The Express. — London, England, 1847-01-25 00:00:00

With respect to the immediate subject which the ministers brought under the cognisance of the house— viz., the Poor Removal Act, it is pretty evident that it his not worked well. The grammatical flaw in the provisoes of the first clause—the substitution of a " shall bo " for a " shall have been "—has set boards of guardians by the cars with the commissioners and each other. The prospective construction has shifted the burden of pauper maintenance in many cases. Those whom it saddles with a new expense ore natu rally indigniit. They defy, in stifle eases, the com missioners authority, though lacked by the opinimus of the Attorney and Solicitor-General. In other instances they submit, with the bad grace CC to submission, when it involves increase in the poor-rates. In other cases they determine, in spite of circular letters, to consider the law as a dead litter, and go on as if no such measure had been carried. In a small minority of cases they submit to the prospective interpretation with a good grace, and !Aa upon them the additional burden of relief without grumbling. In these latter cases the law doss not work harshly for the poor, but the contrary. Its harshness, when it is harsh, is due to the exasperation of guardians, and only indirectly to the law. Officials, finding they have an in creased pauperism flung upon their hands, act their tee,•h, harden their hearts, and screw down the latent e, they are compelled to give, to the lowest possible pa int. Thousands of paupers have esta wished th em 'elves in parishes where they had no set tlement. and , nave been kept from being removed to their piaci., u y settlement by allowance from the settle ment parish to , the parish of reside nee. Polishes of re s iden c y, w hi c h have had the benefit of the pauper's labour, and of t. he expenditure of the allowance from the pail+ of settlement, find by tier prospective construction of the . first clause of the new act, that the unsettled pauper has become irremovable, and so long as he remains must la I maintained kr them. This is a cause of bitter we :plaint. But the inhumanity which has resulted fn un this state of things is not justly chargeable on the new law. When it is accep t e d i n a h umane t „, +kit, its operation, as Sir J. Pssisoron stated on Friday night, is favour able to the poor, as it exempts them from the suffering of removal . in many cases where, tinder the old state of the law, they were liable to be removed. Thee ffect of this prospective construction of the act is to m, the it even more invour able to the poor (unless when • harshly and vindic tively administered) than it I Its intended to be by those w h o fr ame d it . I ts b, inevolence has been enlarged by its bungling. The uncertainty of the law is it s great mischief. A measure wh i ch hasreirdred th rec circulars from Somerset House to explains sine.. • clause of it, n d eeds it will no oubt some revision at the leset. receive at the hands of the committi e. But, after all, the present cannot be looked upon as a harsh or severe law, when its administrate 're are humane persona. - L7 'CIIIOPIAN SERENAI)ERS. JL:I ALBION HALL, ILAMMEJISMI -Ths celebrated ETION PLAN SERENADERS (from the St. Inste.'s heatre) will give their kdrolt die entertainment at the above hall on FRIDAY EVENING, Jan. 2J, and MONDAY, Feb. I, commend., each c‘ ening at eebxdr -Tie.ets arty t e had of Mr. &owe, at too Hall, and at n& doom on the t• tide of lerformancc. puTIEATRE ROYAL, HAYMARKET.—It is rereetfally Intimate I 0 the patrons of [Ma the .tae and the that e apyL:itiork ho rade t stare Private Eases, thane, and Ores —Omar hit erer mrle.—The new Lary extra r miich variety r poeilble, the ROCND OF WRONG canon v =ll THE lILVISIBLE CREWE EVENT NIGIIT.—Ie order to render three trim o met: -1%r:ell:Ill*, ROUND OF WRINO. 10- xotczow o,t LUNII3a Ae4l•lllNei!. WF.ONE4DAV, ROUND OF WdOitti. THURSDAY (a Jrrerle Night), SHE 11100:1 TO CONQUEB, INVISIBLE PdINCE, sad IRISH rOz,T. Zlte eTairrOgi. MAILS. The On'Tlind rimed to the Mediterranean, F4typt. den, ~ ylon, India, Hong Lund, Ne., will be made up on the ermine , of the 2ith January. The ,00na tor Vmo, OpTIO,ArbOII, Maiolra, Cecile, and Gibraltar, will be omde uo on the raornin rot the 27th .f.trimerf. The wail, for Nue Smith roe Irtria.en`e Lead. and New Zealand erEl hr :nada up on Carer:other of the 3 , at January. The thlle for Sydney, ran iheilian'a Land, &a., will be made up on the eve: dog of the ltet Jarinm y. The iVem India meth, r the.: for Mexico. Honduras, end the liar.uanith, a 11l be made up on Er. morning of the End February. The mails to: lt, lti.h North Amerk4 Bermuda and the States, will be u, Me a, on the eieulnit of the led Yebroary. o:ridait inothi f GibrAtar, ~Gee c, the loth on TiLande, Egypt, Aden, Cryliu, India , !fang-hood, sod Chita, rim Southampton, wiil be in ,de up on the in irninz of the Int of Fy'oriesy. The io JL fo: 1112 Brook, tit., Limy nor, Matte Video, Fernam- Duro, RAM., Ma *lra, ant Murtha Ayrce, will be dispatched on the eft ning of the 4th February. Ad. :rtifemtrnt. intended f w Ti,, Stores; handle evralreepaper, mast be at the o.6ea by Tau fieioek an the day of pabheetion. mon WATER AT LoNUON-131:11)0E. fins D —Morning, 21 nun. pout *; Alta:Lon, 0 min. .4 9. 79-Moiumw—hierning, 3 min. poi 9; Allerno3n, 17 min. pist mmon LONDON, MONDAY, JAN. 25. In the House of Lords on Saturday, the Corn Ira portati m and Navigation Laws' Suspension fills were brought up from the Commons, and read a first time, with nc tice, for Monday, for se=pending the standing orders, with a view to the passing of the bills through their remaining stages on that evening ; Lord STANLEa intimaCng his intention of not offering any opposition to that course of proceeding. Lord BROI:MIAM made some observations with re •pect to the proceedings elsewhere on the subject of the Poor Laws, and said it was his intention when the bill fnr permitting the use of sugar in breweries and distilleries came under the consideration of their lordships to move that it be referred to a select com mittee for the purpose of taking evidence in reference to its details. No one could have been blind to the defects and difficulties of the Poor-Law Commissioners. The sp. pointmera of three or four individuals to undertake the task of superseding and controlling in their most important and local functions not merely the landed Mr. Lesere Posree's letter to then embers of the proprietors and magistrates, but the Mite of the Reproductive Labour Committee, on Em iseration as an middle and cominercial climes, was something so auxiliary means of introducing a more hi 'daily em daring and adventurous , that nothing but the nece ss ity di t i on o f society into Ireland, ght to era village minis of the case could warrant even the conception. From stem to press forward this part of their Ir ish measures what souse could power be drawn for such an office, with boldness. It shows that the subject o.• emigre or if an act of parliament did give power, where was tion has been earnestly taken up by the re: lee fling por the dignity, the respect, the feeling of awe, which tion of the Irish public. ought to accompany such power, in order to procure In so far as Mr. FOSTER'S letter is meant to be an it willing obedience, and obviate the necessity of con- exposition of the manner in which eneigratio n on an tinuelly enforcing it? The judges and dignitaries of extensive scale will contribute to the relief of Ireland, the land could not prove too august fur such film- it is unexceptionable. His statements are , entirely lions. Ele2ted tribunes or delegates of the people would devoid of exaggeration, and show that the cc feet of scarcely h eve been too strong, as repreeentatives of po- emigration on the society left behind has been . care pular son re*ntv. How, then, could inertly ministerial full - examined. nominees suffice'? How could three gentlanen coot- "Emigration, though not a panacea, nor ail :ely to tuissioners expect to meet with obedience, when sent be applicable to every part of Ireland, would, there forth, not merely to interpret and apply the law, but can be no doubt, be most useful to many local ities." in most caws to make it for high and low, for the Ireland, though over-peopled for a couatry in which most influential and the most interested classes of the combination of labour and division of en cploy society ? meet have made comparatively so little pre gross, The Peer-law Commission was manifestly a dicta- contains many districts which are aetually t nder torship, appointed for a seceitic purpose. Its excuse peopled. Its surplus population ie coegregati id in was its n cessity ; it was reconciled to oar general detached clusters, with moderately, and even tl system by being declared temporary. Bat, unfortu- inhabited regions interspersed. Emigration oa an nately, and in some contradiction with the declaration extensive scale will afford immediate relief to the of the then Lord Arrnoep, who introduced the bill, surcharged localities. It would also afford name Bate this dictatorship assumed the common-place and per- relief to those districts which are at present vi sited manent appearance of a s eovenanent board; and its with destitution in its most extreme form, fee the interferenes was not looked or submitted to as the scarcity must not be imagined to be quite equad in necessary decrees of a passing dictator, but as an the force of its pressure all over Ireland. Rat assumption of power by persons who were to over- though the mere physical relief would be in a ;neat ride local and municipal authority. measure local, the morel effect of emigration v maid Whilst thus incurring all the odium of permanent be felt throughout the whole island. dictatorship, the Poor-Law Commission felt within it It is important (observes Mr. Foster) to remembet,-tkat all the weakness of its temporary character. It is emigration should not be regarded so much as a mecaa-of needless to say how much the perfection of such an Preventing the increase of the Irish population : "be l i e f adminietrat 'on depends on the experience, the zeal, and ' we body of b)Plas, corresponding g n e sr se an wealth of as to sflbrd a the discipline of subordinates. Yet the Poor-Law Com- remedy the mischiefs (front whatever muse missioners were forced to take their subordinates and ir.g) which press on any particuLir district beyond what a assistants w here they could find them, without appren- development of its resources may be able to accomplish. It ticeship, or experience from the pasts and without we give to Irish peasant his option to become a relapse being able to hold forth such ceiling as pram . t, this should estaldisk also a standard of comfort °awe ii:i n ng among the population at home, below 'WAIN if Mon for the future. No wonder if they em- an y one might sink, he would emigrate. ployed assistant-commissioners who as often counter- No less true is the remark acted asobeeed them, who, in their indefinite and various rked the duties whichthev dislilced, and zee . - Measures that awaken the enterprise of the Irish peasant, functions and cherish feelings of independence and self respect, will toasty perfoi cried what pleased them . The same may cm have more effect in checking agrarian outrage, than the I said of the Commissioners themselves. This is the seventeen attempts at legislative coercion which hate been folly of attempting that most complicated scheme— made since the union. a highly centralised administration—without any tea- This, Mr. Fosven justly observes, " is perhaps the dition, or ex p erience, or laws, or permanence, which most important of all the considerations connected alone can give healthy life to such a system. with this subject." But he also adverts te, facts that In despite of all these difficulties, the Poor-Law show how much emigration, properly conducted, Commissioners have performed the better part of the tends to enable the mother country to maintain a gigantic task assigned them. They have enforced, larger population at home. It is to be borne in mind in general with good discretion, those stringent prin- that every emigrant to the colonies will be able to ciples, which, whether expedient, or requiring relaxa- consume a larger amount of British manufactures Lion ite perm vent and general maxims, were certainly than if he remained at home. 'rho emigrants of called for at the time as as alterative and a n 1817, and their descendants, will create rapidly ex remedy in the then gangrenous state of e g i g a ri r sK tending markets for British produce. There is much pauperism. In this arduous endeavour, this vital ex- truth in this, end also, we are inclined to think, in a penmeat, tb a Poor-Law Commissioners inevitably s on which Mr. FOSTER throws out iaciden made very many blunders, and, at the same time, tally- t, -" Since Great Britain and Ireland form a very many cremes ready to take advantage of them. United Kingdom, it is as desirable as it is just that 'fo these they have fallen, in some degree, a sacrifice. the Irish peasantry should be allowed to experience But in retiring, they render this last inestimable service that their internee are involved in the policy pursued to the New l'oor Law, that of being the pegoats of with regard to questions that affect the empire at its unpopularity and odium, which would have over- large." Advantages derived from the colonies will whelmed any one minister, such as is now proposed to make " the Irish people feel that they derive an, ad be appointed : whilst, if such a minister had from the vantage from British connexion." first made the law bend to the preservation of his Mr. FOSTER, however, is less satisfactory when he popularity, the experiment of the New Poor Law comes to treat of the manner in which emigration is could never have been tried at all. to be effected, and the emignuita disposed of with a With respect to the new plan, of a minister of the view to their own advantage. He appears to have poor, with two secretaries, one in parliament—in little acquaintance with the practical details of emi fact another edition of the home department—we gration or the state of society in the colonies—less trust, that there will be no permanent necessity for than the rich harvest of experimental lessons which anything so monstrous. We admit that as long as have been gathering in from the time of Mr. WILMOT the poor-law is a thing tentative, as long as the cape- MORTON down to the present year might have war riment is wiring, whilst we are feeling our way to ranted us to expect.. Mr. FOSTER writes as if he what is right and expedient, and whilst, in come- contemplated the emigration of none but the poor, nuence, a certain of arbitrary power must be and proposed that all who emigrate should have lands left in the hands o d Pi r : e chief of the poor-law depart- of their own given them to cultivate. He suggests meat, so long it will be advisable that that chief that the poor law guardians of each locality should should be generally amenable to parliament, when provide for the emigrant's outfit; that every head of the Home-office itself shrinks from the WIIM and the a family should have an order for a certain number of odium. But we trust that this will not continue acres of land. so. We trust that the day will come when the poor, Such a plan, if it could lead to anything, would lead like the rich, may be governed by law ; and when the to the establishment of communities in which every local administrations, elected for the purpose, may individual or family suported themselves by cultivat hare their duty so clearly traced and put before them, ing their own few acres. Such communities, if they that the teak of central supervision need be bat slight could exist, would be constantly on the verge of pm without swelling to the portentous magnitude of a nation. There could be among them no combinaticrs ministerial department. of labour, no division of employment. Such a system If tho poor laws require a chief to administer and of emigration would be merely transplanting the to apply them--e. lord as first secretary, with a corn- peculiar wretchedness of Ireland to other climes: re asoner to represeut him in the lower house, and a producing Ireland as it is at the antipodes or on second secretary to do the real business—thenwe must the great western continent. The division of have educational ministers to the same extent, sanitary society into labourers (by head or hand) and ministers, worship ministers, police ministers, with employers is indispensable to the storing up all these ministers going out at each political change, of surplus produce against seasons of adversity, to the and others coming in—the latter, perhaps, succeeding production of that surplus wealth which at once in making themselves acquainted with their business awakens and allays the instinctive cravings of a by the time they are going out. If the obnoxious higher civilisation. It is for the interest of the emi dictatorship of a permanent hoard be thus replaced by grants of the poorer class that they should go out to the multiplicity of ministers and secretaries, dancing act, for a time, as labourers for hire, either in company their political quadrille, and changing sides at each with emigrants of the employer class, or to colonies change of ministry, we are afraid that our Poor, like where there are already capitalists with the means of our foreign affairs, and war-office, and Indian policy, providing employment for more labourers than they may suffer by this succession of unfixed principles and can find. untlaing men. In British North America, at the Cape of Good Of all political and social causes, we do think that Hope, in the Australian group of colonies (New the cause of the poor is that which may best and most Zealand included), such employers are to be found. naturally be left to local effort, local management, Within thew few days we have had laid before local charity ; there must, no doubt, be supervision, us authenticated returns from many emigrants and in great maladies and universal disorganisation, of the labouring class to New South Wales. the state must, as it is now doing, interfere and as- We confine our attention to the Irish alone. same altogether the dictatorial re-arrangement of the Of the industrious among them, who, instead provision of the indigent. But the state, we think, of loitering in the government barracks at Sydney, ought to look forward and provide for its abdication have accepted of engagements in the interior, of such powers, which are in harmony neither with there is scarcely one who has not been able, by his our political system, our habits, or our ideas. savi,ugs, in the course of four years, to purchase a THE EXPRESS, MONDAY EVENING, JANUARY 25, 1847. piece of land and set up for himself. For the first year or two helms tilled his property by his own toil, with occasional aasistance, it may be, from some chance labourer ; but after that time he has fairly become one of the class that employs labourers. And during the time that he worked for wages he has been better fed and as well lodged and clothed as the most indua trions labourer in this country. This is better than toiling thirty years for a bare subsistence, with no other refuge than the workhouse in view 1 for his old ago —so richer reward than a twenty shilling irri4e fur having subsisted so many years without parish pay. Most of the men, we may add, to whose short and simple annals we have been referring, have been married men with families. The system of emigration adapted to relieve Ire land will have for its end the conveyance of hale and enterprising labourers to those labour markets in which comparatively so few years of toil enable the labourer to become one of the proprietary class. Or, if the scale on which emigration must be carried on to relieve immediately the over-populated localities in Ireland threaten to swamp those labour-markets by a surcharge of labourers, the system of emigration ::rust be such meta create new ones, by encouraging emigrants possessed of some small capital to accompany them. There is no class more likely to be benefited by emi gration than the small capitalist class, provided they can only find labourers. The task of government, therefore, will be simply , to provide free passages for labouring emigrants from Irelun), to those settlements where _labourers are at present in demand; and to provide for the safety and comfort of the emigrants from the time of their leav ing home till the time of their arrival at the scene of their labours. The means of affording free passages to the colonies may be provided by loans on the se curity of their respective land funds. A price placed upon waste lands SJ high as to oblige the labourer without means to work fur wages a few years before he can procure land of his own, and to deter mere speculators from sinking money in lands which they intend to kayo waste until the cultivation of the adjoining lands imparts a value to them, yet so low as to make the acquisition of lands a certain source of more than average profit, will make the waste lands of all our younger colo nies a certain source of a large income for many years to coin?. The price will . gladly be paid : not for the land, whirl!, where there is more of that com modity than can be used, has no value in exchange ; but as a contribution to the labour fund, the fund for supplying free passages fur a continual succession of labourers to fill up the vacancies left by those who pass into the class of proprietors. The mother coun try is perfectly safe in advancing liberal loans upon the security of the waste lands in the colonies, winch, thus managed, will be alike profitable to it and to the colonies. The charge of expending the loans, of providing good ships and provisions for the emigrants, and directing them to the best labour markets, will I most fitly devolve on the Colonial Land and Emigration Commission. The class to be benefited by emigration is entirely distinct from that which is to be benefited by the eleemosynary relief of poor law guardians; and it is desirable that this distinction should be marked by entrusting them to the care of different agencies. There is but one other point to which it, appears necessary at this moment to direct attention. We have said, that in New South Wales there is scarcely an instance of hard-working Irishmen who accepted ext. ploy ment in the interior failing to attain to independent circumstances. We must add, however, that among the great numbers of Irish who annually emigrate to the different colonies and to the Vaited State,. they are• unfortunately . a minority who play this independent and enterprising game. The Irish are too moth given. to congregating and rosherinp is the great towns in. which they first debark. At Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Montreal, and Sydney (New South Wales), there are hordes of Irish labourers leading a scrambling life, seemly betr off than at home, who, by seeking employment in the rural districts, might, in a few years, make themselves ; ndependent. It will be the duty of government, at th , commence ment of their Irish emigration, to adopt I measures for counteracting this propensity. Nor wil I the task be difficult. Sydney the number e4' labourers has repeatedly so. incrsased that no employ ment could be foind for them; and this while any amount of wages almost would have been glad - 4* given, by proprietom in the in' xrior. The government :migration airsta- soon ;la we up the at tempt to pervade tha timid faimgmets to move inland; bat the spirieiand ene Ty of two indivi duals has shown that a little pertievermee sold coup ter their inertia. MY. BENJAMIN Born, by the contas ion of his high spiriMalone,on one comaior.roasedn pwards of fifty of them to start for Hs settlemer.t at Twofold Bay. And Mrs. Cutsnonsi„whotoo bentati ent self-devotion to the destitute laboarers abhut limy is beyond all pmiee, has, by her him yet genal 2 encouragement, provided fee hundreds in the , in wrier. Her expe ditiens for this beeevolert puny logo are too nu merous to recount; but more • than once has she started hem Sydney with came ens of one or two hundred labourers, nod journeyed on, until dropping one with a good maater herar and another with a gwd master these, she LW placed Oh em all in the way of obtaining 'ildependoace. And • .hat this lady has se complishei by her tact midi er , t h ua i nam , sure ly go. vernment may aosatl 3llB h. be a judiciously chosen and properly superintendedmg envy. The Pule journals of .urday have reached us. Reports continued to maser from the various dis tricts of France, where the d carnets of subsistence has P mduced P im ,lion. At Chateauroux troops had ar riv cd u t ram cut force to enable the au thorities to repress violin!) oe, and restore order. The persons concerned• in the murder of M. Chambert, mentioned in cur ferniest' =respondence, had been ar rested. The viflagew th roughout the disturbed dis tricts around Chateaurw u were severally occupied by military detachments. The Chamber of .puties, yielding to the urgency of the case, have give a m priori t ti to the law on the im portation of cern. err over e address in answer to the royal spesub. ace I eceived from London on Friday, thaTthethinte the Bank of England was not about further to raise ita.rate ble effect on tit diEcount, had a slightly favoara e bourse of that day. The Threes, which had, folk n to 77,35, rose to 77,83, at which they closed. : The committees of the Chamber of Deputies have oeen engaged upon the budgets, some iof the items these were w of which excited opposition ; among a expenses of the Montpensier marriage, and a charge in the budget of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. for r eeret sort i es ,. During the last week all the railway shares suf fered, a d. e aline corresponding with that which affected the pubh e f un d s. In the bureaux of the Chamber of Deputies, on the 2 d instant, the discussion on the budgets of 1818 • me continued. It was resolved in nearly all the h .areaux to reject any demand of increased Frau is. Thus the 23,000 francs demanded by the Mir inter of the Interior, to increase the number of sta .-prefectures to 43, and the 100,000 francs a? .ditional demanded by the Theatre Francais would o refused. An increase of the personnel of the ministries was. likewise rejected.—Several members demanded that a monthly return be made of the amount of the floating debt.—The commission on the L address is convoked for Tuesday.—A alight improve- L ment took place at the bourse on Saturday, which, however, was ascribed to the gambling transactions of certain speculators, and not to any external influence. for Aenaaat. Per PAULL 4... 13 ' Homy. 0,4013.0.° /11741.11 . Lowess_._j Claims. 8 per 04$0. 78 30 .7 a 7 78 30 ~- ---- 03 1 - ', 30 a 75e. . 117 40 la 40 111 00 chDo. . .. , . . , 4 Do. . KU .. 140131005,1540 1005 .. Do. 1,1841. , 102 . " "1" „ 1 " De. 3. .. 1)0. „ . 4 Nitales Resta 14.0 I* . ~ 7re ite..3a Lou 100 . " " 54047 1101533 Daxt Blum A) 3AO . 340 . 3a° DUO ltaehaage 0. Lades (SO dam. tS 15. De. Ds (30 MHO. 25 . " . 010 , War Megan. PARIS, ~.. Wary. 10".4... glelost. Lismont. Oleolo . Pavia sal Odom : : 1 3 55 i 1111 80 1126 1113 11333 ram 5.114 Has $77 36 s73 to 378 Iv? 30 Rouen awl Havre „ Al 683 00 CS 3st So Centro (Wawa) • . 353 MI al 175 I 1 ..1 50 1'40000131* . 640 00 003 340 312 2, Plorll . . ..... I 818 13 i l 611 Si , 817 50 I t 310 fle 25 The Spanish mail arrived in Paris late on Saturday afternoon, bringing the journals and correspondence of the 17th instant. Tho presidency of the chamber was still unsettled. The ministry had not ventured to name their candidate, but it was then supposed that the choice would fall on M. Bravo Murillo. The C'bz» l'ublico /peaks of CarlistT;Overnents in the prortnees, and publishes a letter from Minim, stating that s banU of Montemolinists had entered Canet de Mar, and carr!ed off the eon of the Alealde. ";7ZlMP:=:'s2l•.!'sii. P " ". CONSTANTINOPLE, JAN. 7. The following is the ultimatum of the Porte for the settlement of the lung-pending Persian question :- 1. A mutual withdrawal of all pecuniary claims save those mentioned in article Yo. 1. Y. All d mendeneirs of the law lands of Z•ehali to be ceded to the Sahlinee l'orte; the moun tainous part to the east of Guerand lo remain in the posses sion of Pt rsis. Persia will abandon its claims to the pro vince of Seleymardet. The town of kloharnmera, the island of Iladhar, as well as the eastern bank of the Chatt ul-Areb, are guaranteed to Persia. Thu imperial government alto azeoreis the tree navigation of the Chatt to l'ersian veisdls. 3. The two contracting parties will abandon all other territorial claims. „ A mixed commission will /A soon as convenient determine the boundaries according to the preceding article. 1. AU claims not included in No. 1, WI Well MS et ream rights of pasturage. will bo equi ably de rided by a mixed commission. 5. The l'. men princes who have taken refuge in Turkey will be taken under the pro tection of the Ottoman government. All other subjeets will be reciprocally exchanged according to the treaty of Erse r row. 6. The duties to be paid by Persian uterehants will be eleter.dined according to the treaty of Erzerount, dattel ITi9. 7. The Imperial goverament will take the necessary measures for the protection of Persian pilgrims. l'ersian consuls may reside in all Turkish towns, except thee. of /deem and Medics. They will have the same privileges as other foreign consuls. Ottoman me:chants residing in Persia will be on the same fuotiug as Vow of the most fawned nation. 8. Troop; will be established along the frontier to prevent the robberiee of cer.ain wild tribes. Those tribes whose nationality is doubtful will be once for all established within some territory of which they them selves shall have the choice. The tribes whose nationality is known will be confined to the districts to which they natu rally belong. O. The stipulation of these different treaties nut affected by the present convention will remain in vigour. Ratifications will be exilianged within the two months after the signatures have been attached. orsouncr if such 1 e found possible." Such is the ultimatum of the Porte, which appears exceedingly just au' moderate. Rua ia seems to fear that it wnl bo accepted by the government of the Shah, and has therefore taken meusures to prevent such a consummation. The foreign relations of the Porto are, to the great joy of the northern powers, becominz more and more complicated every day. M. Oustenoft; the Russian minister, has just sent a strong protest against the undue partiality which the Turk ish government has, in several recent circumstances, shown for the constitutional cabinets of Europe. The internancio has not ceased to importune the Porte about the incorporation of Cracow. But as Resehid I'asha will not abandon the opinion which he at first expressed, and as ou the other hand he cannot, unsupported, resist the attacks of the Russian and Austrian representatives, he has adopted a middle course, and appointed Rifaat Posha to go on a special mission to Vienna, with full powers to treat on that and other important affairs. The re ception of the Bey of Tunis at Paris has produced a coldness between Baron de Bourqueney and the Porte; whilst as to England, she is unrepresented. Turkey, then, stands alone. The British rove: unent seem to know nothing of all this, or, if they do, they are most culpably inert. The plague is advancing fast towards Trellizond, and us the quarantine in that city is very badly ad ministered, a good deal of anxiety is felt both there and at Constantinople. BOMBAY. DEC. 16. Since I last addressed you two English overland mails have been received at Bombay, that of the 24th October on the 7th, and that of the 7th November yesterday at noon. Yesterday was the regular day of desp.ach fromßombay, but of course it was well known that tho mail would not start till to-day at the earliest, .and every one was on the look-out fora notice to that 'effect, but none was issued during yesterday till late in !the evening, and then it was intimated that the mails would be finelly closed this morning at 10 o'clock, — thus patting it out of the power of many mercantile men, who had quitted the fort at 5 last evening, and would not return to business till the hour of post, from taking any advantage of the delay. I had depended on having till 3 to-day to give you the news of the fortnight, but am obliged to make a short letter of it on the above account, and I suspect the indignation of the public of Bombay is general on the want of common courtesy exhibited in this instance by the authorities: happily such lapses arc not of very frequent occur rence—they are not the less annoying when they do occur. The chief items of interest I have to relate are the detection of correspondence of a treasonable neture which had passed betwixt the Prime Minister at Lahore and the rebel Cashmerian ruler Shaikh Emaum-ood-decn ; the extraordinary opium sale at Calcutta on the 30th Nov.; and the demi-official acknowledgment of the treachery practised on the messengers of the widow of one of the Seinde Ameers to her son, now a state prisoner in the castle of Surat. The accounts of the former of the three received at Bombay are meagre in the extreme—the fact that such correspondence has come to light is nearly all that is known on the subject. The Governor-General's Secre tary, Mr. Carrie,has been sent to the capital, doubt less to inquire into the affair, when, should the guilt of the minister be apparent, he will immediately be dealt with as he deserves. His object in insti gating the Cashmere ruler to rebellion was, of course, to annoy his rival, Maharajah Goolaub Singh, by making his new province as troublesome as possible. The present and late vuzeers were always irreconci leable enemies, and it has all along been thought that Lull Singh was at the bottom of the Cashmere disturb ances. His motives must have been purely malicious, as it could have made no difference to him who was ruler of that province. Consequent on the detection of the above treachery, the Shaikh Emaum-ooeldeen was forbidden to cross the Ravee, or come near the capital. You will remember that he was given over byCol. Lawrence to the Seikh commander, Sirdar Tej Singh, to be conducted to Lahore, when he gave him self up to us on the 31st October : they had reached the Ravee when orders were received that the Cash merian ex-ruler was to remain on the opposite bank. The Sirdar reached the capital on the 27th November. It is not to be supposed that Rajah Loll Singh will quietly . submit to the de gradation about to be inflicted on him—viz., removal from the head of affairs; or that Shaikh Emaum-ood-deen will quietly remain where he has been commanded to stay till further orders, aware, as he must be, that the punishment inflicted on his brother traitor will in all probability extend also to himself ; so that you need not be surprised if, ere a month, accounts from the Punjaub should again be bloody. The minister is the favourite paramour of the queen-mother, and has many adherents in Lahore ; and I think the diplomacy of Mr. Carrie will have to be very nicely guided to enable him to perform Lord Hardinge's wishes without causing tumult and blood shed. I ortunately, Colonel Lawrence had returned to the capital just in time to render him every assistance, or, perhaps, to entrust the entire management of the affair into the agent's bands, which is the more likely. Should it be so, we may rest assured that evetything will be done for the best, as the colonel thoroughly understands those he will have to deal with, which Mr. Carrie could not be expected to do. It has been stated that the latter is the bearer of a new treaty to the Durbar, one clause of which is, that a British sub sidiary force shall permanently remain in the country, near the capital : at least, I suppose, till the govern ment is able safely to dispense with their services; this force to consist of two European and six native infantry corps, with a strong body of cavalry and artillery. This is probable, though uncertain. The province of Cashmere had been traversed by Colonel Lawrence, who describes the people as miserably poor. Our troops expected to leave their cantonments in the city of Lahore about the 18th or 20th Dec., on their return to Ferozepore, halting for a time a couple of marches from the capital, to observe the effect produced on our departure, ere we quitted the country—it is to be hoped for ever. I should think, however, that they' will not move till the affair of the minister is settled. They were healthy, and in high spirits at the prospect of returning to their own provinces. The Governor-General was at Hosimearpoor, where he had gone to witness the fair annually held, and to encourage the people of the surrounding country to assemble for the purposes of trade. It had, however, proved a complete failure, and the governor-general was about proceeding to Jullundur, the chief town in the Lomb. He had been joined by Sir John Littler, from Loodhiana, who is said to be about returning to I.ahore immediately. The force which proceeded under Brigadier Wheeler towards Cashmere had returned to Ferozepore, and been broken up to their stations in our provinces, their places having been supplied hr fresh troops from India. The brigadier himself hail returned to Jul hinder. Of &bide news there is none to give. Courts martial were very much in vogue —the prisoners being generally acquitted. The station of Kunachee continued healthy and agreeable: not so Sukkur, where a few cases of cholera had again made their appearance, and fenr was prevalent. The with drawal of the troops formerly mentioned as about to take place, has been ofliehall: ordered, though none have as yet left the country. 'The •-treachery case" has been so largely commented on by the Bombay papers, that I preter r.ferring you to them to giving any remarks of my own on the subject, further than observing that the impression would seem to be general that the act of the governor was unjustifi able on any pretence whatever. We wait with anxiety to see the view adopted at home un the affair, though, if we may judge from what has heretofore been said of Sir C. 1\ apler's acts, it will be anything but condemnatory of the generai's proceeding. - - - - The Nizam's dominions are at length in a fair way for improvement. The new minister has earned the applause of all by his recent measures, and, assisted as he is by our resident, we may now expect that a brighter destiny awaits the country than has hitherto prevailed. Madras has again been visited with a violent hurricane, unattended, happily, with much loss of life. The shipping left the roads peiorto its commence inent, and with the c xception of three, had all returned ti port with slight damage. These three have not since been heard of, and fears are entertained for their safety. 1,.5001. have been subscribed by the commu nity, and 1,0001. by government, for thc relief of those who suffered by that of October and the present storm. The Marquis of Twcedclale has returacd to the Neilgherries, and after a short visit to the coast returns to Madras. The Commander-in-Chief of India has ere this left Simla for Umballa; he does not go to the Jullundar I)oab, as formerly reported. The lieute nant-governor of the north-west provinces has been heard of on route to Ajznere. The celebrated stare- Mungla of Lahore, the brother of the Ranee of Lahore, and the Maharajah of Nepaul, are on an ablutionary pilgrimage to the Ganges, near Benares —and much they need it. Sir George Pollock, mem ber of the Supreme Council, has returned from the Cape to Calcutta. Sir H. Ikladdeck, Deputy Governor of Bengal, has been unwell of late, and has gone on a short sea trip to the Sandhead.s. The opium sale at Calcutta, on the 30th November, was put a stop to in a most extraordinary manner. Gambling in the drug to an immense extent bad t ikon place in Bombay and Calcutta, when a wealthy Mar manse opium dealer, of Nluttra, declared his deter mination to raise the price of each chest to 2001, which would have dispelled the visions of gain indulged in by the Bombay speculators, who had entered the market before him. It of course became an object with them to frustrate a sale on the first day, that being the day's sale for which the speculations had been made. They therefore, through their agents, continued to bid till the price of each chest ruse to 13,0007.! The auctioneers gave over late in the even ing, not a chest haviug been knocked down. Whe ther the " knowing ones" have succeeded in the trick is for decision. 'fhe government of Bengal have determined the like shall not occur again. The rale re-opened on the 7th inst., when the average price obtained for each chest was 1791. The event had occasioned great excitement in Calcutta and Bombay, large fortunes depending on the issne of the sale. A large speculator in Bombay applied to the police for protection from his opponents as the time of sale drew nigh, and the exchaige-room at Calcutta ' was surrounded by the police of the city doling the sale of 30th Nov. Sir D. Pollock continues to gain in the public ~s teem as an able man. The sessions (criminal) only occupied him three and a half days. His judgments are clear and strong, though simply and unpretend ingly exprcswd. air E. Perry has left for Mount Aboo, in Goozerat, near Deem The rumoured in tended appointment of Mr. G. Clerk, as governor of Bombay, received by yesterday's mail, has been favourably received. Considerable sickness Prevails in the country, though the weather is becoming cool and agreeable. NEWS FROM PORTUGAL. SOUTHAMPTON, SvietfAv NIGHT. By the arrival of the Tiber, Captain Russell, we have news from Portugal to the following dates : Gibraltar, Jan. 16th; Cadiz, 1 ith ; Lisbon, 20th; Oporto, 21st; and Vigo, 21st. In Lisbon the greatest anxiety prevailed Si to the result of the war. There was a rumour at Vigo that Saldanba had been defeated, but it must have been false, as it would otherwise have been heard of at Lisbon on the 20th. Saidanha is said to have 9,000 well-disciplined men ; his move ments towards Oporto arc however impcded by bad roads. The coalition between the Septembrists and the Miguelitee had not as yet taken place, though, as will be seen by our correspondent's letter, distinct proposals have been made. (From our own Correspondent.) OPORTO, JAN. 21. The principal matters which occupy attention here are the preparations a u d precautions that it has been deemed necessary. by the British consul to recommend, should be adopted by our country men fur the protection of their families and pro perty, and the course that is likely to be taken by the htiguebte party with respect to entering into any confede racy with the Junta of Oporto, so as to make head against the common enemy of both, the Lisbon Alkolutist Cabinet.' On Thursday, the lith inst., a circular from the Consul's office was sent to the British merchants, requesting their attention to a communication which he had received from Mr. Southern, the che;,,4si ; ailiiiriS .-- arli;&;;;theputp7rt of which wa-,, that means would be afforded to such of our countrymen as desired to avoid the dsngers of an assault, of placing themselves and families out of peril, and that the admiral commanding the fleet in the 'rages would provide vessels for the purpose of protecting them. In the meantime, however, a rumour was strongly eireus listed that it was the intention of the Junta, to provide against events, and in else the Queen's troops succeeded in forcing the lines, to issue orders on the eve of the assault, that the doors of every house in Oporto should be left open, so that, in case of need, the garrison might be enabled to de fend each street in detail, by firing on the enemy from the houses. When this report became known to the consul, Mr. Johnson immediately wrote to JosZ Panes, the vice president of the Junta, requiring to be informed whether such was the intention of the authorities, and intimating that, unless it was fully denied, he should take it for granted the Junta did mean to issue such an ord, r, and he should take the necessary Reps, in consequence. On Saturday, Jan. It, a meeting of the heads of British mercantile houses was summoned by Mr. Johnson, at which a resolution was unanimously agreed to, by which the mer chants represented to the British minister at Lisbon, and the admiral in command of the fleet, the propriety of stationing in the river Douro, during the whole period of the expected hostilities, &sufficient naval force to afford not only protection but shelter for the numerous families and single individuals who arc entitled to the protection of their national flag. The proposed junction ef the Septcmbriat and the Miguelite party is a subject of dee p and almost universal interest as well I apprehend in England as here ; at the first aspect such a fusion creates the greatest abhorrence, and presents the moat revolting features. Negotiations had been pending between the Septembrists and hliguelites after the battle of Braga, which, however, were broken off; and an end having been put to further progress, the Miguelito negotiators drew up and forwarded to the Junta a document in which it was mated that the Royalist junta, entertaining more strongly than ever the desire for a union of the Portu guese family, whatever may have been the political banner under which its, fractional parts are collected together, cannot abstain from acceding to • step, by which this union may be so much facilitated. That it is not in the melancholy state of the country, nor under the urgent necessity of putting down a faction, that the questions of dynasty can conveniently be argued. The conditions upon which the Royalist Junta deem is essential, and, indeed, indispensable towards effecting the projected alliance, are the following:- 1. The Royalist forces will commence operations against the common enemy (the government of Lisbon) under its own banner, and under the command of its own authorities and chiefs alone. 2. The Junta of Oporto will undertake to defend that city to the last, or, at the least, during the next three months. 3. The Junta of Oporto shall place at the disposal of the 'Loyalist (Miguelite) general 600,000 cartridges in the place or places which shall be indicated by him. 4. The Junta of Oporto shall furnish arras and accoutre ments to the extent of its ability, and with the utmost possi ble despatch; the same condition applies to the equipment of cavalry. 5. The Royalist General-in-Chief will, when these accoutrements are furnished, be at liberty to act as he may deem proper. 6. The Royalist commander-in-chief promisos,'lipon his word of honour, not to commence hostilities against any force belonging to the Junta of Oporto, always provided that the latter °tier no obstacles to his movements. 7. The Junta of:Oporto binds itself to obserre the same line of conduct, for which purpose it will issue orders of the most positive character to its commanders. 8. With respect to the defence of the Douro, the Royalist General will detail in full his plan in a letter which he will address to General Guedes. 9. In virtue of the generous spirit which presides over this alliance, the Royalist General-in-Chief and the Government of Oporto will mutually lead each other all succours that may be necessary. 10. The Provisional Government of Oporto engages not to conclude any compromise with the Government of Lisbon without first cummunicattng with the Royalist Junta. 11. The purchase of arms, accoutrements, and rations, I shall befree to both of the alhct Juntas in any . part of tlw country which may be in the occupation of the ir re , ?ective forces. 12. All the conditions Matel in the pvceding nrticles shall be faithfully observed, and in the eruct of the. least Wm tian, the alliance shall be considered as annulled and at an end.—Dated Gumiaraens, this 12th day of January, 1t37. (Signed) Dr. C.tNIHDO-RODRIOVEZ-ALVAREZ LIXA. Up to the hour at which I write this, uo reply to the above propesals bad been rstmived, and it must be argued that the whole negotiation has f illen to the ground. Amidst the conflictirg statements which art promulgated here respecting Saldanhe's march, it is dislicult to nr.ke choice of that which contains the truth. It would, however, appear that he is approaching the Douro in two different di notions, part of his f ree having proceeded by Viseu. and part by Aceie.., nn the sea-coast. The last reports sta' el him to be in persoa at Agneda, a little plate near Serdao. Let ten received this morning report Saldanha to have arrival at Lamego on the 15th, and to be about to mi. tho Douro, to Itirrea. The Septostrists quitted the latter place a' his approach. 111m:clonal,' also has left the toes where he was ling reported to be. Since my arrival here several reviews have been held of the troops oonstitutior the effective (ores at the disposition of the Junta. Unless their nivel N. to areorossly exaogeratod, which my own not very practised judgmer.t dots not lead me to collect is the case, the guns... of Oporto may be esti mated et about 12,000 men, of whoa one-laird are regular seasoned troops, one-sixth ealanteera formed from the different aoeociatloses and enthusiasts, and the re maining are guerillas, armed peasants, and such like contingents, who, illthoogh not formidable in the field may be rustle very. elfeetive whim pasted behind atone walls to pop at toe assailants. Toe whole force is under the command of Das Antes. whose second and third in command are Generals Baron d'Almargen and Viscount Bandeira. I oreampuiiied the tatter on a visit to that part of t‘,2 lines which extends Iron the Braga road to the right bank of the liver, and, as far as my limited knowledge of such matters extends, I should pronounce them to ha almcst impregnable, so Skilfully are the MSS gees 1:119I1 the different approaches asranged ; but bayonets must do the real work, and the great question will be, in the event of en assault, whether there will be found bayonets enough to repel a vigor MIS stann, and even if there be men enough, the ulterior and momentous point arises whether in the very hour of need, the same perfidy and treachery may not be nianifested that was experienced by Sa di Ban. &ire at Valpassos. When I was riding in company with this truly gallant and honourable man round the different regiments, whilst they- were drawn up on parade, I could not help remarkiug to one of his aides, as the rues and officers cheered their general Curing his passage, that it world be far more consistent with the 11 , mour of a soldir if they at once frankly stated whether they were fur or against him, in stead of leading him. by their apparent enthusiasm, to depend upon them up to the last m Anent, when, us in the recent affair with Canal, ho found himself deserted by them. In ' reference to this subject, I was informed by a general officer that an artilleryofficer had deserted with • 20 men ander his command, and got away. No answer to the consul's letter to the Junta, respecting the order for opening; the doors of houses when the expected :moult takes place. UNITED STATES & MEXICO. By the Anglo• Saxon, Capt. Gordon. whieh arrived, after a rapid of 17 days from Boston, at 'M Liverpool on u y afternoon, we have Boston of the sth, and New York papers of the 4th inst. Money was easy, and the cotton and corn markets flat, owing principally to the high rate of exchange for bills on London, 5!, and ti per cent. having been paid. Stock had improved. In Mexico the hostile armies had remained where they were. A correvondence had taken place be tween General Taylor and Santa Anirt, but the result did not hold out any hopes of a speedy peace. At Campeachy something like a revolution had taken plaw, and the connexion between Yucatan and the general government had been dissolved. The follow ing is the telegraphic news received at New York on the 4th : By the last arrival at New Orleans, we have advice from Campeachy to Cie 9th ultimo, from which we learn there had been another outbreak . in that city. In an address, dated the Sib of December. Domingo Barret, yielding a re luctant acquiescence to the wishes of his fel:ov.-eitiseas, pre seated himself as their chief. A glorious revontion" that day commenced. The oldect of the mare de is to sunder entirely all political connexion between Yucatan tad the government of Mexico. A pranunciamento aas also made by the garrison of Tabasco on the 19th of November. This pronunciamento alleges that full represents ! tiers had been made to the supreme government of the derencelcss state of the department of Tabasco. It alludes to the recent inra , ion of the Americans, and 1 avers that the Mexican government had disregarded their prayers for aid. For these and numerous other considem , tious, they declare that the date of Tabasco disavows the present government of the republic, and will regulate her Internal administration upon a MILS more liberal and more adequate to the circumstances of the existing war. The de clarations were approved of by acclamation. Senor Tracorn is named as the head of the Tabasco revolution. Many names are attached to the pronnneiarnento. The itupres,ion prevailed that Herrera wound be elected President of Mexico at the opening of Congress, and event:es of peace immediately made. Further correspondence has taken • pace between Generals Taylor and Santa Anna General Taylor's letter concludes with a hope that the Mexi can Congress will accept the offer of the I.cited States, and enter on negotiations for a terruinatien of horitilitins and a permanent peace. Saute Anna's reply is dated at San Luis l'otnsi. It is courteously worded, and, in conciusioe, he hopes the sovereign national congress will act as shall be most conducive to the interests of the republic, but believes that neither onir.,reas nor any Mexican will over be able to listen to overtures of peace, unleen the natinnal territory is first evacuated by the American forces, and the vessels of war withdrawn. Until this is done the Mexican nation is determined to defend its territory, at every hazard, inch by inch. l'rivate letters from Tamp:co state that our men suffer much from intermittent fever. In the meantime the executive are embarrassed to find the sinews of war. The recommendation of the Secretary of the Treasury to levy a war duty on tea and coffee, seems to have brought the House of Repre sentatives to a categorical declaration of their deter mination on the question. Mr. Wentworth, on Saturday, the 2nd inst., submitted a resolution declar ing that " it is inexpedient to levy any duty on tea and coffee," which was adopted without debate—yeas 113, nays 48. A resolution was passed, calling on the Secretary of War for a report of the number of volunteers received into service, the number killed in battle, or who have died of wounds or of disease, and the num ber discharged from disability. The probability is, that the bill to reduce and graduate the price of the public lands Hill be defeated by disagreement as to its details. The loan of twenty three millions will then be necessary, and the sub treasury, if no other cause, will render it impossible for the government to obtain it on such terms as Congress will grant it. It is impossible (says the New York Herald) to tell what will be the length of the Mexican war. or what will be the amount of money required to bring it to a close; and so long as these two important matters remain in doubt, it will be impossible to fix upon any limit to our wants. Ths Secretary of the Treasury should therefore have unlimited authority to raise means, and that authority should be oon fined to uu unlimited issue of treasury nutes, for, after all the propositions which have been submitted for furnishing the goventrumt funds, alter all the plans proposed, after all the modifications and alterations in the tariff recommended, Con gress uil be compelled to come down t) this single sad simple method of raising the wind. We want a large quan tity of this paper to spread through the country, to help the Secretary of the Treasury out of his difficulties, and to in crease the volume of the currency. The New York legislature was to meet on Monday the 11th inst. There was a mutiny on board the Eliza Warwick on the 3rd inst., during which fire-arms and knives were used, and eight persons were slightly wounded. The mutiny, however, was quelled, and the ship pro ceeded to sea. It arose in consequence of the men thinking the vessel not sufficiently manned. Advices from Washington give us the information that seven of the officers of the squadron in the (Julio( Mexico, promptly sent to the government immediately atter the second abortive attempt on Alvarado, their commissimu. This movement was the dictate of a high sense of honour. Corn. Conner has not only injured his own high standing before the country, but has seriously affected the uatimal re putation. We are gratified to add that the secretary of the navy refused to accept their resignations, wit indicates change of command. Cora. Conner owes it to his own character to demand a court-martial, and the administraCon owes it to the country to recall him immediately. The navy and the people are mortified at the conduct of the com mander of the Gulf squadron.—Nerr Yorh Sun. The constitutional convention of Illinois has de cided to admit all foreign born residents to the right of suffrage without an oath of allegiance to the state. General Hamer, in commnnd of the Ohio forces, died recently at Monterey. The subscription for the starving Irish is expected to reach a million dollars in the United States. There was an increase of 14,826,780 dollars in the value of goods on the Hudson river in 1846 over 1843. There arrived at New York, in the month of Decemb'v last, 7,972 emigrants, of whom 4,230 were from Great Britain and Ireland, 1,212 from France, and 1,082 from Bel gium. This was a large number in a month in winter. On the Ist another new packet-ship was launched in New York. The Pacific Railroad has been fairly launched. and a meeting of the company was to have been held on the sth at New York.