The Express. — London, England, 1847-09-07 00:00:00

rail from Ulm towards Augsburg is still very uncertain. Tom. Au g sburg to Munich the railway is in active progress, het it is of no benefit to the Austrian Lloyd's present route. Much has been said about a Bavarian and Austrian jape tion line between Munich and Salzburg, but nothing definite has yet been done. Great difficulties are presented by the fans of the country; and Austria, engaged as she is in vast po strivances for the union of her southern and northern pro- T osco, and, it would appear, little disposed to favour their intercourse with the more advanced states of the west, is not ugly to make any serious effort to bring her docile flocks of eldep into contact with the faithless and !cunning wolves of Bemet. Nevertheless, we do not entertain a doubt but that the tide of evants will one day bring about the execution of this needful and beneficial work; only we must be per tained to sued that, for the time being, and probably for many years to come, it were vain to think of it. Thus it appears that, for the great interval of 172 geo graphical miles between Salzburg and Vienna, there exists nether projects nor prospects of its execution. The ground in part is very unfavourable, the traffic unimportant (except for heavy goods, such as wood and paving stones, which may be conveyed by water); and before entertaining the notion the Austrian government would surely rather complete the great lines decided upon, and in course of execution, from Vienna to Lemberg, from Vienna to Trieste, and from Milan to Venice. Decidedly averse aa the Austrian govern ment is to giving the execution of the great lines of railway into private hands, they are forced to conduct the entire works themselves, and on their own resource , . Now, it is easy to calculate that the last lean will scarcely suffice for the completion of the above works, and that to enter upon the Salzburg line they must have recourse to a fresh loan, which cannot be done, for on contracting the last loan an engage- Meet was entered into to contract no others for a certain period. This being the ease, we will leave each to judge for himself as to the probability of a speedy construction of this route. If the line between Salzburg and Vienna is thus uncertain, that between Salzburg and Bruck is even more so ; for it strikes against two, in Austria, all-powerful interests ; viz., the military and administrative. The predominating idea in the tracing of Austrian lines is that of concentrating at Vienna all the great lines of the empire, whether south, north, east, or west ' and of setting up Vienna not only as the governmental, b ut also as the commercial and manufac turing, capital. The projected branch between Bruck and Salzburg, in opening a direct line of communication, inde pendent of Vienna, between Germany, llungary, and Trieste would interfere with this plan—would partly emancipate the provinces from the capital, and, as it were, substitute for Vienna the little town of Bruck. Again, the military de fence of Austria depends on the fortress of Linz. A r ail way between Salzburg and Bruck would turn the former place, and subject Vienna to the danger of being attacked in thereat, and at the tune time having its communicational with the south. ern portion of the empire cut off. To all these considerations let us add the serious difficulty offered to the enterprise itself, forced to crass two Alpine chains, and to cut its way through narrow and rocky valleys, and all will be convinced, with as, that the construction of this branch is, at least for the present, more than improbable. Between Vienna and Trieste there are, besides the breaks in the continuity of tho line at Mount Seim meting, between Gloggnitz and Murzzusehlag •' that be tween Cilli, and Laibach ; and, finally, that of the Julian Alps between Laibach and Trieste. As regards the first, au Alpine chain must be passed with a steep ascent of 4,000 feet. This will no doubt be accomplished some time, but up to the present moment nothing definite has been determined with regard to it. The trunk line be tween Cilli and Laibach is in the course of construction, and might be completed in a year. With regard to crossing the Alps between Laibach and Trieste there as yet exists no definite project, because of the difficulties which this part of the trunk line presents. The chain here, instead of ter minating in a lofty peak (as is the case in the central Alpe), susceptible of being approached by gradual ascents, pro- tected from the wind, and penetrated by a tunnel at its cul minating point, extends for 30 geographical mites of isolated calcareous heights, steep, and including basins, which suc ceed one another without any kind of adder, and through which a passage could not be cut without long windings, and extreme!) difficult and expensive works. For these reasons is it that as vet no definite project has been formed ; nothing ezisu but plans, and it certainly cannot be expected that this portion would be accomplished before 1852. From what has now been said, it appears that Trieste may possibly in 18.52 have a railway to Vienna, but as there would still be 458 miles from Vienna to Heidelberg,—that is to say, exactly the same distance as by the present road from Trieste to Heidelberg,—it will be at once admitted that the whole line to Vienna will be useless, as far as Trieste is concerned, for this part of the journey would be pure loss of time, at all events until the line from Vienna shall have been coatinued to Clm. In the interim, Trieste will still find it more ad vantageous to make use of its present post road ; that is to say, it will remain stationary while its rivals progress. The route from Genoa has now a railroad as far as Baele ; front B.tsle to Zurich the line is in course of construction, and is already opened for a portion of the distance. From Zurich to Wallenstadt, and below Coil, there is water carriage by steam. boats, alongside of which a railroad will doubtless be con structed, as soon as the road across the Alps is opened. Thus there it oue of the lines of rail towards Con already certain. Returning to the Baden hoe, there is in contemplation a branch from Offenburg to Constance, in order to avoid the winding of the road by Ride. The conditions of concession have been agreed to by the states; the government has taken shares to the amount of one-sixth of the whole ; and as it is intend,d by this project to do justice to a large portion of the grand duchy, which has contributed to the construc tion of the great road between Basle and Mannheim, with out shnring its advantages, we cannot doubt but that the government of Baden will itself take charge of the matter, which, looking at the favourable state of its finances, and the satisfactory result of that great line, would be no difficult matter. The governments of the cantons of Zurich end Thurgau have granted to a highly respectable Swiss company the con cession of a line between Zurich and the Lake of Constance, with branches to Constance and Rohnchach. In proportion as the works between Zurich sand Basle progress, those be tween Zurich and Constance, which, inasmuch as they bring the line from Zurich into direct communication with those running to Constance. Friedrickshafen, Lindau, and Rohrs chach, use the complement of the first mentioned works, must necessarily progress also. Thus we are sure of a second line as far as Rohrschach on the Lake of Constance. We have already stated that the government of Wurtem berg is actively occupied in the construction of the Wurtem berg line. It is bound by an engagement with the country to ample te it within three years. Thus we are certain of a thirst line as far as Friedrickahafen on the Lake of Constance opposite Rohrschach. Passing to the other side of the Alps, we find the great Sardinian line in the course of construction to Genoa. It gives employment to 25,000 labourers, and must be finished in 1849. The only gap then left open would be that comprised be tween the Lake of Constance and the Lego Magniore. This would he provided for by thejunction lines between Germany and Italy crossing the summit of the Lucmanier. This pro ject, supported by the first notabilities of Piedmont, en couraged in every way by all the governments interested in it—Sardinia, Switzerland, and the states of South Germany —is actually prosecuted ; the moet distinguished engineers of Germany and Italy have pronounced it practicable ; and the recommendation it posseesea—being an unrivalled line between the basins of the Rhine and the Po, the two seas of the north, and the two seas of the south, between the so dis similar produce sad manufactures of north and south—a safe passage, neutral and independent of any great power. These advantages, combined with the eminent advantages of its concessions, will certainly make it an object of general at traction to speculators, as soon as it is brought within their reach. It is impassible that the Italian and German lines should be left without a connecting link ; and as the object can be attained by niother line than this, the necessities of politics and commerce will urge it on. If Austria finds it necessary to push its lines on to the Adriatic, the above mentioned states will find it quite as necessary to join the Mediterranean and the north ; and their united efforts will perhaps accomplish this with greater facility than the inert masa of Austria herself, occupied inevitably with so many other affairs no less urgent. In recapitulating the above data, we find that in two or three years Genoa will have an uninterrupted line of rail way of 303 geographical miles, (the formation of which is begun, and entirely approved of on the part of the govern ment) from Genoa to the railroads along the Rhine, with the single interraption of the 29 miles. Supposing the average rats of travelling to be as above calculated, 20 miles an hour by rail, and 8 miles an hour by post•road, this journey will take 15 hours by rail and 16 hours by road, making together 31 hours • while Trieste, within a like ri peod, will have only 110 Miles of rail between Heidelberg and Clm, and will have to perform the remainder of the 347 miles on the road, expending 51 in rail, and 434 hours on the road, making together 49 hours, or 18 hours more than Genoa. _ But supposing, and there is no reasonable ground of doubt, that the railroad over the Lucnianier be finished in five years, then in 1852 Genoa will possess a continuous line] of railway of 432 miles to Heidelberg, while Trieste, as we have above proved, will remain stationary. Bo much for the existing line, and its imaginary rival. London, August 31. THE TRADE OF ODESSA. The Odessa Messenger contains the following notice of the trade of Odessa during the year 1847 The export trade of Odessa ddring the first half of the year 1817, as compared with the same period of 1846, is as follows 1646. 1847. Total , a:tie ore:ports 7,867,485 idlver roubles 16,863,956 s. r. Quantities of the principal articles : When 704,777 eltetsrerts• 1,240,1141 Rye 123,815 do. 179,664 Lasted Wool Ulm. 175,5331 do. 209,754 Total table of imports 3,533,602 sllverronties 5,363,5065. r. Salm of soods reattlpped tn.." ()" " a f " tha t 1 127 810 do. 1, 0 08,819 dd. I other parts of the ' ' aspire Amnds of f.reigo shipping 590 DePuture. of ditto 734 In the first half of 1846 the trade of Odessa snrpasaed that ar any . preceding year; but, nevertheless, the above figures am show that it has more than doubled in the fint six months tithe current year. The cause is well known ; it we. the Allure of the crop/ in the greater part of Europe ; and, in eGCNquance, 1,463,587 chetwerta of corn were shipped from Oesoa in the first six months of the present year. Imme diately on the opening of our navigation (by the breaking up r the ic, 1, in Iveimuu, and March, prices rose to a height t i thetta unknown, the autumn supplies in the west of ' °7o Pe beiol; consumed, sod the inquiries for corn being racial. Winte." wheat of the first quality fetched 11 roubles 4 4 4 ks ; cad 175 roe 45 rovbles 71 kopeck. shyer the chetwert. However, the markets in France, England, Bel gium, and the European ports, having been supplied from Odeon, and (tom the other ports on the Black Sea, and also front North America, the prices above mentioned, as was to be expected, began to fall; the soma expectation than wiring of a favourable harvest ma terially assisted in lowering prices, and in eoasequenee, at the end of June, the best winter wheat only fetched 7 rouble 14 kopecks, and rye only 4 roubles silver the chetwen. With these low prices the corn trade here is still profitable, both to the producer and the merchant. The whole value of the above-mentioned quantity of corn exported in the fi rst six months of this yeti's abOut 14,200,5. - silver roubles (nearly 611 millions paper roubles) ; the value of the wheat exported is about 12,910,304 silver roubles (at an average price of 10 roubles 4 kopecks silver the chetwert) ; that of the rye is about 956,463 roubles silver (at an average pries of 6 roubles 31 kopecks silver the chetwert). The question now is how the second half of the year will stand a compa rison with the unexampled progress of the first. The ex ports from Odessa are generally muck more impertant in the sosesel that in the • first half of the year. Will such be the coo this year, when nearly a million and a half shetwerts of corn have already been exported to foreign countries From Odessa, when prices have fallen and the EZ:of the harvest abroad are most favourable ? t a can be foretold with certainty; but there are grounds for believing that, with respect to the exports, the mood half of the year will exhibit at least no falling of from those of the first. For, first of all, however plentiful the harvests in west Europe may turn out, they will hardly ruffle, to cover the scanty of last year, when it is considered that the scarcity not only extended to the quantity required for the support of the population, but even to that required for seed, and that neither England, France, Belgium, nor Holland produce a sufficiency for their own wants. Further more, the reductions in the English corn tariff, and the opening of almost all the western European ports for the free admission of grain, some of them to the Ist of Jan., and others until the spring of 1848, will no doubt cause speculators to lay in sup ' plies of corn for the next year, during the coming autumn, should no immediate necessity even be shown. With re spent to prices they certainly will not rise, but they can ' hardly experience any further fall of importance ; end the ' reductions in the English corn tariff and the temporary free admission of grain into almost all the western European ports, notwithstanding the distance of the port on the Black Sea, will keep alive the demand for Russian corn for a future supply. In the other branches of trade the first half of 1847 also exhibits an increase as compered with that of 1846. The exports of linseed and tallow have been very great this year, notwithstanding low prices. We must take this opportunity of remarking that the wool producers in the governments of Yrkatherinoslav, Kieiv, Podolieau, and partly even in Cher son, have for some time found it more advanta pous to send their wool to the island annual markets instead of to Odessa; a circumstance which should not be lost si,ght of by the merchants of Odessa. The value of the foreign imports is also greatly above that of the year 1846; but in the above-mentioned figures there is in cluded bullion to the value of 2,166,328 rouble:, silver, which has been imported into Odessa. The value of the goods sent from Odessa inland has rather fallen as compared with the first half of 1846. In this respect Odessa and the whole southern portion of the empire is waiting for the construc tion of roads and railroads to Odessa, as one of the most im portant of the Russian, and indeed of the European, ports. Shipping during the present year was, of course, very much in demand, and in general freights have been very high. • 100 Chetwerts 74 4 Eeelatt quarter,. trbe Court. ARDVERIKIE, FRIDAT, SEPT. 3.—ln the forenoon her Majesty on her pony accompanied the Prince a portion of the way to the shooting ground, returning to Ardverikie attended by her Lady in Waiting. In the afternoon her Majesty and the Prince, accompanied by the Prince of \ Vales and the Princess Royal, went out on the lake. The Marquis of Abercorn and Viscount Jocelyn joined the royal dinner party. Viscount Palmerston is expected this after noon from town. OSBORNE, SEPT. 4.—The Queen Dowager paid a visit to the royal children this afternoon, and atter remain ing about an hour returned to Hyde, Her Majesty was attended by Lady and Miss Gore and by the lion. Miss Mitchell, and was received at the entrance hall by the Dow ager Lady Lyttelton and the Master of the Household. Prince George has arrived at his residence, in St. James's Palace, from Ireland. HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE WALDEMAR OF PittBSlA.—Yeaterday forenoon, Prince Waldemar, accom panied by Baron Lauer Muuchosen, Count d'Oriolla, and Count Oroeban, left Mivart's, and proceeded direct to the London Docks. His Royal Highness was engaged a consider able time in going over the warehouses, walking through the quay., and afterwards visited the wine vaults. On leaving the docks the Prince and suite repaired to the brewery of Barclay and Perkins, Southwark, the principals of that op pulent firm being in waiting to show the illustrious Prince over the premises. In the course of yesterday the Prince re ceived numerous visits from the lending corps diplornatiouc, and a long list of o ffi cers connected with the army. His Royal Highness entertained a select party to dinner last even ing at Mivart's. The Prince intended subsequently to honour Vauxhall Gardens with his presence. His Royal Highness, in consequente of a press of other engagements, war obliged to defer his farewell visits till to-day. At an early hour to-morrow morning his Royal Highness embarks fur stead. - . . — Sir J. De Veulle had an interview with Sir G. Grey, yesterday, at the Home-office. Despatches were received yesterday, at the Colo nial-office, from the Governors of the West India colonies. Despatches were also received, yesterday, fromthe Governors of the Mauritius, Malta, and Gibraltar. Sir E. Buxton, Mr. M. O'Fcrrall, and Mr. ltodges had interviews, yesterday, at the Home-office, with Sir G. Grey. THE FRENCH EMBASSY.—Hie Excellency the Duke de Broglie has gone to France on urgent business of a private character. Count and Countess de Jarnac, who are sojourning at Tunbridge Wells, return to the embassy early in the ensuing week. Count Henri de Biarn is now in Paris, but returns towards the close of the week to resume his duties at the embassy. Count Louis de Noailles leaves for Paris this week._ _ DEATH OF VISCOUNT KENMURE.—The Right Hon. Adam Gordon Viscount Kenmore and Lord of Lochinvar, baronet of Scotland and Nova Scotia, died at Kenmure Castle, stewartry of Kirkcudbright, on the morning of the Ist inst. His lordship was born Jan. 9, 1792, and married, in 1843, Mary Anne, the daughter of the late James Wildey, Esq. Having died without issue, his lordship is succeeded in the family estates by his sister the Hon. Louisa, relict of Charles Bellamy, Esq., H.E.1.C.5., who now, inconsequence of the death of her brother, in terms of the entail, assumes the name and arms of Gordon of Kenmure and Lochinvar. Whether the title, in consequence of the death of the late viscount, becomes extinct or not, is, we believe, altogether untle.tartnined. DEATH OF SIR W. NIGEL GAMEY, BART.— This reverend baronet died on Friday last, at Nether Seale Hall, his seat in Leicestershire. He was son of the Rev. \V. Gresley, by bin first wife, daughter of Sir Nigel Oresley, and was bum in March, 1806. He married, in 1831, MN Reid, second daughter of the late Mr. George Reid, by whom he leaves a family of three sons and a daughter, his eldest son, Thomas, born in 1832. succeeding to the baronetcy. The deceased had only enjoyed the family honours since 1837, when he succeeded his cousin, Sir Nigel Greeley. DEATH OP LADY JANE PEEL.—COVENTRY, 7110 - DAL—This Mop feeling of regret was very generally felt th this city on it being a nnounced that this late lady expired yesterday, at Bagginton Hall, four miles distant from this place. It appears that a few days ago her ladyship, accompanied by several of her family, attended at the grand archery iat Meriden, when, it s said, ahe caught a severe sold, which Increased with fearful rapidity, and resisted every possible effort within the reach of medical skill, and under which she sank yesterday at five o'clock. Her ladyship has left behind her a family of 16 children, 10 of whom are daughters. Her ladyship was universally esteemed for her benevolence, and her loss will be deeply felt by the poor of the neighbourhood in which she resided. Intelligence of the sad event was immediately sent to Sir Robert Peel, who, its expected, will arrive here from the north to-day. He would, no doubt, have been here before, but the shortness and rapidity of her ladyship's illness pre vented the possibility of an earlier communication. HER MAJESTY'S VISIT TO SCOTLAND. Loco LAGGAN, SATURDAY.— Yesterday, her Majesty, with Lady Jocelyn as Lady in Waiting, ac companied the Prince Consort and party on the moors of Glen Sheva to view the beating of the surround ing covers. The weather kept up pretty well from ten to three, when some heavy showers fell. Prince Albert left the lodge at about ten o'clock for the moors of Strathritashie, from which, after some few shots, he pro ceeded acmes to Glen Sherd and Sheramore, there to join her Majesty, who drove from Ardverikie in a phaeton and pair, General Wemyss accompanying It on horseback. The royal party drove round by the Marquis of Abereorn'e lodge, near to which her Majesty and Lady Jocelyn alighted, mounted their highland ponies, and proceeded to meet Prince Albert. The time occupied on the ground scarcely exceeded an hour and a half, so, as may be well inferred, the sport was of no more than a mediocre character. No roes, or indeed any of the horned species, made their appearance ; the grouse were rather ici. — Za; =2. the best sport wu evidentiv had with the black game. The party shot in ali 71 brace 'of black game, 41 of grouse, and I hare. To the lot of the victors also fell two of those sleep-a-day species, owls ; but they, of course, we cannot class under the head of game. The shooting having terminated at about hslf-put one o'clock, her Majesty and Lady Jocelyn returned to Ardverikie, followed by the Prince Consort and party. Her Majesty and the Prince Consort lunched alone about two o'clock. The members of the suite occupied the large banquetting room. Tne royal party subsequently walked and drove about the grounds. At five o'clock they were somewhat startled by the appearance of snow on the Coriander ind other hills in view from the lodge. This morning the element appears in still greater force, and gives the scene a most wintry-like appearance, as well ma indicates the near approach of severe weather. This morning the sportsmen are again on the move. The Prince Consort has gone on a deer•etalking excursion; Prince Liking= and the Marquis of Aberoorn to the moors of w en sl ee p, Mr. Popham in a different direction. THE EXPRESS, TUESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 7, 1847. CATHOLIC DEMONSTRATION RESPECTLNO THE POPE. Last evening a numerously-attended meeting of catholic* was held at the Eastern Institution, Commercial road East, for an expression of opinion, and to take mea sures with regard to the late Austrian aggression upon the papal territories. The Rev. John Moore presided, an" having opened the proceedings, Mr. F. LUCAS proposed the first resolution. The main tenance of the holy see was a question of so much impo} tune, that he hardly knew how to describe the interest ab tutted to it. The Pope was the sovereign of a small state not rich in wealth, or any of the materials by which, in the present day, riches were measured; yet he knew no power greater than his, for they were not to consider the Pope as the ruler of the least wealthy part of Italy, but as the spiri tual ruler of the greater part of Christendom, and as exec (doing a most potent influence over almost every civilised end uncivilised country. But although the Pope had the largest empire to administer, his was one of the poorest sovereigns of Europe. It was therefore impossible for him to attend to the temporal administration of his states, end bad government had been the consequence. During that time which they, as catholic*, were strzunomed to call the better period of the Christian world, every part of that world contributed its share of the common expense to that which was the common interest of all; lately, however, another order of things prevailed, and the bad government of which he spoke could not be ascribed to any other cause. There were other reasons why the catholic* of this country were bound to give the Pope every support in their power, one of which was his conduct towards their Irish brethren, by which a derp debt of gra titude was entailed upon them. He wished it werepossible, as a testimony of their estimation of his services, to raise a British legion for Italy. He believed that sufficient funds for such a purpose could be raised among the English and Irish catholic*, and he did not doubt but that the time was coming when the appearance of a British legion would fortify ti n papal throne from any hostile attack.. But present that was too great an stadertaki . 4 for them • they could but begin the movement, ant th e ir exam pl e wou ld doubtless be followed out in every district and in every country where catholicism could be found to exist. He believed that a great result would fellow from that aid, and a great blow would be struck against the southern despot of Europe. He did net consider the designs of Austria so unimportant as they were believed to be by some. In 1830, that country possessed an army of 400,000 men, which in a single year was increased to 530,000, and that without adding one shilling for taxes to the public burdens of the state. He left them then to judge of what a position Rome was in with her 20,000 troops with regard to the Austrian power. He thought that under these I circumstances the sympathy and assistance of the English and Irish catholic' might be productive of great &dean- Lege, in encouraging the Pope in his resistance, and enabling him to gain time until the other powers of Europe should adopt some distinct course upo'i the subject.. He moved :_ . . . . That Pope Pius the Ninth has won for himself the admiration and unbounded esteem of every lover of rational liberty, by the comp-e -berodrensm of his p ilk'', the practkal wisdom of his views, and the generous impulse he has given to civil, social, and national ameliora tion; and that we deem it our duty to proclaim before the world our sentiments, and to aid and assist Pius the Ninth by every Lawful meson in our power, In his present arduous struggle against the focs of constitutional government. The resolution wan seconded by Mr. Kelly, and carried with but one dissentient voice, The Rev. Wm. Kelly, Mr. Acheson, and the Rev. Mr. Kyrie spoke in support of other resolutions to a similar pur port, the latter of which recommended a public subscription in furtherance of their objects. Previously to the litter being adopted by the meeting, Mr. Brooks and Mr, Priest, two gentlemen, who stated that they did not belong to the catholic church, made some observations expressive of their opinion, that the object for which they were assem bled was one in which all were equally interested, whether catholic or protestant, the cause being that of liberty and constitutional government, and that the subscription should be extended accordingly. The opinion was received with considerable applause, in which the chairman expressed his hearty concurrence. The proceedings then terminated, the contributions of the assembly being collected at the doors. POSTAGE STAMPS FOR FOREIGN LETTERS.—The arrangements for enabling the public to prepay the postage on foreign letters by means of stamps, are nearly completed. One shilling stamps will only be issued for the present, and the postoffices entitled to sell them will be only those in some of the principal towns in the kingdom, until further arrangements are made. The foreign stamps will be about the size of the penny postage stamps ; they will be of an octagonal shape, and the colour of them will be green. They willbe principally serviceable for preparing letters to India, China, British West Indies, Gibraltar, Malta, lonian Islands, Honduras, United States, Bermuda, Halifax, New foundland, Panama, Chili, Peru, Venezuela, western coast of America, Prussia, Belgium, Holland, Java, New South Wales, and New Zealand. The following instruction has beta issued to the deputy-postmasters : The Lords other MaioStyi 'treasury hiring authorised the issue of nnstage damps of the value of one shilling, • specimen is forwarded separately to tame deputies, Sic., who obliterate postage stamps, ter the pommel of Wog eorapired, in use of doubt, with the stamped hams at this demeiptioa that may pose through the post-oftlee. With elthelmworthosarow postagestemP• pswinirders. for sale rCi t tholhatiloatico by the post-other will be ootirlecd, t!rthe poiallesen oft he underm new cn s Uonsd placzln a t s he inred em b i. h=bst sriththc lY Pow ble The with the We of them postage stamps will WI Is the pales of the rats elms shilling each, whatever may Iss fee ell bor es% mud posattege, at the rate of one per rent. ▪ lbe Ws, Till to 'Dowd to postmasters who are entrusted with 110 iblitiwtkes of those Maps to the public. Thu instructions on th=otesseelliss stamps, Are., contained In the book of general Lined to poslnuseters in leis, most be carefully acted upon will signed to the oew stamps. Amended forms of amounts fee stamps will be tranenaltted to all postmasters, and upon user reel a supply they will return to thb deportment the pre wit forme for stamps m their powasiori. PRISON DISCIPLINE CONGRESS AT BRUSSELS.— At the first meeting of this hodj (last year in Frankfort-on the-Maine) Mr. Whitworth ussell. the late inspector of prisons, and Mr. Rotch, the Middlesex magistrate, were appointed the corresponding members of the association in England. On Thursday last, the county-day of the Middle. sex September Sessions, Mr. Rotch now, in consequence of hie colleague's death, the only corresponding member in England, invited his brother magistrates, in the name of the congress, to take part in the proceedings of the meeting to be held at Brussels on the 20th inst. Several members of the bench accepted the invitation. We understand that the new member for Lambeth, Mr. Charles Pearson, has already en gaged apartments at the Hotel de Flandre, with a view to be present at the congress, and submit to it his views of prison discipline. To this end he is, we have been informed, preparing a pamphlet, in the French language, for distribu tion among the members. Our readers will recollect that in Mr. Pearson . ' addresses to the electors of Lambeth his anxiety to press upon parliament the reform of prison discipline was the principal reason assigned for his wish to get into the House of Commons. BRITISH AND FOREIGN INEITITIITE.—A meeting of the shareholders of the British and Foreign Institute was held yesterday at their rooms, in George-street, Hanover square, W. Camps, Esq., M.D., in the chair, when the ac counts were audited, and the following financial results con firmed —The total liabilities of the concern, including all the expenses connected with the winding-up its affairs, amounted to 14081. 1 le. sd. The total proceeds of the sale of the property amounted to 16611. 18s. Bd., leaving there fore a surplus of 2631. 7s. Id. for the shareholders, after the payment of all its debts in full. In addition to this there has been repaid to the life members of the institute, as the residue of their respective life commutations, the sum of 14541 9s. 9d., which was invested in government securities in 1844, when Consols were at 99i, and sold out in 1847 when Commis were at 89, eta low of more than 10 per cent. The original estimate of the expenses of supporting the institute was 2,500/. per annum, and it may be mentioned as a very rare occurrence, that this estimate was never once exceeded, the actual expense of each year varying but little, yet keeping always below the sum named. The list of de faulter. who were to eerier in the payment of their subscrip tion, and against whom, from technical difficulties, no legal proceedings can be had for their recovery, showed an aggre gate sum of 2,9741. 6s. 6d. due to the institute; so that, if all parties had fulfilled their engagements, the association would have been still as flourishing as ever. A statement was also produced of the sums relinquished and expended by Mr. Buckingham, the resident director, out of his own pn rate means, for the benefit of the institute, which were never charged to, or re-imbursed out of, its funds, which amounted to 1,3601. 118,11 d.; in addition to the devotion of his entire time and labour to the direction of the institute for a period of nearly five years, without salary or emolument of any kind beyond the occupation of apartments on the premises. The sense entertained of this gentleman's services, however, by those of the members who were most conversant with the affairs of the institute, is manifested by contributions to a testimonial to Mr. Buckingham, amount ing to about 7001. The BARON DE M.P.—ln consequence of doubts which bore bum raised with regard to the difficulty in the way of SIMKO as Roths child taking his seat in the Rouse of Commie, some parties, feeling interested in the matter, laid a ease before Mr. C. Egan, the Chancery barrister, and the view taken by the learned counsel is highly favourable to the hon. member's return. It Is to the following effect :—First lam of opi nion, that Baron de Rothschild, having been duly elected sae of the members of parliament for the City of London, is not, by reason of his being • member of the Jewish persua sion, debarred from taking his seat in the Heusi of Commons. —Secondly am of opinion, that Baron de Rothschild may kwfully be permitted to take the oath of abjuration according to the usual manner of Jews, viz., on the Old ' Testament —Thirdly lam of opinion that the oath of ab Juration may lawfully be administered to Baron de Roths child, omitting the latter words contained in shit. 6, Geo. 111., cap. 53, " upon the true r'os of a Christian." The learned counsel rapport* his opinion by y erudit^ karn mtli'T, and 7! . Z; ..sent charters and legal decisions snow (notwithstanding that some writers infer to the con trary), that for upwards of 700 years the manners, customs, and religious principles of the Jews hero been respected and admitted in judicial matters ; that whenever a member of the Jewish persuasion has had occasion to woke an affirmation, he has been allowed to do so "on Ass book," i. e., the Old Testament; that this right existed so early as the reign of King John (A.D. 1200), and that there does not appear to be any ordinance, statute, or legal decision to the contrary.— Globe. AS AN EFFECTS OF STAGNANT WATER.—At a recent sitting of the Academy of Sciences a paper was received I from M. Fleurian de Bellevue on effects arising from stag nant water. The author states the results of his observations and inquiries, that in marsh lands which are covered with water to a considerable depth during the great beats of summer, the inhabitants of the localities in which they exist are not more unhealthy than in other localities; but that where the stagnant water is of slight depth the decomposition is attended with frightful consequences, and the mortality if gnat. He recommends that 111 all low lands where there is water daring the summer of so alight a depth as to render decomposition certain, the inhabitants should form axe general reeereoir, into which the different masses of water may be conveyed by means of channels of oommunication.-111. Person reed a paper on the congeletion of mercury, and the latent heat of fusion. The result of M. Person's experiments is, that the heat requisite for the fusion of mercury is about 80 times that required to change the temperature of water one degree. Id. Person observes that the quantity of heat necessary for the fusion of metals was according to the order of their tenacity.—ld. Pedillet communicated some observations on the phenomena of etherisation, u witnessed by him in the hospital of &me : burg, but they do not differ essentially from the accounts which have already been published. THE FORTHCOMING REOISTRATION.—A question of the great, at importance will be argued at the next r tion court for the borough o f Lambeth, in which e = alone nearly 9,000 names have been added to the list of voters since 1841. An objection h.• been made to a person whom the overseers have placed upon the register, and it is intended to try, in this single instance, the right of persons living in shat are called ' compounded houses" to exercise the elective franchise. Should the objection be held valid, it will have the effect of disqualifying not leas than 10,000 or 15,000 voters in the metropolitan boroughs alone, who shared this year for the first time in the election of members of par liament. The custom of " compounding" for the payment of rates has become very general in all large towns. It is an ar rangement between the parochial authorities and the owners of hoists, by which the latter agree to pay, all the year round, the rate. charged upon their property, whether occupied or empty, on condition of the parish making a deduction of 50 per cent. upon the rateable value. The system is said to benefit both parties. The collectors make no bad debts, and are saved a world of trouble; and the landlords, who ere , able to keep a sharper watch, and who take care to charge the tenants with the full rate, find that a reduction of one half the parochial claim makes up for losses by empty houses. Daring the four elections which followed the Re form Bill the occupiers of these houses were never pissed on the register' but the labours of that indefatigable body, the Anti-Corn-Law League, effected a revolution in this respect. Relying upon the strength of a decision pronounced by the late Chief Justice Tindal which established the right to vote of certain operatives claiming to be separately rated for the portions of a mill which they occupied, though the owner paid the whole of the rates and taxes, the scents of the League succeeded in placing, without opposition, in many instances, the names of all persons on the list of voters who had rented a " compounded" house during the pre ceding twelve months. The result has been such an accession to the radical party is Lambeth, the Tower Hamlets, and other large boroughs, that the quality of the constituency is entirely changed ; and hence the altered character of the late returns to parliament. Above half of the electors have never before exercised the right of voting, and of course adopted, as was natural, extreme views, were it only for the sake of novelty and excitement. It is more than likely that the question now in dispute will be settled next session by legislative enactment. The authors of the Reform Bill will no doubt feel themselves bound, whilst concurring in the propriety of widening the basis of the franchise, to fix some limits to the growth of a system which leaves the power of disfranchising thousands of voters in the hands of a few landlords, who, if they find their tenants indisposed to sutler dictation, have only to neglect paying the rates of the 20th of July to de prive them wholly of the right to vote. It is not reason able to enact that one man shall lose his privilege unless in his own person ho fulfils all the requirements of a vexatious law, whilst another enjoys the right without being called upon to trouble himself at all iu the matter. Nor is it consistent with the principles of constitutional law that a privilege which's, man claims in his own right, by virtue of a legal enactment, should onl be exercised at the will of an indifferent person . From the magnitude of the interests in volved it is highly expedient that the question should be set at rest, which it will be, no doubt, so far as the registration courts are concerned, in a couple of months at furthest Observer. ACCIDENT ON THE GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY.— An accident of a serious nature, though happily unattended with any loss of life, occurred on the Great Western Railway on Sunday morning. The first mixed class down train, which leg Paddington at half-put six, had made its usual stoppage at the Ealing station, and was proceeding on its coarse, when within about half a mile two of the closed boxes, attached towards the hinder part of the train, got off the rails, and were dragged on to the other line. The place where it occurred was at one of the switches, or turning points, though the immediate cause of the occurrence is reported to have been owing to one of the wheels having caught fire. The train not having long before started from Ealing, it wax proceeding but at a slow rate, otherwise the accident must have been attended with a frightful result. As tiny be imagined, however, the greatest consternation was produced among the passengers in the crowded carriages by the almost sudden stoppage of the train, nearly all of whom instantly alighted. An express was immediately sent up the line, and aid was at once despatched down for the removal of the boxes which had been thrown:off the line ; but owing to the occurrence, the train was delayed at all the intermediate stations along the line, where it produced the utmost alarm for nearly two hours. Several of the officials at Paddington arrived at the spot, and we hear that a searching inquiry will be instituted into the origin of the accident; but at present we are not aware of any blame being attached to any Party. SEWAGE MANURE. The history of the struggles by which the Metro politan Sewage Manure Company obtained ita acts too well known to need recapitulation new. As we are given to understand that the company are on the eve of commencing their preparatory operations, the time seems appropriate for the publication of the following ►ketch of what they con template: - • - - • - • The principle upon which the entire of the company's plan is based is this: that the refuse-water of the metropolis, richly impr, gaited with fertiiiaing properties, can be carried out of London into the country by the same MAUL by which it is brought from the country into London, and supplied te the consumer at equal cheapness. Between the new houses of parliament and Stanley-bridge run two great sewers, the King's Scholars' Pond and the Ranelagh, both of them open, and some five or six small ones. The cunpany makes an intercepting sewer from the first of these to Stanley-bridge, or the capacity of tit feet by four feet and three.quarters. This sewer will run considerably deeper than either ild the sewers it will intercept, and will be formed in the London clay, and completely covered in, so u to afford a perfect protection against the effluvia that prayed from the sewers as they now exist. Bach sewer will be connected with the company's sewer by means of a shaft, with a chute, so that whenever they are not needed, the contents of the sewer may be sent through their former channel, and a grating at the mouth of the shaft will prevent the flowing in of solid substances. At Stanley-bridge this intersecting sewer will find its terminus, and there will the works of the company be stationed. The machinery is extremely simple. At the extremity of the sewer will be a tank, or well, from which the contents will be pumped, by means of a sleek-' engine of considerable power, into pipes precisely similar to those rued by the water companies for conveying clean water. These mains will run along the high road, with branch mins into the side roads, and thence on either side, br a mans of service pipes, will the magi water distributed to all who may desire to ase thiamine.' ar it; still observing preasely the plan by vilidt ihe Inter companies carry the clean water through iho saes if London. And much in the dame manner as easy supply the very summits of our houses with these mains, does the Metropolitan Sewage Manure Company pro pose to supply the gardens and farms that lie en either side of their mains ; with this difference in favour of the latter, that they have not to force the water up to the tops of high houses, bat only along fields that are level, or almost so. It is plain, then, that so far, at least, there is nothing .experi mental, or doubtful, or difficult, in the plan of the company : it is already, and has been for years, in actual hourly opera tion throughout London and most of the great aides and towns of England. Tffis only novelty lies in the proposed manner of distributing the sewage water to the soil, after it is conveyed to the immediate neighbourhood of the garden or farm by the mains running along the roads. The mode of distributing gas at once shows how this is to be effected. The gas companies lay down main pipes in the public ways, and individuals who desire to use it connect their pre mises with them by service pipes, and so receive the fluid in any quantity they may require. Thus with the sewage. Suppose a market gardener to desire a supply. A pipe will pass from the main into his garden ; there will be placed a standpipe (such as those erected in all the streets in London for the use of the water-carts). If his gardens be large, be can erect at a very trifling cost as many of these stand-pipes u convenience and the saving of labour in conveyance of the sewage may require. Thence he will be enabled to take an unlimited supply, at all seasons and at all hours, of the mat fertilising manure in the world ! But upon fume, and where extensive grounds are to be manured, a singularly simple contrivance is to be adopted, by which the sewage will be thrown ever the land at the most trifling cost for labour, and with an uniformity and apportionment of quantity to the requisites of the soil, at present un known, and indeed impracticable. The simple means for effecting this is the hose-pipe now in universe! nee for tire. engines. this pipe in perfectly flexible, so that it an be carried over hedges or walls, and laid in any direction, and yet offering so little resistance to the fluid, that in an experi ment at which we were present, made at the New River Head, with a preemie considerably . less than that proposed for the company's works, after peeling through half-a-mile of hose-pipe, the jet from the mouth was thirty feet, and so powerful that it would have knocked a man down at a dis tance of five yards. But a hue-pipe et a quarter of a mile in length will suffice for the purposes of any farm, for that ' . ' --. to In oliced halts mile .. , irt. inti:r. permit toe waluinr-- • • 1 , Thus, then, when a farna ..::Itts to manure :::..I` . firm thoroughly, be has only a fix the hose-pipe to the stand-pipe: the former, being perfectly flexible, will run over hedges or gates—up hill and down dale ; and In the field required to be manured, nothing more will be necessary than for one man to take in his hand the end of the pipe, from which will flow a jet from twenty to thirty feet, and play it upon the soil as easily ea he would a watering-pot upon a flower-bed. And in this manner will one man be enabled to manure two acres and a half per day with more ease, and with tenfold mon efficiency, than, with the present methods, flee men could manure We leas area in four days. The in labour alone will be eneemons. But it may be said, its milkmen alaniaanre, Ind the saving of 'sham by the employ eent or the hose pips in the miaow banitsetaibed, it iineamser le know what peke to to be pail he the lIIIIese Unit belbesles saustegei as be istimeil. It amt be sated the the pane prat of masa in the neliabearbead et Idle, isitt spin the field, but net 'peal Is it ten bane'Par tea• no cost of apnea, Alt adds about al:penes per ion to this. Bat the company be enabled to supply the amp at the I price of sixpence per Pm ; and as one man will be enabled to manure two sores in a day, the total met of the manure and the spreading will be from aseenpenos to eightpence per ton, instead of ten shillings and sixpence, its present cost. There can, therefore, be ao doubt that it will be e taken by the fanners, but still more so by the marketer, who now pay ea much u from 161. to 2W. per man for manure. IRELAND. Dastur, &err. 5. Ever and anon we find amidst the ill-digested pro ceedings of guardians of the poor and the reclama dons of country gentlemen indications that the recent legislation for this country is producing good effects. The gentry seem each day more alive to the neces sity of exertion, an d their example will have its influence upon the people. We do not always find, indeed, that the suggestions of the upper classes are very practicable, but they show progress, and give proof that the social condi tion of the country must rapidly amend under the operation of the newly-awakened energy of the people, and the experience which time unfailingly affords.i Many of the boards of guardians are en couraging manufacturers of rude and coarse fabrics as a means of affording employment, and a project was broached a few days since to a board of guardians in South Tipperary, which, however impracticable, proves that the spirit of enterprise in industrial pur suits is active amongst those bodies. A Mr. O'Brien proposed at Clogheen union that the work housoi should be turned into factories, and that advances should be made from the im perial treasury to set them going, the paupers to become the factory labourers, and the produce to repay the treasury for the advances after the wages of the workmen were discharged. Thbi project would not, I apprehend, meet much favour in the manufac turing districts of England, nor from any of the Queen's ministers. The guardians of the five unions comprised in South Tipperary met on Wednesday by arrangement, in Clonmel, and the tenor of their deliberations seems to have been sufficiently gloomy. They say they are unable to afford adequate employment, because of the non-payment of rents; that the rates in very many instances amount to 7s. 6d. in the pound on the valuation • that they expect in Tippe rary union 12,000 claimants for relief—a ma-1 nifest exaggeration, I should say ; that the ' other unions will add great numbers to this ; and finally they say, that if the county-rates for works undertaken in 1846, for the temporary relief, and the poor-rate for oat-door relief be collected in the present year, the whole produce of the land will be swept away, and the owners and occupiers totally incapacitated from employing labourers. This is rather an unflattering picture, and, what is not a little strange, the gentlemen assembled suggested no means of bettering their prospects. The number of applications for grants under the Improvement of Land (Ireland) Bill already amounts to 520, and the grants prayed for to 900,000/. In Galway, only two landlords have yet applied—Mr. John Lambert, for 1,2001., and Mr. J. A. O'Neill, for 6,4001. The mortality in Galway workhonee for the wt year over-topped 1,000. In the neighbouring divi- Biotin of Oranmore and Balling county there have been not less than 967 in the same time. Msrstmotiv.—A FROLIC or FORTUNIL—A young gentle man but a few weeks of age, and hitherto a total alien to the graces of the blind goddess Fortune, will this month lead to the altar the richest heiress in Ireland. The lady is now in her 33rd year, and hu been for several years known in the literary world. The fortunate youth was seeking a com mission in some regiment on foreign service, when dame Venus demandei him of Mars fee the home department; and ere this month shall be ended, he may ride twenty-five miles in a straight line on the lands to be bestowed on him. These possessions devolved on the lady by the demise of her father, • western M.P., in April lot. SCOTLAND. EDINBEROII, SEPT. 4. Fever is rather on the increase in the Edinburgh infirmary, the average of new applicants being thirty per diem. There has been more bad weather in the north of Scotland. The Aberdeen Banner says :—" A strong gale from the north visited us yesterday morning, and has continued with violence throughout the day. , We fear that this will be felt severely by the herring fishermen on the coast. Two boats belonging to Peterhead found refuge early in the day in our har bour, after having lost their nets, and several boats in the distance were seen struggling for the land. They are supposed to have drifted to Stonehaven. At five, p.m., the Lord Reidhaven, Smith, of Portsoy, from Wemyss, with a general cargo, in making for the harbour, with the assistance of the tug, broke loose, owing to the heavy swell near the bar. She was driven ashore south of the breakwater, where she now lies in a dangerous position. The crew were rescued by ropes, through the strenuous exertions of the pilots. The discussions about the disposal of the balances of the funds of the Central Highland Destitution Board, by lowland purists, has been rather premature. At a meeting of the Free Synod of Argyle, held the other day, Dr. Mackay, of Dunoon, and other minis ters personally cognizant of the actual state of the Highlands, state that they anticipate a severe winter for the people. The board would therefore do well to see to the truth of these statements before being induced to part with the funds in their possession. MORE ABOUT SHUTTING AGA UW AYE. —A party consist ing of five individuals being desirous of visiting the grounds at Itoslin (says the S.otsman) made application at the proper quarter for • card of admission. In answer, they were simply informed that no card of admission was necessary, the grounds being open to the public every Wednesday. Relying upon this authoritative information they proceeded to Rodin, and after having seen the chapel, &c., walked down through Rodin wood, having ordered their conveyance to go round to meet them at Hawthomden. They had not gone far, how ever, when their progress was stopped by a wall and a locked door. A boy in care of the door informed them that only parties coming from Ilawthornden were allowed to pleas through the door, while parties proceeding thither could not be permitted to pass through. This seemingly preposterous arrangement startled the travellers, and the prospect of being obliged to retrace their steps, and walk by the road to Haw thorndmi, a distance of seven or eight miles, was by no MOMS • pleasant one, eipecislly as there were several ladies in the party. The gentlemen accordingly began to look about (or some responsible person to whom they might state the circumstances, and if possible obtain permission to pass. For this purpose one of them (an English gentleman on a visit in Edinburgh) mounted on the top of the wall, in coming dawn from which he unfortunately fell and broke his leg. Although it might not perhaps be just to attribute this distressing occurrence directly to the apparently capri cious regulations at present in force at the place where it occurred, it is certainly not too much to expect that these regu lations should at least be fully explained to intending visitors, in order that they may be enabled to make their arrange. ments accordingly, and not be permitted to run the risk of broken limbs in visiting the carefully protected scenery at Radio. PROVINCIAL. __LANCASHIRE REDUCTION OF W AoEB.—The whole of the mill owners in the neighbourhood of Morley, numbering wren teen firms, have determined to reduce the wages of the operative spinners ten per cent. The manufacturers made known their determination on Friday evening, when the following notice was posted up in each mil/ :—" Notice.— On and after the 17th September instant a reduction of ten per cent. wiU take place in the wages of the spinners in ear employ. September 3, 1847." This step is expected to lead to a general reduction. JENNY LIND AT THE MANUFACTURING &STA BLISHMENTe.—Last week Jenny Lind pai d several visits to the Manchester institutions and places manufacture. She first proceeded to the phrenological gallery in Lower Ring street, and spent some time in examining the collection of busts. As might be expected, she contemplated with the deepest interest the cuts of the celebrated musical composers and artistes, and manifested considerable emotion while re garding the casts of Carl Maria Von Weber and of Malibran. Accompanied by Mr. and Mrs. Sails Schwabe, she next visited the cotton mill of Messrs. Birley and Co., and saw all the pre emies of the manufacture of cotton, from the conversion of the raw material, just as Imported, into thread, and into calico, finished and packed for exportation. She was very much pleased with the accumulated ingenuity with which a thou sand inventions and adaptations are combined to accelerate and perfect these manufacturing prooesste. The party next visited the Atlas Works of Meson. Sharp, Brothers, and Co., and here Jenny Lind was much struck by the gigantic power which pierces and clips thick sheets of iron as if they were mere pasteboard cards. In the evening of Tuesday, the members of the German Liedertajel, resident in Man chester, serenaded the charming eastalriee at the house of her host. Up tb this time she was in her us ual health, but the next morning found herself suffering from indisposition. The repose of Wednesday and the greater part of Thursday restored her to her usual state of health, sad she sang with no diminution of her accustomed power, no lack of that charm ing vivacity which is so fascinating in her portrayal of the martial maid, Maria. She was much gratified with her re ception by the audience on each successive night of her per formance, and has more than once expressed her gratification on this subject. On Friday she visited, with her host and hostess, the print works of Messrs. Salim Schwabe and Co., at Rhodes, and was mush interested in watching tits various processes of calico printing. ANOTHER SUGOEETION FOR LANDLORD 6 AND I Tniteurs may be found In the following description given by the Manchester Examiner, of a vi s it t o t h e f arm o f M r. Skirving, at Walton, near Liverpool. The writer says: " Perhaps we could not see in all England better than in the perish of Walton the good effect of agriculture being libe rated from legal bondage and traditional restrictions, and the bad effect of its being retained in legal bondage and tradi tional restrictions. Some of the best farming in the kingdom may be seen there and some which, if not s o b a d as the wont in the kingdom, is bad enough. The good is not old : it is the result of the enterprising spirit of commercial Liverpool forcing itself into the antiquated agriculture of Lancashire. Six or seven years is the date of its improvement it arose in this way :—A merchant of Liverpool was the owner of some farms in Walton parish, and one of them, about seven years ago, was to let. A gentleman skilled in the cultivation of land, and d of capital, offered to take it on condition of getting ft ° ,77ase. The landlord was sensible that no tenant could farm well without a lease, and was willing to grant one; he was pleased with the prospect of haring such a tenant ; and said he hoped the farm would, before long, become one of example to everybody who might see it. Oa a certain day appointed the tenant and landlord met at the office of the lawyer at Liverpool, who had the lease written out in the usual form ef such documents. A conversation ensued upon it to this effect: —Tenant (reading it) : What is this? Do you expect me to sign this ?—Lawyer Of course ; it must be signed, else it is not a lease.—Landlord : What is the matter with it ? Did you nut say that you could only occupy the farm and do the im provements with a lease ?—Tenant : Yes ; but this prevent* me from doing anything ; it binds me hand and foot not to improve the farm. lam not, according to this, to plough, but as this gentleman (the lawyer) directs me to plough. I am only to put Manure on the land as directed by him. Pray, ear (to the lawyer), are you an agriculturist?—Lawyer : No, I am not ; I do not profess to be : I only draw up the lease, and made it a copy of the old leases on the estate.— Tenant : The old leases on the estate ? Is Liverpool a This was when a poor village in the parish of c0•,,,P.5t00 f nlease is a copy of those which are as old as the village days of Liverpool. If commerce is to have liberty to extend itself, why should not agriculture have the same li berty?—Landlord: What do you objectto in the lease ? I am desirous to meet your wishes and defer to your opinions; [or I wish the farm to be improved by your judgment and science—Tenant : I object to every part of it, ease that which binds me to pay a certain rent at certain periods of time ; beyond that you should not seek to control me in any way ; beyond that I shall not be bound.—Landlord : Will you nut be bound to put a certain quantity of manure on the farm every year, as herein specified ; how can yon improve the farm if you do not manure it ?—Lawyer That being the case you can have no objection to sign the obligation which only binds you to the lesser quentity. Tenant—But I shall not submit to be bound at all. If you let a shop to a baker, you do not bind him to sell loaves and not biscuits, to make his loaves of a certain shape' or to bake at certain times. If I take a farm I shall plough it when I please, how I please, and sow on it what I find to be most profitable. How am I to put manure on the land and improve it all, if I am not to be allowed to plough it all? —Lawyer: You are to top dress it, of course; you are to lay the manure on u'a top dressing.—Tenant : As a top dress ing? What benefit is that to a farm? What benefit would it be to you, sir, if we were to take your dinner and ruh it over your body outside of your great coat, instead of letting you follow your natural desire to eat it ? Besides, lam ex pected to drain the land, and I can do nothing with it with out draining it. How am Ito do that, if lam not tobreak it up ? —Landlord : Hold there, say no mere: take the farm on your own conditions ; draw up a lease yourself, and I will sign it. —The tenant did so; and instead of rolls of parchment arid a redundancy of words and legal network, it consisted of about six lines. He has had the farm six years under crop. It had almost everything which is unsightly and unprofit able upon it when he took it—stagnant ditches, cumbrous masses of bushes running zigzag, with the ditches on each aide for fences. The inclosures were small and irregular; foulness grew up everywhere, a good crop grew nowhere. Now, there are large and evenly-shaped fields ' • not a weed is seen ; turnips, wurzel, and potatoes grow in the fields as if every field was cared for by a gardener. While the crops of wheat, the ears shot and in bloom, promie, should the weather be favourable, not less than seven quarters per statute acre. One field of hay endeared on Thursday last. On Friday last it was ploughed by seven ploughs, and the Name evening sown with turnip seed, which is already above ground, and will produce a heavy crop of turnip', by the aid of a sprinkling of guano on the tint moist day. Such is a glimpse of Mr. Skirving's farm and style of farming. Some of those who occupy land near him, and who are the tenants of landlords less just and considerate than his landlord, are struggling with foul weeds, feeble crops, and rents which are too high for them, though, I believe, lower in amount than he pays. I saw same of their foul meadows, which they are bound by the legal traditions older than the village days of Liverpool, net to break up and purify and fertilise, yielding to the scythes of the mower. crops of hay, of which it was difficult to say whether grass or foul weeds, docks, thistles, and such like predomi nated. They do not hold on lease, but they have all the absurd covenants in their annual agreements which are coin moo to leases. No man of capital will have anything to do with land on such conditions; consequently, the tenants are, in moat cases, men who cannot carry on their farming operations but at a las of profit to themselves, at a loss of rent to their lanillercts, and at a grievous loss of food to the nation." VENOMOUS SNAKES.—A few days since a gentle man staying at Matlock Bath, who is partial to entomological pursuit., was pursuing his favourite amusement on the Teas ley Moors, when he captured a large viper, believing it to be only a common harmless snake. The reptile did not attempt to bite at the time it was taken ; but some time afterwards, on the box containing it being opened, it bit him severely on the finger. His hand instantly commenced swelling, and he felt sick and faint, and was at length most fortunately discovered (lying under a wall in a state of great pros tration of strength) by Mr. Nuttall, and Mr. Else, overseer of Matlock. The former gentleman ordered his gig immediately, and conveyed the sufferer home, where, under medical attendance, the patient in a few days recovered. A correspondent of the Derby paper, who for years was in the habit of catching these dangerous reptiles, sad who bas himself been bitten by one, says that, on tbe moors and other places where they are commonly met with, the safest way is not ea any account to attempt to meddle with them, soon being discovered, they will invariably glide off hersalessly into some near retreat, if permitted to do so. The viper, when the skin has been recently sloughed, is frequently —as in the ease above related—mistaken for the common snake, but there is one distinguishing mark which is infallible, via., that the harmless reptile has in variably a b road well thfined yellow or orange coloured ring round the throat, end in the viper this is want. fog. The latter named reptile is seldom seen more than IS or 20 inches long, and is nearly of a thickness from the head to the vent, from whence it suddenly tapers off to a point, whilethe common snake will attain the length of four or even five feet, and is of a beautifully tapering form through- out. It may be added, that the viper is most commonly met with in elevated and dry situations, while the snake generally chooses low marshy ground near water f or i ts habitation; but, notwithstanding the marks and localities named, it is possible to take the one species for the other, especially when seen, as they often are, in rapid motion. PUBLIC ROOM FOR STAFFORD: The theatre at Stafford has been undergoing extensivo repairs and altera tions with tfie view of adapting it for various public pur poses besides its original one of dramatic representations. As there were no fonds applicable to such an object, a number of gentlemen, chiefiy members of the corporation, to whom the theatre belongs, obtained a lease of the pre mises, and 'greed to advance the required amount, esti mated at 5001. As the work advanced, the building was found to be so extensively dilapidated that a larger expen diture became necesaary. It is now found that about 7501. will be required to finish the work. The subecribere have held two meetings lately, at which they readved to inertiae their original subscriptions. The second meeting, on Wed nesday last, was favoured with the presence of Mr. Alderman Sidney, M.P., who liberally subscribed SO/. towards the fund, and several other subscribers increased the amount of their advances, on the understanding that the room is to be fitted up less with a view to theatrical performances than for lectures, meetings, &c. It has been suggested that the room should be called " St. Martin's Hall," situated aa it is in St. Martin's-street. WINCHEsTER COLLEGE.—Now that public atten tion is aroused to the necessity of educating the people (says the Hants Independent), and large grants are being paid for that purpose from the public treasury, it becomes a question deeply interesting, whether the large revenues of establish ments founded and endowed for the purpose of educatingthe people, are expended in accordance with the object of their creation. The recent strictures of the press, though perhaps justified by the occasion which called them forth, do not touch the point at issue between the public and those who have the control of the funds of the Large and wealthy charity , school called " Wi nc h ester C o l lege. " ' That fagging' or flogging, is objectionable in schools we believe. That the fast does not engender an inde pendent or forbearing spirit in the boys who endure it, nor the latter make dunces clever or reclaim the vicious, will be generally admitted. But if excessive fagging or excessive punishment is practised at Winchester College, the boys who are placed there have parents or friends sufficiently Bich and influential to remedy the evil witho u t t h e a id d the public prem. It is of little consequence to the el England whether the lion. Mr. H. has fagged hours at cricket for Lord A., or if the Earl of T. los cleaned shoes or scraped trenchers for the Marquis of B. These matters may be safely left to the aris tocratic parents or guardians who have succeeded in fastoning their eons ached, founded the people. The points beefs of Winchester C' people are really inter of Wykeham found *honer for the ed , el obtaining it' educated hem ; ere they the so. via t Tldedly fiff= tam etetee ef do endowment, really applicable ' sedneatien ? AP that the pager wk •••••11 wawa • lON /MOM MI lip ma. r Dui 1 11 1 0 1111 re*. funds e a due :h e a .ting rity ,. 1:7 ihdceird and endowed The point' at lune beteri:n the pu.;"• • • the lachester College—the queetigns • t . n ea f i ci lY un in d te a r n eited d en the education of those who • g it? Secondly If he •' .• V tt at.: nn the funds of the school of • ' he sons of wealthy—in Chirdly Are the funds of • •1_,..• ..T6 , • • intended by th e founder, • • :J of management wholly at ♦ 4747. . 1 . • 7. Irment, and which leaves but cable to the purpose of the , And, lastly: Have not the pub 'lr _ r It in Winchester College, se well as ie _eCo ves t, C , the Le whole of the revenues shall be 'wren ed ted "w hloh the respective nub • cres m" ehaW inth eti e n Val es, " a of .7 c •-: " ..... .t uced see in the rev _ • is in the number of the • to us to be the question -,, "s. c