The Express. — London, England, 1852-12-23 00:00:00

gig Court. WINDSOR, Due 22. llrr Majesty and Prince Albert, with the Royal e t t aira. arcompaaied by the Prince of Leininnen, and so ,„,! e d hy the Marchioness of Ely, the Has. Mary Be - ~ CAlerel the Hon. Charles Grey, Colonel BOUSITIO, mr Gibbs, left ()tonne at a quarter before tea o'clock ear monuag, and wired at Windsor Castle at hat , rot A gaud of honour from the 3rd battalion Grenadier gaio.•illt the hand of the regiment, received tho Royal ? so! at aa the railway station. t*,,ot Ilawarden sod Majoi•Orniral B. Drummond, kyr arrived so Lord and Groom in Waiting to the Queen ; Him. Matilda l'Aget, as Maid of llonour is 1“; n: 104 i:wl et Aberdeen arrived from London at See o'clock, 40 oul:rcce of h,r Momity, and returned to town t iftoo4: PEPARTURE OF THE COURT FROM OSBOUSE. tit, 1/Er. _2.—Her Majesty, his Royal p l'iince Albert, the royal family, and the Prance embarked on heard the Fairy, steam tender, r •tis remand of Captain Crispin—Commodore Lord A li:returnee, U.C.H A.D.C.. being also on hoard—at pi o'clock this morning, en roots to Windmr. Ite Locoman, 14, at Cowes; London, 92, Capt. Mundy ; 4d; Leander, 30; Prussian store ship Meteor, Russian corvette Dvina, at Sothead—paid the usual re:. • f respett to the royal standard as the Fairy, (01.1 p o ,d by the Ellis, came through that anchorage, by the i nr , f sa:mtes, deeming in colours, aanninj pad., ite. A• h.r Majesty neared the month of this harbour tAr.lht a.th.tes were fired by the garrison from the (~:fora It ittery, and the Victory and Neptune, dast shish also manned yards. l'assing through the ot the ships in harbour, which lined tho creek at s,-e -yard, her Major, disembarked at 11 o'clock, and Lti,lin,t at that yard she wan remind by Admiral • riaendent lamhare, Acting Commanni via-Chief ; M. r-litainal Simpson, LientensatsGovemor Captain rintendent W. J. H. .I..linstows ; Lieutrn int Colonel • r John Campbell, 3sth liegiment ; Messrs. Danes and .horn, of Clareneeiaml; a guard of honour from the • m n Fitment, with the hand, officered by Major Lecky, on layard, Etemenants lheiell, Crsster. sh• Ho.. C. !Jmntoo, Adjelant Ueswies, and EVilllll Quiets. TM 'snag ofbnals of the South Western Railway Company • r, Also present :—The llon. F. Pratt. chairman ; Archi.. ! Emi., manager of tragic; Joseph Beanie, super. nd• at of the locommise department; 11Jodsos, Esq., "-not. whin of panceger traffic; and Mr. Stevens, r. oiperimtcalr Ibe r• yal tritin was in motion at a qsaterpast 11 er: rk, sad was espected to arrive at ttasirestoke at 12 Id, s od troll thence proceed per Groat Western Railway to 01.1.15146 ON THE NORTH WFSTERN AT 11A11110W.-LOS OF LIFE The details of the accident, which is briefly men us another column, hal not niched us when we sat topers,. Sue. thin we ban received intelligence of amelancholy character. It seems that the express train k:t Liverpool yesterday, as usual, at halt•past.l On armathice Harrow the sound of the goods' train from Lamlos was heard in the disciate, aid before time was cif.rdsd to signal the same, both the trains cam. with a tremendous crash, tearing the tire of the swine completely asunder. The scene at this juncture is describid as truly awful. Carriages were scattered atoat la all directions and the goods, with guess and t u rk,p.. thrown from the trucks, rendered it an leopard kitty to catch coca a glimpse of the liae. The cattle also eartsined hrious injury by the shock. Mr. Butholcmy, the ;lard of the 'spree, train, we regret to state, lost his hoe When piciicd up a number of private despatches were fmad on th, deemed saturat.d with blood. A widow and taw family are left to deplore his 14... 0 4 114 to this accident our usual parcels by the North Kunsan did not reach as ►efore going to press. -EAST INDIA 110081.-COURT OF Plto- PRI ETORS. lintcrtLtv. at twelve o'clock, a quarterly general toast of thi chairman, directors, and proprietors of the Eat In :is Company was bed at their house in Leaden kait.strett ; Sir Jame: Went 'loco in the chair. The miaow of the last court having been read, Caries Mliatook brought forward his motion—" That is accordance with a principle which obtains at the Royal X.l.tary Collrges of Woolwich sad Baadhunt, it be re. eon mended to the Honourable Ohs Court of Directors to estab.iih at Adaiseombe a graduated lath of _permute for cub% redacted the charge for the ethe elf la sateen p tortioaalgy to the ascertained i 5.... Of Meats. pre need that the same tan be elated withest imaresned char.:* t, the East India Company." Re mid the ammo cu. t I the comply had bean 14s 1. for sash cadet, of ladle L.:,..'. was paid iitto the treasury of the seripmy. Dodds their repeaters there were other esgsmeas WIWI Ismilled ths am Ant up to 1601. a year, and amens thins WM bad to My OA sum wei e the sons of widow, and um them that e a pen- Lture fell very heavily. The eicemaespeemiltura over that pal ea, 241. The expense of Aldisconthe we by fir too high. lie liail no objection to the expense bora by the cos pity. bat he objected to the espouse by the widowed "wt.. r •.t . a cadet, the widow Levies sty forty pounds a ytar p, urn, so that she was o to appeal to her buods. The treatment which the sees of ofecen in her Itajesty's service received was very different at Sandhurst sad Woolwich, for they only paid respectively 401., 401., ;41., sad St).'. a year, accordieg to the rank of the officer, sad the sons of private gentlemen and noblemen only paid 131. a year. Bat there was the further difference, that the sons of Accra who died in service paid only 901. • year at Woolwich. It was true that the Oeurt of Menton gave commi.ion. to the BOW of odious who mad sot otherwise exile them; sad that thei essillmbha is the Court of Dinar"; but the main sal still rationed. It wie said that thu privilege did not exist he hue 111gMety's army ; Mt thin the CommanderoaCidef mime, gave caw Wage. to the sons of peer Amm o *lie gave an .ouivalent advantage to ths am se rills= in her ilajiaty's *nay. it had been argued that ths of cadet. at Addiscombe was not so greets tit mr=e ham and Woolwich, because the commay's silisme bed %kir pay while their sons were at A..diseenthe i but it allou.d he rern.mhered that the oaken Is tbe esespen i a sense 11141 not the same esterabysses. as Hesse ins Runty 's wrier serving in India. The rap ebesmisse Viii which he was met were, that thiamin bs permed amounted to so were them doubtful litheth se evil sad he had already answered those sltigninme. sued he thoull not therefore dwell mem this. Ms guagessl that the sou of private ni Semen eleral ley 111. II yew there thaa the sons of Wid th Weil feeble lbw to nuke a &dudes respect is ton sins 4 wide= P.M LAMS Widiing ta i ll . 7 Olditheili amps= es the company. Ile rageeed t thee should be • side el bar rates of paymmed—win., a /mar ter the thee of private gentleman; 1111. • year km Os thee able to bar n : i.ii. a peer ter three Nilsen who bed mesas; wed SW. a Tsar to the sem dpssr meets sad widows. He mmdmied tr prosaism Me leselstfem Col. Liminess essmadod th• mottos. Sr J. I I csio mid Hind thls,_lits every ether preambles wide by any , and rassive the talus sumelie taloa from the • but las =cl the mutt would pen. ,or that tine lass. pripprlstsr had MEW every drill of the wraiths se Mika and en beriblerisg as to froth r it iespiithibi Is seseg k sett. (User, Mar.) Ile 'as ilia of the t r = ini g , lb Emit ravens , ihe opinion of hod MI respeets sow. red its purpose, sad ilia sue abllmall Seth the that the hark of the wiebiblimemis M Wasiwisa futoibunt had bums dm highest lentimmq M thip!alb unity ..f the arra ponned tam. It eras imipasels 10 = 21.0 liaiL ' Ai ...tine supperted se Addleasmhe wee is part ti the sagas • elms inalttsles. (Hear, bar.) 1 - ha Fame bad es well se the Nina olden% ' ad while the diselthe paid every respect is Ilhe I AN slums of Md. own 'tennis, they add sat hoe 'fight of time of Ms publie at Imp. ' The subject a la rmism of damps had bass Wean brought the make of des mart of dimities. ter after the foiled Ned MN mews assridermlss they 'slid give to it, they had hems sempilsd to Mendes the thief eats . ameba eyelnimes almost Of lbe mime 'as did_ alum welch gsseennsil damnsekse. It was met hue prepred le eppostss ths ellerfee maardisg se the ram at the panels, bat seserdbag be their fames. How yew OM N. to be estertathed ? (Ideas, hem.) Why, if it 'nit attempts* Is Maims inquiries ins all Ms mesa of meows of tbe prem. m the cadets—which mint le dime ta ao intaining Vide rase to provide let the absinthe Of taw sone—lt wand be resieted, frillSlWei y -. as is ..,...,,,,e miss bete priests ammi. (Cheers.) it neat be left te tithe peresta ta Vs. by the exercise of dm wormy rid at taisermlag their children. It should be recoil thst dm is= at Att* Siworehe were notereeter than those ed grhuls Mime, when. an iducatire of equal value wee 0191111. adilthr2 l by rut i .r.r out such a sugges!iou se tee Tees& lb. pa).:., 1.,0r..1 that they were charged ter the swam of the son. of the offices el the Indies mug, en out wield be ram& and the gram would the !mg be WsloMi lbgibes. PraPikalit aid inatitwed • smisabss boluses UM relative sr dicers in the Qom% smith sail thew of th e cad u r eray, but he wee sane it could not be desired that emit eragarison should be panned. (Hear, .) lie believe! them was no Indies elbow of mode rate eradiate who was not in a polities is ardalds his ea at AlAiscombe. therefore to hall i is the swim a 'respect that the education of their rem would Zs: valet by the court {stile publ.c would his oder a p for nuprovalence. (Cheer+) Addissaml• was feuded oaf fir the t erloeiee purposes of the bulbs sway, but for the beseht of ladia generally by easiest sm. fttila for that country. And it met he maselmem that the po or w id ow of a professional alone law el t aw a c lergyman—desiring to send her Ne le affirms. NNW have to pay 120 f. a year (whir* wend every eapeare), while the sea of a is the latlima army with as In eresslag 111006111 should be ebb, to Dead hie mss to that is stitotioa ea mesh more favorwable taws ? Mr. Lawns objected that the proposal of Captais M'Oregor shut oat the Queen's name, who were u instru mental in smistalaing our rule is India as t►ou of the India& may. Mr. C concurred with the chairman that the diM , eulties in the way of carrying the proposition into effect were iasurinuantable. Captain ld'Oanoon, after a brief reply, asked to with draw hi. motion, bat an hon. proprietor objecting, it was pet and aegatived, two hands only being held nii in its favour._ The CHAIRMAN, in referents to Colonel Pickenren's motion, which stood next on the paper, via., That copies of the Report of the Cernmiolion which wu appointed in 1350.51 by the Governor-General of India to investigate certain charges against Ali Mond, Amen of Kipper, in Upper Seinele, and of the minutes thereon by the Indian governments; also of the Report on Seinde by Sir George Clerk, late Governor of Bombay, be laid before the court of proprietors," intimated that the report of the committee of the Horne of Commons appoioted to inquire Into the sub. feet had been laid before that house, but it was so volunti• nous that it had not yet been pristed. All the papers moved for by the hon. proprietor were already before the court of proprietors, with one exception—the minute of Sir George Clerk—which the minister of the crown had felt it his duty to refuse to parliament at present. Colonel Diecausom wu proceeding to address the court, but wu stopped on a point of order. The CHAIRMAN thought that as the papers were not objected to but had already been produced, it was nut coin petrol to enter into any discussion. Colonel DICKIIMIIHN contended that, one important paper ' being refused, be had • right to address the court. I (Hear, hear.) Mr. SULLIVAN took the SHIM view, and promised to sup port the hon. proprietor if he world divide the court. Mr. Serjrant Gasatze and Colonel Straus thought the ezplanation of the chairman sufficient, and urged Colonel Mickenton not to persevere. Mr. SULLIVAN said the only ground for refitting the paper that could be received was danger to the public interest. l'alces they had an &saurian to that effect, he for oar should not be satisfied, nor did he think would be the public. He hoped Colonel Dickenson would press his motion. (erne or Order, order.") The CII•IitMAN and of course it was open for that court to press for the production of any paper that had come into the possession of the directors, even though it had been refused by the minister; bat the privilege wu one that ought not lightly to be resorted to. 11 the boo. proprietor insisted, of course he could make the motion, and he (the chairman) must put it to the court. Colonel DICILILISON then formally moved the resolution, sad intend Into some details of the cue to which it re fined._ Mr. SULLIVAN seconded the resolution, and stated that the minute of Sir G. Clerk was essential to enable the court and the public to understand the question as to Ali Morad's culpability. Mr. Serjtant OAZZLEZ considered the chairman had given a sufficient reason for refusing the paper at present. flow did the court know that, though the document had been refused by the government now leaving office, it would nit be produced readily by their successors ? And surely it could make tio difference whether the production were • week or a month or two sooner or later. He hoped, as the motion had been made, that it would not be allowed to be withdrawn, but that it would be put and negatived. After some conversation, The CHAIIINAK put the question, which he reminded the court was simply whether the minute of Sir G. Clerk should be produced at the present moment. Mr. Lawns thought the court was altogether lade pendent of the BA of Control, and it was no reason, because that body had expressed ft particular op inion, that the proprieties should be bound by it. (Gear, ear.) The motion, on being put to a show of hands, was lost by a large majority. Colossi Dicta:sena then moved, "That some improved organisation of the survey department in India, and of the mapping office in this country, is urgently called for, for making available to the public in a more convenient form, and with greater expedition than heretofore, the stores of statistical data and geographical delineations, with which there is reason to believe the records of government have been long enriched; also for securing to the public, by means of more systematic and timely publication, the ad. vantage, of the rums still in progress, and of those witch may tie hereafter undertaken in our own territories, as well as in those of our allies." —.— The CUAIRIIIME intimated that the object of the motion had been caned oat by rceent arrangement. The maps were already in the bon, proprietor's blade. (near.) Colonel Dicaxxsox expressed himself satisfied, and with draw the resolution.. Mr. LEWES mooed, " That this court is of opinion that the privilege of election of directors of the Havt India Cont. li pony should be extended to parties holding stock of the government of India." Mr. f3erjeaut OAZCLZI thought the subject was one which had better be lett to the Committee of the House of Commons now sitting on Indian affairs. If the proxies of proprietors In India were admitted, they would get into the baud., of one or two bankers here who would swamp the court. _ _ Several other proprietors exprewred a similar opinion. The CHAIRMAN thought the motion would be suicidal to the proprietors. To extend the franchise to every bolder of stock in India would in effect be to swamp the handful of not India proprietors here, and amount to a breach of faith. If such a step were to be takes, let it come from an unfriendly head, and not from a member of that court. (Hear, hear.) He concurred with fkrjeant Owls" that it would be batter to leave the matter in the hands of the Committee of the Home of Commons and Lords now sitting. Mr. Lewair never knew a body of gentlemen holding so large an amount of property who showed so little disposi tion to exercise their rights, or who exhibited so little inile. pendeace, u that court. (.. Hear" and a laugh.) They should recollect that they did not direct the business of that Company for their own exclusive Moat, bat for the benefit of the lodine empire. (Hear.) The motion was then pat and negatived. Mr. Liman that moved the following resolution " That this court is of opinion that an opportunity should be afforded to the natives of India of being heard by their representatives is the discussions about to take place is lorllanieat Mann to the renewal of the charter of the Hat India Compsny." Captain IM amours seconded the motion ; sad, after a brief discussion, The CHAIRMAN &mooted that it was sot for that court to dielnie to the MIIIIMMIUMIS of parliament what evidence they should cell before them, the mere especially as these searalue bed emir to no resolution opium receiving the hmtkeam be yof natives el India by any moans by which it said gives. Osi. Same tie s& it would be maivisable to pat the:ee salaam at ail kg, if it wage megatived, it woad that the out was sane to missiles ea re the maimed loan of apeseimg tide ova if it move @envied, tbs. they mead bate W deals "be *slid be admitted es the ropesseastives of lbws satins, then mina Mama was man Abigalt. Certainly, otadamem is tale anatry who pat timmeelves inward as the Moods of India, could oft be said to represent the views and salaam of the naive inhabitaatr of India ; and as we = them eafesm usga l ini u •T ek eng India" wit asse L as. bal mad threw the p*sises d seats, sail net be n es *s =pens* a imam feeling. Meer, bar.) c a lL ia betten earn, probably, wadi be to non the previous amnia. lieCaormatat adapted Colossi Itykss• serapetism, sad moved Ibe preve n ts ipestion, wash was seeded by ea overmisheig The am% veiladoed. Tin &zoom ra110 1 011112.--Thies appears but little disk sow dot Ibis usibetuiela vowel is totally lint, bay*/ sand in Ibis t tar Sp Jag es tits 9th of May last, sad are lateagpsas NMI. boss ressivai ef bet. A senses lies sf lee ism and pessessees swat baying been eyes se 1h pubis.* Isms al whoa it nay be of Kew gams% we entrain ass, labia Isis Os lel = pra y the p was's, le the Inter an predsss Is sallag. lleatages Clbsc=ltEs liestber. Cassia Komp., lb. Pep. Li l t kr. J. Saigthir, llr. E. CanaliellWriellseetin, Mies Fry; eteersge—Oleiges pump, Oi Jab. Lydell. Mama 111ablisemssise , tZe Harper, mats ; J. leans. *ward ; Mums Dia =.7ol, HEM asswilvireb. P. Dab. sod diner.. Argus, Avg. It - - _ - - - - - ROYAL ACADEMY OP MtltlC.—Entteg DCNOLAR SOW Examlxovies.—The examination of dm madidates for UN vomit Keses Sokelarships took place at the butt. intim am Monday, the Ildek Last. The Board of Email:am sensisted of Mr. Palistr (principal), Sir Henry Diahop, Mean. Ow, Lem" OMmodals Beason, Disprove, and Howell. The enssmal somdidatoo are litillarTanotta Ayl ward and Mr. Mem llawsser. The following . were eve- Wally noticed: Mkssimims Bentley and Mr. LOWS fichro ier. Th folloeing rasslead high commendation : Mies Sadler Spinet, Matilda Mrs, R. P. Lyae, S. M. James, and Elza A. limber and lawn. J. W. Pew, W. Pettit, and T. Walesa. The author at candidates was Min all, of which ;Segamt-belt were mile el the institatioa ; the ethers amp aspirants for dils high academical heaver from all parts of the kingdom. CITY HOSPICE AND Sour Ktranag.—A meeting la aid of this charity was to have been held yesterday, at this London Tame, bat it was postpoosd, la samsquame, se was sated ou behalf of the committee, of this abeam of the Lord Mayor, who had beta anammed as chairman, and was meipeetelly prevented from attendlag by his adleial duties in emanion with the poll in the ward of Onadlowick. A demotion of 601. was sent by Damn Rothchild. PREGALTIONB AGAINST 11IE YELLOW FETE/L—The Lords of the Admirelty_have issued iastruetimis to the Ad miralty agents ea the West India station not to permit in valids and distressed seamen from places where the yellow fever is raging to be received on board the boeaswerd bound nal-packets. WORCESTER AND HEREFORD HAILWATA,—At taeeths ',the Worcester Chamber of Commerce, just held, resells e were passed with reference to them rival expromias their opiaims that the interests of the competing composese well as of Worcester sad the district, would be mug S iE etaally promoted by the companies agreeing to itsit an giber darimeNi, awl unite their carts to obtain why rrri4l"" to eesstruct the beet paten& rail. THE EXPRESS, THURSDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 23, 1852. silver pound. Gradually, however, by successive Sovereigns the weight of the silver put into the coins was diminished, while the name of the weight was preserved, till the pound dwindled from 5,400,000 grains to 1,743,454 grains. To conform to that cor ruption of the silver standard an ounce of gold is ' i now coined, not into four quarters of ounces. but into four equal pieces, each of which weighs the extraor dinary quantity of 123,271 grains of standard gold. It is impossible to conceive bow such an absurd di vision ever came into use—or received the sane lion of an enlightened people--without tracing back the history of successive corruptions; and then the conviction flashes on us that our present system embodies and consecrates many frauds. Instiad of getting rid of them, and returning to simplicity and truth, we pertinaciously adhere to them as the standard or measure of our transac tions. We anticipate no evil from an influx of gold which will compel us to regulate our money rather by natural than artificial rules. Our coinage, like most of the oth er things taken in hand by the government, is extremely imperfect, fashioned on no system fairly carried out, and only bearable from the plastic principle of human nature, which accommodates for a season to systems it is in the end destined to overturn. A CITIZEN. THE INFLUX OF GOLD. TO TES lIDTTOD OF TIN DAILY JOWL 6114—The late arrivals of a large quantity of gold from Australia, and the announcement that more instill on its way, and that new gold fields have been dis covered, have again attracted attention to the stan dard of value, and the mousy apprehensions of its depreciation are becoming more lively. It seems as if the public still remembered or felt by tradition the Inconveniences inflicted on society in former times by arbitrary changes in the standard of value, and anticipated as much evil from an event in the course of nature as from a fraudulent wrong. It was by a series of occurrences that might, without harshness, be so characterised, that the old silver standard was I displaced by a gold standard. It cannot, however, be got rid of. In all the journals there appears every week announcementi an that gold s so much-0.42 per cent. last week—dearer in London than in Pars; or so much cheaper--0.83 per cent. a few weeks ago—in Loudon than in Hamburg ; or so much dearer-0.671 per cent.—in London than in New York. Now, this dearness or cheap ness of gold is clearly not in relation to corn, or cotton cloth; fur its relation to them is expressed by their price. Nor does it express any absolute want of gold, for there is much more in the Bank of England than the director* or thc:r customers—the real owners of the bullion—know what to do with ; and yet gold is dearer in London than in Paris and in New York, and was only temporarily cheaper • few weeks ago in London than in Hamburg. When we look at the terms of these comparative exchanges,we find that the price or value of gold in Paris is said to be about I per mine premium, according to the new tariff, which expresses its relation to silver; that the price of gold in Hamburg is about 4313 per mark, which is a silver coin, and that the comparison is made with the English mint price for standard gold, 77,. 103 d. The price of gold, therefore, in all the three markets and all over the world means its value in silver, and in comparison to its value in silver it is said to be dearer or cheaper Thus, in spite of our Mint regulations making gold our standard of value, that standard is continually measured and its value determined by silver. It has always been so. Our own pound sterling was originally a pound weight of elver, and nothing else, the value of which, by sundry fraudulent mea surer., in process of time, was reduced to about a third of its denomination. From general and long usage— usage as old as history—if not from natural circum stances prescribing it, silver, not gold, may be said to be the universal, if not the natural, measure and standard of value. In 1816 the legislature, under the influence of opulent landlords, first declared, after • forced depreciation, that gold should henceforward be our standard, though it has ken impossible to prevent its value from being measured by the universal standard. In all our transactions with for.:igners, in the exchangeswith every other country, in every capital of Europe, the value of the sovereign is measured by silver. The lesson assigned for preferring gold to i ulcer in our country, and on which it s still de fended, was that being a very rich nation, the more vAluable metal, gold, was more suitable to our cir cumstances than silver. One of our self laudations is, that a man is not obliged in England, as in some countries of the continent, to carry about with him a pound or two of silver for his ordinary expenses. We learn, however, from experience, that the use of gold for the opulent classes is not incompatible with silver being the basis of a currency. The p ovalence of Napoleon d'Ors, Frederick d'Ors, and a variety of other gold coins on the continent, demonstrate that satisfactorily. 'fhoso who advauccd the theory of the superiority of a gold standard, and who still maintain it, forget that the great multitude of every commuuity—ol ours as of evert other—ia not composed of the opu lent. The few only arc rich, and the bulk of the people are poor. It is very pleasant to those who always have sovereigns in their pockets to have a gold standard, but it is not so convenient to those who rarely retain a sovereign in their possession; and the statesmen who substituted the gold for the silver standard forgot or despised the bulk of the people. It is worthy of notice too that now, when there is a p robability of gold becoming depreciated, and adapting it in some degree more than formerly to the use of the multitude, proposals are creeping into notice to change the standard, in order that the opulent chases—those especially who have claims on the industry of the present and the next generation —may not suffer the shadow of a shade of pecuniary injury. The fact shows how exclusively still our legislation, our habits, our thoughts, are moulded on the old aristocratic form of society. In fact, though it may appear strange to some, opinion does nut mould society, but society moulds opinion, and our opinions are still very generally moulded by the old aristocratic 'society w hich has passed away. It will take some time yet to fashion them on the democratic society now only growing into existence. A silver measure of Talus, though not so agreeable to the upper andopuleat chuses,is far more suitable to the wants and condition of the ses; of the people than a gold measure of value. And ea low denomination, it has been long ago obesead, Is peculiarly useful to the lower classes. It 'SOW them to subdivide their expenses, it ensures use eery in small matters, it answers better for all their habitual purchases, but their wants and their wisttss bend no voice in the Withal% and a seisms peculiarly acceptable and poseliarly useful to rats classes exclusively was adopted. For the lower classes deteriorated counters were thought sufficient, and the money appointed for their use is in reality a cheat, for it does not possess the value which the law assigns to it. At present, silver in England in relation to gold is dear, and a poor man, who had saved a hundred shillings, would find no difficulty in exchanging them for five sovereigns. We recollect a time, how ever, when silver coin was very redundant and gold scarce, and when the man whose daily or weekly war, paid in silver, could sot procure, for a hundred stains, five sovereigns. Though there is no pro bability, at present, of such a circumstance occurring, it may occur, and then the man who had received his wars in shillings and hoarded them up would be unable to pay a debt of 51. with lOUs. If this kind of injustice bo not practically and frequently com mitted on the labouring classes it is the result of circumstances totally different from our laws and our Mint regulations. To relieve our want of silver coinage, it has been proposed to coin gold Os. pieces. Formerly, borrower, • gold coin for 7.. was tried, and rejected is too small for ma Such • coin would be very unsuitable to the lower dime% who are particularly interested in mall sums. Delwin or alloying the gold largely with silver crappie, asking it into rings instead of dins base boss sesiested as a means of extending the sine of • small welt tof gold. After all these and other similar seipsaiores have been examined, it will le found, if the horny-handed multitude be considered, that a silver Os. piece, or, better still, an cam of silver, or the teeth part by weight of a pound if we are to have the decimal system, with the Mint stamp on it, will be the best. For them it would be something tangible, and their wants can only bo met by a good silver and good copper coinage. For the bulk of the people and for the bulk of transactions, silver—the almost universal measure of value—is a better measure than gold. Silver, therefore, should be adopted. The silver coinage, as by far the mat in use, re quires the most attention. It is by the silver coin age that the most extensive frauds have been perpe trated. The pounds, too, or the gold coinage, being the money of the rich, have a strong tendency, ac cording to the old proverb, to take care of themselves. At present the use of gold coins is practically very much restricted by the use of paper, which cannot so conveniently and advantageously be substituted for silver. Thus the government has paid the most at-1 tention to the coinage least in use, the compara tively unimportant money of the rich, and has ne glected or abused its trust in relation to the most important part of the coinage, the money of the bilk of the people. Hence there is now a want of silver in circulation. But even our gold coinage is involved in a mass of i incongruities inexplicable, unless we carry back the i attention through a long series of transactions. Doubloons still weigh about an ounce of gold, and are called " Ounces" in several parts of South America as dollars still weigh about an ounce of silver. All adage was originally multi ple, or aliquot parts by weight of some unit, like our THE RECENT DIVISION. The following Analysis of the avision on this Chancellor of the Eseheqmor's motion on the Howe rat is from tho Register of the National Parliamentary &tam Alsoeiation : 701 TICS X01:111 TAX. 149 County Members. 133 B3rough Members, sitting for • point 'salon of 4 Univenity Members. 288 AGAINST THI 11017111 TAX. 75 County Members. 230 Borough Members, sitting for a popu lation of 2 University Members. 307 Majority of Members against the Tax 19 Majority of Population of Boroughs 6,032,260 MR. DISRAELI'S GRAND DISCOVERY. TO VIE ILDITOR OF TIM DAILY 1111W11. Sin,—Whatever may be thought of Mr. DinarWs attempts at financieeing, a hae, it seems, during the brief I space he has been in office, made a discovery, the import ance of which will surely not be undetratei by the over. burdened taxpayers of the country. I allude to the right hon. gentleman's announcement lest Thursday night, in the House of Commons, that he had become convinced that millions per annum might be saved by a really econo mical government in the national expenditur e ! Hear it, ye Aberdeen., y.e Grahams, ye Russells, ye Cob den', ye Gladstone. ! We have it on the authority of no less than a Chancellor of the Exchequer th a t m illions per annum may be saved to this tax-burdened land by a go- vernment honestly inclined ! Let ne hope. as we all ardently do, that the right I oa. gentleman will remind his successors and supplanters "pain and again of this grand diacovery of his when he and his friends have exchanged botches with them in the hon... Dec. 20, 1862. A LOOKER ON. THE WOMERSLEY POACHINO CASE. All doubts about the real delinquents in this case have been set at rest by one of the p.irties in custody turn. ing approver. At the re-examination of the prisoners at Pontefract yesterday (Wednesday), George Kemp, one of the prisoners, gave the following testimony : " I have been living in Doncaster three or four months. For the last six or seven weeks I have been lodging with William Andrews, one of the prisoners. I remember the night (Nov. 24) when Mitchell was shot in Lord Hawke's estate at Womerslcy. I lett Doncaster that night between seven and eight o'clock. Before I left, Norfolk Bob (the primary. Drew) and two other men (whose names it is not deemed prudent to publish at present, as they are at large) came to Andrews's house. Drew and these two persons went out first. I and Andrews followed shortly after. We overtook them between Bent ley and Owston. I bad a single-barrelled gun. Drew and Andrews had double-barrelled guns. One of the others bad a single-barrelled gun. We bad also an air-gas amongst us, but I don't know who carried it. We tthrough together Askarn to a wood of Lord Hawke's at Womenley. Before we got into the wood we picked up some stones from the turnpike road. When we got into the wood, Norfolk Bob (Drew) tried the alr-ina at some pheasants as they sat cm the trees. He tried about half a dozen timer, bet, though the gun went off, be could not shoot anything with it. We all began then to shoot with the other guns. We shot at the pheasants in the trees. We had been in the wood about two bears wbea, Just as Drew was going farther into the wood to she it, we heard somebody coming. One °four party said, "We must meet them , I reckon ;" and we thee turned round and met them. Mitchell came up, and he Ant said to his men, " Come up, bids." One of the keepers said, " Now, my lads, be men and don't shoot." Somebody in the party said, " It's not a bit of use ; we don't swan to be taken." Mitchell oars raining up to me, and I threw several stones at him. I heard one rattle against his gun and aaotber against • peculiar sort of nip he wore. Mitchell raised its gun at me, sad said, " I will shoot thee." I threw aset• stone at him, and told him not to spoil his mind. One of Mitchell's party came up to him, and said, " Come back, or there'll be somebody shot." Norfolk Bob theta rea across the riding, and got behind a tree. He cocked his gun and shot, and he afterwards toad me ha saw one of the keepers put hie hood to his bead and heard hint say, " Oh, he's does for me." Drew fired two barrels. Andrews shot one shot at the keepers, bet I saw no others are at there. After this we west oat way and the keepen another. As we were going away I rid I thought we could have shaken them off without Mooting. Drew said it was their inten tion to shoot. We rasa returned to Deserter laway of Athena and get beset between lows sad , ' dock in the meesing. After the above evidence bad been gives, Mr. Minion, for the promotion, as that Kemp's statment bed given such • sew mosplerzies to the ore that he mat sok for a further read of the prisosen, Drew sad Andrews, for one week.—Thos primmer were remanded amordlogly. A man named Marshall who had been apprehended since the last hearing of the sue was discharged. It may be stated that bat for the unexpeetod disclosures of Kemp (who has been prevailed upon by his iparents to make them) all the prisoners would have been discharged. ACTS 01? PARIAIIIITNT.— Four nuts have beau pond in the present smarm, being the Ara madam of Um pizteenth parliament of the United Kingdom, which com menced sa the 4th November last. The first act was in honour of the late Duke of Wellington ,• the secoad, to amend a statute relating to forgery; the third, an iaeleeur• act; and the fourth, to amend the West India Colonial Loan Ast, the oldies of which last act Is to charge the er peassa besk .s tu China, and Africa, of free labourers intaglios' FATAL CAIIDENT.—At a very late hour the night Whin lest (says flat t) a hackney coach stopped at the of the Helpful and, when the door was by theramporter, the esedisan told him that he had a[the wawa Esegeroas'y wounded. The em ostoblinsent von summand, sod they lifted tho "shin the bindle and innenne body of a pan kmaki. It gess seetiedi i n to a mum. sad easmined by the Eliadicol nen who and dreadful mann sn the nod and breast. The body was still wane, his, iewho of veilexertion. enbentin end set ho esasosiL Oa ng to the gate. oAse the hisly hid ben as:ln In, the porter foetal that the men hod drives elf. It was at first sepposed that the omen hod bean murdered, but the inquiry hatitend by the po lies has proved that this was ass the seas. It minors this the doonsal Is • married nom, the* she had Ned been, en Ind, with a washerwomen at On the night at which she was tans to the getpieel two who had been to PASS Nether, get lino a et the Barriere d'ilafer a. sod told the madam to than ee Bourg-la-Bane. Oa eesaicg to a part of the rood whin has a deep truth by the aide of it, dameied, Ulm was very much intoaisated, stretched bet body m man oat of the window that her weight upset the meih, sail es the AU man the nada the mot with the injury whisk semi has death. Waft that they might get late toed& neat it, the unelinso end the washisiwomen, brain* NM ddledly cued noose* placed Ihe dimmed in it, sad loft hoe, r nen ilemnbod, at the lissfital. They have, however, dam awn Steward, and gins every explanation of the trivial Min Hnentee SruL—At the " Queen's Hones" in Lyndhurst is preserved a curious relic of antiquity (boast ing, perhaps, a much more venerable age than it hi e say claim to), called Rufes's stirrup. It has the form of / stirrup, of very large dimensiona, of steel, with en appear- ance of gilding or lackey on some parts of it, the p for the leather being in a horiseatal Instead of of metal. A doubt is suggested as to Me balms a pof that date, on the ground that metal stirrups won thus an known in England. Is this so ? The common Indiana which assigns it to the Red Monarch connects it site with the cruel custom of " &meditation" practised on and& and large dogs found in the forest. It was Mill in be the test of a dog's harmlesness, that he war SIMI pass through the stirrup. If he could not pass the he was carried before the ranger and " depeditated," by means of a mallet and chisel. Tho latter part of the pro tees is described with minuteness by the chronicler of the Forest Laws, who, however, makes no mention of the last. v.tri and Queri4s. •REAT NORTHERS RAILWAY.—The directors of this company have determined to raise tho sidisismal non capital of 760,0001., authorised in the resolutions( the hat half yearly meeting, sad also the 00,0001. for the mongtoef• cation with the Manchester, Sheffield, end Lawn ilex, by bruin at par, rateable to the propristete,lll,fikedglilllllll of 101. each. THE WARDMOTES: The polling in the various wards in which there were contested elections took place yeah rday, and were pro dual% eof but very slight excitement. Hardly any discus sion upon subjects of civic interest took place, with the exceptive of Yarringdon Without. It may be also stated that, ia the majority of Cato, the number of votes polled was much lower than on former occasions. BASSISHAW. The polling for tin. ward took place at the pariah ehurch of Bt. Michael's, under the presidency of Alderman Fanscomb. At the awe of the poll the numbers were-- Mr. Britten (deputy) .. 64 Mr. Wilson Mr. Lister The rejected candidata were Mr. Locke and Mr. Clarke. CANDLEWICK. The result of the day's poll showed : Mr. Evans S3 Mr. Trianoby Mr. Makin Mr. Blades 49 Mr. Matthews Mr. Town Mr. Elliott 4O Mr. Matthews and Mr. Oakes were therefore the rejected candidates. CORI/WAINFRS. The polling took place at the White Hart, Ab church-lsne, when the close of the poll showed the return o f the following gentlemen :—Mr. Lott (deputy), Mr. Croocher, Mr. Joyce, Mr. Taylor, Mr. Tres, and Mr. Chop per, in the room of Mr. Chula FARRLNGDON WITIIOUT. Sir James Duke, Bart., DIX., the alderman of the ward, presided. At 4 o'clock the alderman retired with the poll books, and after an absence of about 20 minutes declared the state of the poll as follows : Mr. George Walter..., 2'23 Mr. I:sunbelts I Mr. Deputy Bedford.. 219 Mr. Hodgson Dr. Deputy Obberd .. 214 Mr. Lies 1 Mr. Anlerton Mr. Butler Mr. Williems Mr. Cotterell Mr. Barnard Mr. Fox The announcement of the name of Mr. George Walter as head of the poll occasioned repeated rounds of spplause. Mr. Deputy BEDFORD returned thanks on behalf of the successful candidates A motion, pledging the ward to endeavour to establish • free library for the City of London, having been uropou d by Mr. Axoakrox, and seconded by Mr. BITMELL, MRS agreed to unanimously. Mr. ?COON moved, and Mr. lIERAPATH seconded • re solution, expressing approval of Mr. Chas. Pearson 's central railway terminus. The motion was agreed to, but not unanimously. The Alderman appointed Mr. Bedford end Mr. Obbard his deputies for the ensuing year. LANGBOURN. The alderman declared the following gentlemen to he duly sleeted :—Mr. Unwin, Mr. Bn^lliog, Mr. Howard, Mr. MUM , Mr. Mailer, Mr. Beaehe, Mr. S u lly. and Mr. Webber. The alderman then appointed Mr. Unwin his deputy. PORTSOKEN. Mr. Christie I Mr. Thompson Mr. Annie Mr. Heyward 7O Mr. Bone Mr. Vile BB Mr. Gardner l9 Mr. Venable, BO The first eight ;moth men some formal business, the Te declared elected. After bre ke up. TOWER. The poll for this ward closed at four o'clock. The worshipful Alderman (Finnic) declared the numbers polled for each candidate to be as follows: Mr. Juhn Briggs Mr. Lawrence Redhead 49 Mr. Thos. S. Smith.... 45 Mr. Go..rge Aiteheson_ 47 Mr. James Cornell .... 38 Mr. Thomas Turnbull 47 Mr. H. A. Ward lB Mr. Thomas Barkley .. 54 The Alderman then declared the election to have fallen on the first-named eight gentlemen, who were thereupon sworn in. The Alderman then appointed Mr. Briggs as his deputy. After passing votes of thauks to ,the Alderman and the deputies for their services ter the past year, the court broke up. COLEMAN-STREET. The poll on the election of the common council men for the ward of Coleman-street was as follows: Hale Hall Bl !Addington 77 Webiter Bl Hogg Perkins VaUsace 7B SPORTING. BETTING AT MANCHESTER.—TLZSDAY. METROPOLITAN HANDICAP. 33 to 1 'get Contentment (taken) 33 to 1 Muscovite (taken) 40 to 1 Galvanism (taks') 40 to I Pug Orrock (taken) 40 to 1 Corybantes (taken) 40 to 1 Dexterous colt (taken) 40 to 1 Tobobki (token) Contentment cad Muscovite were backed for all the money that could be got on at 33 to 1. " RamoCascns."—This, to the uninitiated, 801:00- what muting title ia the name of an oil-painting by Mr. A. F. De Prides, representing the most notable horses of the present day. Of these there are 22, and they are shown taking a gentle canter, headed by Cauesou. This most pro. closet abode, however, are the Flying Dutchman and Stockwell. The whole of this brilliant field and their jockeys are portraits ; and the engraciog which is in pro , gems of execution by Mr. C. N. Smith will, doubtless, be i highly acceptable to that great community which rejoices to be known as the " sporting world." UNIVERSITY AND CLERICAL. ORDINATION. By the Lord Bishop of OLOIICESTRR and BRISTOL, OR Sunday last, vie. : Disco:ie.—Henry Canham, 8.C.L., Trinity hell, Cambridge. William Holofernes, BA., St. Catharine Hall, Cambridge. Reginald Rivers Kirby, 8.A., St. John's Col'ege, Cambridge. Edward Bridges Knight, 8.A., Exeter College 010 R. Frederick Lynch, 8.A., Trinity College, Dahlia. Benjamin Mallam, BA., St. John's College, Oxon. Frederick Newman, RA., Trinity Col lege, Cambridge. Edward Colnett Oldlleld, 8.A. , Trinity College, Cambridge. Oswald Henry Leycester Penrybn, MA., Ball. College, Oxon. Paturra.—Frederick Allfree, RA., St. John's College, Cambridge. Thomas Otto Murrill' Ball, 8.A., University College, Durham. William Bertram, 8.A., Magdalen Hall, Oxon. William Philip Strong Bingham, 8.A., Christ Church, Oxon. Henry Matthew John Bowies, MA., Trinity College, Dublin. Alfred Brook, 8.A., Exeter College, Oxon. lames Dudley Cargill, Student in Divinity, St. John's College, Cambridge. John Charles Oiling, 8.A., Worcester College, Oxon. Charles Glynn, BA., Trinity College, Cambridge. Henry Frede r i c k Hoyt, 8.A., St. Edm. Hall, Oxon. John vial James Morison, B A., Worcester College, Oxon. Rev. Robert Aawyl Prichard, &C.L., to Ashley Rec. tory, Wilts, diocese of Gloucester and Bristol, vacant by the risiornation of Rev. Edward Houlditch ; patron, Chancellor of Darby of Lancastar. NAVAL ADMIILLLTY, DEC. 22. APPOINTMENTS. -- The fellowiag appointments are to take effect final the let of January ass t :—Papasstan: C. E. Cottrell, to Noptime ; J. G. San*, to St. Georg* • B. Dyer, to Prince, ftegessi J. Marsh, to Hoy. • T. HoOkey, to Edirtiorgh ; W. It. Carrigan, to Lawlor ; and W. P. O'Brien, to Siotoons. Clerks in Ch :J. IC Term to Resia.usce ; and W. A. Ward, to PORTSMOUTH, Dec. 22.—The remains of Admiral Sir Thomas Briggs, Ist* Commander-in-Chief at this port, will be removed to London, by the train leaving here, to Waterloo-bridge, at 8 o'clock to morrow morning, for inter ment in Kensal-green amatory. Minute guns will com mence firing at half-put B.—The Simoom, steam frigate, Cautain Kingeome, arrived at Spithead to-day, from the Clyde, with the remainder of the engines of the Duke of Wellington, 131. She came into harbour to discharge them. The Archer, 14, BMW steam-sloop, Com man d er Strange, tailed early this morning for Piymouth. The Avon, steam-vessel, arrived to-day from Plymouth, with supernumeraries returning again to that port this after noon. The Stirling Castle, convict-ship, was towed over into Blockhouse hole this morning, by the Porcupine and Echo stramers. MILITARY. PORTSMOUTII. DEC. 22.—The lst Royals (let bat talion) are ordered from this garrison to Newport, Wiles, the lint week in January to relieve the 48th F oo t, whi c h proceeds to Manchester. Jaguar. 19th Regiment, atWinch nitevee the lit Royals at Portamouth.—Sia service corn. p roles of the 88th Regiment proceeding to the Mauritius, the depilt of that regiment will proceed to Parkhurst, hi* of Wight. the 88th Regiment there replacing the 86th at Portsmouth. Till PRICE Or LAND IN DEVoN.—A sigaiticant tact, showing the benefit of free trade in this county, is communicated by a correspondent. A few days ago there was an auction for a small estate of fifteen acres at Credi. too, in the north of Devon. The property belonged to the late Mr. Win. Burdge. It was sold by public auction at the Ship Inn, in the above town, and fetched 2,2001.; or 1501. per ace. The agriculturists here are prosperous ; ' they make a capital price of their corn, their cattl e , an d their dairy produce, and now believe protection to be a "dalvain sad a sane." LITERA Ti THE BABI3ATIf QUESTION. &plenary In4titulions ciad Me Origin of Me Sabbatical Observance of Mr Modern Sundae. uroombrisge. The revival of that mistaken zeal which would deprive the working chimes, on their only day of leisure, of all out-door means of healthful recreation, gives new and immediate value to a pamphlet like this, the hubstan ce of which first appeared us an elaborate article in the old series of the II estrainmter Review, an article considered at the time as almost exhaustive of the historical part of the subject. In its new and more accessible form it will, we doubt not. ba exten sively read. Let us follow the author through his philological researches and attempt a brief analysis of his argument. It commences with an inquiry into that supposed universality of the septenary division of time, which, having in some quarters been hastily assumed, has often been urged iu support of the further assumption that the Sabbath was a primeval institution known to nil races of men before their earliest dispersion. As tending to an opposite conclusion the classical student is re minded by the author that the mouth of the Greeks was not divided into weeks of seven days, but into decades, and the Roman month into three similar but unequal periods called the eefends, the ides, and the nones lie shows that the week of the ancient Mexicans, who were excellent astronomers, consisted of but five days; having apparently been so fixed on the ground that 7d weeks of five days complete the Oar year (XII days) with the nearest practicable approach to accuracy. (For the fractional period of 3h. 40m. they provided by an intercalation of 23 days every 104 years.) A week of five days, if the customary interval between one market day and another may he so called, still prevails in Java and other eastern parts of Asia. No other week than such five day intervals is known in Chive, where the lunar month is divided into two fortnightly periods corresponding with the waxing land waning moon. The Chinese have no Sabbaths; and Sabbaths appear to have formed no part of the institutions of any of the aborigi nal populations o f North and South A mer i ca , Austra lia, and the irks of the Pacific Ocean. The septenary division of time, however, prevailed at a "i•ery early date in the western parts of Asia, sod in Egypt. It is supposed by Latin writer' to have been introduced into Egypt from Chaltlea, and the traces which we find of it in India carry us back to a very remote antiquity. In the hymns of the Rig- Veda-Sanhite, film are frequent allusions to sep tenary periods, and to seven as a sacred or perfect number. In China the so called ►acred or perfect number is live, from the fire planetary bodies, to which the attention of early astronomers was chiefly confined—Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Sa turn. In India it became seven from the sun and moon being added to tho list, and front the moon's quarter nearly, although not accurately, correspond ing to a period of seven days, marked by seven dif ferent constellations. Everywhere, in the infancy of society, the sanction of religion has been sought by legislators to give effect to the observance of certain chronological epochs. These, in the first instance, were limited to the days of tho new and full moon. Afterwards, as astronomy advanced, they included the days of the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, and of the summer and winter solstice. Out of this connexion of the celestial bodies with times and seasons arose Sabi anism, the most ancient of false religions, and astro logy, the most ancient of false sciences. Superstition peopled the heavens with deities, influencing all the affairs of men, and astrology sought to interpret their will by the light of oppositions and conjone• tions. The astrologers of India taught that every moment of time was governed by the particular star that might happen then to be is the ascendant, and that the sun and moon and five planets presided by turns over each diurnal interval. Thus each day came to be dedicated to the worship of ono of the seven as a god or goddess, and finally to be called by the same name. The names of the week in the ancient Sanscrit, —the language of the holy wettings 01 India—wen) the following :—Adita•var, Sunday; Soma car, Moon day ; Maogala-var, Mars-day ; Buddha-var, Mercury day; Vrihaspate-var, Jupiter-day; Subra-var, Venus day ; Sani-var, Saturn-day. It is curious to trace, in our modern names fur tho days of theweek, the influence of the Mythology of Western Asia descending to our own times, through the Teutonic races. They were called, by our Anglo- Saxon ancestors, Son-daeg, Moon-daeg, Tuis-claeg, Wodnes, or Woden'a-daeg—(in the old German Odiostag); Thurres-daeg, or l'hor's-daeg; Friga's daeg, and Saterne's-daeg. Ihe Hebrew names of the week were those which have since been adopted by the English Quakers— first day, second day, third day, &c.—and it seems not improbable that George Fox rightly divined the ob;ect for which these numerical terms were first employed by the Jewish lawgiver, viz., to assist in weaning the Israelites from the idolatrous observances connected with the more ancient planetary names. The Israelites were particularly prone to the wor ship of Baal, who was the god of fire, or sun, of the Plicenicians and Syrians ; the Apollo and Sol of the Greeks and Romans, from which it may fairly bo inferred that Moses saw the policy of not permitting the first day of the week to be called by any of the Eames that would remind the Israelites of sun worship ; and it might suggest itself to his mind, as an additional reason, besides that mentioned in Genesis, for holding a Sabbath on the seventh day rather than on the first. If, however, the fact should have been so, it is a remarkable instance of the sometimes anomalous character of orthodox con sistency, that some among those who would be fore most in maintaining the authority of the deealogue, should now be making the most strenuous exertions to restore the custom which Iltoses condemned. For the change of days it is usually pleaded that a new Sabbath day was substituted for the old on the inauguration of a new dispensation, bat for such substitution not the slightest warrant can bo found in the teaching of Christ and his apostles. All that can be adduced is four passages in the New Testa ment, and four only, in which mention is made of meetings held by the disciples on the first day of the week; but the context shows, that for many years atter the death of Christ the Jewish Sabbath con tinued to be observed by the Church at Jerusalem, from which we may conclude that the meetings held on the day following the Sabbath were chiefly for consultation or other secular business, and only assumed a religious character by insensible degrees. Many are ofopin ion that these meetings were instituted in commemoration of the resurrection, but in the two instances in which they are first mentioned, the di.ciples were incredulous of the report that Christ had risen ' • Thomas, surnamed Didymua, re fusing to believe it even on the testimony of the rest. One reason for assembling on the first day of the week might be that as the dies soils of the heathen world, the day when the temples of Apollo were most frequented, it was probably more of a day of leisure than any other on which secular business could be transacted. And here it may bo noted that the death of Christ oc curred about the time when the reformation of the calendar by Julius Cmsar, and the progress of con quest, had led to the introduction among the Romans, from their Egyptian or Syrian provinces, of our pre sent hebdomadal week, by which the calends, ides, and nones of the old republican month ultimately be came entirely superseded. The day now began to be called:—Dies sobs, day of the sun; dice twee, day of the moon; dies Martis, day of Mars; dies Mercuric, day of Mercury ; dies Juvis, day of Jupiter; dies Veneris, day of Venus; and dies Saturn], day of Saturn. Justin Martyr, writing about the year A.D. 147, describes the meetings of the Christians as being held on the dies solis, but his testimony is decisive that the dies nulls was not observed by Christians in a Sabbatical sense. He speaks of Sabbaths as abolished, and says expressly,—" There was no need of the observance of Sabbaths before Moses, neither now is there any need of them after Jesus Christ." An edict of a Roman Emperor is the only known authority for a Sunday Sabbath. Constantino, by decree dated A.D., 321, ordered the public courts to be closed, and all privateebusiness, excepting that of persons engaged in agriculture, to be suspended on the di, sso is. We are left in doubt of the object of this decree, which might have been rather to pro mote heathen than Christian worship, for it was followed by another edict the same year to discour agethe growing neglect of th e sacrtticcs offered to gods. Constantine, although a protector of the Christians, had been careful to snow in the early part of his ,~ ~._,; I 6 .t.....„ ( 4 4. 7 2.6 . % 1 A ..... I , 7 TC 1 1-:- r 5 4 th -,,.., ...,... . •: -' 74 \" ';. :•• N-..i . 3