The Express. — London, England, 1857-12-31 00:00:00

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RIM* t.• Nakao. sad all larnmileft NiMsea__ sato *tripod. =2= LiAllaTolll WILWO et MaIIIZZUSA "THE MELD," the COUNTRY GENTLE .s. MAIII 411.1•0110111 • 111 VoLVMS ins len I. •le 1111•Mratior. sad amdeem MOW., rod trapronmels. MOM loy /Wald Ilperleada. Prim •• OIL staartroL labsone. W et pat quart.—Cless. It. inalnei. Awr4 We*" PORTRAIT of the BUTCHER of CAWN leffileSlffa, =" "" "r ft ID Dam Wm Woman la Ow 114...117114, SD TIMM. of iIIATUZDAY .lb. M.l,lreit. WAS womor PIOrIOJ A? • MID MICK ■L MAAS.= IMAM EMI r VOL. ROM* WH I T I L I /I B, I. sow "WSW =ea NA 0•. la Or Ammons Am%Alm of s rah.. Ow um • Imam and mossille lood i• IO• dblwelmal WO MI 0••••••••••• Maims. %I Pa Iso•• In Amin .1 Irbim•••1 raj ••••••• i l e ort a t lir• ~ ....:trzli a.., 9"s" -- "ft e %6 l• al •• • pa .. l - g• WPM ti d it sbid wtodes sn =" ro s cp= um =xi= jaw : 1 11=§ ... <Br i f."`"?entlark LIM 14 v wm g" l ' am peepi o W s MN Ira : aff 1 14.1 Ini . 4 . e Vb.= z . 5 ... t ... 4. wee . ..F4 - .4"11.-Ent= ZE . ... ±.... .... n ... : d......_y ............ 5m"..5..,:. 1...0rb.' ... .. • : esall. Ws& sea Ow. II 0.21.11. ILL 1117/2711 FM lIOSII. Is dram pa Om r ip In IC. doh. m iiirferitlCAL ECONOMY of ART. a. io Nis M Sca be. m LA.. Ulm d ' Madera his ion; -as a Illadiss.' in . ab i trge=l wil.lbasl wili. ek.'o4 I le 4. lesdea77l/4‘.10//... ad Ca. U. CnaLM. II Mill LTON ea CZEIINY.—HIAMILIZNI A A MODULI LLIVICCTIOWS 110 Ws PtAXOPORfIobo W e :bow So offe bieboolboi =NW of be am INS AL I! Tw i rs Mr .—a r r :l l4" t• i tart a aol: tr. • dam.. er•rhutft..* a.. ." UV . 1 1,Tto iii... • i tfr T i t s. Worilioo. b.; losehoilao blot Itiol‘ sod Oa. goo botooirooNfook W. Lb boob gar wall =I womb. Klip. T H E.-rt if A IN DS lllMory. //7 Um , Asir* of "Ille Illamb el edema" "• b. WSW or wow eAspla• ba. oft Wm elm 0••• baigeldla 'TM U WM ' 1•4 sorial Om la Mrs - BMW" ob. vtl orbs bfte-li sada. a arm Inv weimmas rent mg I.s lirit oh =lmp Is stalswat ming bit wohy dare I. Wm.." Pawt.lP, Elm 11111906.11 mi. airlog-on b&ISSUE of CA/MILLI POPULAR Yrr D.AI.• tl. Mem, Mee Al.. may, PM II Flas Me HV llek IMY Mee IM W. earls I Y7ll. eirrd Mt mee, /MAMMY ISe le, Om e me; Vela. I .3 ed. me, or ft Mele mk, at ee MAIM. I.lbl b, la M.. MM. mie. la M. elm ear oetr the pm et I Me wrt Mb Mime. of fbe mem et me melee of k Y Memml7 We met leet Ulre /111/// see Me it V Impel W /Mt aed rim"— [M l'emlty . M. MilmeMeeme; med GeM be al beek. ii.... 858. tarENTS, est= reel benefit ase.estr=o I* 14 IMMO 44414 41 Lkarl 44144 . 4142 C 144414441.1421 L &sa .. ri Co.. II milmosall I. Royal Isar.. 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Sim • Chereeeerd. iACCOUNT DOOK 8. Wt. 4 .. 1.11•80 dY 1 . 74 111=tor aw r= il::=1 d O&M? BOORS Pr bat IMt ta 11 aPt i n Z W... MIPOINdh IIMI MLIMMO M" "I" = U.. ..A • pro Ilarri se arrisa—. a. irTnkill .. ,^,bli• rear N swl=l4 narrows.. lorlsortsr. 1111). k at 1100101.—U. diassamt in ass Bbilling of 4 11 1pdsrpriam. owl Parr i mi o n u-kiissW.o.3kais ups. gabs low Lids ira N.. i nt brow. mlbh. he _., sad or Tun 0111,6—wss. %Nur all Pr bow lir 41. .±.l. isa . won sirs* link it Ihmeillead Beal^ la wed 417iGV.;=4;;1: W OKI) IT HAI BW ma be aimer• at v Nod Si ILOIRTTI X !UL/ c ......„.. TUILIVIONNTIUL Mee hAL Ok OruhllP iO ia •U. latiareedmi• limn Wel in. lie " 08. *WS.'" Calms Cluarr. - N. ••••—a bb...1 UARIUS'S SPECTACLES, the cheeped sad Wt. thelkheen eheelheeee for_preearetne the .44.1 lenm . ,fl ae mealy Mewl em burgh MI pv eeh , tem fe —Own, teeepeot Ow. If ." shwa. tee Ur. US ••••11 We ou.ry to fonoool, Weir% wart*, tall edam lit pot hve. , —TH.o 4 . II Mt hie b" • *"." 61 . lie !heel r... 11 7..49mit• W . I. Mom= &te. Whim l'aelle•—leeeellt eefeelte the ewe. had moire TIEFORMITIES of the BPLYB, CLUB FOOT, v itl 2 7 l l....teestee psi eIL e t tetsvre a la % ret.et . NORMS .C 1 . cl b i . klBlll A 8 PRESEXTS.—The ortolowatio• of OM kiosk mil door of mid,. Worm elo bar wet palled b 10 14.•fida. r e ar the moot mon Mood. M. dor , WwWw. W *border! Wooed to the dene. a de toed. it le at this ledies ~...1..4 dm 110 W LAa bel II AC A OSA O 011. oas rodard b. , wbWW bad re bdr; ItudLANted lIALTDOre. kw wear. LI Ord od. fed. NM bromber tool oeworov Odoolo. . r.. 1 S. J....um. pwsaa.mon... 0. 0. wok ere Gabel Wadetord reedited, se tilo alftlol4ll4 of door rime Ilan tar0 5... 1 ... 10r er .. rod Z ir1d.0:46.3.2..n adsedderoreesiribehno I LEIMIAIt. Protected by Royul Leta' *beheldt. 2.4 mama oeo et mote ae tee her C .1 ttoekteee l'lmeo I. le . Noes, S. Nasal.. wormatamb.. .M . .__ 4 ramie. Tiara.. le tageolamilf.j. Oa ..= -.." i. ..../ .. ..? asaantimadlaman as Iram at an mak. .lar . le Salad iaa 11=1:1 worp4= - 711. maid. Telamar. ...1.1±64...m caaraZami am Mr drs• damp.. maielk, 4..., ....ea lOW phald. MI6 bowler Forearr.s. ** el il.• main. mill raft al Oa ma. Val la AD .41 nom mown . pea. I. I. aadll,m ...soli al 1.• et and at all sammana W.I. "... .....40 am las MIA la. from lb.. sr I wa aw.l• l6ll eak = a.. •=olt it. ..1 . . o.66,...i fssads I Owe lofts of ak • 4.64 :.e' -Ow M ... 1 7k.., n, n,....: • . 6. 41. I V , 0 . 4 ak le. ilftedirwrc • OM F•el& Ille almidlaidleil. Dealt. waft* OPAL PRINCESS'S THEATRE. LAST NIGHTS 11108•ILD Tan 1111001111)—T0410111 „ sod TO 110111,0 W 1110,1•0. 0444,414 i, Tim 0.1,14111111 Oa MOWN, SOIL Jr. 4, M. C. Imo Ida sake lb OM Nomura Ore We row la she donor of Basks. PITT EXHIBITION.—Mr. WALLIS'S COL LICTION• WO dr GODWIN TAINTING/ r NOT ON RIV. at LW/GATTI 1111/ CITY GALLIZT. NA Prrlmi memo. br 111. OP= tw• SW I. Gm, I. AWN Walowel AWN II Wink. We pin WWW , U7 ID Id b WWII 'es Anne. 'ONT BLANC TO-NIGHT at 8, and TO 110111,0W AFTSII.OOIII at 3. ABLNO DR VENIRE. This Eatablislunent YILAI ClrOla REPT OPER aa HOUR or TWO LATER Nee earl IE MOO% U. IC WELCOME IN TUE NEW L PROFESSOR WILJALBA FRIKELL. R. WIMP Tu.wriz. rrioirmay sATUIDAT £//7111100,18. 0,1 1. sad MST *l/111:10 .al a. minas 11W Ta.CLI. YON Le Kw. = .6 l::aatfea So Plawmas *I as •• Imarsbly maim/. /a ; alaia ; Boma la; 0.2.7. 1.. Pr , OW Odra end a Mal. sal O. Guinan— =is isiond . 11.1~1/ Leal Lama. via tr. 4. WNW NNOTICE.— Preheat WILIALBA bra FRIK ELL Ms Sr Mom M WIN coaramled to MIN W . 6 ,011015 1 ANCII TUN I. A . Jlllllll TOW'S& CtiWELL'S ASSEMBLY ROOMS, Dean .eDmal. eic-00111111 DiNSANTII 'MY 1110111..-!at lAN Ores. lido. Xw x.." in marry, Ds. 331. ark la 9.pasara as s mint Dail taivi. Pr.. 16.• Asetal WaratierraWlßilisi.lir" ritrows GRAND MUSIC HALL ii Th -T ii It a mm: t a l nsmt b.b OW MI Olen* Oamis =n o r& Tbit=his " . l . l4M rim Fa 11 " :" " Alw Odnin. ja . Or 11161; W. ll= Ir a 11.1 . 4 .6 x .... 111/f in e . : : /I " .... " Dlista p t. i l. —*mann tie ammo at • ift irrltil. St ; mink K: petal. Ilem. WI& impiovi whole Miaow lo ant•la ilm 1i0n1ak ....... t11i5. Ns h. GIL ; sirs WYO. or golmei et mil d Os rim. fres II ell 1.1 M i.6 4l■4o=Trc ", Ms ; •Yrilietealr. J. Qualiiiim. : au. ail& D R. ICAHN'S MUSEUM sad °ALUM ot cia bl ita e Arr i nri arm IFs n ROGRA PH VS 'Mr : 11.1=ala tb• Ersolsr. Gams 2 . 13, ILtha.o . l74Z:: as iaa la % Mi .. 'MI& In Imes , illtZlj . Stir Li NSW ; sad na 11. aide Wads • Qs Illairaill by IMMO egmll• la. et IC* saw imam, M. Opn MR Moe if we Ono Ito It 111101.0111 neadbut. 12,. I, Sir Lamm aoll a Ppopria• Ma IM P % p reAr k ynipt st Miro. NOT= w INY— tPLIMIgnaviintibtiRSITEMP: Yaw ===ll.l9 ll r. krt.: red 4. EM ig r i mapa .//e Or Foga rr a =lo 11•1116 r sal On. OFFICE kr REVIEW OF THE YEAR. We entered upon the present year with perhaps leas than the ordinary impression th►t the New Year might be one of great events to ourselves and of mark in the eyes of our posterity. Opinions differ as to whether we might all have foreseen that name proximate season must be a memorable one in the history of our country ; but it is certain that our people generally were taking matters easily at the opening of 1837, and quite unprepared in expecta tion for such an experience as it, has yielded. There were " difficulties " in one or two directions ; as in the Paris Conference, In regard to the new Hunan frontier ; and in regard to the dispute between the King of Prussia and the Swiss ; and we were not at peace in Asia the war with Persia having began, and some by strange news arriving from China—no leas than that we had been bombarding Canton ! But everybody was tired of the l'aris Conference ; and it wee taken for granted that the King of l'rumia must yield, after a longer or shorter controversy; and the Asiatic matters were too remote to cause much sensation till the particulars began to arrive. Yet the Treaty of Perim is not yet satisfactorily ful filled, nor are the affairs of Turkey settled. The final act of the rectification of the Rimini) frontier was not signed by the Commissioners of the Four Powers till the sth of December; and the proceed logs of Russia in regard to the navigation of the Black Bea, and recently in fortifying the north part of Sebastopol, cannot but be considered a warning that the political accounts of the late war are not closed. As to the Neufchatel controversy, we had to sympathise with the Swiss for several mouths, during which they were sported with by others than the fantastical " Prince of Neufchatel." They were disarmed by promises and beguiled by arts one day; and the next they were threat ened and ordered, in • manner which roused other blood than their own: but the captions of the King of Prussia and the assumptions of the Emperor of the French could not be very long endured ; and we saw the matter end in the actual restoration of Neufchatel to the Swiss Confederation, the King of Prussia retaining the empty title of " l'rince of Neufchatel." The treaty was signed by the representatives of the great Powers on the 28th of May, relieving us of our apprehen►ions for the Swiss, but not of our indignation at the way in which they had been treated. But for the absorb ing interest of subsequent events, we should have considered the state of Europe very serious indeed, during the greater part of the past year, through the oppositions of policy revealed by the pressure of the question of the Danubian Principalities. Twelve months since, Europe generally was only just awakening to a sense of the importance of the ques tion whether the pros inces of Moldavia and Wal lachia should be united under a sovereign, thus form ing a separate kingdom, or whether they shall continue to be in allegiance to Turkey. A notice of the subject in the Moniker, at the beginning of the year, roused the wrath and the fears of Austria, by whoa, newspapers attention was directed to the evidences of close friendship between the Emperors of France and Russia. From that time to this the complication has become more and more serious. England has taken part with Austria, even to the imperilling of her alliance with France ; and it is now an anxious consideration whether a large and fertile territory on the most important frontier in Europe shall be erected into • substantive power, or be subjected to the conditions of Turkish weakness ; while on this decision rests again the prospect of European peace as long as the four great Powers are divided, two and two, on the question. As for the natural and equitable appeal in such a case—the wishes of the inhabitants—such means of decision are more easily talked about than obtained, as the history of the provinces during the last year may show. The controversy may be still very far from a settlement ; and that settlement may involve the gravest consequences to the future welfare of Europe. As for affairs in Asia, we were asking one another for light on the subject of the Persian war at the beginning of the year, but nobody professed to under stand much about it before Parliament met. vre had captured Bushire in December ; but this was not known tilt after we had been emphatically assured that the Shah would fight to the lut, and was really well able to defend himself. We were not kept long in suspense, however. On the Bth of February General Outram obtained the victory of Kooshlb, which at owe achieved a peace. It was on the 3rd of March that the treaty was signed at Paris by Lord Cowley and Ferukh Khan, the Per sian ambassador. Some doubts afterwards arose, from time to time, about the due fulfilment of the terms on the part of the Shah : but before the close of the year it was satisfactorily ascertained that Herat had been evacuated by the Persians, and that the violations of the treaty of 1853 were cum• pletely repaired. The first account of troubles in China was pre sently followed by news of an outbreak of the Chinese immigrants in Borneo, with strong menaces of a similar calamity at Singapore. At Sarawak, 'Rajah Brooke's residence was attacked in the night, Bir James Brooke escaping by extraordinary pre- sence of mind, after an inmate of his family had been slaughtered, and all the English attacked. The quality of the Rajah's Government was proved by the fidelity with which he was supported by his own native subjects, who disposed of the Chinese in the course of a few days' fighting. The benefits of his administration are thus placed beyond doubt; and hi. Wang limes, Ihr the having of his home mad library, are a small set-off against so great a good. At the end of the year he landed in England ; and long before that he• had been made aware of the in tention of our Universities to repair the lons of his library. The time and manner of the outbreak seem to show that the Chinese abroad were in league with those at home against the English ; and this suspicion is confirmed by the restlessness and vin dictive spirit manifested by the Chinamen in several others of our settlements in various parts of the world. Official contradiction was presently given to the story that our Admiral had bombarded Canton with red-hot shot. He bad only sent a few shots after marauders. But the story of what had really been done was felt to be more and more unsatisfactory, the more it was investigated. At first, and for a considerable time, there was much confusion in the public mind as to the causes of the outbreak ; and not even the debates in parliament availed to con vince the constituencies generally of what was clear to dispassionate and well-informed nen, that titers were two separate quarrels going on between the English and the Chinese—it being the policy and the endeavour of our officials at Hong Kong, and our Ministers at home, to confound them in the popular imagination, and perhaps in their own. The dispute about the Arrow lorcha merely tempted Sir John Bowring to use the opportusity for achieving that entrance into Canton which lad never been effected since the signing of the traty which stipulated for it. The weeks which me ceeded the arrival of the news of war in China vill always be a humbling period to look beck upon. Ministers hastily pledged themselves to the support of Sir John Bowring and Mr. Consul Parkes iby , whose united counsels Admiral Seymour was mialed)p and, on the ground of the necessity of our officials abroad being supported at home, and by taking advantage of the prevalent English dislike of be Chinese, Lord Palmerston staked the existence of hie admini.tration on this question. PrL LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 31, 1867. liament yru summoned to meet for despatch of important business on the 3rd of February; and on that day the session was opene4 by commission. The Chinese debate came on in thi Lords on the 21th, and in the Commons on the 26th of February, and, after repeated adjournments, the House of Commons exhibited a majority of 84 against the government, on Mr. Cobdeu's resolution that satisfactory cause for the recent hostilities had not been shown. The immediate result was an appeal to the country; and it will hardly be dis puted now that seldom has such an appeal been so discreditably urged. An ambassador was sent out to Pekin, Lord Elgin having taken his departure, with full powers, on the 21st of April, and landed at Hong Kong on the 2nd of July, ha% ing consulted with the French government on his way. The mutiny in India caused a necessity for the employ , ment there of the troops sent out to China, and Lord Elgin anticipated the desires of the government and people at home by going to Calcutta with such forces as had ern% ed. His ready self-sacrifice, and the ability with which he rendered his aid, to the injury of his own function, and the postpone ment of his special aims, has scarcely been aa yet appreciated by either government or people ; but his patriotism must be fully recognised sooner or later. In truth, the Ministers have every reason to desire the longest possible lull of the popular excite ment about China ; and the people have lost their interest in the subject since they began to discover how they had been misled bj an electioneering cry. The latest known attitude of affairs in China was that the ambassadors of England, France, Russia, and the United States were assembled; and that an attack on Canton by the British naval force was ex- pected. Meantime, the Emperor had refused to re ceive any European envoys, and was gone int) Tar tary to avoid remonstrance ; and, on the other hand, no land forces had arrived to hold Canton ; so that when it wee taken it remains to be seen whether it could be effectually held by • force of seamen and marines. The domestic life of the nation was meantime proceeding quietly enough. The most prominent circumstance, perhaps, was the distress of large classes of working men in London during the winter, owing to the high price of materials and subsistence, and certain incidents of the financial world which checked enterprise, especially in the way of building and other improvements—throwing a multitude of people out of work. As the season advanced, how ever, the evil lessened and disappeared : the winter and spring were seasonable, and promised well for the crops; and the summer was superb. Such a year for weather—for winter frost and yammer shine, and wind and rain in season—can entroely be remembered by the existing generation. While we were unconscious of what was prepar ing for as in the East, we were occupied and amused with incidents which now, seen through a long vista of calamity, seem to have happened in some oil year almost forgotten. The new Order of Valour, the Victoria Cross (carrying a pension of 10/. a year), was in March conferred for the first time on a noble company of brave Crimean soldiers, sailors, and marines. On the 3th of January the first cargo of Art-treasures was received at the Manchester Exhi bition, and the enterprise was a topic of conversation through the 'spring till the building was opened by Prince Albert on the 3th of May, disclosing such an assemblage of art-treasures as has never been seen, except in Paris before the dispersion of the Napoleon collection. Through all the public and private sorrows of the long summer and autumn which followed, the Manchester Exhibition yielded solace and delight to a multitude of visitors: it closed in honour, without the occur rence of any serious disaster whatever ; it closed at the appointed time, in order to keep faith strictly with the contributors, though there were strong temptations to protract the profitable plea sure. At the end of the year it was resolved by the trustees to send to every contributor of any art object a special acknowledgment, in which the con tribution should be specified; and a record is thus furnished which must be valuable to a future gene ration. The Queen visited the Exhibition in June, having been prevented on the earlier occasion by the birth of a princess, which took place on the 14th of April. Another popular interest of the time was consequence of the arrival in London, in the pre ceding December, of Dr. Livingstone, the missionary and geographical discoverer in Africa. The interest aroused by the disclosures of this excellent man was various, and all good. No one has acted and spoken so wisely on the first of his list of great sub jects, the redemption of Africa from barbarism ; he has also supplied the most valuable evidence of recent date as to the state and operation of the slave trade in the interior of Africa; he opens the most encouraging prospect' of an extensive and civiliaing oteanswes these, and especially of an abundant cottort4apply-411 object of first- rate importance to oar mandutures and commerce; and his geographical discoveries are of the highest order of value. He was listened to with as deep an interest at the end as at the beginning of his visit to England; and there could be no yetr which would not be honoured by the return of such a citizen, with such a budget of intelligence. Hie exertions have borne their natural fruit ; and he goes out again, wanmisaioned by government to ascend the Zambesi, and try what he can do towards opening a civilising • _ commerce with the interior and eastern coast of South Africa. As for the rest, we watched the pro gram of the Emperor of Austria through his Italian dominions, and chafed under all the intelligence that reached us of the cruelties perpetrated by the insane tyrant at Naples, and noted the progress of the panic about insurrection in the Slave States of America, and were eager about our spring elections, and curious as to the new Speaker, and the new element in the House, and rejoiced in the prospect of the abolition of the Sound dues in one direc tion, and in the rectification of the Liverpool dues and the conservancy of the Mersey in another. The treaty with Denmark about the Sound dues, by which the toll was got rid of by a payment of 1,125,2061., was signed at Copenhagen os the 14th of March; and, in the other case, the irresponsible and much-abused power long exercised over our shipping interests by the Liverpool Town Council, for local purposes, was abolished, and the levy of dues and care of the harbour lodged in more fitting hands. There were other topics of interest : as the inau guration address of the new American President— .s. all and conservative in the eyes of superficial waders, but, to the more experienced in American cabs, clearly foreshowiog the destructive tenden cies whilliere new seen to be breaking up the skim rage FRY ; the great subject of Russian rail ways, involving the chances and fates of future En ema—the failure of the project amens the alias of Europe beings& striking as the audacity which invited their support; the probability of a pestilence among our cattle, introduced from countries where a murrain prevailed, and guarded against by an Order in Council in April prohibiting the importation of cattle; the public appearances and frequent levers of the royal family of Oude, and the provincial journeys in which they now began to exhibit themselves; the visit of the Grand Duke Constantine of Russia to the royal families of France red England ; the judgment of the Privy Council in he St. Paul and St. Barnabu cases, in which men sad grown as fierce and bitter about altar-cloths and tredence-tables as if there was a dearth of serious nterests in State or Church; the death of the aged hicheu of Gloucester, the last survivor of the family 4' George Ill.; the opening of Exeter-hall on Sun ray evenings, for popular religious services, by the lishop of London, and other eminent divines of the murch of England ; the founding of a free public Ibrary at Liverpool by the munificence of a citizen, William Brown, member for South Lancashire ; and , tle opening at Birmingham by the Duke of Cern , lxidge of Calthorpe Park, the gift of Lord Culthorpc; ; de birth of the Queen's ninth child, and the grant by intent of tho title of Prince Consort to her husband ; the betrothal of the Prince's Royal to Prince , Ftederick William of Prussia, and the announcement to parliament of the intended marriage ; the critical stele of affairs in Belgium, in consequence of the ae rial party in the chambers having pushed their clams to a revolutionary point—a peril which has &idly wrought well, but was very threatening at thetirae ; the educational conference held in London und,r the presidency of the Prince Consort ; the ap pretension of the Directors of the British Bank, and the miserable figure they cuh and the magnitude of the min they caused ; and, finally, the looking out for the great comet, which was to burn us all up toge ther, with all our quarrels and our courtesies, our prosperity and our ruin, our hopes and our fears. These were among the topics which interested and amused the nation, while unconsciously awaiting the stroke of almost intolerable calamity which was soon to fall. We had long been talking of the railway and the telegraph in India, and of the fine things that would happen when we should hear of every com municable event in a few hours or minutes, and might transport our soldiers or workmen in large bodies and with speed, wherever we desired, over that great peninsula. But we were too slow ; our misfortune overtook us before we were prepared; and almost every family in England is in mourning in cowiegaence. While we were pursuing our busi ness and our pleasure in the winter and spring, things were passing in India which the telegraph was sorely wanted to tell, and the railways to cheek. On the 21th of January there was a mutiny among the native soldiers at Barrackpore, 17 miles from Calcutta, indicating a persuasion among the soldiers that the authorities were plotting to defile their caste and destroy their religion. Mysterious symptoms of a revolutionary understanding had been noticed and reported before ; and many of us at home were not without misgivings of impending disaster. In India successive mutinous acts were treated with ex traordinary levity and indecision ; and when incen diarism began, and from settlement to settlement the nightly sky was red with the horning of military huts, barracks, and storehouses, the Commander-in- Chief went up the hills, beyond the telegraph, to shoot. While he was at Simla, fires broke out, from night to night, at Umhalla, within a few hours of him; but while everything was said, nothing was done. While the doors of the Manchester Exhibi tion were thrown open, and the rash of the first week was taking place, no one there dreamed of what was happening to some, very dear to many present. At Meerut, native •oldies had refused to use the cartridges we have all heard so much of ; they were tried, convicted, and sentenced to • very severe punishment— long and hard imprisonment. It ;as on Satur day, the 9th of May, that the officer who pre sided at the court-martial wrote—" Those fellows have got ten years apiece. You will hear of no more mutinies." The next day, the 10th of May, which will be one of the most dreary dates in our history, all was over between England and her Bepoy army. By the middle of June we were aware that serious mutiny had occurred at Meerut ; but Ministers made light of the news. For some time after the gravest apprehensions were avowed at the India House , the President of the Board of Control, the Premier, and other ministers treated the subject with a scepticism and levity which first perplexed and then disgusted the nation deeply and permanently. We had to endure such a succession of fearful tidings as can hardly ever before have tried the nerve and force of any civilised people. We lost l)elhi on the 11th of May, amidst - - horrors which are too deeply mosaven os all /warts to need recording, here or elsewhere. There, and at Cawnpore, and at many another place, our country men and countrywomen, and their children of all ages, had to suffer what it did not enter into our imaginations could ever be suffered in a world where civilisation had spread so widely. They found them selves plunged into the lowest hell of human bar barism, in which men are discovered to be half beast and half fiend ; and we at home have been driven by an unimaginable shock out of our habitual idea and feelings, and exposed to a horror and anguish which we had supposed to have been left far behind in the course of ages. This is enough to may while we are all suffering together, and feeling in common about the tidings of the last dreary summer. We heard of the accession of a King of Delhi, and of the proclamation throughout Northern India, of the overthrow of our raj or empire. If any of US believed that our empire was over in India, it was but for a moment. Hindostan was more scantily supplied with European troops than ever before ; and if the whole population should rise against us, it was incredible that our comparative handful of soldiers could hold out till reinforced. The popula tion did not rise against us ; and our country men have not only held out, but conquered on every hand. The lit half of the year has been occupied by our anxieties, our efforts, and our reassurance. It was long before Delhi could be taken but it was taken, and before reinforcements arrived. Month after month Lucknow remained beleaguered—was temporarily relieved by the gallant Iluelick on the 26th of September, and guarded by Outram till Sir Colin Campbell, as-commander-in-chief, released its heroic garrison, and a crowd of women and chil dren, on the l'lth of November. The news arrived to gladden our Christmas. From point to point the rebellion kindled and spread, and when only two regiments were left of our whole Bengal army, one of them lapsed, after defeat had overtaken the mutineers in all di rections. Thus our anxieties have been perpetually renewed; but so has been the glow of our national pride. From month to month our national honour has grown brighter, while we have heard of suffer ing and death to an extent that would move the most selfish heart. Thus passed the summer and autumn. At first, the sanguine temper of the Mi nisters proved insuperable ; and the delays they caused were aggravated by a lack of sense and knowledge too like the deficiencies which disgraced and afflicted us daring the Crimean war. But when the extent of the calumity could no longer be dis puted, very great and successful efforts were made on all hands to despatch adequate forces to India, The nation has been compelled to form an unfavour able opinion of the government at Calcutta for its con duct daring the earlier weeks or months of the mutiny: but the military department has shown " " ' • ' itself, under the at congest possible test, exactly what we have desired our armies to be—not only composed of a brave, enduring, and active soldiery, but excel lently commanded and provided for. From home we have watched the whole movement, from the Punjanb under Sir John Lawrence at one end, to Assam, preserved to us by splendid skill and courage. at the other; and we hove seen that our gallant troops have been (however overworked from neces sity) well fed, well armed and provided, well led, sod enabled thereby to exalt our military reputation to as lofty a point as a civilised nation in the nine teenth century can desire. As for the particular in cidents—the preservation of the Punjaub, the pacifi cation of the Bombay Presidency, the order and help fulness of the Madras Presidency ; the siege and cap ture of Delhi ; the siege, reinforcement, renewed siege and release of the Lucknow residency, and the main concentration of the struggle in Oude, there is no need to say more than that we have watched and waited through weeks and months, which now seem like months and years. Well they may, as they will be a subject of contemplation for centuries. In this single simmer, Generals Anson and Barnard died before Delhi, General Reid retired in ill health, and General Wilson took the city. Sir Hugh Wheeler died of his wounds at Cawnpore, and Sir Henry Lawrence at Lucknow. Our heroes have been almost as numerous as our soldiers, and many • gallant deed will be related in all narratives of this unparalleled war; but we can only say here that the heart and eyes of the nation have followed —first the Lawret;oin and Wheeler in their respec tive provinces, and afterwards the commanders who marched to field duty—Nicholson from the Punjaub, and Neill from Madras—Wit -. son before Delhi, and Havelock and Ontram— the one landing on his way to China, and the other returning from Persia, and both restoring our em pire from step to step on their gallant march into the heart of Oude. There are Greathed and Showers, too, clearing the country of the Delhi fugitives, and gaining victories from day to day on their way to Oude and through Itohilcund; and Grant upholding the honour of the Indian army ; and, at length, Sir Colin Campbell appe►ring in the field as commander in-chief, and finishing the work at Luckuow t—a group of splendid soldiers to command the destinies of the coming year! At home, we have reoraited very largely, and obtained effectual aid from the militia, and witnessed the departure of a noble army from our shores, while the military strength re maining behind is equal to all conceivable con• tiagencies. We have raised large funds for the relief of sufferers in and by the ca lamity in India : we hare received one ship's com pany after another of suffering fugitives—widowed, orphaned, sick, mutilated, and impoverished, and are doing what we can to soothe and help them. We have paid our tribute of honour to our heroes by our representatives in Parliament ; and we have found some consolation in our efforts, be they great or (Stamped ld. AdditionaL) [TWOPENCE. 'small. It remains for us to take care that India shall be the better for the sin and sorrow of this awful year. The subject of the government of India henceforth belongs to a future, and not to the put year ; but we must just note that the national will in regard to Indian Reform was expressed and recognised by the Administration before the close of 1837. It remains for the people to take care that the reform is set about in a spirit of patience, cau tion, modesty, and intelligence, worthy of so serious an occasion. The renewal of the African slave trade under the name of an immigration of free labour into the French colonies is one of the grayest calamities which could befal the world, civilised and uncivilised. The year 1837 will be marked in history u that which not only undid the work of the whole century in regard to colonial shivery, but remanded the African tribes back to their internecine wan, after some of them had been led up to a promising condi tion of industry and peace. That such a retrogres sion should have been caused by one of the chief • powers of Europe, in the name of a nation pledged by treaties, and by Weirs llamailberses dpelfart - " 44 oppose negro slavery in all forma, aggravated the mischief. The speculation failed in a pecuniary sense, and towards the end of the year it was given out that the Emperor of the French was seriously reconsidering the step he had taken ; but irreparable mischief was already done, and it will require many a future year to release the native African from the liability of being regarded as an object of barter and exportation for everybody's profit but his own. This may be regarded as the second distinctive cala mity of the year. The third was preparing and foreseen, and indicated by watchful observers (and we may remark that the Daily News was among the foremost) many weeks before the arrival of the financial crisis which has caused the year to clue in ruin to a great number of our citizens who seemed furthest removed from any such liability. For a year past there had been considerable difficulty about money in our chief seats of manufacture and commerce ; so that it was a common saying during the summer, when all eves were directed to Man chester, that nobody there was the better for the Exhibition except the innkeepers—not even the milliners, es they could not get their bills paid, and nobody had any money to spend. We had suffered abundantly already, and were still suffering from the condition of financial affairs in France ; bat now we were to stand the consequences of a financial revulsion in the United States, even more disastrous than that of 1837. During the autumn, we were daily hearing of the suspension of banks and the insolvency of some, and the embar rassment of more, of oar great commercial houses. The flimsy and fraudulent establishments which bad sprung up in proportion to the popular rage for magnitude as a sign of progress collapsed at once, not only plunging into ruin those who had put their trust in monstrous professions, but, as always hap pens, a great number of upright merchants, blame less firms, and innocent individuals, and many thousands of our manufacturing population thrown out of work at the beginning of winter. Onesation has involved another, and the guilty and lax have ruined the just and prudent, as well as the ,careless, to such an extent as to make the year 1837 even more memorable for financial calamity than 1837 in America, and 1847 in England. The controversy about the Bank Charter was renewed, and carried on with great bitterness ; the advocates of its restriction being apparently willing to incur national bankruptcy rather than touch the provisions of the Act ; while the rest of the world desired a timely suspension of a restriction which was obviously and rapidly aggravating the panic, and leaving less hope of escape from hour to hour. The pressure upon the Bank of England became so stringent that the raising of the rate of discount to 10 per cent. did not avail even to check it; and the inevitable relaxation of the law took place at last under circumstances of discreditable risk and haste. It was a case, not of days, nor even hours, but at last of minutes ; and it is understood that the Premier finally signed for the Chancellor of the Exchequer, because the Bank funds would not bear the delay of recalling that func tionary, who had just left town after a prior interview on the same subject. 'f he conse quence of the delay was that the re-assurance of the public mind did not suffice, as in 1847, but the Bank issues actually exceeded the legal limit. The panic, however, was effectually controlled ; gold flowed into the country and the Bank vaults ; a few days be fore Christmas a reduction of the rate of discount was hourly looked for; and a redaction of 2 per cent. WSJ announced on the 24th of December. It was on the 12th of November that the Administra tion authorised the Bank to exceed the legal limit of its circulation, on condition of the rate of discount not being lowered, and under the engagement that Parliament should be summoned to pass a bill of indemnity for the transgression of the Bank Act. Parliament met accordingly on the 3rd of Decem ber ; and the fearful state of Hamburg at the time, and the spread of the commercial convulsion through the northern countries of Europe, left no doubt in the mind of any rational legislator as to the necessity of what had been done. The further consequences in the shape of new legislation, or a resolution to stand by that which has given way under pressure twice in the thirteen years that the Bank Act has existed, will be for another annual review (probably the next) to show. The same may be said for the other great subjects announced by Ministers during the short December session; and chiefly those of the government of India and a further reform of Parliament. The legislative results of the year are remarkable is some particulars, while falling short of public ex pectation in others. The Jews are not yet admitted to parliament, though varied efforts were made in the summer to introduce them, with or without the concurrence of the Peers. The work has still to be done, and will presently be resumed. Provision has been made for an extension of industrial schools, and also of reformatory institutions. New rights are given to married women in regard to the disposal of their reversionary interest in proper ty. The civil servants of government are released from the reduc tion of their salaries on account of the Superannua tion Fund. Improvements in the Joint Stock Bank ing Companies Act, and a special provision for punishing frauds committed by bankers, trustees, and other persons entrusted with property, show something of what the public mind was full of in the year of such legislation. Scotland received a large share of the attention of parliament—the Act providing for • better care of lunatics being the most interesting of the group of new laws. The Probate Bill for Ireland is nearly the same as the English Act; and the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act also assimilates Irish to English law. Our NIL WI it ,r it le D. 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