The Express. — London, England, 1851-09-17 00:00:00

Jed pale kW ed, rod See, peke le. dual, GOLDEN DREAMS and IVAK ING REALI ; beteg the Mhenewee ors GeWeerlier to Cellierala owl the Pea& Wanda. Ity Wa.s.; 8111A11. All e" wit to tame toe probable • anal, mattes' beet be welds, dr wen' wilt do went to reed Mr. Maw • =Muted lad papal aansava."—araasata i ,,,,, sew .... d urnagaoaw.getarmamintarramons. master eaglet r'. contests o tbe book we trote.tike, the autism'. adevelares guabinu., sad the narrative ii es.reci:ly interesurg."— rvoomia. b„,„,k s cyb ri y, pi. pine. s better lean Paa there sd. vveturve "—Cried Mr. tibia seared sad no mintage nth aa to Ikeda weald Jose Leaman]. Ira eager .S• 01311 amassed mew at pel.ate , 3,4 lAA's. Ina teepee* dearer old ri•lt d lb. Opeetatar. Leedom : Said. Elder sad Oa., 63, Cara:ill. Zhe ervreni. TO CORRESPONDENTS. A 'Omura ?AA= of " no Exprem." cootslooto , tto i Nei Gosetio." paelitott sooty Toooday and Eriday oyht, to Woo lir psi - • Ives ...swim Weeded for "Too Loprook. Lades g•ftiall paper, word bo W tko Odhos, 10, booveriwaiwc. Sy Two o'clock so Ow iloy of pabioadia. . HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE. Tan Dmr-111srstpt.SP. Na Afterasse. 6n. I. Twisaskaw—geralas. 11. Jim. Altena o l4 Gh. 4; 111. LONDOX, WEDXESD.4 Y, SEPTEMBER 17. THERE is one thing that may be assailed but can not be dimtroyed by . bigotry, and that is fact. The Bynud of Thuile*, with the Cut.tEns and Nl•llst.Es, may thunder with sonic effect against the Irish Col klieg, of which there has not been time to test the large results. But the national schools of Ireland arc now an old institution. They have done theis work. borne their fruits. And every sensible Irish relent is able to judge fur himself whether that m hall is called mixed education is really inimical to Lis religion. There am, no doubt, two modes of thought and conduct in Roman catholicism, as there are in most wets and reli ' 'ions. There is the bigot school, which would tie the hands and blindfold - the eyes of the laity, and place the leading strings in the hands of the miesthood, who from their cells and celibacy boast that thee ran take the only just and true views 411 the things Loth of this world and of the next. b t us not suppose, however, that all, or that even • mojoiity, of Roman eatholies in any country are inelineil or prepared to submit to this. If they be, they must sadly lag behind their protestant brethren in ilea ways of industry and wealth, as well as in those of intellect and freedom. We may depend upon it, that so Eng, ishman or Irishman will lung suffer this. We may depend upon it, that no civic community w ill ever again embrace ascetic catholicism, admit father confessors to interrogate their wives and daughters, or believe that all his protestant fellow citizens are domned and destined to the dames of eternal punishment, because Pope LEiCs doctrine of the sale of indulgences provoked the manhood of Lueltya to question it. In all our speculations and provisions on the subject of catholicism, we must take it for grunted that the zealot and extravagant portion of it cannot prevail, and cannot even retain the small pre cmiuence they hold ut, present, except in moments of excitement and polemics, and reciprocal bicker ing:" between different creeds. %a lit' peace these men would disappear, as moths do in the light and wroth of summer. There are, however, a great many concurrent causes for the resuscitation of catholicism amongst us at present, as well as fur the predominance of the most extravagant, irrational, illiberal and unsocial sect of Roman catholicism. Tite tirst cause of the resuscitation of ltomanising tendenciis amongst us was certainly the terror and perplexity of our high priests and religious doctors, at that close application of criticism I, scripture and scripture history, the fallacies of which they were unable to face. much less to expose. It was in cowardiee and in ignorance that INford fled to the principle of auth wity for help. And Father NEW NAN preaches precisely the same doctrines without the learning or the logic requisite to meet the teal impugners of religion. These pastors do not face the wolf, they merely cry to their Hock to run away hem hint ; and as the protestant fold has no high barrier--no convent wall, to keep out reamm and defy truth, the flock is recommemled to take refuge behind the old Roman catholic wall. As if and• wall or fold was a protection now-a dvp. As if the fore had more power at the prc wnt time than A,rehbi Atop SeM\Fit to prevent men from doubting and thinking, or from uttering doubts an lthoughts. . . . M. NE - UM is !N.A.! , of the old unity of the Roman m ithaliechurrh. This unity was but a aembl:nu•e. Fur :nth, boasted centuries of unity, 'lonian catholicism fontaimil in its bosom a MOM of heartfelt and indig nant protestantism, not merely that which burned in the breasts of the English Lollards or of the peasants of the Cevennes, hut which roused the bile and in spired the pen of DAN mof PErmsnen and their fellows. he whole intelkvt of that age was protestant. But the sword of the magistrate, the faggot of the monk, and the physical coercion, not the moral IM•rsuaaion mid influence of the church, kept intellectual pro testantism horn that public demonstration, which in Lt TIILICs time had effect on the multitude. But Roman catholicism is greatly shorn of this emreive power. It is wielded, indeed, in Italy and in Austria; and there are hopes of restoring it in spain and in France. But these hopes are vain. The light of free inquiry and its consequinees nut only operate in such countries as Frame, but lime renetrattd to Austria and to the Pupal dominions themselves, which are far morn protestanthed by hopes of better and of freer days, than and• English community can be catholicised by dread of the free dom of th . ought. We routine ourselves for the moment to the one great recommendation of the is, that doubt, ICman catholic hesitation, and infidelity, are only to LC avoided by hanging up philosophy, eschewing criticism. de nim g the reasoning powers, and delivering up the philosophic half of the mind to the priest. who ever er whatever he may be. Allwe say to this is, that it is impossible that in the present age any one could enforce such a r.'yinie either upon himself or upon (Ahem, unless indeed the Roman catholics make and keep a little atmosphere of their own, such as Dr. CULL"( recommends fur young Irish scholars. What Dr. NLWMAN aims at is impossible, unless he can bring back the scant population. the slavish igno rance, the commercial torpor, the domestic seclusion, the in rakish supremacy, and the tyrannical gorern meuta the fourteenth century. And even then the li ;ht of freedom and of truth would sometimes gleam upon him and upon his acolytes through their dun geon key hole, and they would hod it vain either to exorcise or to avoid it. ALL men arc more or less acquainted with the project which, emanating spontaneously from many Oerman states about thirty years ago, was success fully appropriated by Prussia, and worked out into a practical shape in the customs union known even to us under the name of the Zollvercin." The agreement to remove the internal barriers to trade which the differsat tariffs of thirty-six state+. and the usual official hectoring, with the general corruption attendant on such impediments, occa sioned, was in riality no more than has been pro jeeted at the Congress of Vienna. The treaty of 1813 contains special clauses to the effect, that similarity of duties on goods imrted, of coins in circulation , and of weight s and measures, should, so speedily as possible, bo established bOween the different states of the federation. But as the carrying out of those clause+ was put off he the great Powers, the south Overran states took the lead in getting rid of the harriers which senarated their subjects, and in eco nomising in this branch of their expenditure. To Bavaria and Wirtercberg, which at that time knew uothingof protection, and where the sole notion of com merce entertained was that of securing goal . markets for their agricultural produ ce , G erman y is indebted for the first customs' union. The Grand Duchy of Dense joined this league soon after, and thus a com plex of states, comprising six and a halt millions of inhabitants, formed a nucleus of free internal circu lation, inviting trade by the most liberal tariff This onion subsisted for nearly fifteen years, until it was absorbed into the Prussian league in 1833. During that period our protectionists in agricul tural exchanges being preponderant, no ene mest,waa held out by u s t o t h e states who h:inlets. combined. On the contrary, their corn, wine, and • other products, were loaded with duties as offensive in their eyes, as they were mischievoub for our own interests. Prussia, which, as early as 1818, had commenced negotiations for the formation of a simi lar union, spurred on by this activity of the southern states, at last made such progress that Saxony and Thuringia, with several smaller countries, were in cluded in what was then known by the name of the! Prussian Customs' Union. The states of South Ger many found themselves bound by no tie of feeling, and but weak and remote considerations of interest, to refuce their accession when invited by the greater part of Germany to unite with them. Financial considerations of great importance for the ex chequer, if of doubtful weight for the trade of those countries, added their influence, and finally, in 1833, no less than twent y - four states had adopted the Prussian tariff, and its then distin guishing characteristic of general protection without any prohibition. But although at that time few of the duties imposed on manufactured yarns amounted to a larg e per tentage, yet, as the principle of levy ing the duties by weight instead of an ad valorem standard, contained the germ of future difficulties, many states, and the free Hansc Towns unanimously, refused to join in the scheme. Frankfurt was even tually gained over by a sacrifice conceded in 1833. Nassau had joined in 1831. Thus all Germany south of the great mountain chains, with the exception of Austria, had joined in a league with Prussia, which undoubtedly conferred more benefit by allowing freedom of exchange within its barriers, than it did mischief by raising the duties on foreign goods. England, France, and Belgium had, as manufac turing countries, taken no steps to protect their own interests. But by the simplest calculation, it is cleurly better that a customer should be prosperous, even if he finds his market not well stocked, than that pour buyers should be abundantly supplied. Hence the foreign trade of the German states in creased upon their consolidation into one united community. This trade too has continued to lu cre:w, notwithstanding the evident tendency of duties levied by weight to rise as prices fall, and in spite of the cagfiness of the German protectionists to hasten the effects of this result by periodical addi tions to the original rates of duty. At the present moment, cotton goods of almost all descriptions pay nearly 100 per cent. duty. Bar iron, upon which in 1820 3/. per ton duty was but 29 per cent., now underlies, with the same rate, a duty of 66 per cent. Contracts were more than once taaen for rails abroad at 101. 10s., when the price in England was 71. Still, as we have said, our exports to Germany have rather increased than diminished; and the same has been the ease %%ith Belgium and with France. _ _ _ _ It was, probably, not alone the fear of high duties which prevailed with the north western states, who all declined to join the Prussian union. Oldenburg, Hanover, Brunswick, and Mecklenburg, with the great ports, Hamburg and Bremen, have until the present year steadily rejected all invitations. Poli tical considerations may have united in this deter mination with commercial calculations. But how ever this may be, the effect of the introduction of railroads has hcen to sweep all objec tions away. The delays of inland custom houses become intolerable when contrasted with the rapi dity of locomotion which railways confer. The grftt lines from Belgium and the Rhine to Ham burg and Berlin traverse Hanover and Brunswick, and the traffic is of paramount importance to those places. Mecklenburg will probably soon feel and obey the saute impulse. Oldenburg, Hanover, and Brunswick had since is3l farmed a customs league apart, which their contiguity to the sea and comparative isolated posi tion allowed theta to do without impeding. the course of trade generally. 'their tariff, with the exception of some in Italy, was the most liberal in Europe. As thinly-peopled states of great extent, the calculation that agriculture, espe cially since the English market was opened to them, formed the legitimate object for the efforts of the population, was well understood in Hanover and Oldenburg, and steadily kept in view. This calculation has been forced, as we have said, to yield to the irresistible impulse of the new field of activity opened by railway traffic. It cannot be doubted that the professions (if nu more) of the ministers at Berlin, who pretend to favour views of free trade, may have hastened the reluctant sacri flee. Under their liberal tariffs the people of Hanover and Oldenburg certainly increased their I foreign trade. The maritime provinces were highly prosperous. On the other baud, the inland parts contiguous to Prussia suffered from the difficulties of passing a frontier. The fair of Brunswick, once so famous, dwindled to insignificance. There is, therefore, reason to expect that the abo lition of the custom-houses between the " Steuer verein," or the North-western League, and the " Zollverein," which includes the greater part of Connally, will be attended with beneficial effects within, and with no diminution of trade to foreign countries, this having been the result of the Union of Bavaria and Wirtemberg with Prussia and Saxony. The increased prosperity arising from trade set free will more than counterbalance the effect of high duties. The consuming population, if improved in condition, will soon be better able to buy dear articles than they now arc to purchase them untaxed. At the same time. if it were possible to be sur prised at anything done at Berlin, we should conkss our astonishment that this junction Was not faci litated by the Prussian ministry, and even turned to account. to insist upon a modification of the present tariff of the Zollverein. This tariff is felt to be pressing heavily upon the industry of hive sixths of the national industry, and to be misleading the remainder to the certain ultimate ruin of nearly all concerned in manufacturing upon an unsound basis. The threat of severing from Prussia, which Bavaria held out, could nut have been realised with- out a financial sacrifice on the part of the South German states, which neither the circumstances of those countries nor the characters of their rulers are adapted to brave. On the other hand, the confiding to M. vAN DER HEYDE of the portfolio of trade and manufactures was from the first an indication that the reaction ministry was as little inclined to allow freedom of trade as it was to tolerate any other species of liberty, and that the threats of Ba varia, like the cur submission of the Prussians, was in reality founded upon consid e rati o n s ver y different from commercial speculations. Upon this subject we may enlarge on a future occasion. With regard to the treaty in question, we believe it will increase the internal trade, and with it the prosperity of no inconsiderable portion of Germany. The voice of Hanover and the other new members in the congresses held every three years to regulate the tariff will doubtless also contri bute to strengthen the course of reason and of fair play towards all branches of industry. and thus a step which now has a questionable appearance may ultimately hasten the era of good fellowship and unrestricted interchange, which the vaccination of the Prussian cabinet has once more removed for a period of three years. REPREAENTATION or Sr. ALBANP.—MT. Jacob Bell, the member for St. Albans, is leper:el to have visited his constituents during the past week, and likewise the local schools of the town, the children in which were can. mined by the hon. member, Tus BRAZILIAN MERCHANTS AT MANCHESTER AND LORD PALIIIIISTON.—The state of our relations with Brazil. as developed In the address of Senhor Rodrigues Tones, the Finance Minister, to the Government Chambers at Rio de Janeiro, in reference to the seizure by an English miser of the Brazilian smack Amelia, has created some alarm among merchants in the Brazilian trade at Blan chester, and yesterday mooning a number of the most in fluential of the body, being smothers of the Commercial Association, took steps to induce the directors of that body to put themselves in communication with Lord Palmerston on the subject. Our correspondent did not learn what pond at the meeting, hut it was understood that as the re sult of the movement a meeting of the directors would be convened for to-morrow. Mr. James Atherton presided at the meeting, Mr. J. If. De Castro, Mr. A. Comber, Mr. J. 11. Wanklyn, Mr. S. H. Davenport, Mr. Charles Spence, Mr. 3. C. Prescott, and Mr. Lyon. SHOCKING OCCURRENCE ON A ItAILWAT.—On Saturday morning a shocking occurrence took place on the Leicester and Swanningten 'Lila ay, at the point where the line passes the Foss-lane, a short distance front the Lei lcester nation. A coal train passed over the body of a sea ticman named Malin. formerly a resident of Hinckley, and completely sever, d his head front his bode. It is supposed that It was a deliberate act of suicide, t e deceased having i thrown himself on the hue, so that the entire wheels might pees ever his head. THE EXPRESS, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 17, 1851. FRANCE. presented the President with an immense bouquet 1 of flowers, one of the party addressing to him a com pliment in the name of her companions. The Pre sident, with becoming gallantry, saluted each of these ladies on the check, and, after thanking them for their attention, said, " Como and see me at the 'Elysee. I shall expect you to-morrow at 10 o'clock:: Ho then saluted the crowd and withdrew, in the midst of loud cheers. Accordingly, this morning, the dames de la Valle deputed a bevy of the best looking of their community to accept the President's courteous invitation. A capital breakfast was served at the Elysee ; the President was as gay as the occa sion demanded, and retutmed thanks in a becoming speech for the frequent bumpers drank to his health by his fair and merry guests. Rumours, given rise to by the Messages, have been current as to an interview having taken place at the Ely 'see between Lord Normanby, M. )(mos° Cortes, Spanish plenipotentiary, and M. Baroche, Minister of Foreign Affairs, with respect to the Cuba question. Unfortunately for the possibility of the alleged interview Lord Normanby is in the Pyrenees, M. Baroche at Men lan, and Donoso Cortes in the country. The Manlier's announces that M. Fould will re sume his duties as Minister of Finance, which have been discharged during his absence by M. ltouher. The French squadron is expected to be ready for sea by the 18th, and will, it is thought, be reinforced by the Henry IV., now at Lisbon, and by the Ville de Paris. The destination of the fleet is supposed to be Naples. The Minister of Marine is about to undertake a journey to ',orient, in order to examine the iron works of Indict. It may be remembered that on a recent excursion, to be present at the opening of the Nantes Railway, M. Dufaure refused to visit this establishment, of which ho had recommended the suppression. . . . . PARIS, TtrSDAT Evraixo. Not long ago you were induced, by the condem nation of M. Charles Hugo to a heavy fine and im prisonment for no greater crime than the composi tion of an article published in the Er•lnement against capital punishment, to call public attention to the singular severities exercised in France against the opposition press. I have to report to-day s still more remarkable instance of oppression inflicted on another member of the same family, tried on a simi lar charge. M. Francois Victor Hugo, a younger son of N. Victor Hugo, aged 23, was sentenced yesterday by the Court of Assizes of the Seine to 9 months' imprisonment and 2,900 fr. fine for having written an article published in the En'stement of the 9th instant, entitled "Cn Avcu." The article, which I send below, complete and literally translated, was provoked by a leader in the C'onstitutionnel, which characterised the recent indiscriminate arrests of two hundred foreigners of all nations as an act of inter national loyalty. M. Paul .Meurice, the y.,ant of the Ethsetnent, was condemned in the same trial to 9 months' imprisonment and 3,000 fr. tine; and the paper itself has been suspended for one month. Four ' editorsof this paper, namely, the two sons of M. Victor Hugo and 3D1. - Nleurice and Paradis, are now there fore in prison. The incriminated article is as fol lows : At last, then, they own it. The present ministers of the t F h re e n ni c o h n ic arc p b u i li c l al ic co go ns , ! . . r le . r ae t t e ti ntsc of lvii : s um as pe id , e i i , i i ttfi n i t al ifie w ci it all with the Emperor of Russia, identified with the Emperor of Austria, identified with the King of Prussia, identified with the King of Naples! The present minister of the French republic, charged to watch over the maintenance of our democratic constitution, is the ally of the Neeselrode ministry, who violated the l'olish constitution; of the Schwarxenherg ministry, who violated the Austrian con stitution; of the Manteuffel ministry, who violated the Penni= constitution! M. Louis Bonaparte, who has sworn fidelity to the republic, one and indivisible, is the auxiliary of the Holy Alliance ! It is the Constitutionnet that says all this! What we, opposition journalists, would not have dared to have ais:rted, the journal of the Elysia: affirms and boasts of; and it claims as an eulogy fur the govern ment that which we should have thought to be an limit ! Yes it is the government journal that declares that, in arresting German refugees, guilty of wishing another government for their country thou a Cus sack one, the minister of the republic has per formed an act of international loyalty, and that in violating the sacred laws of hospitality 'aim regard to these unfortunate exiles, he has but fulfilled the duties imposed upon him by the law of nations! And, at the same time, this journal lets it be understood that the executive power would do well to address representations to the English es binet on the subject of the protection afforded to the exiles In London. This, then, is what we have come to! That right to an asylum which the barbarians themselves granted to their vanquished enemies, that right to an asylum out of respect to which the Turkish sultan has just risked a war with Russia and Austria, that right to an asylutu for re streetworfawthhicolfi talytil,iettinleolnlaerelvier, of republic so l t oc re lt i rav o e n d e government that violates it, and glorifies iu so doing. And this government is that of the former calls of Thurgovio, it is the government of France, the government of the re public. That which the restoration itself would only have dared to du in secret, the ministry of M. Bonaparte dares to do, and boasts of. It places its police, its gendarmerie, its prison% at the service of those who divided Poland, devastated Hun gary, enslaved Germany, ruined Italy, and it calls that a duty. For the ministers of it Bonaparte, to be European and to desire any other equilibrium for Europe, than the impious and unnatural one established in Itsl4 by the conquerors of Waterloo, that is called a crime against the security of the state. For the minister., to be a Pule, and to wish tho expulsion of the Cossacks for his country, to wish fur independence, fir life, is a crime against the security of the state. For time I ministers, to be Hungarian, and to wish the fall of Austria and national independence fur his country, to wish to re. venge his brothers banged by treason, his mother flogged in the public market-place, to have haughtiness of soul, to possess the remembrance of home, of the family religion, to utlinire Kossuth, and to curse Hayman, is a crime against the securityof the state. For the ministers, to be a German, and to wish for Germany that unity which is the right of a race and the Corey of a nation, to wish that the mother country should not be parcelled out among thirty-sin princes, to wish for the end of arbitrary power and fir the reign of right, to struagle fur those principles which hare ramie the English peep ie free and the I. rench people sovereign, is a crime against the security of the state. For the minis tees, to be an Italian, and to wish for Italy any other reign than that of Mondial Radetxki, of Cardinal Antonelli, end of the King of Naples, to wish fur the expulsion of the Austrians, to wish to have done with the Jesuits, and to detest the bombarders of Milan, Rome, and ?amine, is a crime against the security of the state. For the ministers, to b, a Frenchman and to gise an asylum to exiles, to fill the respevt due to misfortune and to exile, to say with Nil poleon—llonour to the vanquished!—that is called nn net of felony. These are your principles! it is well! It is good that France should know thaw who govern her! The restoration made the expedition into Spain; but at least it tried to claim for Spain an appearance of constitutional liberty. 'f he dynasty of July desired the expedition of the Sanderbmul; but at least it iorciesolt d up to the last ma ment to protest against the partition of Poland. These governments were with the holy alliance; but from some inexplicable sense of shame they (lid not avow it. Yuu have none of that false shame ! A minister of the republic, you arc the ally of the Cossacks! and you own it ! ters chosen by the nephew of the conquered of Waterloo, you make an alliance with the conquerors, and you glory iu the treaty! Thank you.—F. V. Item). The sentence of acquittal which has been just pro nounced in the trial of the Agen conspiracy by the Court of the Lot-et-Garonne, coinciding with the condemnation of the En7nement at Paris, offers ano ther striking instance of the contrast noted between the verdicts of the metropolitan and provincial courts. I have previously stated that this anomaly had its origin in the different rules followed at }'serfs and in the departments in the appointment of juries. Some further details on this important subject may be interesting on the present occasion. In fact the appointment of juries is regulated by a decree of August 7, 1848. First a general list is formed of all citizens in the department capable of serving as jurymen, that is of all citizens aged 30 years and upwards, enjoying civil and political rights, with the exception of servants and persons unable to read or write. Thit general list is drawn up in each com mune of the departments by the mayor, that is by an officer appointed by election ; but at Paris the Prefect of the Seine, an officer appointed by the government is charged with this duty. Next an annual list is selected from the general list. This annual list comprises in the department of the Seine at most 3,000 persons, in the other departments 1,500, the number assigned to each arrondissement or canton being proportioned to the number contri buted thereby to the general list. Now, the jurors of each canton on the annual list are appointed in the departments by a committee composed-1, of the councillor-general of the canton, appointed by the electors; 2, of the juge-de-paix ; 3, of two members of the municipal council of each commune of the can ton, all appointed by the electors. At Paris, on the other hand, the jurors of each arrondissement figuring upon the annual list are selected by a committee corn- GERMANY. posed-1, of three members of the municipal council, appointed by the government ; 2, of the mayor and AUSTRIA. deputy mayors of the arrondissement, appointed by VIENNA, Seer. 12. the government ;3, of the jugs-dc-pas, appointed The Vienna journals will have put you in posses by the government. Thus the composition of the sion of the terms and the amount of the new low, departmental juries is essentially the result of which the Austrian government is attempting to popular election ; while that of the Paris juries procure, together with the purpose to which it is to tsexclusively the work of appointment by the govern- be applied. Five days have elapsed since theme ment. This radical distinction accounts very clearly terms were published, but the remains of the for the contrast between th e t wo verdicts which I government joutnals thatl the whole of the eighty have just had to report, and for the invariable five millions would be subscribed within the empire, severity of the Paris courts in the trials of a political and within a week seem likely to be deceived. Up nature, while in similar cases acquittals are more to last night no more than four millions and a half common in the provinces. In the meantime, it may had been subscribed ; the telegraphic advice' frost be asked why a decree issued in 1848 should ordain all the chief towns of the empire of the amounts a system so utterly irreconcileable with all our no- subscribed in each do not exceed that sum. Still lions of an impartial administration of justice. The this apparent reluctance of the monied clams to answer is simple. The Constituent Assembly thought ; trust the ability and honesty of the government, at that time that the municipal law would be voted must not induce you to believethat the whole amount without loss of time ; and that the municipal coun- will not be made up. From information which ' cillors mayors, and deputy-mayors, would be ap- I have received, there exists a very great pointed popular election. This function, however, in the taken up, though slowly. As for the rest, interval of delay before passing, has been with doubt- the government is determined that the full amount ful legality the municipal law assumed by the go- shall be subscribed, though it should be compelled to vernment. have recourse to " dummy" subscribers. Such prep ! I mentioned that at the ceremony of yesterday the tines are well understood here. With respect to the President presented MM. Leon Faucher, earlier, and purpose to which these eighty-fire millions are to be Berger, with the cross of commander of the Legion applied I would not have your readers receive the of lionour. To the first he addressed the following , impression that paper money t o th a t amount will be complimentary speech : I i mil hu ed possesgi in and d o t i ld t ro he yed fin . an lZith mi s n a bi c minister ca nnot su m of m n o r r u - Mansieur le Ministre de l'lnterieur,--I had no need of ! n the Feoftsst occasion to appreciate fully all the solicitude rally resist the temptation of lessening the annual and nativity which you display in the direction of the great burden arising from the interest paid on what are Schuielversehreibun n" " d ebt bonds," , Womb confided to your charge. lam aware that every I ca ll e d Woo W your time is devoted to the duties of your office. gc or lea mew happy in acknowledging such devotedness on circulate roc aa cc the public good, and accordingly nomi na t e interest at three and five percent., Y. reent m ., a a n n e dl a T m h gelin be i s o a l lee er of the I.agion of Honour, as a well-me- to believe that a very considerable portion of the alai sseempenic for your services. Ace:pt, Monsieur, this eighty-five millions will be expended In calling in It NMI IS • testimony of my high esteem. portion of these " Schuldverschreibungen"—a pro- Yesterday, at the close of the ceremony of laying seeding which will have very much the same effect the foundation-stone of the Central Markets a depu• las taking money out of one pocket and putting it tation of the &Juni de Lit Halle came forward and into the other. How the pretended regulation of the A treaty is on the point of being concluded between France and Austria for the reciprocal protection of the marks of manufactures. Mr. Benjamin Oliveira has arrived at Meurice's Hotel. This gentleman, after consulting with Messrs. Rothschilds and other parties interested in Spanish bonds, will proceed to Madrid, deputed by the com mittee of bondholders in London, and the coupon holders specially, to obtain a modification of the law for the regulation of the Spanish foreign debt. It is reported that Colonel Couston, who was pro sident of the court-martial at Lyons, is about to bo promoted to the rank of general etc brigade. General d'Hautpoul is expected to return to Algeria, to resume his functions of governor-general. The Ist of October is fixed on as the date of his re installation. All the shops in which tickets in the lottery of the Lingots d•Or were sold nt lfr. 2Je., lfr. elk., and 2fr. were closed yesterday, by order of the prrivet of police. Efforts have been made to obtain from the ministry of the interior a new adjournment of the drawing of the lottery, but without result; and the drawing remains irrevocably fixed for the Ist Oc tober. The statement that a capitalist had at his own risk and peril taken the 1,890,000 tickets re• maining unsold on the 31st ult. turns out false. M. Langlois, the director of tho lottery, has been dis missed. The Dowager Duchess de Maine has just been burnt to death at the chateau of La Rocheguvon, where silo was on a visit with her friend, the Duchess de Larochefoucauld. She was standing in her room near a waxlight, when a current of air sent the flame iu the direction of her dress. which caught tire; in a moment she was enveloped in flame. She lingered for about 15 days in hopeless agony. It is a remarkable coincidence that at this same chateau, when it belonged to the Prince de Lion, afterwards Cardinal de Mohan, the Princess de Leon met with a similar death. The President of the Republic, with the approba tion of the Council of State, has dismissed the mayor of the commune of Rio, and the deputy-mayor of the commune of Ayntte in the Lot, on account of their conduct in the late election for that department. They had previously been suspended from their functions by the prefect. There is no ground for the report that the period fixed for the re-opening of the .Usern'ly will be anti cipated. The Committee of Permanence agreed yes terday that the declaration of the Ardeche in a elute of biege did not call fur any such measure. currency is to be effected by it, it is difficult to un derstand. Silver is now at per cent. premium, and, as the loan progresses so slowly, is likely to rise. Lane are unavoidable in cases of public necessity, but there arc means by which they may be avoided or more easily obtained than by the Austrian govern ment. These means are, a reform of the financial administration, and extensive retrenchments in the outgoings of a country. The Austrian government has promised, and has endeavoured to make the world believe that it has commenced a series of re- trenclunents calculated to afford a vast relief to the finances of the empire. The public has been told by the got crnmental organs that the army has been very considerably reduced, and that further reduc tions are to be made. In proof of these statements the numbers of the veteran and drilled soldiers, who have been permittirt, or discharged on furlough, arc quoted in their columns. Die returns arc true, no doubt; for I myself have seen large numbers of these pnnnittirle en route to their homes. But still the armies of the empire contain pretty nearly the seine number of men they did in December lust. For the old and drilled men who arc dis charged, fresh recruits are entered; and I believe it is an acknowledged fact that recruits are more ex pensive than old soldiers. The public have further been told that the cavalry and artillery have been considerably reduced, and that a vast number of leases have been sold. Hanes may have been sold, but all who are still fit for active service have only been lent to the farmers and landowners in the vici nity of the great cavalry depots, and may be reclaimed by the government almost without notice. The se duction then, in this branch of the government, is only a sham. Besides, how is it possible to reduce the numbers and efficiency of the standing army, so long us the government firmly believes that between four and five hundred thousand arms are necessary to keep the people in order? Your readers will, per haps, hardly believe that Austria possesses at this moment eighteen regiments of mounted police, each containing a thousand men, all employed in main taining order. Their method of doing so, is to arrest every one. During three months of the present year the mounted police in Bohemia arrested no less than fifteen thousand persons, and were praised fur their efficiency by the government. In addition to so vast an army of armed police, and regular police, the promised retrenchment is being further carried out by the erection of seventeen or eighteen large fortified barracks, in each of the principal cities of the several Austrian provinces. ienna is honoured by two; 01:C on the Belvidere, and another on the &limas, two points from which the whole of the city can be battered to pieces. Each of these forts in Nlcanna will contain space for an army of six or seven thousand men, with their baggage, of course including cavalry and artillery. 'The others arc to be smaller, and will be garrisoned by about four thousand men. The united expense of these forts is estimated at seventy or eighty million florins, about the amount of the new loan. It is these hundred thousands of bayonets, these armed forts, and mounted police, which drain the resources of the empire; and the government may go on making fresh loans to all eternity, without benefiting the finances or even the currency. It is of little use to recommend retrenchment. Your readers have seen by the above what interpretation the Austrian government puts upon the word. The information of the conclusion of a treaty between Prussia, as the chief of the Zollverein, and Hanover, as the chief of the Steuerverein, has burst upon Vienna like a shell. The public have becen brought to believe that the Zollverein was damned. Austrian newspapers, and even Austrian diplomatists have asserted over and over again, that the cities of the government on this point had been successful, and that the Zollverein would be broken up in the year Mil. I, for one, most certainly believe in its destruction, more especially because thoroughly acquainted with the character and plans of the Prussian Minister of Trade. blow the treaty has been brought about is yct a secret. It is a triumph to the free trade party in Germany, since the miff of the Zollverein must be reduced very much to coincide with that of the Shawn:mein, for surely the Hanoverian government cannot have been mad enough to agree to as 'late their tariff with that of Prussia. This would have been destroying the goose that lays the golden eggs with a vengeance. Hanover an Oldenburg owe their extraordinary progress to the liberal tariff of the Steuerverein. The Ltv/ of this morning takes notice of the treaty, acknowledging that its conclusion is a triumph for free trade ; hut is so inconsistent in its subsequent remarks, that the confusion into which the treaty has plunged the government agents is quite apparent. he treaty (says the Lloyd) Is to pave the way for the boasted Aastro-German Customs league; the tariff of which is to be strictly protectionist. How is it possible, then, every plain minded man must ask, for the treaty to be a triumph to free trade? The inconsistency of the Lloyd is still more glaring. It congratulates the public that the conclusion of this treaty must cause the separa tion of Bavaria, Wirtemburg, and Baden front the Zollverein, their junction with Austria, and the for- I mation of a South German league. According to the l government organ, the treaty then is a triumph of tree trade, a step towards a united German protec tionist union and towards the formation of South and North German Customs' Unions. It is evident that the editors of the /44 are at a loss what to sty. If Prussia is honestly determined to maintain the Zollverein and its union with the Steuerverein the government of that country may by wisdom and firmness regain much of the power which it has lost since the beginning of 1840. The heads of three convents in Vienna, and two others elsewhere, have determined to invest all the disposable portions of the property of their convents in the new five per cent. loan. It is supposed that the other monarchical institutions will follow their example. According to the Austrean Currespondence, the subscription to the loan at the Hank of Vienna, up to the evening of the Inch, exceeded 2,430,000 florins. SPAIN. MADRID, SEPT. M. Manuel Sanchez (kana is deputed to draw up the portion of the bill which relates to the settlement of the home debt. The recruiting operations are over in most part of the provinces; they have been conducted with much regularity and uniformity. According to news (manifestly of little reliability) from the llavannah, circulating here, as many as ninety-two pirates have now been shot. Lopez has been taken prisoner and executed immediately-, and the rest of the expedition were surrounded by the Spanish troops and completely annihilated. That which constitutes the greatest strength of the Spanish authorities in ('alma is that they have re ceived spontaneous otters of assistance from Cubans, Europeans, and Creoles, and even from free men of colour. There is not in this respect the least dis tinction between European Spaniards and American Spaniards. " Union, firmness, and the mouths of our cannons (exclaims the Papu'ar), will make us in future one of the nations the most respected by the inhabitants of America." A Cadiz journal states that the two war transports Cecilia and Marigalentc, arc under orders for Puerto- Rico, with a reinforcement of troops. ITALY. PIEDNIONT. The minister of marine, agriculture, and com merce, at Turin, has ismed a notification, dated the 11th, informing the public that by Art. 7 of the treaty of commerce and navigation, concluded with the holy see iu 1849, the coasting trade of the ponti fical Mutes is exclusively reserved to subjects of that country ; while, on the other hand, the coasting trade along the l'icilmonteso coast is limited to Sar dinian bottoms. That, consequently, Picdmoutese subjects are warned not to infringe that article, whatever indulgence may have been hithert o prac tised; it being well understood, however, that Pied ' montese vessels may engage in the said traffic upon payment of 12 buioccbi (60c.) per ton to the pontifical government. PRUSSIA. BERLIN, SErr. An article in the Honorer Zeitunu, which beats all the appearance of basing been officially inspired, anxiously endeavours to 'impress" upon the public mind of Ger many, that the commercial treaty just ratified between Prussia and Hanover has no tendency whatever to inter fere with the Austrian project of a " Zoll Union" of all the states of Germany. Indeed (says the writer) this pro jected union is alluded to in the 14th separate article; and, so far from the admission of Hanover into the Verein being at all adverse to it, it is rather likely to prepare the way for the accomplishment of that design on right principles. It is further remarked that the Austrian plan, as presented to the Dresden conferences, and as again to be brought before tho Frankfort Diet, is not at the earliest, even should it come to maturity, to come into operation before the year lh.ls. Despite, however, all efforts to show the con trary, there is a very general feeling that the Austrian union scheme has received a deadly blow by the Hanoverian treaty; and, although this scheme was pretty generally repudiated by Prussians a few months ago, yet the illusive idea of a great Germanic unity has so strongly captivated all German minds, that I suspect, after all, there is a secret hankering towards the Austrian project. At least its sudden disappearance from the possibility of things would rather disappoint certain vague German hopes. The breaking up of the Zullverein, as a consequence of the new treaty, is also by some parties anticipated. Bavaria, Saxony, and some other states, it is true, are as much in clined towards protection as North Germany is towards free trade; and as the north will now receive a great accession of strength and of resources, the protective system (or rather the rcmnatns of it which is so loudly clung to) is likely to be further weakened in favour of the opposite principle. Yet, when the pros and rein of the question ma boith sides come is be practically laid in the balance against each other, there will be no sufficient cause, I apprehend, found in their different views fur a dissolution of the Zollverein. If, however, their differences did lead to a definitive rup ture, this I am inclined to think would be, in most cases, to the advantage of both parties. South Germany and North Germany,or as they may be almost with equal distinct ness denominated, Catholic Germany and Protestant Ger many, are divided from each other by so broad a line, men tally and morally, that no community of material interest an reconcile them ; besides, between the moral and the material there is the closest and deepest counexion. There fore, separation is best, at 'cut where the two tree Is arc not very considerably mixed together. North Germany would prrsper best it she could shake off South Germany altogether. The commercial resources of the North, espe cially with the Rhine country, and the union now of the Stetterverein States, are quite independent of the south. The south may follow—it cannot lead ; andAbeing led it is a drag—being associated in commerce with it—on the north. The Lloyd, in a very remarkable article on this subject, seems somewhat to agree with the opinion I have just ex pressed. It seems to hope for the falling away of the south from the Prussian Zollverein, that it may enter into an Austrian Verein, though it does n o t po s iti ve ly utter thi+ sentiment. It divides Germany into two groups, l and errs the time has not yet arrived to form of the two one; that the sauth is at present too much behind the north to be associated with it. It foresees the accession of the Haase-towns to the ZeUnreel ; and says that Holstein and lAuenberg cannot long remain out of it. The article concludes thus:—" Prussia, in the worst can, must draw great advantages from her new position. Even if South Ger many should go out of the league, Prussia would have ample compensation for this loss. She is protected by her pre sent advantage against every contingent disadvantage, and may have good hope that no disadvantages will be incurred. Among the advantages the Prussian government has derived trom the treaty in question, is this : that it is a most attractive tub thrown just now to the whale. It di verts criticism much from the retrograde policy that is now being so actively carried on in the Diets. It reflects some real credit on the ministry, and, under cover of the favour thus earned, facilitates very much the execution of projects on which otherwise an undivided popular odium would fall, much to the embarrassment, if not to the discomfiture, of his Majesty's councils and councillors. A letter dated Berlin, Sept. 14, says: In addition to Oldenburgh and Schaumburg-Lippe, whose acceloinn to the Zolivercin with Hanover by virtue of the new treaty is considered certain, negotiations have been com menced with Meeklenburgh and Brunswick, with the latter on account of its territory on the Harz and the Wenn It is hoped they will be brought to a conclusion within the pre rent year. The dispo,ition of the those Towns is doubtful, whether they will maintain their isolated posi tion, or consent to become free harbours of the Collective Union. No negotiation has been commenced on this subject either on the part of Prussia or Hanover. It appears as if they waited for propositions from the Hulse Towns themselves. An extraordinary conference of the States of the Zollverein will, it is probAlc, assemble shortly in Berlin, at which a plenipotentiary of Hanover will take part, in virtue of the 13th article of the treaty. INDIA AND CHINA. THE OVERLAND MAIL. A second telegraphic despatch, dated Trieste, Sept. 15th, says:— "The Nizam would first of all pay to the Govern ment 40 lucs, the remaiuder in one year, and give security for the regular payment of his contingent. " None of his proNinces have been occupied. "A conspiracy to effect the mope of Moolraj had been discovered in Calcutta. It was intended that the Arsenal should have been set on fire and the pri soners liberated in the confusion. " Twenty villages round about Goolburgah had been pluadered and burned by the Iluhillas. " It was mentioned in the way of a report that the troops of Goolah Singh had been beaten in a conflict with the people some four days' journey from Cashmere. " A great many men and a quantity of baggage were said to have been loot. " The police magistrutes in the three presidencies have been instructed to make a return of their local expenses. " The magistracy of Bombay is still vacant, though it iiapplicd for by more than 30 candidates. " Commerce at Calcutta was dull. " The rebellion in China was spreading. The Im perial troops could make no impression upon tho rebels. " The stock of silk on hand was small. " Exchange on London, loa." " Travellers who have arrived in the Ilinclostan mention a collision between the Peninsular and Ori ental Company's steamers Pada and Erin in tho Straits of Malacca. The Paella, with 10 persons in it, wus sunk. ALGIERS.—The last letters from Algiers stato that a new chief, named Mohamed ben Abdallah,,is going through some of the provinces of the south. endeavouring to rouse the population against tho French. Troops have been sent to arrest him and his partisans. THE CUBAN AFFAIR. The DSO. has a long article on the affair of Cuba, from which we extract the following : It is not permitted to doubt that the most southern states have firmly resolved to annex the island of Cuba to the Union, mill to renew indefinitely coups do maim in that magnificent colony, until they shall have wrested it front Spain. The federal government, we know, remains a Com plete stranger to these criminal attacks on the domains of a friendly nation; it disavows and reproves them. But evi dently the means of action which it possesses are absolutely iusufricient, are null, for it has nut interrupted the military preparations which are making at N"w Orleans its the lace of the sun. In itself, the project is calculated to obtain the degree of attention attached to an act of unexam pled piracy. Citizens of the United States, who throw themselves in arms on a Spanish possession, whilst the Union is at toll pc cc with Spain, call down on them selves, un the part of European opinion, the reproba lion which pirates must always excite amongst civilised nations. they have not even the pretext of an in ternal insurrection to attract them. The island of Cuba is prosperous under the Spanish flag; it know; that, and is grateful for it. Movements like that of l'orto del l'rincipo prove nothing, if it be not that there exist in all countries at present men who confound inailiordination and revolt with liberty. Nothing, then, renders interesting the authors and gettcrs-up of these repeated invasions. But, in another point of view, the enterprise is of a nature to bo looked upon with anxiety. It is not purely and simply an net of brigandage on a grand scale ; it is also an important episode in the drama of the destinies of slavery in the New World, where that detestable institution has sought its last asylum. If the attack were to succeed, it would precisely on that account be an event which would cause great sense tion,and have great importance. Slavery existed until recently in half of the states of the Union ; in one of the two chambers of the Congress, the Senate, the balance was equal between the slave and the free states. Two years ago the illu•trions Mr. Clay proposed a series of measures, which, though at first rejected, were afterwards adopted, un being brought for ward by another person; and which have virtually at least changed the respective positions from top to bottom. Tho numerical majority will henceforth belong in the two cham bers to the states which do nut permit slavery ; and it will increase more and more, because nothing prevents it from following the superior power which the free states possess of creating new states. Moreover, it is to be expected that several states which are at present ranged under the banner of slavery will change sides, and for some of them the con version may be very early. Such is the little state of Delaware, such Kentucky, such Virginia itself, and Ten nessee. Slavery will disappear in those states ; it is at present the interest of the proprietors of the soil that it should do so ; cultivation would be better, and would give larger profits with free labourers than with slaves., At a later period, and for the same reason, the southern states near to them, must, if they regard their own interest, even the most material, also get rid of slavery and their slaves sold by their masters, before the enfran chisement will go and increase the bla ck population of the states nearest the tropic. This perspective has not escaped the statesmen of the south, amongst whom are some emi nent for their intelligence, and whose local patriotism is ardent. hence their designs have been conceived and been partially put in practice during the last twenty years. The soil escapes from them to the north, and they endeavour to extend it to the south. It was this which gave birth to Texas. The calculation, however, was vain. The conquerors of Texas outstripped the object, and their striking 'llea= will turn against slavery. Yielding to a disorderly ambition, they carried much too far the bounds of the conquest. This ter ritory must he divided into three or four distinct states, and by that dismemberment there will be formed, by the will of the citizens themselves, more free states than 'slave states. In Cuba, on the contrary, the chances are better for slavery. The island of Cuba is not, like Texas, a country in which slavery has to be established. It is u slave country, and is sufficiently rich and populous to cut up immediately with Porto Rico, which would follow it, into three states at least, which would marvellously complete in Congress the pha lanx of the south. The island of Cuba thus becomes the field of battle between liberty and the slavery of the blacks. If the adventurers of the United States make themselves masters of it, the slavery party will have fur a time repaired its lost~. It will take courage in the United States en tho north, and in Brazil in the south, where it is in some dan ger from the nature of the proceedings of the British Cabinet. If, on the contrary, the tondultieri fail defini tively at Cuba, it will be the signal through all the extent of the new continent far new efforts in favour of the liberty of the blacks." CEYLON.—Papera relating to the court martial held on Captain Watson have been officially published. It will be remembered that in February of last year Captain Watson was examined before a committee of the House of Commons on the affairs of Ceylon, and denied that certain documents sent to persons in Ceylon, stating that they would be killed and their property confiscated unless they gave up some property belonging to other parties therein mentioned, were to his hand-writing. Captain Watson declared that the signatures to four documents were forgeries. It WAS subsequently alleged that they were in his hand-writing, and a court-rusrtisl was held at Colombo, on the Bth of April last, when he was, according to the letter of Lord Fitzroy Somerset, "most fully and most honour ably acquitted of the charge preferred against him and the four instances contained in it," &c. The judge-advocate general, in transmitting to the lior.e-Guards the result of the court-martial, declared that the signatures to the docu ments in question were forgeries, and that the statement made by Captain Watson before the House of Commons with regard to the said signatures were true sort not false. The finding of the court was confirmed bye ajor-General s--st •••••nraandi.,- I Dot patche' re ceive , Dirt., I pit' of donee lug. ?cp. tint the this in Ey . co tck Ica Ma tiu abi chi Cal