The Express. — London, England, 1853-09-28 00:00:00

Zite Orprego. TO CORRESPONDENTS. A awed Minna of The Esgraaa," acinhauag tte sane manta'. publabrd every Twialay and Ir.ilay sight, in time brdwt Ws, enrol. :nit ialed fur "The /apron," Loudon Erraint tw: saint be at the t Mice. 10, Cancatiewtract, by Two as the dap 01l publication. MOIL WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE. Tuts WA—Morning, In. AftPrlV•l4l. I, b. 30s. 7u-notaow —Morning, 111. Vs Afternoon, Ob. Yea. LONDON, it EDNESDA T, SEPTENRER 28. TIRE subjects of chief interest are still the Eastern Question and the Money Market. Indeed these are marcely two topics, but one ; so completely do they link themselves together. Every new phase of the dispute is followed by its corresponding vibration on Ike Bourse ; each new telegraphic despatch, whether sound or illusory, is followed by its margin of chroige in prices and its amount of new speculation for a further rise rc fall. The latest intelligence now prepares us for the appearance at Constantinople of the tau fleets, English and French, which have al ready sent four ships through the Dardanelles. We may expect to hear that the combined squadrons of the two great maritime powers have their flags fly ing in company at the Golden Horn. Their pre- Knee there, though late, will, doubtless, be most wel come to the Sutrax ; but the chief feeling likely to be excited amongst the people of the west is one of deep regret that the floating leviathans were not permitted to take up such a position long ago, at a time when the display of so formidable a force before Constantinople must have assured peace as certainly u their move ment now is symptomatic of war. Whilst the rumour of this movement from Bcsika Bay reaches London from one quarter, from another wo are told that transport ships aro being assembled at Toulon, that troops may, if need be, follow French line-of battle ships eastward. Thousands are old enough to remember the days when these stories of the assem blage of vessels fur the transport of French soldiers did more than act upon the price of Consols. They can recollect when English hearths and homes were startled by the enumeration of means by which foes were making ready to bring if they could the ho:rors of war to our very doors. Happily our days are widely different from days put. If France is making ready for a display of force, it is not against a nation equally eivilieed, if not more so, than herself, but to aid in checking the inroads of the most savage reactionary power in Europe. Indeed, grumble as we may, the operation, such as it has been, of both England and Fraace in this Russo- Turkish dispute, cannot be deprived of something like the praise of chivalrousness. The two great maritime powers are not risking an appeal to arms for the gratification of some ancient grudge ; they are not rushing to the melee from any hope of sharing the spoils of a victory over some wealthy and effete foe; they do not follow out any quarrel of their own seeking, or cul tivation. They come, to some extent unwil lingly, it may be, but still they come to the ground upon a question of national right and justice, and to see fair play dune. At least such is the avowed object of the ministries in both countries. The Czaa has played bully, and committed burglary upon a weak neighbour, whom the rest of Europe is bound by treaty to get justice for, and if some ori ginal delay, begotten of lurking sympathies for the Autocrat, has made ultimate intervention more dan gerous, that very intervention, if honestly carried out, is all the more chivalric in its way. It is worth something to see France and England acting together in a great quarrel amongst the nations of the earth. It is worth something to see the tricolor and the union jack side by side claiming jur ice for the weak against the strong. All the old notions of war ins which these flags have been unfuried involve the idea of the one pitted against the other. Uwe are to have war at all, with its attendant horrors, it is surely admirable to see the old foes standing hand in hand and shoulder to shoulder as friends intent upon the vindication of justice amongst the nations, in stead of being pitted like tigers one against the other striving who shall spill most civilised blood. The old barbarous notion of war has been realised by the CZAR. He made war by crossing the frontier and seizing the SuLTAN'S lands, coercing his subjects, seizing their property, disturbing their industry, and upsetting their commerce with the rest of Europe. The Em peror of HESSIA made the war of the brigand against society by crossing the Pruth, and feeding his Cos sack hordes on the harvests of Moldavia and Wal lachia. Ile throws down the glove, and hitherto the high police of Europe have not dared to pick it up, by disturbing the felon in the possession of hie prey. He calculated doubtless on having friendsamongst this high police. An old friend of his was Minister in England ; France was in possession of a new ruler scarcely set tied on his throne; Austria was his debtor ani his tool; Prussia, if left alone, was nobody. This calcu lation seems not to have been wholly idle. Months of delay, of fruitless talk, of reaultless diplomacy, have followed the startling news of the crossing of the Pruth. If, then, at last we find that winter wea ther and Cabinet-resolves are sending the fleet from Besika Bay to Stamboul, we may well make the best of the fact. The two great maritime powers go in their combined strength to see justice done, and the hearts of thousands fully hope they will not swerve from the good intent—but faithfully and in all honour and truth stand by their weak ally against his despotic and unprincipled assailant. An honourable (even though it may have been a tardy) settlement of this Russo- Turkish difficulty by the combined forces of England and France may be held as foreshadowing their combined action henceforward for the preservation of the legal frontiers of the various States of Europe. What could be more full of hope? To see England and France united is to behold the best possible pledge of the peace of Europe, and the pro- gress of modern civilisation. .t quarrel between England and France stops all progress, and lights the flames of an unholy war, in which everything is put back and no possible good arises. A quarrel to be put down by England and France is a guarantee against the easy advent of any such mischievous dif ficulties in future. AND THE SEWING MACIIINEA. —ln eassequismea of the utter impossibility of obtaining workwumen, at the present scale of wages, to complete many heavy orders for exportation, several of the mi4'ie people, who take the work out from warehouses, have noti fied that it is their intention, should the strike continue loser, to substitute the sewing machine+, which can be ob tained at a wet of from 301. to 401. each, and will seam or or sew at the rate of • yard and a quarter a minute ter manual labour. Notwithstanding this threat, few, if any, of the good wurkwomen have applied fur employment, there being at present several hundreds who are determined not to return to work until an advance in their wages is given. TUE WAKING FlillntY is THE NoErit. The herring fishery is now over for the seasoa, and the average returns 'haw that the take has been good. It is calculated that the total number of barrels cured on the whole of the coast of Scotland, from Dunbar to John o'Groat's, is 500,000. which, at as avenge pries of It each. give • total of 300.000/. as the product of two months fishing of the deep. The cuter, and fishermen are both gainers by the preaest year's catch. PLACE CONYERENCF. !T EDI N BUM ii.—Meens. Howe coheee, M , John Br'ght, , Edward Mull, tad others, have signified their intention of hcilg present at this conference. A lame number of the friends nf peace from the south of England, and a still larger number from the north, are making their arrange wets, with a view to eased. THE Ni KWSp ot i• Li .1- 4 ^r" •GC r BaUtiXa I THE EXPRESS, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 28, 1853. RUSSIA AND TURKEY. The 'Allowing translation of the wankel manifesto of tis.e Porte is from our own eort . espr.ndent at Con sta•rtinople. The document is dated Sept. 6 : OFFICIAL DECL %RATION OV TILL SUBLIME PORTS. We have already notified to the nation that the government of his Majesty the Sultan had protested in the usual form against the Russian invtuitun of the Moldo-Wallachian principalities, and had at the same time submitted to the Great Powers a memo- randum setting forth all the circumstances of this act. "More lately,the governments of England. France, Austria and Prussia, with a sincere desire of concili ating the governments in adverse position, drew up a project of arrangement, and submitted it to them simultaneously. Ile news of the acceptation by his Majesty the Emperor of Russia reached Belgrade by telegraph, and thence waa forwarded by a special messenger to Constantinople. " This eagerness and solicitude on the part of the Great Powers is a mark of their well known friend ship towards the Porte, and they have, no doubt, used all their efforts to maintain the principles of right, as regards the sovereignty, independence, and integrity of the Ottoman Empire. It has been laid down that the text of the assurances contained in a note drawn up by the Porte at the time of Prince Menchikofrs depart ure from Constantinople, but which remained without effect in consequence of its rejection by the Russian embassy, was taken as the basis of the arrangement proposed by the Four Great Powers; and that the evacuation of the Moldo- IVallachian provinces, and the sending of an ambas sador to St. Petersburg was to follow its adoption However, certain paragraphs therein have not been considered in conformity with the particular conside rations of the government of his Majesty the Sultan, as well as with the views of settlement which he has always entertained; and as his Majesty the Sultan has always acted with most scrupulous care and attention in this important question, involving the maintenance of his sacred rights, it is surely, also, the duty of his faithful servants, and an obligation imposed by their functions, to act in a manner con formable with his intentions. Hence, it Is solely ' with the vital object of preserving intact his rights and independence, that such important preparations have been continued for several months. "It has been consequently communicated to the reprepresentatives of the Four Powers that the fortes assent to the new project is impossible, and that the solution of the question depends absolutely on the admission of the explanations given by the Sultan's government, as well u on the solid and formal assurances demanded of the Fear Oreat Powers. " His Majesty the Emperor of Austria has trans mitted en autograph letter respecting the arrange ment in question, and his Majesty the Sultan has forwarded an answer, explaining the real and posi tive state of things. " Such being the actual position of the question, the aspect which It may hereafter assume will not be known tilt the arrival of au answer to these commu nications. The Porte, meantime, in waiting the result, will maintain, conformably with the reso lution unanimously adopted, her armed attitude. (Signed) &c." Our correspondent at Constantinople, writing on the 12th, having reported that many experienced persons consider war inevitable, in case of Russia refusing assent to the modifications of the Porte, says: " Omer Pacha is strengthening his position daily along the Danube; and the army, according to all accounts, is well provisioned, and in the highest state of order and discipline. Some symptoms of disaffection, as mentioned in a former communication, have manifested themselves among the Russian forces. Some few days ago a Russian officer was descried near the garrison of Roustchouk struggling in the stream, and in a state of great exhaustion. The cir cumstance having been reported to the commander of the fortress, he immediately sent a boat, and rescued the sufferer. Having undergone an inter rogatory, he stated that he had come from Giurgevo, where his regiment was encamped, and had revolted, in consequence of hunger, misery, and bad treatment, and that several of his companions had been shot, and the remainder were under the strict surveillance of another regiment. This deserter was sent to the camp at Schemata, where Omer Pacha, after having afforded him every assistance, gave orders for his being conveyed under escort to Constantinople." Our Vienna correspondent writes on the 21st: The sudden and decided tarn which the Czar's last note has given to the Eastern question permits the Vienna newspapers to speak out with freedom upon the affairs of Turkey; and again we are treated to those versatile and ingenious speculations which re lieved the tedium of Count Leiningen's mission. The Prease leads off thl chorus in the following style : The present visit of the Emperor Nicholas to Olmutz is the decisive proof of the confidence with /chi& Russia entrusts the Oriental question to the care of the Vienna Conference under the impartial seals of Austria. The hearty and disinterested friendship existing between the two great empires receives in this act a solemn consecration. It would be a marvellous illustration of the wa_ys of Providence if from Olmutz, where centuries ago Europe was saved from Asiatic barbarism in the great Tartar battle, the doom of the East were to be sealed. In the same spirit the famous "memorial of Feb. 10, 1830," respecting the partition of Turkey, which made so much noise last February while Count Leiningen was at Constantinople, is again brought out, and speculative politicians are drawing ima ginary lines on the map of Turkey, ',skiing to Austria the territory and population of the &laves of Illyria, including Berrie and Macedonia. alike in the dominions of the Kaiser, and tracing the line of an Austrian railway from Belgrade to Salonica. But how much that is terrible must happen before these dreams can be translated into facts:. The New Hamburg Gazette, under date of St. Petersburg, 13th, rays—" After the occupation of the Principalities, 40,000 men of the 4th corps d'armee were placed en echelon as far as Quirgewo, whilst 20,000 men of the sth corps, under the orders of General Paniutine, were stationed en echelon between Bucharest and Tokschane. These troops will be reinforced by 40,000 men forming the corps of Osten sacken, who have already passed the Pruth. The position of the 4th corps gives reason to believe that, l in case of war, the troops will pass the Danube near Rustjuck and Silistria, to march on Schumla by Razgran and Basardjuck. In consequence of move ments made by the Turks, Prince Gortschakoff had changed the position of the 40,000 men or the 4th corps d'armee. The troops are now stationed be tween Bucharest and Kalafat, by Krajaowa. From these movements it may be seen that the Russians propose to pass the Danube near Widdin." M. Titoff, who was Russian Ambassador at Con stantinople, has arrived at Berlin on his way to 'Vienna. It is of course said that he will be consulted on the Eastern question. The Emperor of Russia, accompanied by the Grand Duke, heir presumptive to the Crown, and the Grand Duke Nikolajewitsch, arrived at Warsaw on the 20th instant. FRANCE. - • - PARIS, MONDAY EVENING. The article in the Conslittstionnel, to which I called your attention yesterday, was but an echo of M. Drouyn de Lhuys' despatch. One entire sentence of the article is taken textually from it—that which speaks of the " new duties imposed upon the western powers," by the new phase of the situation. At the Ministry of Foreign Affairs the meanspirited article of the Pay, was read with much displeasure, and M. Amedee de Cesena's article in the other government print was intended to remove the bad impression occasioned by it. Everything tends to show that the ministry is divided into two camps, one headed by M. Fotad disposed for peace at any price, and the other led by MM. de Persigny and J)rouyn de Lhuys which inclines to war. fhe Emperor has not yet pronounced his personal opinion, and in all probability those nearest his person, and apparently highest in his confidence, are as ignorant of his real intentions as the public. It liaise thought that hosti lities between the Russians and Turks must soon com mence, and that in all probability cannon has already been tired by the army of Anatolia. I have heard is beveral quarters a report that the Russian ambas sador had left London. It is not improbable that the Czar should have given him orders to take such a step in case of the fleets entering the Dardanelles ; but inasmuch u the Rtusian minutiae here lista' . at his post ths news is not believed. The following telegraphic despatch, dated Mar seilles, this morning, has been received by one of the private osesesponding offices: Ey the Nil steamer, we receive the following from Con stantinople. The demonstrations of the Clem's during the fate of the Bairam had caused the ambassadors to fear en explosion, and on the 15th they hastened to bring in a part of the ceembined squadrons, consisting of three English and three French frigates, under the commando( Rear-Admiral Lebarbier de Tiaan. The refusal of Russia was not known to the public on the 16th, but the diplomatists were in formed of it. An explosion was imminent. The Egyptian troops had all left for Varna. Enthusiasm and agitation are at their height, and great alarm prevails among the European inhabitants. It was the French ambassador who first gave the order for bringing up the vessels of the two allied powers. A movement is expected from one moment to another. . . . . _ _ _ It must be received with caution. Other despatches dated the lath were received yesterday, and the Conslikstionnel observes that they make no allusion to the fleets, and even suggests this as a reason he doubting the truth of the news from London. It results from various correspondence that the Ulemas did not take the violent and insulting step towards the Sultan which they were said to have done. They did, it is true, make a representation of a warlike tendency. One despatch states the Skeik-Ulislasa had made the " amende honorable" on behalf of some of them who had been too pressing. The following is the article in the Debate: We attach a secondary importance to the number of ships which may have passed the Dardanelles. This number will be naturally augmented or diminished according to the 1111C41111itirl of the state of things. The greet fact is, the& foreign ships of war are in the Bosphorus, and that, men uly, the order established by treaties has been broken through. The passing of the Dardanelles is an set whisk eerresponds with the crowing of the Pratt. It is stipulated as the one band, in the existing treaties, that so long meths Porte should be at peace ne foreign ship of war sheali eater the Bosphorus; and, on the other hand, that the Pruth was the natural frontier of the Turkish territory. It must be borne in mind that, in the protests mule against the invasion of the Danubian Principalities, it was maid that the Western Powers would be entitled to enter the Bosphorus, to respond to the invasion of the Principalities. They had up to the present time ebeleheei from every demonstration. But, at present, pressed by the events which are passing, end by the season of the year they have also taken up their positions. On both sides this expectant situation may be prolonged, for the earliest& period of the year, which soon will not permit the Reins to evacuate the Principalities, will also lead the French end loose fleets to winter in the Bosphorus. It is doubtless to those new complications that must be attributed the con siderable fall in the English funds. On the Stack Exchange ea Saturday there was an absolute panic, similar to what has been seen in times of greatest difficulty. The Three per Cents. fell from 94 to 92, and were a week ago at 94. We do not, however, consider these alarms sailleiantli justified. It is ti be observed that the entrance of the Allied forces is intended, eel to respond to the Russian invasion, but to keep down as Insurrection on the part of the Turks. That intervsatiss he. still for object to maintain peace, slam it is destined to menset the Sultan against a party which desires to indwell Ys to declare war. The occupation of Constantinople, Mould events render it necessary, would then have a cer amist similarity with the occupation of Rome. In the two MOM the armed intervention would have been eilkted to maintain peace and order, and to restore to the established Llneon their free decision. Nothing assuredly can rove she desire of all the governments to remain at pew than this impartial protection which embraces at the Na. time the Pope and the Sultan. When the Sultan shell be no longer under the pressure and tyranny of popular passions, the course of the negotiations may be easseied, and, It is to be hoped, with better success. The Sieck says : Maar the rupture of the conference of Vienna, the cabi nets of Paris and London have fully perceived the fault which had been committed is not ordering the fleets to pass the Dardanelles the day on which the Russian armies wowed the Pruth. To order the fleets to pass after the proper moment had gone by was not practicable. Conse quently a pretext for so doing was sought for, and according to the English one has been found at the expense Turks. )ournala a_ - of the _ Ships are proceeding to Constantinople to protect the English and French, menaced by Mumultnan feast We do luestion the --- of the nt. s .., not ir______ necessity of entrance of a part of the fleets, and afterward , the whole of them, re-establish, in the eyes of the Ottomans, Turks, and Christians, the influence of the great names of the western nations. What we contest is, that the irritation of the Turks will continue in the flee of tau demonstration, tardy as it is. The allied sailors will find at Constantinople only friendly faces, just es the Sultan finds there docile subjects, wince be has re heat to accede to the note of \liens. The pretext given &A= entrance of the fleets will not prevent, we cannot tee =soh repeat, the policy of France and England from =turning to the course from which it had departed a =cement, for the purpose of endeavouring to bring over Austria to the side of the west. The menaces which the Pays brings forward against Turkey are ridiculous, if any one will in his imagination endeavour to put them in prao- Lice. In order to intervene, five torther, in a state which hu 300,000 men under arms, soldiers Mast be required. But who can furnish them, it not Ruda and Austria ? And once that the soldiers of these powers occupy Turkey, bow eon they be forced out ? To reply to that question, it Man* call to mind the declaration which the Emperor made to the Congress of Vienna, after each had taken his part of the rights of the populations: As Polled," said he, "my soldiers are there ; and if any one wants them to leave, he must come and force thee oat." The Austrian minister, M. Hubner, is still in the country, from which some infer that the state of affairs cannot be quite so critical as is supposed. The steam yacht, the Heine Hortense, which re cently had to go to Cherburg for repairs, arrived in the roadstead of Dunkirk on Friday, to await the orders of their Majesties. The ball to their Majesties at Lille on Saturday night was got up with great magnificence. The whole of the courtyard of the Hotel-de-Ville was covered over and converted into a ball room for the occasion, and all the rooms of the building were thrown open, so that there was space sufficient for 4,000 persons. The immense temporary room and all the others were dressed out with flowers and tapestry, thousands of wax lights throwing a radiance of light over the whole. Their - Majesties were received with the greatest enthusiasm. The Emperor opened the ball with Mdlle. Richebe, daughter of the Mayor, their vis-a-vii being the Empress and General Grant, the other persons in the quadrille being the Prince de Chimay, with the Pnnoess d'Essling, the English General Lucas with Madame Basile, wife of the Perfect, the Prefect with Madame LesayNarnesia, and Marshal de St. Arnaud with the Princess de Chimay. Their Majesties afterwards walked round the ball-room and withdrew about eleven o'clock. Their Majesties quitted Lille the next morning at ten o'clock, after having heard mass celebrated by the Archbishop of Cambray. The imperial train stopped a few minutes at Hazebruck, and arrived at St. Omer at one o'clock. After a short stay there, they pro ceeded to the camp of litigant, where the Emperor passed the troops in review, and was received with great enthusiasm. Unfortunately heavy rain fell during the whole of the manmuvree . Their Majes ties returned from the camp at seven o'clock. Their health is excellent. The Union Medicate says : The state of the public health of Paris has much im proved within the last fortnight. The ewes of typhus have much diminished is the hospitals. As bz say indications of the cholera, none whatever has been ea yet witnessed; and, notwithstanding the abundance of fruits which, like grapes for instance, have not yet attained a proper degree of ripeness, but which still are offered for sale, cases of diarrhea arc not mere frequent than in other years at the same period. Tho Echo Agricole gives the following as the last prices of wheat per hectolitre in some of the princi pal markets of France : Paris, 40f. to 42f. ; Chartres, 38f. to 41f. ; Rouen, 3M. to 41 f. ; &irons, 40f. to 42f. ; Lille, 39f. to 451.; Camhrai, 381. to 41f. ; Amiens, 37f. to 40f. ; Char eville, 39f. to 41f. ; Troyes, 36f. to 381.; B.rasburg, 371. to 401. ; Dijon, 351. to 371.; Lyons, 34f. to 3 , 5 if.; Marseilles, 37f. to 371.; Tou louse. 33f. to 341 f. ; Bortleauz, 36f. to 371 f.; Nantes, 351. to 3:4f.; Orleans, 371. to 41f. ; Bourges, 341. to 361. ; St. Melo, 281. to 31f. ; Caen, 391. to 40f. ; Liaieuz, 391. to 41f. THE FRENCH EMPEROR IN THE NORTH. _...._ CALMS, TrEmus. Their Majesties on their progress to the ball at the Philharmonic•hall last night, caused the royal cortege to pass at a slow pace, the better to have a glance at the illuminations. This little attention wu greatly appre ciated by the towns people. Their Majesties left the hall at a few minutes after 12. This morning at eight, the Prefect, Stib-Pri feet, the Mayor and mu►icipality, together with the deputations of the trades assembled ►t the imperial residence for the pur pose of accompanying the Emperor and Empress to the harbour and the docks His Majesty was escorted abut the docks and the pier by the chiefs of each department. The deplorable state of the poor in some portions of the city was pointed out to the attention of the Emperor by the mayor and the heads of the clergy. His Majesty ex pressed his intention of aiding the efforts of the munici pality to improve the condition of the poor of Calais. His Majesty returned to the imperial residence shortly after ten o'clock. Her Majesty immediately afterwards bald • reception at the Hotel Benda, where she was presented with • splen did lace robe, the manufacture of those exhibiting in the Customhouse, adjoining the station, the product of the factories at Basseville. The superb present was most graciously received. Their Majesties set out at • few minutes past 11 o'clock for Boulogne in a plain travelling carriage, a strong guard of cavalry beading the imperial party, and the rear being brought up by hussars and a company of mounted artillery. The departure of their Majesties was accompanied by the booming of 10? guns, and the imperial carriages were fol lowed by those of several private families who had come from the vicinity of Boulogne to pay their respects to the Emperor and Empress. There are hundreds going off for Boulogne, a distance of some twenty-six miles, but the charge for reaching by any mode of conveyance is exorbitant beyond all precedent. GERMANY. -•--- A letter from Berlin of the 23rd says : It is ru moured that the Emperor of Russia, after having been present at the manceurres of the camp of Olmutz, will pass some time in our capital. There are now 25,000 men remaining in the camp at Olmutz, the remainder of the troops, particularly the cavalry, have entered into cantonments. Among the tents of the officers of the court in the camp that of Lieutenant-General do Grunne attracts great at tention. It formerly belonged to the Grand Vizier Kara Mustapha, and was taken from tho Turks at the time of the second siege of Vienna, in 1883. SPAIN. -4.- It was expected that the Madrid Gazette of the 21st would contain a series of important nominations by thenew ministry; but it gives none. Several rumours were current, and amongst them was one that Gene ral Lersundi ' the ex-President of the Council, is to be appointed Governor-General of Cuba; another that a decree, authorising the return of the Duke de Valencia (Narvaez), will be promulgated; a third that the Cortes are to be dissolved; and a fourth that the royal council is to be done away with. The now cabinet was holding frequent deliberations. The opposition had held a sitting at the house of General Concha, for the purpose of deciding on the line of conduct to be adopted. A certain number of its principal members, and amongst them M. Nocedal, M. A. Castro, and M. Ballesteros, intended, it was said, to resign their seats in the Cortes, in order to show their decided opposition to the ministry. ORGANISED RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION IN TUSCANY. FLORENCE, Barr. 19. I deeply regret to have to write to you of fresh cases of intolerance on the part of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. It was hoped that the obloquy he in curred through his treatment of the Nladiai would have led him to entertain more liberal governmental opinions, or at all events to be more guarded in the manifestation of that fanatical spirit which really animates him, and to relinquish all thoughts of curb ing liberty of conscience by acts of persecution. That the man is hopelessly unchanged and unchangeable, the recital of the following facts will, I fear, render bat too apparent. On Monday, the 12th instant, four gensdarmes presented themselves a t the resi dence of Mrs. Cunninghame, an Englis h lady pass ing the summer with her two daughters at the Bagin di Lucca. They demanded to see Miss Mar. garet Cunninghame, the youngest of the daughters, and made her at once their prisoner, desiring her to prepare to accompany them to the Female Peniten tiary at Lucca, distant from the baths about fourteen English miles. The arrest took place at midday, and they remained in Miss C.'s room during the entire time she packed up her things, refusing to allow her maid to assist her, or herself to entertain any conversation with her mother or sister. She was lodged in prison the same night, and has re mained there ever since, and is to remain until her trial takes place, a period of time the most indefinite if the usual course of p be followed. I have not yet stated her crime. tis having given two tracts, written in Italian, on religious subjects, to a poor woman with whom she had entered into conversation in one of her mountain rambles. Of her guilt—if such an act can be called a crime—there is no doubt ; indeed, the young lady has frankly con fessed that of which she is accused, thinking that ' she had not acted contrary to any laws, human or divine. Now, having stated thus simply and briefly the cue of Miss Cunninghame, I would fain make a few remarks on this flagrant outrage, which, I need hardly add, has excited here, amongst persons of all creeds and nations, the utmost indignation, and draw your attention to the present state of the law on re ligious subjects in Tuscany. I avail myself of an authorised copy, and m 7 translation is strictly correct and as literal as is possible : Article 3.—Whosoever commits a crime in the Tuscan ter ritory, be he a Tuscan or not, will be judged according to the rules of the present code. OP OFFENCES AGAINST THE RELIGION OP THE STATE. Article 137.—Whosoever, by means of public speaking or by writings, either in manuscript or print, or by figura tive representations, distributed or fixed up, or in any other manner brought before the public mind, has attacked the religion of the state, will be punished with imprisonment with hard labour for from five to ten years, if his intention has been to propagate wicked doctrines, and to separate from the:catholic church persons who belong to it ; and with imprisonment from one to five years if he only in tend+ to insult religion ; and whosoever shall make use of private instruction or persuasion to gain the tad contem plated under the preceding article shall suffer from three to seven years' seclusion in prison, with hard labour. Article 207.—Any organised association, although it may exist without a secret bond, is illegal. An illegal associa tion, whether religious or otherwise, takes the name of sect, and is punished with imprisonment, from two to five years fur its promoters, and for those who have accepted any charge or office in it ; and from one to three years for those who are simply members of it. Article 212.—Whosoever knowingly prepares, sells, or disti ibutu papers, books, signs, or other distinctive marks of a sect, though he should not be one of the sect, will be exposed to imprisonment from three months to one year. Article 2l3.—The articles of property mentioned in the preceding article, via., books, prints, ac., also any furniture or sums of money that may be found In the places where the sect holds its meetings, will be confiscated. Article 214.—Whosoever knowingly furnishes a meeting place to a sect, when he is one of the sett, will receive an additional punishment; when not one of the sect, he will be punished as a simple participator. Article 215.—The sectarian is punished, though the sect may hold its meetings out of Tuscany, and he may not have been present at them. Article 216.—The rules contained in the preceding arti cles will be applied, excepting in the cue of the illegal association or sect exposing itself to heavier condem nation. This new penal code, expressly drawn up to em brace the crime of Protestantism, only came into force on the let of tho present month; and under its provisions Miss Cunningham° has been imprisoned, is to be tried, and will doubtless be condemned to a greater or less degree of punishment—a course, of the legality of which there can be no question, accord ing to the present state of law in Tuscany. But surely, the grave question arises, how far internal and national law is to be permitted to over rule international law. Is every little ducal despot to be allowed to coin at will a currency of arbitrary, unjust, and unchristian enactments, and circulating them in hie own limited domain, to ex pect them to be received as legal tenders by all strangers who may visit, or temporarily reside within, his dominions? About a year and a half since a law was enacted, by virtue of which any person might be arrested and imprisoned without trial, on simple suspicion; and it is a fact that a Florentine, named Guaducci, has been just exiled for two years, after an imprisonment of nine months, without trial, his crime not having even been named to him, but semplice s , vetti alone having been assigned as the reason of hie exile. Ho is a protestant, and was known to I be in the habit of reading his bible : hence his persecution. Can anything be imagined' more monstrous ? Yet every foreigner resid ing in Tuscany can be treated in the same manner, as is clearly laid down in the first of the article, col lated by me from the new penal code, and already transcribed. Does not such a code contain a direct violation of the first great principle of all law in the abstract, and if so, have not those states who profess to develop° and sustain international law a right to interfere? However unpalatable such a doctrine may be to the sticklers for form and ceremony, pro. toeols and red tape depend upon it such interven tion must, and ere long will, take place, if not by the British Government, most certainly by that of the United States. Is it believed by any one who notes the present state of public feeling in America, that the government of the United States would allow an American citizen to be detained in prison on a similar charge one moment longer than would be requisite for her Mediterranean fleet to anchor off Leghorn, and demand, aye, and obtain too, his or her imme diate release. Such an eventuality can any day arise. Many, amid the numbers of Americans who now visit Italy, and especially Florence, are devoted protest ant' and devout Christians, and many would gladly e assist the rsecuted Tuscans who profess the protest ant faith c and they may be counted by thousands) to worship t eir God according to the dictates of their conscience. THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. (BE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH PLYMOUTH. WEDNESDAY MORNING. The General Screw Steam Shipping Company's mail-packet Indiana, Capt. Lambert, arrived this morning. Her dates are: Calcutta, July 15; Mau ritius, Aug. 7 ; Table Bay, 20; St. Helena, 29; Ascension, Sept. 2 ; St. Vincent, 10 ; and Vigo, 25. At the Mauritius sugars were making 3 dole. per 100Ibs. Freights to England 31. 3s. The Sydney, emigrant ship, was lost at Carmonier's Point on the 12th July; crew and passengers saved. Affairs continue tranquil at the Cape. The Gaiku and Kreli have fulfilled the stipulations imposed on them at the end of the war. Any sudden diminu tion of the troops would, in the opinion of the colonists, be followed by fresh outbreaks. The com merce of the Cape is daily increasing, and thc con stitution has given a full sense of security. At the Cape the Meander, Dart, and Hydra. The Bosphorus, from England, was hourly expected. Two Spanish ships of war, a frigate, and a brig, were at Vigo. Spoken : August 16, lat. 34 S., long. 25 E., Chancellor, bound from Bombay to Liver pool; 17th, lat. 35 S., long. 21 E., Robert Peel, from Batavia, to Cowes ; 28th, lat. 18 S., long. 31V., Cambria, to Liverpool; 30th, lat. 14 S., 7 W., the Martaban, for Liverpool ; Sept. 7, lat. 7, long. 19 W., the Orion; Sept. 11, lat 19, long. 25 W., the An dover; Sept. 26, lat. 44 N., long. 10 W., dist. pendant, No. 70. AMERICA. -•-- (BY ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH.) KOSSUTH ON THE EASTERN QUEsijoy. The following letter was sent by Kossuth, in reply to an invitation to be present at the StairJrd ;log o n t h e Ea.stern question: 21, Alpha-road, Regent's -park, L%idoti, Sept. 2i, Dear Sir,-4 have jolt received your letter of s eilem b er 22, wherein you do me the honour of inviting me to attend the town meeting of StafFird, called for Monday neat, w i t h the view to memorialise her Britannic Majesty on the matter of Rush= invasion of the provinces ut empire. _ Interests the mo-t sacred and the dea res t to me —as g man, as a patriot, as a friend of freedom, a n d a member of the great family of mankind—are intim a t e l y ednuected with the pending complication in th e E ast ; aud, I owe, moreover, gra:itusdueltatno.by which l ey l i f e md Turkey, ter th e no b le athnoedrleEenarl;of everlasting in ilutti'ugvi the companions were saved from the blood. thirty persecution of Christian despots, after my fatherland had been overthrown—nut by Russian arms, but by the same policy of which the cautinuatian—indeed, the second act of the same tragedy—now rouses your indignation. 1 can, therefore, immure you, air, that I neither au n , r shall neglect to exert all my activity to serve the legitimate M. terests of the Turkish Empire, according to my bet abilities. Therefore, glad as lam to see the citizens of Stafford intending to act in the same direction, I certainly would have thankfully accepted your institutive were it not for the following two considerations; Had I been called upon to address the citizens of Stafford on the subject, it would have been, frem my. ',aide°, itn. possible not to dwell upon the intimate connexion ot the Turkish question with the prospects of my own dear father land, and upon the advantage which the cause of freedom might derive from Turkey effectively supported in bee re sistance to the Czar of Russia and his confederates. Now, sir, I kaow, on one side, that any particular expla nation of that nature would certainly have been but an ed. ditional claim to the csympathica of the men of Stafford; but, unfortunately, 1 have also reason to apprehend, on the other hand, that the more successful 1 might have been is forwarding that cause, and in carrying that point, the stronger stimulus I should have given to the pre,ent English government for pressing affairs to an issue ouch as the friends of justice, freedom, and humanity must di plore. Sir, by analysing the conduct of the English government, during the present crisis, it is impossible nut to come to the conclusion that it is not so much either by tear from, or by a particular predilection for, Russia, that the English go. vernmeut has until now rather served than checked Itussis's ambitious designs; but that it is rather fur tenor lest, by encouraging Turkey to legitimate resistance, an opportu nity might be offered to some successful popular rising in other quarters. I have, indeed, no hesitation to say, that the policy of England has long since beim Russian in its reoults though not Ruosian in its motives—it has been worse, it has been anti•liberal in principle. In 1848 Russia interfered against the popular movement in Moldo-Wallachia by armed invasion, and thus prepared I the way for the subsequent intervention in I:tinzary, as well as for the present occupation of the hiec.palities England did not oppose it. Soon after, Russia interfered by arms in lluneary, and gained by it an awful ',repots...trance throughout the Con tinent of Europe. The government ut Eugland bad no- thing to object to it. This Russian intervention being carried on from Turkish territory, was in itself the grossest violation of its iadepend ence. Turkey was made an instrument for 11tiotien am. bitiun and for Austrian oppression. It was pet witted that the resources of Turkish provinces, proviiiins, money, means of transport, should be made use of by Rut sia in her attack on Hungary. The Austrians, beaten, twice found refuge and means of attack in the same Turkah provinces ; which was neither more nor Ina than a virtual resignation of the independence of Turkey. And the government of England allowed all this to be done—nay, it checked Turkey in opposing it, by advising her " not to come into hostile collision with her stronger neighbours - -as the Foreign Secretary of England hid the ridiculous politeness to style that Austria, which we had defeated so often that she was no longer able to resist us without the aid of Russia, who, in her turn, had to strain every nerve to effect it. Now, sir, has the English government don e all this, because it liked Russia's striding preponderance ? No; it did it, because it hated the popular triumph of what they call "the revolutionary principle." And now, once more, the Danubian Principalities are occupied, and their resources made subservient to Ruins in her hostility against the l gitimate suzerain of those pro vinces ; and, again, the English government is guilty, be fore God and the world, of having permitted .aelt piracy to be perpetrated without resistance. Was this done be cause England approved the seizure of /1o:de-Wallachia by the Czar ? No ; but it was not opposed, beeause the English government feared, lest any resistance to Russian aggression might lead some of the oppressed nations to re new their efforts for freedom. That is the real clue to that policy, against which the citizens of Stafford are about to record their pretest. The fatal incubus which weighs heavily on the foreign policy of your government, is not so much love for the Czar as fear and hatred of democracy. It would be vain to dissimulate, sir, that aristocracy and plutocracy, as leading elements, will always less fear the despot than popular liberty. This is the reason, sir, that I must decline the honour of attending your meeting. I should not like, by my partici pation in that demonstration, to add a new stimulus to your government for persisting in its harmful direction. My second reason, sir, for not responding to your kind invitation ie, that I have no knowledge of the practical purport of the resolutions intended to be submitted to the meeting. And this I take to be an essential point, sir, because it is not enough to agree in the ultimate aim, it is equally important to come to a clear understanding about the most efficient means to attain that aim, and I should not like to be placed in a false position in that respect, out of delicacy due to the occasion. _ _ lam led to this remark by the fact, of which I am well enured, that your government was led into that incoesis tency—which I and you equally deplore—by an endeavour to save Austria from her well-merited fete, and to help her to a position which, even were it consistent with •justice and right, &sit is certainly not, would be impracticable. I know it, sir, and can prove it if needed, that all the exertions of English diplomacy in the East have been not so much prompted by the wish to do what ie advautageou to Turkey, as by the consideration what might be least em barrassing to Austria. There are some who suppose that this ungrateful task might have been inspired by considera tions which, however dear to some private relations, are cer tainly of no interest to the people of England. But at is likewise founded upon a prejudice, blindly without in• vestigation accepted by existing diplomacy ; and that is, that Austria is necessary to Europe, precisely as a barrier for Turkey against Russian encroachments,. Now, sir, I proclaim this to be a false supposition in the past, and impoesible for the future. Austria never has been a barrier of Turkey against Russia, or else, how could it happen that in spite of that barrier, in a time when it was yet shaken by the universal discontent of all the nations which Austria rules, Russia has succeeded, in extending her conquest upon Turkey on one side to the Kuban, on the other to the Danube ; nay, that she took even into her iron grasp the estuary of that Danube, which is precisely the life artery of Austria herself ? Austria was never a barrier to R-ssia. She was her ally against Turkey in almost all her wars ; so much so that even when she made a show of mediation between Turkey and Russia in that war which ended with the treaty of Belgrade, she did it only to disguise her preparations for joining Russia, as she is doing now again. When in 18% Austria feigned a feeble opposition against Russia, it was only because the bribe of the leading minister, which he had regularly received from the Emperor Alexander, was withheld by Czar Nicholas ; the bribe re turned, and the opposition vanished. No Austria was never a barrier of Turkey against Russia. It is in com plete defiance at history to repose on her as a barrier; and, even could she have been so in the put, she cannot be one in future; for, after she had accepted the intervention of Russia—after the Hungarians had arrived at the conscious ness of their strength, which enables them to destroy her when she is unsupported by Russia—after Austria has aroused all her nations by oppression and treachery —after she has foolishly uprooted all her vita telt; when she has no other aepport than an army of doubtful faith, one-half employed to watch and keep down the other half—after all this has happened, it is more than ignorance to believe in an independent Au tria ; it is a political blunder. Every sensible man in the world must feel convinced that Austria can in no case act but as Russia orders her; because, by the hold which Ras sista influence has over the Sclavonic elements of the Aus trian empire, and by the readiacss of the Hungarian na tion to accept any imaginable condition to the hated rule of Austria, she is well aware that a word from the Power which saved her in 1849, may destroy her fictdiou, ex istence. Yet it is this Austria with which the government of mighty England is so anxious to combine her policy in the EVA ; it is this Austria which led England passively in all the negotiations hitherto carried on ; which have resulted in Russia's taking possession of two Turkish province., im portant in themselves, but more important yet ae a strategical basis for further encroachments, and affording the sinews of war to Russia against the legitimate buirrals of those same provinces. Why, air, the most untrained novice in diplomacy tali.tht have understood, that if Austria agrees to dt something conjointly with England in regard to Russia, it is. Itute much as if England acted conjointly with Russia herself, because Austria only can dare to do what Russia wills. lf, therefore, in the resolutions to be submitted to your mat ing, something might have blipped in by not taking into sufficient consideration the above-mentioned views, from which your government, though professing to agree with your ultimate aim, might have derived a new pretest for persisting in its injurious and impractical " coquetterie . with Austria, I, being present, should have found myself under the disagreeable necessity of raising my humble voice against it. Hence it is that, being unacquainted with the contents of the resolutions, 1 could not accept your im• vitation. Nevertheless, I cannot forbear from expressing the high gratification I feel in seeing the citizens of Staff .11 resolved to eluiw the constitutional privilege of expressii.o the pohlie opinion of England upon the policy of the g,,cernment; whereby if past mischief cannot be cured, at least its NMe increase may be prevented. l'opular manifestations are, in my humble opinion, tbe more appropriate now, as parliament is not sitting to ex press the will of the nation, bud therefore tke -Pence ni the people might be used as an excuse for acting in a meaner adverse to the people's wishes. I certainly never could understand how it is roe eible that the people of England—proud as they are of ARRIVAL OF THE ATLANTIC. LIVERPOOL, WEDNESDAY. Early this morning the United States mail steam ship Atlantic, Captain West, arrived in the Mersey, with the usual mails from the United States and British North America. The Atlantic left New York on the 17th instant, and has brought, besides the mails, about 100 passengers. The royal mail steam ship Niagara, from hence, arrived at Boston on the 15th instant. The United States mail steam ship Franklin, from Havre and Southampton, arrived at New York on the nth instant. The yellow fever at New Orleans still continued to abate; bat at Mobile the pestilence continued very fatal, and was extending up the country. The trial of Bishop Doane had terminated in the dismissal of the presentment. The bishop acknow ledged to having been indiscreet. Business generally was improving at the departure of the steamer. A marked improvement had taken place in the New York Money Market, and business was de cidedly more active. Transactions in stocks had taken place to some ex tent at firm prices. The Niagara's news had the effect of rendering the market for bread stuffs very unsteady. Prices were inclined to recede, and very few transactions can be reported. Indian corn, round yellow, was steady, at 84c. to 86c. per bushel. Indian meal fetched 3 dole. 75e. to 3 dole. 87;e. per barrel. The cotton market at New York was very inactive, and prices were feebly maintained ; no actual de cline can be reported. The following are the quo tations :—New Orleans and Mobile,mid to faix, 121 c. to 13c. per lb. ; Uplands, mid fair to fair, 12c. to 12!c. The crop accounts are of a very unfavourable character. The business transacted in the provision market had been small, but prices had not undergone any change. Freights were unchanged at the steamer's de parture, the asking rates being :—Flour to Liver pool, 3s. to 3s. 3d. per barrel; grain, 9d. to 91d. per bushel; cotton, Id. to 5-16 d. per lb. Exchange on London was quoted 109 to 1091, with a quiet market; Paris, 5.15 to 3.17} ; Hamburg, 351 to 36f ; Bremen, 79 to 791. THE OVERLAND MAIL. We have received our journals and despatches in anticipation of the Overland Mail. The dates are : Calcutta, August 20; Bombay, August 30. We have news of the total loss of the English mails of the 24th of June, which, owing to there being no steamer available at Aden, had been put on board an Arab ship called the Futtel Knrreem, and of the total loss of the Hon. Company's steamer Moozuffer, in the Irrawaddy River. In the former case the vessel went down with Mr. Rankin, to whom the mails were entrusted, and 175 na tives. The Moozuffer was, when lost, returning to Burmah from Calcutta, under the command of Capt. Hewett. Lieut. Mason, flag lieutenant of H. M. ship Fox, was drowned while hastening to the aid of the unfortunate vessel. In Burmah a great scarcity of food was felt. The government had purchased a large quantity of rice for Rangoon. Gen. Godwin had left Burmah and arrived at Calcutta on the Bth inst., and it was con cluded that the war was virtually at an end. There had been the following deaths in Burmah: Capt. Fowles, H.M. Artillery; Capt. James, sth M.N. - I; Lieut. Harris, 19th M.N.1.; Lieut. Vaughan, M. Engineers; Ensign Brown, Ist M. Fusiliers; Capt. Bean, 4th Seib. From the north-west it was reported that the out posts were still kept on the qui rive by the Afreedis. The affairs of Bhawulpoor were still in great con fusion ; the discontent of the people, and their de sire to depose their present sovereign being evident. At Cawnpore and Benares the cholera had been very prevalent and fatal. Upwards of GO deaths had occurred in her Majesty's 70th Regiment. The Shekawaddy country was in a moat disturbed I state; and the Rajah of Jeypore had moved a force 7,000 men towards it. In Calcutta a monster meeting had been held, to petition parliament regarding the India Bill. Affairs were progressing satisfactorily in the Ni zam's dominions. Viscount Falkland and the commander-in-chief were expected to leave Poonah, where they then were, for the Hills, about November next. Lord F. Fitzclarence had been again slightly ailing. There had been ou the whole a scanty supply of rain during the Monsoon. The money market was easy, and money abundant for all legitimate purposes. Trade was active and brisk, and a large amount of goods had changed hands. ACCIDENT TO SIR WILLIAM 11AMILTON.—We are extremely sorry to learn that the learned and distinguished Professor of Logic in the University of Edinburgh, Sir William Hamilton, Dart., received a fracture of his arm on Saturday evening List, from a fall at Lugo. We under stand, however, that he is progressing favourably. ,Scotsman.