The Express. — London, England, 1851-06-14 00:00:00

LITERATURE. Horan 11 u! Cortesmtidftwe rith 3lason. Edited by the Hey. J. surreal). Bender. Some weeks ago, when that pretentious futility,l the book called "Memoirs of Horace Walpole," was' published, we took the opportunity of making some , remarks on that celebrated writer's character. Here we have, howeve: a new series of his letters: he has! once more " entered an appearance" before posterity. This is, however, positively the last batch of his cor respondence. It is worth while to notice how care fully Horace provided for his literary reputation— how admirably he economised his chances of it ! Ile left his productions to ho given forth at intervals-0o that he might explode time after time like a literary cracker. And this was the man who was so indifferent to literary fame ! Wo need warmly say tLat what wo read of his saw letters confirms all that we had thought and expressed of him before. There is a terrible same- aces about them. There is the same sense, satire,! and affectation, mixed together with the same clever- ness. expressed in the same way. And by the time he corresponded with Mason he had got hardened into a regular letter-writer for effect. Well might Thackcray remark of him, as he did the other day in his lecture on Steele, that he seems in his epistles to have an eve y always on what posterity would , think of them. The man " made up" for posthumous! fame: he was as like as possible to Pope's dying lady, who made her servant paint her a little,- that she might not look ugly when she was dead. The lice. Mr. Mitford, the editor of these volumes. is an accomplished man ' though his "Life of Gray," is but a tame affair. He apologises for the paucity of his annotations, and indeed we think he ought to do so. We should have liked more from a man so well acquainted with the period. Though to be sure we do not agree with him in thinking what new matter these letters do give, of very touch import ance. We learn, for instance, that in Walpole's quarrel with Gray, \Valpole wasp retty clearly in the wrung. We never doubted it! IVe learn some new particulars touching the composition of the " Heroic Epistle." Now, consist ring what little deep inquiry has been devoted to the Wordsworth.; and SheEleys, we cannot think literature at all in need of much de votion to a production like that ! But this brings as to the liev.William Mason, Walpole's correspondent, the biographer of Gray, the author of "Eltrida," the whig parson and whit; satirist. Readers of Boswell, or of memoirs of the last cen tury generally, are quite familiar with this well known writer, Gray's friend and imitator, who passed fur a poet in those days. Ile was born in 1725, went to college, and went into orders, pub lished various odes and two classical dramas, and was distinguished likewise as a liberal. Walpole's correspondence with him begins in the end of 1763; in the first letter. Walpole acknowledges the receipt of his works with the most courteous dignity. If any reader is curious to know how literary taste varies, let him open, for example, Mason's "Elfrida," and judge fur himself what would be thought of such a work now-a-days. It is rigidly founded on the classical model. - Its plot is from the Saxon story of Edgar, King of England, and Elfrida, daughter of Or r tar, Earl of Devonshire. The king sends his minister, Athelwold, to report to him concerning Elfiida's beauty. Athelwold levee her himself—marries her. The catastrophe condole of his death by the king's hand, and Elfrida'a devo tion of herself to seclusion for life. Thom ie a ‘‘ Chorus of British Virgins," and here is a spesimes of the way the British virgins talk: The eye that will nut weep another's farrow, Should boast no gur .ler brightness than the glare That reddens in the eye-ball of the wolf. Turgid enough! The characters all talk like this; and everybody talks in the same way—in the same tone of sentiment and imagery. Take the following as natural human pathos. Athelwold is happy : best Elfrida! Heavens, it cannot last; The giddy height of joy to which I'm lifted In ns a hanging reek, at whose low foot The Mark and beating surge of infamy Roll, ready to receive and sink my soul. Now-n-days we call this kind of thing rant; it is forced and unnatural. Of the play generally, indeed, it is sufficient to say that, written by an Englishman, it gives no evidence that Shakspeare lived before him. It is a cold imitation of the classical drama. and as melancholy as an artificial ruin. The " Heroic Epistle" made an immense hit in its time. It was suggested by a foolish pamphlet of Sir William Chambers ' s on gardening, in which he re commended the adoption of a (lines(' style of gar den arrmigt meat. Mason's literary productions were, perhaps, as nnnatnral as Chambers s proposal, but of this he was not conscious. The occasion was a good one of quizzing Sir William, abusing Bute, and annoying George 111. It ran through dozen editions and more Ivry quickly. Here is what Walpole said of it (May 27, 1773): I have read it so o ft en that I have got it by heart There is more wit, ten times more delicacy of irony, u much poetry, and greater facility, than is the Hearted. (Pair 75.) 'this is a good deal to say of a satire! Again, let our readers look fur themselves at the lines in ques tion. Perhaps the best notion is the well-known pleasantry rat' calling Runic 'Then The fatteit hog of Epicurus' sty. "lark tomy call, for some of you hare ears, as addressed to the writers of the day, is smart— though very much in imitation of Pope. There are similar,facchie among very dull ordinary lines. But it is ridiculous to compare this cleverness to Pope's awful satire, compared with which (as l'rofessor Wilson says) all other satires are permed compliments ! Pope's whip is the whip at ▪ fiAipkunc. Now that Mr. Thackeray is bringing the Queen Anne men into fashion agaio, we shall have people reading Pope, as well as talking about him. They will laugh at the notion of comparing Mason's production to the vigorous, condeused, witty, fanciful pictures in that matchless' poem. Why, the obscure wretches imprisoned in that " dungeon" (us Fielding calls it)—the " Dun eine—always seem in the light of that fire of wit and fancy to shiidder visibly like the shades in Virgil's Mason's, " Memoirs of Gray" are not very notice able for themselves; but one thing makes them so. Their form suggested to Boswell the furm of his inimitable book. Mason has the reputation (now the most valuable left him) of having been a benevo lent-minded man. We are ready enough to believe that it was worthily earned. At the same time, we don't think that he acted in a good, much less high minded way to the bookseller Murray, against whom he brought proceedings regarding his copyright in Gray. (hay would not take money for his produc tions from the booksellers at all. Mason, in alluding to this, has the following (Sept. 1771): I should not wonder if Doiltley claims a right in the copies of such things as he has already printed . . . If I prepared an edition of old poems, with ever so link new in it, such an edition would stop the sale of his. Cautious, prudent man! He brought out his Gray in two large quartos in 177.5. Murray, a publisher of the day (who certainly was helping the public and Gray's name in what he did), made a step across the lines of Mason's well-guarded encampment. Ma son proceeded against him in Chancery. We have read the poor publisher's pamphlet on the sub bett (1777), which is well written, too, and can't ut think that he was hardly need. Mason died in 1797, shortly after Walpole. Their familiar commu nication was interrupted for some time, from " poli tical differences of opinion." Walpole, we believe, thought Mason too favourable to Pitt. But the poli tical opinions of neither of them are of any conse quence. Both these " liberals" were shocked at last at the upshot of the whole " liberalism" of the cen tury—the French revolution. As we said above, Walpole's character before the world remains much the same as it did before these last letters were published. The putting people told us they were important as containing his opinions on literature. What does it matter that he abuses Johnson and Goldsmith ? What edification is to be had out of that ? Take, however, some charac teristic touches which show the man : 'Tis an honest vocation to be a aavenger, but I would not be Solicitor-General. Horace was exactly the one celebrity of whom no such assertion could be believed in his time ! He was so pure, so unaffected! Of course, however, it iv easy to despise • laborious legal °Moe, if one has three fat sinecures for doing nothing at all I Herr, however, is one of these good observations which show at Once the sense and worth which there really were in hi , character. lie P3ys of Choier field's Letters : He has reduced the folly and worthlessness of the age to a system in which nothing but the outside of the body and the superflees of the mind are considered. We extract further the following Lon foot of a mart who had wit—although he attacked Voltaire! How characteristically Horace tells it. He is writing to one of the Archbishop of York's clergy : Thu witty nom made a visit to that old bigot the Arch bishop of—ant York, but Paris, some time after his Laming a thundering mandate against some Frcuch whigs of which his Urace had certainly not written one word. Ile asked Piron, " Pore: roue Monseigneur, et sous' This is capital. Manual of the Anatomy and J'Aysiology of the Human Mind. by the Iter. JAMES CAELILE, HAI, Virtue, and Co. I For the numbers who delight to go yachting in the gulph of Gelman metaphysics the narrow stream 'of psychology can offer few attracti o n s . It s s h ores Ilk too nearly in the track of every-day navigation Ito yield materials for those marvellous reports which travellers safely bring from the phantom coasts of the transcendental continent : the Entities and Non mein, those Authropophagi and Amazons of cloud land roam not here. And yet within this channel flow the only productive waters yet discovered. Since —as Locke saw—the way to a science of metaphysics' mu. , t lie through psychology, the course of its stream has lien again and again surveyed anti its features carefully transferred to the chart. But where is the new world which so many gallant barques have p asse d out of this track to discover ? Instead of the promised haven, idealism or scepticism have received every adventurer whose good fortune it has not been to be blown back to shore. " Dive w 4," has ever been the cry, " a path of transit from this world of outside appearance, where the senses and intellect mix up their own form; with' everything, into the world of reality; let us see things as they are in themselves." To satisfy this craving has been the aim of every inquirer who has left a name in philosophy. Descartes thought he had found a starting point for the journey in con sciousness, whence he proceeded a part of the way by deduction, and halted. Malbraneke and Spinoza eillowed his directions, and found themselves, the first in mysticism, and the second a Pantheist. Locke started from sensation, and, following the path which he opened, Berkeley became an idealist and Hanle a sceptic. Greatest of all, came Kant, worthy of a mot with the Grecian kings of thought. Haying approved himself as a reasoner by predicting the discovery of Uranus, which Herschel accom plished, he aspired to become the Copernicus of the moral heavens. Ile found metaphysics wailing like the repulsed and forsaken Hecuba—nue& maxima re rum, tot tp.ocr:ii notispo• ir.tenB—noloc fro/ow erul inops. Of this forlorn matron he would willingly have made the Queen of the sciences. But after con sidering her titles for twelve years, he was compelled to admit that,however noble her character, she could maintain no royal pretensions. The mind of man, he again and again proves, can know nothing but phenomena, nothing of things in themselves. Its testimony is good, and not treacherous, as Hume as serted; but valid only for the human mind. Scep tics and idealists alike, have drawn their weapons from the armoury of this philosopher, and yet the old belief of the world is invulnerable. Philosophy having for three thousand years proved nothing but its weakness, has, in Hegelianism, gone stark mad. Only the pen of a Pascal could do justice to this melancholy exhibition of the glory and wretched. ness of man. It is through no fault of human reason that she falls continually into embarrassment. She is troubled with questions which she cannot answer, because they rue above her power. In this dilemma she starts from principles whose employment in every day life is as unavoidable as it is safe, and from these advances to supposed absolute truths. Presently she is landed in contradictions, which arc all the more painful, as the most opposite conclusions seem necessary. She feels that error must be concealed somewhere, but the touchstone of experience is not applicable, and she is left to wretchedness and doubt. Such is the eternal strife of metaphysics. There is something noble and heroic in the attempt to renew the struggle after so many repulses ; but all experiments must have an end. 'The world can not remain ever at school. The poles of experience and revelation are sufficient to bear the strain of ever-whirling life. The claims of the pure reason to be considered as an independent genetic source of Knowledge, exists no more. They fell—nobly and honourubly—but fell before the great critic of Konigsberg. Metaphysics exist but historically. We 1 may honour the motives as we must admire the talents of a Fichte, but we are not to imitate the example. 'The time is past when Coxcombs ranque.ll Berkeley with a grin." The great danger is, that the next generation should neglect the splendid inheritance of solid knowledge now accumulating, for the deceitful promises of spe cious speculative systems. Already there exists a large growing class of babbling phittoophes, who have run over Locke and dipped into Kant, and its members are of all persons to be avoided. The Dynamics of the mind, the laws of its func tions ad ordinary phenomena, the conditions under which it becomes healthy, robust, and efficient, form, on the other hand, a subject which no ono can under stand too well. Happily its study is as simple and easy Os that of metaphysics is confused. Every man carries within him the sources of this knowledge, which books can only gather up and present again to him. To perform this office for persons of reflection is the object of Dr. Carlile's little volume: He says: The author of this little work has called it a Manual of the Anatomy and Physiology of the Mi n d ; o f ana t omy an d physiology, because it is an attempt to do for the mind what anatomy and physiology do for the body, namely, to point out its ration, powers and operations, the place which they hold in the mental organism, and their connection with ouc another. A caviller might contend, that since the word anatomy, figurative though it be, implies some or ganisation of co-existing parts, while the mind is assumed (except on the plirenological theory, which the author does not hold) to be simple, therefore the term is inapplicable. Those who regard things rather than words, will probably judge that the popular character of the work justifies the title. The style of the author is exceedingly., perspicuous—the grand desideratum in works of this, character, and the arrangement of the subject is equally judicious. He who shall mak e himself mas-1 ter of this little book will have done much to fulfil that greatest injunction of ancient wisdom—Know thyself. One or two selections, taken from a sensible chap ter, on the means of influencing others, may illus trate the style of Dr. Carliles useful little work. The first relates to— TUll POWER OPINION. The world, it has been said, is governed by opinion, which amounts to this, that the conduct of men is regulated by what they believe to be true. Were it regulated by what is really true—be the know It dge of the whole of the truth calculated to influence them in every case, there were an end at sore of all confusion, and crime, and misery. Then the world would be wider the guidance of God, not merely de jure, hut dr facto, for the light of truth i s th e sceptre of his kingdom. As it is, the conduct of men is directed by what they believe to be true, and the cause of all the dis order and crime of the world is, that men an ignorant of the truth that ought to influence them, and have been in duced to believe and act upon falsehood as if it were truth. Hence it is obvious, that the only really effective and per- I =anent means of Influencing others is oceupying their mindr with truth, or qua si truth. So far as their minds are occupied with truth, their conduct will be beneficially in financed. The power of the most despotic monarch ou the earth rests on the opinion of his subjects, that it is their duty or their interest to obey him. Change that opinion, and his power crumbles to nothing ; his people resist him, hi. armies forsake him ; he is shorn of his locks, and has become weak as other men. The ancient monarchies were reared up by the power of arms ; but whence did that power proceed, but from the opinion of their subjects, that they were bound to obey their sovereigns in fighting under their mamma ; or, in the opinion of men, that it was honoura ble to be soldiers ; that it was glorious and patriotic to sub due other nations and to bring them into eubjection to their own; or th at, by obeying their military duets, they would most readily and certainly obtain the gratification of their rapacity, their lugs and their PM*. It required eons men itentutim et *haat mastant war fare to bend op 1b llama aspire by the power of the sword; that is, by the Missies d ilk se 'camel other people to MEd* is it idyll's etliama. Lida more that two mamba it die use et the ether wespoi—tiss sow muniestios of tlotr a sow luftit to white it; sad that not mini as lidos the idea he of aid al Messmer limit sere tot ra ri a ce 'A lt hea they were to hit; trat tarlitUY, cobl at Guess, and mate of , but o its their wrteltheir Is habits, thole their iedel q. This pest sad ve THE EXPRESS, SATURDAY EVENING, JUNE 14, 1851. !entillnenced in the preaching of an obscure Individual, in lan obscure province of the empire, —an individual who was scouted and persecuted by the rulers and the learned men of his own nation, and crucified under an order of the Roman governor. Yet that individual, by means of officers appointed by himself, and acting . strictly according to his directions, solely by the communication of thought, was, in little more than two centuries. acknowledged as the L ord and Muster of the empire ; hi• lass received and obeyed, and institutions established, and almost universally ob ' served, in commemoration and honour of him. After this, the bishop of Rome raised an empire, as de spotic as the pagan Roman empire was, solely upon the power of opinion. The only soldiers employed were ciergy i men, secular and regular, and they did the work of soldiers, even in the exacting of money, dictating lens, bringing emperors and kings to tha most abject submission to their leader, more effectively than these purposes had ever been = accomplished by the old Roman legions. IThe opinions, or quasi truths, on which the clergy of Rome founded the despotism of t heir chief, were, to a great extent, false. When assaults were made upon them, and attempts made to change the opinions of the people, they were conscious that their dogmas could not bear examina tion; and being resolved to maintain them, abandoned the implement by which they had been established in the belief lof the people, and betook themselves to the weaker imple ment of fire and sword to maintain them. They prohibited all free inquiry, denounced all books containing statements which they regarded as dangerous to their power, visited with the heaviest penalties, not only all who wrote such books, but all who read or possessed them. The Holy Scriptures were especially proscribed, and most jealously withheld from the people. Crusades were proclaimed by the bishop of Rome against obscure tribes, who, in their seeluPiona among the valleys of the Alps, denied his autho rity. An institution of terrible power, and moat unscrupu lous practice—seizing, imprisoning in dungeons. torturing, and subjecting to the most horrible deaths, all who ex posed themselves to its fell and jealous suspicion—was erects]. But all in vain. These severities, as those which were inflicted by the pagan rulers of the same city, only excited the more the curiosity of the people to listen to the proscribed statements, and predisposed them to believe that they were true. Every execution spread there port of the tenets hostile to the church of Rome more widely. The crusades against the Vaudois scattered them all over Europe, carrying their tenets along with them, till, when the nations were su ffi ciently leavened with the persuasion that the clergy were deceiving them, the reformation openly broke out, and a death-blow was inflicted on the power of the Roman bishop, under which he is even now reeling and staggering. Unhappily those who embraced the reformed doctrines, and who, under the influence of them, abjured all subjec tion to the bishop of Rome and hip clergy, instead of per severing in the use of that implement by which all their influence had been gained, and on which solely the main taining and extending of that influence depoided, as the Christians of the two first centuries of Christianity had done, bearing persecution patiently, and when persecuted in one city, fleeing to another, carrying their light with them, in an evil hour betook themselves to the same inferior weapon with their adversaries, and endeavoured to defend and maintain their tenets by force of anus. The consequence wax, that wherever the adherents of the church of Rome greatly pn ponderated, they crushed the Reformation, and destroped the reformers, or expelled them from their tea ri tory. The appeal to arms also being more exciting than the appeal io truth, diterted the attention of both parties from the truth, excited violent prejudices against one another, disqualified both from holding such quiet and friendly conferences a- were necessary to the diffusion of truth among them. The result has been, that since the appeal to arms was made, the progress of the Reformation has been arrested even in thaw countries where protestanta possessed the chief power. They have scarcely gained an inch of ground, while in some places they have lost ground. They have imitated the church of Rome in making laws against dogmas, which they wished to eradicate from the minds of the peo p le . But laws are not au appeal to truth, but to force ; and. therefore, their tendency is to withdraw the attention of both parties from the only means by which they might both come to the knowledge of the truth; namely, calm, unprejudiced inquiry and discussion. Canteens, and Newton, give but a faint idea. M. St. Jean is considered i n Franco the rival of Lance in fruit pieces ; their relative merits ore so fairly balanced in this case that few would like to decide between them. Messrs. Lucy, Ward, and Redgmve sustain the character of the Eng- , lish artists. The subject of Quintin Matey's, by the latter, is full of nice feeling and good colour. Mr. Leullier exhibits a composition repre senting the Christians devoured by wild beasts in the I Coliseum; probably the squeamish will exclaim against the subject, though it is spiritedly carried out. There are 231 works exhibited, pretty well subdivided bet ween the Dutch, Flemish, and French; the sprinkling of English works being just sufficient to give an amicable colouring and look of good fellowship. The name of Verhocckhoven, of Brus sels, is familiar to every one who frequents the auc tion-rooms. The same cannot be said of Baron Wappers, whose works we encounter for the first time. His " Genevieve of Brabant" approaches nearer the standard of English colouring than most which are founded on the same model. This picture is contributed by Prince Albert. We found the Dutch supporting their ancient reputation by the works of Sehelfhont ; but the un obtrusive merits of that school are scarcely brought out by the gas light, be it ever so bright. The pic tures are distributed throughout a suite of apart ments on the first and second floor, admirably lit up by gas lamps. We must not omit noticing a faithful copy of Mr. Delaroche's portrait of Guizot, a passing fair Italian study in coloured crayon by Mdlle. Nina Bianchi (20 , 5) ; and some clever drawings in red ' ,chalk which the French call "sanguine," by De Rudder, who enjoys the same reputation in this respect which 3lulready does with us. SIX SONNETS FOR THE GREAT EXHIBITION. THE DEVON OP WAR SHALL CEASE TO EE WOK• SHIPPED, AND THE WEDDED SPIRITS OP COMMERCE AND PEACE REIGN. Lo, in this wondrous dome there arc enshrined Three spirits. Of the Present, and the Punt, And of the Future. To that end designed, Uprose the fabric wherein arc amaso'd The round earth's products, in meet temple vast, And rich with offerings front the people's mind. Of these three spirits, that shall he the last, Which was the first, in ages left behind. Still bath it altar; here, though worshipped less, By votaries few, who fewer yet shall be, Till War become despised; and men confess The strife of nations should be to redress Their olden strife of nationality, By commerce wed with peace. Here view their progeny! Till CRYSTAL PALACE IS TYPICAL OF A TRLII COM MUNISM, CONFRATERNITY BETWEEN NATION.i. Of fit materials framed this building stands : Iron and glass. The strong and weak unite To form a fairer structure than the hands Of l'haroahs ever reared. Yes, it was right The world's bazaar should chew how firm the bands That state ran link to state, and right to might. If men, in howsoever aunder'd lands, Will, freely as these precincts fill with light, Receive this truth of common brotherhood That nations, children of one family, Should seek true triumphs in each other's good; So that the day may speed when all shall see States strongly built without cement of blood, And earth be one great city of the free IT ENCLOSES Tut SPLENDOURS or NATURE, AS OF ART; EFT THE HIGMIST OF ARTS CANNOT BE DIsrI.I.IED Behold ! the forests' splendours flourish here, Beneath the glassy heaven by science hung.— Elms your green leaves shall never become sear. Though from your boughs by nature's process dung, Yet shall ye ware for ever in the clear Sunlight within—and find a place amour All the best memories of this better year ; To which we hope new eras will belong. But of one highest art, this palace holds Exponent none. Into relief thought thrown rpon the speechless marble, it unfolds Its aisle along; but here, may not be shown, The poet's plastic power, with word , that moulds Works more enduring than the chiselled stone! THE ORE; OF THAT ART, WHILE INTANGIBLE ♦YL ETIULNAL. Fleets. Armies, Battles—triumphs of an hour, Decay—die--are forgotten : but one thing Lives beyond mundane years. 'Tis in the power Of the deep soul of man, a light to fling That shall outlast the Sun's, and be a dower For Time unto Eternity to bring. Which an archangel might befit—yea, shower More glory still upon his radiant wing. This, Britain, the fur Future can command, Were all thine outward might to fail ; this gains Thine endless victories : this—should thy whole land Become a desert, where no jut remains Of all thy other trophies,—would loom grand In Shakespeare's, Milton's names above thy manes ! THE DAMES OF " HIGH DEGREE" 55 HO VISIT THE PLACE, ARE BESOUGHT FOR THEIR LOWLT SISTERS. Flowers ye are earth's bright things to match the stars' And meetly round this central fountain's base Ye shine, the purer glories of the place, God's handiwork. Yet have ye human peers : Ifere, chiefly Her whose womanhood endears To loyal hearts, the truly royal grace This crystal roof enshrines. whene'er the face Of England's matron Majesty, appears Within Her people's house.—Hail Queenly Rose! And hail thy scions! But ye courtly dames Who throng you vista,—ah, forget not those— Those drooping flowers, whose lack of nurture claims Your sister-sympathies. Help to disclose Their hues to the new day whose advent flames! THE WAY TO BVFPORT THE LAW. One principal cause of these perpetually recurring con vulsions in all states, lies in a practice which is still fol lowed even unsung the most enlightened nations of the world, namely that of sustaining the authority of the law exclusively by the threatening of pains and penalties for the violation of it. We by no means insinuate that all appeals to force should be withdrawn. There are always to be found persons whom no other motive than the dread of punishment will restrain from the violution of the law, even as there are often in the beat regulated families, chil dren whose wilfuluesa and violent tempers must be kept uuder control by an appeal to the rod. lint an appeal to force ought to be kept out of sight as much as possible, and ought to be the very lust appeal, instead of being, as it usu ally is, the first. The first thing necessary towards a stable support of any law is, that the moot.; understand it, and understand the necessity of it, and the benefit which they derive from it. For providing this support of the law, legialatms, see con ceive, ought to see that the people receive such education as w ill enable them to understand those laws which are applicable to them. awl to which they are expected to con form themselves. They do not, we conceive, fulfil their duty. by leaving the education of the people to the private speculation of teachers, nor to education societies, nor to churches. Private teachers and societies for education may or may not give the people such instruction as would enable them to understand the laws which they are expected to obey. Churches are bound to see that those who adhere to them are educated rim the purpose of making them acquainted with that higher law which it is their duty to explain and uphold. But legislators are bound to me that the people have the means of knowing and understanding their enact ments, end the reasons for them; and ought not to found the authority of the law on mere force of arms. Nothing surely can be more revoltingthan the enact inwhich legisla tors present their enactments. "We ordain so and so, and so; whosoever shall disobey our command, shall be sub jected to such and such penalties, and all judges, magis trates, etc-, are hereby ordered to see these penalties in flicted on the violators of this our decree." This law comes forth upon a people who perhaps are incapable of under standing the n 'Lure and purposes of it. No paint have been taken to have their minds in such a state of inteUec tail training as might enable them to understand the neces sity of the law. or any benefit that they can derive from it, so as to gain their hearty assent and countenance to it. The sole appeal being to force, tends to beget in their minds suspicions that the law is not for their benefit, but for the interest of the legislators themselves, at their expense ; and unhappily. legislators have often given their people too good ground for such suspicions. And so a disposition is generated iu them to evade the law, or to trample aunder foot if they dare. We do not say that laws should be un supported by the threatenings of pains and penalties on the violators of them. But the chief reliance of legislators for obtaining obedience to their laws, should be the justice and beneficial tendency of their enactments, and the intel ligence of the peep o to discern these attributes of the law, and the good dispositions of the people, to maintain th e peace and good order of their community. And the pains and penalties should he rather kept in reserve in case of necessity, than paraded in Croat and rear of the law, as the only !pound on which it is expected to be obeyed. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. Littk Lang/tiny Library. No. 1. The Exhibition. By F. W. N. BATLEY. Dirton and Co. This is the first of a series of Lumourous books fur ehilazen, containing some cones on the Great Exhibition. FINE ARTS. cdr PAINTINGi, LICTIFIELD Rouse, ST. J.IMES . S-SAVARE.— Last evening, the house known under this designation was thrown open to a select circle of connoisseurs. Among the company the foreign elementwasdecidedly the preponderating one, and for an instant surrounded by the familiar faccs,and manners of the Continent, one might have fancied oneself suddenly transported, as if by magic, across the Channel; nor was the examination of the paintings calculatedtodispeltheillusion. Whe ther thelandscopes,theyeare,or thehistoricalctures, were glanced at, there was ample evidence that these contained visionary realms in which the English painter seldom ventures. Some of these produc tions we were already acquainted with, and were glad to meet once mote; others were new acquain tances. Amongst the old friends is Delaroche's "Cromwell," exhibited in the Academy last year. English heroes are evidently favourites with conti nental painters: witness that gigantic picture of the " Death of Nelson " by M. Slinge never, which may be succinctly characterised as broad in conception, skilfully composed, but feeble in drawing, especially the foreshortening. Next in point of size is the " Bull" of Mr. Ward, remarkably like the Potter he wishes to rival, but infinitely larger, which is the sole mistake about it. Paul Potter could paint small bulls perhaps better than large ones: Mdlie. Rosa Booheur imitates him in this respect ; her picture entitled " Charcoal burners crossing a moor in Auvergne" is worthy the great Dutchman, and is one of the most charming works of the exhibition. The works of the Dutch, Flemish, and French, are ever disfingniShable at a glance. To the latter school belong Messrs. Sig net and Lehmann, who fairly represent the general tendencies of the French school in church decoration. The profile-portrait of Listz is extremely noble; it is painted by Lehmann. M. Schopia, on the other hand, belongs rather to the exploded sect of the romantic champions of art. Re is the author of those charming compositions from "Pahl et Virginic," to be met with in every shop window. M. Ziegler e n t ers i n t o th e rune splrit. Mr. Goose a great talent in the historical line, of w ch his three pictures of St. Vincent de Paul, VIZ rAntox OF Tar. EXHIEMON 18 PRATED TO BEFRIEND NATIONAL EDI. CATION. Kings came to view the sight, and, better far, Much people came. Both in accordant band Crowded to see the magic of the wand That thoughtful labour wields. Oh, that to bar The hopeful future. or its promise mar, The host of ignorance encamped should stand Iu crime's black tents, o'ershadowing sore the land. 0 Prince! whose virtues, as a morning star, Shine o'er the opening age—aid! to reclaim This fellest foe to Britain's weal, the ban That else must change her honours into shame— So aid, that it may be thy living fame To beam in front of a great patriot plan, To raise us to be all a well•taught nation can. TILE TROOPS FOE THE CAPE.-11.31. eerew steam ship Megeera having (as stated) broken down and returned to Sheerness, the Admiralty have ordered her to be put out of commission, and the commander, Mr. Hoffmeister, and her crew, to be turned over to the paddle-wheel steam frigate Cyclops, which vessel u to he prepared immediately for proceeding to Cork to embark the troops for the Cape. The authorities have also ordered the steam-frigate Birken head, Master-Commander Salmon, to be immediately pre pared at Portanoth for conveying troops to the Cape. She will be ready for sea by Monday next. I VICE ADMIRAL SIR CILtRLES HALCOL3L—We I regret to learn that Vice Admiral Sir Charles Malcolm has been street with paralysis, and is said to be beyond the hope of recovery. He went down to Brighton last Thurs day, to endeavour, by change of air, to get rid of a cough which had been clinging to him. Sir Charles was attacked by paralysis some years ago, but it was thought that be had entirely recovered the shock.—Herald. ST. MART'S HOSPITAL, PADDINOTON.—The build ing of this institution being so far completed se to admit of the reception of the sick, it war opened yesterday, and a meeting of the board was held, Admiral Percy in tU chair, for the reception of_patiente. The first stone of the build ingHord was laid by his Highness Prince Albert, on June 28th, 1845. It is intended ultimately to contain 400 beds, though at present it is limited to 170. THE LATE BOILER EXPLOSION AT KINOSWOOD.— An inquest on the bodies of Daniel Mountain and John Burchell, Jun., two of the sufferers by this calamity, who died at the Bristol Royal Infirmary, was held yester day at the Crown and Dove Tavern, Bridewell-street, in that city, before the coroner, J. B. Grindon, BK. The jury returns{ a verdict, " That the deceased persons came by their dea th s from the explosion of the boiler of a steam , engine, which expiation was caused the criminal negli gence of John Borchelt the engineer." CAPABILITIES OF TIII•: GLASS PALACE. (Flom the A:Unarm.) Having shown on former occasions that, by dece ' loping still further some important sections of the present Exhibition, it is financially possibl e t o conver t th e C rysta l , Palace into a permanent gallery of art, produce, industry, ; and science—we will now throw out a hint or twc as to the changes and improvements which strike us as possible and deeirable to introduce into it, should it be applied accord ing to the scheme which we propose. First and foremost, it should, if practicable, be made complete. More nearly than any other colketion of articles ever made before in the world, it realises the conception of universal—an earth in little—an epitome of mankind. Still, there are many pro ' duets of Nature not tube found there,—and some important branches of Art and Manufactures are formally excluded. Before the experiment was in COMM! of actual trial, it was impossible to know what amount of space would be required for the display of a world's industry and produce. 'The ltoyal Commissioners had nothing better titan local conjectures—extremely false and wild for the most part, as the event has shoot, —to base their calculation, on. Before the article.. were set up and arranged in the great edifice, not ; a single nation was content with its share of the al lotted space. The Americans alone gravely talked of filling Ilyek-park with their produce and works. " Beyond the reasonable fears, so raised, that the space at I their &Tose' would fail before demands which could not be reeieted without giving offence in quarters where emeilia tion and good-will were essential to the surer,, of the un dertaking, were satisfied,—we know of no insuperable i reason for the exclusion from the Glass Palace of so important a department of Art as painting. Such fears exist no longer. There are thousands of square feet of wall wholly or in great part unoccupied. Contrary to expectation, the building is also found • to be marvellously adaptable to the exhibition of drawings, sketches and painting.. Instead of being impracticable, the lights at the Palace of Glass admit of being arranged with a nicety of angle and intensity of degree such as belong to no building of the ordi nary materials. It would he very easy to mark off and prepare one of the side galleries on the ground-floor for paintings—by boarding, in double or single plank, as the case might require, the space between the pillars, so as to make the wulls solid enough to hold their weight and ex clude all light except through a portion of the roof, as is to some extent the ruse in the present sculpture room. In this way it would be possible to obtain a gallery a: well adapted to its purpose, if not as highly decorated as the noble gallery of the Louvre, awl at the game time sufficiently large to receive and exhibit the current art of Europe and America. _ . _ A similar development might also be given to various branches of science. Two lecture th:atres are already in progress of erection on the north-east side of the transept for the use of the professional teacher' ; and if the Exhibi tion lw changed into a permanent institution, several other such theatres would probably be required. The chemist, the geologist, the architect, the musician, the artist, the mecha nist, lecturers, indeed, in every branch of science would pro bably find their fitting themes and audiences in such a place. Thousands who will go to the Crystal Palace for the sensuous enjoyment which it yields may on easy terms be wooed by Knowledge to her divinest haunts. The matter of the discours, s delivered should, however, be popularised on po- I pular occasions, however profound it may be at other times. At present the lectures given arc also too high in7price for the many. The system might, we think, be so enlarged as to render an equal canount of honour add emolument to the professors without excluding any ear nes t see k er a ft er t h e knowledge which may be gathered so conveniently within the walls of glass. How many of th, learned and scientific societies of Lon don have at at pre sent a central and convenient home ? Sc. veral of them arc them are known to be seriously crippled by the large annual rent of a house at the West-cud; — others linger on in crowded and temporary offices. At the Crystal Palace there would probably be found room for all under the proposed plan. One bay or two bays, as the case may be, would suffice for their meeting rooms, lectures, li brury,—and so on. And what arena could be so well adapted to their several purposes? There, the Ethnogra phical Society would find information and illustrations such as no private collection could furnish. The Geological Society might deliberate in the immediate pre ' settee of the fossil wealth of the world. Geographers and statists would find much to throw life and in terest into their several studies. The architect and civil engineer have under that roof a perfeet treasury of models l and specimens of construction. All the sciences, in fact. inns there be housed together—made to collect food at the same sources—and placed in the way of contracting a new and stronger sense of fellowship with each other. In a word, that mutual relation and intercommunication of the sciences—with a common machinery for working them all —which we have so oft- n urged, is here provided for on a scale which we never hoped for when we thought our argu ment unonsw erable even without it. The opening of the splendid edifice for the exhibition of Mowers would giro a new impulse to floriculture. There, the grower would be always certain of a good light--tho public of a dry day. Foreign gardners would probably contri bute largely to a floral ,how in such a place,—where the specimens forwarded would be seen by cast multitudes, whose examination would not be confinott to a passing, glance under an uncertain sky. A sense of order, surety, and permanence which has toner yet characterised these beautiful but ephemeral exhibitions would soon ;row about them, when conducted in the Crystal Palace. THE 3111CTARIAN TREORY.—No. VI. TO TEE sorroa Or THE DAILY NEWS. sta,—We ate now come back to the inquiry with which this discussion commenced : how it happens that so many secessions take plaice front the church of England to that of Rome. We have no longer far to seek for an answer : the diligent and successful teaching of the Anglican theory of church principles is the chief cause of these disasters. I said that Newnan, Manning. Hope, and others, had tried the church of England by the test of church prin ciples, and had judged her not to be the true church of elitist. I have shown, I believe, that they judged rightly. The Anglican theory taught them what were the notes of the true church : we have seen that these notes either never existed at all, or have been effaced in the church of England. That church was the child of a revolution, an absolutely new creation at the Reformation in respect of its government and its constitution. The old so ciety of Christians, us I remarked before, con tinued on in the country : but it became revolution ised. It rebelled against its government, and iu direct opposition to all its authorised rulers, re ceived a new polity and a new faith from the state. Moreover, these new institutions did not derive their authority from the sanction or decree of the previous government of the church, or front the clergy and still more, I think I have proved, with the full con currence of the Bishop of Exeter, that a collection of national bishops was not, according to catholic principles, a true church authority, but only nn aggregate of individuals, and consequently had no power to confer legitimacy on new opinions, or a new frame of ecclesiastical polity. It follows, therefore, irresistibly that the church of England, with her creed, her liturgy, and her consti tution, has no regular and lawful - church authority, such as the catholic theory requires for her basis, but rests solely on the revolution which originated her— that is, on the protestant principle of the right of every Christain society to govern itself. If her doctrine and her discipliuc are received, the Angli can theory correctly tells us, through its organ, the Bishop of Exeter, that this acceptance is founded on the approbation of the divine church of each diocese, that is, in reality, on that of each divine bishop. If, however, any bishop comes to dissent from that doctrine and discipline, the extraneous coercion of the state alone compels him and his diocese to remain connected with the national church. There is no ecclesiastical superior who can legitimately, upon Anglican principles, overrule him : he is hound by the decisions neither of his colleagues nor of his predecessors. The divine church of the diocese be comes the one catholic and apostolic church ! church of England passes into the domain of schism. What a vast field is here opened, let ate remark, to the other great protestant principle of private judgment ; and with what art is monopoly of its exercise secured for the bishop. 'fhe bishop has a veto on the resolutions of the dio cesan synod, cries Dr. Phillpotts. The synod is infallible, when it agrees with the bishop : it sends forth empty sounds when it differs. Can any one marvel, after this, that every intelligent and logical thinker, who has imbibed from the Anglican theory his principles of church government, should find nothing but disorder, disunion, and rank Protestant ism in the church of England, and should take refuge in a church which professes to fulfil the re quirements of catholic doctrine? " D.C.L.," in common with us protestants, will no doubt call the professions of the Roman church unfounded assumptions ; but let hint observe, that it is absolutely and logically necessary, according to the catholic theory, that the catholic church should make the professions, and that a church which does not make or them cannot be the catholic church. Above all is the great profession of infalli bility logically indispensable for the catholic church. Without it, there is no possible escape from the qaieksands of protestant principles. With oat it neither scripture nor the fathers, nor tradition, nor the imposition of hands, nor the divinely ap. poiated bishop, nor the divine institution all &ocean church, will avail to build up christian faith and ehristian p!ity or authority. Without an infa!liblo oracle, the perplexities and miseries of contending opinions, conflicting creeds, private and personal con victions, arguments, and reasonings, must ever over whelm the anglo-catholic seeker after truth and certainty. Titt:re ..: ltre only two roads by which he can escape from his distress. He may have his eyes opened to see that the catholic doctrine of the apostolate has no foundation in scripture or reason ; and he will then remain in a church which it constructed on a nega tion of that doctrine. Or, if he adheres to church principles, he must fly from a church whose insti tutions contradict them, and pass ou to another which claims to possess every note and characteristic of the one universal church. A third course is im possible, except for such confused and inconsequential reasoner,, as Dr. Pussy and his followers. If we wish to understand the feelings which prompt the secessions to Rome, let no compare briefly the professions and principles of the two churches with the requirements of catholic doctrine. The theory of the apostolate tells us that Christ founded one visi ble church, the sole depositary of his word and sacraments. Rome presents the form of one single church, claiming to embrace all Christendom. The Anglican church exhibits, according to the accurate exposition of the Bishop of Exeter, us many churches as dioceses. Again, catholic unity is the privilege and the test of the trite church. Rome points to one centre of rule for all Christians on earth; without distinction of nations. The church of England is for Englishmen and their dependencies alone. Rome unites all the bishops of the church under one bead. Anglicanism presents an episcopate isolated and dissenting from all other episcopates. The catholic theory proclaims the inability of human reason to discover the truth, whether in scripture or tradition. asserts the neces sity of a divine guide, and demands obedience to tho faith on the ground of authority. Accordingly Rome holds forth an infallible oracle, the living church, which infallibly interprets both scripture and tradi tion. The church of I , :nland derives her creed from private judgment, and that the private judgment of the king and parliament. The catholic doctrine announces the institution of a divine corporation fur the government of the church. Rome exhibits the purely spiritual rule of a spiritual chief; Angli canism presents an episcopate whi c h can ne i t h er declare doctrine nor enact laws, nor perform a single ecclesiastical function, except under the control of the state. The living voice of the Roman church defends the faith, defines doctrine, and repels heresy. The State of Englund determines the faith frir its bishops, and is itself the supreme arbiter of truth and heresy. Anglicanism owns the Roman to be a true church: Rome excommunicates the church of England. The Romanist receives doctrine on sub mission : the Anglican must seek divine truth by the same process as human, by reasoning, and comparison, and sound judgment. The Romanist believes because he has the assurance of a church which cannot err : the Anglican believes because he can prove agreement witlt the statements of apostles and fathers. The Romanist wins peace of mind and certainty, because he follows a guide who cannot mislead ; the Anglican can never be sure that his interpretation of has au thorities may not he mistaken. The Romanist obeys the church; the Anglican adopts a principle of in vestigating the truth, which he admits to have au thorised a lay parliament and individual bishops to declare the church to have erred. Rome claims to • possess benefits worthy of a divine corporation being founded to impart them. Anglo-catholicism claims the privileges of a caste, without any adequate end to justify them. n we conceive such a contrast presenting itself Billy to the mind of a man thoroughly imbued with church principles, and feel surprised if he abandons the Anglican fbr the Roman church? If the catholic theory is true, he must be safe within the bosom of the church of Rome: at the best he may only be safe within the Anglican communion. How is he to assure himself that he is not cut off b schism from union throuf,sh the visible church w ith Christ? or that the doctrines imposed on the church of England, against the protest of all her bishops, are not false and heretical? "For what it, Dr. Pusey's church? " asks a Roman catholic writer in the last number of the Dublin Review. "Not the Pope, not the bishops, not the Emperor, not any representative of any authority clothed in definite form; but certain fathers, some of whom use language upon which subsequent, though early, dogmatic decisions east tit. , shade heresy ; certain divines, arbitrarily chosen as the re presentatives of his own chtweh, which at most they did but represent during a brief and former period of its hi , tory —a select mediaeval saint, a stray high churchman or two among the existing body of bishops—parts of the Homilies, the least heretical of the reformers or of continental prate tarts the more depraved heretics themselves, in their more orthodox m00d,,, or in their more liberal' allow ances. or in their morcunstud ied instincts of devotion a medley, in short, of ante-Nicene Fathers, Caroline divines, Luther, Melanethon, St. Bernard, the Bishop of Exeter, and I%r. Arnold, collected as the inter preters of equivocal articles and a defeetivc liturgy. We say that such a system is heretical to the very core ; that if it could succeed in importing every catholic doctrine in existence into the church of Eng land, it would be still essentially pmtestant. For, if it involve truth, it does so only by accident, by pre ference, and not by submission." Such is Anglo-catholicism; an illogical, inconsis tent, and unhistorical, rim media," a name without an object, a worshipping of a form, wheOhe sub stance is wholly altered : a fond and untenable make shift between the only two great and permanent realities of belief, an infallible church and the pro testantuan of predate judgment. It behoves D.C.L. and his fellow labourers in the same cause to ponder over the effects of this Anglo catholic teaching. Anglo-catholicism has never re claimed a single English Roman catholic to the alle giance of the national church. It loses every day an increasing number of seceders from its ranks. I ern not aware that conversions to Rome are made amongst the adherents of protest° nt principles : if there are any, they are certainly few. Anglo-catholicism is the portal through which lies the eativ'e to Romauism. Protestants do not become ltomanists. Romanists do nut become Anglo-catholies, but Anglo-catholies in numbers become papists. Such is the fact ; and theory says that it must and ought to be so. It is idle to talk of perverseness, or exuavagance, or any special idiosyncrasy in the seceders : we have seen that they are better logicians and truer disciples of the apostolate that D.C.L. and his friends. I ant very sure that D.C.L. does not wish to en rich Rome with spoils won from the Church of Eng land; but I tell him, that if he desires to prevent that result, he must cease to advocate views of church polity which are incompatible with continued allegiance to the Church of - England. We have seen what are the principles which lie at its foundation, and that they are contradictory to the traetarian theory. Let D.C.L. agitate, if he will, for a new constitution ; only let the object be fairly avowed; for a new English church; for it is an intolerable grievance that the people of England, and especially the young, should be taught to imbibe with reverence and a total absence of suspicion, as the principles of the church of Eng land principles which are not hers, and which, when understood, will drive them front her pale. The true character of Anglo-catholic teaching is revealed by the secessions. Its essence is disaffection to the church of England, and its result a counter-revolu tion restoring the supremacy of Rome.-1 am, sir, your obedient servant, M. A. THE ACCIDENT ON TUE BRIOFITON AND LEWES RAlLWAY.—Yesterday the investigation into the circum stances connected with this lamentable occurrence was re sumed at Lewes. Mr. E. Woods, an engineer connected with the Liverpool and Manchester ltailoray, was the first witness exanuned, and he stated that the general practice on the lines upon which he had been engaged was to run the engine before the tender. It was unusual to have guards placed on the wheels of the tender. Cases, however, occurred when the tender was placed first, and no danger within his knowledge had been apprehcoded.—Some of the passengers were next examined, but their evidence was im material—Hannah Boalics, the mother of the boy who has been suspected of haring placed on the rails a sleeper, by which the train was thrown off the line, and the boy himself, were subjected to a rigid examination, hot nothing was elicited inconsistent with the child's innoccuce.—Henry Boakes, the father of the boy, and some persons con nected with the local and metropolitan, police, were also produced as vritnesses, but their evidence failed to throw any, additional light on this mysterious occurrence. The 2roteedings were again adjourned. 7'