The Express. — London, England, 1851-07-26 00:00:00

LITERATURE. The Geological (N..erre►. By Sir Erna T. nr. LA Seen, Ihrettor-General or the Gkologicul Survey of the United Kim:dom. Aes Elemseolory roorxe of Geology, arc. By DAVID T. ANWIT.D. Profesror of Geology in King's College, London. Van Vector. The rapid multiplication and pre-eminent success of geological hocks has struck every one who takes interest in the intellectual signs of our times. Doubt less, other causes concur with the taste of the read ing public to ettel this result. The reputation of able and distinguished men has demanded that de fective statements should be completed with the in crease of knowledge, and premature conclusions withdrawn before the advance of higher and more just generulizut• s. It was impossible that a science, but yesterday a bold hypothesis resting upon mine ralogy and geography, should extend suddenly its foundations over so many fields of natural inquiry, and interest every• anatomist, botanist, and che mist, without making its inthienee felt in the literature of the age. But this cause, tide. quote to the production of scientific memoirs and academic disquisitions, cannot account for what all may now observe. It does not explain why the memory is unable to retain so much as the names of the works which from " Geologies fur Beginners," " Wonders," and " Thoughts on Pebbles," down to the costly maps of the government survey and the ponderous " Observer" of Sir Henry de la Beebe, have followed one another throughout the last ten years in so rapid a succession. The principal causes of this development are twofold. The first, con nected with that intertwining with the separate sciences already noticed, but still distinguished from it, is the wide and truly comnical range of geological inquiry. In the detailed sciences of chemistry man experiments and familiarises himself with the tools, so to speak, of nature's working. In geology all the molecular and mechanical powers are gathered up and combined. Here Nature herself is the sure ex perimentalist. The soul, obeying the secret voice which bids it— Search, undismayed, the vast profound, Where Nature works in r,ecret ; view the beds Of mineral treasure, and the eternal vault That hounds the hoary ocean: trace the forms Of atom.. moving with incessant change Their elemental round— sees here, as in a minor, its own original dignity, and feels a vigorous glow as it exults in its alliance with tile all tot ming mind. This grandeur of geo logienl objects, which, consciously or unconsciously, is universally felt, assimilates the science in the popu lar regard to astronomy, the itatund study best loved by our countrymen ever since it met worthy expounders. And here let us notice how highly geology has been favoured in the manner in which her chtracter and merits have been placed before our countrymen. The works of our first geologists are as much an honour to letters as to SWICIICV.. We shall nowhere find more beautiful or finished descriptive writing than in the passage in the " Bridgewater Treatise," when. Buckland has depicted a Silesian coal-mine, with all its splendid scent ry of the grace ful vegetuble forms of the primeval earth. Dr. Illautell's narrative of the mutations of our island us seen by an imaginary supernatural observer is a literary polonium. Sir Charles " Elements" abound with high philosophy and vigorous sense, often exalted to poetic dignity by the genius of the writer. But why enumerate. In Murchison and Phillips, in Owen and Sedgwick, in Miller and Smith, we i have vet other wants to mach with those. Patience to work iu secret and wait the long gestation of truth, elnisummate skill in conducting the march of science to a victorious issue, arc the least of their merits. With an expansion of heart worthy the mighty scope of their inquiries, they have compre hended that the august world-embracing truths which it was given them to discover, were not curiosities to 100 dealt with in the spirit of a entern., but a conquest won for the general mind. The same men alio have taught the anatoniist and botanical inquirer ' in the casts, shells and ferns of fossil offruta, to behold again the key to long lost types of lift:, have made plain to the intellects of auldren the great evangel of nature. If now, with out technical drudgery, the awn but ordinarily COll - with science is enublvd, in thought, to sweep through the mighty range of geologic time, Front dim oblit ion call The fleet ide it hood, and hid th, iu go Break tnrou4h time's hurries., and o ertske the hour That saw the earth created; if he can hark dowu, as from sonic commanding height, and see with admiring awe the labouring AIMS eternally uphmtring, crushing, fusing. de• straying, and repairing the world; if, best of all, he can exult in the sublime immutability of sovereign law, triumplunitly and benclieently ruling in the very capital of seining ruin and decay—this high delight he owes to the large and pre-eminently human sympathies which combine with power and culture to distinguish the geologists of our age. The practical charawter of geology denionstnited in works whose number is daily increasing has had much to do in promoting the growth of its literature. We are all familiar with the attempt made in our own day inviduously to divide the field of human in quiry, by tnur;:ing off with a broad line a certain portion us "useful" knowledge. The division, funda mentally false, is now generally abandone d. In those days it was the fate of geology to be termed a speculative science, well adapted to amuse the philo sopher, but of no importance to society in general. 'lie uses of geological knowledge arc now seen to be of most umniftold variety. Some of these are obvious. Such arc its applications to milling, agriculture, and engineering. The search for tin precious metals, re deemed from the hazard of earlier adventure, is now conducted according to fixed principles, invariably found to regulate the distribution of the ore required. The immense amount of capital formerly lost to the community in ignorant explorations of all kinds of strata in search of coal, the latest of which—those at Bexhill and Kinglithurpc—were conducted in op position to the express warnings of geologists, will henceltorward be saved to the nation. The engineer, no longer regulating his operations by local tradi tion or transmittal rules, finds in geology a repertory of physical facts. cautions, canons, and suggestions which. w hether he have to construct a railway, rear n bridge, drain a town, or sink a well, are equally indispensable. To the agriculturist this science lays open the might. composition, and qualities of soils, its capabilities and value, and the nature of their proper manures. .%reliityyture and the fine arts arc scarcely less indebted to geology. Au acquaintance with its principles afforib a sure guide in tho selec tion of a good and durable building material. Many public edifiers are fast hastening to decay; several of the ail eges of our universities have needed rebuild ing, and many newly-erected churches, reared at great cost and sacrifice, are in course of premature dilapidation, owing to the decomposing na ture of the stone of which they are con structed, while sonic of our venerable edifices have been repaired with so faulty a material, that old and new have speedily become one ruin. So great aa evil, the offspring of ignorance, was only to be avoided in future erections by the aid of scientillie, men; and in the beautiful dolomite employed in the , external construction of the new Houses of Parlia ment, in the new Museum in Piccadilly, as well as in some other recent public buildings, may be seen a building stone proved to be the best which this island is capable of supplying. The sculptor is no less indebted to geology in the choice of a material for the exercise of his art. Slone of the finest pro ductions of the chisel are chipped and decompoaed, owing to the choice of an unworthy marble. Marned by the modern example of flannel:yr, whose Ariadne is spoiled front this cause, the sculptor now follows the advice of Sir Francis C'hautrev, an artist es ear Bible of the value of knowledge of this kind, that b• made himself a proficient in geology and minerologr, The landscape' painter begins to find that a schist, . which teaches the physical structure of counteka, - and the principles which determlno its scenery sal aspect, can lend him important aid. Had this dia. covery been nude sooner, our galleries of modern and' contempontry paintings would have contained fewer pictures violating the truth of nature; nor shoold we have seen an event historically laid in the south, of England pictorially presented amid the rugged rocks anti angular line of the Plutonic north. • Probably it is to the utility of this science, much more than to its sublimity and beauty, that we owe its introduction not only into our colleges andra Basin, but into the primary end eleemosynary schools for the education of the children of the poor. In the descriptive portion of geology, in its distinctions and I localisations of phenomena, there are so many facts to be learned apart from all hypotheses ns to their causation, that the science comes to he regarded as almost a necessary outgrowth of physicial ge.)graphY. But surely the adoption of geology ns a sub,ect . of instruction by such a body as the National Society, more, the publication by its committee of a map ac cepting the igneous origin of the earth, is a sign that the ignorant prejudices which once opposed the progress of this strictly inductive and physical science are fast disappeanng from society. A pitia ble case were it indeed, if, when divines so learned, devout, and independent as Posey, Rockland, and l'yc Smith, had declared frankly their adhesion to geology as conformable to the letter and meaning of revelation, the uneducated and fanatical could suc ceed in quenching its light. Happily our public museums, our active press, and the vigorous spirit of our time, are a guarantee against this disastrous result; meanwhile, we may look upon the prejudices which here and there still betray themselves, as the unsub dued remains of that tendency to chain philosophy to a creed, against which, from Abclard and Descartes downward, every thinker in Christendom had had to protest. The two works whose titles are given above are the latest publications on the subject of which they treat. Sir Henry de la Beche's "Observer" a portly, well-to-do looking octavo of above $OO pages, is, to a certain extent, founded upon his well-known little treatise long since out of print, entitled " How to Observe." Ile tells us in his preface that it was undertaken "to assist persons entering upon the study of geology, especially in the field.' As Hum boldt has truly said, to behold is not necessarily to ry obsee,that i s, to compare and combine; and the history , of geology well attests the observation. Now the author seeks to send his reader out, say for example, on the sea coast, and teach him to mark the forces which are now at work, modifying and changing the earth's surface, in order afterwards to employ this knowledge, so far as it can be made applic able, in explanation of the geological accumulations of a prior date. 'file volume is, therefore, one great body of explanations of existing phenomena, aceoni panted by directions how to discriminate similar and connect remote phenomena, as well as how to solve the difficulties which beset the application of theory to fact. It will be at once obvious that coming front a man of so vast experience acquired in the field, the " Observer" must be an invaluable book. It should, however, be said that its plan is tacitly curried out upon the supposition that the student is already in possession of the chemical, mineralogical, and zoological knowledge to which geology so often appeals. Professor Ansted's work is of an entirely different class. It is a course of geology, elementary- in the sense°, at once the most popular and most strict. Its arrangement and scope ate admirable ; indeed, no one seems to understand the wants of nine-tenths of the reading public better than its author. The first 130 pages, about one-fourth of the whole, are de voted to physical geography, and contain the sub stance of a course of lectures well received some four years ago at the ltoyal Institution. 'l'he na ture of the elements composing the earth and the reactions produced by meteorological causes are here discussed, as well as the mechanical and che mical changes produced by waves, icebergs, glaciers, volcanoes, earthquakes, tee. The second part treats of the crystallographic, physical, and chemical pro perties of minerals, and is compiled with much skill. Ile third part is occupied with descriptive geology, in which the composition, classification, and superpo sition of rocks is well described: and a summary sug gestive of the practical use of geology concludes the work. The simple plan of this volume, the extent of geological reading which it contains, and the ju dicious order in which the various portions of the work succeed each other, constitute it one of the best which eau be placed in the hands of a beginner. In justice it should be added that the book is not with out positive bleniishes, which, if they do not greatly detract from its practical merit, are the less excusable in a writer of Mr. Amsted's standing, inas much as they might have been avoided with common care. These remarks apply espe cially to a looseness of expression often übscUring the sense, and sometimes even rendering the sentence equivocal. The same cause, hasty com position or iniperfect revision, has probably led to the error in the following passage: " Assuming the weight of hydrogen to be unity, or 1, we find that of oxygen to be it, for water being always composed of an equal r.umber of atoms of oxygen gas (which appears from experiment), the weight of the atom of the latter must be eight times that of the former, since, &c." The fact being, by the testimony of every che mical author, that no one has determined ex perimentally so much as the existence of atoms, which at present are only conventional particles. The fact that hydrogen and oxygen always combine in definite proportions of weight is all that the che mist knows, and the atomic theory he accepts until he finds one better capable of explaining the fact. To infer the weight of single atoms from their num ber, their number being previously inferred from the weight of the mass, ii to reason in a circle. Of course this sentence is but a slip of the pen. How to See She Erk i6it hi Four Fulls. By W. Bt. or- CHARD JEKROLII. Bradbury and FAWIS, We have before noticed this handbook fur visitors to the Glass Palace, but when we did so only one part of it had been published. The whole series is now complete, and a glance through the 214 neatly printed pages that make up the volume is sufficient Ito ahcw the value of the manual. The plan adopted by the author has been to divide the whole exhi bition into four sections, and the visitor is supposed to go through these—book in hand—one after the other. By reference to Mr. W. B. Jerrold's pages the reader learns without trouble where to look fur' the things best worth seeing, and about these he finds descriptions much more satisfactory and maple than those in the official catalogue. Indeed it is unfair to expect lengthy notices in the elaborate work prepared by the catalogue contractors. In their volume they have been compelled to notice everything, or their text would be incomplete. But everything is not worth notice. Thousands of articles in the Glass Palace arc very well in their way, but otter no points of attraction to the general public. All these are passed by in " How to See tho Exhibition," and the omission of the unattractive leaves space for amplification about those articles which present the broadest features of public inte rest. A few quotations will show how the writer has gone about his task : LIMECTIONS lOU TILE FIILNT mit% The first important direction that can he given to the •isitor is, that on entering the building—whether by the entrance—he proceZ4 at once hi the southern extremity of the transept, from which point he will have a comprehensive slew of the general effect of the fount.kins and statuary, which reach to the northern entrance. Taking up his position just within Messrs. Cottam and liallen's iron gates, he will have a general view of the tran sept. lle will s.--c the fountains playing before the fine elm tree enclosed in the northern portion of the transept ; he will catch the dazzling brilliancy of the great glass f oun t a i n , i and on either side, stretching n perspective line, he will see some of the finest specimens of sculpture w hich the building contains. immediately before him is a stand of magnificent flowers ; behind these, Thorneycroft's eirpies trilin statue of the Queen. Immediately behind Thorney erult's statue is a group of Amazons and Argonauts, by Engel, exhibited by Prince Albert. These objects occupy the central line in the southern part of the transept. The visitor proceeding from the southern gates, on the right hand, will find, first, in the line flanking the avenue, a statue of Beatrice ; then Mel)owall's Eve ; then Weeke's statue of the Marquis of t% ellesley, and near it a remark able Sleeping Infant, in white marble ; then Woodington's Girl at the Spring; then, marking the south western ear ( ner of the foreign halt of the building, he will find Mr. McDowall's colossal group of Virginian sad daughter. From this point he may take his first view of the effect of the building in its entire length. Olancing to his right down the foreign avenues, he will see colossal figures stretching wwards the roof at all points in the perspective ; glancing to his left, he will have an indistinct view of the sta. tuary, models, and glasses, which fill the British main avenue. - Tempting as the gorgeous bazaar appears from this point, however, he should u yet not move from the transept, but retrain his steps towards the southern gates, taking front views o f the Amass% and other grasps by the way, he should pass to the western owner of the southern portion of the tzaitsept. At thitpoint he will And groups of statuary by Mr. Lough, asaspant others not simulated in the rata loese, his Jealousy of Obsess. Pr seeding northward slang this weans amine, he will And Steptieses Satan I vasquilshod by the Archangel ; sad at the southern corner of the British tufa avows, Xr. Leash's eelesoak poop of THE EXPRESS, SATURDAY EVENING, JULY 26, 1851. Satan vanquished by St. Michael. Crossing the main topics he dilates upon. His volume dawn% and avenue at once to the northern compartment of the trim- will doubtless obtain, general public attention. Sept, and keeping in the western avenue, the visitor will be first struck by 11,11's calossal statue of Falkland. Down The It of Dough: .h.rrokl. Collected Edition. the central line of this part of the transept are. first, a limn- Vobinie I.—St. Giles and St. James. London: Bradbury tain, timiked on the west by Wyatt's Equ-strian statue of and Evans. the Queen, and on the cast by an Equestrian Statue of The appearance of the first number of this compact Prince Albert by the same sculptor, and a large model of and cheap re-issue of the works of Douglas Jerrold a vessel. Grouted amid flowers of exquisite variety, stands Bell's meek Andromeda. Behind, again, a fountain ; then was hailed in these columns as an event in the there then ture of the ear. following the central line another fountain ; We have now to announce the corn flowers, grouped amid stuffed birds; then, behind all, the pletion of the first volume, and to promise those who Northern Refreshment Court, redolent of living vegetable have not hitherto read it—a feast to store. A drama perfumes. tically an-unwed story; abundant and ready wit; a Keeping in the western avenue, however, the visitor o clear sparkling style—now dealing in irony, now should remark the groups which flank this avenue on the full of nial humour, and always with a strop un right ; among theta Abel and Thirza, Adam, Sam so n. , ge g will then arrive at some fine ornamental gatesonanufac- aereurrent of sound philanthropy—are here woven hired by the Coalbrooke Dale Iron Company. Passing together and make a book full of amusement, excite these, he should proceed across the Refreshment Court, ment, and instruction. Portions of the tale have and oc the right of tho northern, or Queen's entrance, he may inspect an elegant little apartment fitt e d u p f or the been re-written since its first hasty appearance in a magazine, and to the volume there is attached a pre am of her Majesty. Oa returning to the eastern avenue of the northern transept, he will find in a line on his right face in which the author gives just an explanatory groups of statuary ,• among them Sin Triumphant, Earll's word or two about the story and its moral, and model of Jacob and Rachel, Youthful Athlete: ; and at the allows us just a glimpse of the beginning of his lite noith-western corner of the foreign main avenue, Foley's model fur a statue of Hampden, to be pla ce d i n th e new pa- I Careen LYN of Westminster. Having arrived at this point, the visitor may well pause to notice the four colossal pieces of statuary which mark the four central corners of the main avenues. He may also no tice from this point the huge glass chand e li e r i n the gallery immediately above the statue of Falkland , the organ and the oleetro-inignetic clock in the gallery above o.e southern en trance, and the general perspective effect of the galleries, with the huge draperies of all kinds and colours hanging from them AU every direction. From this point he may boar faintly the gigantic organs which are in the foreign and Britiihdepartmeuts, bells of huge proportion tolling lowly in the vast space and the faint tinkling of grand 'pianos So gigantic is the scale of the building, that the loudest shout Lablache could raise from the transept would not be heard at either extremity. The great elm in the northern divi sion of the transept gives, more than any other pro portion to be noted in the palace, an idea of the colossal size of the building which contains it. At this point the visitor will generally find crowds of be wildered spectators looking about theta, and endeavour ing to imbibe from the splendid confusion a gene ral idea of the great whole. To master an exhibition of dimensions and variety so unparalleled is no easy task to the visitor who is introduced to it, without some straightfor ward and comprehensive guide; and endeavouring to place ourselves in this position of guide, we have grouped the varied eonteutu into two great division!, the Foreign and the British; and these divisions respectively into three distinct parts, consisting of the main avenue, the southern section, and the northern section. By adopting this divi sion the details, so far as the general visitor is concerned, are coolly and eff..ctually comprehended and enjoyed. THE GENERAL EFFECT 11F THE roicriox NAVE. That half of the building devoted to the contributions of Englishmen having already been examined, the business of the visitor on entering the building for the third time is to turn to its eastern half, in which he will find collected spe cimens of the industrial skill of about forty foreign nations. As he turns his back upon the great glass fountain, and face•e the east, the gay foreign nave opens before hint, bright and lively with the Wigs of France, Spain. Belgium, and the United State.* suspended from the galleries. At once he can truce the relative commercial importance of the foreign countries represented. Long rows of the tri-colour of the French Republic mark the great extent of room tilled with the art manufactures of our nearest neighbours ; the few Hags of Spain call to mind the palsied industries Or Madrid mind Barcelona; the black, yetlow, and red, of Belgium, stretching over considerable apace, su•gest the vigour of an enfranchised people, while Holland, the old tyrant of the Belgian, owes but an iasignitleant urea to the east; then daunt the commercial colours of the Great Zoll verciii, the black and yellow of Austria, the dark standard of lticssia, and the stars and stripes of Yankee hind. The rich blending of culour produced by the arrangement of thew: national flags in perspective line, against the dark red draperies with which nearly all the nave stills are deco• rated, and the picturesque confusion of objects in every va riety of form and colour, breaking up the hard lines with• out taking from the impressive extent of the nave, at the eastern point of which colour is gradually 10,t in tile aerial blue of the distance, present a picture that must impress it self upon the mind, even though viewed by the dullest eye that ever looked abroad upon the beauties of the world. THE AUSTRIAN TOY COVEN. On returning to the Court whence the visitor issued to examine these specimens of Austrian mineral wealth, he should turn west, and proceed down the short southern pas sage of the court. Here are ranged the must carious and amusing assortmeuts of Austnan toys. Upon the great stand on his right the spectator will find the strangest play -1 things. Dolls are here of all sixes, and of the most curious shapes, but distantly resembling the human lotus divine. Poor bandaged babies are suspended after the fashion of tow country, and store you in the face with most unabashed ex pression ; a fierce troop of Austrian euvalry, in their white tomatoes, are charging a donkey of the meekest aspect; a young lady in the frailest gauze is continually turning on one toe, for the amusement of various shuttitcocks ; u com plete dinner set, with delicacies securely glued to the dishes, and a most unc .nscious tumbler; while from the opposite side, u very red face (with a tine green pear tbr a MAY), surveys the positions and movements of th e littl e t oy world mmusite with an cspression a little too supercilious for our liking. Why, too, dues the Sapper, whose mien tackles reach nearly to his knees, exinniue the proportions of a Pre-Raphaelite mouse with that ttrrible expression of anger ?—and what earthly reason can that very wouly dog have for sitting continually upon a ltrabtr apparatus,which, on the least movement, gives forth the shrillest and most unpleasant notes? Ott tile southern counter the assortment of fruit is most inviting—a little soiled, perhaps, by extra varnishing, but still of an emerald greenness. But in the south-western corner of the court the visitor will find the most amusing curiosities. Hero are some ingenious automata. The at tool:tut will be first observed to take a gaily-dressed young lady and a Chinaman, who are appareutly locked in one ' anuttier's arms, and insert a key In the back of one of the couple. Alter this operation, the Chinamen s bashfulness adpears to forsake hint, and forthwith, on being released and placed upon the counter, he begins the Scotto/clic in a vigorous and graceful style, with all the variations—now sidling down the board, now converting himself and lady into u metotum. But the dance is wearisome without the music. Till* of is soon removed by the attendant, whose Ilettlxlingnagian hand is placed upon a piano with a young lady sitting before it. Again the mysterious key is applied, whereupon the performer turns her head—u little atfectedly, we thought—and having flourished her fingers about the keys, plays for the benefit of the dancers. This .eeue is one of breathless excitement to children ; but the visitor, who has yet much to inspect before he closes his third visit, most move forward rapidly. . ------ THE 11.C.iSIAN MALACHITE. The way lies still to the north down the eastern avenue of the court. Here the general effect of the great contribution. of Malachite manufactures from Priam Demidoll may be sect.. On the nave counter is a small candelabra, the de sign of which represents the playfulness of three bears ex hibited at the root of a leafless and gnarled tree. The life and activity thrown into the rough play of the shaggy beats show great mastery of the art of modelling. Here, too, are some excellent specimens of embossed silver work un a gold surface. Advancing still to the north, the visitor 1 should notice the rough masses of Malachite, front which the tich slabs are cut that he sees finely polished and shaped into all kinds of ornamental works. This Malachite, or mountain green, is not, as people generally s uppo se , a r i c hl y veined marble. It is a carbonate of copier, mostly of a bright green colour, with variegated radiations and zones, which may be reduced to copper by the action of acids. Some pour deposits have been found in Wales and Corn wall,unil some better specimens in the celebrated Burrs Burnt mines of South Australia, but up to this time, that front the Siberi,in mines is the onl y Malachite that has be en successfully worked under the tool of the lapillarv. The visitor will see that the largest lump of malachite exhibited does not exceed the size of a cannon ball, and it is from these small masses that the workman cuts the thin plates of ore, such as those which are so skilfully veneered as to present the effect of the mast delicate surface of polished marble. Passing the parquet-work exhibited against the eastan wall, and turning to the west from the north-eastern point of the court, the visitor arrives in front of the two great malachite gates or doors which occupy the central apace of the north ern wall. The palatial splendour of these speeim •ms, gene rally viewed, is heightened to the mind, when on minute insp.:cliet the visitor has followed the lx.mtatal devices of gold tracery which have enabled the workmen to build this large surface, and to give to some hundred distinct pieces of ore the effect of one solid piece of polished marble. Opposite these doors the space is occupied with other malachite ma nufactures, including a splendid mantel-piece, some vases, a Lula, and other smaller articles. 'these objects arc deci dedly the most remarkable contribution. from Russia. The fact that the brilliant malachite comes from the Sibe i nail mines saddens the contemplations of t:te least Sandmen . tal visitor. To the ears of the inhabitants of Western 1 Europe the words " Sib2rian Mines '• present a picture hardly h•ss horrible and less repulsiae than the Black Hole of Calcutta. What hands have brought this copper ore to light ? is a question not seldom asked. The pale fare l of the l'ole—the sad, heroic countenance of the d, graded and chained patriot—come to mind with all the wealth that rises to the light of chit, from the dead darkness of the Ural Mountains. i These thoughts, then, are almost inseparable from the I M al white ; and it is possible even for the least sympathetic of m inkMd to turn with a heavy heart from the stories' that these glittering lumps, invested with human utterance, might tell to the careless passer-by. 1 The thousands who visit the Glass Palace should take this book as their guide. It will teach them , what to look for whilst in the building, and will' serve afterwards as a memento of what each saw amongst the wonders of the World's Fair. I The Teeth, and their Preservation is Manhood and Old I I Age. By ALIMED CANTON, m.n.c.s.L. London :1 Sonic Recollections of Mrs. Anderson's School. London : Arthur Hall, Virtue, and Co. An amusing series of descriptions, likely to in terest the young folks, for whom they are intended. Sir John Minklin and the Arctic Regions. By P. L. SDI XONDS. G. Routledge and Co. A compact volume, containing a summary of tho history of the efforts made by Englishmen to dis cover the North-West Passage, with notices of the recent expeditions in search of the missing vessels under Sir John Franklin. Without boasting any originality, this volume has nevertheless claims upon the attention of all those who wish to know what has been done in the Arctic Regions, and who are not inclined to wade through the many cumbrous and costly octavos and quartos before published on the subject. ANN HICKS.--CONIPENSATION FOR LOSS OF PRIVILEGES. A clear and business-like treatise by a scientific and practical man upon a subject of great interest to all who study either health or personal appearance., Mr. Alfred Canton is aental surgeon to one of the London hospitals, and brings to his task of author the enlarged views of a man experienced in the TO THE EDITOR UT THE DAILY NEWS. SI lt,—Some time back, when the Palace Court had been doomed by the potent voice of the English public, a heated discussion arose as to the compensa tion due to those barristers who had practised there. The court was en evil, and the barristers, as part of the court, were evils—selling justice, or something like it, at a very dear rate. By general consent the nuisance was stifled ; but the barristers and their l officials, in the regular course of things when in fluential men are dealt with, received compensation for the loss of their monopoly. Not a few sagacious people grumbled to see a set of fat dealers in tor tuous law pelted out of their court with sovereigns; but custom sanctioned the bargain, and it was settled accordingly. In this fashion, ' then, government deals with the rubbish it has to clear away in the progress of its reforms. A set of men, having been declared impedi ments in the way of cheap justice, have handsome salaries given to them to retire from their obnoxious practices. Here government deals with the bar—deals daintily and handsomely, but presently a poor woman comes unhappily in contact with the entire machinery of the Woods and Forests. here is the instructive story that ensues: About a century ago George 11. was immersed in the Serpentine (not a fragrant bath), and was extri cated, with other help, by the grandfather of one Ann Hicks. The royal life was saved,and H icks,as the price of his courage, received the permission to have ust nd, for the sale of refreshments, in Ik-de-pork. The reward was not princely, but the second George was assuredly at liberty to set his own value upon his mortal career. He fixed the value at an apple-stall, and Hicks enjoyed the royal award for a period of 69 years, when he was gathered to his fathers, and his son began his career behind the stall. Here for 49 years the son carried on the father's trade, and then followed his father, leaving a daugh ter, who had helped ut the stand from her fifth year, in possession of the little property. Seven years ago Lord Lincoln gave Ann Hicks lierinission to build a stone lodge at the edge of the Serpentine. This lodge cost the woman 1301., the entire savings of her life. Presently it occurred to Lord Seymour, the successor of Lord Lincoln, that the lodge must be removed ; and accordingly the poor woman was served with notice to quit, and an intimation that if she complied at once with the notice his lordship was prepared " to recommend the board to make an allowance for house rent fur a short period after her removal." The poor woman, horrified at the idea of being turned away from her only means of support, continued to expostulate with the authorities, and to occupy her lodge till she was forcibly ejected, in November last, and the building was pulled down. Sent thus adrift she petitioned for the value of the building on which she had expended her savings and in reply the amount of twelve months' lodg ing at five shillings a week (121. 104.) was forwarded to her. Not satisfied with 12/. 10s. as compensation for the destruction of a building that had cost her 1301., she wrote sixteen letters, but no notice was taken of them. She laid her ease before the Queen : we are sorry to add that she received a reply to the effect that the royal bounty could not be extended to her —" more pressing clainis" than those of the grand-child of the man who had saved the royal great-grandfather being upon her Majesty's list. At this point of her distressing story, she contrived to interest the kind Lord Ashler (the present Earl of Shaftesbury) on her behalf, but 'his interference fiiiled in procuring her re lief. Reduced to the last extremity, she gut a basket and a few cakes, " hoping to sell them in the park to her former customers," and in the pursuit of this object she was taken into custody, and on Wednesday last taken before Mr. Hardwick, at the Marlborough-street Office,' where, atter some time had been spent by the magi strate in making her understand that it was an offence to sell cakes in the park, and a reluctant promise not to sell cakes there again had been ex torted, she was discharged. This is a history that speaks for itself. The offi cial heartlessness and contempt for the claims of a poor, helpless woman, contrast instructively with the deference paid to the most gentlemanly of professions. Here is a poor woman, nut only turned out of her own house, and sent into the streets, but flatly refused the value of her destroyed property. She receives 12/. 10s. in re turn for an outlay of 130/., and the withdrawal of a liberty given to her ancestor for saving the Life of a king! But then she is powerless: there is no fear that she will write letters of exposure to the morn ing papers, therefore the clerks of the Woods and Forests burn her sixteen letters, and the presiding lord opines that she is not sufficiently powerful to demand justice, much less to claim generous treat ment. She is only a stall-keeper, and of no ac count, therefore, in the official mind. Yet her re moval was not of paramount importance. It does not appear that in the pursuit of her trade she offended any person; on the contrary, a number of the park frequenters petitioned in vain on her be ' half. No, the secret of her wrongs is, that she was poor and forlorn,and therefore might be tmmpled upon. It is not now that the public learn fur the first time where official magnanity breaks out, and where the thumb of official tyranny presses with its whole weight. " Without black velvet breeches what is man," exclaims the snug official from the treasury benches—to the man stripped of his shameful sinecure awarding a glittering pension, and from the poor creature, taking her house, refusing her even the value of her bricks and mortar, and driving her into a metropolitan police office to be dealt with accord ing to law. The haggard face of the once plump keeper of the Hyde-park cake shop, told her tale with sufficient eloquence on Wednesday last, and by this time it is highly probable that Lord Seymour is heartily ashamed of t he figure he makes in the narrative. If the grandfatherof Ann Hicks could have foretold the result of his service—could have known that his grandchild would have been bullied into a police- I court, at the time he had a firm hold of the royal skirts in the Serpentine, perhaps—we say perhaps— he might have been tempted to give the unwilling bather another dip. It is something for Ann Hicks to remember, in her garret, that at one time the head of the House of Brunswick was more at the mercy of her grandfather than she is likely to be, even at the worst, at the disposal of the government of to-day; for public sympathy in this country often steps in to redeem the national character from the charges to which official tyranny might otherwise leave it exposed. OUTRAGE UPON AN. AMERICAN BY THE AUSTRIAN AUTHORITIES. TO THE EDITOU O Tat DAILY xrws. Vienna, July S. SIN,—I wish to bring before the English public a case of outrage and injustice, on the part of the Austrian government, towards a stranger, such as has not often occurred in Europe. The matter has already been laid before our government. But it is not a question which concerns me, the sufferer alone, or my countrymen— the Americans—it belongs to the free and the just in all lands. No citizen of a free people —no American or Englishman can be safe in a country, where such acts are perpetrated. However, I cannot latter demand justice, than by pre senting the facts as simply and plainly as possible. I hail been travelling for more than a year in various countries of Europe, studying the manners, character, and institutions of the people, until at length I reached Hungary. I experienced no difficulty or moles tation here, in a long and interesting journey by the Danube, through Pest, then up the Thciss, over the wild and singular l'usztus, near Dcbreeein, until at length I reached Groswardein, an important military station in the interior. A few hours after my arrival I went, in company with a friend, Professor C., to a hotel to dine. I recollect now that at the little table, where we sat, there were two gentlemen who left on my mind at the time, I could hardly tell why, a feeling of mistrust. However, I thought no more of it, except that, according to an inva riable rule which I have observed in public places in Austria, I joined in no political conversation, until at length me friend asked me some questions about the Hung Irian colony, or " Uyhazy's Colony," as we call it, in America. I said a few words in reply in regard to the soil and cli mate, &e., and then something with respect to I:chary's reputation in our country, and soon after left the table. In the meantime I mane my visits on my various arquain tances, and on the next day was sitting quietly at table in a dinner party at the house of one of my friend,,, relating a pleasant story of the Austrian police, when in stalked the chief of police, with a gendarme, and a warrant for my arrest, on the charge of my having proclamations with me. We took the matter very quietly ' supposing it was only the Austrian suspicion, which woulilhe at once removed by the examination of my papers. The police director sat down with us, and after coffee we all drove off to my lodgings. A sentinel was stationed there, and my papers were already collected in a bundle. Alter some little farther searching, I rode away in com pany with the gendarme to a temporary arrest, as he said. I ttotioed, however, he drove out of the city, and at length, as we rattled under the heavy arches of the old castle, I began to hare a presentiment it might not go so well with me as I supposed, for I remembered I was in an Austrian prison, in the heart of Hungary, without friend or Md. My gendarme handed me over to two soldiers, and they to a little officer, the provost of the prison. Ile said at once he had orders to search me, and without more cere mony proceeded to the work. Every possible hole and corner in my clothes was searched, as if I had been a high way robber, and my boots only were spared, on my solemn assertion that I has nothing concealed. I said nut a word during it all, though I know nothing more degrading to the feelings of a free man than such a procedure. After this, I was led by the provost through a large room, where were several prisoners, to a smaller room, dimly lighted by a window, grated on one side mid boarded up on the other. The place looked very dismal and dirty, and I asked him " if he had no better quarters ?" " No, - he said, " I have orders to put you here. You will have these two gentlemen for company. It will be part of your experience as a traveller. Gide nada !" The two " gentlemen " were, the one a common Ilonved, imprisoned for carrying a false passport; and the other a Hungarian tailor, sentenced to five months for having a concealed pistol. I had not been there long before a friendly voice called me to the key-hole of the next room, and told me inFrench " not to be sorrowful, it was alwuj s hard at first ;" and " Friend, what is the news from our people in France i" I was obliged to say I was only a traveller, and knew no thing about it; whereupon the voice wished me " Good night," and struck up the " Mars.cillaise" with great ' spirit, for my consolation, and I was left to my own re flections. These were gloomy enough. I saw I was treated with an iudignity which could not belong to a common ar rest. I knew I was there a citizen of the hated, free na tion; completely in the hands of the Austrian authorities. I remembered how many a hopeful man had entered such prisons in Austria never to come forth again. However, I was conscious of no illegal act or word, and I was sure, if there was justice here, of being freed immediately. To add to my discomfort was the filthy state of my bed, which was full of fleas and bugs, so that I could nut sleep at all that night. As it afterwards appeared on the trial, the sole causes of this arrest and all this indignity to a stranger, were the words spoken in the hotel ; and the fact that I had handed in my passport somewhat late, though still within the twenty-fours usually allowed. The two men at the table were members of the " semict police," and had at once reported me as an acquaintance ; perhaps an " emissary of Leyhary." On the next day, Sunday, May 25th, was my first exami nation before a secret military court. The first questions were mostly uuimportant, as to my birth-place, profession, then my route of travel in Europe, Hungary, &e., &c. After this came the question, put by the examining officer, Major Tafferner, " What are your objects in Hungary:" I answered ass man not accustomed to be ashamed of his objects, and as one educated to consider courts institutions of justice, would answer—freely and frankly. " Sir," said I, "I not here, in Hungary, as I ham) been in other lands, a traveller. My objeets are to study the habits, character, and especially the old political institutions of this people." lie was incredulous. "You are not open and frank, sir. Tell us candidly what your objects are."—No American would ever leave the main routes of travel for such a pur pose. You arc the first here. And we understand you, air. We know the sympathy of your countrymen with these revolutionists Isere.'. It was in vain I assured hint that Americans travelled in every land, and that to a thinking man nothing was su in teresting as the political institutions of a country. That in that respect " Ilungary had always been one of the most original countries in Europe." lie would hearnothing of it, and I ended the controversy, by asking for his " proofs of any other object." lie did not answer, but proce.ileil to a close examination as to my acquaintance with the Hungarian emigrants. Fortunately for mc I had met but lbw . Uyhazy I had seen once in the public streets. Awl General Czetz I had accidentally met in Hamburg, where he had very politely given me a note of introduction to a friend of his—a go vernment officer, in Pesch. This note, as I had not found the gentleman, was still in my portfolio. It was 41 the simplest form of introduction. " The Herr vua C. introduces Mr. —, from New York, to his friend Mr. S." Yet the prosecuting officer, or " auditor," as he is crlltsl, at once discovered a conspiracy. " Sir, we understand the wort signs and pass words of your democratic committee. You hide a dangerous piot under the simplest words. This has another meaning ' I laughed at such a magnifying of a trifle, and assured him I had a dozen such in my portfolio "It is the cum monist thing in the world to write such formal introduc tions." " Thera is nothing to laugh at," aaid ho. " This is a most serious matter fur you. We can prove that you are engaged in a wide conspiracy. We can show that every acquaintance of yours has some connexion among the cmi• grants in America. Your object is discovered, sir, is this land Iwas startled at such an assuming at once of the guilt of the accused in a judicial examination. Ile spoke of " proofs too." All that I had ever read of the falseness of Austrian secret trials Hashed across my mind. lle bad suborned witnesses, perhaps! I saw that I was in much more danger than I had supposed, and that I must be on my guard. " Sir," said I, " I cannot imagine how such a •uspieion can have arisen against me. lam travelling here with a passport from my government; I have a personal recom mendation from the American ambassador himself at Vienna. My whole course of action has not been that of an intriguer or conspirator; it has been open, public. I have visited the principal men of all parties. And these 1 letters cf introduction will be found to be to men far above all suspicion of intrigue or conspiracy. Ido nut remember a single acquaintance who has relatives in America." lie replied with his usual shrug of incredulity, and then questioned me as to a visit I had made to a genticman in the neighbourhood. The gent:eman himself was not Sus- I pected by government, but his brother is a distingukhed revolutionist, now residing in London. In going away he had given me his card, saying 1 could present that un ; introduction to his brother. Being in a hurry, I wrote down the London address in pencil on the curd. " What does this card mean ? It is not a common card ; for it has these marks upon it. It is not a card of introduc tion, for nothing is said of introduction. Confess, sir, you have a secret connexion with that rebel. What are your instructions for him ?" 1 explained it, and said thatl designed to visit Mr. 8., as a mark of gratitude for the hospitality of his family. And, further, that a card of introduction to him could 'be consi dered no crime, when the gentleman himself here had been allowed by government to go to England to visit his brother. _ The auditor was not satisfied, but passed on to another point, that I had caUed upon certain persons who had been oomprom6ed in the revolution. I replied that that could not be considered an offence in a stranger so long after the event. "I 3 sides," said I, " I have also visited quite as many of the other parties, even the government officials. And my letters are to the principal men of all parties." "Oh ! we understand that !" was his reply. " That is I your screen !" The last point against rue was my having in my possession • pamphlet and a history (Dr. Schutte's) on the Hungarian aide -forbidden works. . _ ThMetinithe;rriiings you have come into the country to distribute. These are the inflammatory work ,, ., you would scatter among the pmple!" said the auditor ill. Imost Amy manner. " Sir, said I, " the possession of forbidden works is con sidered is no land an offence in a stranger. 'You will no tice, too, that the pamphlet is an old printed work of VHS I (by Pulaki), and the history, half of it mere statistics of Hungary. Such works as these are the very last an mi.- : sary would carry with him. If they had been proclaim. r tions or new works, it would have been quite another matter ! Besides they do not even certainly show ay poll,- tical sca'i.ucut•, 114 I can prove that I have also read world in Vienn t nn the other side ! " • Th tt Wai way natural, in an educated man," said he. I v •ntitud to ask " What would nut be suspicious in ntr tv..:: r, in the eyes of the Au-trian atithuriti , ,s ? It visiting men of the Ilutrrarian party; and only a sham, visiting those of the other! It was dangerous to read book• on one side, and proved nothing good if one read them on the other! " lam not here to argue," was the answer. I saw that the case wag going hard with me, and I asked if l could appeal to my former character. I was well acquainted with tho American embassies in London, Berlin, and Vienna ; and they could testify I was no emissary, nor at all engaged in such matters. " Mein Ilerr," said he with his most earnest tone, that has nothing to do with this c'-e. 'Co-day I ant a true servant of my Kaiser. But God only knows into what conspiracies 1 may be tempted to-morrow. We hare bad such experience as to show us that no purity of character is a surety against being entangled into treasonable efforts. You may make it a part of your religion to spread a revo lution.” I could not hut acknowledge the truth of what ho said. thought thought it hardly spoke very well fur his own party. - . Si'on after this my accusation was read, to this effect " You are an emissary of Uyhazy and Czetz. :Lad a member of the democratic committee, here in Hungary to spread revolutionary movements." I need not say that Messrs. Uyhazy and Crete, as well as the democratic committee," will be quite us much surprised at the accusation as I was. I call upon every Englishman, every man who loves and reverences law and justice, everywhere, to observe how thi4 trial was conducted. here was I, a stranger, without advocate or friend, without knowing the siccussttion, sum moned haunt a secret court, to defend my liberty, perhaps my life in a foreign language—and more than this —the tricks, the cunning, the deception, practised in this and the succeeding examinations to entangle me, I cannot in any way adequately describe. For instance, one morning as I entered, the auditor turned over his papers in a careless way, and asked me, half unconsciously, " Where is that letter front I...yhazy ?" I replied, in mdignation at such a mean trick, after all my assertions " Oh, I beg your pardon. I mean the letter from Czetz ?" Another time, he informed me that he had testimony from one of the family of the B.'s, ir. Nagy Maria, of whom I have spoken above, that I had known Mr. E. B. in London. " Sir," said I, " I do not believe you have such testi mony. Thiv family i* well known in Hungary us a most honourable family. They could not give such evidence. I have never seen Mr. 13.`' He reiterated it with the ob ject of making me confew. But when the testimony came up, it proved to be a " blunder he had made in the Hunga rian words." From a law packet of letters of introduction, tho only one from which he could twist anything against me was a letter from the Countess 8., in Pesth—a lady well known even in England—to a friend in Groswardein, wherein I was spoken of as a "zurerlo , siger onenscli"—a " reliable man." Ore: this the auditor detlaimed, in his most spi rited style—l laughed at once, for it brought over my mind, irresistibly, the declamations of Serjeant li., over Pickwick's dinner-order to his landlady, iu the celebrated case of Barden r. Pickwick." " There is no occasion to laugh, sir. This is a most serious: matter. It implies you and the Countess B. have sum; hi nn understanding. These are important words in your circumstances. Explain them." I was obliged to confess my inability to explain them, except us the world ! wiese expression in letters of introduction. However, I have followed through this procedure of in justice and cunning long enough. On such a trial us this„ on such prook Englishmen, was a tree citizen, travelling under the passport uf his government, thrown into a dun geon, and treated like a felon, fur four weeks. It will be noticed, nu word or writing of mine, ofa revolu ionarv, or even political character, is brought up againstme. The !woofs are such as might lie against any traveller. A let ter of introduction front au emigrant, a card from a Hunga rian to a relative among the fugitives, visits to a few of the old revolutionary party, and the possession of one or two political works, advocating the Hungarian side, After an investigation, through all Austria, of my ac quaintances, nor a word or act of mine is adduced of even. asuspieious character, much less of a revolutionary. Yet still, week after week, was 1 held in that loathsome prison. The most beautiful month of the year passed as I lay in that weary, dull imprisonment, without friend or apparent hope. And lam persuaded I might have been lyieg there still, if it had nut been fur an English traveller accidentally in Ilungary. As soon as he heard of it, Ito said •• It was as much his concern as the American's ! No Englishman was safe where such things could happen "• And though he had intended to remain several days in Ilungary, he hurried right off to Vienna, and with a true English heartiness did not leave the matter till it was be ' fore the embassy. He is a stranger to me, but if these lines ever meet his eye let him take a hearty "Goad's Missing •' from the lima he so generously aided in his misfortune. IMr. M'eurtly, the American ambassador in Vienna. a personal friend to myself, at once took the matter up in a manner worthy of the representative. of a great nation. And by his repeated and most spirited appeals was I it I length silserated, after 10 days of dale imprisonment and five days of arrest in l'esth. . Such a ntoi:kery of justiee—such an open unprovoked assault on the rights of a free man—needy no further com ment. I ie.tAu it fur the judgment of the world. C. 1.. li. ELECITON OF A COMMON COUNCILMAN—WARD OF CRIPPLY.II4TE WlTUOUT.—Yesturtlay a wardmote was held j at the Ward schools, Red Cross-street, Cripplegate, for Site purpose of electing a representative to the Court of Commit j Council. in the room of Mr. John Seeley, deemed, Thomas j Challis, Esq.. alderman of the ward, in the chair. Mr. I Pritchard, in a brief speech, proposed Mr. John Eyke, eiti len and spcetaclemaker, as a fit arid proµ•r person to re present the ward in the Court of Common Council, having resided 31) years iu the ward, and being well known as a firm supporter of all liberal measures. The motion having been aeconded, and no other candidate apµ•aring, Mr. Eyke woo declared duly elected, and briefly returned thanks for the honour conferred upon hint. FATAI. ACCIDENT ON TIIE SoCTII WEKTERN RAlLWAT.—Yesterday morning the passengers travelling by the 7.3.7 r u.m. down train from Waterloo-road tei Mins were most painfully excited by a deplorable occurrent,, j terminating in the death of a fellow-creature. The train left the terminus at its usual time and was to stop at Vauxhall station, when just as it was emerging from the platihritt, j man named John Samuel Jelfe, who was engaged its a rope I man, having to proceed to Vauxhall, jumped on to the step at the side of the carriages, for the purpose of riding in that manner to the next station. Several per sona who, raw him (ruin the platform beckoned hint to come down, but whether he was unable, front the speed the engine was going at, or that he consid. red himself perfectly safe, is unknown, but the moment the train reached the arch thrown over the West minster-bridge-mad, the boor fellow was forced against the walls with suet, violence that he was nearly fiattenml, and was afterwards jerked °tithe carriage stop, end, falling on the metals, the wheels of the hindermost carriages passed over his chest. He was immediately picked up, when blood was found oozing from his mouth, ears, and nose. lie was quickly removed to the terminus, when it was found that life was quite extinct. The orders issued by the company forbid their servant* on any pretence whatever to ride out side the carriages. TUE NEW HOUSE or Commoss has been remodelled. and is now completed, ready fur occupation. The acoustic effect of the changes has been put partially tried as yet. The ceiling has been brought down 5 or 6 feet in the centre, and, instead of being flat over the whole CILIIIIIIi , C, us before, is sloped down on all sides. The upper half of the windows. which formerly had:a central transom, is thereby put out of sight, and, as this lessened the light considerably, the cils have been cut down about a foot. The side galleries have , been made wider, and are coved beneath, to throw coat the I sound (see should not advise speakers to stand under them, nevertheless). A very considerable increase of accommoda tion has been gained in the division lobbies by the addition of one large and two small oriels. The gallery for the public has been enlarged, and accommodation is now afforded fur about 160 members. Retiring rooms, too, have been pro vided above the division rooms. Thu reporters' gallery, itt the Speaker's end, is so arranged, temporarily, that each reporter has a separate stall, with a door at his back : that he it able to come and go rapidly, without disturb ing any other. They have a private staircase and tuo retiring rooms, with desks, where they may arrange their notes or refer to books and papers. The ventilation :mil warming of the house is, as our readers know, smiler thi• direction of Dr. Reid. The Speaker has a private hot-water plate in the house for Isis feet, sad so have the ministers and leaders of the opposition. Minton's men are busily at work laying the tile pavements throughout the building. —/teti IMPROVEMENTS IN PARlx.—One of the principal changes which the Municipal Council of Paris has deter mined to effect in the Holies, by means of the improvements about to he entered on, is to enlarge their present superficial extent by 50 feet every way. The portion covered in will lit then 40,856 metres. Six wide passages, or rather streets, ,u I place of Rye, MI at the present time, are to run across it, with two streets at the end, 45 feet in width. The whole • length of the Ilalles will be 347 metres, and the conveniences other e e r are ci u t3 l , atio l n w In or i d l l be e rto such le. a nt s h n e o c t b nnces of matchedfirethein pillarsivn and doors are to he of cast-iron, and the flags of granitt The cost of bare construction will not be more than. 12,000,0 Afr.; the paving, distribution of water, and sewer age will cost 1,000,000 fr. more; and the expropriation of 18,000 metres of ground will cost about 18,000,000 fr. In addition, the widening of the Rue St. Denis to the Place du Chatelet, through an extent of about' ,400 metres will cost 2,500,000 fr. ; the cuttin r through the Rue St. Opportune to a width of 15 metro'. 1,800,000 fr.; the widening of the Rue des Dethargeun and of the Rue des Fourreurs, the former to 21 metres, and the latter to 15, 720,000 fr.; and lastly, the widening of the Rues Tirechappe, de la Tonnellerie, Estienne, and [Touchier, 980,000 fr. The repayment of the i loan of 50,000,000 fr., which the city of Pans so about to contract for these great works, as well for the continuation of the Rue de Rivoli, will commence in 1859, and terminate in 1870. Until this latter period the present octroi duties are. to be maintained. A treaty is to be with the Bank of France for a temporary lean of 20,80070 d I ofri to be re-imbursed when the loan of 50,000.000f 1 • shall he" been extracted.