The Express. — London, England, 1848-03-18 00:00:00

Somerset House. The public expect of Mr. WARD that the promises to amend the system which he then made, and the hopes of iuiprovement which the public entertain from his well known talents for practical business, and the expectations of an enlight ened and liberal system of administration of the con structive department under the superintendence of Lord JOHN 11.14, have not been doomed to disappointment. but that the secretary will this year be enabled to Rive such an account of abuses rec:itied, defects reme died, prejudices abandoned, obstructions removed, im provementa introduced, scientific principles adopted, and a liberal, just, and enlightened course of practical policy entered on, as shall afford reasonable guarantee that in future, for each sum of 50,0001. or 60,000/. voted by the public, there shall be produced to our navy the addition of one powerful, fast, seaworthy steamer, capable of carrying her armament, working her guns, and performing under steam the longest voyage for which she may be required, a conclusion devoutly to be wished, but to which hitherto we have not seen a tolerable approximation. GERMANY. ASSEMBLY OF A GERMAN CONGRESS AT DRESDEN.-CONVOCATION OF THE PRUSSIAN DIET. The news from Prussia is important. The King having determined to assemble the Prussian Diet, in co Aiequence of the opening of a congress at Dresden, has convened it by the following patent : We, Frederick William, &c., have, in conjunc tion with the Imperial Austrian Government, in vited onr German confederates to join in a mutual corsideration of measures which are required under the present difficult circumstances for the welfare of Germany (lieutschen Vaterlandes); and we are determined to do all in our power, so that these deliberations may lead to a complete rege aeration of the German Confederation, in order that the German people may be really united in it; that it may be strengthened by free institutions, 'preserved against the danger of overthrow and anarchy, that it may regain its old greatness, and in order that Germany may occupy the the rank which is its due amongst the powers of Europe. Whatever may be the result of our deliber ations, measures will be settled upon for our pro vinces, for the carrying out of which we need the co-operation of our faithful states. On this ac count, and because at such stirring epochs as the present, we only feel ourselves strong iu union with our states, we have determined to open the uni ted Diet on Thursday, the 27th of April, in our capi tal of Berlin, and we charge the ministry of state, through our minister of the interior, to convoke the same, and to make the necessary preparations thereto. —Given at Berlin, on the 14th of March. (Signed) FREDERICK WILLIAM and all the ministers. A further announcement is made in the hessian Universal Gazette" relative to the convocation of the congress of German states at Dresden, to which refe rence is made in the patent given above. This journal in introducing the subject. says : The governments of Austria and Prussia have ex pressed themselves openly as to their position in regard to the questions which arise in con nexion with the changes that have lately taken place in France. No doubt can now exist that they, being determined not to interfere with the internal afikirs of France, are resolved to repel any violation of existing treaties by force. Their attention has now been turned to the present situation of the Con-' . federation, to which all possible care must is the present time be directed, both for the internal and ex ternal interest and welfare of Germany. It requires the united prudence of the divers governments, and the entire concord of the nation, to avert the dangers which now threaten the united fatherland. Austriaand Prussia have for that purpose called their confederates to join with them in a general deliberation on all the points which the welfare of Germany, under the present circumstances, demands. The assembly for this pur pose will be opened on the 25th of March, at Dresden. Previous to the publication of the patent convoking the states of Prussia, disturbances took place on the evening of the 13th at Berlin. Large bodies of troops had been placed in the main streets and stationed on the bridges, this exhibition of ,troops being caused by the fear of the result a of numerous meeting which had taken place out side the town. On that day deputations from the judicial and executive authorities of the town had pre sented addresses to the King in which reforms were demanded, and had received answer from the King that one of the first projects that would be sub mitted to the Prussian Diet on its assembling would be • law on the press. Crowds assembled in the streets in consequence of this and the display of force made by the authorities, and collisions took place, during which some blows were exchanged be tween the people and the soldiery, and some little blood was shed. Some arrests were made, and by midnight all was again calm. On the 14th a pro clamation calling on the people to be calm and not to disturb peace end order, was published and placarded through the town. All was quiet. The Prince of Prussia, who was to have left Berlin on the 14th for Cologne, had postponed his departure till the 18th. _ _ The King of Prussia has issued a royal ordonnanee for the establishment of a chamber of commerce in every place or district where such is required, on account of the important commerce or manufactures carried on there. The royal sanction, however, must be obtained previously to establishing the cham ber of commerce. The common council of Cologne has sent a deputation to the King, in order to re present to him the condition of the town and of the province. A powerfully written pamphlet, breath ing the greatest hostility towards Russia, has created an intense sensation in Konigsberg, where it has been circulated very extensively. The little princi pality (or whatever it is) of Lippe-Schaumburg has followed the example of other German states, and has demanded and obtained from its sovereign some sixteen or seventeen " concessions " of a popular nature. Letters from Dusseldorf state that numer ous workmen will be shortly left without employ ment. A crisis is impending there. A collision took place a few days ago between a number of students at Gottingen and the police. Seve ral of the former were seriously, and ono mortally wounded. The professors went up in a body to Hanover, in order to have an interview with the King, and to request satisfaction for the unnecessary and illegal violence of the police. An interview was refused, and professors and pupils have threatened to leave the university and the town if satisfaction be not given. Letters from Pesth, dated the 6th March, state that, on the eve of that day, and on that day, a most dreadful tumult took place, on account of the bank notes. Malevolent or ignorant people had spread a report that thi state was about to declare itself Sauk rapt, and that the bank-notes would not be reim bursed. Great agitation immediately prevailed among the lower classes, and everybody refused to receli 0 bank-notes, or to give change for them. 'lite autho rities immediately declared, that not only the bureau of the Bank, but the muaicipality of Pesth likewir 2, should give coin for the hank-notes, and both places were immediately besieged by a crowd demanding specie. 'tranquillity, however, was soon restored, and bank-notes again reci i ed. From Hamburg, ureter date March 14. we learn that on the previous day the burghers, 900 in number. &trembled for the purpc-e of Ah•-n. ing the priposed reforms. The poposiVon of the senate, for th.: formation cf n sr:atonal and burgheis t mcnt or council aas agn.ell to, witu some inc I,6ca tem,.. This was immediately communicated tine senate, who forthwith returned thanks 'o the burgh ers for their reception of its proposiii.ns, ana the anicratnen . . p.oposcd by them. 1./Id'fRE36ED BRIM)! SCBJEA-ti IN FRANCE.—In •me of intellioence which he , reached the trovern. went of the distress ^f the Fr-lish workmen at H men, Havre, .1:13 ether plar's it France, orders ware issued to the respective mmmanders in chief at Portnnosth and Plc a+' Bh . .o receive and t.mporarily sunport e t, .ul jects who mac reach those ports, or any other places within the ::mits of their commaihk. Government steamers, it • reported, arc to he inun-diately fitt , d oat end tic patch( i to the French coast, in addition to the steam-veseeh of the various companies, to convey car r ellow.subjec's to F.n/Rar.,. HOUSE OF COMMONS.—(I7O.)—INcom TA X. —lt appean from thi• retarn that the -mount of income t* c named on satw't.o., die:tinsel, or tame. of anno , tier, uy tire ITOVetishlt end ramo nv of toe Be ^k of Ire"nd to or fee pe rms net res id en t in batis t e' Wet :—ln 1842 (ending sth aend, 184.3) 2, - .991. •in 154 3 3,17 Vt. i 1841, ; in ISO, 4764 ; MP; in iso, 2,961. tFroux last night's Gazette.) Lavitc—Notice is reprated in last night's Gazette that Prince Albert will, by the desire of her Majesty, hold •levec, at St. Jarnst's Palace, on behalf of her Majesty, ou Wednes day next, the 22nd instant, at two o'clock. WAR-OFFICE, Matto' 17. 12th Lt. Drage—F. Arden, gent., to be cornet, by pur., vice Hollinehead, who retires. 14th Lt. Dragt—Assist.•Surg. C. E. Fuson, (rem 53rd F., to be amist. eurg., riot Stone, promoted on the staff. 15th. Lt. Dings.—Cor. T. C. Pakenham, to be heat by tr y . , Mil. Co l., , whobe e r r e n e t t . ; 0 "oy en p L ur Ca t ' c l e T FA ll iC o en no h v a a m n : Irma 14th F.—Lieut. J. Lsurie, from 63rd F. to be lieut., vice Spence, appointed adjutant of a recruiting district. 34th F.—Capt. It. D. Kelly, to be major, by pur., vice Mathews, who retires. ; Lieut. 11. H. Oxley, to be capt., by pur., vice Kelly; Ens. H. T. Parker, to be lieut., by pur., vice 011ey ; D. Stewart, gent., to be ens., by pur., .ice Parker. . . _ 44th F.—J. H. Llewelyn, gent., to ire assist.-surg. 53rd F.—Assiet..Surg. E. B. Tubes), from 2nd W. I. Reg., to be assist.-snrg., vice Emmen, app. to the 14th Lt. Drags. 62nd F.—Capt. E. 11. Feints, from b.-p. unatt., to be oapt., by pur., vice D. G. A. Darruch, who exch. ; Lieut. J. B. Forster, to be capt ,by pur., vice Puynte, whn ret. ; Ens. B. J. Hume, to be lieut., by pur., TIC, Forster; U. W. Alcvck, gent., to be ens., by pur., vice Hume. 63rd F.—J. J. Cockburn, gent., to be ens., without pur., vice Knight, prom. in the Ceylon Rifle Regiment. 73d F.—Assist-Staff Surg. T. W. B. Buckler, to be assist. surg., vice 11otlgson, who resigns. 99th F.—Lteut. R. Men, s, from SBth F., to be lieut., vice Mate, prom. lot W. 1. Reg.—Qaar..mast. Serj. C. Stokely, to be guar.- mas., vice Smith, app. paymaster. 2nd W. I. Reg.—P. J. Clarke, Gent., to be assist. surg., vice Tuson, app. to 57,41 F. 3rd W. 1 Iteg.—A. D. Home, gent., to be mist. surg., vice Concannon, deceased.! Ceylon It,tie Reg.—Ens. G. L. Knight, front 63rd F., to be first.lieut., without pur., vice Kelson, deceased. UNATTACHEEL—Lieut. W. Muir, from 99th F , to be apt., without purchase. Beaver.--Cept. C. F. Parkinson ' on h.-p, unat., aid-de camp to Col. Love, to be major in th e army. HOSPITAL STAPP —Stalf.surg. of Second Class W. Linton, M.D., to be staff-sang. of the first elan, vice Grant, dec. ; Aunt. Surg. E. W. Stove, from' the 11th Lt. Drags., to he atatr-surg. of second class, vice Linton, prom.; J. L. Hollo way, gent., to he assist-surg., vice Buckler, app. to the 73rd F. ADMIRALTY, Monett 14. Corps of RI. Marines. 0. F. C. Fraser, gent., to be second Beat. ; W. H. W. Bennet, gent., to be second lieut. ; G. Leslie, gent., to be second lieut.; C. Robert, gent., to be second CHARING-CROSS HOSPITAL.—The festival of the supporters of this hospital was yesterday held at the London Tavern, when Lord Ashley presided over an unusually nu merous company for • charity dinner. The roatioe tussle were enlivened by a timely addition. Tile noble chairman proposed " The Army and N►vy," and whilst the ordinary cheers were being given for these gallant services, he rose, and added, " Th.• Metropolitan Police and the Special Con stables," to whom, he remarked, we were indebted for able assistance in the preservation of the peace on two recent re markable occasions. Three °beers were given for •' the Specials and the Police ;" and Lord Ashley took occasion to say that a political significance was discoverable in the readiness with wnich per sona of all conditions offered themselves to be sworn in u special constables, at a time when change. had been made in a neighboaring state, which might indicate a spread of revo lutionary feelings to surrounding countries. He (Lord Ashley) considered that his public life had given him great personal acquaintance with the conditions and feelings of the labouring classes in this country, and he amid state his belief that the working people of England were aware of the tact that property was an institution beneficial to them as well as to its more immediate possessors—an opinion which the charities of the metropolis and the liberi.l manner in which they were supported contributed to strengthen —The hon. secretary read a list of subscription, amounting to ne r.y 8001., and the annual reportof the committee stated that the beneficial influence of the charity had been greatly increased during the past year, in the course of which 12,092 indigent sick persons wets admitted on the books for relief, at a cost of 2,2921. 4s. 114.: of these 1,155 were in-patients and 10,937 were out-patients, many of whom were visited at their owr home*, and the greater part were restored to health, and to their occupations for the support of their families. There, with the case reported in former annual statements, were stated to make a total of 133,758 sick and needy individuals who have partaken of the advantages of the institution, from its commencement in 1818 to the 31st December, 1847. It was explained that, exclusive of 1,683 patients received by recommendatory letters from governors and subscribers during the last year, as many as 10,509 were admitted with out any recommendation whatever. As stewards of the funds entrusted to their disposal, the committee remarked that they bad carefully applied the funds to the purposes for which they were subscribed; but, notwithstanding the utmost are in the expenditure, the resources of the hospital were much too limited for the full exercise of its useful operations adding, that the permanence of its prosperity and efficiency entirely depends upon the enlargement oftp means, and the steady continuance of the support by which it has hitherto been maintained. COMMISSION BY THE LORD LIEI'TENANT.—T. Kemble, gentleman, to be Lieutenant in South Herta Regi ment of Yeomanry Cavalry. COMMISSION BY THE LORD LIECTENANT.—T. Lane, gentleman, to be Lieutenant in 2nd Regiment of the Duke of Lancaster's own Militia. THE MINT. Having introduced this subject in several leaders, we shall continue its elucidation in a series of papers, such as the following : Our chief object in takinie up the question of Mint reform is eventually to make that institution worthy of the age in which we live, and to efface the stigma attached to It, just', or unjustly, on the grounds of incompetency, carelessness, and irregularity. This can only be effected by minuto and patient inquiry, and by the introduction of a new system of administratioa; for, according to the existing plan of inter , nal government, laid down we believe by tho late Lord Maryborough, it is not in the nature of things it should work well for the public good. We do not believe there is another example of this kind of government in the whole world, in which each office has independent power and salon, and yet is supposed at the same time to be under the rale of a head. Such a plan may look very pretty on paper, as the infantile theory of some sanguine legislator, awe sanguine than wise ; but viewed practically. and as men are constituted, it is abortive and absurd. And so, experimentally, it has proved. It allows every man in a measure to do just as he likes; to attend or not at tend just as he pleases ; it gives occasion for abuses and iff•- gularities of all kind', because there is no adequate power to check or abolish them ; and, above all, by extravagant Impetus, it gives encouragement to negligence, absence, and all the evils arising from them. Now, we presume the ori ginal intention was, that each officer rcceising the public pay should personally attend to his duties, as is ordinarily the case in most places; and that if he were found to neglect those duties, and systematically absent himself, there should be a power lodged somewhere to reprimand him. But we ask, la this now the rule of the establishment ? It may be said that, so far as the want of control is concerned, it is more the fault of the system than any indisposition on the part of individuals, which may be correct ; but such an ad mission necessitates a remedy, and it is clear the Mint antho. ritiea have not been the first to suggest it. To an energetic mind there is a certain degree of pleasure attached to the exercise of power, but to an indolent and easy mind the contrary is the case ; and hence the sacrifice of authority will be found equivalent to the indolence or in difference of the officer, and the irregularities, spin, in exact proportion to his neglect of the power of his office. Moreover, if custom or habitude has left no more than the mere form or shadow of authority annexed to any particu lar office of check or control, it may be supposed the board by which the Mist is ostensibly ruled would interfere and correct any abuse ; but such, we have reason to believe, is not the case. The esprit de corps is too strong, we presume, to allow the board or individuals to interfere with others of the same rank, and with, perhaps, larger incomes—their jurisdiction extending, if at all, only to minor offenders. It may naturally enough be ask e d by our readers, what, then, can be the use of a Master of the Mint, if he neither controls the expenses nor exercises jurisdiction over his sub ordinates ? In reply, we may say the office has almost fallen into abeyance, and it might be abolished without any detri ment whatever to the public service: The independent power it once had has gone from it, and what share of power it now Icete2, ...seises emanates origiorlly from the Tree miry, or Chancellor of the hxchequer. As a minister the Mager of the Mint is generally engrossed with other impor tant matters; said as a member of the Mouse of Commons he has no leisure to attend to the practical business of the Mint, his chief duties now being to protect the crown from loss by secusities, and give the sanction of his name to I public document.. As a mieister he vacates his office on the change of the administration, which we all 'ince, has beea fr..queatly the case during the last twenty years. Now we can conceive nothing so im politic and unwise as these constant aluicings and changes in an office, which is supposed to be practically concerned in the coinage of the co , --Lry, the designation being " Master and Worker " of her Majesty's Mint; the consequence of which is, that no sooner does one master become acquainted with the outline of his duties, andobtain a general notion of the various operations of the establishment, than he is moved from the scene, and another is appointed in his place, to undergo the same superficial and coemeet .ry te;tion. And from this caese it is that disputes and; points of difficulty, wb'eh naturely happen everywhere, are never decided or settled, because there appears to be no power in .ke Mint to do f:a, while the master for the One being ;. too little acquainted with the merits of the case to undertake the rzvou_. In lieu of this ministerial office, we should offer to the at tention of the " commission" the propriety of creating a pee -1 maJ,ent effim under the same titl —so alteration which would 'confer a great benefit on the country, if not on the govern went. The office being now altogether meter the Treasury, so would it remeiu under a permanent officer, and the same security might be enforced as at present, to protect the crown from loss of any kind, connected with the cottage of he couLtry. A situation of this kind, held by an officer selected for energy and ability, would prove of essential service. By r messing practical knowledge of the various processes of the Mint, he could suggest and encourage improvements of all k' ids, and adapt that institution to the wants of the axe, by hi:aging to bear whatever science and ingenuity may offer , by a knowledge of the currency and the wants of the people, sad all those laws by which money and murency are THE EXPRESS, SATURDAY EVENING, MARCH 18, 1848. regulated, he might become an authority with every Chan oelkr of the Exchequer, more to he relied on than mere mercantile Bank directors, who, if not ignorant, are gen.:- rally narrow-minded, prejudiced, and interested. Besides, with a proper sense of economy, and the power to enforce his views, it is incalculable hew much money he might save to the country. The siaa t ile feet that the machitery of the Mint, with one exception, we believe stands now precisely as it stood more than thirty years ago, in spite of all the immense strides which skill ■nd invention have made in mechanical science, and in spite of all the efforts made in other countries to simplify and improve the arts connected with coining, is a significant instance of how much essential good might &rile from such an office. la the evidence printed in the Mint report, the machinery of the Mint is more than once called " stupendous," but, on inquiry, we find this peat, stupendous result originates in three small stearn.euginee—one of 30, one of 16, and one of lfthorse power ; so that we must consider the description somewhat exaggerated. We should likewise suggest the creation of another office of great importance to our plan, or the adaptation of one of the existing offices to that end—namely, a comptroller, or superintendent of all the practical operations, who should attend in person, and not by deputy, exercise vigilance aid authority, promote discipline and regularity, correct all abuses, and insist upon carefulness, attention, and economy in every quarter. By his personal attendance and practical knowledge, he would not only supervise the operations in a general way, hut daily examine the books, and satisfy him ' self of the correctness of every transaction. And upon these conditions being faithfully fulfilled, we cannot doubt his salary, however liberal , would be amply repaid. In the creation of these &Bees, we are of course assuming that the present system of centreets be entirely abolished, and that the permanent Master of the Mint take the work into his own hands, and under his own control end manage ment. This is the idea now predominant, and it ap pears to have also entered into the minds of some members of the former committee. Whether this coo be equitably done at once, in consideration of extant rights and agree ments, is • question we cannot undertake to answer • Tier do we care, for our &Nervations are directed rather to the future than the present. We can have no wish to deprive the present officers of any emoluments secured to them—our remarks not con cerning individuals, but &Ibsen and systems—but as times and gessoes concur in a reform of the Mint, as in other cases, we anticipate any change will be fur the public good; and that whatever may be done, should be done effec tually. If not sixpence could be saved in the expense of tioinage, the introduetiun of a better system of in ternal government would amply recompense the labour. It the contract system upon • full and deliberate in quiry were found the best and safest for all concerned, yet it does not follow it may not be changed, in some of the details, with great advantage to the public, in point of economy. Ihe contract system, and the existence of a corporate body, or partners enjoying equal privileges, have no necessary connexion. A cintract, it is obvious, might as effectually subsist with one or two contractors as with five, six, or seven. An ex ample is, indeed, offered in the melter's department, where there is only one contractor, though ho may be required to employ, occasionally, one or more extra clerks or aesistante. But, according to the system of partuers, what is the conse quence ? Wray, the public must pay six or seven very large iecomes, instead of one or two ; and give thousands to supernumeraries where as many hundreds would be ample. The profits are occasionally very large; they appear to us enormous,judging by the annual payments; and by dividing them amengst a considerable number the income of each is thereby reduced, but the publicgaiu nothing by thejuggle. We cannot see, or understand, on what principle an arrangement of this kind can be maintained er justified. Whereas, by em ploying one or two permanent contractors, at a lower tale s with assistants en moderate salaries, we can understand very well how • very great saving might accrue to the public, mil yet leave the contracting parties as well off as before. It has been asserted that the principle of the "company " is to make the young work for the old, which, at th o first glance, appears very humane and considerate ; but we aro afraid it is humanity purchased at the public cost, and, in a measure, corroborates what we said on • former occasion. For, supposing the young men in training, at the end of seven years, to become part of the body corporate, the seniors, who may not have reached old age, give place to young and vigorous blood, spend the rest of their days in ease and quiet, while in this inactive state they receive, their full share of the profits. Thus, of the seven in the hive, four may, end do, become drones, as we asserted before. This sort of ar rangement is no doubt • very pleasant and humane one, but if we were to apply to the moneyers the rule of government offices generally, as to illness, old age, and long service, we should have reason to dispute the equity of the case. The circumstance of the re-coinage of silver in 1816 may have necessitated additional bands, but surely it is not necessary, nor yet wise, that they should become part ners, and share the profits equally with the older mem bers. Where shill we find a manufacturing lirni, which on a sudden flush of busiuess requires assistance, and out of each person so employed a partner is created for life, to enjoy hereafter equal rights and privileges ? We are, therefore, still puzzled why the moncyers should keep up their number, as they do ; and we are equally sur prised that the government have not before adopted steps to cheek the facility of taking apprentices, which would by degrees lowa the evil, and ultimately lead to a reduction of the rates of coinage, and that without affecting the emolu ments of the remainder. ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS IN NORTH AMERICA From an article on the telegraph of Professor Morse, furnished by Charles 'l'. Cheater, Esq., for Silliman's Jwirnal, we select the following interesting information: E ich line has its termini, generally giving name to the company that owns and governs it. Intermediate are stations," varying in number and importance with the length of the line. It matters not how many of these sta tions are interposed, provided the arrangements for the in troduction of the wire at each secure its insulation. No per ceptible difference in the current would result were 50 or 100 of these interpcsed on a well insulated line. On one of the lines 16 are included in the circuit, each of which can unite to each or all the others—each receiver preserving • closed circuit while the transmitting operator manipulates with his key. Of course but one writes at a time, The business of the offices is conducted by operators, copyists, bookkeepers, battery-keepers, messengers, and in spectors or repairers. Messages to be transmitted are re ceived, pre-patd, the price estimated by a tariff, whose elements are the distance transmittal and the number of words; thei average rate being 2i cent, for ten words 100 miles. These messages vary in value from 10 cents. to 100 dollars. Messages thus recoivod are filed according to des tination, and sent in order of reception u nearly as the busi ness of the line admits. As a general rule, the stations are written to in rotation, commencing with the most distant ; the time used in performing the circuit varying, of course, with the amount of business and the condition of the wires. In the economy of our lines the number of intermediate offices is of advantage, if their management is competent, so they facilitate the discover! and repair of difficulties and breaks, a consideration rendered important hitherto by the weakness of our structures. Each office has its peculiar call or signal, to which, when the line is in order, an immediate response is expected. Tints la expresses New York. The sound is so familiar as instantly to arrest the operator's at tention, though he should be at a distance from the instru ment. Thus the American telegraph is phonetic—it appeals to two senses. Lung messages have been faithfully recorded from attentive listening to the peculiar sound of the instru ment. There are systems of abbreviations too, many ordinary words and sentences being expressed by a single letter or numeral. By the aid of these and a quick ear, convents tion may be carried on between operators with wonderful celerity. To the skilful operator, the little brass instrument b^- comes an articulate creature; it not only conveys his written thoughts, but expresses his pausing emotions. He detects the individual with whom he converses, and can recognise the effect of his own conversation as producing pleasure, vexation, or indifference. In business correspondence, too, abbreviations render the transmission so rapid that an or dinary penman fails to keep pace with it. On one occasion, with no allowance (or repetition or delays, twenty-five thou sand letters were transmitted in an hour and a holt; by the aid of two instruments and wire, about three average columns. That the actual business capabilities of the wires may be better understood, the brief statistics of a single day's business at one office may not be uninteresting. Two wires were at work, one through 200, the other through 600 miles. Four hundred and fifty private mes sages were sent or received, comprising every variety of business and information. The average length of these messages was twenty-five chargeable words, in addition to address, &.7. Beside these, three entire hours were occupied in :ransositting market and other intelligence, fir publica tion, abbreviated so above. The line was pretty actively employed for sixteen hours, and being in good order, sixty or more messages were transmitted in rotation, without a word of repetition. A numerical statement of the operations of the telegraph can give, however, But a faint idea either of their importance or value. It should be considered that • the invention is used or'y in cases of urgency and impart ance—ita receipt' are not like those of other nosiness, a tritl%nre per cent ige on previous outlay. For some time it, was supposed impossible to work two independent wires ; experience has proved that the inability ! lay solely an the ituperi'ee:ion of sttuetures. Two copper I ways have work-d independently and well through issru miles. The iron wire is expect - d to work equally well through twice the distance. [Two iron wires have worked independently and separately at the same time, through sOn miles. The superiority of iron to copper has been fully I proved, — Additional note.] No mutual influence is exerted by the two currents. Some careful experiments, made with a view t t a-virtain whether a secondary current might nut be induced in one wire Iron the primary current in the other, proved conclusively that no appreciable etlet:s coca be treed on either from env arrangement of the other with relation to battery or ground. li Rain, snow, &c , act as disturb is influences with less , power than wou'd be supposed, but in proportion to the ea ellen e o 7 insulation ' • since et times, duncg revere storms, lines have work: d wet , through their entire extent, and at . a light shower cuts off even the nearest stout'''. Aside from the -nemerated difficulties, there is one which CP probably it' ways act temporarly and to some extent. I Du.:ng thunder stairs, elevated nietellic conductors afford ing fur the nigh ring a p • 'age to the earth, the wires will often became so changed, that the dual in its passage en cou ite , ing the small wire of the re , eddig magnet as an obtActe, wi%l dart off to the nereest and largastoonductor, or melt the smaller wire. Or, if less of the fluid be present, its magnetic effects will be disclosed in the ins - meets, ductng on them a spasmodic effect. To remedy or prevent such effects, two natruments, simple enough in idea and co na action, have been devised. The one consists of a met silk globe, surrounded with a ring of metal, presenting to the globe a number of sharp points. The ring is adjustable, so as to bring the points in the closest possible proximity to the globe and yet prevent contact. It 'cereals , need be added that the globe is thrown into the main circuit (the current entering by a large, and passing out by a very fine wire) : the ring is connected with the ground. The other arrangementcannot be well understood without the aid of a drawing. The main wire, before corning to the ir.strumenu, connects the helices of the receiving wallet ith the upright lever. The right standard connecting with the ground, when the atmospheric current charges the mag net the armature is attracted, the lever brought in contact and the current passes off to the earth. In this way both, dynamical and atmospherical currents are "turned out of doors." _ _ The following lines are completed From New York to Carmel, Poughkeepsie, iiudeon, Troy, Albany, Schenectady, Little Fells, Utica, Rome, Syracuse, Auburn, Geneva, Can andaigua, Rochester, and Buffalo, 509 miles; from Troy to Saratoga, 36 miles; from Auburn to Springport, Ithaca and Elmira, 34 miles • from Ithaca to Oswego and Bing hampton, 46 miles ; miles; Buffalo to Lockport, 20 miles; from Buffalo to Niagara and Chippewa, C. West, 12 miles; from Buffalo to Queenstown, St. Catherine's, Ham. ilton and Toronto, C. West, 150 miles; from Buffalo to Erie, Ashtabula, Cleveland, Sandusky City, Toledo, Mon roe, Detroit, 350 miles ; from Hamilton to Dundas, Wood stock, and London, C. W., 75 miles ; from Toronto, to Oshawa, Port Hopo, Coburg, Belleville, Kingston, Brook- Title, Prescott, Cornwall, and Mi,ntreal, C. W., 376 miles; from Montreal to Berthier, Three River., and Quebec, C. East, 180 miles ; from New York to New Brunswick, Princeton, Trenton, Philadelphia, Wilmington, Havre de Grace, Baltimore, and Wsehiagton, D. C., 224 miles. From Washington to Georgetow a Alexandria, Fredericks burgh, Richmond, and Petersburg:l, 175 miles. From Phi ladelphia to Lancaster, Harrisburg, Carlisle, Chambers burg, Bedford, and Pittsburgh, Pa., 296 miles. From Philadelphia to Port Richmond, Pa., Reading, and Potts ville, 106 miles. From Lancaster to Columbia and York, Pa., 25 miles. From Pittsburg to Wellsville, New Lisbon, Massillon, Akron, and Cleveland, 130 miles. From Pitts berg to Wheeling, Wellsville , Zaneoville, Columbus, Lep ton, sad Cincinnati, 120 miles. From Cincinnati to Law renceburg, Madison, 0., Louisville, Viocennes, and St. Louis, 3n6 miles. From Columbus to Chillicothe, 0., 46 miles. From New York to Stamford, Bridgepirt, New Haven, Hartford, Springfield, Worcester, and Boston, 237 miles. From Boston to Salem, Newberyport, and Port. Ind, 74 miles. From Boston to Lowe'', 26 miles. From Chicago to ?dilwaukie, 90 miles. The lines in progress or contempla9od, are from Peters burg, Va., to Raleigh, Fayetteville, N. C., Cherry, Cam den, Columbus, Charleston, S. C. Augusta, Savannah, Columbus, Gu., Franklin, Montgomery, Mobile, Ala., New Orleans, 1,127 miles. Detroit to Chicago, 260 miles. Bridgeport to Montreal, 300 miles. Norwich to Worcester, 85 miles. From Wilmington, Del., to the Delaware Breakwater. From Saratoga to Whitehall, Rut land, Montpelier, and Burlington, Vt., 150 miles. Lines are also contemplated from Macon, Ga., to Florida; Macon to Tennessee, and from St. Louis to New (Means, over 2,000 miles. ..... . 8t MIIY. Lines complete about 3,700 miles Duplicate wires complete Lines au progress Lines coutemplsted " 2,300 " Duplicate wires in progress . 2,500 " Total 12,500 mile", which is so doubt Wow the reality. THE EMIGRATION OF 1847.-TM AUS- TUALIAN COLONIES. The blue book, containing the second part of the papers relative to emigration, presented to parliament in 1847, is less painful in its details than that which related to British Nortit America. Like it , predecessor, however, it is disreputably fragmentary and incomplete; it is much id it snamefully old ; and, on the whole, betrays much of the same indolent pick-tooth spirit among ofSeials as No. I. The solonits to which this folio relates are, New South Wales, South Australia, and Western Australia. Van Die men's Land, and New Zealand are only incidentally noticed. In statistical reports, the returns from South Australia are most satisfactory. For this, however, the gentlemen now in otlice are scarcely to be thanked. The system was introduced by others, and still produces some good, though worked atter their fainconl fashion. The reader may form some esti mate of the promptitude and vigour displayed in the home departments of this service, front two meta Some of the documents now fur the first time published, are dated as fez back as the 16th of January, 1845. Surely these ought to have been laid before parliament in 1846. Again, a certain amount of " voluntary " or " spontaneous " emigration (favourite court phrases of the Uolunial-office), is dwelt upon with great complacency. Will it, be believed, that of the 1,114 so called voluntary emigrants of 1844, about 800 sera not emigrants from the mother country, but simply colonists shilling their place of abode to South Australia from the neighbouring colonies ? The emigration commis sioners must be sorely pushed to make out an appearance of doing something. The most complete and interesting returns from Western Luitralia relate to the juvenile culprits sent thither by government. They are satisfactory in the extreme. They &bow that the limited experiment has worked well in Western Australia. This, we suppose, is the reason why the Secretary of State for the Coloutes writes to the governor of that colony, without reigning any reason, that " the commissioners of Pentonville prison strongly object to the removal of the exiles from that prison to Western Australia." The following despatch from Mr. Hutt, while governor of Western Australia, deserved more attention than it has met with Western Australia, Perth, 15th August, 1843.—My Lord, I have the honour to lay before your lordship a series of resolutions lately pearled by the majority of the legislative council of this colony. The main and Indeed sole object of the mover and supporters of three re. • solutions has been to declare their opmionof the noxious effects of the system under which the sales of land are conducted in Australis, and to record their steady adherence to the resolutions passed by the ouncll in December, 1042, which accouipviied my despatch, No. 5, of Sib Jan., 1041. Of these I now enclose a copy, having been ear. neatly solicited to request that your lordship may be pleamed to take them again into conaulerstion. My views ot the land question have been so fully explained at other threat° the council, that I contented myself in the course of the die n-stion on this oeces on with declaring my dissent from both sets of -esolutions, and wi.h Bually entering a abort protest against them in the minutes. The advocate-general, Mr. Moore, whose opinion coin cides to some extent with my own, elec. entered a protest, a copy of whim is herewith Innanmittntl. . . . . . ll; settle;;lpo r rrTil7llll colony dad themselves in very diffi cult and straitened circumstaneth; they are all, without exception. either framers or tiockholders ; and the population, receiving no ad dition to its numbers from a regular and continued imangration. is not sufficient to relieve them from the yearly increasing produce which they may Dave to dispose of, and upon the sale and polite of u .fich their prospects and advancement depend. The non.arrival of treah capitulate and labourers is ascribed by many to the operation of tho "imperial Act, I aid Li of Victoria, chap. 3b, for regulating the sale of waste lands belonging le the crown in the Australian colonies," particularly to that part id it which tines so high an upset price es Oita per acre upon the land. I differ from them because I think I can discern several causes abundantly adequate to account for the manner in which Western Australia has been overlooked and neglected by im migrants, without let ing the whole, or even a small portion of the blame upon the obnoxious act. Still it cannot be denied that this act has hitherto proved totally inoperative in this colony. Only &St have born received tor the purchase et land since the introduction of the system of sate established here by it, and I fully anticipito that years mist elapse before any considerable quantity of laud can be disposed of under the proviaious of this act, unless some remarkable change lakes place in the circumstances of the country. The position of Western Australia, in this rennet, IF az anomalous one, and es such I would wish to bring it ander your lordship's make, for if I am correct it may perhaps be possible, without very materially affecting the principles of the act, so to moslify some of its pro visions as to make them more immediately suitable to the state of things here. In the first establiehment Of this colony land was granted in liberal quantities to those who Introduced labour and capital &pi:ignoble to tne purposes of productive industry,• measure completely at variance, in its consequences, with that which ia now sought to be put in force, inasmuch as such Large tracts of land have come into the possession of private individuals, that they are enabled to sell below almost any price which may be axed upon by the government. In addition to which, the privilege conferred upon the earliest grantees of surrendering a part of the lands already assigned, and of acquiring other lands in exchange, has garnished the means of procuring land from the government to a hrge amount, without tee necessity of a money payment. Pince the beginning of the year 1843, in which rear the Land 0-les Act came into cis' onion, whilst, sa l have before 1 . ta led, 65 acre. only have been a it for in cash, 17,292 I representing 11,2991., have been pi:tanned by remission tickets; and I though the existence of these tickets is a temporary evil, which will leventually dime 'spear, yet they have had, and will contiar e to have, considerable influence, in conjunction with the large private estates, io preventing the sale of the crown lands, not only at the price deter mined by toe imperial statute, but at any money price whatsoever. It would appear from this, that to the acts of the imperial government a to be attributed the peculiar and critical post non in which this rolouy hat pre ent placed, and which most, tor a hog time, preclude the inhohitants from deriving any Alvan , . tau from the system establin :d by the act of parlaffiebt. It us ovelees to exptct that available bade, w no her for labour or for other metal purpose L willever be railed by the sale of crown lands, wffilst r -4 7 utdiv.dnals hare the power of competing with and under sell' tg the noveanment. Under Herz eii tun.-I..ffies I would submit .o your lordship. Is he•Jier some welLiegu' ... appication of the old i Pk* of giving land for labour, in de Teninate quantities, might not . he mom imitable than Ma. of moiler permeate. Ouch a course of . proceeding is open te many objeesions, awl I propo. 2 it with great Ilium' me, foe it is opposed to the rule which 1 should always wial. to see observed in respect to immigration, that of making ti's value of land regulate the supply of ...boat , out I have brought it I forward m an earedient, in the spec' it inc of Western Au.s.ra"e, I whereby a 1 ossiia• chr ice may be offmiled of remedying e , ilia, el , ieultle .. i, as a sori•ethiee which might . /IV ;MI ingiy acceptable to • ee 'rag c nlarsere, sod would at ilia same time bolsi of- to the . aon . as the promise of a s minty or capitallate sri labourers but I which, *booth it to conceded, would require to be strictly saardad age 'est atase. With 'hia view, I 11.41 far ter ascent ' • t. evils , (tete Webs he adopted similar to au,' which were Wooed by the n7enl-guu ••11 for immigration in England, on the 12th Ottoteir, 1619, a aa the additions : 1. That the boon should he limited to persona actually purchasing . law. 2. a _at the emigrants foe whom bounty is awarded shall, be- I .are quitting England, be inspected Pei semi, oed by the commission- c of err eraron. 3. Itnt parties entit'-d .0 and claiming lawny ! .. m; Loam amending • al ton lAr t‘ni. on ti • &moor • 4 '^r ' I.'eb, by tie t our .v oar "•s ;: - 8. may 1. entitle,' 'lee bounty ri bahtlons would then he r ce-ly M accordance wi. a the understanait g which rev entered into by her Majeety's dovemment with the Western A tie q alt.., t emper.y." the p-pers from New South Wales ai, routinelyy. meagre. Indeedit seems the p.;neiple of th e o ffi ce to have its cone• apondence and published documents, in respect of their bulk, in an inver. , ratio to she size std importance of the colony they relate to. There are, however. some papers of rest im portr-ice, among which the two following despatches fenM Ja -el Grey to Sir C. Fitzroy Sr. not the least interesting. Dow ing.ffireet, July :a. 1847.—ffir,—It haa breo nage, ted to roe that great advent - th would is obably arise from the aslop.ien in Neer South WU , : , 7 .. C., manure whieb •voni • able the deposit,. its I •• r-- .n i: a - vii. L . tanks in Net minty to apply the amount of aura del. ts n . i. .raarr 1 of e• OS 1 ads. Sofia as I can judge, the • e -g• ten is well founded, sea '1- . beta, exempt from any legal et t: thniewl diff.v..y. khr ezawp.e, it aught, I apprehend, be Matted by the local IsSio lature, that any depositor in the urines banks might, by a declare- Uon to be Made by him for the purvey, render his dep.:rite retues able in the foam of credits to be allow, d to Lim in the future purchase of crown lands, and in that form only. Uf all deposit made on such Lunn, accounts might be kept at the seeing, banks, as in prevent. hut any money so deposited might immediately he transferred to the land fund, and until the depositor was able to effect a purchaea of the requisite amount, the land thud might, by the authority of the executive government, be charged with interest on the sums so tram leered to that lurid. To reduce depositors to prefer this mode of in. vesting their easing" to may other, the rate ef interest so tc bechlrged on the land fund might be higher by perhaps one per cent. than the rate allowed by law on other deposits. Nor would this be an unrea sonable or • gt atm tous boon ; for so the money would be applicable, without delay, to the intro tucti n of immigrants ham this kingdom, the public at large would derive from the operation an immediate be nefit, sufficient to ooro•teneitc for the mat of thus inducing depositor* to devote their money • this object. If any large number of depositors should adopt inch terms, the ac cumulated fund would probably become, ere long, very conelderable. The effect would be, both to enable many of the moot diligent and thrifty of the uhlbitants tot eer ile graduall y landholders sin t heir own r.ght, and to make a great and early addition to the number of the cool:venture for the wages of manual labour. To such depositors might of course be also held out the same in ducement to devote their savings to the purchase of erowu lands, which is held out to capitalist In gerund, that is, the right of acted eating (subject to the sanction of the colonial land and emigration euessithatorrere) the emigrant, to the expense of w hme voyage to the 1010 .7 their saving, should be applied. In the exercise of that right, the &condone would of ouurse, in general nomina.e their own nean st kindred in lei. counts y; a choice on every account desirable, if such kindred should be of the required sees, and purees the requisitequati fleation.. In another desteitch of this date I have given you imbue teens for adopting an arrangement by which great facilities will to given to settlers In New South Wales, who may wish to remit money to amist Mende left in this country to emigrate. The operation of the messum +Mien I have now suggested, will be greatly amebae.' by that arrangement. You will consult the executive runnel) of New South Wales on this subject, and you will adopt whatever may appear to them and to yourself .lie mast aided steps for giving practical effect to these suggestions, t..aring of nurse steadily In mind, that, 'abject to the condiuer t ertecr.hed by the Constitutional Act for the Government of New South Wake, her Majesty's government a. a bcuud to rotes la their own hands 'hose powers of appropriating the proceeds of the land revenue, for the due exercise of which pasha:nein his rendered them reeponsible. Downingetreet, ISt Dee., 1147.—Sir,—In my despatch, No. 212, of the Nell of August last, I informed you that, in escordanc with rear recoomiendanon, her Majesty's government had determined Immediately to recommence sending emigrants to New South Wales en extent equal to live thousand adults, calculated ex. °ceding to the Peurengered Act ; and for the purport, of defraying the elemv of doing so, I authorised you us raise 100,0001. on the credit of the crown revenues, onc.half to be hemmed by debentures on that revenue in the Sydney or northern division of the colony, and the other halloo the same revenue in the Fort Phillip d meson. . . When I wrote that devpsteh I was much Inclined to believe that a larger sum than you had suggested might with great advantage to the colony be raised for the pupae of emigration, and the further amounts which have slated reached me as to the urgency of the want of labour in New South Walm, have removed any doubts I enter- Uinta, and have convulsed me that, in order effectually to supply this must, the expenditure you contemplated ought to be very con siderably Increased. 1 have also been led to conclude, from the in formation 1 have received from various quarters, that the amount of money necemary to meet such increased expenditure might be raised within the colony itself, is a manner not only anobjem tlonsble, but which would be attended with some collateral advantage.. The measure, which I would fur this purt,mc suggest for the consideration of yourself and of the legislative council, is tito creation of a funded debt to a moderate amount. By an act of the c denial legislature, authority might be given for raising in the vent three or four years a capital sum or 200,04551. or 200,00111. by the sale of stock, the interest au which should be the nest charge upon the colonial revenue after those to which it is rendered subject by the act of parliament constituting the existing legislature. Such a measure I regard as likely to prove advantageous to the colony, not merely on account of the urgent and repeated representations which have been addressed to me us to the want of labour, hut, also, bout.e there seems to be good reason to believe that money might thus be raised upon very favourable terms, and that New South Wades has now resoled to a stage in the increase of its wealth and population in which the want of mime such net tins for the secure vestment of money as are afforded by the politic lands of this country is beginning babe seriously felt. mars is in every civilised country, as there certainly is In New South Wales, much money belonging to parties to whom it is an orb. lett not mesely of individual, but or general interut, to afford factii um for Its swore investment. This applies particularly to the moray or chariuble somatic% of benefit clubs, and 05 samags banks, twat de posited by suitors in the supreme court, or belonging to widows, orphan, and others incapable of managing them own affairs. Ihe (mamma of a moderate funded debt affords the means of investing all property of this description with a degree of convenience and secu rity not other.. &Mutable. The safety, the faciitty, and the promo. titu 'c with 'Mitch stock forming part of such • funded debt can be Utusaferred, render it also eminently adapted for commercial par po.es. For the sake of there advantages, so long as troth is Inviolably kept with the public creditor, a permanent debt, sanctum d by the legislature, is likely to bear a nigher value in the market than either the oldigatiou of individuals or securities of the deecripuoa of the el • aunts hitherto Meucci in New heath Wales ; in other words, money raised by the creation of a funded debt would probably be obtained upon the best terms for the colony. lam well aware that a strong and, upon the whole, a jut object. Con Is entertained to the practice ant promaiog for public cumulous, not out of imome, but by loans, the interest of which lacsines • borthen uppon succeeding generations. It is no doubt a practice ex ceedingly table to abuse, arid one to which rectum. ought only to be had with the greatest mutton and forbearance; but wimp the object for which money is to be raised is not unproductive but produc tive expenditure, the danger of abuse, and of ultimate in convenience ariatng from the contracnon of a publ:s debt, is very greatl diminished, and in the present instarce, • as there ma be no reasonable doubt that an addition to the popu lation of New South Wales, of the kind which is contemplated, by affording an additional supply of labour, which is so urgcnUy wanted, would immediately increase the produetars volt o r and wealth of the community, it may be safely calculated . that no oppressive bulimia would bc thrown upon the agony by rataing for this purpose a loan to the extent I have suggested. I should confidently expect that the mionial revenue, arising as it does mainly from doom on uncles of general consumption, could not tall to be mares.. by the continuance of immigration to an extent more than sutticieut to meet the charge which would arias. from Internet upon the debt. For the remora adverted to in the latter part of my despatch of the 3eth August, it would be of importance to the colony that the loan rhould be raised is securities,, bearing as nearly as may be pos sible the market rate of Interest at the time they are issued. Assuming the market rate of intereat at the time to be 6 per cent, it would is the first Instance be precisely the time to the colony whether Ore bonds of 100 f. were disposed of at par, bearing that rate of intermit, or who. Cher, on the contrary, six bonds, also nominally for 100. each, bearing interest at the rats of eve per cent. were .Id at 5001. in money. In either case there would be paid into the colonial tremor, a sum of Stag., for which 301. of interest would annually be payable; but there would be this very material difference, that by udoptiag the first of tbese plans, when the time arrived at which the bonds were made redeemable, either onc-sixth of the capital would be saved in paying them off, or if this should not be found desirable, the interest upon them might be redeemed whenever there might occur that fall In the value of money which usually takes place in the progress of society. Sash being some of the remarks of • general nature which have oc curred to me, the following are the conditions upon which, on behalf of the crown, pop would beet liberty to assent to any bill which the legislature might pass on the present subject :—First, that too sum to be raised, in addition to the loan of 100,00.4. already authorised to be borrowed on the faith of the crown revenue, should not for the pre sent exceed 200,000 f., to be paid 'by isiatalments, spread over a period id two or three years; secondly, that the interest an this latter debt Would be the Mat charge on the general revenue after thus charges to which It is already subject by act of parliament; thirdly, that the principal of the debt should not admit of being paid off until after some definite period, as, for example, 12 or II years, and should alter wards be redeemable only at the option of the govern ment ; fourthly, that the proceeds of the loan should be strictly appro priated to promoting the Immigration of persona of the industrious classes from the United Kingdom; and fifthly, that, bearing in mead the probability of a future separation of the northern from the southern districts of the colony, a 'emirate account should be kept of the expeng dare incurred from immigration into each, in order that the debt may eventually be divided between them in the same proportion. Should the legislature of New South Wales be disposed to adopt the suggestions I have now thrown out, I should recommend that com missioners should be appointed by an act to be pulsed for that pur pose, with authority to negotiate the proposed loam. For the emigres Con of the next year, the loan which I have already directed you to ream upon the credit of the crown revenue, will be sufficient to pro vide; It therefore would not be necessary that the first inataltuenta of the new loan should ho made payable at an earlier period than towards the close of the year 180, and Would then continue to be paid at such intervals as might be likely to meet the payments which would from time to time become duo for onwards sent out It would probably be convenient, if an arranges. merit could be made, wiring the comminsioners some dacretkoary power as to the times when the different inatalments of the loan should be culled for, and the Interest upon them should commence, since it is almost impossible to foresee at what rat it may be pinch. cable to obtain emigrants of the description required by the colony, Hitherto, I ant happy to and that the anipranta selected and dna patched by the Colonial Land and Emigration Commissioner. hove given great satisfaction to the Inhabitants of those colonies, to libel of late }care they have been sent; and the last accounts Moos South Australia, of the manner in which the emigrants who had recently arrived there had at once found employment, are particularly gratifying, as abutting that the commissioners had performed with great discretion the task of selection which has been entrusted to them. They otlonn me, however, that the supply of really elipele ' , that is, of those of Um proper age, and possessing the re. q= ts ealth and knowledge of some useful description of labour, is limited, sad that with the demand for emigrants which in now In. messing, not only for the different Australian colonies, but also fur the Cape of Good Hope and New Zealand, it is doubtful whether the re. tamale number will be obtainable. I have instroeted them to teed to despatch emigrant ships to New South Wide-sin as rapidity:cession as may be possible, without lowering the standard of the qualifies. Cons they have hitherto required from the candidates for a tree can. Trounce to Australia, but that they are not, for the sake of obtaining a greater number, to accept emigrants of a less useful description. ' Considering the heavy oast to the colonies of the conveyance of mi. • grants to Australia, I am not of opinion that any should be sent but such as are really qualified Wbe useful labourers, either in agnoul tare, or in some ordinary mechanical employment. In conclusion, I have to chserve, that entertaining little doubt from all the accounts which hes c reached me of the prevailing opinion of the intatitants of New South Wei' test the principle of the measure will be adopted by the legislative council, I shall Vac an early opportunity o. transmitting to you suc't farther in formation as may appear to roe to be Cal. aced to assist that body to Its delliemUons on tl b t mole of carrying this design into effect, so as to render it productive of the largest amount of benefit +t the eolor.c, • :th the lea_. risk of alms or inconvenience. With .bat view I shit" request the Lords of the treasury to favour me with the obsercatisns which the uperienCe gained in comractlng leo is in this - ittntry may gamut, as to the arrangements which it will be exp.:ant to make in et:sada:tine an affair of the Atone dr .c.pUon in New south Wales. For the meantime we leave these documents to tell their own tale ; but we will embrace an earls oppot ...mity to offer some comments on them. LITERATURE. Voyage of the Samarang, by Captain Sir EDWAitz BELCHER. le4B. We have heard pretty nearly enough of Rajah Brooke, of Sarawak and Borneo, and even of our new colony Laburn. We shall, therefore, skip over the pat :a of these volumes, which rr .Tct the :e regions, for what we consider the more interesting portion of them, that which regards the east coast of Borneo, end the A r( 4, ;r zlago that stretches between it and the The east coast of Borneo seems quite as favourable 'or trade es the north-west, having quite as deep in atures of i:vtr, with larger towns and sultans to be found within them, almost as accessible to shilping BiJnn;, and more ready for commerce, or even for such colonisation as Mr. Brooke has attempted. To .vo of these cit . ; 3, Gunung Tabor and Bulungan, Sir Edward Belcher penetrated, sod concluded treaties with the chiefs for the prevention of the slave trade, snd for commercial relations. The accounts of these places, given by Sir Edward, are as interesting to the trader as to the naturalist and the geographer. And when we learn that he was . able to rend a despatch overland from Buinngan - to Brunei, the capabilities of an empire in the nor* east corner of Borneo will be seen. We deprecak indeed, any such gigantic colony, having quite enough of vents for emigration expenditure without that ; but 'gill we have our misgiv logs, and have no doubt that Mr. Brooke's example will beget imitators, and that we shall have more English rajahs superseding Malay chiefs, and ruling over a Dyak population, on the choice spots of this interesting coast. The author's account of Sooloo, the island centre of empire in these parts, is full and satisfactory. It is evident, from this account, that final repression will not be put to pirates, unless a formidable ex pedition be directed against the country of Illations, in the great bay of Mindanao, of which the coral rocks and indented creeks form their strong hold. It was rather a preposterous idea of the French admiral choosing Basilan for the Preach colony in these parts. It is precisely opposite the mouth of the pirate bay, pirate itself; so that to hold Basilan would have required a fleet and a two years* war, for which the French admiralty not being quite prepared wisely abandoned the island. Indeed the sole business of the French in those sees seems to be to drop missionaries in the islanda. This of course leads to mistrust and hostility, not to conversion, from the fact of the missionaries having been invariably the forerunners of conquest. A Spanish commander once showed some Japanese • map of the world, and pointed out on it the extent of the King of Spain's dominions. The Japancs. I 'eked with surprise—" How is it that the King has managed to possess himself of halt the world The Spaniard replied—" He commences by sending priests, who win over the people ; and when tins is done, his troops are despatched to juin the native Christians, and the conquest is easy and complete." Now onder the Japanese rulers banished the Spaniards and put to death their priests. A similar story might be told of English merchants. All the Chinese races repudiate Christianity for political reasons. The Malays repudiate it because they are conquerors and Mahommedans. But per haps the most promising converts that ever were offered to Christian missionaries are the Dyalca ; and, no doubt, the empire that Mr. Brooke is founding at Sarawak must, if it survives, be a Christian empire. The missionaries there have a much more hopeful task than in China, or Lou Choo, or in the islands peopled by Mahommethas and Malaya. No work has appeared as yet which gives so full a knowledge of the archipelago be tween Borneo and the Manillas, as this present one of Sir Edward Belcher. The volumes are valuable alike to the geographer, the mariner, the merchant, and the man of science : they contain information for all, in addition to a rich fund of entertainment for the general reader. Not the least interesting portion of them is to be found in the account of the Semarang's visit to Nangasaki, the foreign port of Japan. A change has obviously taken place there, a change favourable to the renewal of trade. The feeling of the authorities of Nangasaki was evidently in favour of relations with the new comers, of whose prowess in China they have received very correct accounts. Their dislike and repudiation of the French were probably owing to their knowledge that the French were in the habit of sending catholic missionaries, that class of whom they are most in dread. And the Dutch would no doubt keep them informed on this point. The account which the author gives of a French missionary dropped on one of the islands of Loo Chao, shows how little progress these gentlemen are likely to make. Sir Edward's account of the Loo Chooian" differs considerably from that of Basil Hall, who, he asserts, was kept prisoner by the good Loo Chooiens on several occasions,—a startling addition to the worthy captain's well-known romance. Sir Edward Belcher fully clears himself, we think, from the charge of having needlessly attacked the Malay prahus without being certain of their piratical character. On the contrary his forbearance seems to have been great on many occasions. And his very difficult dealings with many sultans, as well as lesser Spanish authorities, with never other than a good re sult, shows him to be possessed of as much prudence and address as spirit ASSIZE INTELLIGENCE. HOME ClRCUlT.—Mstoirrowl, MARCH if. COM -ran:.—Berme the Lord Chief Justine and a Special Jury. 1)311 ON THE DEICES OF ViAItHP.N v LADY BeYIK, GRAVEKIND.--This was an action of ejectment to recover possession of a considerable quantity of land, and which in volved the question of gavelkind tenure peculiar to the county of Kent. Sir F. Theliger, Serjeant Channel!, Mr. Fortescue, and Mr. Peacock, were for the plaintiff; the Attorney General, Mr. Russell Gurney, Mr. Baddelry, and Mr. Hall appeared for the defendant. The question involved in tnia case has been so frequently the subject of litigation, and the proceedings have been so fully detailed on formrr occasions, that not now be ne cessary to do more than give a brief narrative of the point at issue between the parties. It appears that in the jeer 1786, certain property in Kent, known sa the Wootton-court Estate, and the advowson of (the pariah of Wootton, and Swanton Woods, were in the possession of a Lady named Brydges, wbo at that time had three SOON the eldest being Edward Tunewell Brydges, the next Samuel, afterward s Si r Samuel Egerton Brydges, and John, afterwards Sir John William Head Brydges. Various deeds, agreements, marries* settlements, &c., were made between the parties for several years, the property being apparently treated all this time as being of gavelkind tenure, that is to say, instead of de scending, according to the common law, to the eldest son, as heir-at-law, it was equally divided between the male heir.. The son Edward died, and the property was divided in moieties between Sir Egerton Brydges and his brother John ; and the former getting into difficulties raised considerable sums of money, by way of mortgage, upon his share of the property; and eventually he went abroad, where he died, saving his share very much incumbered. The defendant in the present action is Lady Isabella Brydges, the widow of Sir John Head Brydges, her title being, of course, derived from her husband, upon the assumption that the properey had been legally divided in gavelkind tenure ; and the plaintiff is one of the several mortgage's who have advanced money upon the property, and who now seek to recover the money which, as they allege, went illegally into the poem sion of (the brother of Sir Egerton Brydges. The case for the plaintiffs was that with regard to that portion of the property known es the Wootton Court estate, it wait never held under a gavelkind tenure, but descended in the ordinary manner to the next heir, according to the aommoo law of the land, and that with regard to the Swanton Woods, of that portion which was in point of fact held as gavelkind, by a special act of parliament it had been disgavelled, and wee tqerefore in the same positron as the other. With regard to the first-mentioned portion of the property, it was stated that BO far back as the period of legal memory, PHI., the reign of Richard 1., the estate of Wooten, sr Woodenton, as it was cared, was held under the Archbishop of Canterbury, upon the tenure of what was then called knight serv.ce, or a fee in lieu thereof, but which did not affect the title of the heir-at-law; and with regard to the other pm Lion, it appears to have been disgavelled by one Richard Mun•ings, who then held the property, about the reign of Elizabeth; and after that period it was represented to have pawed to the heir-at-law in regular line, until it came into the possession of the Brydges family. The evidence in support of the case set up by the plaintiff, rested of course entirely upon the production of ancient re cords nod deeds, to show in what mangier the different pre patios had been held. It appeared by the records of the reign of Richard the First, that the Woodenton or Wootton property was then held at a certain number of knights' fees, and the property was traced in that form down to the reign of Richard the Second; bat, in the troubles which followd, the death of that monarch, and the civil wars that ensued, it was alleged that the records were either destroyed or wire sot kept regularly, and no further trace of the properry ap peareduntil the reign of Henry the Eighth, when l ias in the possession ef Sir Christopher Hole", Attorney-General, and subsequently Master of the Rolls, and it was shown by an inquisitio post moll= ' after his disease that the property was still held by the same tenure, and descended to his heir-at•law, and upon his death again in the same line, and the property wee tracked doown to the present period, or at least documentary evidence we, tendered with that view. As reel-sled the other . portion of the property, Swanton Woods, it was retire seated that Richard Muiturngs, the person who held at in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and who was described as th e di - gaveller, had in fact taken that proceeding with regard Is the property ; and a survey of the property tr. the kingdom, made in the reign of Queen Eezans th. was put in to show that at that period the property had descended to the heir-at-law, his eldest ton, who at that time had two brothers, John and Fdwsrd, who by subsequent - moneys appeared in due course to have themselves could:WO • possession of she property, and it was traced from then..dher la the possession of Lord Bollingbroke, from whom tt , was derived by the Brydes family, prior to hte year 17ish. ' The Attorney-General took a number of technic-2 72.ja v. bons to the production of the different documents, er. ettey he imagined from the nature of the case ; and with ILtrd - to) one deed, of an important character, he submitted ahould have borne a stamp of 261., and that ssithorii; it :it was not admirable. The Lord Chief .lust:ce ruled that the deed in qutakes eight to have boric the stamp of the amount suegeste6e:l 4 . sod it we' arranged that a messenger should be sent to Lon don with the decd, and get it stamped.—The cause then proceeded, and at seven o'clock at night the further - re adjourned. oxen 17.—At nine o'clock this morning the. . resumed, and about half-past twelve o'clock the case prosecution concluded, with the exception of the had been objected to on the previous day. The Lord Chief Justice intimated that he was to nooauit the plaintiff if there -.rase an prolability dead would be produced.—Sir F. Madge' said that I, t 2 ,; 141 I ~ I. .1 3 ( f an empire in the nor .b. i Ibe seen. We depreese Bony, having quite enough mditure without that ; but ings, and have no doubt li will beget imitator', and Ilglish rajahs superseding rer a Dyak population, ea resting coast 00100, the island centre of . • 'ull and satisfactory. It is • that final repression sill sinless a formidable me- t the country of Illations, lindanao, of which the 1 .• ;reeks form their strong- ' preposterous idea of ig Basilan for the Preach is precisely opposite the • rate itself; so that to hold ed a fleet and a two years* admiralty not being quits the island. of the French in those seat 11 I &ries in the islands. This I. .' ISt and hostility, not to I. iet of the missionaries •I' e forerunners of conquest. se showed some Japanese ointed out en it the extent dominions. The Japancs. low is it that the King ' ,I nself of halt the world r 1 1 Le commences by sending , I I people ; and when this a . ; , itched to juin the native , I st is easy and complete." Lem banished the Spaniards sta. A similar story might its. repudiate Christianity for ; lays repudiate it because Mahommedans. But per- • converts that ever were naries are the Dyake ; and, ' Mr. Brooke is founding at ?a, be a Christian empire. r . t ,ve a much more hopeful po Choo, or in the islands i, • and Malays. rd aa yet which gives of the archipelago ho- milies, as this present ono The volumes are valuable , I se mariner, the merchant, 1 11 ' ley contain information for i ad of entertainment for the 1 , 1 1 portion of them is to be t ! cause wes mbe for . it rN 0 deli •; 7 ;rip." . n 4 0 • :-..• • or . T .. - .1., " 4 ..: • ' 4, ,, . IS :-..,„ 4 .... ...-- .:: t er %. ....y.. . le ~t. v.. IN b• - -