The Express. — London, England, 1851-05-31 00:00:00

blockaded with travelling carriages, the railway au thorities run monster trains hourly, the steam-boat companies put on extra vessels. W said the ex cited speculators, wait for the first•shilling-day. On that day Loudon will certainly present an extraor dinary appearance. Only policemen will remain east of Hyde-park -corner. One dense throng of human beings will occupy every inch of Hyde pork, Knightsbridge, and Kensington. It will b e very difficult to preserve order. Perhaps the doors of the building will be broken down by the impetuous multitude, and the contents be at their mercy. This fevered anticipation, was, it ap pears, shared in some measure by the Exhibition authorities.. Last Monday —the first shilling day—opened brightly. At ail early hour strong bodies of police took up the stations severally assigned to them within the building and in all the approaches to it. Omnibus proprietors, anticipating a golden harvest, dressed their horses gaily, and cabmen indulged in glowing dreams of a day in San Francisco. The hour of opening arrived ; but where was the crowd ? Not at the building yet. Was it on the road ? Travel lers replied iu the negative. Empty omnibuses rum bled westward ; empty cabs were not rarities. Ken sington was nut besieged—no crowds choked up the parks. There was the usual carriage room in Piccadilly —steaks could still be procured in taverns. Here was a grievous disappointment! Plasards could still be seen dangling from the garden walls of the houses that skirt Rotten-row, advertising the vacancy of rooms within. A feeling of disappointment was general amongst those who had indulged in extraor dinary dreams; but a large proportion of thinking people prophesied a dull Exhibition day. Everybody would be afraid of the crowd, and would conse quently put off their visit to a later period. The result showed the truth of this anticipation. Since the building has been opened to the public we do not remember a day when it has presented so dull an appearance as on Monday last, when it was thrown open to the mimes." Some sturdy pro pounders of political dogmas have ventured to affirm that the working men are unfriendly to the Exhi bition--that they regard it in the light of a free trade scheme fur cheapening labour, and will not therefore give it their countenance. The ingenuity which this version of the afficir displays is amusing —to say nothing of the discovery that the working classes are unfriendly to five trade principles. Other reasons have been aavanivil, of more or less weight, but it suffices to record the public feeling of surprise and the spirit of conjecture which the first shilling day has awakened. Up to the present time the in flux of strangers has been but trifling; but we are undoubtedly appneiching the period when monster trains will disgorge masses of mechanics front our railway te and when steamers will touch our shores. laden with ponderous living cargoes. Even then we do not apprehend any overcrowding. At no period is it probable that the Crystal Palace will con tain more than 40,iton isitors at une time. As newcar got% of visitors arrive, it should be borne in mind that the visitors of the previous week will be on their way home: and thus we shall have a constant succession of visits, but, in all probability, no incon venient crowding. (hi Tuesday the shilling visitors mustered in greater numbers than on the previous day. On this second shilling day thirty-five tho u sand four hundred people paid at the doors, and on Wednesday forty thousand people contributed each their shilling to the Exhibition exchequer. On Thursday the number rose to forty-seven thousand five hundred and eighty. On Friday the admission was 2s. 6d., and 2,8004 was taken at the doors. In the sale of catalogues a marked increase has taken place this week. On Tuesday there was an increase on the usual daily sale thirteen thousand copies; and on Wednesday the increase over previous days amounted to fifteen thousand copies. This in crease may, however, be partly attributed to the fact that a new edition of the shilling catalogue, said to be Kirwan', was offered fur sale. Workmen are still busy in various parts of the building here and there, to the great inconvenience of the visitors; and loud hammering may be heard from within the enclosed court devoted to Russia. Some days must vet elapse before the colossal statuary and candelabra from the don ' us of the Czar can be arranged for public inspection. A great and agreeable change has been lately ef fected in the building. by the removal of Gray and Davison's organ from the northern transept-gallery to the cadent truss-gallery of the building. In its present position it has a pleasing effect. The amount of property usually lost or forgotten by an English crowd is extraordinary. Already the policy authorities on duty within the building have m their possession a vast number of umbrellas, canes, parasols, and pocket-hundkerchicfs, to say nothing of a little store of jewellery—all the leavings of cure less visitor,. The authorities have not yet quite abandoned their unpopular system of marshalling visitors about the building. Still people are ordered by policemen to go down the laooa;,R• they are not inclined to visit, and this in loyalties where there is not the least ne- cessity for the annoyance ; while in part4 7 -ne the northern trauw•pt gallerics--where there w gene rally inconvenient crowding, no policeman a to be The custom which is obtaining ground in carious parts of the building of covering objects in huge brown holland easy long before the time for closing has arrived, should certainly be repressed. People who cannot visit the building before late in the afternoon do not care to pay for admission to inspect calico covers. The royal family have, as usual, paid several visits to the biuldiug during the week. An important increase in the number of the pas sengers from the continent is observable by the Kamen which have arrived this week from the ports of Frame and Belgium, and it i. remarked that they include a more than vanally large proportion of foreigner,. . - ducing, as we had an opportunity of noticing on Sa turday, some laughable results. 'there will, however, be no difficulty in discover ing the position of the aforesaid ease 42 and its contents. Admirably classified and arranged. may be there beheld the raw silk of six of the prin cipal varieties known in commerce, comprising, "Fine Italian gum waste," "Second Italian gum waste,", " Italian and China home waste ;" " Brutia and Ben gal home waste;" " Verona waste" (knubbs and husks). Below these are as many specimens of each, quality " dressed;" in the line beneath we find them carded; below these again arc the six " slubbings," followed by the six course " rovings" and the six 1 1 fine " rovings." In an adjoining cabinet arc the spun threads of each of these kinds of silk of every known and possible degree of tenuity. To make the technical terms we have been forced to employ' somewhat more intelligible, we will briefly describe the processes through which the raw material passes, alter it has been elaborated in the form of a gummy secretion in the body of the industrious insect that plays so prominent a part in the conversion of the leaves of the white mulberry into regal apparel. The cocoon in which the little prisoner lies self entombed consists of one long continuous thread, or rather, microscopically speaking, of two threads twisted into one ; for the entire line emanates at the same time from two orifices in the head of the worm, which by a pecular movement of its body, brings, them both at the instant of projection into permanent clad inseparable contact. His task completed his doom is sealed; unable to =ape, he is by the action of heat mercilessly de rived at the same time of all the advantages of his position, as well as of his life. The outer easing,' i classified according to its form, either as a good orl pointed cocoon ; a " coralon," a dupion or souffion is speedily unreeled and wound upon a hollow' frame, when it becomes converted into hanks. The hanks thus produced, whether arriv ing from Italy, France, Bengal, China, or elsewhere, are designated raw silk. By what is called " throwing," they are brought into a proper state for weaving and for other purposes, the silk being thereby twisted, doubled, and undergoing sundry other processes, as may be seen in the depart ment of machinery in motion, where each progres sive step can be observed and studied, and at the same time ita analogy compared with similar opera tions in the cotton and wool departments, as already described under those heads. Proceeding now to the south transept galleries, our readers will behold, pro minently before them, a handsome case, in which are suave thirty compartments, No. 1 containing the pro duction of the looms of Messrs. Stone and Kemp, of Spitalfields, at present the property of Messrs. Red may ne, inßond-strect. Perhaps the most striking in this group is a very rich and delicate silk, in colour pink and white, and bearing upon its surface the pattern of the rose, thistle, and shamrock, gracefully de signed. Next to this we find the novelties of Messrs. Pugh, of Regent-street, who have brought out this season a remarkably fine bombazeen cloth, and a still more important article rejoicing in the name of am phomoion, or widows silk, the former of these grandiloquent appellations simply signifying that its surface is the same on both *like. Why so rich an article of apparel should be specially appropriated to widows we are at a loss to divine, but there can be no question that it is the most beautiful commodity ofits kind ever before introduced. Messrs. Sanderson and Reid have a chair-back of silk bearinga coat of arms : it is exhibited asaspecimen of weaving. So good is it, that it might at a moderate distance be easily mistaken for the work of the needle. Messrs. Vanner's goods, numbered 4, are very beautiful, as arc those of Messrs. J. and It. Robinson, of Milk -street, who have a handsome dig play of velvet vestings, velvet for pulpits, &c., black armazines,cravats in satin and silk,tigured satins, &c. But the eye is involuntarily led in a short time to the consideration of Mr. T. Itobinson's cabinet where we behold velvets of great variety of hue, but chiefly of the closest texture, and of that short crisp pile that does not yield beneath the touch, the surest test of ;1 the highest denominations of velvet. The piece of , crimson velvet in the centre, at the bottom of the case, we can pronounce, with only one exception, the finest we ever saw brought out in this country. 1 1 Messrs. Stillwell and Son, besides some hand some brocatelle for curtains, have some fine' damasks; and a specimen of her Majesty's co ronation robe, wrought by them, whereon upon an entirely golden ground the pattern stands forth in brilliant relief. Messrs. Washington and Davies, of Milk -street, have imitated very cleverly in silk a variety of furs ; their Ermine is perhaps the best, though we cannot pronounce it perfectly decep tive on approach. The silvery grey of some of the feline members of the animal creation, and the speckled surfaces of some one or two others, are fairly copied, but we presume that there are amongst these some not intended to resemble the integuments of any known quadrupedal animal whatever. Messrs. Walters give specunens of extraordinarily fine silk plush for hats, and so do Messrs. Wilson, of Walbrook. As might have been anticipated, Messrs. Swan and Edgar have a copious variety of , the manufactures of Spitallields, including Ducapes„ Gros de Naples; I)ucapee, Oros de Tours ; satins, Grecian, Gros de Tours watered silks, velvets,' striped small checks, together with coloured China silks; amongst them, pretty prominently, and promptly discernible to a critical eye, is a black watered silk of great beauty and richness. In this ease, too, is a very beautiful sea-green silk, with a small, delicate pattern running over it ; it was manu factured for the house above adverted to by Stone and Kemp. No. 12 comprehends some very magni ficent brocades ; articles we perceive, again dis played in an adjoining compartment, by Messrs. Boyd, who have appended to their list a "piece" of blue watered silk, watered and figured with gold, and some very fine Moire Antique. The gold and blue pattern has, we opine, only one fault—it is too dazzlingly magnificent for the wear of any subject. Messrs. Lewis and Allenby, of Regent-street, require even the most casual passer by to inspect one of the most beautiful examples of glance, the ornamental glazier has undergone since the thirteenth century down to our own time. In the first instance will be found the primi tive artificers striving to make the most of as yet scanty means of illustration, combatting the defects of clumsy leaden frames,and parrying with skill the limited scale of their harmonies. parry ing ourday the church embellisher is on the contrary puzzled by the numberless devices which both ample precedent and the ever increasing march of science unite in laying at his disposal. 'f he science of blending in harmony a few primaries was a task comparatively easy, when contrasted with that of the modern artist,whoseprin eipal aim is now to neutralise one colour by its ex- I tremc throughout its multifarious shades and lights. The purpurine reds, the straw and pink colours, and other compounds unknown to antiquity, are so many calls on the artist of the day to sacrifice the necessa rily conventional treatment which prevailed of old to the perfection demanded by the march of improve- Wats. As models, therefore, the curly works of the 13th century become: valueless, whereas those of subsequent ages may . safely be adopted. Some carefully-executed designs from painted windows remain as partial yet ineffaceable proofs that at l)ijon.Bordeaux,Clermont, and other third-rate towns, the same pervading taste prevailed as in the sumptuous cathedrals of Chartres, Bourges, and Rouen. It is satisfactory . to observe, that while chroniclers have been unanimously loud and pathetic in their denunciations of destruction of these old re lics, which arc daily perishing; others have nobly set to work to mitigate the disastrous influences of time and to repair, wherever it was possible frag mentary portions of what was left. If for nought else, the French deserve all the credit which may accrue to those who show duo re verence for the relics bequeathed to them by their ancestors. Their main efforts have tended towards the complete restoration of the " Sainte Chapelle," an old shrine of Saint Louis, which has been considerably desecrated by being =de the receptacle of ancient records. The task was completed not long since, and a few examples by Mr. Lusson, show to what extent success was par liallyattainable. Clearly only an imperative necessity, that of preserving the unity of the whole, could have sanctioned the adoption of such unmitigated ugli ness, which, be it observed, still is upheld by some enthusiasts. Whether in the delineation of Solomon or Samson, the patron King and saint is always uppermost in the artist's mind; and fir: profuse use of lilies and other regal emblems is in singular contrast with the ornamentation which prevailed at the same period in Italy, where command was pic tured as governed by divine control. Antiquanans point with delight at the ingenuity with which these old artists disposed their lines with utter disregard to the comforts of the personages, whose limbs— nay, whose countenances, were thus dissevered at will. We regret to notice partial scruples on the side of Mr. Lesson's rendering in this respect. Messrs. Marcella' and Guyon exhibit almost the solitary sample of the " rose " or mini gold window, as it is technically termed, which gives a fair ea of the beautiful manner formerly adopted of filling up the top of the gothic arch which would otherwise have remained bare. This easement is characteristic of French architecture, and has the appearance of a large blossom. A curious sad accurate representation of that apocalyptic sym bolism which entered so largely into the stained windows of the thirteenth century is that which re presents the slaughter of the " Paschal Lamb," and the inscription in blood, known as the thou, on the lintel of the doorway. This work, besides its in trinsic merits, is further authenticated by the name of its author, Mr. E. Thevenot, who is known by his writings on the art which he practises. In abandoning the field of mysticism for that of his torical subjects, the art has lost its great value as well as its other charms. The staunchest aupportersof this art suppose that formerly the art was essentially meant to convey a meaning to the uneducated masses, and ingraft images on the minds of an uncivilised people ; if the object is that which catholic France now endeavours to effect by similar means, the uncultivated peasant needs our utmost pity ; fancy a mind constantly tilled with such images as the "San Carlo Borromeo 1 administering the last sacrament to the plague ' stricken ;" or, indeed, on the greater number of works exhibited near it. Imagine having that violent scarlet, and these pestilential complexions ever vividly present to the mental vision; why, the mar macre of the Innocents, or St. Cecilia simmering in burning oil, were cheerful subjects in comparison. Prom such crude compositions as thcse,the eve reverts with pleasure to those grey tones which never fail to be employed by the English colourist; and most assuredly here they arc to be found in far more welcome profusion than on canvas. Whatever are our short-comings, an unwarrantable abuse of pig ments is not now counted amongst them. But where we are bold in colour, we are timid in design ; sel dom have such a number of outrageous designs served to mar the work they were intended to adorn as in the present instance. St. George is more ill-treated at the hands of the artist than ever was the dragon at his own. No greater respect is paid to other per sonages, more or less connected with our legen dary or historical lore. But when confining ourselves to " grisailles," and its quaint straight lacing work, there shine the works which by their supenor brilliancy and finish do honour to British kilns. In the unrestrained admittance of light, ac companied by the most intricate workmanship, is re cognised the perfect adaptation to the domestic re quirements of the present day, which is exactly re versed by the thick glass and rich colouring of for mer times. In this respect Mr. Chance, whose no blest trophy is that of having vaulted over the palace with the crystal which gives it a name, exhibits vast sheets of glass, decorated like lace-work, in whichpttternsin colour aresparingly introduced. Fol lowing in the wake may be named Messrs. J. Powell. Holland of Warwick, W. Waills of Newcastlwaa- Tyne, E. Baillie, &c. Though personages *Nil methodicallyunder Gothic canopies are not calculated to elicit great admiration, and though armorial bear ings and ornamental devices are not calculated to sent up a ghee ease containing very fine specimens of honeycomb; whilst Mr. Lighten, of Boston, has exhibited a glass jar conta . • g nineteen pounds, produced under a new system of bee management. Some very fine specimens of honey in the comb, collected accord rig to Nutt's system, are exhibited by Mr. Bentley, of Stamthrd. Various preparations of honey are also to be seen in this de partment. We should have hardly thought it neces sary, however, to exhibit lialf-a-dozen bottles of •' honey drops " in order to show that it may be made into sweetmeats for children. 'l•hc catalogue promises a hive of bee., from Mr. Milton, of Great Marylebone-street, but we have not yet seen them at work. The hives are to be of glass and to be placed inside the building, but the bees arc to arrive and go out on the outside, so that the creatures may be ob served at work without any fear of their escaping and alighting on the person. Amongst the preparations of animal food in this class none are more important than those of the various forms of preserved meat. In this department there are several exhibitors. The only drawback on the interest with which these things might he looked at is the fact that they are most of them contained in tin packages. The food thus prepared is capable of preservation for any length of time, and not being salted or smoked, has the flavour and qualities of perfectly fresh meat. The mode in which it is prepared is to place the meat to be preserved in a tin vessel with a proper amount of gravy, then to cover the jar with a lid iu which is a pin-hole. The jar is then submitted to heat, generally much greater than boiling water, and a large quantity of water is driven off from it i❑ the term of steam through the pin-hole. When this process leis been continued sufficiently long, the hole in the lid is soldered up, and the jar is allowed to cool. A jar of meat or food of any kind thus prepared may be carried from one end of the world to the other without becoming any way tainted. Messrs. Ritchie and McCall, ex hibit jars of meat which have been sent round the world, which have been left at Calcutta, Valparaiso, and other distant parts for years, and yet, when opened, they retain their original purity. Mr. Gamble, lmother preparer of these foods, exhibits a canister of boiled mutton supplied to the Arctic Expedition in 1521, and found by Sir James Ross in Prince Regents Inlet in 1549, in which the mutton is still in a condition:of perfect preservation. The advantages of such a mode ot• preparing food are many. In sea voyages fresh meat and vegetables may be supplied instead of salted and smoked, and scurvy thus most effectually prevented. Such food requires no cooking, but merely warming, and persons, in the country, or travelling, may constantly have by them the means of preparing a well cooked dinner, in a few minutes. In this way meat may be brought from countries whore it is abundant to theme where there is less. Thus, Mr. Goldner has an establishment for the preparation of meat in this way in Moldavia, which can be sold in this country cheaper than salt meat itself. It is true the proof of the pudding is in the eating, and this is not allowed in the Exhibition; but the exhibitors of these preparations have expressed their readiness to open their canisters for the satisfaction of those who are curious on this subject. Besides this form of preserved food, there are a rest many examples of different modes of preparing skint in a dry f'o•m by curing, smoking, &e. Mr. Underwood, of Manchester, exhibits meat prepared without the use of salt; and Mr. Leonard, of has examples of his mode of preparing beef by curing and rolling, so that it may keep for any length of ' time. In this section will be seen a series of preparations of articles of food from a substance which at first sounds repulsive enough. This is blood. 'the blood of all animals contains the constituents of which their bodies are formed. These constituents arc solid, and can be separated by chemical processes. The black puddings for which the Freemasons' Ta vern is so celebrated are made of blood. In the exhibi tion we have a number of dried forms of turd made from blood. The nutritious elements of the blood are separated and mixed with sugar, and thus va rious kinds of boos buns are produced. Bread, bis cuits, and cakes are also made from blood. It would appear that the blood from different animals has a different flavour, as wo observe that particular care is taken to mention the name of the animal which supplies the blood for the parti cular form of food. As an omission of substances used as food which would keep, we may mention that we have not at present met with any specimens of cheese or butter, which are certainly important products that might have been advantageously com pared from different parts of the world. We have however, milk which yields both in various forms. In sale instances, as in that of Moore's patent, the milk is evaporated, so that its constituents again form fluid milk when water is added. In other cases the milk is preserved by steaming, as in the case of the meats we have mentioned. In the che mical department are some very beautiful specimens of crystallised sugar of milk. The productions of the vegetable kingdom used in food are much more numerous. We are rather surprised, however, at some of the omissions in this department. For instance, we should have expected to have seen illustrations of the process of preparing sugar, and specimens of the multitudinous foram it assumes as an article of diet. It would have been interesting here to have seen sugar from various sources : as from the maize, the beet root, the maple, the cocoa palm, the jaggany palm, and, in fact, from the hundred different plants which yield it in abun dance. It seems as if the Exhibition was in league with the West India planters, so us to lead people to the belief that sugar could be obtained only from the sugar cane, and that in no other forms than those of brown and loaf sugar. On behalf of the children of England, we must protest against this un fair treatment of sugar. The younger membersof the community had a right to expect, that whatever was excellent in the art of making sweetmeats and bons-bons should have been exhibited in this depart nrst objects , , by and Mason arc specimens of vanilla. Some of these are front Mexico, from whence the best kinds are brought ; but there is also a specimen of a vanilla fruit grown in Great Britain. Vanilla, on account of its agreeable aroma, is added to many arti cles of diet, but more especially to choco late. It is an expensive substance, and might, if capable of growing in Great Britain, be a source of wealth. That it can be grown in any quantity in hothouses has been shown by Professor Mown, who has perfectly succeeded in cultivating it at Liege. The British specimens hitherto produced arc said to be equal for all dietetical purposes to that btought from the western world. The stall of Messrs. Fortnum and Mason is in many other re spects deserving attention, on account of the new and curious sources from which many of the articles of diet they exhibit are procured. Of animal sub stances we may mention the dried roes of the grey mullet. Of vegetable substances the Sapucaya nuts and mush-mush, and Camardeen substances pro cured from the juice of grapes and other fruits, and eaten with rice. After sugar we mar mention starch. This sub stance forms in almost all vegetable diet a principal feature, but is combined with other compounds. It is, however, often separated, both for dietetical and com mercial purposes. Arrowroot, tapioca, and sago, areall forms of starch, numerous specimens of which, of greater or less purity, arc to be found iu the exhibi tion. We have a large number of specimens of starch, obtained front various sources, some of them apparently new, and which are evidently intended both for commercial and dietetical purpoecs. Spcei mcnsof starch from wheat and rice are exhibited by the Messrs. Colman, of Calleme-hill. Starch such as is used by lace-dressers,with n a substitute for gum, which is used by cotton, silk, woollen, and wall paper printers, arc exhibited by Mr. Tucker, of Len ton, near Nottingham. Starch for manufacturing purposes, procured from sago, potatoes, wheat, and nee, is exhibited by various English, Scotch, and Irish manufacturers. Starelt is also used for hair powder, and specimens used for this purpose are shown by Jones and Co., of Battersea. Madame St. Etienne of Totness exhibits various preparation* of starch, which are imitations of sago, tapioca, and arrowroot. It is well that the public should be aware of the fact that the starch of arrow-root is no better as an article of diet than the starch of any other plant, and that as long as the taste is as agree able, the cheapest starch answers the same purposes in the system us the dearest. Amongst vegetable substances used as food, tea, coffee, and chocolate arc prominent articles. Al though tea is by far the most used of the three, there is but one exhibitor of specimens. We suppose this article is to be looked for amongst the Chi nese specimens. The only samples of tea to be found in Class 3 are interesting. They consist of specimens of various kinds of tea grown and prepared in the British possessions of Assam. It is now above ten years ago that it was known the tea plant was growing wild in Assam. No sooner was this fact made known than Chinese were procured and sent to Assam for the purpose of preparing it. The tea which was thus prepared at first was found not adapted to the palate of Chinese tea drinkers, and it was supposed that artificial cul ture was necessary in order to render the tea plea sant. The Assam plant was cultivated as in China, but still failed to yield a tea that was acceptable. Since that time Chinese plants have been sent to Assam, where they have thriven, and the tea pro duced from them is said to be equal to Chinese tea itself. The Assam Tea Company have ex hibited specimens of all the various kinds of black and green tea grown in Assam. It is to be hoped that attention will be thus drawn to the sub ject of East Indian tea, as it would be of great advan tage both to India and ourselves, for the former country to grow tea for the English market. In the chemical department are specimens of the active principle of tea called theine. It is curious that this substance is found in coffee and also in a plant known by the name of Paraguay tea, a species of Ilex. The Paraguay tea is taken in the Brazils as we take common tea here. In a small glass case are some specimens of Paraguay tea. Provided our duties on tea would permit, there is no doubt that Paraguay tea would be a cheap and efficient substitute for Chinese tea. Those who have once acquired a taste for Paraguay tea prefer it to Chinese tea, and were it carefully prepared, there is no doubt from the absence of seine of the bad qualities of other tea, it would become extensively used in this tea drinking country. Messrs. Snowden and Co., of the City-road, exhibit a series of specimens, showing the various stages through which the coffee berry goes before it is ground and fitted to be made into coffee. This ex hibition, with an improved coffee pot from Mr. Lane, in the Strand, comprises all that has been sent from the coffee-importing and selling firms of this country. Whether the late exposures of the adulterations of coffee, or the impression that every one knows what good coffee is, have prevented a further exhibition of this article, we know not, but it is very certain that, like tea, the specimens sent to the exhibition arc not at all commensurute with its importance as an article of diet. After coffee the mind naturally recurs to chicory. What is chicory ? is a very common enquiry just now, and it may be seen in all its stages, exhibited by Messrs. Saunders and Gatchett, of Dublin. It will be there seen to be the root of a plant. This root, when dried and ground, and made into infusion, has a pleasant taste and smell, not unlike coffee. That it can never become an entire substitute for coffee is evident from the fact that it contains none of the active principle (theine) to which we have be fore alluded. Chicory.is the produce of a plant which grows wild in this country and the continent of Europe, but it is extensively cultivated to supply the demand for its use with coffee. Although cocoa and chocolate are at present less used in this country than either tea or coffee, they find a space in the Exhibition much more extensive. There ars no less than 8 exhibitors of the various moats for observation, and for the application of scientific principles, we proceed to notice those which ore adapted to observing and indicating the phenomena of nature. Telescopes claim to be tint • mentioned, for by the vast extent of their range, they bring within the ken of man the existence of worlds and systems of world., of which he could otherwi►e have formed no conception. This noble inven tion which is scarcely mon than two epnturies and a halfuld, is supposed to have originated front the accidental position of two spectacle glasses. The first Galilean telescopes, and indeed all telescopes made for thirty years afterwards, were but elongated opera glasses, and consisted of a convex object glass with a simple concave rye-glass. These wens succeeded by the astronomical telescope, consisting of two convex glasses of different foci, by which objects were seen inverted. The prismatic refraction of the rays of light when eye-glasses of short focus were used, compelled the telescope makers is ha desired t increase the magnifying power of their instruments, to extend the length of them to 50 feet and upwards. The inconvenience and imperfect' vi such long refracting telescopes led to the inventiou of reflect ing telescopes, by means of which a greater magnifying power was obtained with a very much shorter focal length. These, again, gave placo, in a great degree, to the achromatic tele scope invented by Mr. Dollond, who succeeded in correcting the aberration of a single low, by formin g the object glasses of his telescopes of a combination of ditterent kinds of glass, and of different shapes. The greater convenience of this kind of telescope gave it advantages over the more powerful but less easily constructed reflectors, and though the improvements made by Lord Rosso in the specula of reflecting telescopes, and the fa cilities which the electrotype process offered of multi plying them without trouble, fur a time promised a new revolution, tl:e achromatic form continues to maintain its pre-eminence. A most magnificent instrument of this kind is exhibited by Mr. A. Ross, of Featlieratione-build ings, and constitutes one of the " trophies " in the main avenue. We believe that it is the most powerful achro matic telescope ever made. The diameter of the object glass is eleven lushes and a half, and a magni fying power of six hundred times in diameter may be used without prejudicially darkening thu field of vision. The telescope is mounted on an iron pillar, on the top of which is an adjusting arrangement by which the instruinent may be pointed to any part of the heavens. There is a telescupe in the United States and one on the continent, that possess larger object glosses than this, and Sir James South's telescope approaches close to it, but it: effective magnifying power we believe it surpasses them. Mr. Ross grinds the glasses of his achromatic telescopes on a plan that altruist ensures the accuracy of their spherical surfaces, and produce% coincidence iu all parts of the combined convex and concave lenses as a posi tive result, without the necessity of matching, or, as it is termed, " marrying," the glasses to each other. It may be mentioned as an iuteresting fact, that the French revolution bas been the means of transferring to this country the manufacture of the best glass fur optical purposes. The proprietor of the glass works in France, which supplied the purest flint glass, was induced by the political convulsions to come to England, and assist Mr. Chance, of Birmingham, who has now the reputation of making glass of a quality that could formerly be obtained only on the continent. The other telescopes exhibited are of small size and of ordinary construction. Among the exhibitors of these in struments may be mussed Messrs. Varley and Son, of Charles-street, Clarendon-square ; Messrs. Chadbonm, of Sheffield ; Mr. Salmon, of Whitechapel-road ; Messrs. Elliott and Suns, of the Strand, who exhibit a tine transit instrument; and Mr. Richardson, of Beetle, near Northam. who exhibits the only reflecting telescope of any magni tude, the reflector being mule of crown glass. In microscopes as well as in telescopes Mr. Ross take,. the lead. Many of the largest and best of his make arm arranged round the gr.•at equatorial telescope in the nave, in addition to several that are placed in the north-west gallery among the other philosophical instru ments. There are, however, numerous competitors, who display their ingenuity in various adjusting arrangements fur facilitating microscopical observations. Of the compara tire excellence of these instruments no opportunity of judg ing is afforded, which might have been done without much difficulty, and the exhibitich of objects prepared fur the microscope magnified by the highest available powers would have afforded considerable attraction to thin portion of the Exhibition, which presents but little to gratify the majority of the visitors. English achromatic object glasses for the microscope have long been considered pre-eminent ; and to those not au qoainted with the difficulty of making a perfectly achro matic glass of minute focal length, the value of these lenses may appear to be extravagantly estimated at more than ten times their weight in gold. The superior estimation of the English object glasses for the microscope is proved by their obtaining three times the price of those made in France. Mr. Pritchard, of Fleet-street ; Mr. Pillischer, of Oxford street; Messrs. Field and Son, of Birmingham; and Messrs. Powell and Lealand, of Seymour-place, Euston-square, era the principal exhibitors. . . Of oxyhydrogen microscopes there arc only two, one of them being exhibited by Messrs. Horne and Thoritthwdite, of Newgate-street, the other by Mr. Collins of the Polytech nic Institution. The intensity of the light produced by the action of the dame of mixed oxygen and hydrogen gases an lime is nearly equal to the illuminating power of the sun; the oxy-hydrogen instrument has consequently superseded the solar microscope, which can only be used at uncertain intervals. The magnifying capacities of this microscope are only limited by the quantity of light obtainable and the dis tance to which the lantern can be removed front the streets. Great as this power is, the microscope does not really mag nify so much as the public may be led to suppose by the re presentations of those who usually exhibit its effects. They speak of sixty thousand times as a low magnifying power, but in making that statement the area of the surface and the solid contents arc reckoned, and not the diameter only. For instance, if a cube of the tenth of an inch were magni fied in linear extent one hundred times, the magnifying power would be stated to be one million. According to this mode of estimating, the magnifying power of Mr. Ross's great telescope would be thirty-six mil lions. The oxy-hydrogen microscope has not yet been applied in investigating the minute mysteries of nature with so much effect as its capabilities seem to de serve, for microscopic observers prefer looking directly at an object with a comparatively low magnifying power to the *VI: r , --------.------ , . • - -.--.., -•,,,„, ~,,,,,,_- - . ~,,,......,... ~„,;.,..„,,,,,,. . • . . - • 7 . P' 444 ' Ce 9 "4 o: iii- - YArIO C AN I4:: ; \ • aso f f e <e -e -g-- ' ,--- - . - ' I'' .." • Tie 7 1144.: : 'l.': -- ''... •' : ' ' 4 I . ‘' ,••.' «kJ: .. 'r . . A ' r •• . . . . • . 0. . „„ 11 1 - I • . - *. ii! . , • . ; • " lm.. ~• b ~" :• ‘ . ' ,- • ---41-ma•••Ge...-'4e.-401 0 .m.'1 4 4 - - ...; :st.. j 4. ~.. 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'. • ... s.mi' ''''' • i., Asmatv , - :.• A ' 1 •. 1 4 ' \ .. ~..)1 ii •: . \ ts '' J '`i . .. , I . - ' • . • C 7 I . • . • , . •t • - -• '• - -.."`'. . s .. •le . ' . le, . '." . '%fr .At - li t '' '''" • ::.. 7".t. 4 ':' 4 4 44. *' ' • ' ' . F- , • ' ~ .- • " ' • • ' r ' • • .., ~:". •- ` .-- .- : • ••u • - , 41im 7 f . : ' . : • ' J ..--I""rte ... t , • ..m5m,...,-..... it . * , --..:' , T - a i • • . .. - - • • - -•-• ' • ems'. . , , . . ‘..4. ,:m -reeiro• . .. t ' 4 AAA- i Vs Britilinattli • =PRESS.] LONDON TURDAY i ING, MAY 31, . . ~ (PRICE (DOUBLE 'MEET) FOLTRIIENCE. • . .... . , . t. ir- _ • 'kink% •t • ,-' 1 . .., I• • ." ." 'oF nig GLAss pALBE, broosidever worked la a hew •It is sespredr ., . &great fund of originally. still s hey amply mint, and we tied that iheybanillilla reel °I itia (4 °Md. MI "'WM" We ca ll cocoa is , .•• • .. , ...r...g, ao .e.por•a ~.. ,..... .! ', - 1 , . .. • •s . - ~ --.-... - iteifkaWmion of beilihnit Sew" no real poops It the arti and what it me/ Assa y . gratifications of , *I gait Of a SmitirAnterkin Asett, known to • • . . il • l.•'s . ; 4 ! ...t• • b. ' - -.. a aims mar vnyirrit !lass them sixteen Afferent tints. - The ben more fey' -developed ; and Oran the idseses. 'The provinces • . 4itet ps 2%eartawa Cacao .' MAD platiebeire • - - 4. B. .„ . il Et , ir ! es ir . ..0. N „Int, liithate bung our fik nide" wins Ina not emaseelleil silks are i Apeat sweaty, and in . . of excise reettictiond 'may la Elko as- havens& nevi, the biticieniy,' tah alk i i r e tr iumo nefoleous Mgt (at which Ihartare mini : , -. , Neigeled alt ay sad again in ' siegritties Wore the way that the light is a 1e WI apierhale kr the future prodoetices whesinmy curies abeeens of th u s . .eobstauee is to be • l e is( MI IV*. Exhibition), which Si filled with ' =sue et aria. isdadag-Sader Ger t z !cepnt the mat whlpt 111101121.111 great 1 `split' fine/ and lees laboriele eumurth After only reeognotion - of saga r as an article Is to eels, ham twen e rSve to thirty in number. ows:e ' E l It r Itig 40 '• • use, 4 . llll 4Vmsf . thiP re ali vrr i oes ills"" based and I erhst bi l e rke b ere l" . l" Lentss set' sett. et Spied- tret . trce: Oat evident our lesinetical edifi l ts have not be seen ins by the o eichi s ret a o r ; in the fit" of • die% star v t to 2 country , revered .f with . ,t . ose ~ - ::: :-..5 ig' , - bays prodared them . themselves on Immure is singularly good, and so s ibs ore their beset unheeded, particularly that to be found in Surrey. them the salutioce called coon is prepared. The • abi li ty they an y pearse. Fo- black ' and coloured eatinettes and their watered tieseftral of Salisbury. Mr. Luke Limner seems From wager we natura ll y . pass to the results of „its med s contafis a fixed oil or butter, which may be se- rOPitlili - Ilaga . . .. i..ja : t: N imp0r,3......: . *ipso-the Freak especially-yams in wonder • &capes. le ie SI felicitous in glees adornments as in the fermeatatiou, wins and spirits. As, however, all f i r- pirated, and lif which* tine example may be seen in ' .4 • ~ ,t .. .a-?'i .. hogs, tbs., and the wok& c eariaat," e superb/ " I J. and W. Robinson and Co., of Milk-street, have a enisier compose of bookbinding : the application of mented liquors were forbidden, except from new end M. Lebaire's specimens in the Exhibition. In addi- BA TV ICWI.V MAY: 7 I6I, , . • imosoei,.. ow hairs every nay, and then half , ease well worthy o f rem a r k, stoked w ith ve l ve t f o r thalaws:of true ornament seems to have in his mind hitherto unknown aaturese, the displays of these tion to tine axed oil, the cocoa seeds contain starch. ' inveinatsrily ejaculated. Nor is thit an inconsider- I pulpits, and for waistcoats. Satin for ladies' shoes, no alight connexion, and we might fare better if all compounds are very sew, Th ere I. a eolleo- albumen, and an active principle very like to that .' , • • =Assad of praise. Long have they been our I laventine and serge for linings, table silk for em- hal the same command oyez the human form which tion of British miles, none of which require contained in tea and coffee. Messes. Fry and Son of • mierimilmemsimif • rivals in the production of goods .of this de- tooidery, &c. Amongst the numerous and costly he Ms over floriated enibliens. any particular notice except six bottles of champagne Bristol, exhibit specimens of the flowers, leaves, and ' manufactured from the stalks of rhubarb. Such fruit of the cocoa-tree, from Trinidad, as well as spe- a .,._,-,.,.. liikibalks, and, the exception of a certain de- goods of first-rate . appearance and quality in the - - SUBSTANCES USED AS FOOD. Absut t" 1118111118 . "k W. hati ,," l " l / 1 7 11 „,... L . ."" t : 1111.7.;...8 . ressipeladis in the finish, there are compartment pertaunoff to Mr. T. Brooks, of Spital- - specimens only indicate the ignorance of their eimene of its various manufactured states. Messrs. mr_r___„' sinslll C,.. '" • "*-"'''''' e .,, .., WM Mums _timid paints in which the.Englieh I square. we select as ierving particular scrutiny, 'The third clan of products in the Exhibition , and makers of the principles involved in wine-making Rinten, White, and Benson , also exhibit specimens 8 ............. . ... et .... =... - ' JIM net fully equal them. It has two pieces, cue a Pink and the other of deep azure which Ands a o we to th e nor th gallery are those by which it will be clearly seen that nothing of cocoa made into paste ;shavings, and thc other dm bib*" .............. - win big thong)[[ that oat neighbours across the `blue ,ilk . Hi, velvets will a l so b eer very f a i r wee , nseftl ... _. as food. This class comprises, of warm, only at present has been discovered to compete with the forms in which it is used in the same way as tea and . thillree wat ri pemak . eolo gram' chased qtr exisilkol is it the pennenesee of their Paris= with a large proportion of those brought for. [let, substances whir* will keep, and as such can juice of the grape fee this purpose, and that all fruits coffee in this country. When ;cocoa is further pte- >asd edam& bas , henerier, is a thaw, for our ward on this occasion. Gall convey a very imperfect idea of the contribu- and vegetable matters containing citric, inalic, oxalic pared and has scents or other substances added, it • tit* of the ve getable or animal kingdom to the sup- and other acids, are unfitted for making wises is called chocolate. The chocolate ordinarily tamaresamele k st. l4olol-1- ‘ ll6 ll 114111 hi. diem • se a . sew lily etespire' in - their art with any kitieurtene - a • iebere every Teem in eeery in with awe of Turkey, STAINED AND PAINTED GLASS. sort at Men. The prooesses, also, of reParing food Amongst the foreign and colonial products are other drank contains vanilla. In Prance chocolate Mkt neenuarily excluded from this deportment. To samples of wines and fermented li quors, obtained mixed with sugar has long been a favourite sweet- Una' weal - be a • .• ._. _,__.....** Per i fik aga Zi=rereshorellimalgthin ewer- The lengthy array of painted and stained glass, these, however, who feel that the Great Exhibition from the fermentation of the juices of other plants meat, not only with children but with grown people. Wrests vraitkie • sad P"‘""" """ tan, - der beat sithatity, that which eel/sada throughout the half of the upper as la Geasnik • - ,140111 1 0 1 ATOP "geed ea do ansto . lai argagimimakt are sap relieve oboes the save, and which &Meets notice by Z y U 11 410484 withest lac 4 1 111e7 cleverf beside the grape. • Establishments for the sale of these preparations of le , i g, A y , b ees! ". m pg A s h inkiigna at 4 4 o ut • d yed ash has Imam r „, - ,„..,, ....... . d .„ now t h e , ► against rd the inert recherche modes et pea,- -- lbekepikeilvtig eager, we may speak atvtlee pee- ebssolate ata low 000111011 in Landow, end M. it wilt cause some consolation to know duets employed es" rood, which ate preserved by Lelraigue's specimens of this branch of trade arc -- 4 " 4 "Pa"... 112111 w aina1 7 115 M 12 we ' d aser ' able • in Manchester and in other parts of this country. 'every one has me comparatively well acquainted 'Pat'lng it, that whatever the Exhibition is deficient in is supplied means of its action. One of the most complete exhibi- worthy examination. In this case will lie also seen, Here and there a Chinaman turned up; now and then W e recommen d t h ose w h o arc d es i rous o f rea ll y w i t h t h e more i m p or t ant wor k s w hi c h are sca t tere d lei the establishment of 3lousieur Soyer at Bore lions of this kind is the compartment assigned to specimens of the other materials which are add e d, u s a few dark men, iu red caps, were encountered stu d y i ng t hi s d e li cate an d b eaut if u l b ranc h o f art to i n pro f us i on b eneat h. F ew o f t h ose w h o v i s it e ith er strolling down Itegent-street-but no crowds of commence at the cases numbered 4 4 and 43, Section i our own cathedrals or inspect the treasures of conti- 11 ""e• Messrs. Fortnum and Mason. Must of the specimens give the cocoa its flavour and value such as sugar, strange-looking people blocked up the streets. Citi- XIII. And here we may take the opportunity of uental churches ever thinkofinvestigating the merits Substances used as food may be very properly in this collection consist of various kinds of fruits vanilla, Iceland moss, gums, tee. We have at divided into those obtained from the animal and saturated with augar. Ilene are pears, apples, apri- present given only a ha s ty g l ance at t h e contents of tens pursued their business as usual ; and lodging congratu l at i ng t h e pu bli c upon t h e rea d y a d opt i on muc h l eas exam i n i ng t h e su bj ects o f t h e ill um i nate d those from the vegetable kingdom, although no such cots, prunes, and various other fruits brought from the Gloms Palace, as far ns class 3 is concerned. an d speculators wore doleful faces. Suddenly a cause for o f t h e hi nt we t h rew out not many d ays ago upon w i n d ows , w hi c h a b e d suc h a p l easan t g l ow o f li g h t division exists in the Exhibition, ‘V o s hall first different parts of the world, and in a condition to be have yet to refer to some of it s most remar k a bl e this disappointment was discovered. The thing was t h e su bj ect o f t h e cata l ogue . Si nce our remar k s over t h e structure . I t i s t h ere f ore a rare sa ti s f action describe the animal products. It is not many of the eaten with or without cooking. Some of these fruits specimens. easily accounted fur. No foreigners or country upon the incorrectness of the early issue we to be enabled to scan closely the merits of those pro- lower animals that afford food to man at all,especially are of recent introduction, and may be made agree- people would think of coming before the price of . a .. - pla tml l h i e l n . r s l i t n i r g i u i :t i, ° o en S o t ° , ur P in t i m i la c iC n: are glad to find that a new edition has been pre- ductions , whose principal claim to our interest is such as can be kept and exhibited. There is, however, able additions to the table at this KellAoll of the year, mission to the Glass Palace was reduced to one salt- pared, and is now to be purrluesed. It is far superior avowedly that of being an imitation of by-gone arts. ling. ' then would the influx come. Then would one exception, and that is the honey of bees. 'llmis when the list year's stock of fruit is nearly ex- s oLf 7( l . BNu m bdS to Ti a ‘l' i ti . ld e 7i : l r li . g i E tu tl : h7e to Si r :l • ll •l ll :smri- in many respects to the old hastily concocted volume, Here may be studied at ease, and seized almost at a rso- mighty torrents of eager visitors pour into the Sun- roduct of the insect tribes is exhibited in various haunted, and the present year's produce is yet to but it has still some inaceuraeics, occasionally glance, the difliament phases which the art of P Fry . niVrolamlis ; then woul d all tho suburbs be forms. Mr. Doubleday, of Coggesliall , lines, has come, Amommt the objects exhibited by Fortnum „„nt., for obwrmtion. and far the anntirat inn nf an titin clueing. as we had nn opportunity of noticing on ace - the ornamental glazier has undergone since LE. 11111. res sit POMO OM I Waft& 'pally Out . 7 ; Cloudy Y. a awry ',Nam. r waft& rem& refits this - thershe• mining et illy Coady day Ong, .7E°. U. 5.).. , ran foul of he river this is ►pars and re. Pot Alan ▪ Whal 4 I tea. 'Jam 11 . ,Jam • • M.; 211 „law 3 has 111 iDady .11 ea. Mums IS ton. hum 3 Kay 30 kr. law 3 tam. I TaTILIII3 ma. Jaw SO t ileada. ras. " C tap. Joao 39 teie.,te ton. Jut. 22 Joao km 101111 22 -June ten June 3 tna , June IS Kay $0 'June S iJune eon. June 4 euu., , Jusie 20 , June 2 eon I.luse 20 toe lone 3 esnmed S 2 Vaned Staten aistutisi PaYin(' hueUis ..... Laois Nev iA ro sa rk Ilawe Swaim Bens& Calks Lames Kew/York la Juin Lair ...... Waked . .. (hurts ..... . ........ %e• lock ... Cape avtou II i.alna ... bxx{ail Calcutta parents tail= ..... Norway Nyasa, . . Anuacrclaia Cara Palmas ..... 11*.aira z r : ... ha VTutime .. ~ :-~.a.a0. ......... ....... -- Yoram .. (*ono inerawrea Wood 1444 es ikaims ....-.... Awes ..... .X•goTedt •y N.S., Ilap S, I: II lIILE FACT so me W 01118.6. ul Maud to tail took there it so s the, forAtioad ' , fly ea the =Lao +oak ono teol4 my at lbw ly Ir.. mourn y 5"....4•4a. mad lad at ha1...0r IEATIIS. gr.. J. I:. Bode. , tbs wife et T. Wont, of a we. I. lark Sava', et WT. Mr► Pula. ism Irehod, IN lowlelree. Ur. F. iv Are Ems; tb• J. IP. A-11.. sad it. sad 1111bints • WS Pim D. a. r, r tbeleg am he Wise 4rmy. . el Deempri. Va. Lima. F. P. Pls J. H. Seale. orl durilwa of Padd tiptoe, by *e t P. William. smsa • 7 910 • 1 4 IN% 14101•11. e grim eldest hereUbe. liosies. ✓tlaNblee. City, rel, lisslossa. reliel et the lets h MEL It Peek Ilesthwerk. sad r. IL Partridge. I /IL %mi., MaWok Media. Civil Juliet/ Drift. No. 4, Lombard. Ifs, in Loinhard #o. 11131. ..111.r. 'En •