The Express. — London, England, 1851-03-15 00:00:00

LITERATURE. The Pkwbos tf: livirr. ream, tAe First.—The Fonweta, By . :initx helium Author of ”Tbie Barn Lampe Arehiteetsry " " Ma a ss fainters," &e. With Iputtratitsst by tie Author. Loudon Smith, Elder, and it., ISSI. St Mr. Ruskin, by his " Modern Painters" and the tiles en lumps Architt !ure, " plated himself at the head of English criticism of art. The faults of those works have indinetly added to the witness which has hen ls.rnar to the Item ut this writer ; for although them are /11111alg —o34llre manifest than action* and alt hough they base been exposed over and over again by advent• criticism, they have nut dimmed use lustre of a name which now im mediate!v •aggreAs to every hearer of it an almost lioulaUt,s power of perceiving abeauty anti of conveying its perceptions by the noblest language to the minds of others ; these errors have rather shown themselves to be the errors of haste, which must almost inevitably appear in the teach ings. of a num mho knows iamb inure than he can hope to have time to utter, and who feels that the matter to he propounded is of vastly more impart than the mo a n. r prtsponuding it. True it is that Mr. Ruskin 's manner is equal in splendour to that of any other prose writer Living; but its splendour us well as its slight and nuntitis.t deletts. is the result of his haste and to impress his knowledge upon the hearts of other nun. the ...Stones of Venice" will greatly and justly 1111• AIM Mr. ltuskin's fame. Under this await un practical sounding tide we have probably . the must practical work which has ever lien written upon arthitecture. We do not speak unadvisedly. We have made a rather extensise acquaintance with the worthiest archilmtural literature of Englund. France, antrGennutiy ! but ton cull to mind no work of a sig nificant* equal to that of the work beton. us. I%e have; mud many hooks more "hurried "--that is to buy more abundant in the IA petition of stale mutter —than the ...Stones of Venice;" many more carefully written, and file fiom faults, us well of judgmebt as of style ; 1111111‘ • illip'llll/11S and minute in analy ais of mini ir ',fiats and isolated elements ofthe art ; but never beb.re have we been delighted and surprised with such a torrent of inigiuiil und profound, yet lucid thought, as that wherewith we have been hur ried along, from pow to page, and from chapter to chapter, of Mr. Ruskin's new volume. of that a Inch forms the hulk and most valuable portion or this work as. tali give our residers no ade• quart idea, plates being required and given at every step or Mr. ltuskin's argument. We must content ours( Item with making a few remarks, and with giving a few specimens of, the matter of the intro ductory chapters, which are confintd to general prinriph s. Mr. Ruskin maintains, with a tome of persua s i o n, illustration, and argument. which few will be able to resist. that the hitherto almost unheard-of Vene tian Gothic is the hest architecture, and that the style which we at invent adopt in England for must of oar secular buddingn, namely the Italian einque mato, is the worst architecture in the world. Against this architecture of the rrmoOtenner, which has now Iw an employed almost exclusively all over the civilised world Air nose than three centuries, Mr. Ruskin is m ter weary of inveighing. Ile speaks of its rise, progress, and influent* in these foreible terms: C.. 1111. Ah. 1117E111 RI:. An. the tholdes in exii•tilice. ooitlicrn or northern, were corrupted at .$11C•. The German and French loot them-' r Ito a iu every 1 , 114141, of isltTJVUltilatt• ; the Englidl Gothic w moaned, iu its noianity, by a strait-waiNteout Of per p• tolieular linos; the Italian ettlorewed on the mail, land' 1 , 1100 the nicaningleri ornionentati 0000 of the Centrum of Voisin ••••1 the Cathedral of Como .tilt sometimes ignornntly • :•lled Italian liothic), and at Vi "ice Tutu the inOpial MU ta•i"n of the Porta della Carta and wild crochets Of St. Mark's. corruption of all architecture, eapecially et-, • leshrtical, riirresponded with and marked the state of re- lotion over alt hump'—the peculiar degradation of the Itroinani.t taiperstition, and of 'oolitic ni••ridity in Wane 0,111'111;r ; which linought oliout the Iteforinuti 0000 the popuey AMA' two aretit diciaiuna of ailaeratarie.- protcstanta in to rniany and Erwlantl, ra tow.iliata in France “1111 It.ily ; the usw naluiritw the puri tii ation of relitriuti. the 1.1111 . r it ileatruction. The prw tratant kept the relit/not, but twat aide the herisie. of Itonte. and with thi-n, her azta, by which laat rejection he ituurail hi. tow charm. 1.. r, enraged hi. intellect in rernaing 1.. gain it on. of it+ notili cat milt,. nuiterially 1111111- 1ii..1114 It may be a wriou. ilue.tion how far tin p plaint' of tlic Itefunuatiiin has tarn a conailluenta. of thia kept the arts and east aside the riligion. Thi• ritionalt•tie art i• the art roinuionly called Re saisiiiuter, marked hy a vellum to Pagsts iirtente, not to adopt them anal hallow then, for Christianity, but to rank itself under thew as au imitator and pupil. • In pointing it is beao,kd by lanai° Rossano and Nicol° l'utisdn ; ut archi tecture by Nos."? and Palladio. . . Instant . .l. gradation followed in every dinvtion ; a final of folly sail lieporri.y. >lt thologica ill-understood at first, then pertert. it into beible tem:dines, take the place or the reprenotatots of Christian auby, et., which had heroine blasphemous per the tivatment of men like the earacei. beds without power, satyr. without rusticity. nymphs wothout insionnee, wen a ithout humanity, gather into 1411ot groups upon the poluted cent as., and weenie air. eta boo. I neumber the streets with pre posti•n.us marble. Lower sail lower declines the I. e.I 1.1 .41.u5t31 totellie t ; the base taebool of lands. ape gradually tour's the place of historical 'endow, wlio It had sunk into prurient pedantry. 'I he Alvitan sub' . 'nes 1.1( $lll, ,tor, the confectionary kb:alines of Claude, the dull manufacture of Gasper and Canaletto, *oath of the Alps; and int the north, the putient devotion of liew.ttial lives to di lineation of briekv and fogs, fat cattle and dark-water. And thus Christianity mil morality, roomer and intellect. and art, all crumbling together into o tl . • n•rk, ar ar,- hurried 110 to the fall of Italy, the revo lution in France, and the eondition of art in Englanil (..said by her protestantistu trim severer penalty) in the tine i.f linorizi• 11. • • • . ILai , ed at once into all the manefgenee of wlsh-h it (reonissaleet architecture) was caps hl. 1-, Nichael Antnio, then taken up by men of real intellect and iunginatu.n, such WI SI%11:011A,i. SIIIIIIOIIOIi, 104C0 JOOCII, 911.1 V, 011, it is iwp.ts.iblc to intimate the extent of its ...in the Kungsan mind ; 111111 that the more, because fro iiersous an. • st rued with painting, and, of thugs. few, 'anger nunds r regard it with slight attention ; hut all nun sr contented is ith architecture, and have, at some lintel; of gleir scriou. business with it. It dues not much that all individual loses two or three hundred pounds ' uyin,g a hod picture, but it is to he regretted that a na -1 shonld line two or three hundred thousand in T....Hz a rillirti!otts building. Nor is it merely wasted wealth t -t .listempernl omeeption which we hate to regret in this ,• arehitertare ; hut we shall find in it partly the st' partly the expr. 4..sion, of certain dominant evils of roplutication and ignorant classical -4 the one destn.ying the bealthfulnow of general *u nity, the oth e r rendering our schools sad universities tac k n to a large number of men who peas through them. The merits of the Venetian Gothic arc established by at num..• of reasoning and illustration which we comot follow out here: the fundamental principles, however. ire for the most part repetition. of, or deductions from. the principles enunciated in the Seven l.ampo." The great work of approximating, and. in some regard... identifying the ultimate mend. of moral, and of art, is taken up again in :his volume, and is wmught out, we think, in a morel popular and convincing manner than in the "Seven [Jamt..." Tie spirit of Mr. Ituskin's work, and also maw:thing of its purituse, may be gathered front the pa.sag-, concenting " the virtues of archi tecture: TII, YlRTl'fag OT ARCIIITTLITIRE. So, then, thew are the two virtues of building . first the signs of man's own good work : secondly. the rapre..ion of 11.111 . • delight in latter work than his own. And these are 'he two virtue. of which I wish my reader. to be able kly to judge, at !east in wine measure ; to have a deli• site opinion up to ar. rtain point. Beyond a certain point he cannot form 01W. When the intuit of the building is gnat. gnat .viva. , it of course required to taimprebend it ; and then fore, of ditficult bridges, and lighthouse., and har bour wall., and river dykes, and railway tunnels. an judg m. nt can he rapidly fi;rm...l. Ilia of common buildings, built in coninnin tinnnetaisees, it is very possible for every man, or woman, or child, to form a jnilinnent both rational and r a pid. Then., nercs.ary, or even posiable, features are but Go ; the laws of their nmstruetion an , as simple at they an , ant. riating. The labour of a few hours is enough to ni. !. r the nailer abutter of their main points ; and front this ointment he will find in himself a power of judgment • can neither be escaped nor deceived, and discover &W.! , !ft of interest where everything had before appeartal 1 . , r• •.. For thou g h the laws are few and simple. the llctlet of oh.-dieue, to them are not so. Every building I. .at. it. own r. .o , retuents and diAkulties ; and every 1 ..4 building has peculiar appliances or contrivances to M. , : them. Understand the law, of structure, and vou • ; fed the opeial difficult, in every pew building which V • sipproach ; and you will know also• or feel in.tinctively r it has been wisely met or otherwise. And an " • , mous number of buildings, and of styles of buildings, a will lie slay to east aside at once, a, at variance with • , • c!mttant lane of structure, and therefore unnatural * ! monstrous. ..• I hen as regards decoration, I want you only to consult it own natural choice and liking. There is • right and .nduz in it; but j•lu will assuredly like the right if you your natural in-tinct to lead you. Half the evils in r .s world muse from people not knowing what they do • nut d. liherattly sAting thernselvm to find out what .y really en!oy. All people enjoy giving away money. instance; (hi; don't know that—th 9 rather think they like keeping it; and they do keep it, under this Albs im prelPloll, often to their great discomfort. lserybody likes to do good; but not one w a hundred finds Min out. Mal think they like to do esil ; yet no man ever really enjoy's' doing evil sines Gml male the world. Jo in this louse matter of ornament, it ards some little eare to try eeperimente upon 'massif; it needs deliberate question and upright answer. lint there is no difficulty to he overcome, nn abstruse reasoning to be gone into; only a little watchtnlness needed, and thoughtfulness, and so much honesty se will enalah, you to conk., to yourself, and to all men, _that you enjoy things, though great authorities say you ebould nut. This boob.. sem( what like pride, but it is true humility, trust that you hate been so created as to enjoy what is fitting for you, and • willingness to he pleased, as it was in tended you should Ise. It is the child's spirit which we arc then most happy when we most recover; only wiser than children in that we are able to think it • subject of thank fulness that we can still be pleased with a fair colour or a dancing light. And, above all, do not try to make all these pleasures remonahle, nor to connect the delight which you take in ornament with that which you take in construction anal mefulnesm They have no eonnexion, and every effort that you make to argue from one to the other will blunt your mese of beauty, or confuse it with sensations altogether inferior to it. You w. re souk for enjoyment, and the world was tilled with things that you will enjoy, unless you are two proud tube pleased by them, or too grasping to care for what you cannot turn to other account then mere ltenieniber that the most beautiful things in the world are the most is, dos. peacocks and billies fur instance; at Iraq, I supper, that this quill 1 hoick in nay baud writes better than a pewenek's would ; and the peasant. of Vevay, whos e mid, is. s 1 riot time urr as white with !Miss as the Dent du Midi, with its mow, told me the hay was none the better for them. Mr. Ruskin halt hitherto confined himself to the architectures which have been. Perhaps he will some day turn his brilliantly suggestive mind to the consideration of the urehitevture which, by and by, may be. In the "Seven Lamps" he makes trangnittrile one of the very first essentials of effective architec ture. We were never more convinced of the truth of this remark than on beholding, for the first time, the " Crystal Palace ' " front the bridge over the Ser pentine, ut un hour of the day when the sun's rays were reflected at such un angle as to deprive the building of its transparency. It was the finest piece of architectural effiet we have seen for many a day. Mr. Ruskin is frequent in his analogies lie tween natural and architectural effects. The gigantic edifice, from the point mentioned, has the sublime effect of a precipitously bounded table land, traversed through the centre by a bold ridge of rocky hill. When we remember how simply and at how very small a cost this effect has been (ttained, we are titreibly reminded of what might he done in iron and glass, wet magnitude and splendour made distinct ends, and pursued regardless of cost, instead of resulting, as now. til•111 accidental necessity, and under rigid econnmicul limitations. Mr. Iftakin Raylf of the Glass l'alnee, considered as an architectural work : Th.. earth ha : bubbles as the water bath, And this is of than ; hut we cannot quite agree with him in the principles by which he justifies his scorn of all architecture in which the foundrT and the turning-lathe have had any part. This, however, is not a ques tion upon which we have space to enter at length enough to confute the reasons alleged by Mr. Ruskin against the possibility of a true style of architecture in glum and cast-iron. • _ in addition to the great and various permanent interests of the " Stones of Venice," the work will awaken a lively sew:teflon of a more transitory cha racter by the hard and telling side-blows which arc aimed in it against those who are in anv way aiding and abetting the growth of popery in V.ngland. A. . I ftervice of very high importance indeed is rendered by Mr. Ruskin in the short but brilliant notices which are given by him of the state of Romanist art sine the Reformation. A few wholesome words concerning what young ladies call the ":esthetic element of the Rennin!' worship will serve as a diming bonne-bouche to this brief and nmsnarily in adequate notice of one of the most remarkable works un art which have appeared in this century. Curries snit siicirrraeleitr. It is of the highest importance, in these days, that Ro manism should be deprived of the ntiserable inflame,. whirl' its pomp and foicture-quenees have given it user the weak sentimentalism of the English people; I call it a miserable influence, for, of all motives to sympathy with tlie church of Rome, this I unhesitatingly class IS the basest; I can, in some nwasere, respect the other feelings which here been the beginnings of apo-tat y ; I ran respect the desire for unity which would reclaim the Romanist by love, anal the distrust of his own heart, which subject* the proselyte to priestly power; I say, I can respect these feelings, though I cannot pardon unprincipled submis.ion to them, nor tough wonder at the infinite fatuity of the unhappy per sona whom they base betrayed. Fatuity, self-in dicted, and stubborn, in resistance to Gold's wood a nd roan's rel.lllll . .—to talk of the authority of the chureh. as if the church were anything else than the whole company of Christian man, or were ever spoken of in Scripture as other than a company tube taught and fed, nut to teach and feed. Fatuity !to talk of a separation of church and state, as if a Christian state and every officer therein were not necessarily a part of the church, and as if MIT state officer could do his duty without tEltirlMltlfilla JO rid and promote religion, or any clerical officer do his duty without seeking fur such nisi anol accepting it. Fatuity! to I seek for the unity of a living body of truth and trust in (lad, with a dead hotly of lies and trust in wood, anal thence to expect anything OW than plasme and consumption by worms Ulki)iug, for both. Blasphemy- as well as fatuity! to ask for any better interpreter of God a word than God, or to expert knowledge of it in any other way than the plainly ordered way; if any man will Du he shall li Now. But of all thine fatuities, the bawd is the being lured into the Romish church by the glitter of it, like larks iota, a trap by broken glass; to be blown into a change of religion by the whine of an organ-pipe ; stitched into a new coed by gold threads on priests' petticoats; jangled into a change of conscience by the chime* of a belfry. I know nothing in the shape or error so dark as this, no imbecility SO abso lute, no treachery so comtemptible. • • • • • • • • • • I should have said all that I have barn say log above, of artistieal lapidary, if Giotto had been living in Flonnee, and if art were dill doing all that it did once for Mime. But the gnsonesa of the error heroines in comprehensible, as well as unpardonable, when we lank to what a level of ilegrailation the human intellect has sunk at tine instant iu Italy. Su far from Rornanism producing anything great in art, it cannot even preserve what has burn given to its keeping. I know no abuses of precious inheritance half so grievous as the alinse of all that is best in art wherever the Romanist priesthood gets puraescion of it. It amounts to absolute infatuation. The noblest pieces of medi.eval sculpture in North Italy, the two gritting at the central (west) door of the catluelnd of Verona, were daily permitted to be broug ht the autumn of 1849, a washerwoman livingin the Piazza, who tied her clothes li nes to their beaks, and the shafts of St. Mark's, at Venice, were used by a salesman of common caricatures to fasten his prints upon ; and this in the face of the continually passing priests; while the quantity of noble art annually destroyed in alter-pieces by candle-droppings, or perishing by pure brutality of neglect, passes all estimate. I do not know, as I have repeatedly stated, how far the splendour of architecture, or other art, is compatible with the honesty and usefulness of religions service. The longer I live the tuurc I incline to severe judgment in this matter, I and the leas I trust the sentiments excited by painted glass &ad coloured tiles. But if there be ibdeed value in such ' things, our plain duty is to direct our strength against the superstition which has dishonoured them ; there are thou sands who might possibly he benefited by them, to whom they sae now merely an acme, owing to their association with idolatrous ceremonies. I have but this exhortation I for all who lose them, not to regulate their creed. by their taste in colours, but to hold calmly to the right, at whatever present cost to their imaginative enjoyment ; sure that they w ill one day final, in heavenly truth, a brighter charm than in ear** imagery, and striving to gather stones for the eternal building, whom: walls shall be salvation, mid ' 1 whose gates shall be praise. A Selection from the Poem. and Dramatic ll'orks of Theodor Korner. By the trawdator of the " Nibelungen Treasure." William* and Norgate. The true fume of banter rests less upon his writings than upon his life--less upon his life than upon his death. Of his poems, none could equal the poetry of his career; of his tragedies, none could harni;th so sad a catastrophe as his untimely fate. Korner was one of The doubly dead, in that he died so young. He fell near the Elbe. at the age of two-and-twenty— the age of Gaston de Foix when he fell at Ravenna. Like Gaston, he died at the moment of victory ; like Gaston, he was brave; while at the same time he could boast of greater genius and a better cause. Like our own Earl of Surrey and Sir Philip Sidney —who both died young—he adorned, with the poet's graces. the virtues of the knight. Like Andre 'teenier—who died young, one of the earliest victims of the French revolution—the patriot in his nature was inspired by the poet ; and in each case, death, while it consummated the one character, leg the other undeveloped. Like Chatterton and Bellini, Korner "perished in his pride," before his genius had borne much fruit, but, like those illustrious men, the fruit which he did produce was of the ripest and rarest. Who does not know the famous "" of the ' Song Swardr—itis last and fined composition—from the reading of which to a friend, he was called away— to die. But how few English readers are acquainted THE EXPRESS, SATURDAY EVENING, MARCH 15, 1851. !with his general works,—their tenderness, grace, literary reputation, are of course matters for consi pathos, and true poetry,—the fact Out a great deration. But, in the meantime, we may safely number of them, through the want of a translation, recommend Mr. ('ramp's pamphlet as an interesting have been prohibited to the great majority of readers, contribution to a must curious subject of literary has been a very sufficient reason for this. Most of inquiry. those omissions. however, are supplied in the volume Past and Future Entiyraton. Mited by thu Author of before U 3-11 very able translation, reflecting the " Five Years in Katferiand." Newby. meaning of the poet, as Pulse says books should be I This book, which is understood to contain the • read— , result of the exp er i ence of Lieut.-Col. E. Napier, in la the same spirit that the author writ," !the Kaffir war of 1t41.5-6, is very acceptible at this and in verse as elegant and harmonious as ono moment, when another war is in hand at the Cape. might expect from the trunslator of the " Nibelungen The author's opinions o n th e t rea t ment o f the Kaflirs Treasure.' ;by the colonists are : that a judicious sternness should supersede that vacillating course of alternate Junius and hie Works, compared frith the Character and , severity anti fraternal ki n d ness w hi c h h as mar k e d IrrisMe if PAiliP L l °r..er S le "' ha P e, Earl of ('heater. I the recent goventinent of that colony. In the intro ./feel. By WILLIAM CRAMP, author of the " f'hilosophy 1 of Language ." Hope and Co., Great Marlborough- duction to the volume, a passage occurs which is Street. just now especially interesting, as indicating the Fat-simile Autooraph Letters of Junin!, Lord Chester- difference of public opinion at home and at the field, and .11rs. Ilayrolle, ke. ply WILLIAM CLAMP. ' c ape ; Hope and Co. RCMOCRS or THE ILATTIR NEAR Although the sy m p toms preced i ng , and but too plainly The " Man in the Iron Mack "—the celebrated Mrs. I Harris—the author of " Jane Eyre "—the murderer I prognostieuting the sweeping and all-destroying ennttagra of Elna Grimwood—are all mysterious personage!l Lion which so suddenly desolated so fine, though ill-fat e d, in their own way ; but the "Mystery of Mysteries and ever abused a portion of the British dominions were-- %T i n n e o pi p . re et e i e4tio u ti n s ,ee be n in a g n re u d to divert .. the ut kem i ncling upon which more settee and nonsense, logic and t e en, its latent and smoulderin tl t s z lti t ni ei Co i was ne t t i ttrtliras . blundering, fact and fancy, terseness and twaddle, have been wasted, than would be convenient to sum generally well known to the inhabitants, and the consequent up either on a summer's day or a winter's evening— results torettlel by minty, who judging of the future from is assuredly the uuthorship of Junius. the past, thea fully anticipated the eVlis which have since The controversy, after a stormy career of nearly a be fallen, and well- n i g h overw h e h ue d ' a large portion of this nltapp co:ony. centeity, seemed to have quietly subsided into truth- That sued, wan the case. long before those evils actually Lion and the " Gentlemen a Magazine," when the in- occurred, is fully c..rtificel by the following appeal sent forth genions antiquary, Mr. Britton, a year or two ago, to the British public front the borders of the eastern Iron slightly disturbed the calm by a capfull of wind, tier, es far back as the. y ear 1843 : entitled "Junius Elucidated." As it was founded " From the tar plains of Southern Africa, from the shady ll • • eys, from the wooded banks of gliding streams and noisy upon the somewhat absurd hypothesis that Colonel to va mmte, from the dark r mice of the deep ravines, from Burrs, Lord Shelborne, and 'Hie Attorney-General the cultivsted lands of the industrious settler, from the nen Dunning, were the mysterious persons upon whom filled cattle told of the idle and ferocious savage, from the the eves of political Europe had been so long directed, smoky hut of the indolent Hottentot, and from the tent and nobody took much notice of this pruluecion, save and bivouac oftbe'lleecrire of ' Trut o fi n . b:-• sal j e s ts except an elaborate and painstuking writer in the which phil an thropists — fallacious.e: ow iothitig ecain, r w e ho h r t o ll mantici h ee is at ' out Athenawm —and the subject would mo s t probably severe and slavery till ye get entangled in a web of meta have returned—to use a time-honoured formula of physics of your own weaving, from which ye have neither sarcasm—to " that obscurity from which it ought tile power nor the courage to retreat—who would leave the never to have emerged"—when the pamphlets before savage in undisturbed possession of a vast tract of country as much in want of population as Englund is the reverse; us made their appearance, who would take the yoke from the slave's neck, and send ' In his preface, Mr. Cramp refutes the most power- hint forth fret indeed in body, hut trammelled in mind with ful argument of the opponents of his position, which sin and sorrow, since he knows not how to live or earn a ' is a chronological one. I lebrytt's " Peeraa ' t" has been hiving — hear the voice of ' Truth!' relied upon as an authority that L o ad Ches t er fi e ld .. And ye political econoinists, wh o ra il a t t h e expenses diet, died, at a very advanced age, wh e n Junius was i which tall on the maim by the maintenance of a l arge n army (grumbling at the effect, yet wilfully blind to thu his full career. This is known to be an e rr or , and cause)—Lear the voll'l, of ' Truth !' " there can he no doubt about the truth of Mr. Cramp's The author attribute's all the evils which have for I statement, that " Lord Chesterfield died on the 2•lth so many years disturbed the peace of the Cape of Mani, 17 . d, the ta , ilith that Junius so myaleriusuly colony to the ignoratee of the home: authorities as to I disappeared? And Nlr.Cratinp naturally considers it the real condition of Naffraria. Had the officials of ' "extraordinary that both Mr. WadeandNlr.Coventrv, Downing-street beer fairly acquainted with all the ' who profess to have exit aaa i l ted the claims of Loki facts of the ease, Colonel Napier believes that Sir Chesterfield, should refer to the authority of "Ili..- brett's Peerage," when so important a filet might " nor the Benjamin D'Urbait would not hav e be en su p erse d e d, I downfall of his system been followed by have been aver:nitwit by an examination of the pe- the withdrawal of oar tones tivin their recent con- : riodicals of the day, or to the " Memoirs of Lord ntik stS' ' by the destmetiou or desertion of our midi- ' Chesterfield." The next Dint is the stone of Lord • tare posts and forts, erected at an enormous cost, , Chesterfield's mental faculties at the time when th e a an by the further shameful abandonment of a terri- I letters appeared. lie has been represented by many tory ceded to us by tic enemy so far back as l'510." , —andn, indeed, has represented hintself--to have Colonel Napier's impressions on the relative position I both mentally and physically infirm, and "sunk of colonists and Kaffirs arc set down fairly in the into the lowest abyss of misery," at that period; hut, following extract : apart front the obvious motives which, supposing him PROTECTED KArrlll.ol AND CEPROTECTED COLONISTS. I to he Junius, would have induced him to affect these Having arrived at Algte Bay, and whilst proceeding disqualitieations, the fact is contradicted by more through the province of Albany, towards the scene of i than one circumstance. In a letter to Voltaire, dated operations, that entangled web of opposed and conflicting I (let. 24,1771, his lordship congratulates himself upon statements which had at hest so greatly puzzled and per- I retaining his five senses in their full vi go ur—hi s pleats', gradually cleared away , and vanished like a die- solving tuba before the mid-day sun of facts and tann I ic- hearing, of cours e, exeepted ; and this at the very tim e non. I when ho was asserting the reverse in unother quarter. 1 now li stened to the sad laments of the British settlers, . Any person who is not most absurdly ignorant of who, at the instigation of oar government, and in full t•e- i had left the hearth- I est: these remote et tl m iei n r te ra w tt. d es s ,.a .n nete w azi , ed t c h i t s et ilisa al to n ii de em n the lite and writings of the brilliant and amain_ hance of its subsequent puteetion, plished nobleman in question, can entertain no doubt e ... l d in to du th ,i i i 3 I am to the high character of his intellect and attain- t'au-, and left nearly to the.r own resources, NM now, for 1 ments: of his wit—his powers of satire—of the the second time, all the hard-earned fruits of their labour I vigour and grace of his style; of his possessing, in destroyeil, their tproperty aid cattle carried off, and the eon- i uished the gifted short, every quality which disting tiugratiosi of their cottages and hamlets—l heard the wail I and mysterious author of " Junius." The next ques- o f f er th:Tin'les:relinele.ind-c"wat'iolnh: c o r f ie t lu e ft eu he in ti , t d ipT a tect e ed e or l is r l i nen m , tion for considerution is the ottutirc which could have a nd progress I daily say large tracts of land abunilon3 induced a man of pleasure—of Wit—of society—to and laid waste-1 beheld the blackened ruins of farm-houses ! make so many sacrifices for the mere .anonymous and dwellings—churches hem-holed and barricad“l fur honour. defence—cottages gutted, reales., and deserted, surrounded I "To answer this inquiry," says Mr. Crump, "it by now bare and d exert tracts, will be necesaary to rider to his lordship's connexion Where Nue the g arden omitted ; 1 And etlll when sous a garden Sower grew wild. With the court, and with the parties eulogised or con- Destruction had of late evident' Y ridden rough-shod over 1 demned in the letter to Lord 'fownshend," the account this fated province, and had plante d her iron heel on the of which was published in 1760, and which Mr. very suburbs of Graham's Town, its rising capital. ' Britton has all hut proved to have emanated from On passing through these heart-rending scenes, or view the pen of Junius. rag these recent traces of a relentless and cruel foe, every The rsons pronounced to be on friendly terms fee tin o , oven foe the poor sufferere, gave way to an peuncon trolled and ardent resentment • and I now felt doubly with the writer of that letter are Prince Ferdinand, eager to assist in dealing thrift die full measure of—what 1 ' the Earl of Albemarle, (lettered Wolfe, the Marquis heel every reason to believe—was but well merited retribu- ' of Gnutby, and M. de )hurgainville. The persons time, on these ferocious and all-destroying barbarians. I attacked or condemned are—the King, Lord Towns- Such warlike resolves were however doomed to be early bend, Lord George Saekville, and the Scots. nipped in the very bud—and lay surprise was great, on •' With regard to the first of th e s e arriving at the "scene of operations," to find those opera- ' parties." eon- lions confined to the establislatuent of two permanent camps ' tinues Mr. Cramp, "it may be observes' that Prince --one on the coast, at Waterloo Bay, the other at Block ' Ferdinand was one of the few who had not slighted Drift, near Fort Beaufort; and that instead of being CM- 1 Mr. Stanhope (Lord Chesterfield's son) on the score' ployml in chastising the savages, in tracking them like ' of illegitimacy. General Wolfe was emphatically toasts of prey into the death,feetnewee.:Loef t 1;: jungle, and folLow litilnttme se u , i . s ei o s t an he il ve.;y ent , _ styled the friend of Mr. Stanhope. 'lie father of tes-ctu re: tl:e n, t t t o r r " r?l i lie - a e t re of e a r e n Lord Albemarle Was the earliest patron of Mr. Stan- African summer—literally roasting under their frail canvan. ' hope, and, till his death, on terms of great intimacy tenements, in a fiery glare of intolerable light, with the ! with Lord Chesterfield. As regards M. de Bourpio. thermometer ranging at the average hei g ht of 120 degrees. ' This, thong yille his name is only once intr o du ce d ; b u t hi s hat first sight rather strange, was, on lures- I t i tn i , , easily to i t . aceounted fur —the old system had again ' friendship for Lord Chesterfield will account for the ht I play—a takers p ttanthropy again in accuracy of some of the facts detailed in the ' Letter.' " the ascendant, and its advocates once more paramount. I Afteran allusion to the relation of Junius to the Nlarquis The consequence wets, that instead of fighting—truces, ' of Granby, Mr. Cramp adds—" Thus, it will be seen palaver, proclamations, and protestations were the order of 1 that four at least out of the five heroes eulogised by the day ; and these crafty barbarians, after having worsted e hus in theld, now fairly outwitted us in the "cabinet. the writer were either friends of L or d Ch es t er fi e ld or of Mr. Stanhope, whose disappointed ambition is The endless blunders, turmoils, fruitless excursions, I depredations, deceptions, and restrictions which pa- supposed to have given rise to this extraordinary letter to Lord Townshend." ruined the military sent to operate against the incur- gent Kaftirs, are described by the Colonel with an ' This "disappointed ambition" contains the pith o f uncompromising pen. Ho very ably contrasts the : 1 the whole argument. Lord Chesterfield's anxiety on Exeter-hall portrait of the "peaceful and pastoral behalf of his hopeless son, led him, in 1769, to seek for the young man the honour of investing p r i nce Kaffir" with the savage as he appears i ss uing from . his fastnesses to invade the farm-yard of the Dutch I Ferdinand with the Order of the Garter, intended to settler. lie draws a vivid pi c ture of th e cra ft ' he conferred on his serene highness for his success of the savage armed with the moral protection with at Minden. This distinction Chesterfield flattered which himieelf he had metered; but his designs were de the mild laws of his civili se d e n em y h ave en compassed him ; and, sympathi s i ng i n t ense ly w i t h tented, most probably through the intrigues of Lord the . d . egraded condition of the Kaffir, he dafers in Townshend and Lord George Sackville. It is worthy of remark that Lord Chesterfield was not opunon from those who think that the savage is to among the knights who attended at the installation , be tamed by unaided and unskilful missionary labors. of the prince in May, 1760, just before the publication lln mercy to the savage, as well as in duty to thaw peaceful and ent er p r i s i ng E uro p eans w h o are of the letter to an - Honourable Brigadier General," those to turn a wilderness into a fruitful and his subsequent estrangement from the court a eudear°krikft he shows that it is necessary to make other the new king, George the Third, where he appeared. Furden , govern eieilueed communities, only once, is also a significant fact. It should als o ! m w s till" those which be remembered that Mr. Stanhope did not succeed in when dealing with a race with w h om phy s i ca l f orce ( is the only restraint. I gaining any employment until Mr. Grenville's ad- TREATMENT OP KAFFIR/I. ministration in 1763, when he was appointed envoy Indeed, in the very words of the celebrated missionary extraordinary to the Dirt at ltatisbon. " Even a , Vander Kemp "we have begun at the seroug end." The. seat in parliament was with difficulty obtained for; untutored mind of the savage must undergo preparatory him iu 1761, and this lee was induced to nsign in , measures of civilisation ere it be ready to receive the seeds 1764, and was never afterwards allowed to have a , of religion ; tha t p rec i ous seed will, as heretofo re , b e wan I tonly east to the wi n d s o f h eaven if entrusted to the hands seat in that as , of ignorant, uncaring husbandmen, or those who look to These and other reasons adduced by Mr. Cramp their own immediate gain, rather than the improvement would be amply sufficient to arouse the enmity of a, and lasting good of the vineyard under their hands. If, Africa, — fur s l t tt. speak , man so sensitive and worldly as Lord Chneterlisid., commencing with those contiguous to our frontier, it be the the savage hordes of For the numerous resemblances of style between hisli sTul; ' , E n . W tem bu can," as . ' - (7iit r b t o u n their has p u rt :t7 ht re d u e t it a ra ree e e t l i eti t h tt writings and those of Junius—reeemblances in turn! n „. - they of thought and mode of' expression—in countless! s c arcely considered wiraisedabovethe j ann y nal creation,"—we I shades of colouring, which, though frequently slight, must begin by attempting, by the medium of commercial in- 1 ewe nearly always significant—we must refer the tercuune, first partially to civilise them, or rather to make reader to the ingenious pamphlet before us. them feel the wants eff civilisation• and the comforts and ' properly quelifled for their red ailing stSme necessity of religion. This object once effected by means of Not the least important of Mr. Cramp's arguments: pen ... progress may be mede in an attempt, which, whatever may is that involving the question of handwriting. The fac-similes contained in the second pamphlet prove' he' asserted to the contrary, is now fully proved to have of gradual civilisation an d convers i on, an likewise '. beyond all doubt the. impossibility of the bold and hitherto been completely abortive. In furtherance of this vigorous penmanship of J u ni us b e i ng th e wor k o f purists+ t n et:.insurele o saa .. e:y tLe na e y the e very Lord Chesterfield's own hand, that nobleman's stylef ro n ti er et:- the c up of ooufrce,..olo , bein oal gas radically distinct as can well be lie next Hope, a and at Port Natal ( possessions —p ar ticu larly the question is : Did' he employ an amanuensis? and, if, latter—the importance of which is daily increasing), our so, whom did he employ ? It is obvious that, in a relations with the bordering savage tribes must be of the ~ pen . ) , ' most stern and uncompromising cha racter , un s wa y e d, u task so important and so secret, non e b u t a enjoying the highest confidence of the author could if b y any ptore n tende n d th o c e .e mi e.u •stake n philanthropy; in valuable colonies, they and have been so engaged; and the inference would be their inhabitant. most beefrectually um proteetsd i we must fi a I s t e l et eer, w b e that some friend performed the task rather than a on a well defined and defensible boundary, w hish no Kettle professional eenictime. Mr. Cramp has discovered a should, with impunity, be allow e d to p ass , an d we must be vers remarkable resemblance between the hand- te,,n tes asjealous ournne territorial ri g ht s , i n our intercourse with writing of the mysterious unknown and that of Mrs. h ii , iiiwil umn,„„. age*, a. we are In those respects with .• I/ayrolle, the wife of the most intim a t e friend of. • In sum:rung up his opinion"; on the existing state Lord Chesterfield, and whom he conc l u d es t h ere - I of thin in booth Africa, Colonel Napier makes the fore to have prepared the ma nuscr ipt s f or following; suggestions for the guidance of future the preys. Ily comparing the f ac - s i m il es o f t h e two specimens of penmanship Mr. Cramp has : le g it ' igt°r2- NECESSARY REFORMS AT tRE CAPE, certainly established a case of very remarkable re- 1 1 That the seat of government of the Cape of (load semblance. and thus strengthened the force of his , Hope be removed from Cape Town to some part of the hypotheses. Whether this hypothesis can be alto- , eastern province, the nearer the frontier the better, and that gather admitted, whether Mr. • Cramp can bo said t' the lemlityc , ho o sen be if possible at the mouth of one of those have settled the complex question which has pearled 1 r! ui r sc e narg tt eht i bem o sl hur es i t n h t ro o utlihe the uhr r n eat i l ../c h ean of . he th e mouth so many able brains. and whether Lord Chesterfield of the Butfalo-river, where a military post RA8 . 3,130L11 to be' is 10 be the gaiuer of so startling an addition to his established in March, letdi, being apparently well adapted for that purpose. That Kreili, as the ac'enowledged tWe have been acting to., much as if we were the only pro paramount chief of all Kaffirknee he alone treated with,' duccrs of goods, and that mankind meet come to our neer and that he be made responsible for the due fulfilment of kete. It will he made plain that we base alde as welt as any convention which may be mutually Nerved upon. numerous competitors; and that they have not eacriticed That any conventein or treaty entered into with that quality to prier to the extent we have done ; therefore they chief be hued en the execution of Sir Benjamin d'Crban's are likely ti Ice ei and enleree their &mewl to our &tel. eystem, as regards the colonial boundary, which would then meat, unless er • determine sto re generally to make our be fixed be the 'River Kei; that this measure be carried goods truly cheap, by making -them as useful and durable into immediate effect, with the further addition that the as they ought to be. In no respect can the Exhibition be territory so included be made certainly colonial, by the' more beneficial than in assisting to raise, in this important expulsion beyond it+ limits, of crery kalif', on pain of death i qualification, thu character of our manufactures. or deportation. That the enarnunicition between the I Mr. Felkin is engaged in the lace manufacture, eastern province and the settlement of Natal, be kept by a and therefore deeply interested in the improvement good mintary rued, connecting a chain of po e ts estelilielitet of the taste of our unietins. at the mouths of the Kei, of the Umtata, and the Cutsim- HEARING or THE EXHIBITION ON OXN AA EN A . emblem rivers. That properly defined rules b. enacted, Although the English manufacturer have ne tt l e , an d as to the footing on which is to be pl a c e d the commercial or ' rather bartering relations between Europeans and Kaffirs• must continue to turn out, hive,. piles of merchandi se , th e as likewise for the recovery of stolen property or cattle . Exhibition will teach the lemon emphatically, that they That the frontier be re•rer left without as adequate must be fraught with beauty. While we endeavour to in military for its protection and detence. We shall now deduce our redeem f or th e above swore-traduce l object , ' taken from the exhaustless variety of nature, it is imperative that we display them in their proper twins time., together with what we d eem t h e meet e ff ect i ve means and colours; grouping our mimic pictures with that case of carrying them intu effect. The chief reason fur the and grace which may please thedt-recurring gaze of in n:movel of the seat of government to the eastern province fancy, yet satisfy the intuitive accuracy of feminine huh., is that the latter being at present--and likely to continue so and the eye of the connoisseur in the art of design. —the locality requiring most the immediate presence and The bearing ot the Exhibition upon the subject of orna superintendence of the head of the colonial government, his ment is very apparent. The ingenuity of mankind in residence at the other extremity of the colony is attended creating wants, and finding new means to supply them, is with many drawbacks, counterbalanced by no sulequate even surpassed by the desire to obtain every article. whether advantages—" Cape Town being at au inconvenient distance expensive or common, of new forms, and in the utmost from the frontier, where alone, except in times of war with variety of colour and design. English mete has undoubt- Europe or America, any external danger is to he appre- Idly been touch improved during the last half-century, especially since the close of th e lest European war. Foreign hendol." Sir Benjamin le Urban is however our p r i nc ip a l authority fur the advocacy of this measure. The same rca- styles and patterns have, by their real excellence, and the son applies to the proposed capital being made con- preference so lung 'dimwit for them, stimulated our imitation tiguous as possible to the frontier; whilst the advantage of of the m ; and; aided by schools of design, have given a a seaport over an inland station requires no comment ; and marked impulse to the spread of more cornet ideae upon we had from the mouth of the naval officer—who was in this subject. This has taken place anumget manufacturers, 1846 sent in one of her Majesty's vessels to inspect and re- in the first last:wee, and then, with almost unhoped-for port ou the cutmnee of the Buthalu river—a most Lesion'. rapidity, has included the more h uge us minuet our able account of the results of his visit, as to ita capabilities in workpeople. In no period of the history of manufactures, whether of many respects; which statement w as further corroborated by the master of a merchant vessel, which lay at anchor Italy, Germany, Belgium, or France, has there ever been recorded such mtiefactory progress, within any finer% yeam, there fur several consecutiv e w ee k s . By d ea li ng w i t h as bus been witnessed in our o w n country since Ift:11, in apply the supreme paramount chief of K a tti r l un d, an d ma ki ng nip the arts of design, and in working out the true principles him the sole responsible agent --th e l oo p-h o l e th roug h of colouring and style. This is not the prevailing opinion which the inferior chiefs have hith e rto c ous t an tly eva d e d upon this point, y e t there seems no just realm to doubt the the execution of every conventi o n f o r th e re p ress i on o f fact, which may well challenge thyroid. The surprise is, plunder would he effectually closed; fur when any robberies not that so little ha s be e n d o n e , b u t th a t so much has been had been committed, the latter mutu a lly cr i m i nate an d l ay accompliehed. Decad e s have sufficed here for approachimg the blame uu each other or the p eo pl e o f a ne i g hb our i ng a point of excellence to reach which required centuries tribe: whiled the plundered cattl e is in th e meant i me abroad. We Sc,' not amongst the dimuti-fied as to our pro very quietly shuttled elf—like a p urse or pocket-hand grem and position : it is truly a h o p e f u l one . kerchief in a crowd, from one pickpocket to another—until securely deposited in the very "kraals" of this said The euttjoitnel puesages completely expose the " Great Chief," somewhere beyond the Kei or the Bashee groundlessness of the tint' that an undue share of —whilst the Great Chief himself is professing unbounded the advantages of the exhibition will fall to fo indignation at, and total ignorance of, the whole transaction, .• rt triers. until the ferment of inquiry having subsided, the limey is equitably divided amongst the actual thieve., whilst he, the Great Chief, keeps the lion share, in consideration of the part he has performed in the above comedy! This comedy, or rather farce, has now been 'allowed to go through Mr too many acts; it Was performed to perfection in the Kaffir war of 1834-4, when the great chief Hintze professed the mood perfect innocence on the subject of the robberies then com mitted, and yet a great part of the stolen cattle was followed up and taken by Colonel Smith, as far eastward as the hanks sat the Basher., whilst the rest was driven beyond reach, still further into the interior; and hints.., after vainly Attempt ing to betray that gallant and enterprising officer, and lead him and his small force into an ambush, justly met the reward of his treachely, by being shot whilst in the act of making his escape. Kral, the son of Hintz; and the actual paramount chief of Kethrlaud, was lately, and is perhaps at this moment, playing the selfeame game, which will do doubt continue until the plan which we here ree ttttt mend he adopted and put in force ; then, and not till then, will robbery be ar reefed, and rulonial cattle graze in security . . The reason fur recommending the river Kei to be taken up a. the eastern boundary .4 the colony, is founded on its superior ca(iubilitica of defence; the banks of the Fish River and Ketskamma being too much broken and in den ted,intersected with mvi nes aud denselyievered with bash, to admit of its ever being adequately guarded, with what ever number of troops—against Kaltir incursion; whilst the justice of the measure itself (if we obtain pomessiim of this territory) is unquestionable, resting as it does on its bring our only secure means of iself-defenee; the moult of a war whittlers., forced upon us; and moreover ours by rigght of conquest—the very tenure by which the Kaffir' theineelves hold this territory to the total exclusion of its former inha bitentie the Hottentots. "It ppears to mc," says Cul. Collins in his o ffi ci a l re port, " gnat the steps necessary to be taken fur the perma nent tranquillity of the eastern districts, are to oblige all the Kaffir.; to withdraw to their own country; to oppose in surmountable olestueles to their return to the colony, and to remove every inducement to their continuance near the boundary." Now, the Kettles' "own country" lies beyond the Kci, wither we recommend their being again driven; and should precedent he required in justification of such a step, we have X parallel case in that of the ceded ten itory," for what was allowed to be just and necessary in 1819,—the same and additional causes of provocation having since been given—must be admitted as equally requisite and equitable 1817. The measure first referred to is perfectly similar to the one here recommended; fur it must he borne in mind, that the teatimes...ire were then expelled front this usurped ter ritory. and only subsequently and most onsolvisefily Oat our part, allowed t.. re ms cut.) ceitahi portions of it on suffer ' once, and the promise of good behaviour; which promise they kept with " Kaffir" faith, nor failed as usual to repay our kindness in Kaffir currency, or with the greatest ingratitude; for according to the interpreta tions of these barbarous savages, " forbearance is weakness ; indecision is want of courage; liberality a want of undetedunding." and we may add, good faith an un deniable mark of folly. Experience, and dearly bought experience, has sufficiently proved that the moat stringent measure's are requisite to keep three barbarians within the limits of their ova boundaries; and therefore it is, that we recommend the *every, though necessary measure of doom ing to death or deportation every male Kaffir so offending, and whether or nut detected in the actual commission of crime. The offineler to he shut, or otherwise destroyed— in the event of offering resistance or attempting escape; and if captured alive, that he be turned to some account, and made to defray the expenses of hid keep, by being forced to labour as a COnuiet on the roads, or other public works, iu some remote part of the western districts—during a cer tain number of years fur the first offence—for life if again caught transgressing; in short, to put a price on the head of every Kaffir, whether taken dead or alive within the limits of the prescribed boundary. Such stringent measures may at first sight appear to savour of cruelty, and will no doubt be cried down by many in this age of pseudo-humanity ; but extreme evils require violent remedies ; whilst the first and certain punishment of one offender might deter many others from the commis sion of a similar offence. In a very Mort time, when these treacherous savages found they were nu longer trifled with, not only would property be respected, but human blood— black and colonial—would soon evase to flow ; and a mea sure reprobated by many as inhuman, would, we doubt not, be found to produce, in the end, most beneficial effects both to colonists and Kattirs. AN ovum - rum IMPUTED. Before quitting the investigation of these direct bene ficial results of the Exhibition, it is primer to notice the only material objections which haw been made to it in this country, of a conuni•reial kind. Some writers lout openly alleged, what many manufacturers and others have secretly feared, that foreigners would derive more instruction from us, than they would communicate to us, by what will be seen tutu learnt there. Consequently, that the balance of advantage will he against us. Smite think, greatly against us. Nut so. and for these reasons. Almost all, our superiority consist., at present, in the exteut and excellence of our mac! Ty. The foreigner can obtain all he wants to know, trout our periodical descriptive nith lications ; or to possess, from our anwhine builder+, who are always happy to execute orders from whatever quarter they may come. So, then, we have little to impart which they cannot already obtain with ease. lint it is far otherwise with their articles of taste, of many of which we know little at prevent ; and as to the taste itself, we cannot buy it ; we can ouly seek to get imbued more thoroughly with it, by imitation of their goods, and by corresponding efforts of our own minds and genius. Th e s ilk u nt i e , the print trade, and the lace trade Of Englund, were never put on a baiting to compete successfully with those of the continent, until each of them was thrown open, and foreign pniducts were let in to act as a stimulus to the improvement of our own. The perfectly satisfactory result is now well known. It is also prognosticated, thatthis display of lineign goods, wrought, it may be in some instances, with superior skill ; will induce on the part of the English themselves, a diver- • sion from the consumption of home-mule articles, in favour of a present and permanent import of these foreign novel ties. That our shop-keepers will seek more estensively from the continent those supplies that they have been ac customed to obtain from our own seats of manufacture. And that thus, to some extent, our home trade must suffer. But foreigners, front countries where our goods do not re ceive free admission, who may visit OW Exhibition, are as likely to fall in lose with our cheaper articles, as we with their high-priced, though in some instances, a elegant ones. They may obtain a few rich occasional English cus tomers ; we shall more than reciprocate the gain, by toying firm hold upon the demand from millions, who because hitherto deprived of the opportunity of buying our medium and lower priced goods, can scarcely afford to clothe them selves at all. Ruth objections would seem to be untenable. Notwithstanding any slight variation in the amount of our manufactures required by particular countries, the direct ultimate commercial tendency of this Exhibition, would appear of necessity to he an improvement in the qua lity and style of the supply, and th e co n sequen t inercusis in demand, with its uniform result of enlarged profits to the capitalist and manufacturer, and better wages to the work people. Our notice shall conclude with some striking re flections on the TINE AND 'mac% OP 1115 T.XIIIRITION. From a variety of causes', it is probable that the World's Exhibition could not hove been established in any other capital than our own. Nowhere elm is dieresuch absolute toleration of all ideas, and the entirely free expres-iun of opinions. It is because we exercise this freedom that wo are side; and, in the nudst of the mast noisy contmversies, whether political or theological, remain firmly attached to the throne, quietly submissive to the laws, and steady in our adherence to the great practical truths on which our national institutions rest. '1 his activity on the surface. of English soeiety, and absolute quiet at its base, is that which most surprises foreigners. It is our happiness to leave so favourable an occasion of presenting fur their study and adoption, the habits and comforts of English lift., restrained by no political despotism, nor marred by the still worse tyranny of a ribald sod lawless anarchy. By dear-)aught experience we have learnt to be at !beam with all other nations, and with each other. Therefore, we open the metropolis of the empire to the inhabitants of the universe, that they may visit it without passport or per mission, question, or hindrance. All are welcome who will come, and, when here, they may pursue their various trains of inquiry, business or pleasure, as they choose. We ran afford to let them ride their hubbies, very much in their awn fashion. The bloodless combatants on the field of chess— the earnest philanthropists meeting in educational strife— the synods of divines—temperance advocati..—anti-slavery delegates—agricultural representatives— British aviocia tionists—admirers of New England, or of Young Italy— adherents of Luther, or of the l'ope--all may pursue their callings on this free arena of the holiday of the world—with one easy proviso —that they keep the peace. Truly it is a jubilee to mankind, and special cause of happiness to Eng lishmen, that the sound of the silver trumpets which pro- claimed it, though soon heard with Boron, and delight amongst the valleys and mountains of far-off lands, tint went forth from the shores of this home of liberty, order, industry, peace. The ways by which the inhabitants of the earth ma come together upon this occasion, have beet. op ned lip and made plain iu an equally extraordinary manner. Twenty._ five years ago, not one-tenth of our expected viMors could have travelled hither, from want of time ur money: steam- Louts and railways have strangely diminished cost, fatigue, and time. Kingdoms then inaccoutible, xs if dosed up by brazen walls, are now interlaced together by bands of amity, although formed of iron, and will send hitherward their thousands of curious strangers. The finances or the world hare been heavily taxed to supply these mum, for locomotion, but with wonderful results; and, amongst the ! te tan a l." , thaw." gathering r bt i 4n is re t . i n ie de in re se d t paezidliclrefidliyurthwe till. of In conclusion, we may refer all who are interested in the proper management of Cape aHhirs to this in teresting volume of personal experience, given forth with a manly regard for truth, irrespective of party prejudices. The Commercial ,Aspect nj thrGreat Exhibition. By W. . , } • ELKIN, I.L.S. This pamphlet is the work of the Mayor of Not tingham, one of the local commissioners of the Exhi bition, and is designed to substitute definite ideas for the vague and erroneous notions which still that in many minds concerning the great event of the year. With this object the author first explains what are not the objects of the promoters of the exhibition, and then shadows forth some of the results which may reasonably be expected from their work. From the second chapter we extract the following passage ou the LNFLUENCE OF THE EXHIBITION ON THE Cif:BLITT or tow MODITIES. The cycles of depression through which trade has permed, united with the influence of great competition, have created a constant desire and tendency to cheapen goods, by lower ing their actual quality. This has been accomplished by the use of a smaller quantity of materials, or of inferior quality; by putting them together with loss labour, or employing less instructed workpeople sometimes by combining a part of each of these means to produce the intended and—a low price. This has been carried out far as to be injurious to the character of our textile fabrics and hardware in foreign markets. In trade, as in every thing else, what is worth while doing at all, it is wisest and most profitable to do well. Solidity and excellence of materials and workmanship Eire necessary to . the use and durability of articles ; therefore the lowest-priced are often , the dearest goods to the consumer. It is • common notion amongst manufacturers and workmen, that the sooner a thing is worn out the sooner it will be replaced; the les* durability, the more demand Neither of these ,classes, however, buy their coats or shoes on this prin. eiple. The true ground of safety and hope for eaten- I sion in almost every branch of business, es the dura. bility of the articles made in it. The power of purchasing is limited, and as people buy things only for use, those which look the best and last the longest will be preferred. In the end the market furnishing such will take the de mend. Cloths made up partly with flour paste, instead of all wool ; knives, scissors, and razors composed of soft iron, instead of steel ; stockings or lace, wrought of inferior in stead of the best spun yarns; prints, whose colours will not stand a month's wear; together with all mere deceptions as to quality or quantity, are so many instances of eft mts to attain apparent cheapness, discreditable and dangerous to any business in which they are employed. They also in volve, usually, a positive and great waste of labour. Fur the labour necessary to produce the inferior, is but little less than that which is required to turn out the better article. A yard of cloth which costa fifteen shillings may last twice as long as a yard that costs ten shillings; in the end, this waste of power must be chiefly at the expense of the workmen. Upon no claw of facts will the Great Exhibition tell more plainly or powerfully than upon those ju.t referred tu. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. Tomes, by a Triaoher in BetAl.hem. Edinsl by JoIIN PLIWIVAL, Esq., lion. Secretary to the "Alleged Luna ties Friend !Society." Effingham Wilson. This little volume of poems has been published,for the liquifit of their author, • gentleman of good family but little means, and placed in the unfortunate position indicated above. This is the most interesting fact connected with them, although the poems thomselves are certainly slp; nor to many of the so-called "sane " attempts we fre quently come across. The Kix, and Me Abbot ; or Royal Caprice. An Historical Operatic Drama, in Three Acts. Respectfully inscribed to all Good Protestants. By T. NV rti.taws. The pre face informs us that Mr. Williams is the author of "several vucAl compositions of celebrity." If the " King and the Abbot " is not likely to attain a permanent place in that flattering category, it is at any rate not unlikely to attract some attention at the present period of papal as sumption and protestant indignation. The incidents of the piece comprise the dawn of the Reformation, and some interesting episodes in the life of Catherine Parr. Good Night. Drawn by J. AlWilltk. W. E. Ramsay, Brampton.—A very clever sketch, cleverly lithographed. The subjeet will commend it to the attention of all pa rents, while the style of its execution must ensure their praise. We won't lire up the Bible.—God *are the Queen.—W. F Itatusay.—Two loyal protestant pieces of music, published at a moment when they arc likely to meet sympathising purchasers. Debt and Surplus : A Letter to Lord John Bowl/. S. Johnson. A pamphlet, in which the writer years that "capital outlays should always be made irom loans, and never from taxes ; and that loans once contracted should never be paid off; a corollary from which is, that a sur plus of revenue should he returned as soon as possible to the pocked of the population, by being employed for ths current ordinary expenditure, and taxes to the same amount being abated in the ensuing year. THE MARBLE ARCII.—The rapidity with which the marble arch has been erected on the spot where Cum- 1 berland Gate stood at the top of Orifiird.street, is quite as tonishing. It is now all but finished, and, lwing nearl • ••• lauded of its scaffolding, the public have a Ent op of forming an opinion of its ' effect. _ - .. • , .4 ; • „ ' I \ W :M' '