The Express. — London, England, 1847-11-11 00:00:00

.~ deduced from hereditary right. The late Archbishop was a not unfavourable specimen of the great cede siastica_.,l nobleman. An aristocrat by descent, be occuplZil his high position naturally and easily, and never embarrassed himself by affecting a rigour and austerity which were foreign to his character, and which would certainly not have obtained for him the promotion, for which he was indebted to his family In choosing a successor we hope the government will exercise discretion and judgment. Slime the days when bishoprics ceased to serve as appanages for the cadets of noble families, it has been too much the habit of ministers to select for the episcopal bench those who are pre-eminently called safe men; pru dent committee-men of church societies, who, without entangling themselves in theological controversies, have indicated a slight leaning to the popular side of most questions, " decorous heads of colleges ;' and others who are supposed unlikely, either from enthu siasm or from ambition, to interrupt the progress of public business. Even in a political point of view, this principle of selection is not so safe as it seems. Medio "crity is good in its place, but its place is in the middle and not in the hi.thest rank ;even if governments were secured against the development of latent tendencies to restiveness under the genial warmth of the episcopal purple, it is inconvenient to them to have to dial with ecclesiastical leaders who cannot influence or control the body which they represent. Some of the episcopal appointments of late years have, it must be confessed, been of a very different character. The Bishop of Sr. DAVID'S and the Bishop of OXFORD are among the ablest members of the House of Lords ; and the recent choice of Mr. LEE to preside ever the new see of Manchester must have been suggested entirely by a confidence, which we believe to be well founded, in his ability and energy. After early distinguishing himself at Cambridge as a classical scholar, and serving an apprenticeship to the business of teaching under Dr. ARNOLD, at Rugby, Mr. LEE, as principal of the great foundation of King EDWARD, at Birmingham, has displayed not only the scholastic attainments which might have been expected of him, but a remarkable amount cf vigour and discretion in dealing with the bugbear of religious difference which has so often proved an ef fectu'il obstacle to education. We have said a hun dred times that the difficulty of educating children of different persuasions under the same roof is founded neither on experience nor on observation, but upon the clamour and perversity of those who are deter mined that there shall be a difficulty. All the cunning rules and contrivances which have been devised for accomplishing this simple and desirable end are quite supererogatory. Children of protestant dissenters, of unitarians, of catholics, and of Jews, were brought up under Mr. LEE'S superintendence to their own benefit, and the satisfaction of thtir parents, without interfering either with the instruc tion or with the religious observances which, as a clergyman of the church of England, he thought necessary for pupils of his own persuasion. His address consisted simply in looking the alleged difficulty in the face; courage, clearsightedness, and the practical tact which is best proved by success, are the qualities most essential to those who exercise either civil or ecclesiastical authority. Mr. LEE also, we believe, avoided the error of many well-meaning clergymen, who shut themselves up entirely in their professional interests and occupations. He remembered that he was not only a clergyman and a schoolmaster, but one of the leading citizens of a great town ; and his influence was in many ways successfully exerted for the promotion of local public interests. As Bishop of MANCHESTER he will have a difficult task, which will require some qualities which he may not yet have had an opportunity of display ing : but in selecting him, the government has at least done its duty, by choosing a person who has given strong reason for supposing that lie will be equal to his new position. We hope that the vacancy in the Archbishopric of YORK may be filled up on similar grounds, though the qualifications required may be somewhat differ- ent. There is no danger that a disreputable or grossly ignorant prelate will be selected. We may fairly assume, that the new primate will possess a reasonable amount of learning, abundance of ortho- doxy, and a respectable private character. We shall be glad to be equally certain that he is neither a bigot, nor, which is more probable, a crotchetty pre tender to bigotry, nor, which is far from impossible, a decent nonentity. Ile will probably not be a Puseyite : we hope he may not be a fidgetty anti- Puseyite alarmist. It would be most unfair to the church to impose upon it a worldly archbishop; bat it is due to the church and the state, that he should be in one sense a man of the world, a character which need not imply worldliness in his case any more than in that of ST. PAUL. The crown has a singular good fortune in the power of appointing bishops. The heads of all sects have in their sectarian capacity a disposition to throw obstacles in the way of govern ment. In the cane of the English church, sectarian per versity may be provided against before-hand. Assuming that the new archbishop will possess the fitting spiritual qualifications, the duty and interest of the government is to take care that he is a man of liberal and statesmanlike mind. His opinions on general politics are of minor importance ; but in the con stantly increasing number of points in which reli gions opinions come in contact with politics, in education, in questions concerning catholics or protestant di ssenters, in arrangements regarding the church itself, it is most important that so high an ecclesiastical functionary should possess candour, courage, and common sense. The habitual deference of the clergy to their superiors, and the great influence of both with the Anglican laity, would give to an able prelate a power too considerable to be conferred carelessly. The courtesy and liberality which SIDNEY SMITH described in his ideal bishop might be combined with a zeal for religion exempt both from fanaticism and from the affectation of fanaticism. There can be no reason why a saint should not be a man of sense. If the characters are separated, we suspect that the man of sense would make the better bishop of the two. Whether the qualities which we desire to find united in the new archbishop are to be found united in any actual member of the episcopal bench, is apoint on which we express no opinion. If such is not the case, we hope that government will not be prevented by any ancient etiquette from extending the field of choice to the inferior clergy. Of those who have been mentioned for the office, one is too old for a change, and the other is not remarkably eminent in any capa city. We are not, however, desirous of incurring the responsibility of recommendation without the power to follow it up. Of all the objectionable characters which we have denounced, that of a Nonentity is per haps most harmless. Such a King Stork as troubles the repose of some dioceses would soon make the pro vince of York regret its time-honoured worthy, King Log. ONE of our contemporaries, who has attained, in an eminent degree, that peculiar species of distinction which awaits on conspicuous eccentricity, is furnishing at the present moment a very instructive illustration of the mishaps and the recantations, which so dis agreeably diversify the career of persons who dispense dogmatical decisions upon the strength of a very slen der stock of knowledge and discretion. Nothing. in the opinion of the Times, could be more transparently absurd, than to expect relief from any act of the government, which should attempt the restoration of confidence by placing the credit of the Bank of Eng land to a certain extent at the command of the mercantile community. The proposal in his estima tion was, moreover, as pernicious as it was prepos terous. It had not the advantage of a single decent pretext, nor the support of a single argument worth the trouble of refutation. It will be in the re membrance of many people with what prolixity of repetition this solitary and dismal idea was presented to the attention of the public. Everything was represented on the high road to ruin : we had spent almost our last penny in a riotous extravagance of railway construction. The capital of the country was utteriy, and without a figure, ex hausted. The allegation that it was not the meany, but the confidence to Else them, which was wanting, was scouted as the shallow cry of a repudiatory party, more considerate of their own convenience, than of the morality of fulfilling their obligations. But the government gave way; and, bad as the pre sent evil may be, that evil, it was declared, will be desperately aggravated by an unbridled license of adventure, shortly to be followed by an extremity of collapse greater than any that has yet occurred. This Was the burden of sorrows with which this desponding personage was afflicted. By some peculiar conjunc ture of misfortunes, his good taste appears to have forsaken him with his good spirits. And when he THE EXPRESS, THURSDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 11, 1847. are in on of the most inestimable privilege the ' Eng man enjoys, the very essence and quintessence of the British constitution—not the constitution that rounds perorations at county meetings, but the con stitution that comes home to the poor man's cottage door. When the Irish peasantry become familiar with the working of this prodigious change in their condition, agrarian outrage will receive a cheek that no arms bill or insurrection act ever gave it. We have no faith in the hackneyed nostrums for such dis orders. They are shallow, superficial, weak, in capable of producing any permanent reform. We do not, of course, mean to say that the poor-law is all that can be done by legislation. The law may deal beneficially with the su bs isting relations between landlord and tenant. The approachiag session, in deed, will, we trust, be signalised by some 7zr,oon sidered measure to remedy, or at least palliate, the evil of a state of the law so scandalous, so immoral, so barbarous, so intolerable, as never disfigured any com munity arrived at the same stage of general civilisa tion. This eternal conflict between the husbandman and the lord of the soil must be put an end to for the sake of both—for the sake of society at large—for the sake of public decorum and Christian charity. ever, still held the rucir in his hand, and it was only after much persuasion that he was induced to give it up, and be was safely conveyed to • lunatic asylum, where he now remains." A reform banquet was held at Lille on Sunday. It was very numeroasly attended, but the harmony of the meeting was very much disturbed by the follow ing incident. The first toast on the order of the day was " Electoral and Parliamentary Reform." But the deputies invited, viz., MM. Odillon Barrot, Cre mieax, Pieron, Beaumont (de la Somme), Lherbette, Leetibaudois, Ledru-Rollin, Delespaul, and Creton, expressed a desire to add to it the words,"A la Verit et ci /a Sinegrite des Institutions de Juillet 1830." The majority objected to make any change is the pro gramme, and the chairman, M. Saint-Leger, imme diat4 resigned hit functions, as he said the deputies had consented to be present only upon the condition of this addition being made. The deputies, with the exception of M. Ledru-Rollin persisted in their re fusal, and about fifty of the subscribers to the banquet also left the room. M. Boute-Pollet was then chosen chairman, and the business proceeded according to the programme. It is said that no sufficient ground of inculpation being discovered against Madlle. De Luzzi, compro mised by the Prain murder, that lady is to be imme diately liberated. She is still in the Conciergerie. TUE war in Kaffirland has been renewed, but in a manner more consistent with the dignity of the British crown, and more likely to lead to the perma nent establishment of peace and security in the Cape colony, than that in which it was formerly waged. Sir HENRY POTTINGER marches against SANDILLI as a rebel; he undertakes to reduce a refractory subject of Britain to the domination of law. He will not, as too many have done, endanger the tranquillity and prosperity of the colony, by flattering savages with the idea that they are the equals of the British Sove reign, and thus perpetuating independent communi ties of marauders on the frontiers of the settlement entrusted to his charge. This resolve of Sir HENRY POTTINGER, if the home government possess sufficient moral courage to sanction it, will, in combination with Governor Gnev's operations in New Zealand, constitute an era in the his tory of our dealings with barbarous tribes. We are free to confess that, from the time of COLUMBUS down to a very recent period, the conduct of Europeans (and of this country as well as others) towards less civilised races was often inconsistent alike with the dictates of justice and humanity. To that period has suc ceeded, since the beginning of the present century, one during which the prevalence of a sentiment amiable in itself, but perverted in its application by igno rance of men and their practical management, in troduced a mode of dealing with savages alike in jurious to civilised settlers among or near them, and incompatible with their own gradual emancipation from barbarism. The experience of South Africa and New Zealand has demonstrated the mischievousness of this Quixotic policy ; and a new system is now being adopted, in which we must strive to com bine the benevolence and love of abstract equity which has inspired the best of our aborigines' pro tectors, with the bold self assertion of the first Europeans who had intercourse with savages. Barbarous tribes, among whom civil institutions have not yet fully developed themselves, are entitled to just and humane treatment, but they cannot be dealt with as equals. In a civilised state, every citi zen is, or ought to be, considered equal in the eye of the law. Civilised nations like France and England are in every respect equal and independent. But when a state like England or France comes in contact with tribes like the Kaffir', the only possible r elation is that of protection and guidance on the one hand, of dependence on the other. The government which attempts to deal with savages in any other way, re peats the error of the humane gentleman who eman cipated the madman from his bonds, and like him will only get buffeted for its pains. The erroneous principle upon which our intercourse with races less advanced in civilisation has of late years been attempted to be regulated, has exercised a range of influence for evil far beyond the limits of the colonies of the Cape of Good Hope and New Zealand. To it are attributable the false position into which we have brought our tropical settlements, and the embarrassments we have entailed upon ourselves by our ill-considered system of slave trade suppression. From the recognition of the great truths that man ought never to be treated as property, and that the merest savages are equally entitled with the most civilised and ac complished men to equitable and humane treatment, we ought not to recede and we cannot recede. But in our method of seeking to reader these truths uni versal rules of action, we have much to amend. A few months ago we almost despaired of such amend ment, but a recent change in one of the principal offices of government affords room to hope that, in stead of seeing Sir HENRY PorrlNGen snubbed and browbeat for what he ham done, we shall find his successor charged to tread in his footsteps. This is said of the general outline of Sir HENRY'S policy, for of one part we find it impossible to approve. He has re-established the old " commando" system, and proclaimed that all cattle and other booty captured by commandos in the country of Sandilli, or his abettors, shall be retained by the cap tors. This dry land privateering has been found by experience at the Cape to be even more demoralising and mischievous than sea privateering. It converts honest graziers into predatory moss-troopers. Let the property of the insurgent and marauding Kaffirs be confiscated for the public use of the colony—let the levies be encouraged, by pay and other rewards, to persevere in the dangers of bush warfare—but beware of encouraging, in a bold and thin-sown population, habits of exacting redress by their own hands in stead of looking for it to the law and the constituted authorities. The Madrid mails of the 4th have brought intelli gence which will create little surprise with those who are familiar with the habits of intrigue that prevail there. Roe de Olano and General Cordova are dismissed from the cabinet. That Ros de Olano had resigned was rumoured on the Ist, and the fact stated as having occurred, in our paper of the 9th. The Portfolio of War, held by the latter, has been assumed by General Narvaez. The Ministry of Public Instruction, held by Roe de Olano, is to be held ad interim by M. Sartorius. It was thought that Pidal would succeed to it, and that the road was being pre pared for the entrance of M. Mon into the cabinet. In reference to the savings alleged to be accumu lated by Queen Isabella out of the treasury of the household, the Espanol says that the Queen herself proposed to economise 700,000 male a month, and that she did so for some months before as well as alter her marriage. The Duke dc Rianzares, it appears, had in his possession 6,000,000 reale of the money thus economised, when he last left Spain. But some time after, whilst at I'aris, he received, without any previous notice, an order from the Intendent of the Civil List to pay the money, which, sa3s the Espanol, he immediately did through the house of Rothschild, where the money was deposited, and this, it adds, terminated the affair. The Spanish actor, Mirall, whose expulsion from Madrid and subsequently from Spain, we have already noticed, arrived on the 3rd at Marseilles. He was under the care of an officer and of a gendarme, who had orders to place him in the custody of the Spanish consul, with; a despatch containing instructions as to what was to be done with him. The letter of our own Madrid correspondent is given below. From another private letter we learn that the following explanation of the sudden dis missals of Generals Roe de Olano and Concha was circulated and credited. It is said that a royal ordonnance had actually received the sign -manual, and been countersigned by Generals Roe de Olano and Concha, appointing General Alai: to the presi dency of the council, and of course dismissing Nar vaez. The latter personage discovered the affair, through one of his numerous agents, at the moment it was about to be crowned with success. Ile instantly dismissed the two ministers who countersigned the ordonnance, and issued an order to General Alai: to retire to Cuartel and to confine himself in that place. The same letters say that M. Pidal has declined the Ministry of Public Instruction. The prevailing impression at Madrid was that the Queen was under personal constraint. The Ileraldo, the semi-official organ, states that the reason alleged by General Espartero for refusing the London embassy, which it admits was actually con ferred on him, was that his means did not permit him to sustain it in a becoming manner, and that, besides, he felt it right to remain separated from public affairs for the present. He added, that he did not refuse the embassy because it was offered by the present mi nistry, for he should also have refused it had it been offered by a cabinet composed of his old political friends. As to an order having been given to him to remain abroad, the Heraldo says it has not heard that instructions for such an order had been forwarded to M. Isturitz. The Esj,anol says, that a service of plate is being manufactured, with the intention of being presented to the Duke do Montpensier. It is to bear the inscription—" The Cataloman people to the Duke de Montpensier." The Gazelle de Spener says, on the subject of the evacuation of the town of Ferrara, that although a cor respondent of the Breslau Gazelle stated that Austria had proposed to evacuate Ferrara and Comachio, in ex change for permission to occupy Parma and Piacenza, there is no foundation for the news. After the notes in which the court of Rome insisted on the evacuation of Ferrara, Prince Metternich had written to all the European powers an account of the state of things, and said that if the Pope attached such importance to the occupation of Ferrara, Austria, for the safety of its military position in Italy, could find no other compensation than to take possession of Parma and Piacenza. This is what we learn from the best sources. The best refutation, however, of the fact stated by the correspondent of the Breslau Gazette is the departure of Marie Louise for Parma, which is to take place positively on the 6th. It appears that the events of Lucca have produced a profound sensation amongst the inhabitants of Parma. The following interesting report of the grand popular demonstration which took place on the 3rd, at Turin, is given by a correspondent of La Presse : I announced yestefflay that the Carignan Theatre was to be illuminated in the evening, and that a hymn was to be chaunted to Charles Albert. This fete has surpassed in magnificence and in enthusiasm all that can be imagined. Long before the time announced for the rising of the cur tain, the theatre was metantorphosd into a vast and magni ficent assemblage of ladies, of flowers, and of diamonds; the elite of society of Turin was grouped in boxes splendidly lighted; whilst the young men, occupying the pit, preluded by cries of " Long live Charles Albert!" the fine singing that we were about to bear. The Piedmontese, Genoese, and Savoyard flags floated above a great number of boxes, and the blue rosette was displayed on every breast. The curtain rose at seven o'clock to an immense cry of " Long life to the King," and the orchestra commenced the beautiful overture of La Semiramide, the opera which was to open the per formances; but scarcely was it terminated when the pit rose en masse, and exacted the immediate execution of the hymn which was only to have been sung at the end of the second act. The manager appeared and announced that the singers, complying with the just impatience of the spec- ' tators, would proceed to satisfy them. During the prepara tions, the spectators themselves chanted the cantata of tho morning, and repeated it until the curtain rose, and displayed a hundred singers ranged in order, behind a double row of women, forming part of the chorus. This moment was magnificent. A triple salvo of cheers and three acclamations of " Long live the King! " saluted this singing army, which was interrupted at each strophe b 7 cries of frantic joy. This beautiful hymn of the poet 'I. Guidi, mite music by the maestro Gaetano Magszzari, was repeated eight times, and was only interrupted by the ballet, the only part of the programme which could be performed. An idea cannot be formed of the enthusiasm of the specta tors; it was in fact more than enthusiasm—it was delirium —the shouts of applause were sufficient to wake the dead. At one moment, all the ladies having risen in their boxes, formed with their white scarfs a quadruple chain of union, which, starting from the two extremities, met at the centre, and formed a ravishing eoupd'onl. During this time, and as if to consecrate this sign of union, this rainbow of peace, a thousand voices cried, " Long live our brethren of Genoa !" " Long live our brethren of Savoy and of Nice !" " Long live the children of Charles Albert !" It was really a single family of brethren who lked on that evening the chief of the state, Charles Albert, who had just, said they, joined the sceptre of love to that of authority. WE publish in another column a letter from Mr GEDTE, explaining the circumstances and law charges attending the removal of certain nuisances in Lambeth, on which we commented at the time the cues were before the magistrates. The Journal des Debate of Tuesday has the follow ing : " We have just learnt at the same moment two very sad events; we fulfil a sad duty in bringing them to the knowledge of the public. Count Bresson, ambassador from France to the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, died at Naples on the 2nd inst. He was found at six o'clock in the morning in his bed, bathed in blood, and having a large wound in his throat, supposed to have been made with a razor. 'this frightful intelligence was brought to France by the steamer L'Ocean, which has just arrived at Mar seilles. We have no other details. The other event took place nearer to us, in Paris : Count Mortier was seized suddenly with temporary insanity ; and, in the course of Sunday last, it was found necessary to send him to a lunatic asylum. For some time past M. Mortier showed alarming symptoms of this terrible malady, and gave himself up to acts of the greatest violence, apparently without cause. In the morn ing of Sunday, having locked himself up with his two children in one of the rooms of a suite he occupied in the Hotel Chatham, he wrote two letters in almost the same terms to his wife and to a friend, informing them that in a few moments he and his two children would have ceased to lice. The prefect of police was immediately informed of the fact, and he came to the Hotel Chatham, where he was soon joined by the chancellor of the Chamber of Peers, of which M. Mortier is a member. M. Mortier was still in his room, into which he had firmly barricaded himself. He was armed with a razor, and brandishing it about, now as if about to kill his children, then as if to make an end of him self: he uttered in his delirium the most awful ex pressions. Endeavours were made to speak to him in a friendly tone, but these were only met by stronger threats of murder and bloodshed ; then, speaking to his son, whom he held bowed down on his knees, he told him that he must die. The unfortunate child, who is only eleven years of age, strove to escape from his father's grasp, saying that he would not die. The unfortu nate madman then addressing his daughter, a little girl eight years of age, asked her whether she would consent to die with him. The poor little thing answered in her tiny voice that she would die with her father, and as she said this it appeared to the persons listening outside that her father was accom plishing his horrible design. This scene lasted for three hours. The Countess Mortier, Chancellor Pasquier, and M. Delessert, hearing everything that passed from the outside. A condemned doorway was at last used as a means of entrance ; the Chancellor and M. Pasquier rushed in, and succeeded in rescuing tke children from the infuriated father. He, how- Letters from Berne, of the sth, have been received. The movement of troops in the direction of the Friburg frontier was continued. Among those which marched through Berne were a division of infantry and artil lery of Zurich, a squadron of cavalry of Vend, and the 10th battalion of the picked infantry of Berne. It was expected that a simultaneous attack would be made on Friburg on the west by Col. Itilliet and on the east by Col. Burckliart. A correspondent of the thnstitutionnel gives the following version of the interview which took place on the 4th, between Mr. Peel and M. Ochsenbeui, and which we have already reported : It is said, but I will not guarantee the truth of the report, that this interview was held with the intention of the English envoy to ascertain whether any means could be found to settle the difference without shedding blood, and it is even pretended that this initiative was pro_ dead by a journey which Mr. Peel took to Friburg. The English minister, it would appear, went as far as to an nounce that it was probable that delegates would be sent by the League to renew negotiations. M. Ochsenbein is said to have replied it was too late; that, beside., he had already convoked the diet for four o'clock that evening, in order to vote the measures of execution by strength of arms. Its further added that Mr. Peel had been induced to take this step by another consideration. He had been prayed to in terest himself in the case of a few Irish youths, now at the college of the Jesuits, at Friburg, and he thought it his duty, in order to withdraw them from thence in nine to in. quire of the president at what time hostilities were likely to All communications between Berne and the ad jacent cantons of Lucerne and Friburg have ceased. The Zurich Gazette of the 6th says that news had been received there the night before from Bellinzooa, that on the 4th the troops of Uri had penetrated into the territory of Tessin; and that an engagement be tween the advanced posts had taken place, in which two officers of Uri were killed. On the Preposition of the Councillor of o f Zurich, the State Councillor decided that the ex port of all kinds of grain from Zurich to the cantons of Zug and Schwyz should be prohibited from that hour until further notice. (Lucerne some time since prohibited the export of provisions of any kind to the canton of Argau.) A lengthy manifesto has been addressed to the Swiss nation by the Diet, which we do not think ne cessary to insert here. MADRID, Nov. 4. After a stubborn resistance, Roe do Olano and Cordova have at last been expelled from the cabinet. The decree► relieving them of their portfolios, ►igned by the Queen last night, appear in the Gazette of to-day. Names is appointed Minister of War in the place of Cordova, and the department of Public Instruction is committed ad interim to the charge of Sartorius. Next comes the disminial of D. Jost de la Concha from the post of Director-General of the Cavalry, and the appoint ment of D. Ricardo Shelley, Captain-General of Andalusia, in his stead. Then follows the dismissal of D. Anselmo Bluer from the charge of Director-General of Infantry, and the appointment of D. Francisco de Paula Figueroa in his stead. Lastly, D. Laureano Sans succeeds Figueroa as director of the corps d'etat.majeur. The Eco reports the dismissal of Dos Manuel de la Concha from his command in Catalonia, I know not on what autho rity. The same paper mentions Fidel as the probable suc cessor to Roe de Olaue, in order to smooth the way to Mon's return to the head of the finance department ; and the deci sion, in a ministerial council on Monday night, that the Montpensiers should be allowed to come to Madrid. Narvaes, then, has succeeded in his aim of obtaining the management of the war department, and all the suppositions built by the progresistu upon his remaining without a port folio fall to the ground. We must therefore conclude, either that the asserted disinclination of the Queen to despatch business with him is an error, or that her Majesty's will is under constraint. The Queen frequents the Circo and Principe Theatre, as usual, but attended only by the Marquis de Miraflores, the new governor of the palace. The Espanol of to-day says that Penal Aguayo has sent to their office an account of his administration of the royal patrimony, which, however, they defer publishing till to morrow. . . . . The municipal elections, in eight districts out of the ten into which Madrid is divided, have terminated in favour of the moderadoe. In the two remaining districts the pro gresistas have gained the day. The Ecu complains of unfair dealing ; but the majorities of the moderados are so enor mous as to make it doubtful whether any amount of fairness would have given their adversaries the victory. One advan tage of the government in this struggle, very considerable, where so many employs exist, is that all persona receiving pay to the amount of 9,000 reels in the employ of govern ment are qualified electors. All the papers are occupied with the appointment offered to Espartero of English ambassador, his refusal, and con sequent orders communicated to him from the government, through Isturitz, to stay in London till further notice. If such an order has been communicated, it will in all proba bility be withdrawn. The Espanol, which supports the government while it asserts the independence of its opinions recommends that Espartero should not be prevented from taking his seat in the senate, or be excepted in any way (rem the benefit of the late amnesty. The Eco says that the decree appointing Espartero am‘tas sador was found in the ministerial office of state, signed by the Queen, but not countersigned by any of the ministers. The Espanol affirms that the late ministry looked upon this appointment as the best way of getting over the difficulty which the expectation of disorders at the return of the ex regent to his country presented; and that the friends of Espartero were satisfied with this arrangement. General Narvaex's cabinet, finding things in this state, had no objec tion to complete the projected appointment. The Barcelona papers announce the arrival of Miran in that port. The Popular of last night hears that a piece of plate is preparing in the works of Martinez, the silversmiths, for presentation to the Duke of Montpcnaier, with this in scription, " The Catalan people to the Duke of Montpensier." Martin Belda, an employ, in the Home-office, has been elected Cortes deputy for the district of Cabs, province of Cordova. Among the bills which the government are preparing for presentation to the Cortes the Faro mentions one on the liberty of the press, and another concerning public order. The bulls have arrived confirming the appointments of the four Spanish bishops declared in the papal consistory of the 4tb. With them have arrived the patios (archiepiscopal in signs, consisting of a white band, with six black crosses,worn on the breast) for the Archbishops of Toledo and Burgos, which were sent to those prel►tes on the '2nd by the Minister of State. As soon u the bulls receive the royal et-equator the new bishops will be consecrated, and the metropolitans invested with the polio. The first task of the Cortes after fulfilling the usual for malities will be to form a list of the vacant seats and issue writs for the re-elections. Don Manuel Lasberas (moderado) has been elected deputy for Almaden. SAXON Y.—PanovE, Nov. 3.—Count Stadion, go vernor of Moravia and Silesia, has, we understand, been nominated head burgrave of Bohemia, and will commence his official duties as soon as the Archduke Stephen shall have been elected palatine of Hungary.—Allgemeine Zeittog. ' APPEALS AGAINST THE DECISIONS OF THE lowiog order, by t r IL . f a C ST . E RB . mon P h e l eF beard , hnT i dhe. h rsr e nTa t ypo u m l the Court the 11th; ]tea_ day the 15th, and Thursday, the 18th of November: — Northamptonshire (southern division), Buxton, appellant. Gary, respondent : Burton , ap. ; L angha m , reap. (lo ta ,: ham ju lbo , oropug.; h}l.o,Sthheergldilion:reaspp.;. ldonmouthshite s,sp•; Lockett, reap. (notice countermanded). Monmouthshire, Birch, as , ; Edwards, reap. Worcestershire, Palmer, ap. ; Allen, ray, Watson, ap. ; Cotton, rap : Watson, ap.; Pitt, reap. Lye j , Regis, Prior, ap. ; Waring, reap. Skirewsbur, Clai m; ap. ; Bawdier, reap. London, Downing, ap. ; Lockett, reap,. Liverpool, Hartley, ap. ; Marrow, reap. Ayi ng a,,,, , Aldworth, ap.; Dore, reap. Southampton, Clarke, al).; Beaton, reap. FlREB.—Last night, shortly before 10 o'clock, two fires broke out almost aimoltsweindiy, at High-met, Cue_ berweli, and High-street, Newington Butts. The first was upon the premises in the tenure of Mr. Tidy, furnishi.,, ironmonger. A constable raised an instant alarm, and te e several inmates suoceded iu effecting a retreat from the back of the house. The fire was soon extinguished The damag e done to the stock is very serious, but fortunately Mr. Tidy way insured in the Sun Fire•office. The second rare, which took place immediately after, was at the house of NIT. Pick. ett, cheesemengcr, when considerable damage sun effected g u t is h h e edpro. progress Neither ofth N e %..i . os si % t they were not in ti.e house g the b e f ore Pickett wrim t hec generallyufi l a d ca l> O es a w i e e i seen e e t duringthat LITERATURE OF THE LOWER ORDF,Ra EXPECTED SPECIE.—H.I.S. Cormorant WU to sail from Valparaiso for Rio Janeiro and England on the 29th August with about 1,500,000 dole. in specie, on freight. Cbe Court. - - WINDSOR, WEDNESDAY.—The Queen and Prince Albert took their accustomed early walk. The Prince 'of Wales, Prince Alfred, and the Princess Alide, took walking and pony exercise this morning in the Slopes. The Princess Helena wu also taken an airing. Count and Countess Dietrichatein and Viscount Palmerston took their departure from the Cattle to-day. The royal dinner party at the Castle this evening will include Baron de Brunow, the Earl and Countess of Jersey and Lady Clementine Villiers the Earl and Countess Spencer. Sir Robert and Lady Gakiner, andthe Rev. Dr. Philpott (Via-' Chancellor of Cambridge). A Cabinet Council was held at half-past two o'clock yesterday afternoon, at the Foreign-office. The ministers present were Lord J. Russell, the Lord Chancellor, Sir G. Grey, Viscount Palmerston, Earl Grey, the Earl of Auck- land, Lord Campbell, Viscount Morpeth, the Right Hon. H. Labouchere, and the Right Boss. T. B. Macaulay. The council sat two hours. The Metropolitan Sanitary Commission held a meeting at Gwydyr-house yesterday. Sir J. Carnegie bad an interview with Sir G. Grey yesterday, at the Home-office. Viscount Palmerston arrived in town yesterday from Windsor Cutle. Viscount Morpeth has returned to town. BATCH THE THIRD. The specimens of the literature of the lower order which have already come under our observation, are of a character to startle those who knew them not betara—aad their name is legion. Yet, worse remains bebini . a m ai , of impurity and corruption which we dare not such. know of its existence, but we fear contact with it—, yen for the purpose of moral vivisection. It might seem 3n, ossible to descend deeper in the moral gulf than to 'he region of the murderous, the sensual, and the blaa hemous— the chosen precincts of horror, superstition, and guilty indulgence. But it is not. Within that Ivu hell, there is a lower still--a deeper, fouler, well-spring of poi . sonout "water' of life"—life, which is a livirg death_ than those sources of pollution which we have already brieey indicated by their names and attributes. We are not, hem. ever, about to lay them bare before the eye of the glum' reader. We shall not even allude to or specitt them is more general terms. We have no desire to exttu, much less to gratify, a prurient curiosity. Our object ut. address attention to the subject of the noxious influecce which dd s pestilential literary aliment has upon the moral and social health and well-being of the community. We sish to say no more than is absolutely necessary to set those—the preacher and the teacher especially —upon the right track for the discovery and counteraction of the mi-chievess influenee. -- tspatches were received yesterday . at the Colonial office from the Governors of New South Wales, the Mauri tius, the Cape of Good Hope, and the Gold Coast. A BODY OP POLICE, upwards of a thousand strong, has been despatched cid the North-Western line, to the scene of the stoppage of the great railway works. THE SOCIETY OP ARTS commenced its 94th ses sion last evening, in the great room, John-street, Ad/Iphi The chair was taken by T. Webster, Esq. The secretary read the report of the council, which referred to the recent changes introduced into the constitution of the society, sad to the good effects produced thereby. The number of com munications and of candidates for prizes had annually in creased, and the consequence was greatly to increase the funds of the society. The council next drew an outline of the modifications introduced into the nature of the objects sought to be promoted by the society, and especially witu respect to the advance of decorative art, and its application to domestic uses, and to the extension of British manufactures. This movement had its origin in the suggestion of his Royal Highness the president, ►nd had been followed up by the offer of large premiums for the production of specimens, and by which means a large number of rich objects were produced exhibiting a marked improve ment in this branch of industrial skill. Many of the objects thus produced had found their way into common use under the names of the prize patterns of the Society of Arts. The next topic touched on was the increased amount of premiums offered by the society for new objects of decorative art and or namental design during the present session, and an exhibition of these similar to that of last year was promised to be held in the moath of March. It was further announced that the exhibition of the Mulready paintings would take place in the Adelphi in May next. The report concluded by stating that her Majesty the Queen had, at the request of the Prince Consort, granted a charter to the society, and this document was laid upon the table.—A communication made by Mr. J. Cundall, on ornamental art as applied to ancient and modern bookbinding, was then read. Numer ous curious specimens of the art of bookbinding were placed on the tables, the elaborate finish of which excited admir ation.—After Mr. Cundall's paper was read the secretary produced a volume containing the estimates and contracts for building Henry VIE'. Chapel, Westminster Abbey. TURNPIKE ROADS AND RAlLWAYS.—Yesterday, the New-cross turnpike-roads were put up to public compe. tition. They were put up at 11,4701., this being above the expense, of collecting them, and which was the sum they were let for last year; but in consequence of the falling off in the collection of the tolls, arising from the competition by the numerous railways, not one offer was made. Nor need those whose duties and responsibilities to G o a and society call upon them to interfere, to instruct the igne rant and to warn the vicious, entertain any fear that their labours will be lost. They have • right to calculate upon the reverse. Men diet on indifferent food, only when they have not and know not where to obtain better. EVe the poor and ignorant would not prefer the literature L.! Salisbury square and Holyweil-street to that of Paternoster-row and Fleet-street, if they could procure the latter, and lad the elementary education necessary to enable them to wide:stand and enjoy it. This is sufficiently evidenced by the fact , that, for three or four years past, this grosser literature has been con stantly diminishing in amount, and even somewhat improving in character. As education spreads, it is dying out of itself. Some care on the fleet of those who exercise influenveover the ignorant in their daily and domestic life, would probably soon exterminate it altogether. A little teaching would do it. Uneducated men want better models. It is incumtwat upon those who are placed in authority over them--“,eciallo in spiritual authority—to point them out. The los men are instructel, the more necessary is it for them to do sonic kind of hero-worship. This is an intellectual and mom. instinct. All possess it in greater or less degrees. It is a sort of natural, spontaneous religion. Heroes, models, arty one must have. The kind of heroes and model+ ail' in a great measure determine the individual's character and ea rev. In the literature of his class, each man looks to fuld the heroic incarnated—and, in the majority of caeo, perhaps, that incarnation becomes to him, for weal or woe, for good or evil, the mould of his manhood—the mod. I of his life. How important it is, then, that, in the instance of persons who are uneducated, or only imperfectly educated, the high est possible standards of excellence should be prtaented to their understandings and their hearts! The batch of issues from the people's press which we no tice today, consists of the London Pioneer, the London Journal, and the Family Herald. In this batch there is a perceptible improvement upon those formerly dealt with. In these we first begin to find ourselves in contact with coo. rslities, which, if still imperfect and to that extent danger ous, are yet not quite diabolical; with sentiments, which, if always loose and often of questionable soundness, are not incurably diseased ; with characters, which, although not enshrining the highest qualities of moral beings, are yet far removed from the gross personages of the /tour, Sunday Times ; and with doctrines, which, if false and din. organising in tendency, do not coarsely assail the principles of religion and strike at the roots of whatever is most beauti ful and beneficial in the community. As we commenced our research amongst the lower strata of popular lies retiree, oar course is upward. As we ascend, we must naturally rise to higher levels and a purer atmosphere; but we cannot as that we have yet arrived in an atmosphere adapted for healthful inspiration and respiration. Each of these publications contains sixteen pages of close letter.press, and is sold for a penny. The London Pioneer is decid edly the lowest in character of the three. It was formerly, we believe, The Penny Satirist—a serial which, for low scurrility and malignity, was mu quilled. At one time its circulation, amongst the lowest refuse of the populations of London, Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow, and other large towns, was enormous. But a somewhat better feeling grew up amongst its readers—certainly not through its instrumentality—and it was abandoned. The London Pioneer sprang from its ashes ; out the tone and intentions were widely different in the two journals. The scurrility and gross indecency have disappeared—if no posi tive Food have taken their places. In general terms. it may be said to belong to the Salisbury-square type—bat it affects, and, indeed, maintains, a more scrupulous regard to the pro prieties. It contains one illustration—ill executed, even when judiciously selected. One or two stories and " con tinuation'," and a sort of leading article upon • topic of the day, occupy the principal columns, and odds and end, origi nal and borrowed, of various kinds, fill up the re mainder of its apace. The London Journal ; a Weekly Record of Literature, Science, and Art, belongs to the same genre, but is of a still lees exceptionable spectes. It is also illus trated with wood-cuts, some of which are net without a rough striking merit of their kind. The mass of the con tents is translated from the French—a source which will net of itself offer any guarantee of its purity. " Monte Christo," by Alexandreumas, forms • prominent feature in the work; and a still more useful translation of " Thiers's History of the Consulate and Empire of France under Napoleon," appears in its columns. Amongst the more reprehensible matter is a series of " Love letters of remarkable persons " in which are printed several disgusting epistles attributed to Lord Byron, but which were never written by him, and his mistress, Lady C— L--. Others of Pope and Swift are alsogiven, which modesty might well have spared. But a dash of the sensual is considered by the editors or proprietors of all these low works essential to their success. They call it the seasoning of their made dishes. And probably their readers, whose feelings have been left uncultivated, are very susceptible to these dangerous and demoralising influences ; and, aocustomed to viands so flavoured, would think them flat and not sufficiently piquant otherwise. One of the most curious features in these periodicals is, that they profess to give advice and instruction to their in dividual readers upon almost every subject. Their ability to do so is often tested. From one to four columns arc de voted weekly to resolving the difficulties and sharing the confidences of their readers. It certainly ex hibits a strange lack of trustworthy authoriti s and instructors to whom the artisan or peasant might apply for advice and aid, in his own neighbourhood, that he should be forced to apply and trust to an unknown and irresponsible personage who stands behind the London Journal or the Family Herald for the solution ef his difficulties. These questions are about almost every conceivable subject ; but I we notice that a goodly number of those which are addressed to the London Journal have reference to the studies or the reading of the applicants. It would, of course, be too much to expect that the coaductors of such periodicals should be able to give sound advice and exact information, from the best mode of holding a pen, up to the subtleties of German grammar ; but the mischief is, that they consider themselves, according to the terms of their self-imposed task, bound to give an answer, whether it be right or wrong. A ludicrous instance of the soundness of the information thus conveyed lies now under our eye. IL S. P. writes to know how to pronounce Go he. After an un intelligible flourish about diphthongs, silent lettere, and mute aspirates, the editor thus concludes :—" We may safely say, without the chance ef leading you into an error, that Giithe is pronsunced Guhrter." The Family Herald is a purely domestic ' e; and is also decidedly the least offensive of its clam. he principal feature in thin, as in the others, is the novelets. These are often translations from the French also. The disgusting tale of " Martin the Foundling" is just completed in its pages. This may serve as an indication of its tone, and of the fitness to be placed in the hands of young females- The remainder of its many columns is filled with amus ing scrape, cross-readings, riddles, charades, domestic receipts, for dyeing, cooking, etc., and answers to correspondents--which last is perhaps the speciality of the work. The editor states that he receives a hundred letters daily from his numerous correspondents. The peat majority of these are from young females, who make bun the depom- Wry of their secrets, and ask his advice in their love.affourt To these he offers such advice as he thinks proper—which can hardly ever be sound, because he can never learn all the circumstances, even supposing that he had enough of judg ment to pronounce correctly if he could. The questions, too, are often sufficient to puzzle the profound. One lady re quires to be informed " What the higher qualities of art are ?" a second wishes to know " What the sin against the Holy Ghost is, which scripture saes is unpardonable ' • third " Wants a husband!" a fourth is burning to appear upon the stage another is parted from her hus band, and is desirous of being told whether, under given or curnstanoes, she ought to be reconciled to him. One you 4 female us recommended by the oracle " to pout a little, AM make her lover uneasy ." another is counselled to stand spit her dignity, and is emphatically reminded " never to _bile that mysk.ry is the spell of lore!" The mischief that thts sort of " editorial directi o n " m a y ma k e in many families must be amply evident. When can be the mothers of these simple creatures, while they are placing themselves is inch took upon himself the functions of a modern JONAII, come to announce the approaching desolation of this great city, he appears to have entirely forgotten that a proneness to unfeeling levity, and a tone of attenu ated jocularity, were accompaniments indicative rather of an impostor than a prophet. But, in despite of these dreadful prognostications, the government, in a fortunate moment for its exist ence and reputation, did interfere : and, behold, we are arrived at the seventeenth day since this cul minating point of infatuation, and we are neither dead, nor dying, nor ruined, nor ten times worse than we were before, nor likely to be ten times worse, nor worse at all, nor trembling with apprehension, nor fully convinced by actual experiment that, after all, we are in the jaws of poverty, nor rebuking ourselves in any single particular with having turned a deaf ear to the admonitions of our lugubrious adviser. In point of fact, the measure of interference has answered most persons' expectations except those of our eccentric cotemporary, and the party of whose opinions he is a very ambitious, but not a very lucid, expositor. Nay, so utterly undeniable have become the symptoms of success—so abundant and so prominent are the facts which falsify his predictions and his theory, that in that curious department of his compilation, which concerns itself more particularly with financial questions, there has been for the last few days a most diverting confusion between the statements of fact and the statements of opinion. There has been a slight tendency to a revival of those dull and didactic dis courses which, we presume by some error of the printer, have frequently made their appearance in this matter-of-fact division of the paper,very greatly to the alarm and astonishment of the habitual students of the " City Intelligence." But between the tenour of these ponderous performances, and the significant circumstances of the day's experience, there has been the oddest contrariety. Thus, for instance, all the effect of a solemn assurance that the railways are still urging us on into the pit of destruction is entirely neutralised by the intimation that any respectable man who desires to raise money on the Stock Ex change can do it at four per cent. So, again, we are utterly unable to attach any importance to a vague notion about the "declining state of things," when the next paragraph brings us the intelligence that money is " much more plentiful than it was ; that there has been a more quiet feeling in the City than has been witnessed for some time; and that the demand at the Bank is greatly diminished." With these plain matters of fact staring as in the face we content ourselves with concluding, that in pursuance of one of his numerous crotchets our con temporary has been applying the principle of the division of labour to his City correspondence and that in order to secure greater variety ho has t aken care that between the person who delivers the opinions, and him who collects the materials, there shall be the least possible intercourse. We do not know who may be our contemporary's friends, but if he will accept the candid advice of par ties to whom, we dare say, he is not disposed to accord the pretensions of friendship, he will endeavour to redeem the respectability of his position, and in some measure mitigate the outrageous cha racter of his mistake by manfully grappling with the real facts of the case. Between the 25th October and the Ist November we have the testimony of the Gazette that the interference of the Bank was confined to a contemptible 600,000/. of additional securities. His own pages are covered with proofs of the great and beneficent change which between these two dates took place in the condition of the country. Here, then, is the necessity. He must diligently and duly educe from the diminutive acorn of this paltry expansion of advances, the ex tended and luxuriant network of offshoots and foliage which have grown out of the restored confidence, the revived trade, and the reanimated industry of a whole people. Either 600,0001. has abso lutely sufficed to set in motion the whole mercantile machinery of the empire, or we were not in that deplorably destitute condition which he so emphati cally proclaimed; and, either the experience of the last seventeen days is a fiction, or his confident pre dictions of inflated prices and demented speculation are simply another addition to that long catalogue of vulgar errors which are impressed upon the memory of the disciples of this unsafe prophet, by so many cir cumstances of disagreeable experience and distasteful notoriety. Ir is impossible to contemplate the foul murders, which now form the common occurrences of Irish life, without instantly recurring to the means, the poesibi bility of prevention. When is this frightful state of things to cease? When is this reign of terror to be over ? Is it in the power of any coercive law to put an end to it ? We wish we could think so : but of all crimes, the most difficult to prevent is that of the secret and sadden assassin : and the most difficult to punish, is that which springs from wide-spread com bination, and is perpetrated under the shield of clan sympathy. An arms bill is often talked of. If any plausible grounds can be advanced to show that an arms bill would be effective in ever so small a degree, no well , disposed man would think for a moment of opprdng it. But we have no great opinion of such measures. Agrarian murders have been committed with strin gent laws on the statute-book, limiting the right to possess arms. At best, they only throw a diffi culty in the way of obtaining them—a difficulty easily surmounted by a miscreant stimulated by re venge, and panting for bloodshed. The murderer, besides, is not confined in the choice of his weapons; a club, a atone, a pike, or a spade, are engines as mortal in a villain's hand as a musket. Where there is a bloody will, there will be found a bloody way ; the agrarian assassin has never wanted an instrument to wreak his private vengeance, or execute the man dates of the secret tribunal. The sole object of an arms bill, moreover, is to disarm the villain and the man of blood ; but the operation of such a measure is, unfortunately, to disarm likewise to some extent the peaceful and unoffending, and place them at the mercy of the ruffians that surround them. The law is levelled at arms as offensive weapons only, yet the machinery necessarily extends to those intended altogether for defensive purposes. Another consideration is this : admitting that the facility of obtaining arms, which at present exists, may have a tendency to increase and encourage outrages of a par ticular kind, it is undeniable that the effect of an arms bill would be (as it has always proved) to pro mote in an equal degree another species of agrarian crime. We mean the robbery of arms. The opera tion of such a law is doubly severe upon the well-die- Cedpeople of a district; it makes it difficult them, in the first place, to obtain the means of self-defence ; and when they have obtained them, after compliance with all legal requirements, it exposes their houses and cottages to the assaults of those who can no longer procure arms, except by midnight violence. These are a few of the reasons which disincline us to expect much benefit from a legal restraint upon the possession of arms. If, how ever, it were possible to frame a measure so as to de prive the assassin of the moat convenient instruments of murder, without occasioning any countervailing mischief to any serious amount, it would be hard to object to it in the present frightful state of rural society in Ireland. Rural society ! Peaceful words, how inapt to describe a country, where the plough is idle, while the blunderbuss re in fell em ployment, and where society is torn to pieces between monstrous crimes, monstrous miseries, and monstrous follies ! Nle have great confidence in the provision for the Irish poor now established by law; particularly since a vigorous government has pledged itself to carry it out thoroughly, in defiance of inte rested recusancy, and besotted clamour. In this pro vision, we have the seed of the social regeneration of the country ; from this alone we anticipate a revo lution of the moat beneficial character, in the ideas and habits of the peasantry, and in the mutual relations of rich and poor. We most, however, possess our souls in patience : an element of improvement so great as the poor-law has introduced, must have time to work—time to develop itself. We may depend upon it that we shall daily see more and more of its potent virtues and its healing and reno vating operation. The poor of Ireland do not yet know what a great boon has been conferred upon them ; they are far from having, as yet, a distinct notion of the immense change which the legislation of last session has made in their position. They have yet to learn that there is virtually an end to their state of miserable villeinage and abject bondage to the soil. Their existence no longer hangs upon the vile system of con-acre ; depends no longer upon the success of a miserable bidding for a rood of ground. They have long been taught to envy the condition of the people of this country, and now they T