The Express. — London, England, 1848-01-13 00:00:00

2 Ti not follow that to add to what the West African coast economy, to which we must come: insteadust of lase- d- tin tin blockade costs us by artificially raisi n g the p rice of ing the numerical force of the army, we m to anger will be conduct one iota NV ISt r. The TYmes says rate from police and protective service the thousands me truly, " Every sixpence spent on the African squadron employed in a task unworthy of, and ungrateful to, the Of is a differential duty imposed against Cube sugar ; soldier. We must do this in the colonies as well as but, unhappily, without the effect of making be at home. And then we shall have with an existing M sugar any dearer." Well, then, before yon impose force an efficient and disposable army, for every put- St the differential duty which is to make Cuba sugar pose and every contingency that might arise. re dearer, abolish this one which has not the desired Whilst on tho military subject, we may allude to a w effect. And, after you have abolished it, pause propotahlikelv to come before parliament, for making at before you impose the other, and ask whether themilitia staff do the recruiting service for the regular at any illicit or immoral traffic was ever put down army. From their local experience no persons can re by heavy duties or prohibitions of any kind ? Have be better fitted for such a task. Whilst the recruiting of the Chinese been able to keep opium out of the service is to the officers and men of the regular army ni " Central Flowery"? Was smuggling put down in a cause for relaxing discipline and deteriorating both. at Scotland by high excifte duties, or by such modifies- The economy of such a measure would be at least ot tc tions of the excise system as left the legitimate dis- from 150,000/. to 200,0001 • a year. tt tillers free to produce as good an article at as low a -----------,, a price as the " small still ' men ? The lesson taught SOME of the Ulster landlord s seem resolved to test n by the smuggling suppression in Scotland is Peel!. the truth of the prophecy contained in the report of ii liarly applicable to our present subject. There is Lord DEVON'S commission, that should they imitate 11 but one way of putting down slavery and the slave their brethren elsewhere in their mode of dealing c trade, and that is by demonstrating that free labour with their tenantry, " they will soon in the north b can, in rearing tropical produce, be made cheaper have another Tipperary." On all hands it has been a and more efficient than slave labour. This, however, confessed that the northern have hitherto differed c can never be done while free labour sugar requires from tho southern counties mainly . in two things; protective duties to prevent slave-labour sugar from there were comparatively few evictions, and there driving it out of the market The maintenance of were still fewer preedial crimes. The ill-disposed 8 any—the least—protective duty on sugar, is a standing had more rarely pretexts for violence. and the well die- i confeseionthat the slave tradecontinueesto be profitable, posed had more seldom an silent misgiving RB to the 1 and consequently in attempting to suppress it, we are intentions of the lord of t e soil. The hard-toiling 1 only throwing away money and gang ill-will. Werra ped down and slept in peace, for his farm was i have tried in vain te suppress the slave trade by and its lease was safe, and he felt as secure 1 naval armamentsand differential duties ; it has grown of a renewal when it expired, or omupensation for stronger in despite of both. Let us now try " going out," as he did of reaping the corn he had what can be done by allowingour West India colonies sown, or pulling the flax he had planted. And if an an abundant immigration of free labourers, and idler were ou to ot o 'nights a, ve and found comp f than per. anions like em ancipation from the surviving restrictions of our himself, more en dnturo mischie old system of artificially iegulated commerce, with a severing industry, their furtive step was generally view to enable them to undersell the producer of directed, as that of thieves is wont to be, to the solitary sugar by slave-labour, not in the English markets house or the unguarded " byre," for the sake of pelf ancl alone, but in the markets of the world. The results of plunder. Ev,n of such offences there were not a greater the experiments made in this direction within the last number than might be found in thickly-peopled yesror two—although'on a most inadequate scale—are English counties ; and of sympathy with t he authors encouraging. And they will not be followed out with of them there was naturally none. Above all, the the necessary promptitude, energy, and perseverance, taking of human life for any cause was comparatively unless our colonists and government parliament on the rare. The deadly hate, the ferocious threat, the noon alert by the consciousness that p will day sassult, the neutral or favouring presence of allow no higher differential duty than has been found others, and the ill-suppreesed sympathy in the fate adequate during the past year . , and that this duty rather of the culprit than his victim—from all these shall be gradually reduced until it disappear. poisonous elements Ulster was happily free ; and the It is to be wished that, in the struggle which is main cause of such a difference was too palpable to be beginning, the free traders would avoid a trap laid doubted or disguieed. A single excerpt from the sta for them, to allow their adversaries to talk of tistic meals of the two regions will put the matter themselves as the friends of the We-t Indies, end c l ear ly. their cause as the West India cause. In recommend- ; We select for comparison two districts, each of ing continued protective duties as a remedy for West w hi c h c ontains upwards of a million and a half of Indian embarra-ements, they resemble no friends, ex- cultivated acres, and as nearly as possible the same cept such good-natured creatures as would encourage number of inh abitant s. In the one, consisting of four the pane dieciple of Father MATHEW to revert to northern coue fi nd 171,314 holdings ;in the his strong drink immediately on bee ling the first fit of other, consistine of three southern counties, we find " the h wrors." The chronie feebleness superinduced only 114,895. 'But, instead of a greater number of upon the West Indies by our pre tective system— defendants in ejectment in the former in twelve which, as the Times truly remarks, hes "by an months, calculeted on an leaseaver of five successive ingenuity of perverseness (pito unparalleled always years, we find it strikingly and when we cast resulted in the detriment of the interests protected," our eyes at the average number of " homicides with —can only be got rid of by , perseverance in abandon- felonious intent," the proportion differs in a still more ing all restriction.. The ' least bit of protection," instructive ratio now so piteously prayed for, would only pro- SORTIIKRI , 001.1MIP; POPOLITIOX• 1.00 0 ,3 146 long the paroxysm through which lies the road to — ammo , Tenants. *vied. Murders. health. And this convict ion is entertained not only ----- ------- -- Donegal 43,898 713 3 by cool,disintereeted observers in the mother country, Down but by a growing inimaity among the West Indians 1380Bude 8 Y1 14,330 619 It themselves. As West Indian opinion is in itself but 31 ' 101 " 3051 497 a part of British opinion, so a part of West Indian _ tre3l4 2,648 o opinion is free trede opinion. If ministers have faith scpeernas com; rneta.sTia. 1,003,383. in their own principles, and, casting themselves on the ls3undes. Tessin& !Jet tad. blur tern free trade majority in the mother country and the:free cure 28,239 1,304 rte trade minority in the colonies, resolutely persevere in t w e ed, .... ..... ... e . eeest 1,143 8 their policy, adopting, at the same time, every mese TlPPsr.Bl —...--- sure really calculated to invigorate W, et Indian trade 114,•90 5,031 I 38 and industry, the present dist ress, we have no doubt, ----- will pass away. No words of ours could give additional force to the conviction which these eloquent figures are calculated '-- ----L.... , sNII abr., unprejudiced mind. As far m - --- No words — of ours could give additional force to the conviction which these eloquent figures are calculated to produce on every unprejudiced mind. As far as the question of sanguinary outrages is concerned, they tend to show that these cannot be ascribed to the prevalence of smntl holdings, or to greater density of population. But they serve to point out truly that the origin of crime is to be traced to social and moral causes—to the discordant and anomalous working of the relations between class and class, and to the exi-tence of mutual distrust and enmity. Hitherto the northern counties have been compara tively free from this fearful bane. Why they were so it would take long to tell. Sympathy of creed be tween the owners and occupiers of the soil bad no doubt considerable influence in mitigating the dispo sition to oppress, and the morbid suspicion of oppression—itself an almost equal evil. But other influences, far more potential, worked together for the tenant's good—the great good of making him feel secure of his possession. From the days of the great plantation of Ulster, in the 17th century, property has been much more divided there than in many other parts of the country. There were then created, it is true, vast estates, several of which still remain ; but it was part of the policy of that memure to foster the creation of deri votive interests, with freehold tenure, under the great proprietors. A resident middle class was thereby in sonic degree created; and, although it has in recent times become the fashion to denounce all who fall under the name of middle men, it is certain that no modification of society is less adapted for the promotion of social and political progress or peace, than one which is reduced to the two extremes of absentee lords in fee of vast domains, and occupying tenants without permanent tenure. In Ulster the landlord class has for many generations been more varied in degree, and more numerous as a whole. A tenant who could not get on well under one proprietor, had a fair chance of ob taining a farm from another. It was long cus tomary for the lesser proprietary, who themselves held by " leases of lives renewable for ever," to grant the actual tillers of the ground an equivalent tenure. When the lives in their own leases dropped, it was frequently found that those in the tenants' were the same; and the renewals of both are in general contem poraneous. As for " tenant right," of which we have lately heard so much—that was a much more modern expedient, arising out of circumstances of compara tively recent date. Its meaning and importance have been not a little misstated and mistaken. But the power to sell the goodwill of a farm, to whatever extent it may exist, proves the habitual recognition, on the part of the landlords, of the equitable, if not the legal, claim of the tenantry to be suffered, if he wished, to retain possession. The crusade against population, and the theory of consolidation of farms, were as yet unknown ; and when industry had accu mulated capital in trade or th e linen manufacture, and invested its earnings in the purchase of land, the number of landlords was only further augmented, but the standing policy of their order was not changed. " Live and let thrive" was the common law of Ulster. Far different has too long been the unhappy condi tion of the south and west. No part of the tenantry there had even the bonds of sectarian sympathy to unite thorn with the lords of the soil. Estates in general were less broken up; there wets at one time many middlemen, but these per sons usually held by profitable but expirable leases ; their object was to make the most of their time, and undoubtedly their exactions from their sub-tenants were as great as might have been expected. To a considerable extent, however, these have been swept away. The whole of the rent paid by the occupiers now gots to the landlord, often an absen tee; and he, in return, is at utter war with them. When the middleman's lease dropped, he refused to renew their tenure, or offered them such short leases as would deprive them of the elective franchise, and stifle within them any design of making permanent improvements by draining, building, planting, or otherwise. Hence distrust and crime. Yet with the bitter fruit of this ruinous warfare before their eyes, the landlords of Ulster appear in clined to imitate the example of their Monster bre thren. At the Quarter Sessions of a single district of the county of Donegal the other, day no fewer than 319 decrees in ejectment were obtained : and from various other quarters the same tidings of disquiet came. Verily we may fear that in hitherto peaceful and improving Ulster there vet may be another -seary ! WE have received a great number of letters on the subject of a national guard, strongly recommending it, and pointing out the economy, f iirness, urgency, and other recommendations of such an institution. Our contemporaries have also received their share of such hints and counsels. Before, however, any such idea can be acted upon, or any such law brought for ward, or even recomm withended a chance of success, it is necessary to weigh the inconveniences and diffi culties, as well as the advantages, likely to accrue. First of all, it must be taken into account that there is no country in the world in which time is so precious to most men as in England. To take the English citizen from his counting•-honse, counter, or study, tilt merely for juries, grand, small, and special, and for the other duties of civic life, but for whole days of drilling and reviewing, would be, after a time, a very unpopular and irksome privilege. And if this were carried further, as in France, to the duty of mounting guard, acting police, patrolling, and moreover passing the night in a guard-house, the system of a national guard would soon be decried and repudiated by a large number of the men, and by a still larger number of the women of England. If to obviate this the duty be limited to young men, sa between the ages of 21 and 28, the peace and defence of the country would be entrusted to the fittest hands, perhaps, but not to the fittest heads. And in this country a national guard, or military assemblages of any kind, but more especially if confined to youth, would be productive of an exuberant degree of jollity, to say the est of it, if the word immorality might not be applied. The young Prussians can meet by thousands, drill, and live in tents, without more con vivial solace than a pipe and a can of beer. Eng lishmen are not so satisfied, and can seldom indulge in one excitement without superadding to it another: and too many would imagine they were occoming good soldiers by practising the parts of thorough rakes. Those who remember the volunteer system during the war must also recollect how it estranged youth from habits of busitess and caused much more alarm lied anxiety to parents ;Ilan the dreaded French. Then come considerations of public security, and of the harmony between different classes, which from time to time necessarily at variance might be prompted to vent mutual discontent in blows, if wea pons were in their hands, and the science of using them familiar :—strikes of artisans are no uncommon occur rence, assemblages and processions of miners, and operatives, not to mention the thousands of Odd Fel lows. Are arms to be put in every hand, and is every hand to be taught to use them ? If not, where is the line to be drawn ? And, if the line be drawn anywhere, let the amount of envy and annoyance be calculated, and the danger of the new line of' distinc tion between middle and lower classes, which is at the bottom of chartist discontent. In France the law of the national guard has been suspended in great manufac turing towns. In Lyons it has been found impos sible. In Paris itself the artillery of the national guard was immediately disbanded, and the periodical reviews of the whole corps discontinued. In the country parts of France the operation of the National Guard is such, that the greater number of muskets are spoiled from rust, whilst the rest are used in poaching and trespassing. In England, how would our game-laws harmonise with the arms of the peasant ? And who is to be his commander ? A glance at the state and relation of the different classes of society in the country parts of England will suffice to convince any one that rustic national guards are impracticable, and that the yeomanry system must he had recourse to in order to form a military and unpaid corps out of the rural population. In towns these kinds of objections do not apply, though there are other difficulties. All might he met, and the national defence provided for, by the establishment of a scientific corps, a national guard artillery, in every town. The Earl of ELLESMERE, we perceive, has published another letter, excnsatory of his expressions relative to the Guards. The observation of the former letter I which gave most offence was that in which he styled the English army "a police." And yet this is but too true, not with respect to the character of the army, but considering the uses to which it is applied. We have 26,000 men in Ireland—the rest of the home force almost exclusively in the manufacturing districts, whilst the south and its arsenals and coasts are left to take care of themselves. This has enabled the Duke and Sir lons Bt RGOYNE to frighten us by the asser tion that we could not muster 3,000 men to resist an invader. But let government release the military from the duties of police, and let this protective ser vice be performed in Ireland and is England by the citizens themselves, and we have instantly that army of 50,000 men which the Duke declares he needs, in order to deter or to resist the French. It may perhaps not be easy to withdraw the bu rgher m from Ireland at once, or to replace them by bu guards. But this is the complexion, this the WE have been entertained with predictions and warnings that the people of the recently-reformed European governments were about to run riot with exultation, and to convert liberty into license. But no prophet 'forctold what has really come to pass, that several Kings should be seised in different parts of Europe with a corresponding mania of their own, and that some of the constitutional states of the con- THE EXPRESS, THURSDAY EVENING, JANUARY 13, 1848. briefing the people to be tranquil. The Viceroy, who was at Ifs country seat at Moues, also issued a proclamation with the manse object, addressed to his beloved Milanese, (s ons uoi diletti Hiking/O. The police published two proclamati in the Gazette. This mornino two cotuicillors of government gave In their resignation, declaring that they would no longer take part in such an administration. The people of Milan showed in this affair more energy than in the scenes of September last. They resorted to every means of defence, and even demolished roofs to hurl the materials upon tho aggressors. To-day there are to be found in all parts of the street little written notes with the words— Courage brothers ; turbulent zeal would be fatal; do not a l l ow yourselves to lie led away by the provocations of the police ; learn to restrain yourselves; it will be a proof of your strength for tbo moment, tranquillity, and dignity. Augment, numen fats " (that is to say, copy this, and spread it oboist as much as possible).—The people have sworn to he revenge. Those who cannot procure other arms, have knives and daggers. Calabresi, the well-known armourer, cannot supply the demands which are made upon him. He sold yesterday morning 180 pairs of pistols.—P.S. I re-open my letter to give you another proof of the spirit of patriotism of the Milanese. This day the lottery may be said to be at on end, as the tobacco duty was on Friday last. It is declared that every person who puts into the lottery shall be dismissed from his place, if he be servant or workman, and if in an independent position, th e n he shall be treated with public contempt. tinent were to be startled with a demand for despotic power by their sovereigns. Such is, however, this curious tenour of recent accounts received by the German mails. To begin with the north : it seems that his Swedish Majesty made a proposal to the Diet assembled al Stockholm, to the purport that the national defences required an extraordinary grant of money. The sum was startling to a poor country in time of suffering, and as the Sw9dish Diet is known to be usually very aristocratic in its tendencies, must have exceeded all reasonable demands when it raised a formidable opposition within that body. It so happened that a Somber of delegates from the various corps of the army are at the present time assembled at Stockholm, to assist, according to custom, in conferences with the War-ofliee to hag military details. These o ffi cers, 1 whether Inatu proprto or on suggestion, thought it necessary to vote an approval of his Majesty's doings in the shape of an address, and which address the King also thought proper to receive in a public and ceremonious manner, which of course conveyed a broad hint to the Diet sitting next door. We may ask, therefore, which of the two bodies thus curiously contrasting now t epresents the Swedish nation at Stockholm ? In Germany tiie Elector of Hesse Cased has seriously mooted ti .e question whether a small prince depending on eat: aneous assistance is to be bound to respect his own and hie father's compact with the people or not. The electoral revolution involves also a parliamentai y reaction, inasmuch as that portion of the constitution of Hesse which places the revenues front the crown lands under the control of the Cham ber of Representivives is abrogated. To ensure a future majority in the little parliament, the court dependents are forthwith to be formed into a House of Peers, and it is expected that they will constantly give a pretext, as dissentients from the Commons, for allowing the crown to come in as umpire between the two, to the great edification doubtless of both. His Majesty of Holland is likewise desirous to immortalise his reign rather than to ensure a per petuity of power to his family. Ile has boldly taken the bull by the horns, which his more experienced father declined encountering. Gee object in the present reforms proposed in the Dutch constitution is to bring about an improvement in colonial matters, which have been managed with sufficient skill to prove that, if still better managed, the gain from them accruing to the mother country would be very great. The popular party in Rolland, as elsewhere where protection has not enervated and demoralised the industrious classes, are free-tradere, and find nothing dangerous in carrying the ma nufactures of other countries to Java, or in letting Javan produce find its way to the best market unhindered. The King, however, denies that the States have anything to say to the colonies; he claims, although constitutional King of Holland, to be despotic ruler of the Dutch colonies. Now, as there are two points disagreeable to the Dutch in this demand—the theory as novel and startling, and the practice which by giving the crown means of demo ralising at home exposes the national liberties to attack—they naturally very seriously demur to such a proposition ; and Dutchmen are not likely, where they think themselves iu the right, to give up with out a struggle. Fortune shows some humour in thus providing work at home for the nations north of the Alps, at • time when there is so strong a temptation to mar the good work in progress on the south side of that mountain chain. The intimate alliance subsisting between the members of the royal houses of the Hague and Berlin, is of course what the King of Ilenkssu relies upon when making the extravagant propoeals that we have named. The Elector of HESSE looks to support from Russia and Hanover. But on what aid the King of SWEDEN depends, besides the claim of his father on the national grati tude, it is not easy to see. Still, powerful as royal alliances and sympathies always are, it is doubtful whether at the present day popular gratitude and enthusiasm are not still better allies, and whether an enlightened monarch could not turn thorn to better account than family traditions and musty diplomatic parchments. That the awakened enthusiasm of the people is a powerful agent in domestic reform, we have seen at Rome. Switzerland has shown us that it can command re spect abroad; and consequently that it is likely to form a new element in diplomatic relations. The old despotic powers may prefer an allian T with irrespon sible regents; but no league can promise to be dura ble that does not carry with it the gaol wishes of the mass, in an age when the bulk of the people are masters of the sinews of war. It is curious, too, that while changes are only advo cated by the popular advocates at the present moment in countries whose sovereigns have themselves desired such proceedings, the royal agitators we hare named are sowing confusion in peaceful communities where no desire of change existed. Why cannot the reign ing powers hold reviews, go deer-stalking, or pur chase shares in the " Handelsmaatechappy," without involving Europe in a discussion concerning royal prerogative and parliamentary privilege? The Mitdrid mails of the 6th have arrived. Our correspondent gives the following curious report of an extraordinary scene which was exhibited in Congress the preceding evening . at the conclusion of the debate on tho accusation against M. Salamanca. M. Pidal teeing challenged by Salamanca to make his charges peuly and explicitly, said : • •• Since Senor Salamanca desires me to speak sot I will. I declare that I have beard say by more than 100 persons, some r. whom ought to be well informed, persons of veracity, eerso.i who are entitled to entire confidence and belief from me, tits• of the fifty millions of treasury bills of the royal I•ouseiti d, twenty.five millions had gone into the pocket of • eatmanca, who sub-equently restored that sum to • • Tots I have heard from veracious persons." It would be difficult to describe the confusion which fol lowed this declaration. But among Salamanca's personal friends, who are not few in the house, the charge fell like a torch into a powder-magazine. Senor Zara,- goes bellowed for leave to speak. At length the president having restored something like order, Pidal con tinued his speech, pulverising, to use his own favourite a x pression, the sophisms of Beuavidee. Before sitting down I he alluded again to the 2-5 millions, modifying his previous expressions so as to say that the rumour might possibly turn out unfounded nevertheless, it was his opinion that it was ono which required, for the sake of Salamanca's character as a deputy, to be cleared up. Turn was thee given to Salamanca to speak. Ilia voice and appearance betrayed the extreme agitation und e r which he .aboured. lie said—" I did not think, gentlemen, that I should hear Senor Pidal express himself in the manner in which he has dens. 1 give up from this moment all defence of meelf against the accusation. But I have givi n Senor l'idsl no right to speak of me as a judge of a criminal, and to utter words against me in this house which out of it would cost him his life, or me mine. Senor Pidal has said, ' Senor Salamanca has taken posses ' sion 0125 millions of bonds—(this word is underlined in the report of the debate, as offering a difference with ' treasury hills,' which was the word used by Pidal)—persons worthy of credit have told me so.' This is a foul calumny, and nothing else. (Applause in the public tribune; great dis order.) I am calledonto clear myself of this infamous charge. I beg from this moment to be submitted to a solemn trial, and that I may die upon the scaffold if I am found guilty, and, if not, that Senor Pidal may be convicted as a slan derer. (Immense uproar. Prt sident's hell ringing inces santly. Some deputies rose to offer Salamanca their sig natures for his motion for a trial ; others ran to the table to take notes. The fiercest insults were exchanged across the boon. Salamanca, during the uproar, continued to agitate his arms; his voice could not be he: rd. At last he fell back, and fainted in the arms of two of his friends, who bore him out of the chamber. During the interval Pidal was assailed with every sort of insult and invective—" Vile slanderer," &e.--by Salamanca's friends on the benches and in the tri bunes. Among the former, Senor Zaragoza took a leading part. However, the Asturian orator remained unshaken, and the final shape and meaning was given to the expres sions which hail provoked such stormy demonstrations.) We announced some days ago, on the authority of our correspondent at Rome, the hopeless condition of M. Cherie.' Torlonia, the lieutenant-colonel of the second battalion of the civic guard, on whom public attention had lately been drawn by the charges of malversatien made against him by M. I'aradisi. M. Torlonia died on the night of the 31st. Letters from Rome of the let instant say that the greatest alarm was created by a report that the popu lace intended to sack the Jesuits' college. At four o'clock in the morning the civic guard was under anon, being reinforced in all their quarters. The arms were loaded with ball, and the commanders ready to mount at a cioment's notice. This, however, proved to be one of the numerous false alarms so con tinually propagated by the retrograde party and the Jesuits to throw discredit on the popular cause. On the 2nd inst. there was a grand reception at the Palazzo Pitti, at Florence. The officers of the civic guard were admitted, aed the Grand l)uke wore the uniform of a general of the civic guard instead of the Austrian uniform. Letters from Treviso state that immediately after the famous motion of M. Nazari, advocate Daniel Manin presented a similar note to the Central Con gregation of Venice. The note has been accepted, but the result is not yet known. Two companies of Austrian troops (says the Palria of Florence of the 3rd) have established themselves at Carpi, and others are expected. It is reported that not less than 28 battalions of Austrian troops are to be stationed on different points. A letter from Turin, io the Patrin of Florence of the 3rd, states that the Archbishop of Turin, and the Bishops of Acqui, Cuneo, Ivrea, Asti, Biella, and Pine role have protested against the abolition of the eccle siastical censure. The Bishop of I'inerolo went fur ther still, and, seeing that the King paid no attention to the protests, sent in his resignation, which the King has accepted. Rumours of a collision between the Austrian troops and the people at Milan,which we mentioned yesterday, though then unconfirmed, produced much excitement in Paris on Tuesday evening, and a general decline of all securities took place at the Bourse. These rumours have since been confirmed. The Chamber of Peers, on Tuesday, continued the discussion on the Address, and the first six paragraphs were adopted without any amendment. The sitting was at one part of the day rather animated, in conse quence of M. Guizot, Count Mok., M. Bartle, M. H. Paley, and Count d'Argout, being induced, by some allusions of the Marquis do Hulsey to the affairs of Warnery, Petit, &c., to express their decided disap probation of all practices calculated even remotely to countenance the purchase of government places, or to promote corruption. The sitting was terminated by a speech from Count de Montalembert on the affairs of Italy. The government has, wo are assured, received intelligence that the cabinet of Vienna, having charged its representative at the Germanic Diet to ascertain the sentiments of the lesser German states relative to an intervention in Switzerland, has re ceived an almost unanimous answer, that in the pre sent state of the public mind in Germany, any attempt of that kind would be hazardous, as it would tend rather to excite the sympathies of the people still more in favour of the federal cause in Swit zerland. Letters from Berne, of the 6th, say, that among the documents which fell into the hands of the federal government on the taking of Lucerne, is one which proves that the day on which the government of the Sonderbund took flight, a French emissary arrived at Lucerne, coming by Piedmont, UpperValais, F urka, and the canton of Uri. The Guizot ministry gave directions to the council at war of the Sonderbund, in case Lucerne should be unable to reshot the federal troops, to withdraw into the primitive cantons, to maintain itself in that position for some time by the most des perate resistance, promising that in that case the French intervention should soon come to their assist ance. It is now easy to comprehend the language of the Journal des he6ats, which, after the tall of Lucerne, still founded the most flattering hopes upon the primitive cantons ; it was the prompt surrender of the canton of Uuterwald, threatened by the Och senbcin division, which overthrew this perfidious project. The reports of a collision between the people and the military at Milan, which we gave with some re serve yesterday, arc unhappily confirmed to-day. A sanguinary massacre has taken place, apparently with the acquiescence, if not under the orders of, the sape rior authorities. The number of the inhabitants killed and wounded by the soldiery is variously stated from thirty to one hundred and filly. Among the killed is the aged counsellor of the Cour Royale, M. Manganini, a man nearly seventy, and universally respected. He was murdered while peaceably and inoffensivaly entering his own house. The following brief report given by a correspon dent of La I'atrie agrees in its chief points with ether more detailed accounts which have arrived, and may be taken as substantially correct. It is dated Milan, 6th Jan. : You know already that the people of Milan, with a view to annoy the government by diminishing the revenue, had resolved to discontinue the use of tobacco, the tax on which has hitherto yielded an enormous amount. Up to the first of the month, the pledge was rigidly observed without any symptom of disturbance. Not a person was seen with either a pipe or a cigar, and hardly did a few old men venture to take a pinch of ante On the 2nd, as Austrian captain and an American showed themselves on the Gorse smoking cigars. The captain received a blow on the cheek, and the American had his cigar knocked out of his mouth. At midnight money and thousands of cigars were sent to the barracks, with the following order of the day : " Soldiers, you have now cigars, which you must smoke to-morrow in the town. Yon have arms—make use of them." On the 3rd the garrison, in bands of from 80 to 200 men, went through the streets and public promenades smoking cigars and jeering the populace, who were for some time tranquil, but at length they began to hiss the soldiery The latter, heated with wine, fell upon the people ; the attack commenced at six in the evening, and lasted till midnight. A hundred and fifty wounded persons were taken to the hosOtal, and many others were attended to at their homes. The number of killed is not known. Among them is M. Manganini, a counsellor of the court of appeal, a man 60 vests of age, and highly esteemed. The podeata, Count Casati,who was in the crowd, was arrested. When he was recognised, he would not receive his release, and insisted on being taken with the rest to the police-office, where he had a severe altercation with Toresani, the director of police, to whom he declared that if immediate satisfaction was not given to the people and their magistrates for disturbances by the police, he would go to Vienna and complain to the Emperor. Oa the 4th, the municipality issued a proclamation in kind language, en- FRANCE.—P Mini, JAN. 11.—DEFENCES OF PAU. —The Minister of Public Works will shortly present to the chamber a bill for a grant for keeping up the strategic roads within the continuous fortified wall round Paris, the roads which lead from the wall to the different detached forts, and those which run from one fort to another. The roads within the wall measure nearly eight leagues, and the outer roads about eleven leagues; the general width being ten yards. The estimated expense is 120,000 f. per annum. BELGIUM.—BRINSELS, JAN. 11.—His Majesty returned last eight to Laceken from Paris. No slight excite ment was occasioned yesterday afternoon in Brussels by the report that an individual had attempted to enter forcibly into the palace in this city, and on being prevented had fired at the porter. Rumour (crescens rondo) was, of course, busy with so promising a topic. The facts are as follows: A Pole named Michael Krynkiewicz went yesterday to the chief entrance of the palace, and asked to be admitted to the King's presence. Raving received the reply that his Ma jesty had not yet returned from Paris, he expressed a wish to see the interior of the palace. On being refused, he in sisted on entering, and the porter was under tip necessity of calling two soldiers on guard in front of the palace. Before they came up, however, Krynkiewicz drew out a pistol and fired at the porter, who immediately ran away without, how ever, receiving any injury. The culprit was immediately arres ted and conducted to the police-office. On searching him the gensdarmes found on his person a box containing percussion caps, a powder flask, a quantity of shot, an ivory whistle, a small trumpet, and two pocket-books. It is supposed that he is insane, and that he has escaped from the Gheel, the well-known receptacle of madmen. The cold is intense here. It is probable that in a few days the Scheldt will be frozen over. PORTUGAL—The Paris National, on the faith of a letter from Oporto, states) that Sade Bandeira had left Lisbon to place himself at the head of a troop . of 500 men, which had been gathered together in the interior of the pro vinces. HESSE CASSEL.—Three officers of the guard, who, en being desired to take the oath of allegiance to the new Prince Elector, asked whether they could take that oath without prejudice to their oath to observe the constitu tion, have been placed amongst the so-called inralides, which is tantamount to the removal of all chance of promotion. RUSSIA.—A letter in the Augsburg Gazette, dated Russian frontiers, the 4th inst., states that the illness of the Emperor was not of such importance as was at first supposed. It was merely a slight attack of intermittent fever, of which the symptoms have since disappeared. THE SOUTHAMPTON PORTION OF THE INDIAN MAIL.—The Oriental Steam Company's stoats-packet Sultan, Capt. Oeo. Brookes, arrived at Southampton yesterday, and landed her mails, under the charge of Lieut. Langton, Admiralty agent. The lonian packet had not arrived, to Rive any further news of the insurrection at Patna. MR. LAYARD'S ASSYRIAN DISCOVERIES. The following extracts from a recent article in the Journal des Walt show the estimation in which the Pari sians hold the antiquities lately discovered among the ruins of Nineveh by our countryman, Mr. Layard, a small portion of which have already arrived, and have been placed in the British Museum. The testimony is the more valuable from the circumstance of the attention which has been attracted by the recent exhibition at Paris of the Assyrian remains, discovered by M. Botta, at Khorsabad. Mr. lAyard's drawings, referred to in the extracts, were, on Saturday last, explained by him to a meeting of the trustees of the British Museum, numerously attended, by the Duke of Cambridge, the Marquis of Northampton, dos. " Mr. A. li. Layard, an attache of the British embassy at Constantinople, arrived at Paris last week. lie stayed but • few days being impatient to revisit his country and family after an absence of eleven years spent in traversing different parts of Western Asia • the fame of his important discoveries among the ruins of Nineveh in 184 G and 1847 has already spread throughout the whole of Europe. We feel confident that we shall be rendering acceptable service to our readers by übmitting to their perusal the followin notice, which M. s Felix Lajard, member of the Institute, red on the sub ject of these discoveries at the weekly sitting of the Acadi my of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres on the 21th inst. ; ' The academy at its last sitting was enabled to judge from the drawings laid before them by Mr. Layard how greatly the discoveries of that zealous traveller ex ceed the expectations raised by all the private cor respondence and newspaper articles on the subject. And yet the drawings exhibited by Mr. Layard do not constitute one-fourth part of those so ably executed by him on the site of the ancient Assyrian empire. During his very short stay in Paris he kindly consented to gratify my curiosity on the subject, and allowed me to examine, one by one, the 270 drawings which, exclusive of the impressions of inscription, are contained in his portfolio. Many of our members, on being itiformed of this fact, expressed to me their desire to know the impression created in my mind by the sight of these archeological riches.' " After a long disquisition on some of the religious symbols found upon the monuments discovered by Mr. Layard, M. Litiard proceeds to say —*As long ago as the year 1825 I stated to the Academy Ora 1 felt justified in connecting with the mysteries of Mithra certain bas-reliefs of Persepolis, which, at one time, were supposed to represent Ormuzd, contending with the evil Beni Ahriman metamorphosed into a lion, a bull, or a griffin ; and at another, the King of Persia, as the conqueror of a hostile nation, represented under the form of the same animals. My opinion meets with • full confirmation in the Nemroud bas-reliefs (and what is well-worthy of remark), more especially in those bas reliefs which Mr. Layard, from their style and antiquity, thinks to be 405 centuries older than the sculptures of Khorsabad. Indeed, at Nemroud, not only do the kings appear surrounded by symbols and scenes which incon testibly belong to the mysteries of the national religion; but the stole or robe alas of one of the kings is covered with embroidery or painting, representing scenes of initiation analogous to those of Persepolis, and in addition to this a multitude of other scenes and symbols, which I also find on the cones and cylinders, and which, in my opinion, belong to the mysteries of Mylitta, Astarte, or Mithra. The King of Assyria is here dressed in a costume which leaves no doubt that the intention was to consecrate the remembrance et his initiation into the mysteries of Mylitta; and this cos tame, found in no other Asiatic monument, reveals the Assyrian origin of the celebrated Olympic stole, with which Apuleius, in his ' Metamorphoses,' tells us it was customary to clothe the initiated. Considered as a i whole, and in connexion with the numerous cuneiform inscriptions, of which Mr. Layard has brought over copies, the drawings of this traveller combine all the materials neces aary in order to present an almost complete picture of the re ligious, civil, and warlike life of the Assyrian kings, and, at the same time, to make us acquainted with the deeds, ex-1 Wits, and conquests of the Assyrian monarchs, the richness and beautiful workmanship of their stuffs, embroidery, and tissues, their piculiar mode of arranging the hair, their earrings, necklaces, bracelets, arms, thrones, furniture,vases, and the c irrisges which were in use at the court of Nineveh. The drawings of the English traveller confirm, in this re spect, all that ancient authors tell us el the luxury indulged -In by the most magnificent of the Asiatic sovereigns, and if we already knew by the testimony of Lucian that • number of wild beasts were kept in the Assyrian temples, we now learn from Mr. Layard that the great King furnished his menagerie with rare animals from differeut c itintries, either for utility or curiosity, such as the elephant, the rhinoceros, the camel with two humps from Bactriana, the large kind of monkey called the sylvan, &c. Ou other bas - reliefs are sees many different kinds of trees, which ornamented the gardens of the palace, and which will attract the attention of natu raliats, besides a lake, in which were kept different kinds of aquatic animals. Considered wills reference to the history of art, the ruins of Nemroud are not his interesting, for they belong to a period which, according to Mr. Layard, would embrace the six or seven last centuries of the exist ence of the Assyrian empire. It would, therefore, extend as far back as the eleventh or twelfth century before the birth of Jesus Christ—that is to say, to a period about 100 or 200 years after the siege of Troy. And even if this date should appear too rem ite, it must still be admitted that the sculptures of the four palaces of Nemroud are anterior to the conquest of the Assyrian empire by Cyrus, and that they show how much Greek has borrowed from Assyrian arts. The bas-reliefs of the most ancient of the four palaces are the most perfect specimens of the latter as yet bequeathed to us, and leave far behind the sculptures of the palace at Khorsa bad, which so recently were the objects of our wonder and admiration. At Nemroud we find more dignity, more ac tion, more variety in the attitudes of the figures, and, above all, more elevation of style and fidelity of imita tion, in the animals in the hunting scenes, &c. The lions and horses are remarkable for beauty ; the horses faithfully exhibit the admirable type of the purest Arabian breed, and may, with advantage, be com pared with the most beautiful model left by Greek antiquity, without excepting even the horses of the Parthenon. When I add that Mr. Layard found among the ruins of Nemroud small figures in terracotta vases of the same material, or of marble, ornamented with figures, bricks covered with cunei form inscriptions, numerous cylinders, divers works in metal and ivory ; when I say that he has discovered in other places has-reliefs, entirely coloured, and a small obelisk, covered with 20 bas-reliefs and 300 lines of cuneiform characters; when I say that during a stay of two years is Susiana he has described and partly sketched many monuments which no European before him had ever visited, particularly a bas- I relief containing more than 400 figures cut in a rock, forming the two inner walls of a defile—when I say, finally, that all the drawings brought from Nemroud by Mr. Layard are executed with a true and profound feeling for Assyrian arts, and that he has sent to the British Museum the original of a great number of monuments selected from amongst those our acquaintance with which we owe to him—l shall still but very imperfectly have stated the service rendered by Mn. Layard to archeology, to geography, and to history. " Need I add that, for very many years, no traveller has made any discoveries which can be compared with those di which I have just given so imperfect a 'ketch ? But ought I not here to declare, as 1 have declared elsewhere, that the most important of these discoveries, that of the four palaces of Nemroud, is, in reality, due to M. Botta had it not been for his intelligence, perseverance, and seal, the palace of Khorsabad would to this day have remained buried under the tumulus, the summit of which had already been invaded by a modern village, and, but for the exhumation of the ruins of that building, Mr. Layard would not have been led to explore the tumulus at Nemroud which covered the ruins of three palaces of more ancient and • fourth of recent date, in perfect preservation." of efts court. Sir Robert and Lady Gardiner had the honour of joining the royal dinner click, at Claremont, on Tuesday evening. Prince Albert enjoyed the sport of shooting, yester day, at Claremont. His Royal Highness was attended by the Earl of Morton and Mr. 0. E. Anson. The Marquis of Ormonde has left Claremont. A cabinet council was held at two o'clock yesterday afternoon, at the Foreign-office. 'the ministers present were Lord J. Russell, Sir G. Grey, Viscount Palmerston, Earl Grey, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Earl of Auck land, Lord Campbell, the Right Hon. H. Labouchere, and the Right Hon. T. B. Macaulay. The council sat three hours. The Right Hon. IL Labouchere arrived in town, yesterday morning, from Brighton, Mr. M'Chlery, chairman, and Mr. Naghten, one of the directors of the Demerara Railway, had an interview with Earl Grey, yesterday, at the Colonial-office. A deputation from the London, Brighton, and South Coast Railway Company, including Islr. Kilgour, solicitor, and Mr. Hood, engineer; and a deputation from the Grand Surrey Canal Company, consis'ing of Mr. Hall, solicitor, and Mr. Jennings, surveyor, transacted business, yesterday, at the office of tile Commissioners of Railways, in the Board of Trade, relative to the plan for the formation . of an opening bridge to be made by the Brighton Railway Company over the Grand Surrey Canal. OXFORD AND HAMPDEN.-Bir,—Nothing i 8 more absurd, nothing a greater obstacle to success, nothing more unworthy of a man of spirit, than to consider whether any act which it suita him to perform is warranted by law or justice. Great genius despises such shackles. The late great Mr. Nash, the architect of George IV., drove a principal sewer down Regcnt-street, through the property of a hundred persona, without any permission from the owners, and without any act of parliament to authorise it, yet be rests in his grave without any action ever having been brought against him. In like manner, a band of great men issuing from Corpus Christi College common-room in 1836, drove through the Oxford House of Convo cation, without any pretence of jurisdiction, without trial, law, justice, or authority whatever, but solely by force of their perfect disembarrass:meat, a decree of cen sure against Dr. Hampden, affecting thereby to deprive the Regius Professor of Divinity of certain important functions pertaining to his office ; and though the censure was acted on to Dr. Hampden's injury, yet to this hour they have never been sued for the damage. The parallel, however, is not quite complete, for the physical sewer will long continue to roll sordid and offensive matter to the Thames, while, though the corpus succeeded so far as to drag the luckless members of convocation through the mire of their moral cloaca, the foul stains wherewith they endeavoured to be spatter Dr. Hampden disappear under the disinfecting pro em of examination and reason.—T. SOCIETY* FOR PROMOTING THE AMEND. KENT OF THE LAW. This society held its, monthly meeting y evening, Mr. Commissioner Pane in the chair. A paper by Wrn. Sharpe, Esq., a m em b er, ooa es . subject of Courts fur the Recovery of Smell Doha. laid before the society, and discussed. The writer eem "ll that the popularity of the measure was already so amk ... the wane, that, unless radical improvements were r a m"' it, its courts would soon cease to be resorted to.. Hs however, that the general tendency being to moors, wham • all possible, to the higher and more competent connect% country, for which courts a greater respect is Co it was the duty of the legislature, while it afforded tamable opportunities of resorting to local judge', to your to hung the superior tribunals within the rese.h rather that by prohibitory enactments to compel general 'carat to inferior, and therefore unsati,feeta474: bonals. Alter dwelling upon the practical inadequa cy d the existing measure to the requirements of the poorer she of creditors, the writer proceeded to contend that, ree. taro improvements, the superior courts might be v a d erift readily available for the cheap recovery of debts; q events, of thir, above 51., observing, as to those tinder that amount : " A sufficiently . naive nal system might ew e be obtained by extending the jurisdiction which mairistre4, now have its cases of wages, malicious trespass, talus, p sory notes of 51., ejectment of small tenements, and oth e matters purely of a civil nature, to all cases of debt net as needing R." The paper proceeded : With a view toms*, taro the proportion in the superior courts between the estaa commenced and those in which a trial takes place, a number of actions for debts not exceeding 201. (broaipa various London agents) were recently investigated, wagfound that of '2,326 of such actions, 364 were dups./i d by Judgment for want of • plea; and of the remaioder,akee 1,927 were settled by interlocutory procceding,, ar fa/ I arrangements, without taking either party, er their Or witnesses, from their homes ; and that only 36e1:114 2,325 actions proceeded to trial ; whereas, it is undeabi l db clear, and is proved most conclusively by the returashela parliament from courts of request, that bad no pleadings* interlocutory judgment been allowed, s sery Isra t lrm a tion of the 2.321 actions must have proeeeth - t least the plaintiff must have attended with hi , vitamin* the court at tho time appointed, prepared to wove hie ' and have incurred all the expense of a trial.. u n d ir ,6l present system of the courts of Westminster, es authorised by the statute of 3 & 4 Wm. IV., c. 42, debts ant eteredieg 201. may he sued for by process originating and conducted is those courts at a very small expense, the trial of the caves is all such cases being had (by a writ of trial) before the shed or other judicial authority in the county where the pente s live, or the dispute arose ; and a ready appeal hes by mem a for new trial to the court above. Under such present spec, the whole expense of an action for debt under2ol., there is no plea, rarely exceeds 51. 10.., and wises hi m 7. needs to trial does not (independent of the payments adq. p; nets of witnesses, and of attending the court Ita trial, a u* expenses must be the same under any syst.m) exceed These mete include a proportionate part of the tax um levied by government on the common law suitors of OA country, which tax amounts to a large unnual tam. If the tax so levied were repealed, this system miest, with* material alteration, be so improved, principally by aegis. rising the use of a process which shall embrace both writer' 1 1 declaration, that the expense of the action for a mad amount, where judgment goes by default, could he rebo i l , to 31. 35., and the c ars of the action when it proceeds to !dal might be reduced to 71." Mr. Curiae, in controverting the statement that the county court .system was becoming unpopular. onetime( the fact that the number of cases brought b,-fore the ChM enwell County Court, with which he we., connected, hid bberoueng, ninemhtbefore th o e n vi th es s, t. no ins f t e er we c r ou th rt an in l t l h ,2 e l . 9 .; e st mi hilit ca theee hm numbered nearly 13,000. The total number of orders lanai in his court had been 7,463, the fees paid to th • oilmen of the court on which had averaged not more than 71. 6d. pm case, the average amount recovered having been 3!. L. as a proof that these courts were not less resortei to than her,. tofore, he stated that he had that day entered no fewer thin 65 suits, the average number having been eti. Mr. Sit/tarn vindicated his views at considerable length, Mr. Sruwent, after claiming for the new system the far trial which ho dee med it well entitled to, and reading extracts from various authoritative communications, Mam r. five of the beneficial working and popularity of the county while courts, proposed a resolution to the effect that the meetirg approving sid o e f r t e h d e th i l e t the principle :i thenti Co womyhia Courts might most beneficially be introduced i nto it, attd, at tits ere ed tame time, that much might be done lathe way of facilitating access to the superior courts. The resolution, atter a short discussion, was adopted, and the meeting separated. COLLEGE OP PRECEPTORS' ANNUAL .lEETING avn Hier nu.—The annual meeting of the score society was hell yesterday at the Freemasons' Hall, Mr. H. S. Ta re:, president of the council, in the chair. From the repel which was read by Mr. Parker, the secretary, it append that the institution, although merely in its infancy, was yet in a most promising condition. The number of member had increased from 600, the number announced at theist meeting, to 1,000, the present number enrolled. The annul income amounted to 1,0001., and the balance in hand, after discharging all liabilities, was 3501.—Dr. R. id in .ved, sad Mr. Walter seconded, the adoption of the report, which Ins unanimously agreed to.—Auditors for the ensuing year were then elected, atter which, on the motion of Dr. Willem, seconded by Kr. Walker, it was agreed to urea the benefits of the society, by establishing a brie volent fund and life assurance. After the tranactioa of some routine business the morning meeting terminated. . —ln the evening about seventy of the members of the ed. lege assembled at dinner, Thomas Wyse, Esq., in the theta On the removal of the cloth, the customary loyal toasts wen given, after which, letters of apology for non-attendance wen ' read from Serjeant Talfourd, M.P., Mr. Ewa'', M.P., Yr. M. D. Hill, Mr. Scholefleld, M.P. and Mr. Moodily, M.P. All regretted their unavoidable drence, but expressed the ' fullest approbation of the ohjecta of the society.—The Chair man then proceeded to give the tout of the evening, " Sat een to the College of Preceptors." We regret to say that the hon. gentleman's observations were but indistinctly heard at our end of the room. He said that the society had now existed for two years, a fact which in itself formed some test of its usefulness; and, seeing that it appealed to the public as only one among • thousaud claims upon its notice, it was really • matter of con gratulation not only to the esciety, but to all the ' friends of education. Obstacles they had met rich, sat would meet with, hut every man who advocated intellectul reform must expect them. The object was a glorious one, and well worth contending for. The progress of any gnat question, befors it reached ultimate success, gverally cm. 'tined of four stages. First it was an idea starting up in the .; brain of some thoughtful individual, when it was too- temptuously called a crotchet. When he had matured it, and attempted to imbue his neighbours with his idea, he wr feted a bore, and the question became his hobby. He per severed, however, and the hobby soon became a horse, sad at last assumed the importance of a great national question. The step, then, from general acceptance to legislative enactment was but a short one. Pablk opinion thundering throughout the length and breadth d this great community was omnipotent, and the "crotchet" at length was amalgamated with the established laws of the land. Ile said this, to show that no man who hoped to achieve public good need expect to enjoy much private leisure. If not willing to undertake the drudgery of tbs matter he need never expect that his hobby would Ws the success to which he ;Mr. Wyse) bad already alluded. Pre liminary efforts for educational reform had been made, bet yet much remained to be d; ne. He rememlo red the time when the question actually wee, whether nation education would not be a positive evil? He had heard the late Rt. Cobbett express an opinion in the affirmative. Now the Is qairy was, how education could best be promoted, sad ia ' discussing that question it would be impossible to outlook the educator. The blue books of the House of Common told a sad tale of how much reform was needed in that quart One schoolmaster examined by the commissioners of edam then could not tell the meaning of the word " hemispheu;" and another, an Irishman he was sorry to say, was met in the act of giving . his pupils a moral lesson by rushing out of the school at their head "to look at a fight." (A laugh.) TM mistress of a dame-school, on being asked whether she he strutted the little boys in morals, replied, "No, indeed; morale were only fit for girls." ( L aughter.) Then on berg asked how many pupils she had, she replied she did not know. The comminioners expressed 'uprise, a nd asked had she never counted them ?—to which h. r indignant war ewer was, " No, indeed ; she had read her Bible, and knew what David had suffered for counting his people." (Great laughter.) Such was the state of public education in England ; and in many parts of the conti ne nt it wss no better. The hon. chairman k a rapid glance a the state of education on the continen too t, and proceeded to t al , that if the educators of this country only showed theinselvel worthy, there was every disposition on the part of the public and the government to assist them. They must I,+.k forme& not back, for the coming generation would he in a poitillt different from any that had gone before. They were now living I. the age of steam and of electricity, two agents which would shortly do away with the divisions of prone" and even of kingdoms, and at last make Europe itself one vast intellectual republic. The hon. member concluded, amid loud cheers, by proposing " Success to the College of Preceptors." The tout was drunk with three times three and loud applause.—Mr. Gunter briefly returned thanks, saying that the eociety, now so flourishing , owed its existence toe suggestion made by Mr. Parker, of Brighton.—The tier toast wee " The President and Vice-President."—Mr. Kirby returned thanks.—" The President and Council." — Mr. Turret and Dr. Reid severally returned thanks.—The other toasts on the chairman's list were then disposed of, and the company separated. SANITARY ItEFORNL—A meeting of the parishes of St. Ones and St. George, Bloomsbury, to consider the neces sity of sanitary reform, and the expediency of memorishei% the government for a repeal of the window duties, was hen yesterday evening, at the Angel Tavern, High-street.B loo* bury. Dr. Simpson, on being called to the chair, read a keg extract from his evidence before the sanitary commissioner% thawing from hie own experience that much of the offal thee ought to be carried i away by sewers never found its W a y thereto, but was retained in cesspools, &c., and theaee Ole of in noxious effluvia, producing . fevers and other diessee Great, however, ea was the necessity for sanitary refresh , believed that it would be comparatively useless if not MM• puttied by a removal of the window tax.—Dr. Epps morsel the first resolution, viz.:- 1 That the vast amount of disease arising from pr nom mates which prevails in every part of the empire, entailing enormous petit' rdary lose, end a deplorable ilee_of moral degraitinon, renders . 11 , car imr 4 ti ou ve u that sanitary legWaum be speedily and co mprehensirell Having described the chemical effect upon the human bodf of an impure atmosphere, and deplored the many existing canoes of impure air in to say that medical sou move that very proem , the equally important exclusion of which fro , persons necessarily ren, most unhealthy, by rive gas, one of the moat n which was breathed ire otaired a constant sup it 'an having secondes. t Dunhill, who: read a e amongst other facts, • in 1,000 it was 58 in A' in Surrey 45 and en. • entirely attrihutahl , sewerage, bad ventil it Paris then moved, en. I resolution : That the window dut. In their operation, the c the wealth of the nal, II disease, thereby impair..fy the improvement of thc be immediately repeat A third resolution, it a with these resolution..., I moot, having been e. 4 sepaed. SAN rat IT.tRY PRE' day held in the ve•ii for the purpose of of London's pastors( committee of inhabi" vance of sanitary pr and tenants of unwl.. The clergymen, char poor, and levered n4l 111 r. P. G. Dodd t al business had been meeting to the c =diluter who lut , l asserted by I by tome neglect or, tl duty it was to atteto . cussion took place •01 death, in the course ol statements of the c others, that the M. cb parte statement the se chiefly based) was to woman, who, in hei ter, was very likely ti 3 expressions towards from the statement tt evidence of Mr. Bt.. a the greatest care ai.l fortunate patient, ion death was attributable many instances has el demic. Under these occupied two hours' that " In the opiniol every attention re the union to the en e for blame existed it of girl, in not having se symptoms of the lir ill ensued u to the if Jul City rf London ninety. ne or n le\ four medical or zer opinior of the v isle officers iv. , regain 1 i to do j• tam to tLi pu to corn:cur Late tY s the London union. the similar; concat framed for the por operations w ci e pi 0 sons—comprisiiig h ey rochial officers, wa Lir the trust , es us Tot the ennu. ATTIS AND \ meeting of the ,um establbllment, found classes in the north. , at the ins:natio. in Southampton in .he subscribe', on the en general progress Cthl establishment on ;d A The directors of t•,e manner gave the •oci the base ofthe reser the first fourteen ino supply of water, sad t offe;i'd to contiiiu • It their grant of him t,4 There lITC. 49 gni" .0 vapour and two +rim' Lion is required, as o bathe daily, and AO , Mon from wan: ol August, 1646, the 15,206 females. Ti dried, ironed.... ms lies were 45,124 ,not, tides washed we , mho during the past live aponding period lent 11,960 ; and the The charge to the: a warm one, includic washing depart. ent the drying closet, i pence. the bs'unc aerations to Reno bathers, washer', Expenses of the till 161., which leav s a liabilities. Whe t In g completed, i , • self-extending. Th. the meeting were g' sidency and the ea meat given the goci THE PRINCE f PAWL —Yrstrr , ay road into Hyde- par ' opened to the p bib and equestrians. an THE biglkt baying had and r t of their warehte begs of sugar at thd white elaved, but * duty of lbs. 41. pa having appear d mainly attribut bb official landing- we up, and their ir in the view of pre :en lowing new rep da' Of the landing ; 'co registering °tilt r, for the landin • 4 warehouse reps :'44 pages for the w ig the entry, the t Lie head of each p.... 0 That the lama,' g • count a spv . i. 4a, for the wog. t is contained, a: a strewimm wit],the .111 the gross, and lot pitulation of t Le the differ( nt rp all each entry. I. ns detained for lx .at the board's sat the totals of t:t scribed to the written again .t I corded at the ad porting able. lu abstract, unle , s, be necessary to agreeably to ...hr Orders hare' adopted, and - -hr landing nt be recorded tic regulations re . ) greater corr. . merchants L to MORT.U. Tl return it ap ..su mean Jan 8 eorrespondh S 1 bistacy, hoa crl by 235 than rho deaths last e; from typhi. gut district , :f of " =bun lel years. TLIE F 1 F. " As a lone el defences. Brighton, i be surprise . papers, a'' rained, 111. themselves .1.1, that marri dren come boarded b.' children b t thing of 0.3 dear Gerict.ll a glass—a .d! to pay tax I. when, at ar meat by the have said, is there was a known to coarse. 1 1 nonsense f have let my now, I'm 'us no doubt t' house, sir. known CO .11 be bounds' the plate h the dark, di shall take la la tle use • . alrai., 7 :::: eedrt O dce. ,t tendency nidß.cir‘emt;naLet'rzetalbileerw.be competent ..ieTifin meeting already tip eeemt H ::::tet:i irt S tini.: i oiatt writer o A rryeto nub t i . M . now lif: en II 0 i 1„:... OF THE LAW. dti05wy.:7::::„......e......t. r o n ‘ move manse . y: thattu that f al a tn; medical • g important airrin' I • harpe, Esq., a me m b er , o oa ~.. exclusion of which Iva Ps rsons necessarily ran most unhealthy, by v - gas, one of the most which was breathed :. coired a constant sup .1 r i eq ua u c i t r. m m en ., legislature, while it afforded 1 'ball having seconder. if resorting to local judges, t o -- ui nte tn ot w th rn e l :.•% ll " a d ' riot tribunals within the reach el . in Surrey 45 and en... : Druln,:ooog.illi,iowtthhwols:refecoladis:i iw th r e Y entirely attrihntabl , sewerage, bad ventil . i iur, and therefore unsatisfact ory Paris then moved, at. 1 ag upon the practical inad ' er proceeded to contend t6.:T ry duil r ,. ,e superior courts might be that , the wealth of the not, a the cheap recovery of debts ; at disease, thereby impair: • 61., observing, as to those l e a, 41 the improvement of On ficientlyuuiv. vial system might m e o e be immediately repeat r e 1 ° I n That ti o ho l e s en resolution:- '• toe i : ing the jurisdiction which magistrat e ', • A third resolution, 6 • ages,malicious trespass, talu s , p ment,hese resolutior.s, ment of small tenemenu, and not having been a • al nature, to all cases of debt not 10 ,,, separated. sir proceeded : " With a view to me w - SANITARY PRE' the superior courts between the e.... - day held in the ye- in which a trial takpla ce , - "" for the purpose of st I • debts not exceeding 20/. (blue* o f London's pastors' a), were recently investigated, iii committee of inhabi• 26 of such actions, 364 were dammed vance of sanitary yr. of a plea; and of the remaiuder,akee and ten char ants of unwi. . r interlocutory proceeding,, or o g et The clergymen, c o • t taking either party, or th eir poor, and nd mit homes ; and that only 36 : 11 4 Mr. Y. G. Dodd t ed to trial ; whereas., it is un business had been . neat conclusively byrthe retu d r:ir gill4 lngee - meeting to the c • aof request, that lied no plailigin ' mtaioner who hal at been allowed, a sery large - ametted by • duty it was to anew cinema took place b, 1 , n e s4;:ihmplvcoe m php:iro r ilc. . irtaen. t :::p h o etta:l: originating . ‘p. expense, or ecd p f:pt r d:htear i t re e ei:edi di , a trialt, , :hi t t eb ,. ... t ~ sod iopdi , , ~.f ai. 7 , 0t:. 7 .,. eetrtm . e:th ictr a i t 41: e t . d::...._ .... . 4 ::: b. death, . 0i r oam ,i n rtethe g lees course statements of the c e others, that the mu . parte statement the • chiefly based) was 1. w oman, who, in het e Tad (by a writ of trial) before th e s h er i ff thorny in the county where the putte e ter, was very likely to expressions towards rose ; and a needy appeal lies by mope from the etatement i Port above. Under such preeent mem evidence of Mr. BA • an action for debt under2o/., engig. sly exceeds 51. 10s. and what se - " -: the greatest care ai 1 en , fortunate patient, en. of (independent of the peymenteadei. death was attributabl .ndofattending the court tar Mel, siblee many instances has c . A seine under any syat. in) tined 10i, demic. Under these • a proportionate part of the tax um occupied two boars' it on the common law suitors of the that " In the opin'on ',mounts to a large annual sum. If the every attention re ua repealed, this system mievt, with i the union to the CS e - be so improved, principally by nib r for blame existed it o .ocess which shall umbrae,: both writ ell a t girl, in not having e expense of the action for a end symptoms of then it merit goes by default, could be rect a * . ensued as to the it su set of the action when it reefed' to odd *. City of London 71." ninety. ne or n e . controverting the statement that th four medical oft :c i was becoming nopopul Cr, inattioni ' opinioe- of the s -at sober of cues brought b,:fora the lick- officer. 'v. , requir, 1 i rt, with which he we., connected, hae, it to do j• tare to Oa p hi, no fewer than 11919 ; elide this ( to comitur into tt s Vestminster Courtin the name pericdhei . the London union. ;,000. The total number of orders ear i the sanitary cone. di, en 7,463, the fees paid to oh. officers el Teamed for the par! • tad averaged not more than 71. 6d. per operations wcie le a count recovered having been 3/. L. As t sons-scomprieiog !II setts were not less resortet to than here S rochial otherre, we 1_ at he bad that day entered no fewer that the trust , es of ..1 s - e number having been 45. par poses of the cam •• heated his views at considerable length SATIIS AND 1 . .t. • Fier chanting for the new system the fair meeting of the ,:ow amid it well entitled to, and readiag establishment, found is authoritative communications, indica classes in the north. , I working and popularity of the county at the instituti.••• in evolution to the effect that the meetieg Southamptoo in .he f the general principle of the ConMy subscribers on the e erect that there were amendm•iits whirls general progress , I th Tally be introduced into it, arid, at the , establishment on id ch might be done in the way of facilitating The directors of t..e , or courts. manner gave the soci 'ter a short discussion, was adopted, and the hue of the reser le d, the first fourteen in. supply of water, and i - ___ ___ _._. _. offered to minim/ •it PRECEPTORS' ANNUAL .lEETING their grant of NM lb Pe annual meeting of the eove society There art 49 'intro at the Freemasons' Hall, Mr. H. S. Tux. vapour and two sal • e council, in the chair. From the repel tion is required, as t Mr. Parker, the secretary, it append bathe daily, and 400 , although merely in its infancy, was yet eon from won: • g condition. The number of meshes August, fe males 1844, the i 600, the number announced at theist ,200 . dried, ironed..., „ the present number enrolled. The annul o 1,0001., and the balance in hand , alto lies were 45,124 raids wished we , a • bilitiee, was 3501.-Dr. 11• id m .ved, aril tides ed, the adoption of the report, which ins .' ...dur i tn d g th ingp Lpast live iodb‘t d to.-Auditors for the ensuing year was - e - 11,960 ; and the which, on the motion of Dr. Wilms, The charge to the , Walker, it was agreed to extend a warm one, includ'. the society, by establishing a ben • washing depart. ant l life assurance. After the tranaltalfil the drying closet, i • urines' the morning meeting terabits/ nee ptions to anon bs'unc a bout seventy of the members of the alb • P e • : di n ner, Thomas Wyse, Esq., in the cher. acri bathers, washers, the cloth, the customary loyal toasts was Expenses of the tin' letters of apology for nonattendance wen 161., which leave a t Talfourd, M.P., Mr. Ewan, M.P., Hr. , „,.,_ Whet , choletield, M.P. and Mr. Moonily, M.P. '""`°: • • r i . completed, r r unavoidable absence, but expressed the o of the ohjects of the society.-The Clint. ed to give the toast of the evening, " Sea of Preceptors." We regret to say that '.., , se theide f e . nui e cy x .e te tan i i id ndg mg' th. . eci ilib ., • ment given the qici can's observations were but indininctly THE PRINCE i of the room. He said that the aleiety hid ro years, a fact which in itself formed some PARS. -Yestra. road into Hyde- ay Ones"; and, seeing that it appealed to p only one among a thousand clan opened to the p b • and equestrians. • , it was really a matter of con• only to the society, but to all the THE 15C0 ,,, t ion. Obstacles they 'had met with, sad having had and r but every man who advocated intellectail of their wareho , it ect them. The object was a glorious au, bags of sugar at th. ontending for. The progress of any gnat white clayed, bet it reached ultimate success, pei.crally cur duty of 16s. 41. .. res. Fiest it was an idea starting up is the having appear. d thoughtful individual, when it was cox mainly na p ear. b •el a crotchet. When be had matured it, official landing • imbue his neighbours with his idea, hens up, and their le . the question became his hobby. He per. the view of pre .• • • , and the hobby soon became a horse, sad lowing new rep a I the importance of a great national of the landing ; step, then, from general acceptance to registering Mile r, for the landiti • was . tment but a short one. Palk ng throughout the length and breadth ri warehouse eeps. i catty was omnipotent, and the "crotchet" at I gamated with the established laws of the hie, to show that no man who hoped to Paghtheade"eno f tr fn e r y ac , th tie p., ~e w 1 .•• That the lanui• g good need expect to enjoy much private willing to undertake the drudgery of the count a sped: • for the weig..t never expect that his hobby would have the he (Mr. Wyse) bad already alluded. Pa for educational reform had been made, hat i st s t co oewipi ntai ltik n ih ed : , 74 7 et, tied to be d; ne. He rememln red the MU the grow., and •io on actually was, whether nation - .1 Murano pitulation of t-ae i positive evil? He had heard the late Mt the different arts ali an opinion in the affirmative. Now the la each entry. h n education could best be promoted, and in detained for be al-. question it would be impossible to outlook the board's sal ct he blue books of the House of Commons tea the totals oft .e w much reform was needed in that suorter. scribed to the •• er examined by the commissioners of idea- written agtir..t ell the meaning of the word "hemisphere; corded at the • • Irishman he was sorry to say, was met in this • porting ship. • A pupils a moral lesson by rushing out of tlie e. iibstract,unk ,,, , head "to look at a fight." (A laugh.) The be necessary • ime.school, on being asked whether she it agreeably to Is ttle boys in morals, replied, " No, indeed; Orders have' -A ly fit for girls." ( Laughter.) Then on beieg adopted, and - • to pupils she had, she replied she did not mmmieeioners expressed riarprise, and asked u , ii in n d ted eed th ; e s in he ?- hii to d r w eha hich her h. B r 1a ye recordedregulationsn nn . r e nn • d suffered for counting greater CAM , . • merchants b to och was the state of public education in MORTAL T in many parts of the continent it wee return it ap .. rte hon. chairman took a rapid glance at the aiding Jan 8 ion on the continent, and proceeded to sq. illernespondii r .cators of this country only showed thenuelvel his m ib i p n l i e d z :a gn .. nd in (G kn t r a w was every disposition on the part of the pair frietery, how cv by 236 than • intent to assist them. They must I,+.k (ornate deaths last. , e . the coming generation would be in a paid* from typht s , any that had gone before. They were SOW 111111 t district of age of steam and of electricity, two agents of " carbon hortly do away with the divisions of promo"ingdoms , years. ingdoms, and at last make Europe itself one THE Pl. • al republic. The hon. member concluded, " As a lone w *en, by proposing a' Success to the College defences. ; The toast was drunk with three times three Brighton, i lave.-Mr. Gunter briefly returned thanks, urprise e society, now so tiourishine, owed its existence open, af , -e i made by Mr. Parker, of Brighton.-The out rained, Mc Le President and Vice-President."-Mr. Kirby themselves .1. nks.-" The President and Council." - Mr• that mare! I '. Reid severally returned than ks. -The other demi come lo &airman's list were then disposed of, end the boarded b . rated. ' children b • ItEFoass.—A meeting of the parishes of , thing of tl.i St. George, Bloomsbury, to consider the near dear Gark•. y reform, and the expediency of memonallej a glass-a d nt for a repeal of the window duties, was to pay tax s. aing,at the Angel Tavern, high-street,B lool ' • when, at . mpson, on being called to the chair, read a keg meat by Lisa his evidence before the sanitary commissioner% have said, at hie own experience that much of the offal that there was a carried away , by sewers never found its way known to vas retained in cesspools, &a, and thesee girls coarse. ..ks. . s effluvia, producing fevers an d other dlessela nonsense , f er, ea was the necessity for acing refer%Y have let my it would be comparatively useless if not atone now, I's' removal of the window tax.-Dr. Epos moved no doubt ti ution, viz.:- house, sir. it amount of disease arising from p r eventiblecatur known to • in every part of the empire, entaihns en° nom pit. be bound I • the plate . the dark, shall take , n L Übe teat iaabet:ll:hprubehyecl:grheelYatie:omit'eLedffemepc:ralotreaudpocygr 7hn'thedt''‘e:w'h:Pruyarhewa'seli.ridebodf"ting"l7 nd limb..