The Express. — London, England, 1847-12-31 00:00:00

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AlYaw" lOWA Assl • aW. mot 9: if Worm IT IMM IS LONDON, FRIDA Y, DEC. 31. TEE news from Washington shows that the whip are the strongest party in the new House of Repro seatatives, but it is by no means clear that they have' a working majority. At the election of the Speaker, there voted for Mr. Wiernaue, the wbig candidate, Ina house of 220, on the first ballot. 108 ; on the second, 109; and on the third, 110. Mr. WINTHROP had not an absolute majority of votes either on the first or second ballot, nor would he have had an &boo- lute majority on the third, but that two members ((one smtio oLthem a democrat) declined Toting. Three tic candidates were nominated, of whom the favourite received on the successive ballots 61, 82, and 64 votes. Eleven members who on the first ballot voted for the second democratic candidate, and 10 of those who voted fur the third, joined the phalanx ot the fleet on the second ballot ; but seeing that . it was hopeless to look for a majority, showed their independence on the third by giving (with the excep tion of three) scattering votes. The united phalanx of the whigs is decidedly stronger in the new house than the united phalanx of the democrats, but whe , thee the whigs are to have a numerical majority will depend, in some measure, upon the course they adopt, and, in a great measure, on the prospects they have of getting into office. • The constitution of the House of Assembly is a matter of considerable importance for President PoLx and his Cabinet, but it concerns foreign nations only in so far as it is likely to affect the general and com mercial policy of the United States. The foreign policy of the Union will, probably, . remain much the same, whatever party is rn , office. The President, in his Message, after ex- I plaining that Mr. Thin was authorised to treat with Mexico, on the understanding that , the Rio Grande should be the boundary from its mouth to about the 32d degree of north latitude, and that New Mexico and California should be ceded to the United States, declares that he still adheres to these terms. He considers the doctrine of no terri tory as the doctrine of no indemnity, and no such arrangement will ever be sanctioned by him. He is convinced that the best means of bringing the war to a close will not be to withdraw the troops in Mexico, ,occupy a designated line and defend it, but to hold and render available the conquests already made. These, there can be little doubt, are the senti ments of the democratic party, and they are also very nearly, if not entirely, those of that important section of the wing party re presented by the New York Courier and Enquirer, In short, there is every reason to believe that the line of policy which the President has chalked out for himself, with regard to Mexico, is so completely in accordance with the views and wishes of a majority of the people, that the whigs must either go along With him in it, or introduce dissension into their own ranks, and forfeit the popular support. There can be little doubt that the course recom mended by the PRESIDENT in Mexican affairs will be adopted. In addition to the acquisition of Cali fornia, he proposes the organisation of a territorial government in Oregon, and the establishment of a tribunal with civil jurisdiction in China. All thew measures have the same end in view—the develop ment of the resources of the United States territory, the assurance of a position that will enable the Union to watch over and support its commerce both in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and the increase of its in fluence in the councils of other American states. These are all perfectly legitimate objects for American statesmen ; objects at the prosecution of which we have ao reason to take umbrage ; objects, the attain ment of which we could not prevent even though we were absurd enough to attempt it. The Americans, like other nations, conscious of superiority in power and intelligence to their neighbours, are desirous of, making it felt. And no party in the United States will be able to acquire, or retain, office, which does not show itself able and willing to gratify this desire. We believe that the perseverance of the Union in its free-trade policy, is as little dependent on the results of its party struggles as its foreign relations. The country is prospering under that policy. During the year ended Ist Decem ber, 1847, the value of imports has exceeded 1461 milions of dollars, the value of domestic produce exported 160 millions. The amount of specie im- Erteported exceeded 24 millions ;of which more than millions have been retained in the country. A Faecal sense of ease and prosperity pervades the Union. The amount of customs duties for the first year under the new tariff is said to exceed the amount for the last year, under the old tariff, by 8,600,000 dollars. Agitators against the new system would have no tangible grievance to take hold of. The interests reared under protection are confined to Now England, and every year the numerical propor tion of the New Englanders to the states and temto ries having an interest in free-trade grows smaller. The American Whigs, if they really wish to obtain office, must buy it by adopting the principles of &mi tes& On the whole, the general bearing of the Presi dent's message, and the indications of the Speaker's election in the House of Representatives, ought to be gratifying to us. That America is bent 'pen making its weight felt among other nations is too natural a desire to entitle as to feel sae primed at it. The great liberal interests, which it mod be the natural wish of England to uphold, are more likely to be strengthened than compromised by each an accession to the great councils of nations. The condition and temper of the United States is of ' promising augury for that extension of our com mercial relations with them which is of so much con sequence to us. These are the respects in which alone the indications of a new congress and a new President's speech have any importance for us. The balance of domestic parties in America, if it concern us at all, concerns us only in so far as it may exercise an influence over these weightier matters of the law. And at the present moment the current of popular feeling in America is obviously so uniform and strong, that parties must take the law from that feeling, in stead of attempting to give it. - Oua impression of yesterday contained the con_ eliding paper upon the present condition, amount of suavity, and moral character of the " Liters ton el the Lower Orders." Our examination of thle carious and important branch of the great social opestion of popular education—although but briefly and breadly made, as required by the necessities of a dolly journal—has, we venture to think, developed sum few points of general interest, to which it will sdt be amuis to direct the more particular attention of oar readers. It would be quite superfluous now to contend for ths necessity of a popular press. The day for the discussion of that question has gone by. Rightly o wrongly, the problem ia solved. The ma s se s have acquired reading habits and tastes; and a library—good, if it can be obtained ; if not , bad— they will The necessity has been created, and it mast be met. The question now is, not whether the lower orders shall read at all, but what they shall reed. A cheap literature is an indispensable element in.** existing arrangement of things social : whe ther it shall be sound as well as cheap, and how that which is found to sot perniciously shall be improved or eupeesedsd by more healthy and genuine mental taunt, is a question of no small importance to three wbs are endowed by nature, or invested by society, with moral and political influence. Cheap lite/eters n of modern origin t and it is not Sheinetteendirfal cabals powerful agonies of human /VA 1 . 0104 haie We evolved ender the diopen , . ‘.41. Jerrie tu”. , • suds'! Mtwr' 6-1.4) Nation of the "great peace." To fix the exact year when it arose would sot be easy : as all greed revolutionary ideas are thund hovering about many minds before , they assume rabstantive forms ; and the term itself is one of relative, not of absolute, vales. A library cheap in England, might be dear in Germany and France, and conversely. But so far as our own country is concerned, t h e dawn of a great popular literature—one appealing to lame sympathies, and looking to an immense circulation at a low rate, rather than toe contracted circle of readers paying a high rate, the first elements of success—may be dated from about 1890. The Atheneum—then giving 16 - pages, and selling for Bcl.—was the first to move deci sively in the matter. About that time it changed hands: the new proprietors at once lowered the price to 4d., improving the article at the same time. The experiment met with com plete neon" ; and having unbounded con fidence in the principle which they had asserted, the proprietary enlarged it permanently to 24 pages, and sometimes even gave 32, without any change of price. The way to a new order of remu nerative enterprise being the. fairly marshalled, nu merous rompstitors—amongst the foremost of whom were the Mean. CHAMBRILS and Mr. CIIARLEB KNIGHT, who, moreover, carried the principle into another and still wider field—rushed into the arena, and cheap literature became thenceforward an esta blished fact. That some evil should result from such a c i e was to be expected. The untrained morals, itClX vated intelligence, and uncontrolled passions of a por tion of the lower clams, offered a tempting field for a noxious literature; and but too many persons—whe ther conscious or unconscious of the mischief of their work we will net undertake to decide—who had no mission or claim whatsoever to the vocation of public instructors, were yet found venal enough to lend themselves to the work of corruption for the sake of the miserable mess of pottage which it rendered them in return. But oar re pots have shown that this deteriorating literature has flourished only, or at least chiefly, in consequence of 'the ignorance and isolation from all better sources of enjoyment and instruction, of its readers. Its con stantly changing forms prove that it has no fast and permanent hold upon the intelligence or sympathies of its supporters ; and all the facts which we have been able to collect—many of which we have withheld, for obvious reasons, from publication—go to show a natural, and in fact organic, tendency of this low lite rature, under whatever shape it maT exist, to self sensation. The rapid increase of high-class cheap periodical or serid literature—such as the works enumerated in the later batches of our reports—is one strong evidence of this: the decreased circulation of their opposites is another. In fact, all literature is undergoing, and has been now for several years past, the revolution of prices. High prices have been proved to be unnecessary in a fiscal point of view, and we venture to believe that the opinion of the world is too profoundly impressed with the value of sound general knowledge to suffer it to be permanently placed beyond the reach and the means of the great masses of the community. The motion of the public mind is towards universality and universal accemibi lity of information. Science and art, too, have aided and accelerated this movement Locomotion has been cheapened. Pleasures have been cheapened by asso- i ciation. Books have been cheapened by diffusion. With the augmentation of capital and mechanical appliances, and the widening of the theatre of opera tion, this tendency is inevitable. When the natty News carried the principle—which was already attested and acted upon in various spheres—into the arena of political journalism—it rather obeyed the impulses of • the public mind than asserted any new theory. It was, to some extent, an experiment, but never an hy ' pothesis : the great principle on which it was based, as a cheap journal, had been often and extensively verified by success,both in this country and in France --and the success or failure of a single paper could ; neither establish nor indubitate the idea of its sound ness. Not the least striking fact exhibited in our brief analysis of the literature of the lower orders, is the utter absence of any specific and reciprocal relation between the quality, or even quantity, and price. Lowness of price might very readily be assumed to stand as the co-ordinate of inferiority of article ; but our reports have shown that this is eminently not the cue. Some of the very worst of the 'viola which we have had the unpleasant task of condemning are actually the d arest when measured only by amount of type and paper given for the money—totally irrespective of the quality, which would be dear at any price—whilst others of the very highest class which the whole range of literature can boast--as for instance the " Standard" and " Euro pean" libraries and the "National Cyclopredia"—ear amongst the very cheapest, even in these inferior respects. Of the means by which this pestilential literature may be superseded, the limitations of our space pre vent our speaking at any length. It must, however, be obvionathat the schoolmaster must be the prime ia the matter : and the more of sympathy and there is afforded by those whose attainments and weld position give them influence, the sooner will the work be done. While government can and must pro vide means for elementary education, much of duty will still devolve upon local philanthropy. The fact pointed out in our third paper—namely, that there are hundreds of working men who are habitually compelled to seek assistance in their studies front the incompetence of the conductors of these penny jour nals who would be only too glad to consult mom respectable and responsible authorities, may supply to more than one class of educated individuals, anxious to do good, a suggestion of a way in which they might be useful in their immediate neighbourhoods— at the some time that they were assisting to elevate the moral tone of the entire community. Our Paris despatches of Wednesday have arrived. ' ', The Chambers were occupied chiefly with the forma tion of the several bureaux, or standing committees, the verification of powers, and the election of officer,. Little interest is attached to these proceedings, as the opposition have not decided on making any serious stand against the nominations of the government. At the moment of closing his despatches our cor respondent learned that the ministerial candidates were elected in all the bureaux, except one, in which M. 'niers was elected president, and M. de Lasterie, secretary. M. Satinet has been re-elected to the presidency of the Chambers, and all the ministerial candidates to the secondary offices. A report was circulated in well-informed circles, and generally credited in Paris, that the Austrians had intervened in Italy. The place and occasion of the intervention, however, are not stated. The Union Monarchique has the following : We alluded a few days ago to diplomatic conferences held at Frankfort on the Swiss question and are now able to com plete our information. The cabinets of Vienna and }lselin have addressed to the Germania Diet a communication on the subject of the resistors of the federal compact. A sitting upon It was held on the 10th, under the presidency of Count Doenhoff, the Premien anshuseder. There were eleven members of the Diet promat, and six were represented by delegates. All agreed Is approving of the conduct of the groat powers towards the Vorcut, end it was unani mously decided that if Switzerland should change her pre sent constitution for a enamel sovereignty, by establishing a unitary system, the contracting poetise of the treaty of Vienna would no lurgerguarentee the nestrality of Switzer, land. The Russian manner, M. Xmases!, who withdrew from Owitaaland to Frankfort, had not nerved any further instructions. Russia has not addressed any notes to Switzer land, but the cabinet has been unwilling to utter paithu mous threats, which can have noleflect. The Baron (brand (de I'Ain), peer of France and Vice-President of the Council of State, died in Paris on Monday. The reduction of the rate of discount to four per cent. at the Bank of Paris commenced on Tuesday. The Duke de Broglie bad arrived in Paris. The Madrid mails of the 23rd have arrived. On the 22nd a ministerial change had been expected, but the assotte, of the 23rd, which was anxiously looked for contained nothing respecting changes in the cabinet. A project was said to be entertained with the objest of hri aging MIL Mon and Pidal into the cabinet, the one as Minister of Finance and the other of Julie& M. Aertuela would in that ease be mind to the preaency of the Chamber of Deputies, vacated by K. Moo. The bitter, however, had not yet se ceded to this arrowroot. If he should decline it, M. Beltran de Lis would • take the finance, and M. °limn at Owieral Bipeirea the marine. The Gazette of the 24th was expected to emcees* def nitively these tainiMmiel It was exposed that, after all, the impeachment of the ex-ministers would not be carried into effect. A captain-generalablp in Africa has bon crated tor General R nt. ai Olano by royal emliannenes dated 18th insta . • •• . . . The Chamber of Deputies had voted, almost nnas illb of 25,000 men. The mgr./milk tta appoitittneoi to: the effigies at tie • R,. African territory which we have k . irl i u ~. co. g res. t ad as burned uitil after ' . . 111 . Die Diet sammUted at Berne on lita 24th, when. a resolution was passed giving five yeas* to the canton of Unterwald to pay its indemeity for the expenses of the late war. Further sittings were to be suspended for some days, owing to the absence of several deputies. e eourrier Suisse says that the monks of the Great St. Bernard have deserted their monastery, and taken refuge in Sardinia with their effects, rather than comply with the decrees of the government, which were directed to levy upon them a portion of the expellees of the war. According to letters from Milan of the 19th inst, an extraordinary sensation has been excited through out Lombardy, by . an act of moral courage on the part of M. Nazart, the deputy of the city of Ber in the central congregation of the kingdom. rest% gamo, This deputy moved in the congregation a _lotion, founded on the universal discontent of the country, that a committee be appointed to lay before the Emperor of Austria a project of reform for the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom. Although this motion was opposed by the Governor of Milan, who is presi dent of the congregation, and who declared that the Viceroy himself was engaged in preparing a project of reform, it was passed unanimously by the assem bly, twenty-four members of which were present. The president found himself compelled to proceed to the nomination of the committee, declaring, neverthe less, in the name of the Viceroy, that no discontent prevailed in the country. The committee consisted of the following deputies :—Count Porro, for Como; Dr. Villa, for Milan; Count Schizzi, for Cremona; Count Sarni, for Lodi ; M. San Oervesso ' for Brescia; M. Nazari, fir Bergamo; and M. Zanetti, for Mantua. When this proceeding became known, the greatest , excitement prevailed in Milan, and the inhabitants crowded to the residence of M. Nazari, to inscribe their names, as en expression of respect and appro bation. Letters from Florence of the 19th announce the de cease of M. Peruzzi, Gonfalonier of that city. The Grand Duke determined to appoint to the important offiee this vacated, the Baron Ricalosi, lately nomi nated Governor of Leghorn, and who is known as a person of great capacity, and liberal opinions. M. .Rioakd was the founder of the Florence journal La Pstria. Before this appointment, however, was com pleted, it became known that a popular demonstra tion rip in preparation in favour of the Prince Neri Corsim, and that an assemblage of person. were about to collect before the palace of the latter, to salute him as the future Gonfalonier. To anticipate this move ment the Grand Duke caused the decree nominating M. Ricalosi to be immediately published. General Bproni was nominated Governor of Leghorn. Letters from Pisa of the 22nd say that the liberal paste manifests the intention of obtaining new and wove important reforms from the Grand Duke. These proceedings give much uneasiness to the government Letters from Naples of the 18th affirm that the Duke of Serra Capriole, who had arrived there several days before, had expressed a strong disinclination to accept the post in the government of Sicily which the king had destined for him. The duke pretended, ao oorng to these reports, that he did not feel himself equal to the grave exigencies of the country. The Nourelliate, of Marseilles, on the authority of , its Naples correspondent, says: Oa the 16th inet. the King, being informed that the recent popular demonstrations were to be repeated in the evening, summoned General Statella, military governor, and 111. Delcaretto, minister of police, to consult on the m rendered necessary by existing circumstances. Gen eral tells was of opinion that government should immediately decide upon adopting either the reforms required or mea sures of strong coercion. Delcaretto advised a vigorous re pression and an increase of severity, observing that the least concession erould most certainly increase the exigencies of the people, end that, in his opinion, it was very dangerous to enter upon such a course. The blindness of the king wu here conspicuously displayed, the advice of D.lcaretto was adopted forthwith. In the evening all the gates of the royal palace were shut—pieces of &attn. ry pointed through them towards the avenue, with snatches lighted. The principal street* of Naples, especially Via Toledo, and its approaches, were inundated with sbirsi and gene d'oesses. Notwithstanding these menacing preparations innumerable crowds collected and pacific demonstrations again broke out. Then it was that the bloody conflict took place between an unarmed and anoffending population, and the seids of despotism. The ease evening Delearettocaused td. Parisi, the famous fencing master, to be arreated,with Duke Prota, the eon of Prince Torella, and many others whose names 1 cannot quote to you. Delcaretto having caused Parisi to be brought before him handcuffed, and in the cue ' tody of four soldiers, insulted him in the most offensive terms. Letters from Rome of the 18th say that the deci. I sion of the Pope in favour of the opinion of the ICouncil of State, that its debates should be public, was confidently anticipated and anxiously expected. It was said that much agitation prevailed among the people. These letters announce also the fact that the city of Ferrara has at length been evacuated by the Austrians, who have been withdrawn into the citadel. It is arranged that a gate shall be opened from the citadel upon the Po, so that all communication be tween that fortress and the city shall be rendered unnecessary, and, in fact, discontinued. The functions of the Secretary of State at Rome are, it is said, to be divided into three sections, to be ex ercised by different persons:-Ist, foreign affairs; 2nd, home affairs ; 3rd, ecclesiastical affairs. M. Ferrieri, the new nuncio to the Porte, left for Constantinople on the 15th by a Sardinian war-steamer placed at the disposal of his holinfte by King Charles Albert His eminence is the bearer of magnificent presents to the Sultan. Immediately on his arrival he is to open negotiations for the settlement of the patriarchate of Jerusalem, the nominee for which office is to proceed to his destination as soon as the neoeseary diplomatic arrangements shall have been completed. The Italian° of Bologna quotes a letter from Modena, of the 15th, stating that, in consequence of the demonstration in honour of Monsignor Corboli Bassi, two persons of the Israelite persuasion have been arrested by the police. Demonstrations had taken place at R e ggio (Modena) in honour of the Pope ; and on the 13th an assemblage of persons were pat to flight by the troops, and one amongst them was mortally wounded, for singing the hymn of Pius IX. Archduke Maximilian left Modena for Vienna on the 14th. A placard was found stock up in the former citywith the following words: " Brethren, the massacre of Cracow is to be renewed here. The ambassador of Austria has said that three days of blood will produce thirty years of peace. Let us be united I" Since the above was written we have received fur ther despatches from Rome to the 20th. It is under stood that the debate of the council of state will be public with the sanction of his holiness. The Florence journals of the 22d have arrived. The Petrie gives farther details of the popular movement of the 15th at Naples. According to the corre spondent of that journal, the populace committed no other offence than uttering the usual exclamations in favour of the Pope, when the troops without any summons or proclamation to disperse, were ordered to fire lapels the unarmed crowd, and a great number of citizens were killed and wounded. As already stated, a modification of the Dutch cabinet bag taken place. The government is composed as fol lows :—Foreign Affairs, the Count Van Itaadwyek; Minister of the Interior, tho Chevalier Van der Heim; Finances, the Chevalier Van Itappard; Justice, the Chevalier de Joughe ; the Minister of Public Worship (Protestant), Baron Zuyler Van Nijvelt; Ditto (Cs tholic), Heer Van Son ; War, General List; Navy, Beer Rijk : Colonies, Heer Baud. It is said that a profound division of opinion respecting the revision of the fundamental compact with reterenoe to the colonies was the cause of the unexpected ministerial changes. Several members of the newly appointed oabinet are known to belong to the retrograde party. The Rotterdamscles Courant of Dec. 27 states that it is doubtful whether all the above individuals will fill the poets to which they have been nominated. COLONIAL. CANADA.—BALIFAZ.—A New Yalier2az saatlezaau jest arrived from Miagiaha SIMI are about one bundrod fanaMeasssilWi si Writ eats of destitution, and ankh, IllaisiOnla Wows. *odd antes, they will die from 11 1 •1114 1 .1' • of the trial of dvb Compivi tug th• 12 6 if • IMF milli Med • o p , M tirstri itrlidirmigg' Aar • tertiary at bird labour. • PORTUGAL. the Oriental COispialyis stew:packet Iberia, Capt. Mn Bowen, arrived at Besdhansptoo yeetardaf t and landed her mails nutiertbielsarp of Liest. gamier, R.N., Admiralty Vat. LISBON, Dee. 24. A supplement to the D • eh °storm WwWl on the 19th ult. contains the °Asia' enno meeit of a change in the charge oprimsuguisseimmminsmitnstrythk. see I? r e m o i f S um alda me nh k a , lead t t mm he are of hisseelf. Ws poste kre : President of the Connell, Duke of Sakkuslus ! Foreign Affairs, Duke of &Marsha ! War De y M il id eang elne nni :, ll" ll:gostin l n k t2 .l 4 : 4 7i w o ao Al tk fnd e tran Smie"ha re juilia. o is d a s' im ii !j im i ciag l ii vi la kra l e e l°l4 P ° J i k : i to ce g ae :; .. BQ.° l c f i F in anc e, za o a ministry dictated by Costa Cabral, governed by him, but without his appearing in character ; all the members of the new administration are selected from amongst his staunchest adherents, and a majority of them are th eir ex-colleagues aced participators in their plunder. promm ln tlzmximmitimme electioaa e theeleetors o s f po t k he t r woitoeal ro party uka of have baud and ef military eiolenee, and their protest was placed on the 18th in the bands of Sir George R. Seymour, for transmission to hie government. It was also handed is on the nart of the deputies by Dr. Castello Branco, and on the part of the peers ly the Count of Livradio. The Potrioto states that the Portuguese government had instructed the Portuguese minister in London, Baron Torre do Monoorvo, to demand the roost of Sir George Seymour, and that Lord Palmerston, In rejecting the demand, an nounced to Baron Torre do Monoorvo that the sets of the English minister were strictly in accordance with instruc tions, and bad the unqualified approval of the British Cabi net. I believe I am in a position to state that this announce =tetra the Patriots is correct only in part. Baron Torre do Moneorvo did receive instructions to press for the real of Sir George Seymour, but refrained from doing so, and with a better judgment remonstrated with his government—gave them good advice, which in this instance was listened to. Nearly the entire of the deputies elected are of Cabral's party : the few instances where an opposition member has been returned have been purposely sent to the Cortes by the Cabral faction; but it is generally believed that no deputy of the national party will take hie seat; they will abide by their protest. Should they be firm in this it will have the effect of very greatly ronbarrusing the government, as they will hesitate to venture upon any measure of gravity with a chamber so constituted. The Cabrels have In fact overshot their mark somewhat ; In the Chamber of Peers another difficulty occurs—the majority of the assembly are of the national party ; this however it is proposed to get over by a very numerous maiden of new peens--a fresh distribu tion of nickname's. The Cortes are summoned to meet on the tad of January. To so miserable a strait have affairs reached at the palace, as regards money, that during the peat week the effects of the late Queen Donna Carlotta Joaquina have been selling by public auction at the Palace of Bemposta—brilliants, te, even to the old and rieketty chairs and tables. Donna arlotta Joaquin* disposed of her property and effects by will, bequeathing them in equal portions to three of her children, the Regent Donna Isabella Maria, the Infanta Don Aaoa de Jesus, sad to the ex , King, Don Miguel ; but neces sity is said to have but smell respect for law or right, so that her Majesty Donna Maria and her husband hare laid violent heads upon the old grandmother's hoards and be quests' and pounced upon them for their own private use and benefit. As far as Don Miguel is concerned, of course there can be no resistance, but the princesses are not likely Ito yield up their shares of the property without violent clamour and outcry. The :coup de.griice was inflicted upon that rascally con cern the Bank of Lisbon, by the late ministry, prior to their yieldius up the seals of office to the Cabral. By a Postaria dated the 9th inst., subsequently emended, and since ex plained, the notes of this rotten establishment, cease (from the dote of the 28th forward), to have a compulsory circula tion ; the government still admit them as part payment in transactions, but at the market price of the week, such value to be ascertained by the information of the sworn brokers, who are to make their report wee2ly, and the medium value of the past week is to be received as the standard of price for the week ensuing. The medium price of the Moeda note of 4,800, as recognised for the present week's transactions, was fixed at 1,710 discount. Commercial fluctuations in their value since then, have not been considerable; the present discount being 1,950. Sovereigns are at 4,480; dollars 910. Exchange on London, 30.1. 531 ; 90d. 534 to Mi. It is now stated that a measure of additional taxation will be immediately proposed by the Cabrale, of flee rein extra per pound on rice, and two zestaos per tb. upon tea (or about Is.); the tax on rice will be much felt by the poor, The misconduct of the military continues as disgraceful as ever ; scarcely a day passes over without some new outrage: last week one of the editors of the Resolucao was set upon and beaten by a captain of police, without the slightest notice lasing taken of it by the authorities. Such is Lisbon under present misrule. Several shocksof earthquake have taken place recently. On Friday the 17th three distinct shocks were felt, one of which was very severe ; for my part, I thought the roof of the house wax felling in, or the walls coming about my ears ; on the 19th we had other shocks, the first at nine o'clock, a.m., and the last at eleven o'clock, pm., also unusually severe, the chairs and tables rattling about the room in an alarming manner. The timid are beginning to feel a little nervous, and some few lamilies have gone so far as to quit the city for their country residences. At the church of the convent of Arroyos (founded by the Infanta Catherine of Braganca, the widowed queen of Charles the Second) the shock was very perceptibly felt; the church full at the time, and the sacri tioe of the mess going on, the people rushed from the church in the greatest terror and confusion, leaving the officiating Priest, and two or three poor women alone in the edifice. The priest would not abandon the altar, suspending his office only until the alarm had subsided, and the congregation once more under the sacred roof. The weather during these days was a perfect tempest, with heavy rains, and thickness in the atmosphere I never remember before to have seen at Lisbon: the wind blew N. E. by E. ; the earliest shocks of the 17th had a horizontal direction ; while the one on Sunday evening appeared to have a vertical movement. In consequence of the earthquakes, a pastoral letter ad dressed by the Cardinal Patriarch to the church, public prayers are ordered to be offered up in all churches, cad the people invited to acts of penitence for three successive days, commencing from Monday next, the 2Gth. It is said in Lisbon that the earthquake has been severely felt at Oporto, and in parts of the south, at Estremoc and Evora in the Alemtejo, houses have fallen down, while at Oporto they describe the river to have risen to a great height and over flowed its banks. The squadron, with the exception of the Howe, west over the bar yesterday en a trial cruise ; the brig-of-war Alert came in yesterday, being twenty•two days out from Ply mouth, having suffered much from the stormy weather ; she is hound to the coast of Africa. On the 22nd arrived the Portuguese brigachooner Zargo from Madeira, with a passage of seven days ; she had on beard nine sailers of the Dutch barque Jan Willen, foundered at sea on Nov. 29, at 2 p.m., in lat. N. 46 deg. 45 min., long. 11 deg. 4 min., Greenwich. Bhe wu bound front Amster dam to Constantinople with a cargo of coals; the crew were picked op by an English vessel, the Charbruker, Capt. W. Vigor% who landed the unfortunate fellows at Madeira on the 10th inst. UNITED STATES.-MEXICO. The President's Mesasge has arrived at last, and will be found under its proper head. The Ashburton, Capt. Howland, from 'New York, on the 8 , ,h inst., reached Liverpool yesterday. She has brought 21,0001. in specie for Messrs. Brown and Shipley. The Britannia had arrived at Boston on the Bth inst., and we learn from our Liverpool correspondent that she was telegraphed off Holyhead on her return. Should her news arrive in time, we will publish it in a second edition. The proceedings in Congress, independent of the reading of the message, were devoid of interest. Mr. Winthrop, the whig candidate, had been elected speaker by a majority of one only ; as also Mr. Campbell, the whig candidate, for the clerkship. The influence of the message on the funds seems to have been almost null. There is little additional news from the scene of war. _. Oen. Taylor broke up his encampment at Walnut Springs, near Monterey, on the morning of the Bth of Nov., and with his staff, and Gen. Wool and staff; re turned homeward. When near Marin they met Va nallen, of New York, bearer of despatches to Gen. Taylor. The only important des patch was a oopy o f the correspondence between the War Department and Oen. Soots, in which the former instructed the latter to depend for certain supplies upon the resources of the country, as no more would be sent forward with the troops from the United States. Oen. Taylor was received at Ceralvo with a salute. lie arrived at Mier on the 12th, and left in the steamer Major Brown, accompanied by Oen. Wool. On the 13th he arrived at Camargo ia the afternoon. Heleft for Mate mores in the 'steamer Col. Cross, and arrived there on the 7th, next morning pitching his tents on shore, where he would remain till the 22nd, and then leave for Brame, to receive the an swer to his application for permission to leave. The New Orleans, which left Vera Crus on the 21st of November, brings the intelligence of Santa Anna's attempt to resume the government by force, by a new assumption of the authority of presi dent,from which he contends he has not been legally separated. A long document from Tepebuacan, dated Ist of November, to the president ad interim, and secretary of state, contains the terms of his migma tite', which, he contends, cin have no legal force nn law accepted by Congress. li• . asserts tha t he Ht., wrier entirely resigned the thectioas of pre ids* but only temporarily warranted to a mpreation of the civil from the edam, power of the which the country then required. Such Zuhaving ceased, he desires le resume the full . position of president, till Omz e m end acesple his n. On the same day he eition to Congress, tendering his resignation, and en- treating them to accept of it. An order Mut been issued by the Governor of Vera Cruz, forbidding any pen= to land in the department of Vera Cruz from any public or private vessel belonging to the United Stated, unless they are attached to, or have business with, the army, which mast be strictly established before landing. A letter from Baltimore of the•flth inst. says that the proprietor* of the Covington Iron Works, of that city, had failed. Their establishment was a most ex tensive one, and at least a thousand hands were em ployed in it. THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE We were enabled to publish to the imbstanoe of the following speech in a Second Edition of the Express last evening. It reached us by telegraphic , despatch from Liverpool. FALLOW CITIZANB OF ma BANAT! AND OF TWA ROUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES: The annual meeting of Congress is always en interesting event. The representatives of the states and of the people come fresh from their constitneots to take counsel together for the common good. Alter an ex;stence of near three fourths of • century as a free and independent republic the problem co longer remains to be solved, whether man is eipable of self-government. The moms of our admirable system is a conclusive refutation of the theories of those in other countries who maintain that " • favoured few " are born to rule ; and that the mum of mankind must be go yarned by force. Subject to no arbitrary or hereditary authority, the people are the only sovereigns recognised by our coastitution. Numerous emigrants of every lineage and language, attracted by the civil and religious freedom we enjoy, and by our happy condition, annually crowd to our shores ' and transfer their heart, not less than their alle giance, to the country whose dominion belongs alone to the people. No country has been so much favoured, or should acknow ledge with deeper reverence the manifestations of the Divine protection. An ell.wise Creator directed and guarded us in our infant struggle for freedom, and has constantly watched over our surprising progress, until we have become one of the great nations of the earth. It es in a country thus favoured, and under a gorernment in which the executive and legislative branches hold their authority for limited periods, alike from the people, and where an are responsikde to their respective isonstituencies, that it is again my dot' s , to oommualeate with Congress upon the state of the Union, and the resent condition of public affairs. During the put year the most gratifying . proofs are pre sented that our couatry has been blessed with a wide spread and universal prosperity. There has been no period since the government was founded when all the industrial pur suits of our people have been more successful, or when labour in all branches of business has received a fairer or better reward. From our abundance we hays been enabled to perform the pleasing duty of furnishing food for the starving millions of less favoured countries. In the enjoyment 3f the bounties of providence at home, such u have rarely fallen to the lot of any people, it is cause of congratulation, that our intercourse with all the powers of the earth, except Mexico, continues to be of an amiable character. It has ever been our cherished policy to cultivate peace and goodwill with all nations ; and this policy has been steadily pursued by me. No chancre has taken place in our relations with Mexico since the adjournment of the last Congress. The war in which the United States were forced to engage with the go- vernment of that country still continues. I deem it unnecessary, after the fall exposition of them contained in my message of the 11th of May, 1846, and in my annual message at the commencement of the seenen of Con gress in December last, to reiterate the serious causes of com plaint which we had against Mexico before she commenoed hostilities. It is sufficient, on the present occasion, to say that the wanton violation of the rights of person and property of our citizen' committed by Mexico, her repeated acts of bad faith, through a long series of years, and her disregard of solemn treaties, stipulating for indemnity to our injured Maxon, not only constituted ample cease of war on our part, but were of such an aggravated character as would have justified us be fore the whole world ia resorting to this extreme remedy. With an anxious desire to avoid a rupture between the two countries, we forbore for years to assert our clear rights by force, and oontinued to seek redress for the wrongs we had suffered by amicable negotiation, in the hope that Mexico might yield to pacific councils and the demands of justice. Ia this hope we were disappointed. Oar minister of peace sent to Mexico was insultingly rejected. The Mexican go verement refused even to bear the terms of adjustment which he was authorised to propose ; and finally, under wholly un justifiable pretexts, involved the two countries in war by in vading the territory of the state of Texas, striking the first blow, and shedding the blood of our citizens on our own soil. Though the United States were the aggrieved nation, Mexico commenced the war, and we were compelled, in self defence, to repel the invader, and to vindicate the national honour and interests by prosecuting it with vigour until we could obtain ajust and honourable peace. On learning that hostilities had been commenced by Mexico, I promptly communicated that fact, accompanied with a succinct statement of our other causes of complaint against Mexico, to Congress ; and that body, by the act of the 13th of May, 1846, declared that " by the act of the re public of Mexico, a state of war exists between that govern ment aad the United States," this act declaring "the war to exist by the act of the republic of Mexico," and making pre vision for its prosecution " to a speedy and succorful termi nation," was passed with great unanieni•y by Congress, there being but two negative votes in the senate, and but fourteen n the House of Representatives. The rapid and brilliant successes of our arms, and the vast extent of the enemy's territory which had been overrun and conquered before the close of the last session of Congress, were fully known to that body. Since that time the war has been prosecuted with increased energy, and, I am grati fied to state, with a success which commands universal admi ration. History presents ne parallel of 140 many glorious victories achieved by any nation within- so short a period. Our army, regulars and volunteers, have covered themselves with imperishable honours. Whenever and wherever our forces have encountered the enemy, though he was in vastly superior numbers, and often entrenched in fortified posi tions of his own selection, and of great strength, he has been defeated. Too much praise cannot be bestowed upon our officers and men, regulars and volunteers, for their gallantry, discipline, indomitable courage and perseverance, all seeking the post of danger, and vieing with each other in deeds of noble daring. While every patriot's heart must exult, and a just national pride animate every bosom, is beholding the high proofs of courage, consummate military skill, steady discipline, and humanity to the vanquished enemy, exhibited by our gallant army, the nation is called to mourn over the lose of many brave officers and soldiers who have fallen ia defence of their country's honour and interests. The brave dead met their melancholy fate in a foreign land, nobly discharging their duty, and with their country's bag waving triumphantly in the face of the foe. Their patriotic deeds are justly appro. elated, and will long be remembered by their grateful countrymen. The parental ate of the government they loved and stirred should be extended to their surviving' families. _ Shortly after the adjournment of the last mission of Con gnus, the gratifying intelligence was received of the signal victory of Buena Vine, and of the fall of the city of Vera Cruz, and with it the strong castle of San Juan de Ulloa, by which it was defended. Believing that after these and other successes, so honourable to our arms and so disastrous to Mexico, the period was propitious to afford her another opportunity, if she thought proper to embrace it, to enter into negotiations for peace, a commissioner was appointed to proceed to the head quarters of our army, with tall power to enter upon negotiations, and to conclude &just and honour able treaty of peace. He was nut directed to make any new overtures of peso., but was the bearer of a despatch from the Secretary of State of the United States to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Mexico, in reply to one received from the latter of the twenty-second of February, 1847, in which the Mexican government was informed of hie appointment, and of his prmense at the bead quarters of our army, and that he was insetted with full wrens to esselude a definitive trea s kif peace, whenever the Mullett goverappeat night a desire to do Ph While low mailing 1, aided do led tholes es auslber in digos.* wahse4 ins yea latabred that the wee el the war should not pratemehrla leizz at er theneafaht be ',adored absolutely aseseetri tejt ionsaseent. The eeemiwisear aid age MA Obi beedkprertere of the allay me aim asealter baba Alum at Cerro Gordo. His presses, 'whit aho loan and hi diploma character, were made ham to the Mexican geweesownt from Puebla on the 12th of hat, 1847, by the treameheroo of the despatch from t h e Seporotary of State to the )deter of Foreign Affairs of Merino. Many weeks elapsed after fits reed" and no evertors were made, nor was any dales expremed by the Mill= government to enter into neeelhaleas kriesce. Our army panned is mar* mai ate MlfMi. and, as it approached it, was met by forritr odik. yea relsilsass. Our forces first encountered the srism4y *mil vic tories in the severely contested Wl* of Countess sad Ma rubuseo. It was not until ease item actions had resulted in decisive victories, and the capital of the enemy was within our power, that the MeZiellti Foramment manifested any disposition to enter into negotiations for peace; and even then, as events have proved, there is too much reason to be lieve they were insincere, and that in agreeing to go through the forms of negotiation the object was to gain time to I strengthen the defences of their capital, and to prepare for fresh resistance. The general in command of the army deemed it expedient to suspend hostilities temporarily, by entering into ea armi stice with a view to the opening of negotiations. Commie , timere were sppoisted on the part of Mexico to meet the commbiener ea the part of the United Bates. The resell of the eenneatees which took place between these tear , notaries brae two governments was a toiler s Is umiak a I treaty of peen. The easnabio nerall * 19E114 et the Unitedmbed Banes btheee vith bits the Pro** If tr I ths bismitty ram* by on United Bata was a awo w ke of turnery. It is well known that the only Indemnity w hi s k ft is is the power of Mexico to make, In setisfaction of the just and long dellerred claims of oar cinemas against her and the only *airs by which she an *abuse the United States ice thelspoins el the war , is a eerie a to p e United States sea pallet In her beribei. Maim hes a avow to pelt end no ether serme St reeking the' Mindetnebr. we refuse thb rye eat ai r so** rya Law pity, bysetoli** a NO* . woeld be to „ abandon all our just demands, and to wage tj— all its expellees, without a purpose or Minim objeet, A state of war abrogates treaties previously existiag tween the belligerents, and a treaty of peace put. aa m g", all claims of indemnity for tortious acts conataittedogy: the authority of one government against the cinse gii i — u, jects of another, name they are provided for In ij tions. A Musty of peace which would termiasts thj" . " dating war, without providiag for indemnity, w ou ld able Mexico -the acknowledged debtor, and he aggressor in the war—to relieve herself fr om her jag lima' ties. Hy such a treaty our citizens, who hold just against her, would have co remedy, either egos, or their own government Our duty t o these cithem , for ere, prevent such a peace, and no treaty which b b l provide ample means of discharging these &mag i "" receive my sanction. lit A treaty of peace should settle all existing dig., between the two countries. If an adequate maga er ritory should be mule by such a treaty, the United gut should release Mexico from all her liabilities, iieg g .,„__ their payment to our own citizens. If, instead of United States were to consent to a treaty by whi,h should again engage to pay the heavy amount of ja6/7 4. nese which a jut Indemnity to our government lag citizens would impose on her, it is notorious that g e ,l:: not possess the means to meet such an undertal t i eg , 1.7 such a treaty no result could he anticipated, bet g y irritating disappointments which have heretofore the violations of similar treaty stipule ions on the p ew Mexico. En& a treaty would be but a temporary ea o i,. of hostilities, without the restoration of the friesideh e pZ good understandim which should characterise the fittg e i< tercourse between the two countries. That Congress contemplated the acquisition of fga g/ . indemnity when that body made provision for the eg o - 2 tion of the war, is obvious. Congress mild cot have - ai.; —when, in May, 1846, they appropriated te n milg ek 4 dollars, and authorised the President to empl, th e and naval and military forces of the United Bute, y ` accept the services of fifty thousand volunteers, g ee d & him to prosecute the war, and when, at their lag gn i: and after our army had invaded Mexico, t`.ey m e d ia - 1i Coned appropriations and authorised the raising of adder troops for the same purpose—that no indemnity met e % obtained from Mexico at the conclusion of the war ; sag gi it was certain that, if no Mexican territory was actg e g:i indemnity could be obtained. It is further manifest that Congress contemplated t e d, tonal indemnity, from the fact that at their last meg e, act was passed, upon the executive recommendatimz priating three millions of dollars with that e xpress This appropriation was made " to enable the Praia* / conclude a treaty of peace, limits, and boundaries, Meese a republic of Mexico, to be used by him in the even t sw i m treaty, when signed by the authorised agents of gag * governments, and duly ratified by Mexico, shall Can** expenditure of the same, or any part thereof." The doctrine of no territory is the doctrine of so oily ; and, if sanctioned, would be a public *Analo g " ' that our country was wrong, and that the war declared he Congress with extraordinary unanimity war unjust, an d should be abandoned ; an ndmssion unfounded in fiat, m degrading to the national character. The terms of the treaty proposed by the United gega were not only just to Mexico, but, considering the elzagg and amount of our claims, the unjustifiable and unmoral coinmeacement of hostilities by her, the expenses of eke to which we have been subjected, and the success had attended our eras, were deemed to be of a mg liberal character. The ......0111111i0fiCT of the United States WM IntiSCrisi agree to the establishment of the Rio Grande as Ss boundary, from its entrance into the Gulf to its ioterasake with the southern boundary of New Mexico, in north Mi. tude about thirty-two degrees, and to obtain • cession to the United States of the provinces of New Mexico and th e p e g . fornias, and the privilege of the right of way acrts ie isthmus of Tehuantepec. The boundary of the Rio Greaie and the cession to the United States of New Mexico sad Upper California constituted an ultimatum which our Pm muisioner was under no circumstances to yield. As the territory to be acquired by the fioundary propped might be estimated to be of greater value than a fair emits lent for our just demands, our commissioner wet author.' to enemies for the payment of such additienal pectmiery consideration as was deemed reasonable. The terms of a treaty proposed by the Menem sr missioners were wholly inadmissible. They negotiate' if Mexico were the victorious and not the noun* party. They must have known that their ultimates could never be accepted. It required the United fastt to dismember Texas, by surrendering to Mexico that parts( the territory of that state lying between the Nieces sad the Rio Grande included within her limits by her laws win she was an independent republic, and when she was and to the United States, and admitted by Congress as one alth states of our Union. It contained no provision 14 hem. a,ent by Mexico of the just claims of our edit us. It n. quired indemnity to Mexican citizens for injures they Nei have sustained by our troops in the prosecution of them. It demanded the right for Mexico to levy and collude Mexican tariff of duties on goods imported into haps while in our military occupation during the war, sad de owners of which had paid to officers of the United Salmi military contributions which had been levied upsides; and it offered to cede to the United States, for • consideration, that part of Upper California lyi. latitude thirty-seven degrees. Such were the unresesth terms proposed by the Mexican commissioners. The cession to the United States, by Mexico, of those Timms of New Mexico and the California , u proposed ty the commissioner of the United States, it was bettered's.' be more in aecordanea wink she 0 0 12 vebience and interested both nations than any other cession of territory which it we probable Mexico could be induced to make. It is manifest to all who have observed the stud soh tion of the Mexican government for some years past, mid remit, that if these provinces should be retained by ha, she could not long continue to hold and govern race Mexico is too feeble a power to govern these manse lying, as they do, at a distance of more than a thousand Elbe from her capital ; and, if attempted to be retained by* they would constitute but for a short time, even nominal/I, a Dirt of her dominions : This would be caper:tally the case with Upper California The serenity of powerful European mules has, long sea directed their attention to the commercial importance of the province, lead there can be little; doubt that the west the United States shall relinquish their present mum* of it, and their claim to it as indemnity, an effort would is made by some foreign power to possess it, either by cart or by purchase. It no foreign government should Emmet in either of these modes, an independent revolutionary p• yernment would probably be established by the Walesa and such foreigners as may remain in or remove ts country, as soon as it shall be known that the Unit ed have abandoned it. Such a government would be tool* long to maintain its separate independent existencesd would finally become annexed to, or be a dependent skis of some more powerful state. Should any foreign government attempt to poet* it •s• colony, or other.* to incorporate it with itself. the avowed by President Monroe in 1824, and re-nth first annual message, that no foreign power shall, consent, be permitted to plant or establish an new dominion on any part of the North Aaedeea must be maintained. In maintaining this pried" resisting its invasion by any foreign power, we involved in other wars, more expensive, and sun than that in which we sae now engaged. The provinece of New Mexico and the Californias tigeous to the territories of the United States, and if under the government of our laws, their reeounn— agricultural, manufacturing, and commercial—weeld me Is developed. These were the leading considerations which indeed se to authorise the terms of peace which were Mexico. They were rejected ' and, negotiations being at • end, hostilities were renewed. An assault was aide by es gallant army upon the strongly fortified places near therm . of the city of Mexico, and upon the atyltself, sad, all! several days of severe conflict, the Mexican Ihrees, superior in number to our own, were driven from Es". and items occupied by our troops. Since the liberal proposition of the United Stee", authorised to be made in April last large expesditss been incurred, and the precious blood of many of Oaf fit Ms fellowcitixsis has been shed in the proscutiard 111!, war. This consideration, and the obstinate perseveres , 1, Mexico in treating the war, must infiennes the tend • pass which It may be deemed proper hereafter r^ Our arm *miss been everywhere jested to our military occupation a enemy's country, including his capital, peace having failed, the important quest ma nn the war ought to be prosecuted hamar dine policy ? I cannot doubt tt *WI /111141 r available the conquests v sande; and that, with this view, We r by our naval and military tomes, all and provinces now in our occupation, after fall into our palmation; that we al our military operations, and levy such m on the enemy u may, as far as practicable, expenses of the war. Had the government of Mexico acceded and liberal terms proposed, that mods c have been preferred. Mexico having and failed te offer any other terms which 1 by the United States, the national honour, public interests, requires that the war with increased energy and power until • pease an be obtained. In the amantion, all indemnity, we should adept mantra selves, by appropriating pentium* t tory, Early after the coast . Mexico and the Californias Imola . kes foram. Our military matt mud do' conquer and hold then, subject to t -- of paws. These provinces are now in i tion, and have been so for many a. on the part of Mexico having limit', I am satisfied that they should dared to Mexico. Should Cosign.' e this opinion, and that they should United Staia as indamniq, - I an per why the eirEjandistion sad laws should not at emu be extended over t. treaty of peace, sash as we are our relations towards then woulvdtiolmt =whild oar own thigh rood» Ufa= =waist war sallowiti sa te over dim. tairabi Cow.. tondos io Yid tibia rirdasr pseiromay, tdtell lisreafter be 49.1kored es e;tri bliikateat of aver theta will be important for r te z - ni fi' 1e 41114-"mi goverantea ."l"l"Y te be eetablieh; and I 'd. It will and tranquillity among the inhabitants, t' ' ; . , 111M1011C , we w0e.... per hereafter to me victorious, ha Y . a lugs portia. al as ital, and sagatiliall 11 quoting adoe-laeld Kaatedi asit whale/A abt that a rag mbit i= II the porta. grab ation, or wbill we should psi la sch military oticable, MAI ascatisa doessisj eie et etesim i , • deg dal*/ 1 • 8 74 which era% tumour, De iwritrole warshould WI Jitil I PIA adetat 4 . 4 , In we ere** tl / 1 0, to dy •Fetha et mead a dm 1111 , Pr_ bras M b•diralg Gni Ilairdel. loll P imatba ; ""Witi _▪ easel Amu arm Msow rea ieJi be pedsei Wo a masks i ge .- it OIL b MIA . 11.1111 et, itlili ssuo t tl a konldos sass Di 1 Costrwls, rnwastli. d or tng: s yriolgo ll , ir suss , T "w - - ee.* It will sag tants, by