The Express. — London, England, 1847-05-25 00:00:00

sirk agisingfor brelkfilst , sad two hones gobs middle of the day to Mk* net end feed, ex erg tles months of grinding, what they tide their p f d how they beat can. Their week at Ws steam is very hard, and it is common to me than alternately sleeping and g , without interferiog with their occupations; the „.. h i the =toilers' (a mat behind the hones of a cattle 1 .5), f ea ring to be observed, get into the habit of sleeping for a mooed of time only, and of reusing themselves saffl cimui t o whip the horses, when they have another nap no l o gger than the first ; the black who terries away the cane wash from the mill, may often be observed taking a similar as p in the act of stooping to join the ends of the cone home round his bundle ; and it appear that they derive rest from dates continual momentary snatches of sleep daring t h e ir nights labour. Some masters allow the and one or two holidays in the year ; but during the time of ragar•rnahing very kw allow them Sunday. The blacks are generally insu ffi ciently clothed ; the men are allowed ...re year a pair of mares cotton drawers, • shirt, and ge- W s i, a h a t also, and a poses of red beim to cover them ode., et n i g ht the women have • similar allowance : their food co nsists of two pounds of dried beef, called ' cane de p e r week, and a measure of farinha de mandises every io quantity being about as much as would fill a wine bottle ; the dried beef is very salt, and comas from Rio Grande do Sul. The email mode of cooking it is, throwing it on the hot saber. until it is burnt outeide; this is Wen the only food of the slave daring the whale year, eseept, perhaps., fresh beef on Christmas-day ; the food is sometime, mried by giving them melted ood•llsk ; to this p salient-we of salt food added to hard work, may be attributed umay of the bad diseases of the skin, to which they are subject: a slight watch, particulatly in the legs and ket, often turnsnt the mast obstit sore. On those engenhoo, where the slaves are not na ove e r-worked, • number of creoles will be rem, and the general appearance of the blanks, healthy and cheerful, while on the other the young blacks are all of new importation, end a considerable portion of the profits of the owner must go yearly in pur chasing slaves to supply the place of those who die. When they ere very well treated, the stock is kept up by those bred upon the estate. If there were not, however, a constant supply f r om the wart of Africa, the slave population would rapidly diminish, and many sugar engenhos, in a very few years, would be unable to continue their operations. Many Senhors d'Eogenho already hod their ' fabrics.' decreasing yearly, on a.xount of the difficulty of procuring and °Dose. euent high price of new blacks. A strong healthy field Uldt le now worth as much as 601. or 701, sterling; before the s lave treaty he could be bought for 251. sterliog. " In • geosrel view of the agriculture of this province, it will be seen ihat nature is very little assisted in her labour; in Pernambuco, it is true, that the earth Is tilled, planted, and cleared, upon the best estates, in an efficient mariner, but the choice of lands and the change of mope, manuring, the formation of roads and bridges From the plantations to the mills, are very little attended to. In Alagoas this is in a still m e re backward state ; piougha. and other European im plements of h wbandry, are unknown there, and, indeed, they are not much used in Pernambuco. I have only one plough in operation , notwithstanding that the ' of the g round would be no less benefited here by their use that of Europe. The hoe is the favourite agricultural imple ment: in planting, it is the spade and plough, in cleaning, the mite and harrow—and cotton, sugar. mandioea, maim, and ell the other productions owe their existence to it." is* Qroun. - - - Yesterday was the Queen's birthday. A perform ance of mule took piece, at seven o'clock in the morning, at Claremont, by the band of the Scots Fusilier Guards. The Royal tints at breakfast consisted of her Majesty the Queen, H.B.H. Prince Albert, H.R.H. the Duchess of Kent, and iiS.H. the Prince of Leiningen. The band of the Scots Fusilier ()turd" attended daring breakfast, and played a selection from the " Sonnambols," and afterwards per formed quadriles from Wallace's opera of " Matilda of /Wo rry." At leacher:el, the band of the Scots Fusilier Guards again psformed. Lady Augusta Bruce, Baroness de Speth, Sir George Couper, Lord James Murray, Lient.-Colonel F. Hugh Seymour, Captain Francis Seymour, and Sir Frederick Stavin arrived in the afternoon, and had the honour of join ing the august circle. Sir Robert and Lady Gardiner, the Misers Gardin 3r, and Captain Lynedoch Gardiner had also the honour of joining the royal circle at dinner. A number of the nubility and gentry called and left their names yes terday at Buckieghun Palms. Their MUHL the Hereditary Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar landed at Woolwich yester day afternoon from Rotterdam, en route from the Hague. The Master of the Horse to the Q•icen Dowager received the Hereditary Grand Duke and Grand Duchyv on their land ing, and conducted them into one of her Majesty's carriages and four. Their RR.IIH., attended by their suite, pro ceeded to town, and arrived at Marlborough-hones at half past 3 o'clock. The Hereditary Grand Duke and Grand Duchess took a carriage drive early in the evening. the Duchess of Cambridge visited her Majesty the Queen Dowager yesterday at Marlborough house. H.N.H. honoured the performance of the French plays with her presence last evening. VISIT OF TILE QUEEN TO CAMBRIDOE.—The follow * official notice was circulated yesterday in Cambridge "The Vice-Chancellor has the high gratiScatioe °fief 'ming the members of the University, that it is the intention of her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen, as well as H.R.H. Prince Albert, the Chancellor, to honour the University with their presence at the ensuing M.A. Commencement, unless any unforeseen event should occur which might preveat it." The Marquis of Normanby transacted business yes terday at the Foreign-office, The Governor of the Beak of England, and the Deputy Governor, had i.e interview with the Chancellor of the Exchequer yesterday at hisoffirdal residence in Downing• street. A depuration from the Eastern Counties and Har wich Junction Railway had an interview with the Commis sioners of Railways, in G•aat George-street, ye►terday. Mr. Higham, Secretary and Comptroller-General to the Commis sioners for the Reduction of the National Debt, had an in terview yeaterday with the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Despatches for the Governors of Hong Kong and Ceylon were sent off yesterday evening from the Colo nial office. WOOLWICH, MAY 24.—This afternoon, at a quarter put two o'clock, the Cycloop war steamer. belonging .r to the Dutch governmerv, arrived off the dockyard, having on board her Royal Highness the Duchies of Saxe Weimar and suite, who is on a visit to her Majesty. Commodore Sir J. J. G. Bremer, C.A., proceeded in the barge of the William and Mary yacht, and conveyed her Royal High ness from the Cycloop to the wharf, under a salute from • battery of Royal Artillery. The Royal Marines furnished the gnarl of honour. A rut concoct,e of persona, including several of the principal officers of the Royal Artillery ' Royal Marines, and the heads of the different departments of the dockyard, were assembled to receive her Royal Highness. On leaving the Cycloop, the band on board that vessel played the German national melody, " My Fatherland, - and afterwards our own national anthem, and the new of the vessel pave three cheers. The Royal party immediately entered their carriages and proceeded to London. THE WHITSUN AMUSEMENTS. It has been long the custom to select Whit-Monday for the opening of those place. in which entertainments are offered to the holiday-keeping part of the public in the open air. Yesterday, the weather wee most desirable for the purpose, and it wilt be seen, from the " atatistical returns" furnished by various reporters, that the holiday was very generally and joyously kept. The river and railways—especially between London and Greenwich—were crowded with passengers. It is reported that 34,800 persons landed end embarked at the Charing cross-bridge steam-boat pier alone. Greenwich-fair was crowded during the greater portion of the day, and at night the multitude was immense, although it was partially thinned by a shower, which poured down about nine o'clock. At Stepuey•fair there were collected at one time 300,000 person. There was also a dense crowd at a fair held at Wandsworth. The mere rationally inclined betook themselves to the Well, ctual pastime of examining museums and galleries. An official enumeration of the raisers to •he British Museum shows this clue to have been v, ry huge. No fewer than 17,780 individuals visited that national establishment during the day; whilst 14,570 examined the pictures in the Nriunal Gallery. Sixpence each was paid by 1,600 persons to go over the Tower of London; and the Polytechnic Institution was honoured with the presence of the Grand Duke Con stantine. The Bast India and United Service museums were fully attended. The Zoological Gardens, now opened to the public on payment of one shilling each person, were not so well attended as the attractiveness of the exhibition and the linen. as of the weather would have led cue to ex pect. The chief of the al fresco evening amusements opened yesterilsy were as follows: CRP:MORSE GARDENS. These gardens opened Pm' , day for the season. The grounds, which are prettily laid out, have been conaiderahly enlarged, and various other improvements have been made this year for the accommoda tion of visitors, a Crest number of whom favoured the gar dens with their patronage last evening. Amongst the other numen,us entertainments Mr. Green ascended in a new balloon, which ruse majestically about seven o'clock, taking ant ['steely d•reetion. The seranaut was accompanied by one or tan friends. WHITE Compurr Ifousg. —This place of enter tainment lei...opened last night with a concert, an exhibition of lining retues, and of course some Ethiopian serenaders, with only the novelty of their being copies in mistiature of the neginala, the pertormers being boys. The evening con cluded with a ball d les Cos MO. LINN EAN SOCIETT.—The annual meeting took place yesterday fur the transaction of general business. The Bishop of Norwich, president of the society, oc2upied the chair. Mr. E. Forster, the treasurer, teed the accounts of the society for the part year, of which the following is the result :—Balance in hand at the last audit, 1321. 19s. 84.; received since, 9641. 6d. ; making together 1,0971. Bs. 2d., out of which 9'291. llv. 6d. hal been disbursed, leaving a balance of 1671. 16.. 84., being an increase on the balance at the last audit 1,1 341. 17.. The debts of the soci..ty, by bond and simple contract at the last audit, smnunted to 1,0491. Is.6d. ; they had since been reduced to 9051. 12..5d., being a decrease of 1431. 9s. Id. The balance remaining in favour of the soli .17 after making all reductions, and adding the increase in the cash balance, amounted to 1781. 61. Id. Mr. J. J. Bennett, the secretary, then reported that 16 members of the swiety, two foreign members, and one asenci,ite had died, and four members had with drawn. Twenty fellows and areocires had been elected since the lust meeting. Mr. Bennett read a brief account of the principal events in the life of each deceased member, the period when, and under what circumstances, he joined the moiety, de., whirl appeared to emit* general interest. The meal haillotibtlisered, - I* the *Wien of the officers of the moiety, ad of wham were °maimed in their appointments. Hamra J. S. Bowerbank, W. J. Bluebell, D.O L. F. 11. Jansen, D. Sharpe, end N. Wallish, accor ding to the recommendation of the council, were elected to their board, in the room of gee retiring members. The proceed ings then terminated. JEW' HOOPMAL.—The anniversary of this institu tion, whiek was established is 1807, was held at the London Tavern yesterday evening. His Royal I:lighting; the Duke of Cambridge presided. After the usual loyal and national toasts, the boys and girls in the establishment entered the room in a kind of recession, carrying in th. it hands model specimens of their workmanship in cabinetroakier and shoemaking, which were exhibited to the company, and sub mitted to the particular imoseetion of the chairman. An ode, written for the occasion, war recited by one of the girls meths institution, and enthusiastically applauded. His royal highness then proposed, as the tout of the evening, " Psis perky to the institution," and, in doing so, expressed the great plessere which he felt in witnessing the pr wts afforded that the children had beneatted by the instruction giv, n to them. He also adverted to the pleasing fact, that, whereas, at the commencement, only twenty-eight persons were pro vided for, the institution is at present dispensiii its bent-tits to eighty-six inmates,vis , twelve agi d persons, fi fty-wren boys, and seventeen girls. The toast was drunk with three times three. Mr. De Casette proposed the health of the chairman, which wee warmly received. The principal other toasts were, " The Lord Mayor," his lordship being oresent; " The Rev. Dr. Adler," the high print; and " The Visitors of the evening." Several donations and subscriptions were announced by the treasurer, amounting to 7701 The dinner, Icooked according to laraelitisb custom, was a very excellcet one. — TEL DISTRICT CLERGY AND THE POOR. —Sir.-- I beg to thank you, in the name of humanity, fur the rem irks you have made respecting the apparent unwillingnees, on the part of the board of the poor law officials at Bethimkgreen, to receive communication, relative to paupers from the , :istrict clergy. lam inclined tothiuk that your remarks may do good in that quarter of the metropolis ; even beyond the precincts of the immediate parish, lately brought before our notice. 1 have known several tolltarleti, in a pariah adj. g Bethnal. green, where the reply made to pauper parties, who should be sent by the clergy to trustees of the poor, and overseers, for inquiry into their case., or for orders on the medical in:n for advice 11414 attendance, has been, " Oh. you came iron the parson, did you ? Well, go back to the parson again then. We have quite enough to do without attending to,. them." This reply has, to my knowledge, been so frequently made, when respectful letters, merely of introduction, have been sent by clergy through the hands of the punr, to the pariah officials, in a large parish at the east end of the inetto polie—that at length the clergy, though daily conversant with heart-rending eases of digress, have came to the resolu tion that it was most politic to let the pour tell their own tale; and they have honestly confessed to par. ties applying to them for their interposition ' • and whose dis tresses were well known to them that they (the clergy) might do them more harm than good , by at all interesting themselves or Interfering in their favour. Nay, so jealous are some of thesevalgar officials of the influence of the clergy, that I have known the case of a churchwarden, in a very .r metropolitan parish, whocould not bear to see the good ne by the clergy and the district vi.itors under them, but has actually put himself out of his way, by fates rept, senta time, Be., to prejudice the secretary and the committee of a district visiting and relief association, in order that the clergy and their district visitors might be deprived of the means of doing good afforded them by the grants of that society. In these days it will be well foe local boards, and parish officials to consult public feeling, rather more than they do. There are some such,—the conduct of the members of which is characterised by so much want of courtesy towards all who are sot initiated,—and by so little appal, at attention to the great end, for which such baud* are appointed—the public health, and the common good,—that I verily believe, it they were swept away .ntirely to.morrow, or threatened with such a fate, not a petition, not a voice { could be raised in their neighbourhood, in favour of their preservation,- -[Thif letter, which was referred to in a leader on the Poor-law, was accidentally omitted frogs yesterday's Parr.' FRE Woocwten Colevicrs.—Owing to the system of mismanagement which has prevailed for a lung time at Woolwich the prisoners on board the Warrior are utmost in a state of mutiny. On Friday eon the prisoners refused to go to work, and threatened their keepe rs with personal violence ; and it was not until a demonstration was made of coercing them by means of the guard, that they could be induced to return to their duty. The prevailing opinion is, that the system of the hulks will be abolished ; and certainly if such gram insubordination is to prevail, the sooner the better. DEATH FROM DISSECTINO.—DI our obituary has been already recorded the death of Mr. Potter, of the Uni versity College Hospital, in consequence of haeiag pricked his finger while dissecting. The subject wilt, it appears, the late Harvey Leach, the well-known Gnome Fly and Man Monkey, who bequeathed his body to Mr. Liston. That gentleman handed the body over to his most inti mate friend and companion, Mr. Potter. for dissection, and he, whilst engaged in his labour, pricked his finger with a lancet. This caused little care beyond placing - his hand in a ding for a day or two, • but on the third day Mr. Potter was attacked withfever—a bscesses formed on his hand, which extended up the muscle of his arm and over his chest, caus ing great agony ; death eventually pot a period to his suffer ings, and on Saturday his remains were interred in the Ken sal-green Cemetery. INQUESTS, YESTERDAY.—SOPPOsED INFANTICIDE. —Before Mr. Bedford, at the York Hotel, Welliugtonstreet, on the body of an infant, supposed to have been murdered by • man in custody, and Anne Cleveland. The examina tion of the man appeared in our report of the Bowstreet polite-court yesterday. Mr. William Lewson, surgeon, said that, about three weeks ago, he received a letter signed " Harry Hartwell." requesting him to call on the moth, r of the deceased child, and saying that, if he (witness) could take a hint and work it out well, it would be W. in his pocket wittiest, not liking the style of the letter, deseroyeat it, and did not call in Wellington-street. But, in come quenoc of a second letter, dated from Portland-chambers, Great Titclifieldstreet, he called on Mrs. Cleve land on Sunday the 9th instant, when she asked him if he thought the child was dead, which, from symptoms which she described, he assured her was not the case. He celled on Mr. Hartwell, whom he found he had known some years since, and he asked if he did not think the child would he still-born, and on the witness answering in the negative, Hartwell asked "if he could not manage that it should be still-born." This question witneas affected not to understand, and Hartwell said, " Oh, you are very squeamish ; they manage these things better in France. I have seen two or three cases of the kind in that country." Witness declined having anything to do with the cane.—sir Mosely, vestry clerk of St. Paul's, Coveat-garden, _sdatell that it had been ascertained th at the person in custody was not Mr. Hartwell.—Mr. Guthrie, who made a port wrorlern examination of the body, stated death to have been caused by suffocation.—After a repetition of come of the evidence adduced at the examination at How-street, the inquest was adjourned. THE CURRENCY. Much of the erroneous reasonings and false conclu sions, which are observable in the speeches and dissertations en this subject, arise from using the sane word in dill'. rent senses. Thus the word " money " sometimes is employed to denote coin, which is not only the sign but the pledge sad reeresentation of wealth ; sometimes to denote hank notes, which are only the sign, and not the pledge and re presentative of wealth ; and sometime, to denote capital, as when we lay the interest of money, instead of which we ought to say the interest of capital. By banishing for a cement the word money, and using the words, coin, balk notes, and capital, we eau reopen more easily and correctly. Again, the word pound, or pound sterling, occurs to tae mind as sbmo substantive entity, not connected with or de pendent on soother, whereas when analysed and examined, is in found to be an aliquot pert, that is 160'623r,1a of an ounce of gold of standard fineness. If we ware in monetary ques tions to substitute for the word pound, the word aliquot, we should avoid much confusion. Toe very expression brings instantaneous conviction, that although gold may alter its value, relatively to other co nmodities ; se, for instance, re latively to silver ; the pound sterling cannot be dear or cheap relatively to gold. Another source of confusion arises from not clearly appre hending the true sense of the word currency. That means the measure of value current and adopted within a certain sphere. If the sphere is a single country, then tie, currency is composed of coins or bank notes. If the sphere extend* to several countries, then the currency is no longer local, but general. It is composed of bullion, or of coin considered en mere bullion. Thus we have two currencies—toe one local, which we may call municipal currency ; the other universal, which we may call international currency. The error of he act of 1844 lies in this, that it supposes the movement of the international currency will aft. et the municipal currency, whereas they are entirely independent of each other. As the source of the present mischief is to be found in this error, we shall develope it at length. The quantity of municipal currency in s country must vary with prices and the number of transactions; but, in the absence of other iiiformation, and for the purpose of general reasoning, we may suppose that the average qoantity will correspond to the rental of the country. Ant this is found to be nearly the case at present in the United King. dem. In like manner, theinternational currency must vary with prices and the extent of transactions. It must vary also with the facility, rapidity, and cost of triinsuiission. Steam navigation must, consequently, have greatly aug mented the quantity of international currency. Now, the authors of the act of 1844, say the abstraction from the Bank of a million of ounces of gold, fir the pur pose of being used as international currency, that in, of lining expnrterl, and making s payment in a foreign country, in dicates that there is a corresponding redundancy of munici pal currency. We affirm it indicates nothing of the kind. The rate of exchange will depend on the quantity of buyers or sellers of bills of exchange. If this rate varies from par, above the expense of transmitting the international currency, bullion will be transmitted; if under, it will not, generally, but bills brought and remitted. We say generally, becau-e there will be occasions, when a merchant, rather than sub ject himself to the risk of bills, and to an exposure sf the transaction he is engaged in, will rather transmit bullion than remit bills of exchange, although the coot is greater. Let ue suppose, then, that the million of ounces of gold are abstracted from the Bank, by means of Bank notes paid in, and consider what will take place. The gold i exported as international currency. It will not remain in the foreign country, which it first reached, but pass current to another ' • and eiter the same gold, nr an equal quantity, will return to the country from which it originally issued. That will readily be admitted; but, it will be said, length of time may be requisite for the return; and in the mean time there is a scarcity, and, what is consequential in scarcity, rise of price, that is, alteration of value relatively to tome other commodity, as to silver. The relative value of gold and entre: will be Melva at Paris and London. If ars, it is evident this!. goid will be purchased with 'Bets. at Paris, and sent to London. An interval of a few days will suffice to restore the equilis brium and cause a return of the previously exported bullion, or of an equal quantity to London. la the intermediate time the contraction of the circulation, by the paid-in notes, for the million of ounces of gold, will have distraseed the Lon don hankers. They will eagerly get hold of the returned bullion, in order to get notes (or their reserves. Matters will then have returned to where they were ; but during the time which ha. inrerrenodbetween the t fflux and the influx of guld, the amount of discounts will have been lessened, and commercial suffering produced. In corroboration of what we advance we have to state that by the evidence before the parliamentary committee of 1840 it appears that betw,,n October 1833 ..a March 1835, the drain of bullion amounted to 41 milliner, wt. de during all that time the market price of gold was 3/. 17a. 9J., the Mitt price being 3!. 17s. 101 d. The Bank sold at the Mint price, and they had the power of purchasing at the market price. The comparison of the two prices shows at the same time that during thin efflur of gold from the Bank, the Bank note, instead of bring depreciated was appreciated ' nearly to the extent of half a farthing in the pound, or, otherwise emu cl, a bank-note. of 501. was worth 6d. more than 50 sovereigns. We shall enforce what we have said by the authority of Mr. Tooke : "There may be a very considerable demand fur the export of the peed •us metals, without any ground of in ference that the originating cause of it has been any excess in she circulation of this country. With a sufficient reserve of bullion on the part of the Bank, the prob.,bility is that the gold would in such casts return, and that there may have been no intermediate di.turhance of that uenount of the cir culation, which was previously nut in excess. as compared with the ordinary transactions of the country." To conclude, we repent that while there is eonvertibilty, the efflux or influx of bullion from or inro the Bank, ought not to regulate the contraction or expansion of the currency. We shall at a future d ty show what ought to regulate them, and what measure onqht to be substituted for the act of 1844. Stows. THE EXPRESS, TUESDAY EVENING, MAY 25, 1847. ELECTORAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. We now bend our course, in a southerly direction, to the maritime counties of England. With Hants, we commence a new group, which we intend shall comprise that fine and very important shire, with the contiguous ones of Sussex en the ea-t, and Dorsetehire and Devonshire on the west. This is a district searcely lefts important in an electoral point of view than as a gm it seat of our maritime power, and a magnificent dee6t of the materiel required for its organisa tion. la tne f miner of these relations it at all times merits the teeniest core and cnneideration of the executive. In the later, it profoundly concerns the highest interests of the public to watch, with jealous 'vigilance, that the independence of the elective franchise be not endangered, from time to time, by the immense government expenditure continu ally disbursed in Huta, by the authorities of that executive. This maritime county is situated principally on the main land of South Britain; hut it includes also the Isle of Wight, from which it is separated by a narrow arm of the sea, aver aging about three miles in width, though at one part con traction to a atrait somewhat less than ft mile across. Hants, ea the mainland, procnte an outline that assumes the form of a parallelogram, end of which the sides face the cardinal points of the compass. On the north it is bounded by Berk shire; on the east, by Surrey and Sussex; on the south, by the English Channel ; or. the west, by Wilts anti Dorsetahire. The length of the mainland portion, from north to south, varies from 37 to 46 miles ; the breadth, front 28 to 41 miles. A small detached strip of this county (for the most part, not quite half a mile in width. but nine miles long) rxteuds from Hulemere. in Surrey, to Midhurst, in Sussex. The Isle of Wig: ht, comprehended within the; shire, is of a lozenge shape, its longest diagonal measurement, from east to west, being about 23 miles ; its shortest, from north to south, about 14 miles. The area of Hants, including the Wight, is about 1,625 square miles. In point of size it is the eighth of the Ee.glish counties, being a little smaller than Someraetshire, and somewhat larger than Kent. In actual population it is the fifteenth, in relative population the twenty-fourth of the English counties. In the year 1831 it had 193 inhabitants to the square mile. Ily the census of 1811 it had 212. The city of Winchester is the county town. The principal naval dock yard in England —or. indeed , in the world—is at Foresee, in this county, which, with Portsmouth, contains • population of more than 50,000. T I. e county is intersected with many rivers, none of them of mush consequence as navigable streams ; and it has two principal canals—the Basingstoke and the Andover. It produces scarcely any mineral, if we except "grey chalk," which is quarried near l'eters field. The sylvan glory of Hampshire consists in its forests. Scandalously so (down to the period we have spoken of in our paper on Gloucestershire, and, indeed, here we might cite a very much later perind), the ship timber of these noble woodlands has been wasted and reed up, heretofore, they are now, with every year, resuming that uninterrupted growth which, after haring been saved from the wholesale fate of mere coppice and underwood, it is so essential they should be allowed to acquire in order to arrive at the ma turity of ship timber. The New Forest is situated in the south-western part of the shire; the Alice Holt and Wool neer on the east ; the Bens Forest on the south-vest. The vast tract ref the " New Forest," when it was first .forested under William the Conqueror, or his immediate sue cemore, extended from Gad's-hill, near Fording-bridge, to the sea ; and from Itingwood to Handley, near Southampton-water. It then stretched over 92,363 acres (a greater area even than that of all Rutlandsltire). These limits, with the lapse of time, had become so far en larged, that, in the early part of Edward I.'s reien, they com prehended all the country from Southampton Water to the Avon for several miles around. But these additions were disafforested under Edward 1., in deference to the " Charts de For, 'tie," which hod been Irritated by his father and pre decessor, Henry 111. The original bounds. thus restored, were retained till the perambulation, temp. Car. 11. At present they embrace a surface of only 04,000 acres; and (subject to a few undetermined or unexpired leases, that have been granted by our kings, and some manorial rights in a few f milies) this forest to the property of the crown and produces much of the finest oak and beech timber for our great arsenals. Alice Holt and NVoolmer Forests com prehend 15,500 acres, half of which are crown property. Bens Forest extends over 16,000 acres, but about one-third of it is now enclosed. Hampshire, or Hants, at the time of the Domesday-Book survey, was divided into .50 hundreds. It has now 39 only. At the period of the Reform B:11 it was subdivided, for the covenienee of defining boundaries and jurisdictions, into ten divisions; namely Alton, N. and S. Div. ; Andover 1). ; Basingstoke and Fawiev D.; Kingselere 1).; New Enna!, E. D. ; ditto, W. Div. ; Portsdown D.; Isle of Wight la; and other " generate jurisdictions.," including the city of Winchester and Liberty of Soke ; the borough of Ponsnaouth, with Porten Gnildable, arid the town and county of Sauthampton. But, on a still more recent occa sion, and for purposes connected with the general benefit and convenience of the county, those divisions, by an agree ment come to among the magistracy, dre., have been in creased to thirteen. They comprise a total superfines of 1,018,550 ace. s. 5 cry few of its inhabitants are engaged in any marufactures, (..f which, indeed, it has but few; some cloths, shalloonn, and coarse woollens ; it halt also some paper milli and salt-works.) Notwithstanding its maritime peel tion, it is idle of the purely agricultural counties, standing twenty-second on the list of these. Neither houses nor pa pulation have increased here in the ratio of moat of the other counties of Britain, within the last thirty year*. In 1831, there were returned 59.065 houses, whilst 2,017 were uninhabited; .522 in process of building, and 66,526 inhabited. In 1841, there were nuppneed to be about 60,450 houses, of which the dietribution would he in much the same proportion. Of 61,6.52 families, repined at the former of these periods, 22,761 were engaged in various pursuits connected with agricultui al occupation and the employments of agricultural labi.ur ; 20,983 families were embsrked in trades, handierefte, and manufactcres ; 20,908 in all otherealliege. Since 1841 the numbers under the second of these classes have pretty regularly inereawd ; but are, at present, much extended, in connexion with employ ment at Portsmouth and elsewhere on this coast. At each of the five decennial periods undermentioned, the population of Hunts was given by the census as foil...i.e.—ln 1801 at 219,656; in 1911 at 231,050; in 1821 at 283,298; in 1831 at, 314,280 ; in 1841 at 3.54.940. In 1831, therefore, the increase on the population of 1801 was no mere than 43 per cent., being le., by 14 per cent., than the averege of all England. But in 1841 it had biereesed in ten years by 40,660, in. 15 per rent. for that interval; and on the whole 40 years, from 1801, by 125,284 persons, or 62 per cent. The poor rate shows a strange flue nation in amount. In 1801 it was 121,0191. ; in 1811, it was 225,6011. ; in 1831, 193,291/.; in 1841 it was 142,5071. The amount of provery tax assessed in this county memo to have ave raged from 1806 to 1815 about 2,100,000/. per annum. It is, of course, to be assumed that a county possessing—be sides one of the most extensive dockyards ever constructed, for the accommodation at all times of a part of tar most mu nificent navy in existence—other seaport. and customhouses, in which various cuid,olahnitin and other government and revenue officcrs are offi ially located ; most have its parliamentary representation to a great extent con trolled by the choice of the government for tee time being. And as there IA nn department in the public service from which the imputation of direct personal favouritism can be, with so little effect, repelled, es the Admiralty, whose administration it cermet be denied to have pervaded, under every government, and through too many of its branches, so there can be no constituency more accessible to such influences than one, of whom social prosperity the immediate outlay of the public money among them forms • very large element. It would be idle to suppose that the voice of the minister is not potential, for example, in elections for Portsmouth. B, tore the invention of reform bills and electric telegraph., a manellottaly rapid and mysterious cons muiiication could be maintained between Portsmouth and Christchurch, or even between Chriechurch and Yarmouth, in the Isle of Wignt. Now that the representation of all Hampshire has been shorn of six members, it is true this sort of intelligence cannot be so easily turned to account as in the "good nil dam, " in making the most distant consti tuencies return, for their representatives, men of whom they might know nothing, and caress little, hut whom they might yet send from the busting. to parliament at the suggestion of parties with whom, personally, they were as little acquaint. d. But an altered machinery does not necessarily suppose an extinguished power. Even now, there is room fora formidable increase of the government influence at elec tions fr,e, or in, a county which altogether returns 19 members. Yet we are bound to coon, on • dinpanionate examination et the county rtturns, that even the limited influence of official patronage appears only in the macs of Portsmouth, Christ church, and perhaps Southampton in former years. The electors far the county appear rather to h ere sent up a fair average of candidates belonging to each of the two greet political parties of the times, and to have been acted upon maser by the news, or interests, or opinions of the larded aridoerss7 of the county, than the engestions of the govern.* mine On the poising of the Reform Act, when the county was divided into a northern and southern section, for the purposes of parliamentary elections, the total parliamentary representation of Hampshire was thus modified. Each of the two sections was allotted 2 members; the city of Win chester, 2 ; each of the boroughs of Portsmouth, South ampton, Lymington, Andover and Newport, 2 ; Christ church and Petenfield, 1 each : total, 18. Pri,r to the Reform Act, the county returned but 2 ; but in addition to the now existing borough representative, Christchurch and Peters - field returned 2 burgesses each, instead of 1; and Stockbridge, Whitchurch and Yarmouth (Isle of Wight), sines devoured by schedule A, returned together 6 more ; utal, 24. The history of the representation of them two sections or divisions, since the passing of the Reform Act, is rentarksble. The northern division, which had already, in 1831, elected the Right Hon. Charles Shaw Lefevre (who, in 1839, became Speaker of the House of Commons, in which digni fied and responsible office be has ever since coatinued to earn the earnest support and cordial respect of ell parties, and of every individual compnung them), re-elected him in 1832, I together with Mr. J. W. Scott, both of them whigs, and without any opposition. At the next general election, in 1837, Mr. Shaw triune was again returned, together with I Sir William Heathcme, But , a conservative, who was the, other candidate (in place of Mr. Scott), without a contest. In 1841, Mr. Lefevre and Sir William Heethcote were again elected—no contest. The registered electors were, on that occasion, 3,668, for this division. In 1846 they were re turned at 3,333. At the election for the southern division of Hants, in 1836,1. W. Fleming, Esq. (who had been re turned in 1831 for the county, but ousted in 1832), wee cent in at the head of the poll, together with H. C. Compton, Esq., both gentlemen being conservatives. In that contest Viscount Palmerston and 18r George Staunton, Bart., both whigs, were defeated. A still severer contest, in 1837, re elected Mr. Fleming (by 2,383 votes), and Mr. Compton by 2,371. Sir George Staunton was thrown out, after polling 2,680 votes, u was Admiral Sir John Ommaney with 1,967. In 1841, Mr Fleming and Mr. Compton were returned without a contest; and the former, on accepting the Chiltern Hundreds, in August, 1842, was succeeded by Lord Charles Wellesley, also a conservative. IRELAND. DUBLIN, Max 23. The accounta in the London joumals received to day, announcing the death of Mr. O'Connell, caused the utmost excitement, surprise, and sorrow. In stant inquiries were made in all quarters where ac curate intelligence was supposed likely to be acquired, and the tendency of those inquiries confirmed the worst aspect of the intelligence. Mr. Watson, the object of the recent murderous outrage at Killaloe, died on Friday last at seven o'clock in the evening, having remained perfectly in sensible to all but pain up to the moment of his death. The mime to which he has fallen a victim is a fright ful one, and terrible must be the retribution, for though strict in the enforcement of the duties which devolved on him as agent, his dispositions are believed to have been most kind, considerate, and humane. Government has issued a proclamation, offering 1001. reward for the conviction of the murderers; and the magistrates of Clare have called a meeting to consider the circumstances of the attack, and to offer a reward tor the conviction of the perpetrators. SCOTLAND. EDINBURGH, MAT 22. After the protracted war that has been waged be tween the established and free churches of Scotland, in courts civil and ecclesiastical, through the press, and in pulpits and platforms, it is gratifying to be able to state that there is now a prospect of belligerent appliances being laid aside, and the more peaceful and christian agency of negotiation adopted. It has al ready been mentioned in the Express, that pre vious to the disruption of the establishment, 173 chapels were built by voluntary subscription, at a oust of 303,7471. 1 le. 2141., the greater part of which was raised by the free church section, who afterwards seceded, on the faith that the church had the power to invest the clergymen of those edifices with the func tions ordinarily appertaining to parochial ministers, such as sitting and voting in church, courts, &c.—a consummation which subsequent legal decisions has shown to be ultra sires. The free church now claim as a matter of equity that these chapels should be re tained by them, subject to the refunding of such sums as the members of the establishment, who have not seceded, may have contributed to the expense of their erection. This proposal is quite in keeping with the spirit of the Dissenters' Chapel Act, passed We sanction of the two leading parties in parlia meld. The Free Chinch has embodied this proposal ' in a memorial to government : but besides this, they have submitted it to the established assembly, and offered to compromise the matter with them on what they thus reckon an amicable basis. It would be a graceful act on the part of the establishment were this proposal entertained. The law as it presently exists is must probably in their favour ; but might is not always nght ; and seeing that some of those chapels are Indifferently filled for want of establishment hearers, that others are shut up from the entire ab sence of worshippers, and that most of them are liable in large sums toseceding creditors—a prudent conside ration of these circumstances would point to policy and arbitration instead of law and ejectments. From the proceedings of the Sites' thmreittee, it is to be feared that a parliamentary discussion of the free church memorial would not promote har mony ; whereas, were the two communities to agree to a common method of settlement, parliament would have little hesitation in confirming it, and Scotland might soon expect to see its ecclesiastical divisions abating in their asperity, and passing away. A requisition to Lord John Hay to stand for Greenock is now in course of signature. The friends of Mr. Alexander Dunlop are also on the alert. For the county of Haddington Mr. Welford is announced as coming forward, under the auspices of the Anti- Game-Law Association. The Hon. F. Charteris, sou of Lord Elcho, is also a candidate. Mr. Morison is again to stand for Clackmannan. Roman catholic children will be excluded from the Edinburgh industrial schools, as the directors have re solved on scripture instruction, founded on the autho rised version of the Bible. BTRNB AND THIS SCOTCH PARATHHABBS.—The question whether Burns or Logan was the author of the best emen dations of the Scotch paraphrases has toured an Ossianic controversy on a small scale. Briefly, the question stands thus. On minute comparison the handwriting in the manu script is fully more like the caligraphy of Logan than Burns; but the poetic beauty of the emendations is more likely to have proceeded from Burns than Logan. 'this. however, being a reserved point, namely, whether it is not possib.e that a man may correct, although he may not be ►ble to originate, poetry. Burns's son at Dumfries believes the cite. rations to have been his father's. As to Logan's literary die. honesty, it is on one point established beyond doubt. In 1781 he published as his composition, the paraphrase now commencing— .° Gcd of Bethel, by whose hand." That paraphrase was sanctioned by the assembly's committee in 1751, and being written several years before was necessa rily in existence previous to the birth of Logan, which took place in 1748. As to the " Ode to the Cuckoo," Michael Bruce, the unchallenged author of the 'trees oa Spring," was quite capable of writing it; but giving Logan the benefit of the paternity of all the poetry published under his name, there is nothing io his volume that approaches to that "ode." During his lifetime he attempted to interdict the publication of this piece as the composition of Bruce, hut he could not establish the authorship to the satisfaction of the legal authorities of the day. PRZTISNDTD SNIPWRECIL.—In reference to the alleged destruction of the Greenock, of Port Glasgow, by tire, as given in the /nrerness Courier, the John o' Groot Journal remarks: We strongly suspect the Inrerneasians bare been hoaxed in this case. A few days ago several sailors, answer. Ina the given description, went through our streets singing, but they soon found it convenient to make themselves scarce, as peep/e began to be too inquisitive. We suspect they belong to the same squad. No such vessel en the Greenock, of Port Glasgow, h u arrived here, nor his any part of a shipwrecked crew been put ashore. PROVINCIAL. Lanill,Mlo.4.bra• Toe OREAT TUNNEL now constructing under Liverpool by the proprietors of the London and North-Western Rail way. extending from the Clarence-dock to Edge hill, has al reedy dcbauched at the site of one of the intended stations of the company, in Byrom-street. Several houses have been taken down, and the company have also purchased the pre mises on each side of the breach thus formed. The work of excavation is rapidly proceeding, and the tunnel will be carried forward uader the hill and the mass of houses oppo site, the hundreds of 1 ibourers working like moles beneath the busy multitudes who throng the habitations above them. The workmen, in clearing the land and digging downwards on the site of the demolished buildings, have laid bare a portion of the bed and banks of the old pool which formerly I bounded the town of Liverpool on two aides. Before they reached the sandstone rock they dug through a substratum of ees-sand slightly mined with mud, the banks being of the stiff, hard clay so common in this district. From the clay immediately contiguous to the sand-bed they likewise dug out several roots and stamps of old trees. The pool, it is well known, opened at the site of the Revenue Buddisp, formerly the Old Dock. Here it was tolerably wide. But between Hanover-street and Paradise-street it sullenly narrowed, turned, and pursued a course nearly in the dines lion now taken by Paradise-street Whitechapel, aesi BMW, street, till it reached Scotland-road, where, at Chaster street, it is supposed to have turned, still devious, bereeen rocky and preci_pitous bias, so the right of Nash- grove, towards Great Romer-street, whence, WIl rtchmil ir. width, It Sowed on, at the foot of the Reerton ridge, to Rirkdale, s j and then joined • stream or brook which ran near the present Nirkiale Gaol. What may be called ancient Liverpool s'osid on 41 mound, round the foot of which, on the south and east aides, this End Bowed from the Mersey.— Lirerpool Albion. CRUEL IItAVD OM Intuit Ealfiltnarn.—At the police court, Liverpool, on Friday, much interest was excited by a ease, in which a poor emigrant was complainant, and a pas senger-broker, senger-broker, named Patrick Gormanby, defendant. information set forth that Patrick Gormanhy, pmmager broke r, had, by false representations, induced Daniel Herm pan, and three others, to ship themselves for I'ugwash, in North America, instead of St. John's, New Brunswick, the place to which they desired to go. Horragan stated that he lauded in Liverpool on the Ilth of April, and two days after went to the office at Gurroanby, to inquire if he had • ship for St. John's, New Brunswick. Gormanby said he had a vessel, the Sophia, and then asked went es fer the money for his passage; he replied that his wife, and two young we- I men, _who had come, under his protection, from Cork, and wished to emigrate with him, were outside, and be fore proceeding in the matter, he would inform them. • Oormanby added that there was no time to be lost, for the 1 ship was to sail that a f ternoon, at 4 o'clock, and if he did i not pay hie money then, she would put to sea before he . could get on board. This was early in the morning, and i between 9 and 10 o'clock Horragan returned with his I wife, who enquired or Gormanby whether he had a ship for • St. John's. He gave her the came answer as her husband, upon which she paid him 81., the panoge-money for herself I and her husband. She then brought to the two girl., who I had come from Cork vith them, and they likewise paid 81. for their passage. The puts then left the office, and Horragan's wife commenced reading the register ticket, and, to her dismay, discovered they had shipped themselves for Pugwash, in Newfoundland. She instantly returned with her husband to the office, to demand the reame of Gormattby for shipping them to Newfoundland, when he had agreed to tend them to New Brunswick. The passenger-broker laughed at their complaints, and told the unfortunate people that " they could not go to a better pine than Newfound land," that Pugwash was not more than thirty-six hours' sail from New Brunswick, end they would go from the former to the latter p ace at a very little expense. Horragan loudly protest, il against the fraud that had been practised on him, and desired that his money might be returned ; this was refused, and he offered to give the broker elOs. if he would return the passage-monty, an offer which was likewise rejected. It appears that the veesel was got out of the dock at eight o'clock on the very morning on which Hermon and his friends paid their money, instead of four ticket in the alteration; but returnee. next day disabled. 54.. then remained uutil the 18th in dock. During this interval complainant repeatedly called upon tiormanby to have his money restored, but could not find him at home. On the eight before the vessel sailed, the party despairing of redeem, went on beard. The vessel encountered bad weather, and put into Belfast, dismasted. The government agent stationed there came to visit the ship, and found fifty p integers on board. She had cleared the Custom-house in Liverpool fur twenty-nine. Lieut. Hodder, emigration agent, deposed to h tying been waited upon by several of the passengers by the Sophia previously to her sailing, all of whom complained of being shipped by Goramnby for New. foundlend, although they engaged fur passages to New Brunswick. He immediately communicated with Our manby, and threatened to institute proceedings monist hint if he persisted in withholding the passage-money from the poor people. In this case the broker restored the money (this was prior to his engagement with Horragan, who never made application to the government agent). The lieutenant said he had not interfered at the departure of the vessel in consequence of its clearing Le twenty-nine passengers, and vessels with a less number of passengers than thirty do not come within the regulatians under the act of parlia ment. Two witnesses were called who proved that there were fifty adult pmsengers on board when the ship tailed. Mr. Owen, who appeared for the defeadant, con tended that his clicntwas not answerable for this new charge, which, if proved, must rest with the partite on board who received the pamengeri. Mr. J. S. D. Wolf, the owner of the Sophia, declared he was only made aware of the ship ment of twenty-five adult passengers. In answer to a question from Mr. Davenport, he said,—Pugwash was 200 miles from St. John a. Mr. Owen attempted to show that Horragan had no intention of making • com plaint of fraud on the part of Clormenby, in the first in stance, but merely wished to get some compensation. He was proceeding at some length, when Mr. Rushton stepped him by briefly recapitulating the evidence of Horragan, as it referred to the transaction at the o ffi ce. He described the lane as moat disgraceful on the part of the broker, and calamitous as it affected poor emigrants. He should fine Gormanky 101., and deprive him of his license. eill:ltcn REFong IN MANctiiSralt.—A well-attended meeting of the committee of the Association for Promoting a Refrain in the Ecclesiastical Provision for the Parish of Manchester, was held en Thursday last, at the Town-hall, Or the purpose of receiving a communication respecting the erovieion proposed to be made by the chapter of the Colle giate Church, for the more efficient ecelmiastieal administra tion of the parish. Mr. Reeks verbally reported that he had received from one of the churchwardens, the copy of an extract from the minutes of the proceedings of the chapter of the Collegiate Church, on the 12th inst., which is as follows: I. That it is draftable that any surpha which may hereafter wenn from the property of the collegiate ampler, under the provisions of the 3rti and Ith Victoria, cap. 113, should be exclaavely de voted to the spiritual exigencies of the parish of Manchester. That the chapter is of opunon that the 67th section of the said act virtually secures an application of such surplus to this purpose. The chapter in, neertnelesse willing to use its influence, in con junction with the churchwaniene, to put this question beyond a doubt. 2. That the chapter will consent to an arrangereent, by which it shall be imperative on all canons hereafter to be elected, to hold, together with their stalls, one of the living. in the gilt of the chapter. within the pariah of Manchester; and this object, lb. chapter COACCIVW., may be accomplished by nn addition to their Minutes, with the consent of their violtor. 3. That the chapter is willing to devote one of their estates whichi a best suited for building pu (reaming only a small Interest in it :or themselease to the following objects.- 14. To secure the ultimate exemption of other churches within the perish of Manchester from the payment of dues to the mother church. tad. Of endowing the poorer lirlngs in the gift of the chapter. Considerable discumion ensued, and the opinion appeared to be very general, that the amegement proposed by the chapter was net satisfactory, and should not be accepted as attaining the objects of the association. Ultimately it was resolved,— That the proposition of the chapter to the cburchwanlena is worthy ' of deliberate and serious attention ; and that this meeting hereby re solves to adjourn till this day fortnight, that the neon. may be further considered; and that, in the main time, • deputation from this associ ation communicate with Lard Stanley, in re:tremolo the church warden.' petition, and the propmitiou of the chapter. THE Comore Tat erre —A meeting of the committee for managing this fund is to be held on the Ist June, to consid. r the propriety of closing the subscription lists, and making the other arrangements. REFResENTATIoN OF CLITHEIME.—An address to the electors was issued on Saturday evening, by M.Wilson, Esq., of Eohton Hall, who offers himself fa the representation of the borough, in place of the present member, E. Cardwell, Esq., who has announced his intention of relinquishing his parliamentary connexion with this borough. Mr. Wilson WAS a candidate for Clitheroe at the general election in 1812, when he was declared elected, but was unseated after a scru tiny. Mr. Wilson is a thorough free-trader, and of generally liberal opinions. The state of the register induces his friends to believe his return certain. J. T. IV. Aspinall, of Mytion, has been spoken of as a candidate. The following is Mr. Disraela's aildrtzs to the elector' of this county Gentlemen,—As one of our present re spected members does not inteud to renew his offers of ser vice at the general election, and as there is now no hope of I obtaining * succetetor to him in that quarter which would receive the support of all parties and interests, I beg to an nounce my intention, on the dissolution of the present par liament, of soliciting your suffrages for the high honour of becoming one of your representatives. It is now essay years ago since, in your County-hall, I upheld the cause of the territorial constitution of England, as the best and surest foundation for popular rights and public liberty, imperial power, and social happiness. The maintenance of the agricultural industry of the country is the necessary condition of the enjoyment of that constitution; and I have, therefore, ind,pendently of all other considera tions, opposed, during the ten years is which I have had the honour of sitting in parliament, every attempt which had a tendency to diminish the numbers and influ ence of those classes which are directly dependent on the land. Influenced ky this principle, I offered, during the recent assault on our protective system, a faithful, though fruitless, opposition to that project. What has since occurred has not, in any degree, changed the conclusions at which I then arrived as to the scheme of the late administration. The temporary high price that is stimulated by famine is not the agricultural presperity whit' I ,wish to witness • while, in the full play of unrestricted importation, I already recognise a disturbing cause, which may shake our monetary system to its centre, and wi.ich nothing but the happy accident of our domestic enterprise has prevented, I believe, from exer cising a very injurious effect oa the condition of the working classes of Great Britain. Notwithsanding this opinion, I am not, however, one of those who would counsel or who would abet, any attempt factiously and forcibly to repeal the measures of 1846. The leßislatiye sanction which they have obtained requires that they should receive an ample experiment; and I am per suaded, that this test alone can satisfy the nation either of their expediency or their want of fit..ess. If, however, as I hold, the result of this great change must be a recon struction of our financial system, it will behove the various classes connected with the cultivation of the soil to be vigi lant, that their interests may be adequately represented and fitly enforced at a crisis when their more compactly organ ized rivals will not be oblivious of their claims, or over scru pulous in urging them. A domestic affliction precluded me from being present during the recent debates on the subject of national education. It is but fair, therefere, that I should state, that had I been in my place, I should have supported the measure of the government. I should have done no upon two grounds—fleetly, that it was • considerable advance in a right direction ; and, secondly, because the tendency of that measure ice, not by investing them with any ex clusive privileges, hut by securing them a fair occasion for their exertions, mainly to place the education of the people in the hoods of the clergy, whom I have ever wished to see in the van of civilisation, sod occupying their legiti mate posts, as guide" and instructors of the people. Al though I have always been of opinion that our constitution in church and state has been • union far more bene ficial to the state than to the church, which, under all cir cumstances, must exist and flourish from its inherent prin ciple, I shall, at all times, heartily maintain that alliance, Mew it has become identified with the habits and best feelings of the people, sod has, for a lung !series of years, happily secured to ua the blessings alike of orthodoxy and of religious freedom. For those, among other reason■, 1 thought it my duty to oppose, in 1645, the grant to the Col- 1 lege of Moynooth, leading, as it inevitably and avowedly did, to the endowment of the priesthood of another church. I see no reason to regret the opposition which I offered to that measure, and I hold it to be quite consistent with an earnest desire to reCure to our Roman Whelk fallow sublet* the civil and political equality to which they are entitled. In the great struggle between pspular principles and liberal opinione, which is the characteristic of our age, I hope ever to be found on the side of the people and of the institutions of England. It is our inatituUons that have made us free, and can alone keep us so, by the bulwark which they offer to the insidious encroachments of a con venient, yet enervating, system of centralisation, which, if left unchecked, will prove fatal to the national character. Therefore I have ever endeavoured to cherish our happy habit of self-government, se sustained by a prudent diatribution of tom] authority. For these reasons, lam of opinion that the right of stspreme controul necyseaty to the doe adminis tration of the Poor-law should be exercised by the chief depository of power in ear ry couror, and that the super vision of our paris'.es should ant be entrusted to strangers. It is unnecessary for me to state, that I shall support all those measures, tne object of which is to elevate the moral and social condition of the working classes by lessening their hours of toil, by improving their means of health, mad by cultivating their intelligence. Th.-se are objects which it ta not unpleasing for me to remember I endeavoured, in com mon eidth come of my friends. to advance, before they en gaged the attention of goverornents, or were supported by triumohant parliamentary so jorities. It is with these views that I come forward to solicit your suffrage*. lam es. ply conscious Loa high is the obj• et of my ambition. It is the greatest honour that an Englishman can re ceive from the hands of his fellow-subjects. But if the konour be great, I at least know how to appreciate it. Amid the universal crash of parties, I advent* to claim your confidence with none of the common-piece* of faction. I ant not the organ of any section, or the nominee of any in dividual. AU that I can offer you is the devotion of such energies as I possess; all that I aspire to is to serve you as becomes the representative of a great, un fielded, and his toric county, that has achie v. d vast results for cur popultr liberty, our parliamentary reputation, and our natioaal great nees.—l have the honour to remain, gentlemen, your faith ful servant, B. Dtstraeti.—Brad. sham, 'Slay 22." _ WEifICiItELANp. THE ASSIZES.—ItiIII;;;.;.T;;;iii stated that attempts have been made in Kendal to remove tau arias to that town from Appleby, 'shire th-y have always hitherto been held. The " megintratea, eh rge, landowners anti others," of Appleby and that neighbourhood, are atrenuouttly oppo sing tone movement, and have prepared a memorial to the Home Secretary on the sulject. They ground their oppo sition to the proposal on the fact+ that the assizes have been held at Appleby from time i omemorial—tkat the court houses. the county gaol, and the House of Correction are situated there—the shrievalty of the county being here ditarily vested in tne Earl of Thanet. His lordship, by ancient custom, lodge" raid entertains the judges at his own expense, and that, consequently, a re moval of the assizes to Kendal would involve the heavy cost of new courtMnuses, and suitable lodgings fur the judges. The memorialist, also allege that during the last live years the average numb r of civil trials front the Kendal side of the county, has only been at the rate of 11, and the average numb. r of criminal pros. cutions only 4 each half year; that Appleby is only distant about 13 miles from the respective railway station. of Tense, Shap, and Penrith, and that by the Northern Counties itailway, for which an act was obtained last year, Appleby will be placed OA a di rect line of railway between York and Carlisle. HERTFORSEIIXE. COMMISSIONS BY TSUI LORD LIZUTIXAMT.—W. Carling, Gent., to be lieutenant, vice M. Pryor,. resigned; G. D. Wade, Gent., to be cornet, vice W. Curling, promoted, of northern troop of yeomanry cavalry. HAMPSHIRE. • REPAESENTATION OP LYMINOTON.—We are requested to e.ntradiet the report that " the 11,,n 11. Hare, who voted for Mr. Mackinnon in 1841, will now vote fur Col. Keepcli," de., de. COILNWALL. Paxavx AND FALMOUTU.—We ( abriosttA Packet) are at length authorised to announce that Mr. Mowatt, a gentle man who bap already had considerable experience in parlia ment, will offer himself as a candidate at the ensuing elec tion. Captain Plumridge will also solicit a renewal of the confidence reposed in him. Mr. Howcl Oa ynn, who was defeated at the last election, afro again intends to offer him self ; and report lays that Captain the Hen. Swynfen T. Carnegie, at present M.l'. fur Stafford, contemplates pregenting himself to the elector,. We have not braid whether Mr. Freshfield, who represented Pearyn in four or five parliaments, intends to crane forward, in compliance with a requisition presented to hint some few months since. LITERATURE. ',Wary of the Conquest of Peru. By W. B. Pameorr, Esq., ece. No records of brilliant adventure surpass in into rest the history of the early achievements of the Spaniards in the New World, which Columbus opened to Europeau enterprise. Stained though they be with cruelty, degraded by bigotry, and debased by avarice, the names of Cortez and Pizarro will descend to the moat remote posterity, celebrated for undaunted courage, inexhaustible perseverance, and that compli cated mixture of heroism and fanaticism which con stituted the essence of mediaeval chivalry. A more worthy historian of their achievements than Mr. Prescott could hardly be found. Partial blind ness has not prevented him from being a diligent student, while it has favoured the formation of those habits of deliberate reflec tion necessary for the examination of varying testimoancorrectly, deciding between conflicting evidence. His materials, collected under his direc tion by others, have been so carefully scrutinised and so thoughtfully examined, that they have undergone that process of assimilation in the mind which the greatest of critics declared to be the perfection of history. From the chronicles, and letters, and frag ments of a distant age, he has constructed a monument of genius, which seems to make us contemporary with the events which he describes, while all subsequent experience is brought to bear on the development of their character and their import. Like MM. de Barante and Thierry, he enables us to live back in the feudal age, and at the same time to think with the more advanced philosophy of the present day. It was the proud destiny of Spain to discover, to conquer, and to colonise two mighty empires, highly civilised, wealthy, flourishing, and populous ; it was at once the disgrace of the Spanish name, that selfish ness, united with bigotry, dissipated the wealth, destroyed the happiness, and wasted the lives, which might have rendered the glory of perpetuation in finitely greater and more enduring than the glory of conquest. But, though the Mexicans and Peruvians were civilised races, not very widely separated from each other, there is no evidence that they were ever brought into contact, but much that tends to establish the contrary. The types of their civilisation are essentially different; that of the Mexican Aztecs most nearly approaches the Mongolian character; that of the Peruvians moat touches on the peculiarities of the Hindoo race. Neither, however, can be linked deci sively to any Asiatic parentage, for by the side of every coinoidence which would seem to support identity, we find some startling discrepancy, almost sufficient to refute any possibility even of remote intercourse. A recent writer on the natural history of society has directed attention to the striking want of uniformity in the development of the social elements in all the examples of aboriginal civilisation which have been brought under notice by the progress of maritime ani inland discovery. This appears most striking in the account given of the social condition of the Peruvians, when first their country was visited by Europeans. They had fortresses, and walls, and galleries con structed of massive blocks of stone, not inferior to those which excite the wonder of those who visit the ruins of Balbec. Acosta, who measured them him self, says that he found several thirty-eight feet long, by eighteen, broad and six feet thick. These enormous blocks were so nicely adjusted, and so exactly fitted together, that though no cement was used it was found impossible to insert a knife between them. Yet these masses were hewn from their native bed by a people unacquainted with the use of ices, which nevertheless abounded in their country; and were brought a distance of from twelve to sixty miles over rivers and ravines, without the aid of beasts of burden. or of that machinery which Europeans have learned to substitute for animal power. Their government was a despotism as absolute as that of the Chinese Emperor, and vet they had a powerful hereditary aristocracy, distinguished from the mass of the people not merely by their station, but by their intellectual pre eminence. Dr. Morton's " Crania Americana" exhibits several engravings of the Inca and the common Peruvian skull, showing that the facial angle in the former, though by no means great, was much larger than in that of the latter. The institutions for the regulation of property and its descent were quite as artificial as those of ancient Sparta, but, unlike those of Lycurgus, they seem to have had an indefinite power of expansion, and to have been as well suited to the most flourishing con dition of the empire so to its infant fortunes. The divis.on of the soil to the cultivators was renewed every year, and the possessions of the tenant we, increased or diminished according to the number of his family. A more effectual agrarian law could not be devised ; indeed, it is difficult to conceive one maze repugnant to the prinaples of our nature ; but, though the far less rigid It w of Lycurgus melted away before the spirit of luxury and avarice, that of Peru lasted to the latest day of the empire. The Peruvians had, no better mums of recording events than the knotted strings called Quipeis, ob viously inferior to the hieroglyphics, and even to the picture-writing of the Aztecs, but yet tt...y had organised a system of posts superior to what now elute in many European countries, and meatagord