speech of Lord John Russell gives them the assurance that they will be left to themselves, and they cannot conceive that the minis ter of a great liberal power will ever be unfaithful to his public declarations. Yesterday evening the government of the city of Parma was offered by Farini to Senator Pleura. The offer hes not yet been accepted, and the negotiations are going to be resumed to-day. I think, however, that there is but little hope of seeing them brought to a satisfactory conclusion. The day after to-morrow the horses and the oar riages of the Duchess will be mold here by public auction. The government wants to have the ducal stables cleared, and has invited Cavaliers Dall' /atm the agent of Maria Luigi& of Bourbon, to remove the valuable properties from the palace. The agent has therefore received a telegraphic message from Marquis Pallavicino, which orders him to sell off the gam• We hear from Rome that a circular letter has been addressed by the Pope to the bishops of Central Italy, ordering them to follow the example of their French colleagues, and join in the holy crusade they have just initiated in his behalf. Ex cept a few fanatics, I very much doubt whether the injunction of the court of Rome will be obeyed by the Italian bishops. They know too well that their moral influence is now entirely gone, for Italian people of our times can never be staunch catholios according to the views of the Vatican. The circular letters of hie Holiness are powerless against the unanimous aspirations of the Italians for indepen dence and liberty. THE STATE OF ITALY. TO Tl 3 IDITOI OT THE ETTOTSS. have recently returned from a visit to Lombardy, Romagna, and the Italian Duchies, and although I have read in yonr paper, and occasion ally in the columns of your contemporaries, several excellent and truthful letters from those quarters, there appears to me generally to prevail among the English public so erroneous as impression of the actual state of Northern and Central Italy that I cannot refrain from offering to you the results of personal inquiries and observations of my own, somewhat cursory perhaps, but made lat any rate with impartiality, and with an anxious desire to learn the truth. The late horrible occurrence at Parma has given strength to a notion, previously entertained by many, that the countries now subject to provisional governments are in a lees tranquil condition, and that life and pro- perty are now less secure than they were under the petty despots and the bayonets of Austria. The fact is quite the reverse. However paradoxical it may teem, it is at least true, that the extreme tranquillity Ghat had for some time reigned at Parma was the principal reason that the disgusting scenes which followed the murder of Colonel Anviti were not more promptly repressed. Such perfect peace and order had so long previously been established in the town that the municipal authorities had never con templated as possible the contingency of • popular tumult. Consequently, the only force which they had at immediate command was a few armed men at the gates at which the octroi duties are collected. Of these gates the principal ens is near the railway station, and it was to the guard-house belonging to it that the unfortunate Colonel Anviti was taken for protection. He was the only man living who could have excited the Parmeee either to commit or to sanction the barbarity of which they have been guilty. Nothing, indeed, can excuse that barbarity. But when we consider that the late government, not only with all their police, but with both native and Austrian troops to back the civil force, had not dared to allow Auviti, who had long been their favourite functionary, to remain in the country, out of a common consideration for his safety and their own—so just and universal was the detestation in which he was held—we can easily conceive that the new authori ties had not imagined the posaility of by ventur ing, even in disguise, into the neighbourhood of Parma. There are, of course, in all towns, and especially in those which have long been tyranni cally governed, a certain number of bad characters; but the people of Parma, with these incidental ex ceptions, were invariably resolved to maintain tran quillity and order, at once for their own sake and for the cause to which they were de voted. Nor can we forget that in our own streets, and in one of our greatest establishment, we could not prevent popular insults and outrage upon the person of an Austrian general, in very different circumstances. Colonel Anviti bad per- sootily superintended the flogging of one of his assailants, and he bad caused the death of the bro ther of another. In the former instance there was no direct provocation for the outrage ; and although murder was not designed on that occasion, it is diffi cult to say what the consequences might have been to a man of advanced years, if he had not been speedily rescued from the mob. For that outrage no man has ever been punished. I state, from personal observation, that within a very few days previous to the appearance of Colonel Anviti at Parma the streets were as safe at all hours, for persons of every age of either sex, as they are in any town in her Majesty'm dominions. A friend of mine told me that when he was at Bologna two years ago, and had occasion to pay a visit at a short distance from the town, his mach man refused to wait for him longer than the time which would enable him to return there before sunset, and that his host said that the coachman was in the right, and that he would probably be robbed if he was not within the walls of Bologna again before dark. Your readers will probably remember the story, which is perfectly true, of brigands making their way into a large town during an afternoon performance at the theatre, and keeping prisoners there the principal in habitants, while some of their party pillaged the houses, and then returned to the mountains un harmed and unpursued. Bach was the state of Ro magna. I venture to assure you that you may now roam with impunity through every part of Bologna and its neighbourhood at any hour; you may Maven* the Apennines by night or day, and you may sleep in solitary inns among the mountains ; for all this I have lately done myself; and the reason of this extraordinary change is, not that the new governments have better police, but that heretofore for political reasons, and by the help of Austrian soldiers, all householders and respect able persons were disarmed, while bandits were en couraged in carrying the arms of which the de fenders of order were deprived. The Papal polio, were either in league with robbers, or utterly ineffi cient ; nor did any man dare to complain of them. Now the farmers and honest peasants elan defend themselves; and both brigands and thieves haws been compelled to change their occupation. Many, I believe, have even enlisted. What I wish, sir, is that you should maws your readers, especially those of the fair sex, that if they are disposed to visit the parts of Italy that have un dergone political revolution, they will find at this moment more security, more tranquillity, more courtesy among all classes, than they could ever 1 hare found while the hated foreigner ruled the country. I must add my conviction that there never ' has existed a nation which had had so little ex perience of liberty, and was yet so fitted for self ; government, as the Italian people. Upon this cub sjeot I may venture to address you again.—l am, &c., LIBER. The following ii an extract from a private letter, dated Milan, Oct. 15, by an English gentleman, • barrister, who has spent the last six weeks at Pisa, Florence, Modena, Parma, and Bologna : _ . . . _ " Although I have seen enough to satisfy me that the Italians, like other nations, have their peculiar weaknesses, still there is no manner of doubt that the whole intelligence of the country is dead against the archdukes. Indeed, even the non-revolutionists admit that in Tuscany at least the archduke party is almost nil. However, it is quits certain that the people in the Legations and FarMi are much more able and resolute than the Tuscans. But in neither is it possible to have any interference with the wishes of the people without a desperate and sanguinary struggle. This Napoleon knows, and this make( him dread force being used; nor will he permit any other power to interfere if he himself does not. I have seen a good deal of the officers, and they are passionately anti-Austrian. The three generals, Fanti, Mezzocapo, and Garibaldi, are true to the backbone; and the officers under them, drawn from every state in Italy, are animated with the moat de termined anti-Austrian spirit. " There are Poles, Hungarians, Neapolitans, Romans, Piedmont's., Lombards, Venetians, all, I am convinced, ready to die rather than yield with out a struggle, and they command a crowd of volan teen, many of whom, though mere boys, are fired with the most determined spirit. It is only neces sary to see the Garibaldi men to convince one's self what can be done with mere children, if they are led by a man of genius, and have a noble cause to advocate. The name of Garibaldi is a tower of strength. You meet his officers everywhere ; many I I have met just come back from California and America, having heard of the war of independence —weather-beaten men and soldiers for working days. I believe that neither Napoleon nor the Austrians had any, the remotest idea of the depth of national feeling throughout Italy. They thought it was all talk ; but it is clear, even to them, that these armed men, led by those in command, cannot be put down without a furious struggle. Bat more than this, it is probably clear that any intervention by the Pope, aided by France, would certainly end, if successful, in a massacre of the priests throughout Tuscany and the Legations; nothing would save them. In Lombardy the clergy are Italian, but in the Duchies, Tuscany, and the Legations, chiefly Austrian. I observe that in Parma alone the clergy give signs of taking a part in poli tics ' . in that city they all wear the colours of Sardinia in their hats. This is from fear, I believe—not love. However, I was told by a person who had seen it, that a Venetian priest pre sented himself with 100 of his parishioners to have them enrolled in the national army. A Frankfort letter annonnoes the arrest of a pro fessor of theology at the University of Leipaio, under an accusation of having abstracted a great sanitise of valuable manuscripts from the library of the academy. His name II not given. Count Della Minerva, ex-chargé d'affairee of Sar dinia at Rome, has arrived at Tuna. M. Della Croce, secretary of the Legation, had preceded him by a few days, so that the whole of the Sardinian Legation h►ve now left the papal city. The Sardinian consulate alone remains there. M. Nogent Saint-Laurens, the barrister, a member of the French Corps Legistatif, has just had an extraordinary piece of good luck. A client for whom be gained a cause amend year• ago, has left him • legacy of 400,000 fr. (16,00 W. sterling). When the fact was first rumoured in the deportment of the Loh*, which he represents, people ,bought it • fable, but he has written • letter to the local journals to soy that it is palm* tabs. [