The Express. — London, England, 1853-09-17 00:00:00

Ettz erpreoo. TO CORRESPONDENTS. ♦ Pee and ;F. it;17p7.7...;;;;;;;i;; tee ma» e...dmoi ia yoblehed every Tweelay and it dey eight, an tame tor poet. Adv ertwernente Intended for Corm; (autos Everting pep", welt be ut the Once, 10, Beureri►etree; by Two o'clock ea tie de, of putiOntios. HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE. Tiii DAT—M.4lmi, lb. ... A . 1“0 , 17m. 1....-aukkow sus.. M. 370... Atterawn. Va. 533. LONDON, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 17. A L: ADM: topic at the Agricultural Meetings now taking place all over the country, is the extension of the use of machinery in agriculture. There is every reason why it should be so. The inventors of new machines are in the state of natural exaltation which is characteristic of inventors, and always interesting and agreeable in the eyes of bystanders. The pur chasers of new implements arc delighted with the fre,.h facilities they have obtained. And all farmers have sonactli:ng to say at present about the rise of wages and the scarcity of labour. When the poor labourers of Dorsetshire and Wiltshire arc plucking up spirit to demand more than six or seven shillings a week they somehow sustained life upon, and ambitiously soar to the ideal of ten or twelve, the great day of machinery has certainly arrived. In the manufacturing world it is a notorious fact that every great labour-saving invention within this century has been directly due to a strike fur wages. In the rural world, emigra tion is answering the purpose of strikes, where it does not immediately produce them. The Irish reapers now failing us, the workhouses having been empties' of the able-bodied, so that the old men left are not enough to draw the water, and weed the grass-grown yards, the demand for labour-saving im plements is more pressing from season to season. I The maker of a particular scarifier, who sold about 150 in a year, five years ago, now sells between 800 and 900. A manufacturer of steam engines now sells 150 in a year, the demand being 15 five years since. Others report that they sell four-fold, five-feld, eight-fold what was required three or four years ago ; and the increase in the lees costly implements is great in proportion ; and the com plaints of inability to execute orders fast enough are so many that there is no doubt of a continued eaten. mien for a long time to come. Side by side with these statements, we have still complaints of the backwardness of the farmers. Whole districts are pointed out, where the work of tillage goes on just in the same way as in the time of our fathers; the old wooden plough, with an absurd team and set of human attendants; the old miry ways about the farm; the hand hoeing, the threshing with the flail, the mowing with the scythe; the long exposure of the hay; the waste of every kind in reaping, and so forth. And at agricul tural meetings now, there is always a speaker who points out the undeniable advantages of dozens and scores of implements, and hopes to live to see the day when every farmer will, as a matter of course, supply himself with • complete set of labour-saving machinery. It is wonderful that no one of the yet unsupplied farmers does not get up and read to the meeting a list of prices of implements and then ask—if such a question were still needful —how farmers sre to buy such costly affairs. The steam engine costs 5001. to begin with, if the farm is large enough to make it, according to current notions, worth while. The drill for such a farm costs 401. ; rollers from 111. to 18/. ; a reaping machine from 171. to 20/., and so on. Now if, after all this outlay, such machines as SAMUELSON'd digger are to be added, the farmer may well ask where the capital is to come from. He must go on paying for human labour from week to week because he is really unable to purchase labour in its concentrated form. He must do the best he can with his land according to the old methods, for ho cannot wait for the increased productiveness which would ensue from improved methods. He has eyes, like other people, and can see what the advantages of high farming with first-rate apparatus can produce ; but he cannot pretend to compete with it. He must do the best he can, and let himself be outstripped, be cause he cannct help it. Ho is as the handloom weaver to the power-loom manufacturer; and he must put up with the lot of the small capitalist in the presence of the large one. Such is the farmer's plea. Can we admit it and rest upon it? Must we be satisfied with it? We must remember that circumstances have changed since agricultural machinery began to at tract much attention. Our workhouses were then full in winter, and the rates were a serious burden to the farmer. Together with the machinery, the' number of labourers was growing; and the imme diate consequence, though not the ultimate, was likely to be that as much as was saved by the use of machinery, might have to be spent in the maintenance of displaced labourers. The case is radically altered by the draining away of labourers by emigra tion. What is saved from poor-rates will be paid away in increased wages, with such a further probable demand, that the farmers must incur, it is believed, an expenditure which will very soon exceed what the most costly machinery could take out of their capital. Taking the whole kingdom together it has been computed that the saving in poor rates and the anticipated reduction in the price of guano, would pay the interest of the capital invested in so much machinery as would com pensate for the abstraction of labour. Now, is there no way in which the advantages of the general an of machinery can be secured ? Gentlemen at agri cultural meetings hope to see every farm stocked with a complete set ; and a multitude of farmers re spond that it will never be done in their day—that the thing is an impossibility. Is there no way of recon ciling the difficulty In every other leading business of life, men are finding out the economy of association. Gentlemen began with their club-houses, many years ago, and now artisans are feeling the benefit of the principle and method in their model lodging houses, their baths and wash houses, and wherever the experiment has been fairly tried of making a complete and first rate apparatus answer the need of numbers, instead of a very poor and de teethe apparatus being supplied to each of a multi tude who have the same want. A system of gas lighting gives to each room of a vast mansion an all sufficient light at less coat than the old farthing' candle ; and the clothes of a whole pariah may now b.: washed, dried, and ironed by an American appa ratus fur a fraction of the wet, in money and time, that formerly half cleansed the apparel of a single courtful of people. What is there in agricultural apparatus that need exclude it from the economy of association ? Why should not there be depiits of it, whence it might be let out on hire ? Mast implements are abundantly moveable, and therefore loanable, and all may be made move able. The obvious difficulty is that the same instrument is wanted by everybody nearly at the same time ; but there is some margin left—a dif ference, perhaps, of three weeks between the earliest and latest ploughing or sowing, or mowing or reap in,r, in the same district. And there is, besides, the main virtue of machinery to l considered—the speed of its operation. lty the new digging machine a 2 acre of soil has been turned into a seed-bed in eighty minutes. Of course this speed facilitates the process of lending ; and it is clear that a small number of machines may supply a much greater number of cultivators, even in regard to those pri mary processes which depend upon season and weather. The margin is much broader fur those secondary acts which may be done one day as well as another—threshing, chaff-cutting, cake-crushing, and even scarifying and hoeing. From the mere aspect of the case, combined with experience of what has been done in other lines of human action, it seems almost certain that there will be, ere long, centres of agricultural machinery, whence farmers may derive what aid they need in its season, and where, no doubt, great fortunes will be made by ma chinists, or some intermediate class which will pre sently rise up, and offer its services to perfect the connexion between the tillers of the soil and the makers of their tools. The first adventurers who planted magazines in the Hanse towns and the ports of Italy and England a few centuries ago rose to be the chiefs of a new social and political interest; and some great function, or at least great fortune, may be reserved for those who will, by establishing magazines of labour, facilitate the application of me chanical resources to the production of human food. If this were done now, and the trade in guano were extended, we might presently add to the prosperity of the farmers as a class, and increase enormously the growth of food in England. CIIOLERA. THE EXPRESS, SATURDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 17, 1853. throe& various chinks and drainainto private houses. And when heavy rains come, the soil itself Is washed out over the surfeits in many places and back into the cellars. lactation • portion of it is every boor finding en out let, with all its putrid accompaniments, into the Thames. There its odours poison 10,000 human beings every day, be aides sending forth its steam over the whole city—breathed Into the lungs, absorbed into the bread and provisions, tainting the meat, polluting the beverages of the people. Nothing but strength of constitution resists this influence; the strong escape, the weak fall beneath its power. This offensive matter in the river is now carried backward and forward, stirred up by the steamers, a little every tide per haps being let off into the sea, and • fresh supply hourly received from the mouths of tho sewers. This system, therefore, is but one remove from the Newcastle plan. That plan, however, costs the public nothing, while this we have large rates to pay for. The old plan was infinitely better, and the cholera has increased in ♦irulence, in the rapidity of its return, and the number of its victims since the new method was adopted. Hero, again, every one of the evils alluded to has been denounced in almost every publication which boa had Sanitary Science for the subject of elucida tion or exposition. Every Sanitary Commission, every Officer of Health, every Sanitary Local Com mittee, has exposed these things; and yet here day are. And here is the Cholera. The two things stand in relation of cause and effect ; and yet those whose blood curdle at the very mention of the effect, are too lazy, until it is too late, to meddle with the cause. It is not too ato yet, however, let us trust ; and analogy will help us to some grounds for our confidence that the under which Cholera makes its appearance now are not very different from those which signalised its appearance in 1848. In that year the waves of the great Cholera flood which had been surging through Europe struck Hamburg in full force. They even made a slight impression on the shores on the other side of the German Ocean. Scotland felt the spray, as it were, of the inundation, and London was alarmed at the end of the year by the Tooting cases. It seemed but a spent wave, and we lapped ourselves in fond security. We refused to listen to the voice of those who bid us beware, and the following year delivered us up to the tender mercies of the pesti lence in its full force. England, in 1863, stands towards the Cholera in precisely the same relation as it did in 1848. The disease comes u a spent wave. It visits us towards the close of the year. Its attacks may be mitigated by the cold weather. We have breathing time given us to prepare for its next attack, which in all probability will be made with energy next year, just u the great attack of 1849 fol lowed the mild infliction of 1848. Let this be some con solation to the authorities of Newcastle, Darlington, London, and other places, which, although late, are beginning to awake to a sense of danger. They have allowed the enemy to enter the gates of the city for a moment, but he need not be permitted to hold his ground. Let them take advantage of his departure to make each preparations as will infallibly ensure his defeat should he return, and which, had they been previously adopted, would have preserved them from the fear and anxiety under which they are at present suffering. 1). D. NEWCASTLE, SEPT. 15.—Cholera. 97; Diarrhoea, 4-101. In Newcastle the epidemic is spreading fast. The type of the epidemic is much more severe than that of 1831-2, as a comparison of the first fifteen days of the two visitations gives 61 deaths in the former to 219 in the latter. The increase in the deaths of the last 24 hours is, as will be observed, very large, almost double that of the 14th. The medical officers have been authorised to call in the assistance of private practitioners, and nearly thirty of such assistants are employed. Great activity pre vails on the part of all the local authorities. GATEBIIEAD.—Dcaths since last report, 20. Ifextum.—The cholera has extended to Hexham, from which 3 cases are reported, 2 deaths and 1 re. covers. The medical officer has 17 eases of choleraic diarrhms, and 1 of cholera, under treatment. Mr. Grainger has visited Hexham to advise the authori ties, and his suggestions have been agreed to by the board of guardians and at a public meeting. TO TEE EDITOR OP TEE EXPRESS. SI tt,—Now that the Cholera has visited us once more, it is quite refreshing to see the energy which certain persons are exhibiting, in taking preventive mea sures. The celebrated individual who placed the stable under the protection of locks, bolts, and bars when the steed was stolen, is the only historical character who seems worthy to be considered as a type of the,c enthusiastic advocates of prevention, now prevention may be too late. The great Cholera wave has broken in upon us, and the Mrs. Partiny tons are valiantly opposing with brooms, what ought to have been kept out by embankments and breakwaters. The Town Council of Newcastle may be taken as a specimen of a large class of alarmed penitents, who, now the evil has come upon them, are preterna turally active in taking measures which, if adopted a couple of years ago, might have kept the evil away. ' Now that the deaths are at the rate of fifty-eight a day—now that, to use the words of the report, " the mourning coaches and hearses are never off the streets, and the melancholy spectacle of the palled coffin, minus the customary procession of mourners, has become an everyday occurrence"—now it is that the civic functionaries listen with respect to the Inspector of the Board of Health, who states his views to them " with great freedom and force as to the necessity of immediately carrying into effect the provisions of the Common Lodging•house Act, for which he made out a case of crying necessity from his recent inspection of the rooms in Sand gate." We learn without surprise that, with the consciousness that the air they were breathing might be poison, with the knowledge that the pestilence was striking down victims hour after hour, " these remarks told well upon the meeting, and that they at once, with remarkable and praiseworthy unani mity, voted 5001., and appointed a Committee to re gulate the disposal of the money." That men with death staring them in the face should be unanimous in adopting vigorous measures to keep him off, is certcinly not very "remarkable;' and it is difficult to see the propriety of coupling this conduct with the epithet "praiseworthy." What is very remarkable is, that these very men, as well as the members of every corporate body in the kingdom, have known any time, this last four years, at least, that if the very precautions they are now adopting were taken, they might sleep easily although Cholera was raging in the next town, and yet have not acted upon that knowledge. Sanitary Commissioners, Officers of Health, and other authorities, havo been calling oat to the Newcastle Town Council with an iteration which nothing but its importance could excuse:— "Theme is a monster abroad, who, if he settles amongst you, will gorge himself with the lives of hundreds of your townspeople. He will not come, however, unless he is invited. He needs temptation. He must be attracted by the delicate effluvia of undrained streets, and decomposition of animal matter. He loves the heated air that reeks up from lung lines of houses, where, at night, human beings are battened down as thick as sheep in their pens, awaiting slaughter. If you persist in holding out these tempting baits he will visit your town. If you remove them he will pass you by as unworthy of his appetite." All this the Town Council of Newcastle knew well enough. There was one door by which Death might enter. " Shut it," cried the Sanitarian'. " You are alarmists," replied the Council. They get up, however, one fine morning, and find Death amongst them; and then, in fear and tribulation, subscribe 5001. for shutting the door. But the example of Newcastle must not be used invidiously. The Town Council in that town does not differ much from the town councils or corporations of other towns, in its appreciation of the value of sani tary precautions. Everywhere we bear of those very measures being adopted now which ought to have been adopted years back. We read that at Darling ton the local Board of Health "is on the alert." This is cheering. Let us see in what the alertness con sists. A personal inspection of all the alleys and courts in the town has been made, and " the in spectors have found an abundance of nuisances likely to be prejudicial to health and to aid in deve loping any epidemic disease." How is it that our alert inspectors suffered an abun dance of nuisances to remain until the disease came ? Here is the " Epidemical Disease" and here is the plentiful aliment carefully stored up by the town of Darlington as its food, as the proper stuff to aid in its development. Read a part of the delicate bill of fare that is to tempt "Epidemical Disease" to take up his abode in Darlington, and to serve to assist in his development—" pigsties in close and confined places, surcharged ashpits and dunghills, with, in some places, pigs sporting about amongst the garbage and refuse in the dunghills." Where were the alert inspectors, while this small fraction of the " abuudanee of nuisances " of which Darlington boasts, grew up. It may be consolatory to know that prompt orders are given for the abate ment of the nuisances," but it would have been much more so to know there were no nuisances to abate. Newcastle and Darlington have been quoted simply because they are tolerably correct exponents of the state of feeling in the towns of the Empire with re spect to sanitary questions. They are no better and no worse than other towns or cities. The state of London, for instance, is not at all exaggerated in the following extract from the letter printed yesterday. Speaking of one of our greatest nuisances, he says : Now whet has our legislature done ? It has committed the management or this to a board who are spreading this night soil through the district. Formerly this wu removed by cuts in the night. Now tho commissioners order the receptacles-101.ra it was formerly retained, without nui sance n itil t>o proper time for emptying—to be filled up, and the so.' all washed into the sewers and drains. There it remains stagkant, with a large surface expksed, or creeps along sluggishly, affording time to diffuse all the pouible amount of effluvia which finds it way through the gratings which annoy u at every step in the public streets, and CHOLERA.-ORDER IN COUNCIL. (From la.t Mlitteo Casette.) At the Couneil-ehamber, Whitehall, the 15th day of September, 18-53, by the Lords of her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. Whereas by an act, passed in the session of parliament, held in the eleventh and twelfth years of her Majesty's reign, intituled " An act to renew and amend an act of the tenth year of her present Majesty, for the more speedy re. moval of certain nuisances and the prevention of conta gious and epidemic diseases," after reciting that it is expe• dient that when any part of the United Kingdom shall appear to be threatened with or affected by any formidable epidemic, endemic, or contagious disease, measures of precaution should be taken with promptitude, according to the exigency of the case ; it is I enacted, that in Great Britain, the Lords and others of her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, or any three or more of them (the Lord President of the Council, or one of her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State being one), may, by order or orders to be by them, from time to time, made, direct that the provisions in the said act eentaineefor the prevention of epidemic, endemic, and contagious diseases, be put in force in Great Britain, or in sock parts thereof or in suck places therein, Teepee tively, as iu such order or orders respectively may be ex pressed, and may, from time to time, as to all or any of the parts or places to which any such order or orders may ex. tend, and in like manner revoke or renew any such order, and, subject to revocation and renewal as aforesaid, every such order shall be in force for six calendar months, or for such shorter period as in such order shall be expressed. And whereas the United Kingdom appears to be threat ened with a formidable epidemic disease, and a case has arisen for putting in force the previsions of the said act; New, therefore, it is hereby ordered by . the Lords and others of her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council (of whom the Right Honourable Viscount Palmerston, one of her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State, is one), in pur suance and exercise of the powers so vested in them as aforesaid, that the provisions conliinel in the said herein before recited act for the prevention of epidemic, endemic, and contagions diseases, be put in force throughout the whole of Great Britain immediately from and alter the date of this order. And it is further ordered that this order shall continue in force for sis calendar months from and after the data hereof. C. C. OItEVILLE. IRON ORE. [FROM LAST NIOHT'S OAZITTI.] Board of Trade, Whitehall, Sept. 18, 1853. . . The Right Honourable the Lords of the Committee of the Privy Council for Trade and Plantations have received, through the Secretary of State for Foreign Affair., a copy of a despatch from her Majerty's Ambassador at Paris, con taining an imperial decree, provisionally abolishing the ad ditional duty upon the importation of iron ore by foreign vessels, which had been established upon all ores so im ported by decree of the 17th of March, 1&53. By order, J. EMERSON TENNENT. PARTIE Paris, le 10 Septombre. NA POLEON- Par la Brice de Dieu ct la volonte nationale, Em;ereur des Franc Ail', A tuns presents et a venir. salut : Sur le rapport de noire Ministre Secretaire d'Etat an Department de l'Aviculture, du Commerce, ct des Tra- TAU' Publics ) Vu Part. 3 4 de la loi du 17 Decembre ' 1814 ; Vu noire decret en date du 17 Man., 1853, Avons dierire et decritons ce qui cut : Art. 1 er. La surtaxe etablie par noire dicret du 17 Mays, 1853, A Fimportation par cerise, etrangers des minerals de toute sorts, cst proviAoirement supprimee 5 regard des 1111160MiR de (cr. Art. 2. Nos Miniatres deretaires d'Etat au Departe meat de PAgrieul.ure, du Commerce et des Travaux Publics, et au Depsrtement des Finances, soot charges, ehaeun en ce qui le couceruc, de Fesecution du pie-oat (levet. Fait i 4 Dieppe, le $ SeVembre, 1883. I'u VEmpereur NAPOLEON. Le Miuistre de I'&ericulturc, du Commerce et des Travaux Publics, P. NAOMI. MUNIFICENT LEGACY.—The treasurer of the Royal Orlon Elie Dospit l (.r the Cure of Deformities has ju.t received the Inadsome hrquest of 2,(X1/, from the exccu• , :rs of the bee Mr. J. It. Durront, of Ncargate•street. The hospital in Bkom.bary.square is entirely supported by vo- luntary eoutributions, and such bequests are of course most acceptable. THE OVERLAND MAIL. (BY SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH.) MARSEILLES, FRIDAY. The India Mail arrived here to-day, at 2 p.m. RUSSIA AND TURKEY. The Paris correspondent of a contemporary makes the astonishing assertion that the British government has offered its forces to coerce the Turks who oppose the verdict of the conference of Vienna. The corre spondent says : " A courier arrived here yesterday (Wednesday) morning, bringing the decision come to the day before, the 13th, by the four ministers who met on that day, namely, Lord Aberdeen, Lord John Russell, Lord Clarendon, and Lord Palmer ston. Another courier took his departure for Mar reilles, with orders to embark there at once, beating a despatch for Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, which, it is said, in a well-informed quarter, enjoins him to employ every possible means to induce the Sultan to accept, with out delay, the note of Vienna without modi fication. In case the Porte should object that she was no longer able to keep in the populations, his lordship is authorised to allow the English squadron to enter the Bosphorus, and to disembark troops for the purpose of causing the decision of the Sultan to be respected. A courier also is to bo at once de spatched to Omer Pacha, forbidding him to commence hostilities in any way. Yesterday, at St. Cloud, the Emperor and his ministers deliberated on the de cision of the English cabinet, and decided on adopt ing the same course. The deliberation, I understand, was a lengthened one; indeed, so much so, that the Emperor was obliged to keep Queen Christina and the Prince de Carignan, with whom he had fixed an audience, waiting for some time. The great cause of anxiety for the moment is that the courier thus sent off may arrive too late." Our correspondent at Brussels writes : " The chief question in our political—not to say diplo matic—circle is, will the work of the Vienna conference be carried out, or will that conference be reckoned amongst the things that were, now that its proposals have failed of success in Constantinople? With great tact, and a ready appreciation of his present advantageous position, the Emperor of Rus sia would fain persuade the other great powers that they are bound in honour to resent the late conduct of the Porte, and to consider its rejection of the Austrian note, as drawn up in Vienna under the eyes of the conference, as an insult to themselves. If the views of the Czar be shared by those powers ho will expect them to send a collective note to Con stantinople, showing the positive necessity of the Sultan's se ceding to the Vienna propositions without insisting on any modifications. If England and France, on the other hand, consider that the Vienna conference was merely an experiment, to be tried like auy other, and that they are under no obligation to enforce the decision—if such a term may be em ployed—of that conference, then, such is the opinion in we ll -in f orme d circles here, the Emperor of Rue . . sin will make a further menacing demonstration with regard to Turkey, and provoke hostilities." We have ordinary despatches from Vienna of the 12th instant, upon which day the Czar's rejection of the Turkish modification became known in that capital. The excitement produced by this intelli gence is said to be altogetner extraordinary. The St. Petersburg courier arrived at Vienna on Sunday, late in the evening, and it was midnight when Count Buol announced the important news to the Earl of Westmoreland, by a note. The next morning early a conference took place between the ministers of France and England. Despatches were received at Vienna from Bucha rest on Sunday, and it was expected that other despatches of considerable importance would arrive from Constantinople on the 13th. Of the Czar's rejection of the "Note," as offered by the Sultan, our correspondent merely states that it was absolute. We have moreover been unable to discover in any quarter a confirmation of a statement which figured in some of the telegraphic despatches last Tuesday, namely, that in refusing the altered note the Czar again offered to accept the original Vienna draught, and thereupon evacuate the Prin cipalities. Upon the whole, there seems to be much ground for the suggestion of our Paris correspondent that this assertion is built upon the hopes of the diplomatists at Vienna rather than upon any de claration of the Czar. The official Dresden Journal published on Wednesday a despatch from Vienna representing the Czar's rejection of the note as abso lute, and making no mention of the assurance re ferred to. FRANCE. PARIS, FUIDAT EVENI*O. I find the important announcement I made to yon some days since, of a contemplated reduction in the postage between France and England, confirmed to day by a paragraph in the Union, which states that very shortly the postage on letters between France and England is to be reduced to 25c., being a dimi nution of Cic. on the present rate. The Moniteur promulgates the convention agreed to at Rome, on the Ist of April, 1853, regulating the postage of letters between the Roman States and France or Algeria. The postage of an ordinary sin gle letter between the two countries is to be lfr., the sender having the option to prepay tke let ter or not, just as he pleases. A like amount of postage is to be charged for letters from the French post-offices in the Mediterranean to the Pontifical States, and vice versa. Th. postage on newspapers i ts to be 20c. The rise at the Bourse yesterday has not been maintained. The Threes felt 35c., and most of the railways from a. to 10f. The purchases made today were chiefly for account of small capitalists. The great speculators are very cautious, fearing that the augmentation in the discount of the Bank of Eng land must necessitate a similar measure here. How ever, at the meeting of the council of the Bank of France yesterday, the question of an increase of the rate of discount was not brought forward, and unless an extraordinary convocation should take place, the council will not, it is thought, reassemble for three weeks. I am informed to-day of the bursting of a mon strous bubble. M. Mires' credit fonder scheme, which for the last month has been puffed by monster advertisements in every form aided by solemn lead ing articles in the Constitutionnel and the Pays, is now admitted to be a failure. Out of a nominal capital of forty-eight millions he only succeeded in getting subscriptions for twenty, of which, according to the ' programme, but thirty-five per cent. was to be paid up. Yesterday in order to cover his retreat, M. Mire's used his influence with the govern ment to obtain a refusal to authorise the forma tion of his society. Happily tor the shareholders, I understand M. Mires is perfectly able to return their deposits. The Northern Railway Company has announced a reduction of 50 per cent. in its charges for the car riage of corn, grain, and flour. The bakers of Paris continue to be very anxious on the subject of the merle and extent of the indemnity to be granted them by government for selling bread under its value. There is a conflict in terms between the resolution of the Municipal Council, which I sent you yesterday, and a circular sent to the syndi cate. According to that circular the bakers would have nothing to complain of. The syndicate assured them, on the uuthority of a personal communication from the Prefect of Police, that they would immediately receive in money the entire amount of the difference between the fixed price of 40c. the kilogramme and the ordinary price according to the regulating scale. The syndicate added that this mode of reim bursement would be continued from fortnight to fortnight so long as an artificial price of bread was maintained by authority. It seems that the Prefect of Police must have promised in the name of the Municipal Council more than he was authorised to do. Their resolution speaks only of " advances " to be made to the bakers to provide for their " necessities," leaving the mode of compensation to be " definitively adopted " for ulterior regulation. The bakers appre hend that there will be uo universal distribution of money to the trade, but that such bakers as may choose to declare themselves needy will receive loans, to be reimbursed hereafter, although the ultimate mode of compensation may not make up the full amount of their losses. The general impression, to which I alluded in a former letter, that the price of bread would be allowed to rise to its natural level, so far as the public in general was concerned, tickets entitling the holders to be served at a lower price being issued to the poor, was perfectly well founded. I learn to-day that the Municipal Council had actually passed a resolution to that effect. But the Emperor to whose ultimate decision it was necessary to refer the question said there were in Paris so many necessitous persons seeming black coats, that he could not bring himself to sanction a measure which would confine the relief to labourers and poor people in the ordinary acceptation of the term. Unless the price of flour shall speedily fall, the expense entailed upon the city %Nill be enormous. The population of the department of the Seine is 1,422,099. Estimating the consumption of each in dividual at the extremely moderate rate of llb., the daily consumption for the department would be 1,422,0001 b. The present difference between the natural and the artificial price of bread is 3c. the pound. This multiplied by 1,422,000 gives a sum of 42,660 fr. per day, upwards of 50,0001. sterling per month, which must be paid either by the city or the bakers so long us the present system lasts. The Mont'emir says :—" Several persons arc pre paring to celebrate the Pte of the Empress on Sep tember 16. We are authorised to state that her Majesty's tete takes place un November 13." L'ntil this announcement it wias generally supposed that this was her Majesty's ftte day, and the opening of the hippodrome at the Camp of SatcrT, was, 1 believe, fixed for to day upon that supposition. Ac cording to the calendar, the Saint Eugenie falls on Sept. 16. November 13th is the Saint Eugenius. M. Drouyn de Lhuys has been these last two days absent from Paris. According to a report seql to the Lidepentlance Belye, which, however, that jibr nal treats as absurd, he has gone to Loudon to confer with the English ministry on the Eastern question. SWITZERLAND. Colonel Perrier and the priest who led the reac tionary revolutionists against Freiburg, on April 22, 1553, have been conducted to the French frontier by gendarmes. SPAIN. MADRID, SamT. 11. The government, to strengthen its bold on the services of the army, is taking measures to increase the daily pay of the soldiers. Meanwhile the state ment that the Cortes were about to meet is not con firmed, but is discredited. PORTUGAL. LISBON, SEPT. 9. News may reach England of the instability of the ministry. It is, however, firm ; a change might compromise the peace of the country; a ministerial partnership exists between Saldanka and Rodrigo, by which the latter cannot go out, without the former resigning also ; and as Saldanha has the control of the army, all is yet secure. Senhor Rodrigo his resigned the portfolio of Justice, and Scalier Frede rico Guilherme da Silva Pereira, one of the Judges of the Relacao of Oporto, brother of the late Count das Antes, and the last British Judge Conservator, has taken it. Senhor Avila, the Minister of Finance under Count Thomar, has been appointed by the Queen to attend the statistical commission at Brussels. A diligence has lately commenced running in the north, and so odiously has it been viewed by the semi-barbarous carmen of that district, that on the 20th, just after it had left Braga, some of them com menced an attack upon it, after having obstructed it in its progress, breaking its windows, and wounding one of the passengers. The postilion having re turned to Braga for assistance, an armed force was despatched to the scene of action, and 44 of the barbarian rioters apprehended. These people, though in a state of half-starvation, look upon invention as a daring impiety, and prefer listening to the artful tales of persons who represent emigration to Brazil as a certain fortune ; so many are lured into that snaro that the slave market in that country is supplied to a certain extent by kidnapped Portuguese. A barque lately sailed from Oporto to Rio, taking, it is said, upwards of 500 deluded passengers. There are sat: accounts from the country regard ing the disease in the fruit trees—Chesnut, pear, fig, peach, especially orange trees and sines, having I died without number. The disease is represented as beginning at the root, which rots, sending forth an insupportable rector. Tho neighbourhood of Coimbra has particularly suffered. The Brazileira, first of a new line of steamers, be longing to the South American and General Steam Navigation Company, from Liverpool to the Brazils, calling at this port, arrived on the 30th, upon which occasion the company, under the superintendence of its agent, Mr. Knowles, gave an entertainment on board to about 200 guests of rank and fashion. GERMANY. AUSTRIA. The Vienna Gazette states that the Emperor of Austria has, in remembrance of the assistance af forded to him by Count Charles O'llonnel, when the attempt to assassinate his Majesty was made, ordered him to add to his armorial bearings the initials of the Emperor in the centre of the arms of Austria, on the breast of the imperial crowned twe headed eagle. The Frankfurter Journal contains a letter from Vienna of the 12th, which says :—" The Emperor has ordered that the royal insignia of Hungary, im mediately on their arrival here, shall be exhibited to the public in the chapel of the palace. His Majesty ran some danger two days back; when proceeding with his young brother to Sehcenbrun, in one of the imperial carriages, the horses took fright and ran away at great speed. Fortunately, the coachman succeeded after a little time in stopping them. The Emperor and his brother then went on to Schcenbrun in a carriage belonging to a private gentleman." HUNGARY. The Path Zeitung of Sunday last has the follow ing official announcement : His Imperial Rayal Apostolic Majesty has deigned to communicate to his imperial highness the archduke, mili tary and civil governor of Hungary, that the war steamer Albrecht is now on htr voyage from Orscbova to Buds, hav ing the Hungarian crown insignia on board, which, by the providential help of God, have been found. This vessel is to be received on her arrival at Buda with the greatest so lemnity, and the insignia are to he exposed to the public view iu the palace chapel until further orders. The public were at the same time informed that the arrival of the Albrecht would take place oa the 15th instant at nine a.m. ; and with reference to the solemnities spoken of further orders will be issued. It is dated Buda, Sept. 10, 1853, from the imperial royal military and civil government of Hungary. DARING ROBBERY.—On Friday evo••ing last a robbery was committed between 8 and 9 o'clack near the Lammas-bridge, leading into the meadows in Stamford. It appear. tkat a gentleman of the name of Williams, from Norwich, who is on a visit at this town, was crossing the meadows over the footpath, and when about the centre he was rudely pushed against by a woman. He did not at the time take any notice of the circumstance, conceiving it might be accidental, but on reaching the bridge, and when close to a gas lamp, Mr. W. was seized iron bellied by a woman and completely pinioned, and before he had a chance of extri cating himself he was pounced upon by a man, who violently thrust one of his hands to Mr. W.'s throat to prevent him giving au alarm, and then robbed him of a small gold hunt ing watch (maker's name " James Mann, Norwich "), two gold seals, a gold key, and ring. On the stone of one of the seals (a corneliao) t. I'. W." is engraved in old English characere. The robbery being thus almost momentarily effected the man ran into a dark passage, and the woman escaped in &contrary direction. Mr. Williams, who is suf fering from paralysis, was entirely unnerved by the unex pected attack, and it was some time before he had energy enough to give an alarm. The police were instantly ap prised of the outrage, and every exertion was made to cap ture the depredators, who, we regret to say, are as yet un discevered. The man is describe das standmg about 5 feet 4 inches high, slender made, (mimed in clerk clothes, and having on an Alpaca hat, and the woman as being of middle stature and rather stout. There is reason to believe the man is a native of Market Des ping, and travels the country committing depredations at the various m .rkets in Lincoln shlr amt the adjoining countlia..—Linenln Mercury. Guy's HOSPITAL—At a general court held on Wednesday, the 14th, at this homrital, the vacanies in the surgical vtaff, consequent upon the death of the late Mr. Bransliy Cooper, were tilled up by the atriointments of Mr. John Dirkett as surgeon, and Mr. Thomas Callaway as as sistant surgeon. ENGLAND AND THE UNITED ETATEs. LITTIR FROM TES AMICIIICAN AMnAssADOit TO Tgg LIVIRPOOI. AbIeItICAN CHAmtve.R OP eoggtie cie. The Liverpool American Chew Per of Commer ce fee, warded an invitation to the II JO. Jam r Buchman, th e new ambassador fur the United States to this country, immediately after his arrival in Eit,:..od. Tt.e 1. flowing reply has been received from him, from which it will be seen that he is not able to accept the invitati .0 at pre.. It will be seen that Mr. Buchanan's letter enters somewhas fully into several questions of interest. It is as follows " United States Legation, London, Sept. 3. 1853. " Sir,—l have had the honour to receive tne et-slution adopted on the 30th ult., by the American Chattitter or Commerce at Liverpool, inviting rue to a banquet to be given by them, as a mark of respect and welcome upon ety appointment me minister of the United States of America to England, and requesting, me to name a day when it Will best suit my convenience to attend. "Whilst highly and gratefully appreciating this honour, I regret that it is impossible tar me, with a nue regard to my public duties in London, to say when ; if at all, their kind invitation could be accepted. I fed, thereto . .., con. strained respectfully to decline it. In doing this, ! Arm:, I beg to assure them that no wan in either couLtre esti. mates more highly than myself tho commerce omriucted betwi en Liverpool and the United Sushi; and no rasa more ardently desires that it may Img cuhttuue to vend itself in peace and prosperity, and to confer mutual benefits upon both nations. ." The period in the worlds history see.as at l engt h to have arrived when mankind have distoren.d that narrow and unjust restricions upon nireign trade twat surely de feat their own object, and when seitistiness itself is en. listed in favour of a liberal policy. The philanthropist st the Sarni) time rejoices in the knowledge that the mutual dependence which commerce creates bete cen nations is the surest prevention of war, by renticeing peace the were:: of all. For my own part, I firmly believe that the non!. tied questions known to exist between Brent Britain nail the Lofted States, judged alone according ts the value of the material interests involved, are not worth six mewls' suspension of the trade between the two coun tries. It is, therefore, grimly to be desired that these questions should be spa: ally, honour...l-.oj, and finally adjusted, and that hereafter both nations should tyk es a smooth sea and a cloudless sky fur a friendly competition M all the pursuits calculated to enlighten mud benefit M a human race. The greatest revolution, so far as the ie. terest of commerce and manufactures is concerned, whi t e ha, ever Isten commenced among men, is that now in apps. rently successful progress iu China. Should this terminate in opening a free access to that vast empire of 300,e00.4 of buman beings, the United Siotes and °seat Britain will have a harvest presented before them nli , efi, even with all their energy, enterprise, and resources, they will scarcely be able to reap. Then will a noble and generous rivalry also spring up between them, which shell contribute m o m effectually to promote the cause of Christieuity, eiviliase aa, and freedom among this ancient m.d strange people.—With sentiments of great respect, I remain your obedient, v im:, " JAMES BUCHANAN. " Gilliam , Brown, Esq., M.P., Cimire.an." A YANKEE'S NOTION A i;OUI' ENGLISH HOTELS. TO THE rum at O TIM EXPRESS. Sin,—Will you permit a to say a word oa a subject that the Times does not mat either truth. fully or fairly. I guess I hay. , ,eun more of hotels iu three quartets of the world th.tn falls to the lot of most men. It cannot be denied that to live in respectable Eng taverns is very expensive, and that the charges are high, but what I contend is, that the social habits of the English, and their great personal in dulgence, the duties and attention they exact from the establishment (for they will ring fur a bezrant to pick up a pin) make it impossible to cunipare the charges with those of the continc!.t ; and to place one in contrast to the other is only ul)tird. To please the English there must he a Veialit4 about everything ; they must breakfast, dine, and sup alone; they must have servants who will fly at every summons, and who must supply their meals at all hours of the day or night—breakfast from tl a.m. till 2 p.m., dinners from 2 till 9 at night, and every thing must bo obtained exclusively for them. The meals may be simple in comparison to what they give you in my country, but all must be provided especially for their couveaience and to suit their habits. I repeat to you, sir, that the social system here precludes all likelihood of any approximation to tavern charges either on the continent or America. The English will not feed in crowds, except as a summer recreation, or as they do now and then at a public dinner, cost whit i' may, they loathe it, and therefore they cannot be fed ;it the same price that a meal would cost in a crowd. I sat next to a London shopkeeper's wife in New York, at a ban. quet, such as I suspect she had never seen before, except at tho Lord Mayor's dinner, and yet she said, We English dislike this sort of clung, 'tis 'orridly vulgar, we like to be hexelusive." This dame was a typo of the nation—all pant for ex clusiveness. If large dinners are provided for large companies, as in Germany and elsewhere, they would be dono as cheaply Or cheaper) here as In any part of tho world; but Englishmen will have the comforts, the quiet, and (superior) attention to what he gets at home, in every tavern he frequents, or he abandons it, and pronounces it " not comfortable." Now, I ask you, can all this be done without involving a great expense upon the landlord? I have lived a good deal in English hotels, but can recollect only a few rich hotel-keepers; and that few got their money by public, not private dinners. If the bad- ness was as proritablc as the Times would make it, we should have tavernsus thick as fautorics in Lancashire. As a "down caster" I would in conclusion whisper in John Bull's ear, that if he would consent to do as others do, take the same profits, accept the same fees for professional services, and be satisfied to place things on the same economical scale us foreigners, he can consistently ask a moditicatiun of charges from others, landlords included. John is a notorious grumbler. I have heard an attorney grumble at 2s. for his breaktast—who was making thousands a year out of railway business—and call it extortion; and if I stood in need of his services (ever so trifling) I found him as keen as a needle with two points. la Yankee land John is always grumbling: it is there all wrong, all roguish, all rascally. Meet him on the continent, and it is ditto, ditto, and ditto. But when we have a " show up" in the newspapers of what the old gentleman does himself at home—bishops in cluded—he does not work for nothing. Respectfully, YANKEE DOODLE. I verily believe if an hotel were established at Brighton on the continental system, which is con sidered to be so economical, au English tradesman or a stock jobber would call it " a slop bang," and blush down to his boots if it were hinted to him that he had patronised it. TILE ASSAULT UPON WOMEN AT MANCILESTER.--. Isaac Davis, the man charged with a say.ige assault upou a woman named Ellen Oakes (an account f which appeared in the Express on Wednesday), was again brought be fore the city magigtrecti at Manchester yesterday maiming. when a certificate was produced from the medical officers at the Royal Infirmary, declaring the complainant out of danger. A number of witnerses were called for the de fence, who stated that the woman was drinking for an host at the public house, and commenced the affray by throwiag a jar, a glass, a pint'pot and some beer at the defendant, but they all him. Mr. Maude said a more brutal assault had never been brought under the notice of the court. If the defendant had strock the woman in the heat of passion, immediately after she had thrown the beer M him, the c •urt would not have thought 64 much of the matter; but it seemed that he followed her into the rtreet afterwards and committed a violent assault, and he should be very thankful that he had not to answer a chards of murder in consequence. Lie shoal sentcoce the priseuer to the extreme penalty of six. months' impriscment, with hard labour. HERTFOILDSUIRE REGISTRATION.—The raising barrister, Mr. Fish, opened his court for this county at Watford, on Thursday last. Mr. Bontsuss attende for the liberal,, and Mr. Passiugham for the tonics. The only cases of interest were the claims of betwevn 30 and 40 of the allottees on the O'Connorville estate, at Rickinens worth. Mr. Passtugkam had objected to all these dal", and Mr. hunters defended them. After a long discussion, the barrister postponed his decision till the 23th inst., to he r iven at St. Albans. The following is the result of the day's revision, as agreed to on both sides : New fib, rat claims Tories struck off —25 New tory claims Liberals struck off Liberal pin The Heraldo rtnnounces tho death of !taros Picolut d'Hermillion, the Strdinian Minister at ISWthl. PROPOSED RE-ERECTION OF THE FUEE TRADE HALL—The directors of the public company Jrf relmildia the celebrated Free Trade Hell, at M inehor, 2r, haring ceived a sufficient number of applie itiona far ewes, We now merle their allo:meot, and iss.uel cal praxes for the tint instalment of the money. The cap: it 25,0001, sad the applientions were to the amount of 10,001. It is to tis built on the site of the present Hall, bat the deFign has not yet been fixed upon. I