The Express. — London, England, 1847-10-18 00:00:00

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Hurricanes, wars, pestilences, and famines, have pur poses not the less real for the mystery which veils their operation, the apathy which disregards their chastening, or the carelessness which forgets the les son of the scourge when the scourge itself has passed away. Tha time may not be far distant when this country is destined to the repetition of a terrible visi tation, of whose warning passage sixteen years ago, no adequate use has been made either by the govern ment or the nation. The cholera, it may be confidently asserted, is steadily advancing westwards. The route already traced by the disease corresponds very closely with that which it took in 1830. The plague is now at work on the borders of the Black Sea. The summer may see it making havoc among the squalid serfs of Russia. It may again descend the ])wino or the Elbe, and, from ports in constant communication with this kingdom, ship itself for the Thames, the Ham ber, or the Tyne. So far, in its advance this year, it has found few obstacles to its progress which did not exist in 1430. Will it encounter any fresh and formidable antagonism in Great Britain? Speaking from what has been done, we should reply, but little. The hasty precautions of 1831, inspired more by panic fear than sober sustained purpose, have dropped into disuse. Filth and fever have returned to revel in the habitations from which the lime-pail and fumigating apparatus frightened them for a short moment. The scavenger's vocation in strange places is gone. Boards of health, which sprang into being with the cholera, dissolved as the cholera disappeared. We can hardly wonder at this. We have scarcely a right to complain of it. In 1831 sanitary know ledge was confined to a few. The health of towns' question was still shut up in the sad experience of such men as Dr. Soeruwooo SMITH and Mr. EDWIN IDWICK. That lives were annually wasted, in tens of' thousands, was a fact undreamed of by legis lative as by parochial authorities. To have asserted then that a plague as fatal as the cholera was the daily inmate of countless houses, would have been looked upon as the raving of a pernicious and frantic alarmist. The rights of life had not then set them selves up against the rights of property. Nuisances enjoyed all the immunity of vested privilege. Filth reposed on the basis of prescription. The old ways were uncleansed, and conservatism stood upon them proudly, with eyes unconscious of their abomi nation and noses plugged against their offence. As far as mere knowledge goes, this state of things is altered. We know now that the lower class of our town and country population is exposed to the un ceasing decimation of inevitable fever. We know that of every 1,000 born in our densely populated towns, 383 die under 3 years of age. We know that the ar tisan of London has a tenure of life for 22 years to the' gentleman's 44. We know that there are districts in London in which the average age, at death, of the working man is 16 years. We know that in the 4,000,000 inhabiting our large towns there is a waste of 22;000 lives every year. Nor is this the worst of our knowledge. We know that almost every unit among these deaths has its ac companiment, in many sicknesses, in privations un told, in the orphan children and the widow, and their aggregate in increasing pauperism, over-crowded workhouses, and an unsummed amount of ignorance, immorality, and crime. A wider comprehension has added to this sum of mischiefs the negative evils of unhealthy constitutions, hampered education, and undeveloped resources.) Who can calculate how much of influence on the pre sent, and hope of the future, is locked up, lying idle, like unproductive capital, in the constitutions and characters of the working classes of Great Britain? All these things we know ; and this is the best view to take of the difference between what we are now - and what we were in 1831. But little action has yet ensued upon this knowledge. The ignorance, prejudice, and apathy of local bodies have hitherto nullified the active efforts of scientific benevolence, and paralysed the good intentions of government. Parochial im portance has been alarmed by the demand for changes which, properly understood, would have opened new fields for its operation. The bugbear of a misun derstood" centralisation " has been evoked to answer the demands of the commonest humanity and the soundest reason. An idle word has conquered a host of facts. Timid men have been frightened into inactivity, and bold men bullied into harmful opposition. What should be, above all others, a common work for all municipal activities, has been degraded into a subject of unseemly warfare. Prin ciples worthy of being the guiding principles of a government have been degraded into the patty cries of petty borough politics. 'l6e cholera, should it arrive among us in 1848, will find much new knowledge arrayed against it, but few material barriers to its progress raised since 1831. Its presence may, however, serve to quicken the progress of practical sanitary measures, and to frighten out of the field much parochial obstinacy. Nor, we trust, will the precautions which the visit of such a guest must, doubtless, be thought to require, be dropped as soon as the guest has withdrawn. Wo are bound to improre the cholera of 1818. It will furnish us with a good opportunity of erecting a solid and connected system of sanitary supervision and compulsory sani tary law. We are glad to sec that the newly-appointed com mission for the metropolis is already at work, examining the condition of those districts in which the cholera committed its worst ravages in 1832. But Shadwell, Rotherbithe, and the Borough, bad as they are, are not worse than Shoreditch, Whitechapel, or Saffron-hill, nor so bad as some parts of Liverpool, Glasgow, or Sheffield. The appointment of the metropolitan sanitary commission has already, as we have observed borne good fruits. It has roused the loeaL authorities, especially of East London, to unpre cedented activity in the hunting out and suppres 'ion of nuisances. Never have we had to record such a warfare on the sources of disease as within the last two months. The BUMBLES are setting their I house in order for the official visitation. But more trustworthy indication of a better spirit is to be I found in the provinces. Liverpool and Manchester, especially the former, are carrying out much that wail, contemplated in Lord MORPETII s abandoned bill of last session. Other of our manufacturing towns arel following the example. We have before us a report furnished to the health' committee of the Sheffield town council, which, while it exhibits with painful distinctness the abominations under which the town is suffering, shows also that the spirit and ability to mitigate and remove them exists in the municipal authorities of that important borough. An intelligent system, with compulsory powers and adequate supervision, is wanted to enforce on our towns generally what the most intelligent of our towns aro beginning to do for themselves, without general enactments. It is to be hoped that another session of parliament will not pass without this being furnished. 'the country is singularly impatient of ready promise and slow performance. The bungling of last session may be excused, but must not be repeated. Our hope is that no plague will be needed to give body and reality , to the abundant suggestions already at the command of the legislature. .May we have to record 1818 as an era unmarked by a strange and appalling pestilence, but signalised to all time by the first great step in • sanitiiy legislation. Norr..—lt in suspected that the Archduke Frederic, Admiral of the Am& an Navy, who served eo gallantly with us m the cored of Syria, wog tarried away, the other day at Vivnna, by no other malady than the cholera. Wa have seat that the eels w govanment is by some perms urged le mas t any outlay in railroad works, heyoad a certain amount, can only be efhadve in es hr as it may prevent railway pro prietors ilia spending money which they would employ he that way but for such prohibition. The assiers, tharefeee, must plainly be justified or cos- demned on the ground of its being a bar to the vo. Inatery comes of enterprise by certain parties in a certain direction, for the supposed advantage of other branches of the public interest ; no special inter. ference being required to protect the railway com panies themselves from laying oat more of their own money than they are willing and able to contribute. Such being the nature of the plan, it will be expo dient, before it is adopted, to compare the certain inconvenience that will result from any consider able stoppage of the supplies with the much less certain benefit which it is proposed to obtain for the mercantile at the ampenue of the railway body. The amount of the mischief to be apprehended from interference in this quarter will, of course, depend upon the extent to which the prohibition may be for cibly applied,—that is to say, upon the quantity of money that the proposed limitation would divert from the channel into which it would otherwise have flowed. To estimate this might be a hazardous task. We do not know, in the first place, to what degree the natural operations of the existing dearness of money will compel the directors, without any com mand from parliament, to retard the progress of rail way works during the next six months. That this process is going on, and will probably be carried tar during the present quarter, we are glad to know ; be cause in the hands of the parties directly concerned it is not likely to be carried too far. How much, therefore, of the million a week, which the Examiner boldly declares "" is to be expended on raibrays," would really come within the reach of state empiric we cannot guess with the confidence of our con temporary, having learned from some observation of real business to avoid making random estimates. Still less is it possible to divine the maximum that Sir CHARLES WOOD may think it proper to allow for this expenditure, whether five millions a year or twenty. The less or more of the mischief apt to be produced by any violent constraint will, of course, be determined by these two statements; and no pre cise amount can be set down for either at the present moment. All that we can say before going into figures pro fornwi is, that the tendency of the pro cess in question, if not the exact measure of its effects, I will be displayed by them : the character of its action may be shown, its degree will depend on causes we cannot now estimate. It will probably appear that such efforts as it will be apt to produce in any de gree whatever arc very seriously to be deprecated at the present season—that the minister who shall do anything whatever to bring them to pass, except in a case of inevitable necessity, and with a very sure prospect of some great compensating good, will incur a fearful responsibility. We may cast aside at once the Examiner's "million a week," as one of those flourishes of closet rhetoric that has no right to be heard in a matter of serious business; and shall come to more sober calcu lations. Let us suppose that the amount of railway expenditure on new works, if left to itself, for the next six months, might be some ten or twelve millions. Of the lower sum, there might be about four millions payable for land, legal, and official expenses, and other items that have little to do with the manual labour of working men. The six millions that would remain " may be taken for practical purposes, as to be expended in one way or the other in the wages of day labour. They will either be paid directly to the navigators, bricklayers, and other workmen on the line, or they will be spent in purchasing rails and other mate rials and implements for its uses, the cost of which in a great measure consists of the work men's wages employed in making them. This sum, equal to some 250,0001. a week, may be taken without exaggeration as the subsistence of at least 240,000 labourers and artisans, with families, for which the number of individuals supported thereby must at least be doubled, their earnings representing an amount nearly equal, we believe, to the poor rates levied for the same period in England. Now the question with which we have to deal is, of the wisdom of forcibly throwing these men, or any considerable number of these men, out of work at the beginning of winter, a season when, as is well known, there is so extra demand in other quarters, to give those who may be thus discharged a chance of other employment. Every thousand pounds per week that the railways would raise but for the proposed veto, and may be by it forbidden to raise, will deprive at least four or five hundred men of the means of supporting themselves and their families; say, or, a moderate estimate, will take the bread out of some twelve hundred mouths during a time of the year when poverty is the most afflicting. These men cannot be left to starve. Who, then, must keep them? 'They will fall upon the parish in all directions ; and their maintenance out of the poor rates will be so much added to the burthen most heavily pressing on the middle classes through out the kingdom. Nor is this all. The wages threatened to be cut off are now immediately spent in buying food, clothing, and other necessaries ; the supply of which is a valuable business to the shopkeepers and tradesmen. The same process that pauperises the railway labourer, and stops railway works, will suddenly dry up all those branches of in ternal trade that provide the subsistence of these men who are employed in the preparation of the materials to be used by the contractors. A remedy that will act in this way does not look very like • cure ; it is surely a auestionable method of relieving the distress we now feel to begin, by drawing it down on the heads of others who arc now exempt from it. Those who would insist on having this specific tried, are bound, we think, to show in what manner the num bers to be thrown out of work may be supported ; how the loss of the demand which the expenditure of their wages now creates may be compensated so as to avoid adding a new amount of social misery and em barrassment to what we are now enduring. We shall gain little by the process if it merely serves, like the manoeuvre with the scanty cloak in the fable, to par tially cover one part of the social body by stripping another utterly naked. We have no desire to overstate this argument, or to look, as most of those who have dealt with the question have done, on one side of it only. If it can be proved that a continuance of the process that is now supporting hundreds of thousands in honest in dustry, by means of railway works, will necessarily produce effects by which other hundreds of thousands in other employments will be thrown out of work — that there is no choice, in short, between one of these two grievous evils— one may well hesitate to pro- I nounce decidedly on so fearful an alternative. But the onus of this proof is a grave one, seeing that the mischief on the one hand is unmistakeable, and that to demonstrate the equivalent on the other, it must be made equally clear, not merely that the alleged difficulties exist—which no one, indeed, denies; but also that there is no way of relieving them but by producing distress in another quarter, and that the railway workmen labourers, and artisans, are those on whom it ought to fall. In any country, but in a country like Eng land especially, the prospect of doing any good to the whole, by forcibly taking from one part what you pretend to give to another, is, at least, questionable. But it will require no common boldness to proceed in a rude policy of this kind at a time when many, and those not the least wise and conversant with the daily business of life in this country, strenuously assert that the real cause of the evil does rot lie on our expen diture on national public works at all ; and that the pro per remedy fur our distress may be found by a better way than that of wilfully increasing the number of the sufferers. At all events, we repeat, this imminent , consequence of the measures proposed, which, as far as we have seen, has scarcely been regarded at all in de. vising the scheme of stopping railway supplies, will have to be taken into account. It can neither be de nied nor evaded ; and no argument against railway calls can be deemed valid, that shall not produce rea sons strong enough to recor.cile us to the certain dis tress which any extensive and arbitrary stoppage of them will inflict on a numerous class of our popula tion. In the presence of a matter so serious as this is, the injury that may be done to the railway owners' pro perty, by roughly mowing down their funds, must oc cupy but a secondary place : yet, hereby an amount of mischief may be wrought, and a degree of hard ship inflicted, that the hasty-advocates of inter ference may have little notion of. It is not merely to be apprehended that, by suddenly stop ping supplies, many advanced works that might soon become profitable will be condemned to lie wholly useless. A general derangement of finances must ensue from any arbitrary dealing with resources THE EXPRESS, MONDAY which have long been appropriated in prospect, and on the strength of which contracts of various kinds, some of them reaching far into the next year, must have been made. The egeot of breaking in upon these arrangements on the value of a large amount of property, cannot fail to be worse than merely incon sistent: it may in some cases be little short of ruinous. But on this chapter we do not mean to en large. The general bearings of the question deserve our chief regard ; and we must leave it to the railway companies to attend to those which more particularly concern themselves. Ls recent explosions of steam boilers it is remark able what acuteness and what knowledge of the en gine, its working, and its peculiar dangers,were shown by numbers of passengers. And yet, of these passen gers, who saw the danger threatened by tying down I the valves on board the Cricket, none were found to take the pains and incur the risk of exposing what they saw. Was every passenger able to see the degree of pressure of the steam, which bore him on his way, there could not but be some who would at once interfere to prevent any foolhardy . risk on the part of the engineer. Indeed, no engineer would attempt it, were he certain that the public above him knew the degree of pressure as well and as soon as himself. This sure and desirable mode of prevention, this guarantee of human life, has been attained in an invention, which Mr. GEORGE STEPHENSON mentions in a letter addressed to us, and which will be found in another column. The approbation of so competent a judge sufficiently attests the value of so important a Our Paris letters of Saturday bring . no domestic in telligence of general interest. Foreign questions at present, and especially that of Switzerland, occupy the French press. The conduct of the government in supporting the cantons of the league against the federal government, has called forth most indignant comments from the opposition journals. The National has the following on this subject: The government journal adduces only a fact and an insi nuation in support of the right which M. Guisot arrogates to himself; it refers to the circumstance that a few days back 10,000 muskets were also sold to the Pope, and nearly as many to the towns of Ancona and Bologna. It insinuates that Friburg is a sovereign canton, and names it a state, with a capital letter. The sale to the Pope is an awkward thing to refer to ; for, in the first place, where is the analogy ? It is with the Roman government that our ministry treated, and not with a party of insurgents. These arms were destined to serve not in a civil war, but in a national one. Next, is it true that in this circumstance M. Guizot showed more readiness than he exhibited towards the Son derbund ? If we are to place credit in information, which we believe to be certain, the Italian envoys had all the dif ficulty in the world in obtaining the minister's consent to permit the 20,000 muskets to depart. All their demands were fruitless, until the application from Friburg arrived. It was then that M. Guirot yielded to their solicitations, with the best grace in the world, and permitted the arms to depart for Rome, for the mere purpose of serving as a preen. dent. As to the sovereign rights of Friburg, we shall sim ply confine ourselves to reminding the Minister of Foreign Affairs of a fact which belongs to history. When Prince Louis inhabited Switzerland, our government demanded his extradition. The canton which had harboured him replied by a refusal, which it defended on the score of its ere. reignty; Prince Louis, it said, had the title of citizen there, and had a right to the protection of the state which had adopted him. Did the cabinet of the Tuileries remain satis fied with that reply ? By no means; it rendered the whale confederaticn responsible for this conduct, and called on the central power to use its federal rights. Thus our govern ment has been in Switzerland by turns, according to the interest of the moment, at one time in favour of the federal sovereignty, and at another of the cantonal one. The Courrier Francais says: "It is announced that negotiations have been opened between the go vernments of France and England, in order to arrive at an arrangement for the modification of the treaty, signed by the Duke de Broglie, for the suppression of the slave trade on the western coast of Africa. The modification sought is the diminution of the number of the vessels of the two squadrons, whose crews are decimated by sickness; and at the same time the adoption of efficacious and direct measures against the sovereigns of the coast of Africa, who are known, for openly carrying on the trade." The Mediterranean squadron, consisting of five ships of the line or frigates, and two steamers, was off Leghorn on the Bth. According to the last accounts, Marshal Soult had recovered from the indisposition which created so much alarm amor.g his family and friends. We have before ns the journals of Madrid of the 10th and 11th, and letters from individuals of all parties. The engrossing topic is, of course, the treachery of the ex-favourite, now Captain-General of Grenada. It appears from these adv ices that this in dividual, only a few days previously to the 3rd inst., solemnly declared that there was nothing to which he was not prepared to submit, rather than become in any manner instrumental to the return to power of Narvaez and the French party, entertaining, as he affirmed that he did, the profound conviction that their ultimate object was to extort by any means, no matter how base, an abdication from the Queen, and to place the Duke of Montpensier on the throne. Yet this sanie Serrano, on the 3rd, lent himself to the same Narvaez, for the very purpose which he thus con demned and denounced. He did more : he consented to be the mouthpiece by which the Queen was ter rified into the late measures, by the fabricated tale of a conspiracy of the progresistas against her —of that party of which Serrano has always professed to be the friend. Oa discovering, after the catastrophe of the 3rd and 4th, the lie that had been palmed upon her, the Queen, says the Eco del C'oniercio, ordered the person who had denounced the pretended con• spiracy to her not to appear any more in the palace. M. C;ilvo, formerly editor of the Clamor Publico, has published a letter, in which he affirms, among other things, that General Serrano told him at La Granja that the Queen thought that the moment had arrived when she might with advantage select her ministers from the progresistas, and that the favourite on this occasion spoke in the first person, assuming without reserve the real possession of the royal authority. "It is possible," said he, " that I may find it necessary to select a ministry from the first progresistas that pre sent themselves, for the party is on the eve of entering I the cabinet." Various accounts are given to explain the influence exercised by Serrano in bringing into power his I declared enemies and throwing ovcrboard his own party, while, at the same time, his own fall was at hand. It is said that the Queen had, for some time, manifested a declining regard for him, and that his homage was from day to day visibly less acceptable ; that, seeing his ultimate fall inevitable, he de termined to turn to the most profitable account an attachment not quite extinct. He made his bargain accordingly with Narvaez, agreeing to withdraw on stipulated conditions; he agreed to bel the messenger of the fictitious progressist conspiracy, to convince the Queen of its reality, to exhibit Espar tero as prepared to overturn her throne, and thus compel her to dismiss the Salamanca cabinet, to throw herself upon the protection of Narvaez and the French party, and to recall the Queen Dowager to aid her in her distress and danger. All this Ser rano faithfully executed, and has received his reward, a part of which is a sum estimated at thirty millions of reale. The 10th being the anniversary of the birth of Queen Isabella there was a grand reception at the palace. The moderados gave out that the King would uresent himself either on that occasion or• at the ball the evening. Nothing of the kind however oc- The brother of Munoz is appointed intendant of the General Serrano left Madrid for Grenada on the evening of the 10th. Letters from the frontiers say that French and English cabinet couriers succeed each other on their routes both ways, north and south, with extraordinary frequency. A letter from Berne, dated the 9th, and published in La Prase, says that St. Gall awl the Grisone had decided on the Bth to support such executive measures as might be adopted by the majority of the Diet against the Sonderbund. If this be confirmed (and there appears no ground at present for doubting it) nothing can prevent a civil war in Switzerland, save the amicable mediation of a foreign power towards which both parties will entertain respect and confi dence. Letters from Florence state that a negotiation has been going on between the Duke of Lucca and the Archduke of Tuscany ever since the former left his principality and appointed a Regency, with the view of the annexation of Lucca to Tuscany, and the I abdication of its present sovereign, but that the EvING, OCTOBER 18, 1847. grettestsecrecy was observed. The agents employed in this negotiation were Mr. Wailful' Eagliahman i on the part of the Duke of Loma , and M. H omfil on the part of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. As an indem nity for this cession of territory, the Grand Duke of Tuscany is to pay to the Duke of Lucca an annuity of 48,0001.,*until the duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and 0 uastalla, now held by the Archduchess Maria Louisa, shall descend to the latter prtnee, which they . will do, in virtue of the treaty of Vienna, on the demise of the Archduchess. The Marquis Munro's, President of the Connell of Regency, announced this event at Lucca, where it was received with the greatest enthusiasm. ATe Deem was sung in the churches on the occasion. The Count Gherardesca, grand major-domo of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, proceeded on the 10th inst. to Lucca, accompanied by a body of Tuscan troops, and took formal possession of the principality in the name of his sovereign. It will be recollected that, on the occasion of a popular demonstration which took place at Turin on the 30th ult., the police committed some acts of an offensive and culpable nature, besides being in oppo sition to immediate instructions given them by those in superior authority. The Marquis de Villa Marina, Minister of War, under whose authority the police were placed, and who, by his enlightened and liberal opinions, has acquired the highest popularity, advised that the police functionaries thus culpable should be dismissed. Tke King not consenting to this, the liberal minister has resiped, to the great grief of the public and the army. The Count Broglie de Casalbwgone has been appointed in his place, a man of integrity, bat an absolutist of the moat inflexible spirit. As a conlrceoup for this discomfiture of the liberal party, another measure has been taken by Charles Albert, which will be not less offensive to the Austrian and jesuitical faction. The Count Solar della Margerita, Minister of Foreign Affairs, having been iifformed by the King himself of the retirement of his liberal colleague, and exulting in an event so auspicious for the absolutist policy of which the count is a zealous and unflinching partisan, returned to his hotel, on arriving at which he found an autograph note from the King demanding his own immediate resignation. This was, of course, complied with, and he has bees, succeeded by Count Asinari de San Marzano, minister at Naples, a man of probity, but having no force of character or political ability. These measures have exasperated both parties. The walls were everywhere inscribed in large characters with " Viva Villa Marina! Viva it ministro liberale!" Lord Minto was still at Turin on the 11th, and had seve ral conferences with the Kingand M.Corboli Bussi, the nuncio of the Pope. It was understood thut the bases of the Italian Customs League had been agreed on by Rome, Tuscany, and Piedmont. The Marquis Alfieri di Sostegno, regent of public instruction, a liberal and popular statesman, has been raised to the bead of that department. Letters from Napha of the Bth and 9th have been received, the latter of which allow us to indulge some hopes that a better spirit is about to prevail in the royal councils. It is affirmed that the insurgents exe cuted are infinitely less in number than they have been reported to be. The Journal des lYbuts says that their number does not exceed seven, consisting of one at Reggio, five at Gerace, and one at Messina. Considering, however, the source from which the Dlats most probably derives its information, we must be allowed to suspend our assent to this very questionable estimate. Three proclamations were lined at Messina by General Landi, two of which are dated the 30th ult., and the third the Bth inst. The first calls on the population to lay down their arms; the second puts hors de lei ten individuals by name, declaring that they may severally be put to death, not only by the military, but may be murdered with impunity by any individual whatever, and that any such murderer will receive a reward of 300 ducats for each such individual as he shall so murder, and 1,000 ducats will be given to any one who will betray and 1 deliver up alive any one of such individuals to the authorities. According to a writer in the Nourelliste there are hopes of the speedy pacification of the king dom and the adoption of a system of reform by the King. It appears that on the 7th his Majesty presided at a cabinet council, at which the actual state of the country was seriously considered. The opinion of the majority of the ministers was that the largest possible popular concessions should be made, and that this opinion prevailed with the King, who intended, as was reported, to proclaim a general amnesty. On the morning of the 9th a council was again convened, at which M. Pietracatells, who had lately withdrawn from the royal councils becture his advice in favour of con cessions was n.d accepted, attended. From this fact , little doubt was entertained that the amnesty would Ibe decided on. The council was still sitting at the moment this letter was despatched. The Currier de Marseilles states positively, on the authority of accounts from Naples, that Bumf-conduits arc now delivered by the authorities of Calabria, to all persons compromised by the insurrection who wish to avail themselves of this protection, which appears to be the first step to an amnesty. A correspondent of the Constituti , oine/ writes from Rome on the Bth : " A review of the national guard with the troops of the line took place yesterday after noon, outside the Porta del Popolo. After some ma. necuvres, the soldiers of bothbodics piled theirarms and mingled together, embracing each other, and exclaim ing, Long live Italian fraternit ! Italy for ever! Long live Pius IX!' They then marc bedback into Rome followed by immense crowds of the people, their bands playing the national hymn. All the houses of the Corso were immediately illuminated. In the Piazza' de Venitia, where the Austrian ambassador resides, the troops and guards redoubled their cries, adding, ' The independence of Italy for ever!' Out with the foreigner Hurrah for the first cannon shot!' " The Popo held a secret consistory on the 4th, in which, after an address, his holiness went through the ceremony of assigning priestly titles to Cardinals Girard and Dupont, who were created in the consis tory of the 11th of June last. His holiness gave to the former that of St. Mary of Peace, and to the latter that of St. Mary of the People. MADRID, Orr. 11. General Serrano has disappeared from the scene of his brief exaltation, pursued by the hootings and execrations of the progresista press. No sooner was the shield of the royal favour withdrawn than a shower of stinging pens as sailed the exposed turncoat, who has not met with even the poor comfort of having a word said in his defence by the party to which he has deserted. The ex-favourite set out on Saturday night for his command at Grenada. It is sup posed that he will not remain there long, but proceed soon to Cadiz, to embark for some foreign shore, where he may linger, living on the wages of his disgrace, till his unfortu nate celebrity has paled out of the remembrauce of his countrymen. ' Ido not believe that the exact sum is known which was stipulated between Narraez and Serrano as the price of the latter's retirement; but it is stated at 30 miLions of real., that being the worth of the encamienda, or estate of the order of Calatrava, which hasbeen assigned to hie possession. 'lrh.s bargain is said to have been arranged by General Serrano's mother, who has long been desirous of extricating her son safely . from the perilous eminence which he occupied. It is impossible to look upon the present state of things without the gloomiest forebodings. The position of the Queen, thanks to the admirably-contrived marriage plot, and to the virtue of the progresistss, is just what her worst enemies would wish. A gulf yawns at her feet, and she is surroucded by the persons, of all others, who are most in. tereated in pushing her in. If any pro of were wanting as to the nature of Narvatz's designs, the appointment of the Condesa de Montijo as camarera mayor, would furnish the most glaring and conclusive argument that his object is to lower the Queen in the eyes of Spain and Europe by ex posing her at the age of 17 to the contamination of society that could gain admittance into no other court on the con tinent. Can there be conceived a greater contrast than tbe new camarera mayor presents to the high-minded lady Madame Mina, to whom that deeply responsible charge was entrusted during the regency. The turn which is giving to things under the auspices of the Afrancesados is but too • evident. Nothing short of a miracle can Rave the Queen. Yesterday the Queen completed her 17th year. There was a levee in the afternoon and a ball in the evening, at the palace. The brilliancy of both is boasted of by the little Monday supplements of the moderado papers, as exhibiting a great contrast to the scant attendance at the levees under puritan auspices. But the grand thing of the night was the hymn to Pius IX., sung in the Circus Theatre, or Madrid Opera. The people were in ecstasies, shook the house with their applause, and would have it over again. The Queen was tnere, seemingly in much depression of spirits. Not the least notice was taken of her by the audience, adhough it would have been but natural, while such compliments were being offered to a foreign sovereign, to have remembered their own, on her birthday too. There was an illumination of a dingy kind in the streets; soda prodigious Y 2 flared in gas over the door of the Post seem. General Chacon is appointed military governor of Madrid. Pidal has returned from the Asturias. The government have desired the budget lately presented to the Cortes to be laid before them, to examine and reform the same previous to the meeting of the chambers. Concha entered Yids on Sept. 3, with six battalions of chasseuts and 300 horses. Early the next morning the troops set out in pursuit of the rebels, of whom they eaugSt la body of twelve. A mat nOokbor h*r* resented them selves for pardon. The Prewar we"e 4 zeo for continuing to r adio, p a t i o .' or a c l e . , w i t h ou t m sking the usual deposit of 600,000 reels. Don Isidro Alabi ;I wade tituto de Cas tilla, Conde de Bertram, and Vizeonda of - Villa Robledo. MONTREAL, BEFT. 27. You will be happy to hear that, with the severely hot weather, the malignancy of the emigrant fever nal eon aiderably abated. Instead of 30 a day the deaths are now only 12, and the medical attendants are able to discherge from the sick sheds much larger numbers. The governor. general, with Lady Elgin and her sister, is I on a visit to Quebec, greatly rejoicing the inhabitants of the "ancient capital of Canada' by his presence and the courts- aim of the &may. Addresses have been presented by all the public bodies, and by the national societies of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick, and St. Jean Baptiste for Canada, each vieing with the others in expresaions of heart felt congratulation. St. Jean Baptiste, on all occasions sparing in political commendations, comes out with the fol lowing: The ancient lebabitante of thin city have always minced a lively pleasure In greeting with loyalty the representative of their sovereign end it am* them peculiar satisfaction to recognise in your excel lency a jolt and impartiat protector of thole instibitions. their Jonporige, sod their lames. The society beg that your eseellent7 will be pleased to solver to lady El r Vn the expression of their sincere and profound respect fur her bid ip, and the agreeable reminiscence which the members of this soe My still retainof her too abort residence and that of her noble faintly among them. This from Quebec, which has recently witnessed the or ganisation of a formidable reform association in hostility to his excellency's present government, must be viewed as lac gunge significant of the failure of the attempt to engender discontent. The province, indeed, exhibits a state of pnliti cal calm remarkable for the country, and highly promising as respects the success of the Earl of Elgin's administration of its affairs. His excellency, it is understood, will visit Upper Canada after his return from Quebec. Deputations from each of the Lower Provinces have been invited to meet the governor-general to discuss the prelimi naries of a system which should unite the customs depart ments and the pose-offices of all British America under one administration. When this shall have been effected, the general political union of all will be greatly facilitated. The still unsettled difficulty with the United States Post office has greatly increased the desire for a line of railroad between Halifax and Quebec, which will render these pro vinces in their intercourse with Europe independent of a neighbour with whom we seem destined to hay , always some material misunderstanding. The new fortifications at Quebec and Montreal are proc , eding with energy. It seems to be understood by the British government that the military tendencies of the republic are in a course of develop ment for which it would be by no means wise to be alto gether unprepared. An opinion has long prevailed in the United States among all classes that Canada will be an easy acquisition whenever the interests or passions of the people point to such an augmentation of their already overgrown territory. 'I he events of the Mexican campaign have by no means abated the force of the conviction. The leading news. papers of the states openly avow the existence of a deep seated desire to humble the pretensions of the British flag. They will not find the Canadians quite so yielding a foe as they have found the Mexicar.s, should the day of hostility in the field unhappily arrive. The last time General Scott carried the American flag across the Canadian frontier, he was carried into Montreal as a prisoner. What he will be in the " Halls of the Monterumas " remains to be seen. Commercial business is in full sad prosperous activity, although the failures at home and here, growing out of the wheat speculation, have not been without their effect. FRANCE.—Psnt , 3, Orr. 16.—Prince de Joinville arrived at Toulon on the 10th, and was to embark the same evening or the next day in the Cacique steamer, to join the Mediterranean squadron. FRENCH REVENUE.—The Moniteur publishes the following table of the receipts of indirect taxes for the firat nine months of the present year : 1447. 1046. Registration dues, 840. ..—.— 165,819,0001r. 159,237,000 Stamps Customs 61,679,000 70,738,000 Narigstion French colonial sugars ...—.— Foreign sugars 5,329,000 7,010,030 Corn . Import daimon onadrins .—... =1,06 ca swageks—.. 1,676,101 1,332,000 Mos Galt 010... ..—.— 46,332,041 44,236,000 Potable Spars 72,700,900 75,224,000 Paella carriages sot aline W. taxes 29,313,099 30,539,400 Tobacco sales ... 86,440,000 85,683,000 Gunpowder sales 5,173,006 4,09 4,9n0 Letters and data on sendinglanney 36,789,000 37,204,000 For passengers by the malles-postes 1,340,000 1,679,000 Ditto by malts and packets Total .. Showing a decrease of 2,493.0001. Compared with 1645, there is an increase of 10,690,0001. CASE or M. A. DEN will be remembered that on the 23rd of June last, M. Adolphe Denain, a young man of distinguished family, called upon IC Mdrilhou, peer of France, his legal guardian, and, after some altercation, demanded his signature to an order on the treasurer of the Court of Caseation, for 1,8001., 'and a promissory note for 3,000 f., purporting to be a balance of account due front M. Illerilhou. That gentleman having refused to comply with this request, H. Donau drew forth two loaded pistols, and M. Merilhou, in his struggle with him to prevent fatal consequences, received several injuries. M. klerilhou having disarmed the in-' furiate young man, the latter attempted to Hy, but was &e -roded. He was brought to trial for the attempt to extort money by menaces. In answer to the questions put to him, he declared that he was in a state of great excitement when he called on M. Merilhou, but that he had no other inten tion than to frighten that gentleman into giving him fresh amounts respecting his property under the guardianship. M. hierilhou appeared as a witness, and, after giving an account of what passed on the 23rd of June, as stated in the Messrmger at the time, added that when he had declared to M. Denain that he owed him nothing, the latter said, "I am desperate, and am now under the ne cessity either of drowning myself or appearing before the Court of Assize." As he pronounced these words he drew out a pistol and pointed it at the witness. el. Merilhou fell upon him and got possession of the pistol, when Denain drew forth another, but, after a desperate struggle, M. Merilhou overpowered him, and got possession of that also. M. Iderilhou said he was much hurt, and his face was covered with blood ; but his wounds were fortunately superficial. Other witnesses were called in corroboration, and, after eloquent addresses to the jury on behalf of the prisoner by MM. Moulin and Millet, he was found guilty, and sentenced to fire years of seclusion, without exposure on the pillory. MALTA, OCT. 7.—lmmediately after the arrival of the French steamer from Athens, on the 4th, • day be hind her time, having been detained by the French ambas sador, the Gladiator steam-frigate got up her steam and went Ml' immediately to the N.E., to what place no one knew, though Messina was rumoured. In consequence of Malta being in quarantine, the French boat from Athens will re main here until the ith, the day of the arrival of the steamer front Marseilles and Naples, take out her mails and passen gers, and proceed again ts the eastward. The steamer of the ith will take mails only, in a tuned box, and return the name day to Naples and Marseilles. As the Hand will not be in pratique until the 16th, and the India mails will arrive about the 13th, they will, if opened here, or are in bags, have to be all fumigated at Marseilles unless the French government, as formerly, allow the passasto to count is the period of qua. rantine ; in that case the steamer has only to arrive on the 16th or after, and she will he in free pratique , equally with I the island. Our hoard of health has decided that all vessels arriving from places infected with cholera shall remain twelve days under sail outside the port, and then be allowed to enter and perform a period of quarantine, to be decided on according to circumstances. Many of the letters received by the last Neapolitan steamer were opened at the consulate, and then forwarded in that state to their address. How long is this to be allowed—for a consul to commit a felony in a British possession with impunity ? There is a rumour abroad that Prince Charles of Capua has left the island and gone to Calabria. TURKEY.—SmTRNA, SEPT. 28.—Notwithstanding the vigilance of our police the environs of Smyrna teem with robbers, in such numbers as to render travelling unsafe even with an armed escort. The courier who left on Monday night was attacked, about vii miles from the city, by a band of eight or ten robbers. They shot his horse, and then plundered him of some 200,000 piastres. The courier re turned immediately to get assistance, whilst his guard took up a position upon a little eminence, and began to tire upon the spot where his horse fell, to prevent the robbers making off with the booty, with a chance of wounding or killing them, as it was too dark to see anything. A firing was kept up for an hour on both sides, and one of the guards was killed, when the police came up, and the robbers took to Hight; the next day they were all arrested, and arc now in prison. Unless the government punishes these robbers and assassins as they merit, all the precautions in the world will not put a stop to their attacks upon lives and property. The English brig of war. Fantome, Com. Le Hardy, and the Harlequin, Com. Moore, left port on the 22nd ; the first for the Iles d'Ourlae, and the second for the Pincus. Letters from Scio mention that torrents of rain fell for two entire days. It was a perfect deluge ; the streams it formed were like rivers, and carried away cattle, trees, houses, and everything in their way. Several lives were lost CHlLL—VALrAttAlso.—Newa to the 27th of July have been received via Havana. A law has been pained, authorising the construction of a railroad from Valparaiso to Santiago. The charter is for 30 years, the government guaranteeing an interest of 5 per cent. on the capital of 6,000,000 dollars for 10 years. The country was tranquil, and the proceedings of the National Legislature offered nothing of special interest. COLONIAL ----- CANADA.—ToRusro.—A meeting of the citizens of Toronto was held on Sept. 10, to take measures for ameliorating the condition of the sick and destitute immi grants during the approaching winter. Resolutions were passed recommending the building of a house of industry without delay, and urging that more care be take. to , prevent sick persons being shipped off from the several stations. The number of emigrants arrived at the port of Toronto up to Sept. 10 was 31,134. NEW BRUNSWICK.—ET. JOHN'S, SEPT. 21. The " Act to repeal the Duties imposed upon articles im ported into this Province, under the Act of the Imperial Parliament, intituled ` An Act to regulate the Trade of the 13ritish Possresions abroad,' " passed by our provincial le gislature ►tits last session. with a suspending clause, received ' the Royal Assent on the 13th of August last, and Trill came into operation on the first or . April next. The House of Assembly, therefore, in period the Revenue Bill next winter, will have to revise the whole provincial W. 4 as no duties will in future be coli,"xted at the custom, home, but will all be paid by the in :mrters at once to the province treasurer or his deputies. This mange. meat will greatly facilitate the entrance of gooc:: and says the large outlay now expended in supporting the castors house establishment, which will either be greatly rcsluced or abolisbed.—The Hon. R. L. Hazen, a member of the et eentive council and of the legislature of New Brunswick, 1 . ;,r1 left St. John's on his way to Montreal. Re wax on his way to visit Canada as a commissioner from New Brunswick, to meet gentlemen similarly commissioned front the other pro vince', why are to confer with the governor-general to the subject of the proposed alteration in the management at do post-office department in the colonies.—About forty mob of all sizes, heavily laden with timber, were at anchor at St. John's, N. 8., on the ith, the scarcity of seamen and the enormous wages demanded preventing their departure. The " tars" demanded 161. for the run home. UNITED STATES. We gave on Saturday a summary of the news by the Britannia, arrived at Liverpool. An account of the battles of the 19th and 20th of August by the Mexican General ::alas, second in command, had been forwarded by the American consul at Havannah. It may not be uninteresting. It shows that Valencia disappeared from the field of battle at the commencement of the action on the 20th, when the hardest fighting took place. The account is addressed to M. Maria de Sandoval, Minister of War, and dated August 24 : must Eacellent Sir On the 19th instant, about 12 or I o'clock, p.m., tbe,enenay appeared an if with the intention to Attacking the position occupied by thin army on the bciah, of comeenia. to the moment we begun a very steady tire of artillery and musketry, epe e ere no the enemy presentid himself in the varin,t• suing ens. tamed by our troops, and we •uoceeded In etoppos him in mewed places, until night put an end to the lighting, in which eil the clamored this army gave pronto of their gallantry and the Eli. Finn with which they alio Mud their lima in the defence of ger nationality ; lout on the morning of the 20th-thanks to the had mil. lion we occupied, and the careleeamera paid In the movements of se enemy to surround as -we were routed in all directions by more thm 6,000 men -the 3,000 infantry that were placed m one point, which was surrounded. When I observed the disperAion of our foe P, I tried WI I 1:011U1 to stop it, and crying " Victory for Neaten," at the same time that the bugle mounded for slaughter, I ...uceseded in stopping is for a moment, and ordered Gen. Lam AnaAt dsic Toropin to d ams with his CMEUMI; but thin chief, instead of °trains my eider, fied cowardly, and the cavalry following his example, tram pled on the infantre, and matributiall to the complete rout of it. It would appear ridiculous to mate any recommendations of those who have been permit in an unfortunate battle ; however, I sonnet help mentiAnng to your excellency that I am gerfectiy sauitled of the gallantry and tenacity with which the chiefs and often, of the several mew tried, even in the midst of disorder, to reunite their forces to resist the enemy, who WWI hotly pUrRUIIK M. cond uc t e a. served by them, preferring to be made prisoners la fore &Lyndon* their soldiers, will alwaya dothem honour ; and an thi., I think, they are emitted to the consideration of the supreme government, enl the gratitude of their fellowAeiticene. Ills excellency the virnrostider.in chief, Dori Gabriel Valencia, disappeared from arnosg.t WI at the commencement of the action of the 20th and 1, not knowing his whereabouts, bare thought it my duty to older. mar excellency, accompanying a list of the chiefs and Oleo& who era prisoners in this city; another, of those who mile wounded be ~nn Angel, and of those known to have been killed ; Air.ther list of those made prisoner" In the action of Chamber:in--all of which I have the honour of manifesting to your excellency far yeas intelli gence, praying that, on communicating the above to his Excellen7 the President, you will iilease manifest to him the total lildigCle< in which the itriione e them/44(0, ea, having teat everything, and the American general having given orders that they hem IMULia , .! by the inhabitant of this cite, which is dedroyel, they must perish in misery if their government dxsi not supply them with what thee art entitled to, and which their actual situation awl the well - serving conduct that has distinguished them energetically Just. NiAUI,O SALA, The following from Santa Fe is from the St. Louis Union : At the destruction of the town . of L. Pim, on the 6th .1 ily, letters were (none: on some prisoners written by some of the kede, of the late projected insurrection, giving a plan of their intenledoperenona. These prisoners also stated that many of their men win, their arms had gone to the town of Loqueste, to jain their leader, Caen. Gomalies. r.oquesta lea town of conaiderable sire, and alminibly located for de fence; being situated on the San Merril river, sun... Mid by moue. Mined an almost inacen.ible character. The miaow, stated gilt Corky and hi' party were at, or near, Anton Chem, a frontier town situated on the San Magid river, some fifteen or twenty miles below Loquesta, !raring disco eel ^f the prisoners taken iit die rtorrning of Lon Phis, by sending them to Santa re for trial, Mar, Edmond:am, With the companies of Captains Horine and Holloway, and two pima of artillery, stalled en the lath or Joly to the town of Anton Chem, a distance of ab rut forty-fire miles. Upon the arr.t al of the force at the latter place at daylight the following morning they found the town deserted. And pursuing their march, and when within about five mile. of the latter town, a lideskon, support ti by a spy, wav captured by a scouting p .rte, who said that from eon to trepanned Mexicans, water their leeders, fions,illes and Corte., were then in the town of Lalonde. Upea their arrival on the brigic. c awn:incline a view of the town, they discovered the enemy iti•Torsing In every direction to the mountains. They however noreeeded at capturing about fifty prirof,era. The enemy hod evidently made gloat prepara tion for defence, as their houses were gcnerallY barricaded and forti fied, and their goods and valuables either huh in the mountains or buried. The St. 'Alibi Republican of the 22nd ult. says that Gen. Price, Dr. De Camp, United States army, and others in advance of the volunteers whose term of ser vice in New Mexico had expired,arrived at Fort Lea .4nownortithhe o l n n t h he of l A 7 t ug h f a r s o t m . proceed Santa ing b')TheaseyylemfluSandiesta to M wo. When they took their departure all wan quiet in New Mexico, then held by three companies of United States dragoons, and three companies of volun teers, who had re-enlisted under Major Walker. From the United States there is not much domestic news. At a convention held at Springfield by the whip of Massachusetts, for the nomination of candi dates for governor and lieutenant-governor, and for other purposes, it was resolved that Georgic N. Briggs and John Heed should be recommended to the electors as the whig candidates for re-election to the respective offices of governor and lieutenant-governor of this commonwealth; and also that Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts, be recommended to the favourable consideration of the Whig National Convention as a candidate for the office of president of the United States. At the whig state convention of New Jersey strong resolutions were passed in opposition to the annexation of any more territory, and describing the calling in of the unknown and half civilised states of Mexico, and the investing them with privileges equal to or superior to their own, an infamous and almost intolerable insult and outrage. In the whig state convention of Michigan resolutions as strongly in opposition to the present government were passed. On the other hand, at the democratic convention held on Sept. 22, in Worcester, no lees strong language WU used on the occasion of choosing for the ca , didate far the governorshin of Massachusetts General Cushing. Col. Fremont had returned to Washington from his visit to South Carolina.—General Kearny left Washington for New York, on the 22nd ult., thence, probably to St. Louis.— Gen. Armstrong, American consul at Liverpool, who arrived in the last steamer, was in Washington, and expected to return to Liver pool in a few days. A satisfactory arrangement would probably be made by Major Hobbit, about the rates on letters carried out by American steamers. An English crew have been engaged and placed on board the Key Ying junk,to navigate her to England, in place of the Chinamen, who were at the Sailors' Home. The New Yark ITerabl introduces a digest of the debts of the repudiating and delinquent states with some strong remarks, and with a prophesy which the European creditors would be extremely delighted to find fulfilled: — Several of the states having involved themselves deeper than their resources would permit have become delinquent in the payment of interest, while two or three have adopted the dishonourable, disgraceful method of paying their dew, interest anal all, by rank repudiation, which is nothintryine or lens than swindling, legal swindling. 't his stain will disk to these states long after they have acknowledged and PA every fraction of these debts. We believe that every cent of them will eventually be paid, principal and interest, fee they will feel the infamy of repudiation grow stronger end stronger. until it becomes insupportable. There are four repudiating states in the Union — Mississippi, Florida, Michigan, and Arkansas. four states set down as" delinquents" are Nlaryland, Louisiana, Indiana, and Illinois. The repudiating states are also delinquents, as they repudiate part of their debts and are delinquents on the balance. Neither of the four designated the delinquent states have repudiated, but have made arrangements for resuming the payment of interest. The paying states having large liabilities are-1. New York, with a debt, at the close of the last fiscal year , Sept. 30, 1816, of 24,734,080 dole. ; the revenue for the year, 2,842,514 dole. ; and the expenditure, 2,013,004 dole. ; a surplus of 827,510 dole. Of the net revenue from tolls, 1,650,000 dole. must be applied to the sinking fund providing for the extinguishment of the public debt, according to the ne w constitution. 2. Pennsylvania, the debt of this state at the close of the last fiscal year was 40,789,877 dole.: the re venue, 3,329 ,037 dole. ; and the expenditure, 3,524,2 61 dole. ; leaving a balance of only 4,7 93 dole. T he tolls from Dec. 1, 1846, to Sept. 1, 1847, were 1,211,3 73 dole., against 847,202 dole. for the corresponding r• rind the previous year, showing in a n increase in the receipts for nine monthslBl7, of 361,171 1:1. This addition to the revenue of the state will place the treasury in a very prosperous condition, and put the payment of the intern: on the debt beyond a contingency. 3. Obi° , the debt of which was, at the close of its lad fiscal year, Nov. 13, 1846, 19,246,002 dole-, the revenue for the year 2,081,381 dole., and the ezpen• diture 2,038,027 dole., leaving a balance of 43,357 dole. The income of the canals is included in this revenue. The revenue of the cansle.--espeelally sp. propviated to the paymet 1. of the annual interest Cal p