The Express. — London, England, 1847-08-30 00:00:00

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Pa IL TaXassow—Smaso& 21 atm. pri 5 Al'ommos. , 6 nu. pea 8. LONDON, MONDAY, A UG. 30. ONE of those periodical revulsion of popular feel- ing in the United States, by which the shuttlecock of political power is bandied front one to the other of the great leading parties, appears to be at present in progress. The general opinion throughout the Union is that the congressional elections at present in pro wess will give a decided majority to the whig or federal party in the House of Assembly. If the elec- ' toral body throughout the Union remains in this mood till the approaching presidential election comes round, another step in the transfer of power to other hands will probably be thee made. In the senate, however, the democratic party retains a powerful majority. This state of affairs reminds one how little the actual working of political constitutions corresponds with the theoretical views of those who frame them. The founders of the United States government looked upon the senates or upper houaes of the legislatures as a means of imposing a check upon the precipitancy of popular legislation. They were to be the tempered aristocratic, or conservative element of the state and congressional legislatures. How it may be in the state governments we are not prepared to say; but in the congressional the senate is at present the democratic, as the House of Assem bly appears to be in a fair way of becoming the quasi eolservative, body. American conservatism is so nearly akin to European radicalism, that many of our readers might scarcely recognise the claim of the whig or federal party to the former epithet, but in the United States it is considered, and considers it self, as less intensely popular than its rival. It is not difficult to discover how the ultra-radical party comes to preponderate in the senate, and the less extreme party in the House of Assembly. The states Bend members to the latter in proportion to their popula tion. In the former every state has an equal number of representatives. Consequently the opinions which preponderate in the densely peopled states of New England, New York, and Philadelphia (in the settled parts of the two latter), with their large capitalist and highly educated classes, are represented in the House of Assembly; the opinions which are most favoured by the hardy backwoodsmen, among whom self-re liance and equality are the order of the day, are en tertained, or professed, by the majority of the senators. As a conservative body the senate has been a failure. Its real use in the constitution of the Union is to maintain the equality and independence of the smaller states against the greater. In so far as the general policy of the United States is concerned, the periodical transfers of power from the democratic to the whig party produce little effect. Both are in reality democratic republicans in prin ciple ; both are loyal to the Union, and take for their motto—" Our country, right or wrong." A whig pre sident, even were he backed by whig majorities in the Senate and Howie of Assembly at Washington, would find an excuse for persevering in the policy of the present government towards Mexico. Indeed, even if the next president is to be chosen from the leaders of the present opposition party, he will have to deal in all likelihood not with the Mexican question, but with its results upon the internal or ganisation of his own country. There can scarcely be a doubt of General Scorr's reaching the city of Mexico almost unopposed and there dictating a peace. The United States will obtain a cession of California and New Mexico, which the arms of United States emigrants will make good. The arrangement which will be adopted respecting the coast towns on the Gulf of Mexico, at present occupied by American troops, is more problematical. But the difficult ques tions for the next presidential government will be those which relate to the organisation of the new ter ritory. The peculiar views of the ;southern states on the one hand, and of New England on the other, will here interfere to complicate party relations, if not, in deed, to break up and entirely change those which at present exist. These are matters which concern the citizens of the United States alone. If any other nation could be conceived to have any interest affected by the Mexican war, all of them have tacitly waived its consideration. And as for the after-consequences of that war in the domestic politics of the Union, they are no concern of foreigners. The only way in which the transfer of political power in America from one party to another could affect Great Britain in parti cular, would be by placing in office a body of men lees imbued with the principles of free-trade than its present occupants. Of this, however, there is little danger. The senate, at Washington, is decidedly friendly to the commercial policy of which the new American tariff is one of the first fruits. And the senate can defend that tariff against all assailants until its beneficial operation enables the more en lightened (on economical questions) of the whig party to reconcile their associates to free trade. Ws have often intimated our opinions on the effects of general subdivision of land among a peasant pro prietary. The present distress in Belgium, and the incessant struggle by which the rural population of France extract from the soil an amount of nourish ment which in England is produced by half the labour, sufficiently show that our economic views on the subject are not unsupported by experience. It by o means follows, however, that we are disinclined to Fee an increase in the number of small landowners, or an admixture, when it is practicable, of small free holds with the farms and larger estates into which the country is generally divided. The natural desire of almost every man, new gene dome= feeisie Ismer, is displaying itself at present in several methods among those classes who have hitherto had least to do with the ownership of land. The necessity of a comm6n idea, not wholly selfish, where men are to be combined even for the prosecution of their own direct interest, is curiously shown in the political theories and excitements which have been connected with all the associations formed for the .. thoroughly practical and extra-political purpose of procuring land for their members. The various attempts of the communists and socialists to occupy land in common—an experiment which, however, has never yet been fairly tried—have always been made under the influence of religious and political doctrines which have essentially little to do with the principle of co-operation, but which might for a time further the common object by the enthusiasm which they excited in their supporters and the attention which they attracted from others. The scheme of the Norwich Registration Society and of similar bodies to purchase votes in particular counties is more directly po litical. The first object kit° influenceelections; the second is supposed to be the providing of a convenient invest '— small capitals; on o therefore our remarks meat ' economical movements to assume on the tendency u. • ,:,2plicable to these undertak e political colour is le.. speculation conducted ings than to the very singe ,_ . „ems to be _ by Mr. FEAROUS O'CoNNOR , w hic a • gs moat serious attempt yet made to apply ,""•r_le of the poorer classes to the obj ect of establnaing a portion of them on the soil as owners. though Mr. FRAROOB O'CONNOR'S scheme, c ha rtist it calls itself, and forwarded as it evidently Lave been by democratic zeal, mete to os to nothing whatever to do with polities in us. intr i nsi c is i 4 character. We can see no noon , association might not have assisted of the most aethulaatically loyal and seekiesizirthodox po!ti.oor of tho people. His alleamNlgisin ore settle* lifs on dub potobso of with e hope of ittae -11.11110!•if they ineeeed,earl starvation before them, '"h•Volu fa their speettlation, will have many points as aka& is wtrisiwZß;.teevet them more than the teepsialad tho eitartee. No doubt they will vote 1 .11141• ~ Iso4ll Ma their wise, as they have a right lie veto l bat the aegis= ot the scheme meet be quite independent of their political power, though, if car ried out to the extent of their present hopes, it would, as' far se mere votes are' - eenoerned, enable them to dictate their own plane to the legislature. If we foram, the results which the chartists seek to realise, as-likely to follow from their scheme, in the removal of poverty from a large clams of the community, it would not be any contingent political changes which would determine as to oppose or discourage it. At present, moreover, we are satis fied that the scheme could, even based on sound prin ciples, only be carried out to a very limited extent; and as we have said in the commencement, thon:t i opposed to a general subdivision of the land, we have no disinfai^• , ...-- increase in the to a considerable number of petty freeholders. We should therefore be very glad to see Mr. O'CoNtion'e experiment tried, but for one consideration. It is very . possible that in carrying it out he may throw some light on doubt ful economical points ; but it is impossible to for get that he and his associates artl•risking on a tbute fail scheme the money of those who have little Cr nothing to:spare. The 70,0001. paid up by the artisans who form the main body of the chartists must have coat much self•denial and inconvenience to the sub scribers, and to far the greater number of them the amount subscribed will, in any event, be lost, while to the successful allottees it may prove, perhaps, a loss of much besides what they have actually paid. The chartist scheme is neither more nor less than a laud lottery. A number of subscribers provide the means of purchasing an estate, which is divided into a certain number of prizes to be assigned, as in any other lottery, by chance. We admit that this seems the only way by which persons who can advance at moat, perhaps, 31. or 4!. could be enabled to establish themselves on land of their own : but it may be doubted whether it is desirable to convert a small per centage of the poor into proprietors at the expense of the rest. The scheme is open to all the objections which tell against ordinary lotteries, and to some which are peculiar to itself. The anxiety, uncertainty, and spirit of gambling which dependence on the chances of a lottery naturally produces, will, it would seem, be carried to the extremest point, when success in the game involves an entire change in the habits and career of the speculator. The Sheffield cutler or the Nottingham framework knitter is led to hope, not that he may rise in his own pursuit, become a householder in the suburb where he lodges, or a master instead of a journeyman ; but that he may become a countryman and a tiller of the ground, and leave for ever the trade which he understands, and the town life in which he has been brought up. It is hardly posaible that even the chance of such a revolution in his habits should fail to unsettle them, and make the ticket-holder in the land lottery discontented and un steady. And even tke winner of a prize, supposing him to be, as the majority of the subscribers undoubt edly are, a town-bred artisan, may not unfrequently find that he has gained a loss; knowing nothing of climates and soil, and unaccustomed to outdoor labour and exposure to the weather, he will often probably wish himself back in the well warmed factory or the familiar workshop, and after a time dispose of his allotment to some sanguine friend who has still to earn experience. We suspect that it will be very difficult to manage matters so as to enable an allottee to start clear of the world. The society mast advance him capital, for which the land must be assigned as a security, and which will require interest oat of the small earnings of the cottager, who might as well pay it under the name of rent. On every estate there will be something of a corporate establishment, which must be paid for, either out of the general funds of the society or by the occupying cottager& Each settle ment is to be provided with a school of its own, which will form a heavy charge on the land. The chartist settlers, who see the children of their neigh bours better taught than their own at the parish school, will probably soon dispense with this ostenta tious incumbranee ; but the imprudence of clogging a doubtful speculation with so uncalled-for a burden leads us to judge unfavourably of the practical judg ment of its promoters. We are at a loss to understand the grounds on which Mr. O'Comrioa's followers can expect, even if their scheme susceeds as far mit is tried, to it out on a great scale. If they were possessed of carry , property, they would have no occasion to associate in a lottery for the chance of obtaining it. Whatever they can spare to subscribe is their own to keep ; and the money which would buy estates for all or foe many of them, would in any form render them independent. Seventy thousand pounds is a large amount for mechanics and artisans to subscribe, but, realised in land, it is not more than the value of an average country parish. Add twenty more such sums, and an extent equal to twenty of the ten thousand parishes of England would have become chartist colonies; while the exertions necessary to continue the process would be as great as those which were called for at its commencement. --- There is one more consideration which we hardly expect a chartist to entertain, bat which may console alarmist politicians. Suppose so improbable a result as that England should, by means of Mr. O'CON NOR'S, or any other process, be thrown in a great measure into the hands of a peasant proprie tary, the new landholders would find that they were further than ever from acquiring the political power which they seek. We have said that as far as votes have power, a population of cottage free holders might rule the legislature, but votes would soon be found to be powerless when they were given by a class which in all countries is incapable of government. A town populace may be formidable, but a population of cultivators, with out local leaders or means of union, is always politically feeble. The rural population of France, , Celts Rance ' as: patriotic declaimers say, agricok et gueee ie re , o f twenty-four millions, is helplessly governed by the bureaucrats of Paris, and a few silk manufacturers and ironmasters in the great towns. The chartists, if they were dispersed in cottage allot ments through the country, would find themselves more completely in the.hands of the capitalists of the great towns than they are at present. With all these doubts and objections, we are not hostile to the principle which the land company pro fesses. It would be well if a larger number of per sons bad an interest in the land, for many reasons, economical as well as social. But we do not think that artisans in the large towns would form the most suc cessful of cottage yeomen, or that a lottery is the best method of procuring the means of settling as a free holder. On a future occasion we may take an oppor tunity to .inquire whether the object of the various schemes to which we have referred may not, at- far as it is practicable and desirable, be carried out by simpler and more efficacious Leans than these of political associations. We have been favoured with the following com munication, which is important for our sugar refiners and others who may have occasion to import refined sugar into Russia: " It was remarked in the Custom-house at St. Pe tersburg, in the course of the navigation of 1846, that the casks in which lump sugar was imparted were, for the most part, of less weight than during the navigation of 184.5; and that the importation of lump sugar in casks bad so much increased that the allowance of ten per cent. for tare of this class of sugars, prescribed in 1845, was inconsistent with the real weight of the casks. This discrepancy be tween the legal and real tare had its origin in the circumstance that in 1843, at the time when the tare of 10 per cent. was fixed, the importa tion of lump sugar into St. Petersburg was only per mitted from England, where sugar is generally packed in casks of oak staves, and that, since 1846, lump sugar is imported principally from Holland, in casks of pane and other light woods. In this state of' . Waite the minister of finance gave directions, with a ":.!!` view to vent the loss to tug !te a ry which r 3. 1 ,1 result from adhering to the tare of 10 per cent., that a number of casks, taken from different cargoes of lump sugar, at the selection of the officers of the customs and the merchants interested, should be weighed. And in conformity to the result of this weighing the minister, on the 22nd of this month, decided that in future the following deductions shall be made for tare : " On lamp sugar imperti4 Ir. maks of oak or beech l2l per rtr.t. " On lump sugar imported io casks of pine or other woods of any kind accept oak and beech 64 per eent. " Of course the right is reserved to the merchants in all cases to demand verification of the actual weight, if they do not find it for their advantage to acquiesce in the legal rate of tare." The King end royal family were expected at St. Cloud from Eu on Saturday l'he ream of the postponement evening. of the negotiation THE EXPRESS, MONDAY EVENING, AUGUST 30, 1847. for the new loan of 3do millions of francs to Novem ber is thus sisplaitted L l o ? a rms: M. Lacave-Ligheiss (the Ml*Seor etlllosmess) in Febru lad, had am witty decided open samodation .for the lo an w ow s** when the English 'ablest, informal el his latintlenes the start of him, and es the nth of that samtih made a it 8.000,0 00 1. starling Main bY arlads l 7 inelsiesealestisiontetwkien will become pqahis male late daspesmbee. Tbsannonneement of the mama for fhb lean' was so sudden that the French cabinet had no time to recon noitre, and the eapitalista having declared to him that it was impossible tom them to think of a French loan until the English loan wee pnid up, M. Leave-Laplagne was com ?died to peelpese his. A long communication from M. Eynard on the subject of the Greek loan is published in the Debate, but without one word of comment from that cautious journal. The gist of M. Eynard's case is easily stated. He is willing to pay 20,0401. for the Greek go vernment, provided that England will ask no more at present, and consent to come to some compromise in conjunction with the other protecting powers which may enable the Greek government to work on for a while and get time to pay her debt. But he will not pay this instalment if England is determined to compel the payment of the next gale's interest, due on Wednesday next. He complains that Lord Palmerston would not negotiate with him,or, in other words, treat him as the plenipotentiary of Greece, and he makes a piteous appeal to the editor of the Debate to procure him an answer to his repeated ap plications to the English minister. The Debate says— nothing. The Chevalier Ruffo, minister of the Bey of Tunis, has arrived in Paris on a political mission. The Praslin affair continues to engross the attention of the public almost to the exclusion of everything else. .Vi'e have selected such further information con nected with it from the enormous mass which filled the twenty journals of Paris on Friday and Saturday, as Deems to be best authenticated, and most likely to interest the English public. But, apart from the mere facts as they have been developed, a serious polemic has arisen among the journals as to the legal position to be assigned to the late Duke de Praslin in the affair. In the eye of the law he is an innocent man. He was not, as has been erroneously affirmed, takeninfiagrante delicto. Ile died untried, and denying his guilt to the last. All men are deemed innocent until they have been pronounced guilty by a competent tribunal. Accusation also ceases when the accused has passed from the hands of justice into those of his maker. Yet the body of the duke has not been dealt with as would have been that of an innocent man! Behold the dilemma! The question has been treated with so much clearness and ability in the columns of the National, that we will transfer to ours a portion of its observations and reasoning. The 2t (aimed replies to some animadversions upon it which ap peared in the Debate: When we maintain that the Duke de Prune is dead fee having been suspected, what crime do we commit? Is it not, on the contrary, a pure homage rendered to that exqui site morality which is the inseparable companion of a great name and pure blood ? And we are accused of evincing ME inveteracy over his dead body ! Whereas, armed with the maxims of jurisprudence, we alone proclaim that legally the man has died innocent! Where are the judges, where me the proceedings in the courts of justice, where the sentence announcing his criminality ? Ile has not escaped justice, we are told—he has forestalled it! Such is the language which a rhetorician would use ; bat rhetorical language dies not prevail against the holy provisions of the criminal law; rhetorical turns will not make M. de Praslin a man judged and condemned it may found itself on the com mencement of proof to declare him e murderer ; the answer may be given that there are no proofs when the accused has contradicted them : a matter was affirmed, but he denied it to the very last moment. What, then, remains against him ? The firm conviction of the law-officers engaged in the case, the public cry, the universal horror! Heap up as much as you please these vanities of public opinion, the time will come when they will be treated as the presumptions of ignorance and error. Overwhelmed at present with the weight of public indignation, you dare not place yourself en legal ground. It is, however, the only firm position, and you will come to it at last. The culminating point of this death, occurring as it did at the very moment, is, that all accusation of murder diaappears—judgment is impossible— the justice of men is replaced by that of God—M. de Praslin remains a duke and peer of France, with the honour of not having been able to support an infamous calumny. That is the moral side of this affair on which we insist. And if, un fortunately, we accepted the hypothesis put forward, of a suicide, a poisoning by arsenic, we should find ourselves en gaged in a discussion absolutely overwhelming for the Pro cureur-Geniral, for the police, for the medical men. What! the Debate has itself related, after a law journal, that M. Delangle ' addressing the Duke de Praslin, until that moment perfectly calm, said to him " Monsieur le i)uc, do not an swer me like a convict ; avow the truth ; you owe it to the honour of your family; acknowledge that you murdered your wife.' At these words the complexion of the peer of France became cadaverous; and it was at that mo ment, add the Droit and the Debate, that he went to his room to swallow the deadly mixture of laudanum end arsenic! Is it possible to believe such a re cital? What! the ProcureurGhieral entertains sufficiently grave suspicions to address the duke in such sttong language, and yet he allows him to proceed to his chamber to swallow poison ! What an insult to M. Delangle ! He is represented as an awkward bully, who, after baying said to this man : " You are the murderer !" does not secure his person, does not subject him toe rigorous surveillance, but lets him go off to commit suicide ! Is that credible ? And then listen to what follows - The suicide has taken place—the arsenic has entered into the body—the symptoms make their appear ance—several medical men, passing for verz nd skilful persons, and amongst the rest M. Louis and M. An , are prevent: not one of them fur a moment thinks of arsenic, or of 'Weide. M. Louis was of our opinion : moral emotion, agitation, and a conscience deeply wounded, are too much for the physical force of the duke. "It is the cholera," said M. Louis, and the others repeat the word, "it is the cholera." Iced wine is given—the refrigerant method is employed ! Is all this credible? Surely the whole is • jest! A Preen reur•Of neral, convinced that he sees a murderer, appeals to him, and then allows him to go to his room! An expe rienced physician, seeing the effects of arsenic so prompt, so unmistakeable, takes all that for a moral emotion, which is to be calmed down with ice ? And the Debate flings in our face each impossibilities! It does not appear to doubt that it throws on M. Delangle the most cruel responsibility, that it represents M. Louis either as a stupid know nothing or the accomplice of a murder! And when we refuse to regard as true these circumstances, so deeply condemnatory of a law-officer of the crown and a medical man, we are attacked as drinkers of blood ! Were we a duke and chevalier d'honneur, we could not receive more abuse! No, no, do not obetinately persist in so pitiable • fable : suicide, there is none we cannot predicate the same of the murder, for It is unfortunately but too true. Yes, a woman, the mother of nine children, was surprised in the night-time, struck, contused, and h acked to pieces • a ter rible struggle took place—the walls, the furniture, the cur tains, the floor, bear the dreadful proofs of it : the chamber of this duchess is transformed into a shambles ; yea, her husband was suspected of having wanted to employ a cord to strangle her, and to have afterwards made use of a poignard and a plitol . he was suspected, we must allow, with some apparent proofs: but he was a duke, and peer—he was a chevalier d'honneur, and these suspicions shook him, and shattered his nervous system; indignation and grief were too much for him : he died in prison, before competent justice was able to throw light on the matter. What then remains ? An infernal crime; and by the side of the crime the legal doubt as to the perpetrator; and in the doubt, hie innocence! The innocence of the Duke de Praslin ! The annual session of the Conseil; Genera= will open in a few days. Two ministerial circulars hare been addressed to the members of the council—one on the food question, and the other on the establishment of agricultural schools. " These two questions," says the Disbata "are naturally allied ; for it is easy to see that upon the proficiency of the cultivator depends the boanty of the harvest—as the old aduge says, tant rant Chomme, tant rant la terre. The Madrid mails of the 23rd have been received, with a mass of letters, including that of our own correspondent, in all of which we find almost as many different statements of facts, and anticipations of the future, as there are individual writers. Some anticipate the conversion of Narvaez to the progre sistas ; others predict a coalition ; some await a moderado cabinet; while others forebode a military dictatorship, fusillades, and the suspension of the laws. It had at length become known that Narvaez was coming, and, what is more, coming by the express desire of M. Pacheco. General Ras de Olano, on this being known, had started in all haste to meet the Duke of Valencia, and to forestall a conference with him. According to one correspondent, the recall of Narvaez was effected by Pacheco without 0r.7 sins:: Via. tha latter despatched Roe' do Olano " without doubt to 'make conditions on the part of Salamanca." According to another, Ros de Olano, the bosom friend of General Serrano, went to meet Narvaez by the de sire of the "favourite," by whose advice and influ ence, and not those of Pacheco, the ambassador was recalled. According to this informant, Narvaez and Serrano have coalesced, and are about to become mas tars of the situation. This alliance. it is affirmed, has been long under negotiation. It was this which brought the deputy. Saragossa, to Paris, as well as Gonzales Bravo and the financier Caripiri. A light is borrowed for these complications by the tone assumed by the various journals in regard to Narvaez. It is observed that the journals generally, both progresista and mode's do, oppose Narvaez, with the sole exception of the Herald°. It is affirmed that General Serrano has been besought by the present cabinet to quit Madrid, that step being essential to the solution of the palace question, as it is called : and a cormspoedent of the Constitutionnel asserts that the general will, perhaps,, concede this to Nunez. A correspondent of Galignani says that the real cause of the recall of Narvaez is the financial difficulties which none but he can surmount. It is pretended that M. Rothschild has pledged himself tomake a loan of large amount, provided Nunez is placed at the head of affairs. Some correspondents more than insinuate that the Queen is enceinte, that the actual government knows it, and that therefore the settlement of the palace question before the expiration of four months is in dispensable. Advice. from the Spanish frontier say that Monte molinist bands of considerable strength continue to show themselves in all parts of Catalonia. The num bers composing each of them amount from 300 to 000, and sometimes even 700. Letters from Madrid also say that Andalusia is in a disturbed state. The indignation produced by the measures adopted by the Austrian military authorities against the inde pendent sovereignty of Pius IX. is not confined to the Italian people. It begins to be shared by the princes and governmen'a in whose hands the destiniea of Italy ate placed. Advices from Turin of the 22nd say that King Charles Albert has formally protested against the occupation of Ferrara, and that this protestation has been transmitted to all the powers. His Majesty is also reported to have written to the Pope, placing at the disposition of his Holiness the army and navy of Sardinia, in case the independence of the papal sovereignty shall be attacked by Austria. It is im possible (say these letters) to convey an adequate idea of the enthusiasm produced by this announce ment. A general illumination was suggested on the 22nd; but as the publication of the protest was ex pected the next day, it was postponed. Letters from Forli of the 18th say that an address was voted by the municipality of that place to the pro-legate, similar to those already voted at Ravenna and Faenza, declaring that the people are ready to sacrifice their lives and properties in defence of the rights of the Sovereign Pontiff. Further indications of liberal tendencies on the part of the King of Naples are mentioned. The Roman journals hitherto interdicted have been re cently admitted in Naples; and the Marquis of Azeglio, a Sardinian noble of liberal principles, who was ref used a passport to visit Naples, bas received an intimation that he is free to go there. The report which was brought by the last advices from Marseilles, to the effect that the Austrian troops had withdrawn from the city of Ferrara into the cita del is unhappily contradicted by later and more cor rect intelligence. The Journal of Leghorn of the 20th has been received, with advice from Rome and Fer rare. The occupation of the latter city and the con-1 eequent excitement of the people, not only of that, but other places, continued. The insolence of the Austrians was unabated. Confident in their force and numbers, they heaped insult on insult. Four thou sand men had marched from Milan to the Roman frontier. Quarters were prepared, and fuel and pro visions purchased, for several thousand. On the 16th eight pontifical dragoons arrived at Ferrara and were refused admission at the gates, which were guarded by Austrian soldiers. An inhabitant of the city, de siring to go out on a shooting excursion, was turned back at the gates. The Austrians never venture to appear singly in the streets. They move about in parties or squadrons. A deputation of citizens pre sented themselves to the legate to express their grati tude for his firmness, and to assure him that they would rather see their city razed to the ground than surrendered to the Austrians. At a meeting of citizens, held at Rome,-Count Ferretti, the brother of the Cardinal Secretary of State declared, amidst shouts of applause, that the government of the Pope was ready to support its rights "by every practicable means, and even to the last extremity. At a meeting of the Cardinals the Pope said, alluding to the late abortive plots : " Since an open game is now played, my course is clear and lam at ease ." On leaving the meeting his holiness was observed to have a serene and even cheerful ex ' pression of countenance, and observed to one who waited to receive orders, "Take your measures; be seech the people to be tranquil; our enemies will be confronted"—(scornati). The post of the national guard at the Austrian embassy was doubled. A letter from Rome, of the 16th, quoted by the Augsburg Gazette, says, that the 4th battalion of the national guard were paraded in the gardens of the Villa Borghese, after which they were entertained at a dejedner by their colonel, the Prince Borghese. The haute noblesse of Rome fraternised on this occa sion with the citizens composing the guard, amidst shoutiof " Viva Pio Nono ; Viva Il Principe Bor ghese," The executive government of the Swiss Confederacy have proceeded to carry into effeet the resolutions of the diet against the Sonderband. All the officers of the federal military service, who have acknowledged their determination to enter the service of the Sender blind, have been cashiered. The revision of the pact has been confided to a committee of the diet, but the details of the measure, and the conditions and terms of the amended pact, will not be prepared for a month to come. In the meanwhile the cantonal authorities will assemble to decide what measures of compulsory execution their delegates will be instructed to advo cate in the diet. In fact this last is the only goes tion now undecided. Notwithstanding the injunc tions of the diet, the cantons of the league are actively carrying on the fortifications and other military pre parations. The canton of Schwyz declares that it will take severe reprisals for the convoys of arms and ammunition which were seized, in transitu, by the canton of Tessin, although such seizure was approved and sanctioned by the diet. At the meeting of the diet on the 24th inst., an in cident is reported, which throws a strong light on the bitterness of the prevailing intercantonal animosities. The deputy of Lucerne, having committed what the chairman of the diet considered a breach of order, was called to order in the way customary in all as semblies in all civilised countries. The deputy im mediately declared that he would not submit to the dictation of the president. The latter, not desiring to surrender in his person the prerogative of the chair, put the question to the assembly, which by a consi derable majority declared that the deputy of Lucerne was out of order. The deputy of Lucerne, however, declared that he would submit as little to the majority of the diet as to its president. MADRID, Alto. 23. The cabinet still floats, albeit a dead inert hall, driffting no one knows whither. On the palace question, which it promised to solve or go out, it has come to a dead lock. Its blunders have rendered the amicable hone, always improbable, now utterly impracticable. Still, the ministers refuse to budge. Pacheco, resolved upon excluding the pro gresistas from power, fraternises with the ultra-moderados, of whom, in opposition, he was the scourge and terror, end is striving might and main to second them in their design of getting the oortes summoned, in which the large moderado majority would infallibly float that party into power. Salamanca relishes the idea of meeting the legislative body about as much as a cat relishes the prospect of a cold bath. Therefore the financier and the pontiff of the puritans (as the president of the council is nicknamed) are not on the best of terms. In proportion as Pacheco countenances the moderados, Salamanca coquets with the progresistas. Which of these rival ministerial in. flumes will tramph is not at the moment very clear. The latter has the court on his side, however, and if he wins the day, there is at the present moment more probability of a coalition with the liberals than of a Salamanquist puritan cabinet, which in proportion to the favour it enjoyed at court would lose credit with the corntry. A coalition ministry into which progresiatas entered in any farce would dissolve the oortes forthwith, for in the present the maxi mum number of liberal votes is only 60. Meanwhile, the moderado organs taunt the liberals with their unconstitu tional objections to the immediate convocation of the delibe /alive body. The wisdom of Salamanca in applying his treasury-bills to the payment of the bank's debt is very generally applauded. Tr:ie . :aro dates incorrect l y tam bank villgive up ;One of the government securities it holds in consequence of this transaction. For the treasury hills biung guaranteed by 140 millioaa in bills of the purchasers of national property, and being accepted in payment of taxes, no further security is needed ; and a great part of those which are deposited in the bank will be restored to the government. Among not the least important of these recovered securities are the bills of the purchasers of the estates of the military orders, whose nominal value amounts to 400 or 600 millions, according to tri a mar,a, y?,1 1 .t. depooita . ;.' covered 65 millions of the hank's claim. In the meetings held for this purpose the bank has al ready negotiated treasury bills to the amount ef thirty mil lions of reels, and closed its list of subscribers The capi talists will have to deliver the cash in three portions, the first down on the nail, the second at 15 days, and the 3rd at 30 days. The forger of the San Fernando notes has been detected, and was arrested by the polies at Valencia on the 17th. He is an engraver. In the house of his apprentice the copper• plate which furnished some et the false notes was found, together with notes for the amount of four millions of reels, the greater part of 4,000 each. The son of this engraver has been welted at Madrid. Two diligence' laden with specie arrived at the Bank of San Fernando on Saturday. The mail diligence was robbed betweea Valenti& and Barcelona, at Vendrell, on the 17th, and the passengers relieved of 3,000 real. FRANCE.—Fitts TRA DE MEETING AT MARSEILLES. —The free trade movement in France has received a fresh impulse—the fair sex have taken up the subject. Ott Tuft day last a full meeting was held at Maneillee, a great pro portion of which consisted of ladies, who listened with the utmost attention to the speeches. M. Luce, the president of the free trade society presided on the occasion, and the assembly was addressed by M. Frederic Bastrat (whose writings and exertions in the cause have gained for him the appellation of the Cobden of France), Lemartine, M. Estrazsgin, and M. Reybaud, the deputy of Mar,eilles. The speeches appear to have made a great effect upon the auditors. "Marseille (1r,": the Sbnaphore) will long cherish a remembrance of this meeting, at which the spirit of patriotism could not have descended upon a more sympa thising audience, through the medium of more eloquent and honoured °ratan." ITALY.—RO3LE, AUG. 18.—The government of the little republic of St. Marino has followed the example of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. The commission requested to prepare a new penal code has received orders to suppress the =aunt of death, and to replace it by other penalties.— BELGlUM.—Bncesece, Aco. 6.—The Moniteur of this day publishes a royal decree of the 2.5 th, which pro longs the free entry of cattle till the Ist of March, 1848. This decree is preceded by the following report to the King : Sire, —By decrees of the 7th March and the 28th June of this year, your majesty, employing the power which gives to the government the laws of the 22nd Nov., 1840, and of the 6th May, 1847, has per mitted the free entry of cattle by all the frontiers motet that of Luxembourg. This measure which was called for by the insufficiency ' and the dearness of provisions, has not been without its result. Since it. has been in force, that is to my, within a period of six menthes the importation of cattle boo been Mon Om double. The dearness of the prise of provision, tibia threatened to reach a moat exorbitant proportion, hos ma the moat urgent wants of food for coostimptlon Imo bola ampllod. A portion of the cattle which has been imported la boa oppiped ln replenishing the stalls, and rammed bays bola Isis la als to most the small farmers, whom the crisis el had faced to sell or kill all their live stock. Was am fa decide whether it might be expedient to proligair Mao for lir tree entry Meats's, we have thought, sire, Slat • sMel which Mais scarcely eubsisted six menthe cannot be asousal saillast t walls an appreciation of Its definite bearing, and that boalass seer a year of privations and sufferings, nothing but a period of ampisto exemp tion would permit the country to revive itself, by powaringwitheat any charge a supply of resources for its own temilegeea In mem queue° of that mnisiderations we have the bower le eeheut to your Majesty the subjoined decree, the object of ell* la ue till the Ist of March, 1818, the term for the free of caule. The law of the 22d Nov. 1816, prohibits the going out of nearly all articles of iced till the Ist of Oct., 1847. During the interval which separates us from that period we vrillsubmit, sire, to whom mnsidera tion the disposition of article 3 of the law of May, 1817, which attributes to the government the power of maintaining the prohibi tion of the going out of provisions; and we hope that circumstances will permit us to propose ulteriorly to your Majesty such measures as shall give agricultural industry every liberty of action.-The Minister of the Interior, Hewett ; the Minister of Finance, Venn. HOLLAND. THE HAGUE, At:o. 26. The Deutsche Zeituv, says the Journal de to Hoye, still conti nues its absurd reports respecting the journey of the King, the establishment of a regency, the refusal of the Prince of Orange to take upon himself this regency, &c. These asser tions plainly prove that the Deutsche Zeitung is not well informed respecting the actual state of the country. Uit were better informed it would know that the constitutional fictions of other states do not exist among us. They would know that in the Netherlands the king reigns and governs, and that the ministers of his Majesty have neither to propose nor defend a system beforehand, and submit it by way of preamble to the enlightened and impartial judgment of the gentlemen of the doily press. AUG. 27.—Intelligence has been received from Surinam to the 15th of May. The colony had just been visited by Count Castclnau, the adventurous explorer of Brazil. The count is charged by the French government to examine the state of the Dutch colony on the banks of the Saramacea, and is accompanied by the commander of the Netherlands brig De Snielhait, by Major Eeg. the officers of the Casembrool, &c. He went to M. Branded', the direc tor of the colony, on the morning of his arrival. Count Castelnau procured a minute account of all the particulars concerning the colony, inspected everything in person, and expressed his admiration to the director at the perseverence and zeal with which, in so abort a time, and under such divas true.s circumstances, such great and important things bad bean effected. The director gave him the work of M. Sloet tot Oldhuis, on the administration, the economy, and the statistics of the colony. The officers of the Dutch , marine and of the French brig, who accompanied the count were no less surprised than he was, at everything they saw in the establishment, and of the favourable state of the colony. The persons in the establishment on the Sara , sues and at Surinam heard with the most lively interest , that a plan of a society for emigration to the colonies had been formed in the metropolis, and that it was the general opinion that if a certain number of wealthy agriculturists would settle in Dutch Guiana it would soon arrive at such a ' state of prosperity that they might be able to give employ for the labourers of the maropolis. Bois-LE-Dm, Atm. 27.—The trade between this place and England increases daily. The exports consist principally of cattle and butter. Yesterday, the steamers for Rotterdam and Schiedam were unable to receive the immense quantity of these articles brought to be shipped, and many waggons had to return with their loads. Many of our agriculturists and breeders of cattle are making large profits, especially those who are their own factors and accompany the cattle to England. GERMANY.—PRUSSIA.—BERLIN, Aug. 26. TUE PuLISH TitlALS.—The note-worthy incidents in these proceedings on the 23rd and 24th inst. were few. On the 23rd it was made matter of accusation against Clemens von Bislowski that he had revolutionary publications in his pea session and a large collection of statistics. The counsel for the accused replied that, as he had a library of 800 volumes, it was possible that there might be books in it which the counsel for the crown might think revolutionary. As to the statistical collection, his client had been thanked for his labours in making it from the principal agriculturists of the country. Oa the 24th the counsel for the crown concluded the case against Sokalnieki, Bialowaki, Radanaki, Szaldroki, and Poninski, by asking a sentence of guilty against all five. GOETRE'S BETTINA.—A correspondent of the Spectator gives a version of the cause which led to the im prisonment of the Baroness Von Arnim, which altogether differs from that published in the German papers, quoted by ns on Saturday. It is as follows: This Lady hos for many years devoted her literary talents to advo cating the cause of the distressed artisan and labourer in those re ' mote provinces which are scarcely known to the public inhabitents of • the metropolis except from the garbled &peewits of revolt and mnl lary given by the newspapers. Her shrewd and simple eras ion led her at once to trace the muse of much of this misery ' to the veil which the despotism of the police throw over the true pie . tare; and she sought to promote an inquiry into details, on a modified , scale, In the matter-of-fact manner of those investigations which pro. • dozed many recent social reforms in England. Manyyming men who undertook the mission were criminally prosecuted, and exposed to such persecution that they were forced to abandon the task. She has been involved in a direct squabble with the Berbn magetrates, and the , court, under the mantle of legal decision, has the satisfaction of avenging itself of many a bitter truth she has uttered. This singular woman, who is now advanced in years, puts manly writers to shame bet of bet ritineblng defe n rary career w a r oftru m th and the justice; i t. and th i s , term i nation , AUSTRIA.—A Vienna letter states that Szedlak, the chief of the peasants who had taken part with the Aus trians against the Polish nobility in Galicia, has received ' a gold medal from the emperor as a reward for bit conduct. BRAZIL The Rattler is the bearer of the Jornalr do Commercio of Rio de Janeiro of the 26th and 28th June and 23rd July, at which date the exchange was 274 funds, 83 per cent. ex. die. The Peterel, which arrived out the day the Curacos sailed, took her departure from Rio rid Bailie and Pernambuco on the Ilth July. Those papers contain no news whatever respecting the itagotiations in the ' River Plate. A Frenchman, by num, Yep, had murdered his wife, from jcaloasy, and attempsei is pins himself; but it did not take effect, and he subsume* iollesred himself up to the police. THE PRASLIN MURDER. The popular exasperation on the subject of this atrocious crime has been so great, that the utmost precau tions have been taken to prevent any act of outrage being committed against the person of the duke. Even his death was (not considered to exempt his body from the effects of the popular fury, and the interment of his remains was effected in the darkness and silence of night. His body was deposited in an obscure grave in the cemetery of Mont Par name very early on Friday, unattended by a single relative or friend, and without the observances of the last ceremo nies of religion. No tear fell, and no prayer Wall offered up. The following is the o ffi cial report of this singular profted tog ;—" The body of the Duke de Praslin his been interred at the cemetery of Mont Farness.. ,Yesterday (Friday) morniag, at one o'clock , the ordonnateur of the Pompes Funebres, with the requisite number of men and carriages, arrived at the Prison du Luxembourg. On the summons of the chancellor, the prefect of Police, Colonel Pozac, Military Commandant of the Palace of the Luxembourg, M. Elouin, Chief of the Municipal Police, M. Mouvalle, the Commissary of Police of the quar ter, and M. Trevet, director of the prison, the body was placed in presence of the above-named persons in an oak coffin, and then conveyed to the hearse from the chamber where it had been placed. The minutes of this proceeding were then drawn up by M. Monvalle, and signed by him self, Colonel Pozac, and MM. Elouin and Trevet; after which the hearse, followed by two mourning carriages con taining these functionaries and the employes, proceeded to the cemetery, where it was lowered into the grave which had been prepared to receive it. Another minute was then drawn up, and the interment was concluded by half-past 2. The following account is given of the interview of the . duke, Gr. the day of his death, with the clergyma: 7.1,0 was caned to anent; " Thii ^,.!ieet was soot :or on Tuesday, at nine in the morning, by the chancellor, and at once went to the prison of the Luxembourg. It is not true, as several journals have stated, that the dying man was unable to speak two words in succession. The cure remained with him till half-past eleven, and returned again at two. The sufferer received him with readineu at both times. After again con ferring and preying with him, the card administered to him the Sacrament of extreme unction, in the presence of Duke Puquier, who knelt beside him, and was deeply affected. When the priest was about to leave him, the Drikege Pnudin took his hand, and said with emotion, ' How much good you have done me !' He then requested him to leave the crucifix. In another half-hour he was no more." . . The inquiry u to the means by which the duke accom plished the suicide is still prosecuted. M. Legouidec, the examining magistrate, brought from the Chateau de Vau where he had been to make • search, a sample of a white substance, which seemed to be arsenic, and stated that he had left at the château • very =ata n a da ; Chan cellor immediately issued a oo to the Procureur du Roi of the Tribunal at Maim, who, in virtu thereof seized and transmitted to the Court of Peers the whole of the substance in question, and a phial containing a considerable quantity of laudanum. The white substance was given over to Dr. Orfila and Dr. Tar dier to be analysed. The Duke de Praslin had made his will, and before his death stated that it would be found in his portfolio. He has appointed two of his daughters le• gatees of the whole of his personal property, expressing his confidence that they would make an equitable distribution of it. After Metre:legacies to different members of his family, he bequeaths an annuity of 3,0000. to Mlle. de Luazi.—e In speaking of the large fortune of Mme. de l'raslin (says the Conatitutionnel), we did not fix it sufficiently high. One of the journals states that the notary of that lady, at Paris, has said that her fortune, coming from her mother, mil from the legacies made to her since her marriage, now amounts to a capital of 10,600,000 fr." The journals of Paris of Friday and Saturday were filled with innumerable details respecting this extraordinary cata strophe from which we select the following : Respecting Mdlle. de Lei wi Desportes, the governess, who is said to have excited the jealousy of the duchess. and who, it will be remembered, is still kept in solitary confinement in the conciergerie, on the suspicion of complicity in the crime of the Duke of Praslin, La Pattie says n " She has been twice taken before the chancellor and the committee, and interrogated. The peers who heard her re. plies agree in wandering her a woman of superior talent. Her language is moat remarkable in form and substance. ' Impossible to write it down,' said a competent judge, M. Cousin, ' nothing can be more clear and brilliant.' Het name is Henrietta de Luzzi.Deseortes, aged 37, teacher, born in Paris, and residing at No. 9, Rue du Harley, in the Marais, in Mme. Lemitire't boarding-school. She entered the Duke de Praslin's family on May I t 1841. She was before that at Lady liislop's, at Charlton, in England. Her salary was 2,400 f. a year, besides being fed and lodged. An under governess shared with her the care of the education of three of the daughters and of a little boy of the duchess's. The other sons were placed under M. Boumu, professor of the College Bourbon. She has, it is said, protested energetically against the suspicion of a culpable intercourse with the duke. She was dismissed by the duchess en July 18, in the even ing, just as all the family were on the point of leas ,ng for the country. She was greatly grieved, as she was anxious to preserve her place as a provision for the future. She had no other resource than an old grandfather, who treated her harshly. She was anxious to remain in the house, where she could be comfortably off. The children liked her, and she appeared attached to them. It is said that she denies having seen the Duke de Pressen more than twice since her being sent away, and that she cried much on hearing of the crime which he had committed. She could not believe that he was the murderer of his wife. • • • • The examining commission continued it; operations on Thursday. Further searches were male, and additional letters were found, written by the Duke de Prashe to Mdlle. de Luzzi-Desportes, or by her to the duke, of such a nature, it is said, ae to have rendered necessary a further examination of Mettle. de Luzzi-Desportes. Among the seizures at the Chateau de Vaux a voluminous correspondence of the duchess appears. The letters addressed by her to her hus band are filled with the noblest sentiments. Nothing can be more touching than the expression of ner reproaches to him, which are at the same time tempered by teszimonies of strong affection." The condition in which the body of the cinches- was found is thus described:—From the neck downwards to the feet, both before and behind, her body was covered %Wit clotted blood, and the following wounds were found on different parts of her person, namely, eleven on her h sit, five of which were deep and large ; the fractures of the ekull indi cating that the four first must have been inflicted with extreme violence by some sharp-edged weapon. The torn parte of these wounds prove that they must have been given by some one standing above her, while she was in a recumbent position with the face turned towards him. These blows must have been given by the murderer while she was still asleep. There are fire excoriations of the nose, the left eye, the lower lip, and the chin, which are the r effect of strong force used upon these parts, and the marks of the nails are to be observed. Four large wounds were in the neck made with a weapon which was both pointed and sharp ; but neither the carotid artery nor the inner jugular vein was divided, as several journals have announced. On • the two bands, the abdomen, and the chest, there are ten wounds, more or less deep. The thumb of the left hand was nearly severed at the joint. Thus, more than thirty severe wounds are apparent on the person of the unhappy Duchess ' de Praslin. There are, besides, many bruises and livid spots • on the limbo. At the same time, it is certain that her death • was the consequence of the hemorrhage from the wounds on the head and neck. The number and situation of the wcunda and their nature attest that her death was preceded be a long and violent struggle ; and the state of disorder in which the chamber was fount's leaves no room for doubt on ' this point. It is also certain that the duchess cried out several times, and lived a long while after receiving the first blows. It is believed that the wounds in the front of the neck, sad particularly that which extended across it under the jaw, were given while she was in bed, and that the mar derer pressed hard with his hands, on her mouth, imprinting I his nails, in order to stifle her cries. It is a singular circumstance relative to the parties, which ' has not been, so far as we have seen, alluded to in the various reports in circulation, that the marriage of the duke and duchess wits what is called a love match, made against the consent of the Marshal Selustiani, the duchess's father, and the other members of her family. Marshal Sebastian', the father of the Duchess de Praslin, arrived in Paris on Thursday night. Aides-de-camp of the King immediately waited on him to offer the condolence of the royal family; and it was said that an intimation was given to him that apartment* in one of the royal palaces were placed at his disposition, should he be disinclined to occupy . the Hotel Sebastiani, his own residence, which was the scene , of the recent terrible event. He decided, however, to occupy , his own residence. The will of the Duchess de Pratlin was deposited on Tues day in the hands of the President of the Tribunal. The Duchess de Frain had made dispositions by which her husband obtained life interests of a considerable amount. It appears that, in speaking of the education of her children, she manifees the desire that one of the eminent professors of the cspital, and not a governess, shall be chosen tor them. MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. An outline of the following appeared in the Express of Saturday : The Hibernia, Capt. Ryrie, arrived at Liverpool a little after midnight on the morning of Saturday last. Her dates are : New York, 14th Aug. ; Boston, 16th Aug.; Ha li fax, 18th Aug.; Philadelphia, 14th Aug. ; Washington, 12th Aag.; New Orleans, Bth Aug.; Vera Cruz, 2nd Aug. ; Puebla, 30th July ; Mexico, 29th July; Brazos Santiago and Tampico, 31st July. The Cambria reached Halifax on the 17th inst. ; the Hibernia, and the Philadelphia of the Havre and New York line of packet steamers, both sailed from New York on the morning of the 15th inst. The Missouri, another of the French ocean steamers, put into Halifax on the 17th, short of coals, 14 days out from Cherbourg. The Washington had been ordered to remain a few weeks at New York for improve ments. _ _ _ A report disseminated by the American Flag, pub lished at Matamoros, that General Scott had entered the city of Mexico on the I ith of July, had excited quite a ferment in Washington, Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. Later and more authentic information rid Vera Cruz had, however, dispelled the illusion. On the 30th of July, General Scott was still at Puebla ; preparing, however, for an immediate advance upon Mexico. He enly waited to be joined by General Peirce, who was expected to reach Puebla in the first week of August. The attack upon Peirce's detachment at Puente Nacional, of which vague rumours only were received by last mail, was repulsed with considerable logs to the Mexicans. Notwith standing_the natural strength of the position occupied by the Mexican guerillas, the Americans carried it in gallant style. They reserved their fire till within 100 yards of the enemy, and then opened it with murderous effect, forcing the Mexicans to an imme diate retreat. General Peirce reached Perote without any further attempts to interrupt his march, and there he was joined by Smith's brigade, which Gen. Scott had despatched to meet him. The news from Mexico is very vague. In order to be free to act, government had suspended the publi cation of all newspapers, except the official organ. The Yew Orleans Delta states that the Mexican Congress had met and adjourned, without coming to any determination respecting the propositions of the government at Washington. It was understood that they sought to throw on the executive the entire responsibility of conducting the war. Santa Anna was represented by one account as having held is council of general officers, at which it was resolved to seek one more general engagement. The fortifications of Mexico were said to be completed ; and the armed force assembled in the capital; was stated at 25,000. General Valencia had arrived in the capital with 4,000 men. Alvarez was also there, and had had several long interviews with Santa Amid. As tr as Mexico is concerned, the rest is all con jecture. Mr. Kendall, of the New Orleans Picayune, who is at Puebla, represents the chances of peace in an unfavourable light; other communications to that paper are more sanguine, representing the P eaaa n as gaining ground . On all hands, how -1 ever, . rist's mission is regarded as a failure, and a renewal of hostilities is looked upon even by those who anticipate little more than a nominal resistance as an inevitable prelude to peace. The old report of Santa Anna aiming at the dictatorship, with a view to patch up a peaee, was revived. The foreign merchants in Mexico were said to be anxious tor General Scott's arrival, and confident that he could take the city without difficulty. A rumour had spread among the Americans to the effect that the English legation was secretly exerting its influence to keep the Americans out of the capital. Commodore Perry had withdrawn his force from r N