The Express. — London, England, 1852-09-23 00:00:00

gite enotOfc. TO CORRESPONDRATS. • *wood TA4Cos of " 7Lo Tama," osmolliag tlt• wow Go•••••," lo *my Turley Triy *Yid. la Wu Me TM. Was i.wouo. Inteadod far w Taproo," Lanka 2.0112. MIMI he M. iWoe, 10, boavorWookoot. Ity Two eels& ow Jo asy seglaika. ZION WATS& AT LONDON BNIDOI. %Us lial—Miuratair. 9e 57,...--aftirassa.lok. 44m. Oi. LONDON, THURSDAY, SEPT. 23. THE QUEEN has—through the agency of the PRE- MlER—expressed her desire that the funeral of the Duke of WELLINGTON should be public. Her MA .HATT at the same time, with a delicacy which her subjects will know how to appreciate, has left the ultimate decision of the question to the representa tives of the people. There is no action of her Ms- JEsl'which mote clearly shows nut only her careful sense of the state of public feeling, but also her tho rough comprehension of her position as a constitu tional 141Vt.rvign than this. She has identified her self with the nation. Her Nlsiesri," says Lord Denny, in his official letter to Secretors- Watrou:, " is well aware that as in the case of Lord NELSON, she might of her own authority hwe given immediate orders for this public mark of veneration for the memory of the illustrious In RE, and has no doubt but that Parliament and the country would cordially have approved the step. But ht? MAJESTY, anxious that this tribute of gratitude and sorrow should be deprived of nothing which could invest it with a thoroughly national character—anxious that the greatest pessible number of her subjects should have au opportunity of joining it—is anxious above all, that such honours should not appear to emanate from the Crown alone, and that the two Houses of Parlia ment should have an opportunity by their previous sanction, of stamping the proposea ceremony with increased solemnity, and of associating themselves with her 3lnixsry in paying honour to the memory of one whom no Englishman can name without (nide and sorrow." ithout looking too curiously into the Ministe rial English. and worrying ourselves with inquiring how her MAJESTY, who never saw the light until many years after the interment of Lord NELSON , could, • "us in the rose of Lord Nelson, have given orders, or how a parliament can have an ...p i onrefunty of stamping anything by a prerious sanction. - i: is quite sufficient to us that a meaning looms. - as Mr. Disnsu.l would have it, through the abuse words, and that the meaning is very satis factory. Commit told us long . ago that we were not to expect grammar in ministerial productions, and although we might have looked for better times, now we have a literary man in the ministry. it is too much to expect that the CHANCELLOR of the Exculat:Ea, in the midst of hit present difficulties, can be looking over the shoulders of all his colleagues when they are writing letters, that he may put them in trim. We accept. there ore, Lord DERBY'S bad English for the oaks of his good news, and, remembering the good old adage '• not to look a gift horse in the month," content ourselves with the matter rather than the manner of tile communications of our horse-racing ]Prime Minister. Now, the readers of the Erpreqs will not need to be reminded that the view which her MAJESTY takes of the nature of the necessary course to be adopted, on the occasion of the death of the great military hero, is precisely that which we have advo cated. No later than yesterday we contended that the 0. , b0n must bury the Dine—that the nation must he the chief mourner—that all heraldic mummc ties must be subservient to the great object in view. 11'e demanded that every detail should be so ordered that the notion at large should be enabled to partici pate. We denied the right of any clique to bar the claim of the nation to share in the funeral obsequies of its greatest hero. The decision of the QuEEN comes forward now to give the most powerful corroboration to the soundness of this view. The highest au thority in the nation declares, through the agency of her chief minister, not only that it is fitting and proper that t h e funeral should be national, but that the nation itself should, through thf , ....ins of its representatives, affirm this. The Qt. ev: declines taking any steps towards the realisation of en object in which,nevertheless, her feel ings arc deeply interested, and waits, to use Lord DERBY'S words, " until she shall have received the formal approbation of Parliameot, of the mime which it will be the duty of her 'Meiesrr's servants to submit toboth houses upon their re-assembling. Now, the letter which communicates the wishes of her MAJESTY, states that the intended place of interment is St. Paul's, but contains no information as to the building to be selected for the lying in state. 'this surely is an important point to be settled. Thousands who will be unable to witness the fur.eral procession, which will occupy but a few hours, and be accompanied by immense crowds, will gladly avail themselves of an opportu nity of witnessing the solemn ceremonial of lying in state. The order which it will be possible to pre serve in a building will at tr act many persons who would be too timid to incur the danger of mingling with a vast multitude in the open streets. It will, therefore, be of the utmost importance that this portion of the ceremony should be conducted with all possible solemnity, and in a building large enough to accommodate great numbers. No place wnuldThe so appropriate for this purpose as West minster Hall. We have already given sufficient reasons for the selection of this building. Another point may be mooted. Every one who has been bold enough to entrust (limier to the tender mercies of a sight-seeing crush, looks back to his escape—if be has escaped—from bodily injury as a sailor looks back to his preservation from the clingers of wreck on a los shore in a stormy night. Why should the privileged spectators of all national ceremonies be the violent and unscrupulous? Why should the indulgence of a desire to witness an object of national interest be accompanied with the greatest danger to life or limb? Why, in short, on all occasions of public participation in great ceremonies, should the more violent and ill-regulated be in possession of the main points of view in the streets. It would be difficult to answer this question properly, unless it should be asserted that any improvement is impos sible. Now, in the absence of any proof at this asser tion, may we not suggest the possibility of prevent ing much of that turbulence and crush which makes it impassible for the great majority of the public to be present at a great prpr ocession . At any rate the ex periment is worth trying. Nothing can be worse than no system at all. If any proposed plan fails, we shall be no worse off than before. And it is quite clear that unless some measures of prevention are taken; an attempt of unprivileged persons to see the procession will involve an amount of discomfort like that nts being jammed in a crush equal to that of ten Lord Mayor s shows crowded into one. If the nation are to attend the Duke's funeral, let tho nation be made as comfortable as possible. To be enabled to discover a remedy for tho ordi• nary evils attending processions let us see how they arise. roc public attention is generally directed to those points in the line where the best view can be attained. The great pressure therefore will be found at those points. and crowds will flock there. As the numbers increase, the struggle commences, and the strongest and most brutal remain of course in pos session of the field. Those who have been foiled in their attempts, distribute them eaves along the whole line io less favoured positions unul at lest every point is occupied. The accession of new spectators IM attended with greater , pressure and fresh struggles. The mass becomes packed so densely that the slightest movement in nny one portion produces extensive vibrations. As the precs salon advances each one endeavours to follow the object of the greatest interest. All these soon be come engaged in a contest to pass other', and the pressure towards the ultimate point in the bnc-- that where the procession stops--ice enormous. The weakest go to the wall, and the few who arc violent and careless cbtaiu their end. The smallest possible number out of vast multitude'—and' these very pos sibly the least deserving—have a view of the imectiscle. Now, all these evils would be remedied flit were possible to keep the crowd nioriny along the whole line of procession in a direction contrary that in which llie yrnceasion fob-amts. By this means each person in the crowd will see each point of the procession. The instant that the fusion) cortege begins to move, the spectators on each side 'of the streets should be made to aloes also, bat fn on opposite direction, so as to most the advancing line. Tho only question that remains is, is it practi cable to enforce such a reguletioaP Why set The road will, as usual, be kept by the Howe guards,' the pavement will be lined with police. Now, instruc tions given to the constables to enforce the order, " keep moving," would—if commenced at the point where the procession started from—be sufficient to put an end to much of the evil we have described, and to give an uninterrupted view of the procession to thou sands. Any attempt at violence might surely be checked, and all endeavours to turn back—and thus throw the line into disorder—might be suppressed by turning the offender out of the line, or in ease of contumacy handing him over to cus tody. No rational liberty, but only irrational li cense, would be opposed by these measures, and the good sense of the public, it may be fairly hoped, would induce them to assist the police in their task of carrying out a plan by which thousands would be enabled to become spectators, who would otherwise uovcr venture near the line. Only the lawless would object to such a regulation. If it, or something similar bo adopted, the funeral will have a still greater claim to the epithet national, from the fact of a larger proportion of the nation being admitted as spectators. Let Scotland-yard think of this. Ose of the most remarkable circumstances of tho present day is the rapid increase of life assurance companies. They spring up like mushrooms. It has been proclaimed by high authority that no employment for capital is more profitable, and many persons who hare capital, and many who have none, are boldly starting assurance companies. (Jut of 132 um in existence, only 10 existed before 1800. In the first decennial period of the century only 10 Now ones were established, in the second only 5, in the third only 16, in the fourth only 29, and in the fifth, or from 1340 to 1850, 82 were established. Of these 92, 75 have been established since 1844, when the Joint-stock Registration Act was passed, which includes assurance offices within its provisions. The number projected since then is still more extra ordinery,—no less than 241; but of these only 75 continue in life, the rest having been strangled at their birth, or died after a abort and ricketty exist ence. These teeming births and addled conceptions since 1844 were the consequence of that act giving to assurance companies an easy means of obtaining a recognised legal existence. But it would have had no such an effect were it not that great wealth had been acquired by some old assurance offices, and great profits were consequently anticipated by those who set about establishin,r new ones. There is no more beautiful or conservative feature in the human character than that which aims at pro viding for the future welfare of families, and conse quently of society. If improvident statesmen have forestalled the resources of future generations by enormous national debts, prudent individuals have laid by to a still great extent, including the savings dill, and have enabled the nation to bear the burdens, with the many advantages which past generations bus bequeathed to it. The property assured is only one part of this greet provision, and it amounts according la the big calculations to about 150,000,0001. It is eatireld that 5,000,000/. is paid yearly in premiums is 'ear that 130,000,000/. may at some distant rdbe paid to those for whose benefit assurance is made. To that extent in this single branch, to say nothing of the ships and houses built, of bridges, mills, and cathedrals constructed, of land drained, of property gathered together in various other directions does one genera tion stint itself to provide for the next. Compared to that the exertions of vaunting statesmen, whose business it is to take care of the future, are mean, beggarly, and inefficient. The providence of indi viduals is the conservative spirit of society ' • and while some politicians are, or 'intend to be, alarmed at the progress of disorder, the increase of assurance offices, if they be sound, is a proof of the great in crease of the best kind of conservatism. With the establishment of so many new offices, there is connected, however, a great zeal to promote assurance. The eld offices were content with now and then advertising a small bonus, bat the new companies Rl2OOllOOO SIIIIIIIIIOr premiums, larger bonuses, and greater security. They employ agents, they enter into correspondence, they write and ran to excite the public to be provident, and in. cremes annually the sums that are to be laid by for posterity. If there be nothing erroneous, nothing delusive or deceitful in all this ; if the new offices snowed in proportion to their increase in generating a provident spirit, and reward it by repaying here after all the capital they are now exciting the public to advance with adequate interest, the increase of assurance must be regarded as a sign of great future improvement. There is, however, elms season to mistrust this new-born seal. Not only les it ben disfavored that the old companies hare mode a great dud of money, it has been ascertained that mont7 02111 M amie without money. " The mime of life ere "nee is supported solely oat tamp *petiole," says one writer, " that the contributions if disoorabers taken year by year and invested in suns had which will pro duce an interest, will be sughient of themselves to sg ps the represestativesetriminencbsr when his life in the stmt emend mar Ids policy." la ether words, the preemie= properly employed will and mist mike to . pay all the sums smiwelr the selesellsrs being AS sulky, as is Oda inetl mmlind meimmee s. =sdee, their own esseree Beam Nasals writer that capital is 1121111081- my, that it is an incumbrance, and that some Mikes ere gleaning under the weight of an immense capital. It is area ascertained that a judicious employment et the premiums can command additional capiteL Mina most of the new companies have started with way semi espitala, or none at all. Now though it melt le admitted that there is no positive use for capitol in an assurance company, except to pay the awed expense of hiring an office and advertising it, and to preside against the possible contingencies of great losses in the first years of the company' on it is plain that the possession of capital pledged Sir the good management of a company is some security that it will be well managed, while the went of capital, unless the office be for mutual asserance, may justly make people cautious of those who,—having nothing,—earnestly solicit the public to entrust them with large sums to invest and accumulate at com pound interest through many year.. It is plain from the fact that assurance olden receive money now to pay a larger sem law after, that their success depends on future as well as on present circumstances. The two great principles on which all assurance is eal sedated, are the value of life, and rate of interest on money. As to the first it is a fact that the value of life generally—from more temperate habits in the people, improved knowledge of the laws of health, and the hazards of occupations being diminished by more skill and care—has of late years continually increased. Assured lives being selected and in the main of longer duration than average life, offices which have calculated premiums on the ave rage value of life estimated half a century or more ego, have exacted premiums much hither than were asesseary, and by that means have been enriched. Most of the new companies, therefore ' and now many of the old ones, ask lower premiums. In forming new offices with an expectation of profit, it must be re membered that this element of the profit of old ode* asking too high a premium, is extinguished by the ebstement in the premiums, but they may still be erfficiptly high to give a good profit, if the value' of life should continue to increase. Future soon= will depend on the valve of life in future; altheagh there is some reason to hope that it will continue to increase, that may be doubted of assured lives, bemuse they have hero nfore been few, and of the most ear*. fal claws, while the great extension of life magnum leader the stimulus of advertisements, ix., seems likely to approximate assured lives henceforth much snore to the general value of life than formerly. That element of future profit will not be great, pod young latices, founded on a different calculation, even if otherwimo enlightened, and well intentioned, may find their expectations disappointed. As to the second, it is also a feet that the interest of money hes generally . fallen through a course of years. there was a period between 1730 and 1744 when the Three per Cents. were on the average nearly as high as they have latterly been, and for some time higher than we have ever 800 n them, THE EXPRESS, THURSDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 23, 1852. low rate terest i t il ha di t cati the g y a fel; ' , ery and continued d lot for ;after years,dicating • high rata of interest; bat with this one exception, twat • and interest bumf tied a , oontianal tendency down Wards. By modern Imitate on politisat economy this tendency is nesumed, to be' a general lmr l yet being mossioaally 'beaked by im provement. is ,ageicidtarn and other arta At pra• sent thaThree per Caleta are about but there is an expectation that they will go h er; and for some time men have talked of a redue nof the rate of interest. For assurance companies—which depend' on remiving a good rate of interest on the money entrusted to their management to enable them to pay hereafter the capital sum for which they now receive premiums—what may be the rate of interest in future is • most important consideratioo. That rate is always mainly determined by the dif ference between the cost of production and the value of the commodity produced. Of all commodities the principal cost to the capitalist resolves itself ulti mately into wages, and accordingly it is laid down in some modern treatises of political economy that as wages (real wages) rise profits falL At present wages are rising -7e believe they are likely to be still higher—there is a felt necessity for an improve ment in the condition of labourers; their large share of the annual produce will be a deduction from profits; we do not see any permanent came for • future increase in the rate of profit; and accordingly it appears more probable that interest will keep low, and perhaps fall lower than at present, than that it will rise. A g reat part of the increase in the capital of some old assurance offices, has scorned from their having purchased into the funds when the Three per Cents. were below GO, and when they made 6 per cent. on the premiums, that were regulated on the ;supposition that 3 per cent., with a margin for lames, was average interest. The whole course of society , is now so much more regular than formerly, that offices now, or recently formed, will have no such advantage, and those who have formed them in the expectation of obtaining it, will deceive them selves and their customers. Those who invest in them may bequeath, instead of a provision, only disap pointment to their families. All the great inst►tutions of society are necessarily based on man's wants and affections. Assurance companies are founded on ono of the best attributes of our nature, but it supplies great temptations to avarice and fraud. Weare much afraid, ' therefore, that some of the schemes now set on foot will ignorantly or wilfully deceive the provident, and cheat the future of the provision intended for its welfare. There is a great danger looming at present in the path of society, and it is only to be avoided by the provident classes increasing their care and not allowing themselves to be deceived. FRANCE. PARIS, WEDNESDAY EVININO. The latest despatch TTlfiii hu reached the Jiinistiy of the Interior, relative to the President's journey, is u follows : Grenoble, Sept. 21, 7 p.m. The Prince has just entered Grenoble amid the roar of the artillery of the citadel and the acclamations of the whole population messed upon the Lyons road, on the esplanade and quays. Tbo most energetic cries of " Vire l'Empereur!" have made themselves heard from the first moment when the Prince could be seen till he entered his apartments. His Highness has been received at the gate of France by the Mayor of Genoble, also deputy and coun cillor-general, who presented to him the keys of the city. The Court of Appeal, the clergy, the oouncil-general, the mayors of the environs, functionaries of every grade, sur rounded the head of th e state, and gave him • triumphal reception as far as the prefecture. !mums' enthusiasm reigns in the whole town, all the publice edifices and pri vate houses are illuminated. All breathes the joy with which the presence of the Emperor's nephew is/sputa the patriotic rshabitaets of Dasphiny. The following telegraphic despatch has been re ceived from Strasbourg, relative to the inundations: Strasbourg, Sept. 22, 11 a.m. The whole plain comprised between the Rhine and the strategic road is one immense lake. In each village a cer tain number of houses have been swept away; but the inhabitants have been saved and sheltered. The most dangerous point is Rhinan, where the Rhino has formed a breach of 160 metres, by which a very river precipitates itself into our plains. We work at the dyke, but the trans port of materials is very difficult. I (the prefect) have organised in each chef had de canton • service of distribution of succour. comprising each • group of submerged villages. The waters arc subsiding everywhere. The decree raising the duty on Belgian coal and iron is regarded by the Steck us the counueutxtucnt of the war of tariffs with which Belgium was me naced by the memorable article of Grainier de Cas !begone. It has been lately stated by a Belgian journal that the French government threatened to impose an additional duty of 10 per cent. upon all Belgian produce, unless Belgium would accept all the modifications in the tariff of 1843 proposed by France. These modifications are understood to ex tend not only to silks and wines, but to cottons, woollen tissues, printed wools, ribbons, fancy articles, cl&hs and sea salt. - - - - - - Thi; decree was prepared and signed before the Prince-President lett Park, for it bears date Sept. 14th. But the publication was delayed until the completion of the Belgian cabinet enabled a decisive answer to the French prowls to be given. The sensation occasioned in Belgium by the decree must be very great. The Indeperukseee of Brussels Says OUT readers will understand that we do not at this mo ment eater into any discussion on this fact; but we think that we are able to state that eategotical explanations will very shortly be given to the public, and that they will prove in Use most peremptory way that nothing has been done on the part of Belgium which can give any motive for, or even justify In any degree whatsoever, the act of the French go vernment. We conies, for to- day, our observations to this point. The rresse urges strongly the reduction of the present still enormous army. I have already alluded to the report in well-informed circles preailing on this subject. At the same time it should not be lost sight of that the creation of a powerful navy of screw steamers has been indicated by the Petrie as tho Noses intinse of the President, who holds that the destinies of France are to be decided at sea. What that means needs no CEdipns to unriddle. It seems in fact by no means improbable that the re duction I mentioned yesterday u contemplated in the army will be undertaken with the view of pro viding France with a more efficient navy. At the Bourse the Four-and-a-Half per Cents. fell 35, closing at 104.2.5; the Three per Cents, fell 30, and closed at 77.80. The railway market was very heavy. Rouen fell 18.76 ; Havre, 10; Orleans,ll.23. TUZADAY Evssixo. The President's speech at Lyons has been pla carded on the walls of Paris. It is generally .under stood by the admiring multitude as expressing the consent of the President to yield to their wish to invest him with the imperial dignity. Meantime, it should bo noted that Louis Napoleon in his speech attaches to this dignity the epithet of almighty (loute-puisrant,), no doubt in order that ho may claim u early as possible the fullest exemption of all-control. I am informed from a source deserving attentoin that the design of diminishing the army by 00,0005 men is seriously spoken of by persons high in office, and familiar with the President's professed policy. Nevertheless, I give this re portin regar4 to the probable accomplishment of the slid reduction, with all reserve. Considerable sensation has been occasioned this afternoon by intelligence from Jersey that the Eng lish government has determined to adopt extrao nary measures with regard to the refugees there. The lieutenant governor has sent a circular to the con stabl es desiring them to prepare returns of all foreigners resident in the island, stating their names, residences, professions, and social condition, whether they are married or single,whether with or without passports, and whether or not attached to the family of English subjects. The returns are also to distinguish such of the foreigners as may be refugees, and to state wilt ther they live in furnished or unfurnished lodginr. This circular has been very unfavourably received by the refugees in Jersey, who fear it may be the prelude to compliance with the requisitions of the French government against them. At the ball at Reanne an expression worth noting fell from General Castellanc. Being asked who was the lady dancing with M. de Persigny, he said " That is Madame PAWL'', the wife of the Procureur of the Republic—who, a few days hence, will be the Pro cureur Imperial." The app ouch of the Presidential train to Lyons was announced by a salute of 101 guns, tired at the same time from all the forts. This formidable de tonation seemed to shako the whole city, and the lours on the various buildings were visibly agi tated. An immense population was assembled the whole way from the vicinity of the railway station to the hotel of the prefecture, where Louis Napoleon was to alight. As soon as the Prince left the railway carriage, /L Bret, the Prefect of the Rhone, came forward at the head of the mayors and municipal council, and presented to him the keys of the town on a golden salver, at the same time addreedng him as follows: Monseigneur,—l have the honour to present to your Im perial Ilighnese the keys of this town, the soma that were Fated to the Emperor. The inhabitants will be most to peeve to yea their cordial eentisseats and devo s to your eaute. The Prince replied that he was happy again to visit a city which had given so noble and so memo rable a reception to the Emperor, and that he was much pleased with the favourable sentiments ex pressed towards him. In speaking of the arrests for seditious cries which have occaaionally signalised the progress of the Pre sident, I have already suggested the probability that the legal cry of " Viva la Republique" had been deemed seditious. I now learn from positive infor mation that at Beaune several cries of " Vivo la Ripublique" were raised in tho square near the church. Three gendarmes instantly rushed n po the group front whence the cries proceeded, and dragged one man off to prison. Events of this kind have long since ceased to excite surprise. It is so perfectly well understood that the government is above all law, that individual efforts to stem the torrent of despotism are regarded es simply ridiculous. A good many symptoms of an uneasy feeling aro now, however, observable in the provinces. The Hotel de Strasburg, at Commercy, has been closed, in oonsequence of expressions disrespectful to the President having been uttered therein. Two per sons, of whom one is a physician, have been arrested in connexion with this measure of repression. The Prefect of the Puy-de-Mote has closed six wineshope at Aubieres, the village where General Jaquemm made such a ferocious speech the other day. A farmer, named Laurent Fergues, was lately arrested by tho gendarmerie of Trolls (Gard) upon the charge of having insulted some members of that force in the execution of their duty. While being conducted to prison ho attempted to run away, and being hotly pursued by the gendarmes, turned round and picked up stones to defend his person. Upon this demonstration of resistance the gendarme shot him dead udon the spot. The Asse,nlWe defends itself very successfully against the charge of being too favourably disposed towards England brought against it by the Sleek. Although the political party represented by that journal is in a very low plight at present, it may be well to note occa ionally the light in which we are regarded by M. Gut sot and the fusionists. The 'Dumb/0e says : " Since the Sieele leads us to the subject of England, we will assert that in the whole French press there does not exist a journal which wages a more determined war than ourselves against the pretensions and en croachments of English policy. We have a pride in doing justice to her great men, in speaking of the Duke of Wellington as we would speak of the Duke of Marlborough. But, instead of smoothing the way, as the Steele and all the revolutionary journals arc doing for English policy upon the continent, we oppose it energetically. We incessantly endea vour to enlighten the country upon the schemes of England in Italy, Switzerland, and Spain. We constantly show how England favours revolutionary intrigues upon the Continent in order to set up her own influence there and to destroy that of the go vernments. Upon the question of industrial and commercial interests wo are as intractable as upon the political question. We aro not of those who would sacrifice French to English interests. We defend our coal and our iron with the same ardour with which we should combat the policy of Lord Palmerston. Our patriotism, in a word, is an en lightened patriotism, and not that of a guard-room." A French ship, the Orenouille, of Marseilles, has been set fire to and pillaged on the western coast of Madagascar. The captain and several of the crew were massacred. One of the sailors is detained as a prisoner by the King of Maabc, who resides to the south of Nossi-116. No further details arc known of this outrage,which will doubtless lead to severe re:ri bution on the part of France. A general meeting of tho sutar manufacturers of the departments of the Aisne, Oise, and Summo will be held at St. Quentin on Saturday, to petition the Prince President to modify, in many important par ticulars, the rcccut Ar g utAttons or the sugar trade. SPAIN. The Madrid Gazette of the 16th publishes a royal decree, granting to M. Martin Larios, a merchant of Malaga, a privilege for the construction of a rail road from Cordova to Malaga. In the preamble to the decree, it is announced that M. Campana, a mer chant of Cadiz, has been authorised to have a survey made for a line of railway from Seville to Madrid. The Spanish government hos decided that the pro vincial deputations shall meet on the 9th to decide on tho part to be taken by each of the towns in the construction of railways with a view to a prompt execution in every direction. ITALY. PIEDNIONT. Ms. Freeborn passed through Turin on the 18th, from London, on his way to his consulate at Rome. The Turin correspondent of the Official liaette of Savoy mentions new rumours of a crisis in the Pied montcso Cabinet, but adds that no change will tako place bofors the meeting of the Chambers. Count do thunbuy, Sardinian Plenipotentiary to the Court of Rome, arrived at Chambilry on the 19th. The O f ficial Gaulle of Suruy, in giving this intelli gence, positively denies that Count tie Sambuy's departure from Rome was owing to Cardinal Antonelli's letter, or any other cause of coolness with the Holy See, and that he is shortly to return to his post. ROMAN STATES. ROME, SEPT. 11. The Congregation of the Holy Office publishes to-day a decree, by which the following works ere henceforth prohibited to the faithful : Nissan du droit de gene et des relations Internationale', par F. Laurent, professeur CI l'Universite 4e Gaud. La borde (de Lettoure), Quatre mots sur l'Usure, ou eompte rendu d'un incident arrive dans sae conference ceelestaa tique die mois de Juillet,lB36. Le en d'alarme d'un catho lique, on Defense de la doctrine de l'Eglim catholique sur le prit a jour, vengee du scandal° de la nouveaute. De la vole d'autori4 en metiers de is religion, ou le moyen de se maintenir dans la vole sure en temps de mintroverse, pre cede d'un discours sur le pret u l'interei. Censure de vingti deux propositions de Morale corrompue, tiries des liens d'un sutcur de nos joun. De is eroyance a Pimmaculee Conception do la Sainte Vierge, en Olson'e sue divers Cults, qui ont parts de nos join sur cette controverse ; (sera, soigneusement revs' et retouch& par l'auteur. Nou voile edition, icicle du discours sun quelques busses IC gender Wucnant delrotere F aits de la passion On N. p, J. C. Maria la Epapuo a, &Aria contemporanea di Madrid, composts daTeneeslao Ayguals de limo.— Prima version. Italians di r Giuntini. Addio al Papa di Glen Giacomo ?disunite, Curato di Serra (Ariege). Traduriono dal Frances.. Tho Giornok di Roma of the 14th contains a long report from the pro-Minister of Finance of the Papal States, showing the financial state of the treasury during the three years 1845, 1840, and 1847, from which it appears that the total deficit of those years :. amounted to 1,992,850 midi ( 10,960,600 E), of which 1,341,168 *midi (7,765,000 f. were attnbutablo to 1847 alone. The public de t up to that year is stated 11,962,493 scudi, or about 65,743,700 fr. M. Turgot, senator of France, and late Minister of Foreign Affairs, arrived at limo on the 12th, from [Naples. TWO SICILIES. NAPLES, SILT. 14. Cabinet couriers are arriving daily from Rome, Tuscany, and Vienna. The President's " progress" towards the empire is filling up rapidly the small gap of hope which remained, viz.—that Napoleon the Less was simply a man of " orders." It appears now to be a generally understood agreement amongst the Italian princes that they arc to prepare to meet any ambitious designs of the bayonet government of France, by Swiss and Austrian troops. Germany is to supply as many men as can be brought, and every military stronghold throughout the peninsula is to be put in fighting order. Meanwhile, as I have before observed, Italian govenitnents are coo:petting with Louis Napoleon, and using leis enthusiasm for l'optry to work out their own views. Tho French fleet has left the Bay of Naples for Toulon. The latest news from Sicily says that Mount Etna F in erodeum is a stet; of eruption. Subscription. *to be made *r the sufferers whale lands and dmelliaes are destroyed. His Sicilian Mejesty remains at Gaeta. • HOLLAND. OPENING OF THE DUTCH CHAMBERS. On the 20th inst. the Session of tho States General of Holland wen opened by the King in person. His Majesty said: Gentlemen,—At the opening of this Session of the States General I am happy to be able to remark upon the pros peeesestate of the country. The Netherlands continue to asolotals a good understanding with other powers. By toadies of ••1106$ kinds I have been enabled to confirm sad ortood international relations between this state and feevigaeounisiee. It is gratifying to be able to repeat former 001117•Seell on the subject of our forces by sea and land. The greatest order and tranquillity reign in our train marine possessions The disorders at Palemboueg, in the Isle of Sumatra, have been suppressed. Oar favourable anticipations of the colonial harvest have been realised, and the result of the sales effected during the past year has been remarkably favourable. Invited by a powerful friendly state, and following the precedent of 1844, 1 have promised my good offices in favour of an attempt to obtain a modification of the exclusive system hitherto maintained by the Japanese empire. I have to acknowledge the efficacious co-operation of the provincial states and com munal administration, in the execution of the provincial and communal laws. Our embankments have been exempt from diluters, and the government has been left free to pursue works of improvement, particularly with reference to inland navigation. I observe with great interest the de velopment of a spirit of enterprise in agriculture, industry, and commerce, as well as in the multiplication of the means of transit. The measures of my government tend to encou rage and sustain this development. Works for connecting our state with neighbouring countries by railways and telegraphic lines are planned and in course of execution. Navi.tation and naval construction have equally prospered during this ear. The state of the finances gives ample matter of satis faction.. The produce of the taxes of last year was satisfying ; that of the present promises to bo still more so. I hupe that our circumstances generally will permit me to submit for your consideration in the course of this session a project relative to the national debt. The bills which were pre sented to you on my pert last session without legislative re sult will be once more submitted. May our united efforts to accomplish the work yet before us be crowned with suc cess. The session of the States General is open. At the conclusion of his speech his Majesty Wall saluted with cries of " Vise lc Roi." RUSSIA. Petersburg letters in the CshAyne Gazette announce the death of Prince Wulchouski, at Peterhof, on the 9th inst. The Emperor's departure for the military rnanceuvres of the south has been retarded by this 'melancholy event. TURKEY The Osserratore 7'riestino of the 15th states, from a Servian paper, that the Ottoman Porte has taken great offence at the changes effected in Montenegro, swhere the civil authority has beensepamtedfrom the piritual, and the young Danilo has assumed the title of prince. The Porte is said to have addressed a protest to Russia on account of her having acknow ledged the independence of Montenegro, asserting that that territory is under Turkish protection. SAXOIcY. The bookseller, Schrader, of Leipzig, his been sentenced to four months imprisonment for selling a work entitled " The Will of the People." JUSTICE AT HAMBURG. A respected correspondent says:—" The following incident may serve as a fresh illustration of a truth which must of late have become pretty evident to most minds — namely, that legal impartiality, equity, and integrity, are virtues which do nut thrive in the atmosphere of modern European republics. Early in the present year a failure occurred at Hamburg, which created the greatest surprise and sensation among the commercial world of that city. The bankrupt was Josue de Lemon, who, for a period extending over 90 years, had occupied p high mercantile position as or.e of the first and most enter prising brokers on the tobacco exchange. It appears that owing to a long succession of losses and misfortunes, he had been betrayed into resorting first to dishonourable, ..4 then IC seinstosal retnens of se-adjusting his entangled affairs, and when, at leased', exposure became Inevitable, the unfortunate mass attempted suicide, but was, however, rescued. He was at once imprisoned, and, after an investi gation, which lingered on during seven months, has just been condemned to five years in the House of Correction with hard labour, without being permitted, in spite of the most earnest entrecties, to obtain legal advice or to make any defence whatever; and this for no other reason than that such was the will and pleasure of the judicial authori ties, upon whom caprice it depends whether an accused per son shall be allowed a chance of vindicating himself, of shall be imprisoned, tried, and condemned unheard. Thus, a man on the verge of old age, who has hitherto enjoyed the consideration of his fellow-citizens, and who might have been able us plead much that would have palliated his guilt, is cast amongst the most abandoned criminals, and his name, and that of his children, branded with ignominy, without even the possibility being placed within his reach of urging anything upon the ears of his judges which could tended to mitigate his fate. To make the matter worse, according to a rumour afloat, it would seem that had De Lemon been suffered to make a defence, the fair fame of • certain mercantile house of the highest stand ing would have been dangerously compromised, asl transac tions would have come to light which could have reflected no honour on some of those who have been among the fore most in casting the first stone at the unhappy bankrupt. Those whose privilege it is to live under the equitable and generous institutions of the English law cannot but feel indignant at traits of glaring injustice like the above ; and sorrowful is it to reflect that, uutil,themach-profanett words liberty and equality shall be more truly interpreted in the judicial courts of our foreign neighbours, many a similar heavy wrong will yes be committed, and many a heart broken." GARIBALDI.—The Tial Gazette of Savoy, of the 19th, states that a letter been received at Genoa from a friend of Garibaldi, who relates that the latter, haying made several voyages between Callao (Peru), and Canton, has realised a sufficient sum kom the sale of guano to pur chase the vessel under his tonataad ; that ho his hoisted the Sardinian Hag, and intends visiting the Mediterranean. A DINNER ITSA GERMAN PRINCIPALITY.—Let me, as a contrast, transcribe the dinner provided at half-an hour's notice under the sign of the United Germany for ens party of four. We bad a elear (strained) soup of exquisite flavour, accompanied by powdered cheese for those fond of strong stimulants. Then craw-fish, and black bread and butter. Then a fillet of beef (pique) with a sauce of truffles and Madeira. Then some red cabbages, stewed apples, and mashed potatoes ; some cutlet' of fresh pork, and some cold tongue ; some eels in asparagus jelly ; some hashed venison, garnished with rice ; some young chickens with Perigord sauce ; preserves and salad ; a plum pudding ; dessert, and fruit ice% This dinner cast us just three shillings a head. We had, moreover, napkins. a spotless table-cloth, and finger-glasses. I am not at all vaunting the choice of Herr von Schmidt's dinner, which is, perhaps, the worst taste, but only the number, quality, and price of the dishes. Let the country solicitor who paid ten shillings for his dinner yesterday in a dingy room in Bishop/gate-street, ask himself if he dined anything like so well as we did fur three ? and let any one of the unlucky diners-out in London con demned to a three-stilling dinner, compare their bill of fare with this. Why it is, or how it is, that everything should be dearer in England than in the whole world over, it is not at present our province to inquire ; but the fact, as it undoubtedly exists, is extremely unreasonable, since every article we consumed in the dominions of hie Serene Highness the Prince of the Towering Taxes, with the solo exception of the truffles, can, with proper management, be obtained cheaper in L ondon, from the cheese (Chester, by the way), to the ice ; and the fuel with which our din ner was cooked is beyond all comparison dearer than in an Engld. The simple secret was in the judicious division of the contents of the various dishes into proper portions, just enough for the censumption of the people for whom they were protided, and no more, instead of giving them an equal quantity of one thing ; the cunning of the cook, and thu number of diners-out, having brought the art of providing small dinners into a stale of great perfection.— Dickens's " lioutehold Words. DEPARTURE OF CONVICTS FOR THE DIGOINOS.— The Lord Auckland transport, Captain Thompson, has ar rived in Queenstown for the purpose of conveying 260 con victs from Spike Island convict depot to an Dienten's Land. The convicts from Spike Island carry with them tickets of leave, which hive been granted for good conduct daring imprisonment. These tickets, it is said, will enable the prisoners to go where they please in the colony, and work for whom they choose, without restraint. An escort of the 11th Regiment of foot, consisting of one esajor, ono subaltern, and fifty rack and file, is to proc ee d with the vessel, lend on arrival at its destination will join the service companies which embarked fur Australia July, 1815. Dr. Davidson, U.N., as superintending surgeon, proceeds in the transport. A government inspector, an office lately created, is alas to accompany thu convicts, and the gentle man infected is Lieut. Molloy, formerly attached to the ' army. This officer is to act us moral instructor over the ' convicts; and iu the event of neglect, or any appearance of insuhurdination, rep at such to the superintendent surgeon. These convicts are comfortably provided with wearing , apparel, and will be liberally supplied with good rued during the voyage. The cost of transport will arrears about 401. a head. The Lord Auckland will nil on Wea -1 nesday or Thursday.—Cork Conslittdion. THE WEST INDIA MAILS. The Parana, with the West India mails, arrived at Southampton yesterday evening. Her dates arc ; —Jamaica, August 28th; Chagres, 19th; Demerara, 21st; Trinidad, 2.lth. Amongst her cargo is vide to the value of 1,496,750 dollars. Her list of pa,. Isengers includes the late Governor of Barhad(*s. H.M.S. Swift is bound for England with one million dollars from Mexico. The United States mail steamer Oregon, arrived at Panama on the lath from San Francisco, with mails, 360 passenger., and 2,500,462 dols. 24c. in gold dust, of which 237,738 duls. 65e. is for England. The Oregon left Sun Francisco July 31st. On the 18th the P. S. N. Company's steamer Li ma arrived from Valparaiso, Callao, &c., with ILNI.'s mails. 43 passengers, and 510,223 dole. 31e. bpllie and bullion for England. At Martinique, liarbadoes, and Berbi ee , y e ll ow fever prevailed. St. Thomas was unlieu!thy. At Jamaica fever and smallpox prevailed. Great excitement existed in Lima on the subject of the intention.] of the American government re specting the Lobos Islands. A Peruvian minister was going to the United States. Peru was sending ten thousand men to the fron tiers of Ecuador. General Flores has gone to Chili. The Peruvian government are in treaty with the P.S.N. Company for one of their steamers. General lie rrera, the governor of this province and a candidate for the presidency, a very able and energetic man, arrived in the Lima, from Paita, having travelled from the south of New Granada, through Ecuador, into Peru, and arrived in I'iura about the same time with General Flores, with m ti• Jet he had an interview. General Herrera will resume his office in a few days. General Flores proceeded to Chili in the Quito. Business is very dull indeed, and very few pas sengers are on blur way to either California or the United States. There is a good deal of sickness in Panama and Chagres just now, and on the island of Manzanillo people arc dying like sheep. The Panama ltailvray Company Lave not twenty men on the line, all hav ing returned to the United States, or elsewhere, on account of ill-health. The La Plata readied St. Thomas in little more than 12 days from Southampton. COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE. (Fran W eardoen's Mercantile Intelliyenerr.) JAMAICA, A COVST 21. We have passed through another dull fortnight, business operation►, except in very few inetances, having barely risen shove the range of ordinary retail transactions. Sup plies generally of imported goods are quite ample to meet the present restricted demand. Produce continues firm at better prices than last given. Not any of tLe new crop of Pimento has yet found its way to market. ALawivr.s continue very inactive. We have no sales of any consequence to report. Boren.—The operations in Irish have been unimpor tant. We quote it at lld. per lb. Of American .10') kegs have changed hands at Sd., and 200 packages llliL.x Lave been moved ut iifeb. per lb. Beer may be quoted at oh. the half-barrel, nominally, but there is no stock. BRANDY ia in large supply, end very limited demand, at sa. Gd. to Gs. per gallon, short price. BREAD.—We note sok. of 12.3 barrels Watt , ,m's and 23 barrels Crackers, at 15s. end 18s. respectively. Of domestic the sales are confined principally to retail parcels at the same rates. _ CURNMEAL.—.IOO barrels were moved at 225., but for a subsequent arrival of GOO barrels 21.. was accepted. CANDLEL—TaIIow are worth 71d. per lb., at which figure some operation. are reported. Correa.-1. here i, not any at market. Coss.—American is inactive, having to compete with a large supply of native growth. which is generally preferred. Some retail s-lcs of the former are reported at Ss. per bag. CODPIAIL—The market was commencing to wear an im proved appearance ; 250 boxes, the first arrival of the new batch, were placed at Us., and 131. Gd. obtained for 20 tierces of old, when the unexpected arrival of three cargoes, which all came imtlgrther, again threw down prices to 14s. per box (there were 1,000 in these last cargoes) and 12s. for casks. The market is now rather heavy at these prices. CHeESE is wanted. FLocis.—The sales reach 1,400 barrels Baltimore at 325., and 860 Philadelphia supposed at the some rate. A resale, on speculation, of 600 barrels Baltimore has been made at 345. per barrel. Got.u.—Wo quote American at 1 per cent premium. Doubloons are not in demand. flaunt:cc:9.—Thu best do not command more .than At auction several large parcels of inferior hal.. chang,l hands at 2s. to Bs. per b. rrtl. Ilans.—All descriptions are dull of sale. We quote English at hi. to 91.; Irish at aid. to bd.; and American at Gd. to 7d. per lb. LOOWUOD is worth, and Ens been sold at, 365. per tos. LAYD.-7d. per Its. may be consitkred the nominal value of American, nod SI. to 9d. of Irish. . . . . . LL wnEn.-20,0(4 feet Halitax white pine has been taken at 965. Cedar shingles may be quoted at 20s. to 225. per M., as in quality. MALT.—The arrivals trontinue on a liberal scale, and tend still further to depress the market. Of bottled the sales reach 110 barrels strong ale ; quarts, at lth. 6d. ; 29 pints, at Os. 6d. ; 143 pale ale, quarts, at 7s. 33.; and 71 porter, quarts, at 75., all of the Sacell Brewery Conspany'smanu. facture. No operations in other descriptions have reached us. Ilulk is win wally inactive. blacxgnEL are dull, at 2tis. for prime. Some old on hand are sexy unsaleable. OIL may be quoted at 2s. 71d. per gallon. The Mock is very light. l'oax.-100 barrela mess have changed hands, at 113 s. per barrel. I'IXENTO,-4.1. would be readily paid for it, but there is not any on offer. ngal has been in active inquiry, and several large parcels have changed hands at 19*. and 19s. Gd. per 100 lbs. We have not beard anything of Csrolir.a. RVIL—AII the late operatisns were at Is. Gd. per station, proof 21, for export. Holders are firm and the stock at aiantet is not abundant. _ BaLmoN —We note sales of 12 barrels No. 1 at 80s., and 5 barrels No. 2 at 725. SOAP.-.—No sales of any momout hare been e lfectc4 since our hat. buona continues in excellent inquiry, and prices bare been wall supported, common to good mid. selling readily at 20a. to 265. per 100Ibs. Fair is held for 28e. to :30r. TOBACCO.—Cavendish is in very large supply. It may be quoted nominally at tid. to 10d. per lb. We have not heard anything of leaf. TONCMltl.—Pigh . are very scarce, and wanted. Os are abundant, and dull of sale. THE PLAISTOW GIANTESS AND TIIE KENTISH GIANT.—If West Ilam can boast of a giant, the adjoining hamlet of Plaistow can bout of • giantess in the person of Miss Mary Simmons, aged 20, who stands Mr. Sin. in height; when her arms are extended they exceed 81 inches; the middle finger on either band measures over 6 inches, while the length of leer arms is upwards of 2S inches. This eztraordincry young woman is a native of Plaistow, as were also her lather and mother; the former, who died several years ago, measured SA. 4in., while the latter, who is still living, is about the middle stature, aft. eiin. In consequence of her tallness she has a great aversion to aiSpear in public, and is seldom seen walking about like other female', even in her native village. She has a most juvenile appearance ; although she is said to be 20 years of age, her face would not indicate her to be more than 1G or 17. Up to 15 years of age her height was only of on ordi nary kind. She ...id not then appear taller than other females of her own age, and it is on'l within the last three or four years that 010 has attained the present extraordinary height. There is every indication that two or three inches will yet be added to her stature. lier manners aro modest and unassuming, approaching to bashfulness with strengers—her occupation is somewhat laborious, hat she is in the enjoyment of perfect health. Perhaps the most singular matter to bo mentioned is that the celebrated Kentisle Giant, Edward Crania, is paying his addreiscs to Miss Simacoas, and there is every probability they will at no very distant period be man and wife. Edwari Cranson is ouly 16 years of age, and stands 7 feet 6 inches, and is a native of Woolwich. Ilis father and mother are represented as below the middle stature, and his sisters arc said to approach to dwarfehom. This remarkahlo youth has an engaging and pleasing meaner, and is now tilling • lucrative, situation in Shoreditch. Edward Cranson, up to ten or eleven veers, was engaged in some rope walks in his native place, Woolwich, whore his father, we believe, is still following the same occupation. The giant is in the habit of paying • visit to Plaistow once, and sometimes twice a week, and the villagers stand and stare at him with an eye of wonderment. —Erect neva& I,,ETTERs FOR TUE WitsT COAST OF AFRICA.- - GENEUAL POST OTTICN, SEPTEMTITtI, 18,52.—Her Ma jcetl's government having entered into a contract for the conveyance of mails by steam vessels, once in every month, to the West Coast of Africa, the new service will come into partial operation en the 21th instant, on which day the tir.t packet will be despatched front Plymouth. This paCket, an well la that to be despatched on the 24th Ge -1 tob.r next, will proceed only to Madeira, Teneriffe, Ooree, Bathurst (Gambia), and Sierra Leone, and then return to England, calling at the same places; but the service will hereafter he extended to Fernando l'o, when a further in struction will be issued. The following are the rates or postage to be taken upon letters and newspapers addressed to the several places at which the packets will touch Letters not exceeding half ounce : Madeira, Is.lod. ; Tem ritfe, Is Ilkl. ; Uuree, Is.; llathurst, Is.; Sierra Leone, to. Newspspers will be carried to Madeira, Tenerille, and 0011 , 1* for '2l. each, and to Bathurst and Sierra Leone free. 11.u.t.00N AccIDENT. Mr. Hampton's balloon called Erin-go-Bregh, which was to have ascended on Mon day from the Pavilion Gardens, over against Woolwich, broke from its retaining cordage, ascended without a Net, and when at a great height bunt with a loud report.