The Express. — London, England, 1851-08-18 00:00:00

ghe •nwestc. TO CORRESPONDENTS. a brad Wiles of " Ispress' . sorrow be our trobte's • Gusty* b prier ray Toeuday e.J Mew LOLL is tire for prL iratrimarlsessarl Sr "Tie Urns," brim Zsers, parr. essa be se re nen. le. IlsimarborneL by tin east so the dry at prirrss. NlOll WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE Tun liar—W!. SC 4M. Allarrems. Ge. fa. Te4MILII•Ir —lama& I. Um. ..—...Alterrae. M. 411%. LONDON, MONDAY, AVG UST 18. A rRiETUTIONNT contemporary, supposed to speak , the sentiments of the leading men of its party, mingles with expressions of concern at the re-ap pearauce of the potato blight in revers' parts , of Ireland, vehement denunciations of the free trade policy, which if it be not actually the occult cause of the disease, is at all events responsible for the miseries its recurrence may occasion. 'there ought to have been scientific inquiries instituted. Had there been, who can tell but the diagnosis of • the malady w ould have been accurately obtained, its origin detected, and, as a matter of course, ade quate remedies devised to battle its malignant I influence in future. Or, if analysis had failed and medical skill proved vain, the planting of the incorri gible root might then have been pr"hibileal in future - -whether by act of parliament or by royal procla within our contemporary does not say. We have heard of an enraged polemic " throwing his wig in the fire" in order to show how intense was , his indignation at the treatment he had endured. , We have lisewisc read in comic chronicle how, in a certain desperate emergency, " the beasts committed suicide to save themselves from slaughter? But it was reserved for the logic of protection to prose that the appropriate prevention of partial failure in a principal article of food would be to in terdict the culture of the unreliable root altcgctber. What the alternative was to be in ease of the passing , of a penal law against potatoes Lord IbActiv's daily orator does nut explain. Not Indian corn, Odessa wheat, or French flour; for, in the course of the same article the importations of these obnoxious kinds of human aliment are bitterly complained of and denounced. Thus, then, we are led step by step to the top of the protectionist Pisgah, whence a happy and well fed people may be discerned dwelling safely. The loss of one-hall the potato crop is lamented, and, by insinuation, attributed to negligence on the part of government. Then the existence of the other hull is made a theme of reproach, inasmuch as it ought to have been pre vented. Finally, the introduction of supplies to make up the deficiency is reprobates' as a tearful ag gravation of the national misfortune. Neither is this exquisite solecism to be explained by any uncharitable surmise regarding the esoteric view, of the writer on what is commonly termed over-population. We cheerfully acquit him of any sympathy with thoughts of the kind. Whatever the local love of clearance may be, we imagine that the system of wholesale extrusion and depopulation hitherto carried on so ruthlessly by Irish landlords, is beginning to create sentiments of strong disap proval and disgust from their brethren on this side of the channel. Apprehensions, not wholly groundless, already aeon to lw entertained of the effect on the harvest-labour market of both countries by the per manent expulsion annually of such vast multitudes of able-lioilosl hands. English landlords like high prices and high rents, but they have an invincible mitipathy to high wages, and 'Ley understand very clearly that un under supply of field-labour leaves the rate of wages practically liable to capricious and inordinate enhancemew. Owners of close parishes, indeed, and rigid economists in boards of guardians, are ever watchful to limit the number of permanently resident labourers. lest they should become more than sufficient for the wants of the locality in the. slack seasons, and so become chargeable on the rates. But then an essen tial condition of this shrewd and selfish system was that an inexhaustible supply of extra labour always csisteil in Ireland—within call at, short notice when required, and easily driven buck to its breeding wolds when the temporary work was done. The enormous emigration of agricultural labourers and natters from all parts of the sister kingdom during the last three year., and the manifest pros pect of its continuance, threaten to disarrange this snug borough constitution of things. Excessive emi gration, as far as the peasantry are concerned, there is nut and cannot be. Happy are they who escape from a land of oligarchic extortion and misrule. Benefited also are they who remain ; for the value of their labour must be more or less raised, while the price of land must inevitably be lowered. Wen- there safer, speedier, and more inexpensive means of transport to America, the' more that go the better—the batter for those that go and for those they leave behind them. But fur landlordism, whe ther English or Irish, there are many who think that emigration has already overpusned its limits. Why not, then, bring in a bill to cheek emigra tion? The politician* who would prohibit the eultvation of the potato would hardly be guilty of any great inconsistency in undertaking to regulate the demand and supply of labour according to the esmvenicncc or advantage of the privileged orders. To put a fixed duty on the im port of corn, and a poll-tax on the export of men, would be' quite in keeping with the anti-free trade. policy. Louise: Aire rf laissez caller, is the old watchword of the system of r he p rn ular freedom and in ternational competition . natural converwe would be,—neither let them do nor go as each indi vi.l.o would, but let all things and all men be sub ordinated to the will and benefit of the class that make the laws. Still we must express once more our wonderment at the project for prohibiting the cul ture of the potato. Is it a desperate expedient for raising the pncc of corn ? Surely protection must be descending fast to dotage. FRANCE. SAITatIAT EYVIING. The papers publish daily the accounts which ar rive of the opinions expres;ed by the councils of ar rondissement on the subject of revision. livery re- ' markable expression in favour either of revision ►imply or of revision to the intent that Louis Na poleon may he re.c:igible, or of total revisiun, which is understood to mean a return to monarchy, is eagerly seized upon as evidence of the opinion of the nation by some one or more of the journals. accord ing to their polititst. There are 344 councils of ar rondissement, of which not more than about 100 have yet poinouneed. I shall send you the general result of the manifestation as soon as it is known, fur no satisfactory inference can be drawn front the isolated reports as they arrive day by day. There can be little doubt but that the majority of the arrondisse ments will pronounce in sonic form or other for re vision, but the important qualification of their desires contained in the words " legally" or " regularly" will, I believe, very generally evince the opinion that the constitution must not be violated. Of more impor tance will be the proceedings of the councils-general, whose meetings will begin on the 20th. Last year IA out of the ti 2 of these recorded their wishes that the constitution should be revised. This year ex traordinary efforts will be made both by the Bona partist' and the Berryer legitimists to obtain the vigis of a still larger number to that effect. In fact the main foundation for the hopes of those who think it yet possible that the revision may be carried in November, are mainly founded upon the immense pressure of public opinion which would be implied by anything approaching to unanimity in the coon cils-generaL They are bodies consisting for the most part of the most respectable and wealthy men of all ranks and callings in their neigh bourhood. And it is well worthy of remark that universal suffrage has made very few changes in the composition of the councils-general. The rich proprietor, noble or plebeian, legitimist or Orleanist, liberal, or illiberal, catholic or latitudina rian, who was chosen by the privileged few who ex ercised restrictive suffrage, has everywhere been re eleettd by the masa of his neighbours on whom the republic of 1848 conferred the right of voting. The able agriculturist. the extensive manufacturer, the large merchant, the notary, the doctor, the "juge de pant," have all, generally speaking, retained their seats at the hoard of these local councils. It is said to-day that the Count de Chambord has summoned the principal legitimist leaders to a con ference on the subject of the Prince de Joinville having become a candidate for the presidency. THE EXPRESS, MONDAY EVENING, AUGUST 18, 1851. time... - . After alaghf of three ix.ntalies Spkin awoke at the thunders of the Treach revolution. She un derstood the new idea. Without overturning royalty, which was still protected by old associations, she enchained it in the constitution of 1812. If , after wanks, like France herself, she suffered a reaction, accomplished not by any continuous movement, but by those necessary oscillations which belong to human affairs, this partial return towards the past has only served to give her a useful, perhaps a neces sary lesson. The shamelessness of the throne has displayed the naked vices of the institution itself — the pUblic conscience has ceased to believe in a power which has become an insult to the justice of God and the patience of man. The concluding heads are devoted to general con siderations and developments of their social and fra ternal theories. The socialism which they advocate is not that adventurous, impracticable, erroneous, and contradictory socialism , which has been inevitably put forward in the infancy of the theory. But to attain the socialism which they desire, nght is not sufficient. To the right, which protects the indivi dual, they must join the principle of duty which guides him. They interpret liberty and equality to mean right, but fraternity means duty. From these three spring order, the condition of social life. The three forms of this condition are religion, family, pro perty. Perverting the expressions of some solitary. dreamers by an unwarrantable use of some senseless paradoxes, people have pretended that those grand and eternal laws were attacked by republican so cialists. On the contrary, it is they who defendthem against monarchists. Their religion, they say, is not a religion of persecution, hatred, or intolerance; not a religion which fears science, encourages igno rance, and leans upon absurd superstitions. Their religion is that tie which binds men to God and to each other. Their ideas of family are not those of monarchs who have enslaved man, of feudal lords who attach families to the glebe of Louis XIV., who snatched protestant children from their parents under pretence of religion, or of the Emperor Nicholas, who in these days seizes upon flocks of children in their domestic 'hearths and sends them like cattle to work and to propagate in his colonies. They wish to sec the family holy;freely, formed by the impulse of pure affection, exempt from all profana tion and from all those temptations which are en gendered by misery. They wish to see the wants of the body being satisfied, the mind fed, and the light of instruction penetrating the poor cottage as well as the splendid mansion. The rights of pro perty, they contend, invaded by the French kings, were conquered by the revolution of 'B9. The aim of their efforts is to affirm and develop the principle which consecrates property, at the same time that they extend the efficacious enjoy: mcnt of it. Acknowledging that property has its origin, its only legitimate origin, in labour, they neither examine nor discuss the past ; they respect every acquired possession, asking only that for the future every one may reap what he sows, may work for himself and not for others, and may thus, creating property for himself, realize one of the conditions of perfect freedom, liberty, that essential attribute of a moral being. In conclusion, they say that nothing will divert them from their object, which is to promote a uni versal union of nations, upon the triple basis of liberty, cituality, and fraternity. • M. Sibour, the Archbishop of Paris, is under the ban of the ultramontane church, on ac count of his liberal opinions. The Pope's Nuncio lately gave a grand dinner, studiously omitting to invite the archbishop. Cardinal Franzoni, of Turin, declined to call upon him, and many of the aristo cratic inhabitants of the Faubourg St. Germain have withdrawn the charitable contributions which were accustomed to pass through his hands. The Prefect of the Haute Marne has suspended the Mayor of Bonneeourt, fur declining to post up the speech of the President at I'uitiers in his district. His assistant, who was ordered by the prefect to perform the mayor's duties, has refused to undertake them. The mayor alleges that the order to post the speech was not mum official one to which he was legally hound to attend, and he felt justified in not obeying it at the expense of the inhabitants of his commune. The President of the Republic has dissolved the council of arrondissement of Limoges, for having in their sitting of the sth August expressed a wish that the constitution might in future be carried into full effect, and that the laws contrary to the constitu tion, particularly the laws respecting public meet ings and the laws upon the liberty of the press, might be repealed or modified. UNITED STATES. The American mail steamer Atlantic,Capt. West, arrived at Liverpool yesterday morning at 3 o'clock with 52 passengers and 110,000 dollars in specie. She left New York on the 6th at noon, so that her voyage has occupied about 10 days 10 hours, a re markably good run. She arrived out at New York on Sunday, the 3rd, at 6 o'clock, making the voyage in 10 days 18 hours. The royal mail steamer Niagara arrived at :Cew York on Thursday, July 31, at 41 o'clock p.m., after passage of over 12 days. The steamer Europa arrived at Halifax at a quarter past 8 o'clock on Monday morning, Aug. 4, and at Boston on Tuesday afternoon, Aug. 5, between 5 and 6 o'clock. Grtat despatch was used to enable the At lantic to sail from New York on her appointed day. Between Monday morning and Wednesday noon she discharged the 700 tons which she brought from Europe, every package being landed at 6 o'clock, ' and within the same space of t ime taking in 600 tons of her coal. The America, of Cunard's line, sails at the same hour from Boston, and there will be an unusually fair opportunity of testing the relative speed of the two ships, the weather being the same, and Boston being about 21 hours sail nearer than New York is to Liverpool. This is of course without making any allowance for calling and detention at Halifax. In the list of the passengers of the Atlantic, is George Collyer, the celebrated yacht and steamboat builder, who goes out to witness the racing of the yacht America, at the Exhibition of the World's Fair. Great excitement prevails at the south on account of the Cuban insurrection. Several volunteers have left Savannah for Cardenas. One thousand men have sailed from New Orleans for the same destina tion. Two steamers have been purchased by the Cubans and their friends in New Orleans, where it, is currently believed that they will obtain possession of the island in the present struggle. A large num ber of persons in Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, and other southern states, are preparing . to give their personal aid to the Cuban revolutionists. We learn from Cincinnati that large bodies of young men in that vicinity are waiting for an opportunity to join the some standard. The President exerts the utmost vigilance for the prevention of any overt acts on the part of the Americans against the government of Spain, but the zeal of private adventurers cannot be repressed by the action of public authorities. An enthusiastic meeting was held at 13anks's Arcade, New Oilcans, on the 26th ult., to express sympathy with the movements for independence in Cuba. Captain James Stockton presided. The de claration of the patriots was read, and Judge Walker addressed the assemblage. A committee of ten was appointed, under the name of the " Committee for the Promotion of Cuban Liberty," to collect contributions in aid of the revolutionists. Our correspondent writes as follows: NEW YORK, Aro. 6. We learn by telegraph from New Orleans that another tire gas taken place at San Francisco, by which ten squares of buildings have been destroyed, and with them three millions of dollars worth of property. This catastrophe was unfortunately made more disastrous by the loss of several valuable lives. This mistbrtune is to be attributed to incendiaries, some of whom have been caught, and will meet with summary justice. Strange as it may seem, the inha bitants were rebuilding the burned districts with the same alacrity they have always shown. The effect of this tire will however be to increase the stringency of our money market here, and produce the failure of manv houses connected with the California trade. The news from Cuba continues to have interest. All our intelligence from the island, except that by the way of Havana, is very positive as to the fact of a very extensive insurrection having taken place. The New Orleans papers insist that Trinidad and Villa Clara have declared against the government. On the night of the 21ith ult. a large body of men lett that city for Cuba; and yesterday, and on the Ist of August, the steamers Pamper° and Cincinnati, the former with General Lopez on board, sailed with men and munitions of war for the island. A mass meeting of the friends of Cuba wits held, at which it was resolved to aid the revolutionists, at all hazards. The following is extracted from a letter written by a patriot at Santa Bac°, bearing date the 21st July: In haste and high spirits I pen a few lines descriptive of the state of affairs iu the mountains of this locality, and send the same by a patriot who is entrusted to transact I some business at Key West of the utmost importance. The unintser of patriots now in arms are at least 2,500 strong, , and occupy a range of precipitous fortresses, extending to Moron, a distance of 170 miles, so defended of old by na ture and now by arms so to he considered impregnable. One hundred and eighty-four out of a force of four hundred government troops sent to dislodge the insurgents, have joined freedom's flag, and re cruits arc being added daily to the sacred standard. A strong military force is stationed at Villa Clara, fur the objeci of letting none from Ilavana, Matanzas, or Car denas, hold communication with the rebels. The revolu tionists arc not in the least alarmed, and swear never to ground their arms but in victory or death. They are in daily expectation of an auxiliary force of at least 1,000 men from the plantations er elsewhere, and then descend and advance to make a houra on Ilavana. The number of ves sels hovering about the island is immense, particularly in the vicinity of the Isle of Pines and at Mataguetta, near the north-cast end of the island. Nu natives are permitted to leave the bland at present, so we arc informed here ; and the strictest injunctions have been issued to the officers of excise to examine all merchandise being shipped for the United States with the greatest assiduity, and permit no gold or silver coin, plate, or gold lace, to leave the island. 'fo Span", in Spanish vessels, all are permitted to send their treasure, and for the same will receive the governor's ac knowledgment, with interest of 3 per cent. Crops in this region look well, and for health the mountain breeze incom parable. Before General Lopez left New Orleans. he made a speech at the meeting to which I have alluded. At the conclusion of this speech three tremendous cheers' were given for Lopez. A'peripatetic Irish lecturer recently delivered an oration before one of the societies of Hamilton Col loge in this state, in which h o a tt em pt e d t o prove I that we were not Anglo-Saxons, but Celts. Among other things he asserted that, numerically, the people of the United States were catholics. The following table, however, contradicts the assertion. There are communicants : of Catholics, 1,231,300 ; of Metho dists, 1,215,069; of Presbyterians, 594,083; of Uni versalists, 325,000; of Episcopalians, 67,550; of Unitarians, 33,000; of Baptiste, 1,215,629; of Friends or Quakers, 50,000 ; total of I'rotestants, 3,500,329 ; total of Catholics, 1,231,300; Protestant majority, 2,269,029. There are 23,000,000 of people in the United States. The Catholics claim 3,000,000, leaving 20,000,000 to all other denominations. It is safe to say that 12,000,000 are truly Protestant. From Toronto we have dates to the 31st July, which state that an attempt was made in the colonial assembly to throw open the navigation of the St. Lawrence to all nations, but the government party refused its assent until an equivalent could be ob tained from the United States. The mails this morning bring nothing interesting, except a report from the south that the Cuban in vaders have a rendezvous on a small island, among the " Gardens," where they arc receiving supplies and additional forces. Our weather has been agreeably cool for some weeks past, and the health of the city has much im proved. The two steamers from Chagres overdue have not arrived. Thee are rumours afloat that the govern ment of Nicaragua has revoked its grant of the right of way by the San Juan, formerly given to Messrs. Vanderhilt and others. Mr. Vanderhilt and Mr. White went out suddenly last month to San Juan, and no doubt for the purpose of ascertaining the facts. Mr. White's name has often appeared in my letters as the great advocate of this project. ARRIVAL OF THE AMERICA. LIVERPOOL, SUNDAY, 10 s.m. The British and royal mail steam-ship America has just arrived from Boston and Halifax. She brings 43 passengers, and 30,000 dole. in specie. The advices from New York are brought down to the ith instant, by electric telegraph via Halifax. These are confined to commercial reports, with the ' exception of another arrival from California, bring ing two millions of dollars of gold dust. The accounts from the mines was as encouraging as ever. In cotton there was no alteration in price, but there was an increased disposition to buy. Flour and grain were dull, at Tuesday's quo tations. Money was more plentiful, and the market for stocks and securities better. • [For market see last page.] CANADA. TORONTO, Aro. 2. One of the most important bills of the session has been under the consideration of the Legislative Assembly during the past week ; this was the bill to increase the re presentation of the province. It was in effect lost, as a vote of two-thirds is required by the constitutional act to carry it, and the ministry required one of this number. Out of a house of St there were 55 who voted for the bill. I believe it is tho intention of the government to carry it through and send it home. It was proposed by the bill to increase the representation of united Canada from 8.3 members to 150, which latter number is very nearly the same as that of the two parlia ments of the separate provinces before the union, It seemed to be admitted on all hands that an increase of the present representation is necessary ; but great objections were urged on the part of the minority to the govcrument scheme. The Lower Canadian conservative British complain that while the representation of Lower Canada is increased by 33 menders, thirty-two of these are given to French Canadian consti tuencies; and they contend that the manifest object of this is to "swamp" their influence. Upper Canada ermserva tives complained that the proposed division was exceedingly unjust as far as they were concerned, and that some coun ties, which returned ministerial supporters, were to have two members, while counties possessing larger populations, but which returned conservatives, were only to have one member. Mr. Hineks, on the part of the ministry, replied, stating that the scheme was founded on a mixed basis of territorial divisions and population, and that many of the complaints urged might be remedied in committee. Again, others objected to the general principles of the bill, on the ground that it should have been founded entirely on popu lation. But this, it was urged by the ministry, would be einga:t..a lsirc.lo: impossible, if the union were to be maintained, as Lower Canada must send as many representatives to the united parliament as Upper Canada. I believe the representation should be increased, and that the actual representation was arranged by means of corrup tion, to suit a particular purpose, and does injustice to the reform party of this province. Another important measure has been before the house during the past wick, and this aas a scheme for the union of all the British North American provinces. It consisted of a series of resolutions proposed by Mr. Merritt, late pre sident of the executive council, for the legalisation of a con vention of delegates from all the provinces to devise some plan of union. The resolutions were negatived by a large majority of .37 toll. Mr. Mack*, the inspector-general, strongly deprecated any plan of organic change in nor constitution, contending that it could only he productive of the worst effects, and that Canada was now in quite as prosperous a condition as any of the neighbouring states, and only required peace to con tinue so. But, on the other band, it was urged that great benefits might be expected to flow from union. It was contended that it would consolidate our re•oure, s, make us more powerful, and of more account in the eye of the , 1 I n.r.;;:',l:a' almost everything rsnee thevb eiesr,Lntletot between ntn.drgo, themuii b it, t nc , F mayr u mob e l oe : , very force r;dy t p:,:to i t n rth, ha b both and t htni e aai this mo f e n provincesc otrsei.n,bl..,l:sli,u. have 1 I I they oa,t;that di stant gwhhaotuafltr,hfot foreign er render oing e : a l7(l e rt h tretur i, other itou..rnyi 00. anfs Lord to E ht. entghrlacv:iiiitrl provinces,h,. y, un less thaint I i l s lis n now report,pro and in this lie is no doubt right. I believe the project for a union is favourably re garded in all the provinces, and that in time it will come i about. A resolution has been passed to refer the rectory question to the judicial tribunals. This settles a great difficulty for the ministry. It is said that the present miuisterialists and the clear-grits have agreed to patch up their differences, rather than let the reins of power fall into the hands of the tones ; and I believe there is truth in the report. It is also stated that after the retirement of M. Lafontaine, the French will go for the secularisation of the clergy reserves. Comment:l/Lt.—There are no transactions of moment to report, this being the dull ►eason. The crops arc pros perous. LAMBDA. INDIA AND CHINA. THE OVERLAND MAIL. By our usual channel we have received in advance of the India mail news front India and China, to the following dates—Calcutta, July 2; Bombay, July 5; Madras, July 9, and llong-Kong, June 23. Our correspondent writes : BOMBAY, Irv, 5. The steamer Auckland starts to-day for Aden, with a mail to meet the Calcutta steamer, which will reach that port about the 25th, so this allows her nineteen days for a voyage, which, in tine weather generally occupies front seven to nine. It is to be hoped she will be more fortunate than the Sesostris, which left on the 7th ult., and which, finding she could not manage the run to Men, made fur Point de Guile, where she unfortunately arrived a day too late for the Calcutta boat. The absurdity of em ploying steamers like her for mail purposes is now more apparent than ever, and it is to be hoped they will never again be so emvloyed during the monsoon. There has been little of interest transpired during the past ten days : what little there is is recorded in the subjoined summary of the Bondsta Times of this morning:— The neglect so long prevalent of the state of the health of Euroman troops in India is now beginning to give way : the bulk of the Europeans in the Bengal army are now quartered in the hill stations in the north-west provinces ; barracks for the accommodation of a large body of Euro- peans in the Madras presidency are to be'constriicted at the expenditure of 30,00/. on the Neilgherries, at an elevation of 7,000 feet above the sea; investigations are in progress at Bombay to ascertain whether Paunchgunny or Pourunilliur, at elevations of above 4,000, be the more suitable station, or whether it might not be judicious to adopt both. The expensive barracks built fur Europeans at Hydrabail and &nide will hereafter rcnsain tenantless, and none but na tives be ever quartered away front the coast, unless in cases of emergency. At Bombay the Culuba barracks, long notable from their liability to fever, are to be aban doned, and quarters built on the fine airy ro mantic ridge of Chimhpoogly Hill, near Parell, six miles from the Fort, and 200 feet above the sea close by—the railway is on one side, the boat accommodation at Sewree on the other. The ship I'hilomeno was lost on the 13th June in the liooghly, off Silver Tree Pagoda, and on the 21st the ship Parsee Merchant was lost on the Eastern Reef, off the mouth of the river ; the Chebar was lust on the Bremaus Shoal, Batavia, on the 12th May. The mon soon at Bombay has been must favourable so far as it has I gone ; 30 inches of rain have fallen in June, or nearly a third beyond the average. In the interior it is still defi cient ; at Poona they have only as yet had three inches. On the 22nd of June there was a violent burst of rain and thunder on the hills ; the river at l'oona came down breast high, roaring like a cataract, and four men who were at the time crossing a low bridge or arched weir, always overflown when the river is full, were swept away, and three of them drowned. A violent storm occurred at Umritsur on the 16th, and at Wuzeerabad and I'eshawur on the following day; the Reece was rising r a pidly, an d a genera l fall was behoved to be at hand, and the rains are considered to have fairly set in in the North West Provinces and all over Lower Bengal. At Madras this is the middle of the fair season, but a succession of heavy showers have tended to mitigate the heat of the climate. At Bombay the criminal sessions commence this forenoon; the calendar is unusually heavy —amongst those comprised in it is one murder, the perpetrator of which has confessed his crime. The slwriffs tees are to be reduced by a half after the close of the present year, and it is believed that the offices of sheriff and deputy-sheriff will be comprised in one, and conferred on the deputy as permanent sheriff here after. The Small Cause Court Act in force at Calcutta hal been brought into operation at Bombay. There is no truth in the rumour of the intended retirement of Sir Laurence Peel from the Calcutta chief justiceship. A true bill at the instance of Col. Mactier has been found against Mr. Lang, barrister, late editor of the Mofassilite, for libel, in the coarse of his defence of Jotce Persaud. A clue is said to have been found for the incendiaries of the Arid; and some hope is entertained that the murderer of Lieutenant Johnson, of the Madras Cavalry, may be discovered. Captain Fenner and the officers of the Falkland have been tried by court martial for the loss of that vessel, and fullyand honourably acquitted. The share holders of the Agra Bank, of the New Oriental Life In surance Company, and of the Calcutta Public Library, have all resolved to register as Joint stock companies under the new act, by which their affairs will come to be laid periodically before the world, and they will have all the benefits of chartered copartneries. The sub-treasurer at Calcutta is about, it is said, to be appointed postmaster general on • salary of 4,0001. a year, with the designation of Director-General . of Posts ; of course the new officer will, like his predecessors, have to commence his apprenticeship on entering on his work. The rumoured retirement of the Chief Justice of Bengal has been contradicted on demi official authority. Sir L. Peel has no intention at all of giving up his appointment for the pre ' sent. Major Herbert Ldwardcs, the hero of Mooltan, has by this time entered on his duties as Commissioner in the Jullundhur Doab. The Mends and admirers of the gallant General Sir W. It. Gilbert, at Calcutta, have resolved to pre sent him with a magnificent sword, in testimony of their admiration of his conduct during the last Seikh campaign. The subscription is open to all, the sum of 1/. being all that any individual will be allowed to contribute. One of the two Lascars recently tried at Calcutta for burning the ship Ariel, has been con victed of the crime; sentence had not been passed. An exchange of commands has been sanctioned be twixt Brigadiers W. If. Elliot, slst Foot, at Banga lore, and Brigadier H. It. Milner, 94th Foot, at Can nanore. Mr. Mills, the Calcutta chief magistrate, is about to vacate that appointment for a commis sionership, and will probably be succeeded by Mr. Elliott, of the civil service. A couple of dozen I The Court of Cessation has tejeefed the appeal of the Roman Corporal Moretti, condemned to death by a French court-martial at Rouse, by virtue of the law of the 21st Brumaire, Year 5, for the offence of ex citing to revolt again* the French army. It was argued that that law was only appli cable to French soldiers, with respect to whom it was admitted that the court-martial was a tribu nal of the last resort, but that a foreigner might re sort to the Court of Cassation. That court, however, held that the court-martial, in the case in question, acting by virtue of a sovereign right, and in the name of public necessity, was a court from whose judg ment there was no appeal. In consequence of the holiday, yesterday, no newspapers appear to-day except . the National and the lt. prehl The trial of M. de Ginestous, who fought the duel with M. Aristide Olivier, in which the latter was killed and the former severely wounded, has just taken place at Montpellier. The seconds were included in the indictment. All the parties were acquitted. - . - PARIS, SCNDAT Errs:Na. A new democratic committee, consisting of MM. Lamennais, Joly Mathieu (do la Din me), V. Schoel cher, Baunc, Berth°ion, Lasteyras, and Michel (de Rourges) have published a manifesto of immense length. They call themselves the " French-Spauish ltarmn Democratic Committee of Paris." They sign, "Representatives of the People, Members of the Mountain." This committee explains the reasons for its formation. The manifesto contains a long dis quisition upon religion, evidently from the pen of M. Lamennais, who, by the way, was elected a member of the Mountain committee of permanence, but de clined to crvc on the alleged ground that he could not remain in Paris. When M. Victor lingo, in the National Assembly, elicited a deafening cheer by that bold flight of his fancy which announced the formation at some future time of the " United States of Europe." his hearers probably did not suppose that the realisation of his idea was near at hand. The prospectus of the demo cratic French-Spanish-Italian committer is however a proposal couched in serious, elegant, and eloquent language, and written with apparent earnestness of purpose, for the incorporation of the United States of the whole world. The originators of this transcen dently vast project are neither numerous nor powerful. They consist of eight respectable, but not very emi nent members of the National Assembly, of whom M. Lamennais, a heterodox priest, of great literary ability, and M. Michel (de Bourses), the advocate who is now defending the political prisoners at Lyons, are I the most distinguished. They are nevertheless con fident that they are, as they profess to he, the nucleus around which the immense agglomeration which they foretell will inevitably form itself. But in order to give a practical complexion to their nndertaking, the immediate object which they propose, as a preli minary to the more comprehensive scheme, is a fra ternal, political, and social union of the three nations, which, tinin their Latin origin and their geographi cal position, have the most affinity—France, Spain, and Italy. This is their exordium: Amidst the eomniotions which agitate the world, and which are but the immediate prelude to still greater; when, in the expectation of tremendous events, the natioas warned by unerring instinct that their destinies arc inseparable, that the aalration of none can he accomplished apart front the rest. watch each other with anxiety, the democratic French-Spanish-Italian commigee have thought it neves a:ay to proclaim the reasons for their formation, the prin ciples and views which govern their actions, and the end w!,ich they propose to Min at, and which they will pursue without intermission, persuaded that in so doing they are fulfilling a sacred duty. After this introduction, the prospectus is divided into nine heads. In the first they insist upon the essential oneness which nature has stamped upon the human race. No real good can be done unless it be for the benefit of all. Evil can only prevail by virtue of a ls•rversion and imitation of this sovereign law, and, therefor•, tyranny can gain no durable power without the union of oppressors. To tyrants, therefore, the people should oppose a holy union, founded upon the interests of all, inseparable from and blended with justice, for what is useful can never be separated from what is just. However much the necessity fur this union may be felt, it can never be established without the formation of a central organization, which, ex tending itself farther and farther, may ultimately embrace all nations who will successively and freely adhere to it. France, Italy, and Spain seem to be the natural elements of the central nucleus. The second head treats of the past history and present position of France. The principles of the French revolution, established by the efforts of sixty years, are now indestructible. It is now striving only with the last struggles of old society on the brink of that tomb which is ready to close upon it for ever. In all that relates to the civil and political state of man, the difference between what now exists and what existed before 'B9 is the measure of a vast progress accomplished. There are no distinctions of classes, and if any legal privileges yet exist they am at least not admitted to be legitimate. Neither force nor cunning will ever he able to deprive France of liberty. But only a moiety of her work has been accomplished. The important questions called social remain to be resolved. The problem of the due dis tribution of the products of labour, that is to say the pniblern of the material life of the people, winch is closely allied to its moral life, deeply interests all thinking minds. They feel that the revolution will be ineomplete till it has found a remedy for the sufferings of the multitude, fur the extreme contrast between luxury and misery. This, the second, will be the religious phase of the revolution. While other nations, urged on in their turn by the omnipotent breath which sweeps the world, are accomplishing their political transformation, France, more advanced, like the American pioneer who precedes the settler in the forest, will break up the virgin ground on which the people that follow her will pitch their tent +. The 3rd chapter speaks of Italy. Italy, the direct inheritor of the traditions and the greatness of the ancient world, opened the doors of civilisation to the rest of Europe, and supplied the earliest specimens. The land of arts and sciences when their culture re vived, it was also the land of liberty in the most brilliant period of its glory, when its ge nius shone forth like a Pharos through the darkness of the middle ages. If violence, aided above all by papal policy, which w ill never p erm i t t h e mut i- Imea limbs of Italy to re-unite, hascrushed her for centuries under a foreign yoke, she has never accepted slavery ; she has always protested against oppression, aspired towards her deliverance, and hoped for happier days. What names in the annals of heroism stuid higlier than Milan, Messina, Brescia, Bologna, Genoa, Leghorn, Rome, Venice ; Venice, who was the last to unfold her glorious flag, that flag which will soon float victorious over the waves of the Adriatic? If the brilliant success which attended their heroic efforts have been succeeded by melancholy reverses, Italy now knows the cause, and will learn wisdom from better eperiuce. The committee then recapitulate the principal events of the last three years, and attribute the failure of regeneration of Italy to the fatal division in the supporters of Italian unity, a large portion of whom thought it possible to reconcile liberty with royalty. After an eloquent tribute to the founders of the Roman Republic, and a protest against attributing to the French nation the responsibility of the part taken by the French army in the restora tion of the rope, they proceed as follows : The Italian patriots, of whom we are here the organs, declare, let, that in their eyes there is no general organisa tion possible, an real union, no salvation except in • repub lic; 2nd, that they recognise in no party, or fraction of a party, the right to speak in th e name o f Italian nationality, before Italy herself shell have chosen representatives who will really speak in her voice ; 3rd, that pending the revo lution no government is legitimate for them but that tem porarily suspended government of the Roman republic, and those which may be spontaneoualy established upon the same principle according to the progress of emancipation, and until Italian unity may be constituted by a nat i ona l convention; ith, that in their solemn conviction it Is sot only desirable but imperiously necessary to unite the Italian revolution to the French revolution, that moving and living principle of European revolution, whether social or politic. The 4th division speaks of Spain. Spain, proud and energetic, aluays deeply . self-conscious, and in flexibly determined to be itself, when the Arab invader, encouraged by treason, had possessed him- self of the greater part of her soil, Spain, overcome, but not humbled, knew no repose till, after heroic sacrifices and eight centuries of war, she had con quered her indeptndence. The ancient monuments of her legislation show her love for liberty. And if liberty, vanquished for a time, descended into the tomb with Juan de Padella and J u a n Bravo, it was I only to rise from it more glorious at the appointed SPAIN. .fro. 12. The reports of the ministerial changes are un founded. The Committee on the Budget has not yet as,-embled since the close of the session. An editor of a French journal has arrived to arrange the basis of a treaty between France and Spain for the pro tection of literary property. The I reach Ambassador is occupied with this creation. MADRID, AVG. 12.—Three per Cents., 36k• a ft er Bolus, 36i. Four per Cents., 151; a ft er Balsa, 1. Fire per ICents., lit ; after Bolas, lit. Passives, 61; after Balsa, 6 9-16. Coupons, 84 ; after Dolma, Si. Bank of St. Ferdi nand, 100 paper; after Botta, 991 cash. Exchange on Loudon, 50.5 cash. • ITALY. PIEDMONT. ALLESSANDRIA, Aco. 14. The Arenire says: " Our readers will remember the scandalous discussions between the cure of Arnaud°la and the Servites fathers, on the image of the Blessed Virgin. These are now to be renewed. The cure has lately exhibited a new Madonna on the 'same model. Father Pero has written a pamphlet to prove that this new Madonna is more miraculous than the one of Rimini, and that the old Madonna of the Semites fathers is not to be compared with her." MILAN, Aro. 12. The cure of Sampcyro was yesterday arrested at Turin. The theologian Borghesi, has been arrested at Casa. GERMANY. FRANKFORT-ON-THE -MAINE, Arorsr 15. Lord Cowley, minister plenipotentiary to the Diet, has returned from England, where he has been on short leave of absence. I understand that, nothing daunted by the repulse which the protest of the English and French governments met with at the hands of the Diet, these powers intend within the neat few days to renew it, repeating the arguments upon which they found their right to intervene in the incorpora tion question, and denying altogether that it can be considered a question of internal government, in which foreign powers cannot be interested. The English and French governments arc fully justified in taking this course, seeing that the opposition which they have met with is not unanimous, and that there are at least three members of the confederation who take the same views. _ _ P.B.—A report has just reached me that the Emperor of Ramis, who has hitherto remained neutral on the ineorpo rstion question, has already united, or intends to unite, with the English and French governments in protesting against the incorporation of the non-German provinces of Austria. BERLIN, Aro. 1.5. The Staats An:eiyer published lately a proclama tion from M. Remise, the new president of the Rhine Pro vinces, specifying the objects fur which the provincial diets are called together; and the Preussisehe 7.eitung thereupon remarks how senseless the alarm of the constitutional party is less these diets should have retrogressive designs, for iudeed the objects enumerated by the Rhine pre sident have very little or no political bearing. To-day, however, that same_ paper publishes a royal ordinance, signed by his 3lajesty, especially es powering the provincial diets of the Rhine district to adopt any measures, and pass provisionally any laws that may seem to them suitable and necessary with reference to all communal questions. Here, then, the very institution, the communal ordinance, whi c h h as been called into existence by the legislature, and sanctioned by the King, as a tubed i lute for the Diets—which has thus become law—is thrown ; virtually back into the hands of these illegallyrenewed diets, to do what they like with it What very loose ideas of law German governments must have : but that they have a very distinct idea of authority above law (which indeed appears to them to be law) is equally clear from the whole of this Diet-revival transaction. Every day the bare existence of the Frankfort Diet seems I to i n sp ire now:One state, now a no th er , w i t h some portentous , act of courage. The Dresden Journal of the 14th contains a ministerial reseript, by which all the " free congregations " of Saxony are declared to be dissolved. It is made criminal to be a member of these unions. or to attend any of their assemblies. The pretext fur this religious persecution (for that is the name the measure will fairly provoke and bear) is that these congregations are hot-beds of democratic doctrines sad passions. This act of the Saxon government is regarded merely as the herald of a universal dissolution of all the " free congregations " nil over Germany, which is, the Cassel/Tr Zeittaig intimates, to be pronounced shortly "rscar/iedra" from Frankfort. Mate prisoners on their way from lteerhhonm to Hazareebagh were roasted alive in the house in which they had been locked up—the guard in charge went away into the town of Covindporr, and during their absence, by s o me means, the house took fire—the poo r wretches inside were manacled, and could not help themselves, so they all perished in the Haws The friends of the late Colonel Ogilvie—and they embrace all who knew him—have resolved to meta monument over his remains at Poona. Our non soon has proved an extremely favourable one as vat ; upwards of 30 inches of rain having already Olen. During the past week it has been line, but we In,v o again every appearance of wet weather. The mail of the 24th May reached us on the 27th ult.; that of the 7th June reached us nu the 2nd inst., in 24 days 13 hours from London—the quickest transit by 20 hours, on record. A great number of deaths aro reported sines my last. Mr. C. Tucker, Bengal C.S., one of the oidebt members of the service, senior judge of the Caleima Sudder Adawlut, on the 1/4th June; 1)r. A. Me. Stuart, 24th 11.N.1., at Cherra Poonjee, on the rth ult.; Lieut. J. It. Ciallwey, 12th M.N.1., at Mvs , ,re, on the 14th ; 1/r. A. Collins, at Lahore, on thelqih ' the Rev. Mr. Wollaston, London Nlis.ionaly Sotieh at Nlinutpore, on 10th; Captain D. R. I. Wade, 12th M.N.1., at Cochin, on the 17th; Mr. It. Temp ler, Ceylon C.S.; Mr. A. L. Melville, Bengal C.S.. at Penang, on the 25th May ; Lieutenant W. F. Wil kinson, 21st 11.N.1., at Tannah, on the 2hh ult.; Lieutenant and Riding-Master J. Randall, Bombay Artillery ; Captain Cops, commander of the steamer Enterprise ; Mr. J. H. Lakes, Mate 1.N., in Egypt, on 11th April. At Bombay there has been little of importance stirring. Mr. Fenner, in command of the ;ma r Falkland when she went down at sea. 1.,1 been tried and honourably acquitted of all 14:1c. , not only so, but he, and his officers mod en-w, have received the height of praise tOr their CO.:- MSS and intrepidity on the occasion. The vessel was too long by a third: in the swells or the s< a that much of her was out of water and unsupported r..l,kh caused her to break across the centre. Thus( isa..s by Co tnntodoreLushinoon rut together on the liank of the Indus at holm., hot the exiwnse of doing so wns objected to: the quence was, the company lost the first they attempted to send up, which cost 15,0004 ! Splendid ceothany this, Major P. K. Skinner has snectssled to the iso,t of Judge Advocate General of the Bombay army. Brigadier Foster Stalker, C. 11., now commanding in ltajpootana, trill shortly, it is expected, he appoiatcd to the general staff—in room, probably, of General Auchmuty, whose tour on the stuff soon expires. Captain J. Estridgc has been appointed garrison engineer at Bombay, in succession to Crawthrd, ap pointed superintending engineer railway, &lull tucut. The Rajah of Joonaghir, in Goozerat, died on the Ifith Julie. His riches are said to be immense. He will be succeeded by his brother, unless the story of two of his queens being pregnant prove true : at present it is believed to be untrue. All hopes of prize money to the Punjaub army may now, it is said, be thrown away, as the lawyers at home are reported to have given it against them. There may he plenty of law in their decision, but it is questioned whether there be much justice. Sick ness has again made its appearance at Lahore. Severe storms had occurred both here and ut tVuzeer abad and L'lnritsur, whereby houses and trees were levelled with the ground. A clutch is about to be eructed in the new cantonments at Mean Meer, near the city of Lahore. At Peshawur the weather was fearfully hot, and sickness (chiefly fevers and bowel complaints) very prevalent : the hospitals were filling fast. All who could do so were flying to the hills to escape the dreadful heat. Peshawur seems destined to be the graveyard of thousands of Europeans, and all because the doctors' recommendation in 1549, re garding the site for new cantonments, was not attended to. Front Scinde we scarcely ever hear a word: it is, as yet, tolerably free from ordinary sick ness, but, front cholera, numbers have died, both at Kurrachee and Hydrabad. Tlw (Montle Stqr thus writes on the subject of affairs in the Deccan : The only part of India which is not in perfect and cheer ing repose (not even &seeming our troublesome friends the Alfreedies) is the Demi°, in which all continues to fall into fearful anarchy, confusion, mud insolvency. The Arab troops in his highness the Nizam's pay arc troublesome and mu tinous, his treasury empty from extravagance and misman agement, and his enunuous debt to the Company daily in creasing. The end must soon come, and it is rumoured that the beginning of it is about to take place in the corn ,pulsory cession of a large portion of his highness's heredi tary territory to the Company in liquidation of their just claim upon him. This will be a temporary panacea for a constitutiou superannuated and broken down, and a semi barbarous system of government, surrounded by compara tive civilisation and increasing prosperity and wealth, and blessed with a great degree of security fur property and per son. The electric telegraph betwixt Calcutta and Kedgeree is said to be in a fair way for early completion, and w ill, it is supposed, be opened tor use in October nest. Several es teemed members of the European community have died lately—Mr. Charles Tucker, senior judge of the Sadder Court; Captain Alfred Cops, of the WC. steamer Enter prise; and Mrs. Mills, the wife of our chief magistrate.— , Ihe rainy SV:IS011 has been long in arriving, but we believe 'it may now he considered to have fairly set in. It has been pouring almost without intermission since last evening, and looks likely to last. MILITARY INTELLIGENCE. APPOINTMENTS AND PIIOMOTIONS up to July sth, and announced since the despatch of the last Overland Mail, on the 2.5 th of Junc. IlElt MAJYatTY'tI TROOPS. CAVALILY. 3rd llegt. (Light) : Lieut. T. B. B. St. Oeoryre has leave of &biota, c to port of curb irkation from the ht of October to the :ilst of December, 1811, and to England, for two yeah from date of embarkation. INl'ANrttr. ?nth Regt.: Lieut. G. Wedderburn has leave of absence to port of embarkation from the nth of June to the bth of August, 18:4, and to England fur nine months front dote of embarkation.—filth 'teat.: The Com mander-in-Chief in India is pleased to make the following promotions until her Majesty's pleasure shall be known: Lieut. It. Mockler, to be Captain, withuut pureliuse, Tien James, deceased, and Ensign S. 1)e Courey O'Grady, to ho Lieutenant, vice Mockler, late of Commissions 9th ut Mar, 18.51. Surgeon Carson, M. 0., having reported his arrival on the Bth of June, will receive charge of his appointment as Surgeon to the Commander-in-Chi, f from that date. ' Surgeon Carson is also appointed to the medical charge of the Ilead-quarter Stall and Establisluttents.-714th Regt.: Ensign M'Leod has been appointed to act as Quarter - Master to the regiment, vice Quarter-MostK Webster, pro ceeding to England ou medical certifieate.kut. Delis: we has been granted leave to proceed from Aden to Bombay, on medical certificate. Leave has been granted to Captain Gordon, late of this corps, to proceed to England to join the 42nd Highlanders, to which corps he has exchanged.- 83rd Regt.: The Commander-in-Chief is pleased to make the following promotions, until her Majesty's phasure shall be known Captain H. F. Ainslie, to be Major, without purchase, and Lieutenant and Adjutant W. Nutt, to be Captain, vice Townsend, deceased---3rd June, 1831. Bustnay. STAVE.—EusigH A. G. St. J. Mildinay, of the 2nd Euro pi au ltegt. (Light Infantry), is appointed Acting Assistant to the Supt. of Bazars at Poona. Brevet Major P. K. Skin ner, of the 9th ltegt. N.I. Deputy Judge Advocate Geoc ml, is appointed Judge Advocate General of the Army, is succession to Lieutenant-Colonel W. Ogilvie ' deceowd. Date of appointment, J une 18, 1831. C a pt a i n J. Estrolee is confirmed in the appointment of Garrison Engineer and Civil Architect at the Presidency, vice Crawford appuinteil Superintending Engineer, Railway Department. NATIVE INVANTUT.—,Sth Ike. L. I. Capt. J. C. Heath to be Major, Lieutenant H. Stanley to be Captain, and En sign M. it. ilaig to be Lieutenant, in succession to Daily, Eromoted—date of rank, J une 17, 1851. S en i or un po s ted nsign J. A. It:unsay is posted to the regiment as junior Ensign, vice Ilaig, promoted. Rank as ensign in the army, Feb. 20, 1850, in the regiment June 17, 1831-14th ditto Lieutenant It. M. Westropp to be Captain, and Ensign T. Leith to be Lieutenant, in succession to Wolley, demoted, June 6, 1851. Senior unposted Ensign C. 11. Hunter Forbes is posted to the regiment, lice Leith, pro moted. Rank us Ensign in the regiment, June 6, 1831, in the army 31st of January, 18.51.- 15th Regiment : Lieutenant A. G. Thompson has been reported qualified as au interpreter in the Slahrotta lan guage.-20th do. Adjustment of rank.—Licuteitant J. M. Holt to take rank, vice Boyau retired, 4th March, 1850. Lieutenant W. Waddington to take riii.k vice Youngbus band, promoted. 3d April, 1830. Lieut. E. L. Taverner to take rank, NICE Lancaster, promoted, 31st May, 1850. Lieutenant F. W. 3PLean Atkius to take rank, vice Good fellow, promoted, 26th November, 1850. Promotion. — Ensign 11. L. ltobinsoa to be Lieutenant, Tice Wood pro moted, sth April 1851. Senior unposted Ensign J. P. Forbes, posted to the regiment as junior Ensign, Vice Ro binson promoted. Rank as Ensign in the Regiment, 18th May, 1851, Army, 31st January, 1830. Lieutenant F. W. M. Atkins has been confirmed in the appointment of Adju tant to the Khandeish Illteel Corps, vice Lieutenant D'Arey, allowed a furlough to Europe. 21st do. Lieutenant W. L. Merewether has been reported qualified us on interpreter in the Hindoortanee language. INVALID ESTABLISHMENT.—Captain T. H. Godfrey, is allowed to reside and receive his pay at the Neilglierry bills instead of Wynaad. CADETS ADMITTED ON THE ESTABLISH MENT.—NITIItafy Vaughan, a cadet of Infantry, arrived at Bombay the 4th June, 1854. Mr. Robert M ac r ea dy , a cad e t of Infantry, date of arrival, Tith June, 1851. OFFICERS RETI:USED TO THEIR DIJTV.—MajOr R. Blood, 11th Regt. N.L, and Capt. C. S. Wititeltill, 2nd European Light Infantry, arrived at Bombay, 4th June, 1811. EXAMINATION IN TILE NATIVE LANOVAULs.-4:9l o He a Ensign H. Moore, attached to the Bth Regiment :SI. & were tlu sli. an de. fa, war Lar foul cap The ,( 11