The Express. — London, England, 1847-08-19 00:00:00

.yfte. .r . .._ . . .. -... I/ 1,:: ill From the preceding abstract it will be seen that in all the combinations or groups there is a marked difference in favour of education, or, in other words , . there is constantly an increased ratio of uninstructed criminals in three sec times where crime is above the average, and also a reduced ratio of uninstructed criminals where crime is below the avenge. In the greatest agricultural group it will be seen that the section in which there is an inferior degree of edu cation in the general public, and also an increased rate of crime, as shown In a preceding abstract, there will, at the same time, be found an Increased ratio of uninstructed cri minals when compared with the parallel section of the same group, the difference being 8.6 per cent. Again, take the two sections of that group in which the manufacturing and agricultural interests are nearly equal, and it will be found that in the section of least crime there is 8.9 per cent. less of uninstructed criminals. Also, take the two sections of that group representing those districts of the country is which the persons marrying and unable to sign their names exceeds the average by 331 per cent., and Is lee than the average by 25 per cent., and it will be found that the former section slows an increase of crime of about 44 per cent. above the latter, and at the same time an in grease of 7.7 per mat. of uninstructed criminals. In this instance, as well as in the other groups represented in the reading abstract, a remarkable combination of features will be seen. The districts of the country in which the general population is worst educated, the districts in which the greatest amount of crime prevails, and the districts in which there is the largest proportion of uninstructed criminals, are constantly assimilated; while, on the parallel sections of the same groups, will be seen those districts of tits country which are the but educated, the least criminal, and in which • less proportion is found of uninstructed criminals, invariably combining. The agreement, therefore, of those very different testa may be held conclusive, and to anabliela as a fact that the mere mechanical processes even of education or instruction carry with them always • powerful protection against crime. As already stated, education in its higher sense must of necessity disseverate itself with crime, and this eminent degree of education will long be ins porsible of attainment to the whole population of any eotiatry ; but there seems to be no insuperable difficulties In the way of imparting to the bulk of a community something above the mere elements of reading and writing, at lout; and in this limited sense it is evident there is to be found a Powerful check on crime, and the most efficient means of subduing the dangerous passions of the people. The next portion of Mr. Nelson's paper is devoted to an examination of the influence of education on specific forms of crime, according to the claieffication given in the Home office returns. To this branch of the subject we shall take 14 early opportunity of returning. have &rhea from went of edneation, inatoad of the poverty and &des wedding with it. AZ ervallowt via is be "lade with a vise te &Wahl' then yawed Ipso. so that the video canalise sal Sisk% vete date esedoes, sad ilea the to saaaadiles empais lima were as melt se m ob eleesestaiked is regard le aseedietarey is w oad is is regard to weiddi—ia dr* tire die Pre kola sash other only in die degree of lertmetisa et adaretkeres that so far as etatiadael Is ere at repeat & nogg* the tee aside= or deers eiespired, wen, with the of adefietion, placed dery the mare siiielszollipolitiesl conditions of society ; and the following is ea absurd st the resale arrived at : BMW el Qua. okewmebeirm the ~.....__,.°t l a g' DiMarenee Groupe of Counties gluing the re- 1.1" cad W ales per ~,,,,t . I . salts for the lisle sex only. . 8 a favour of 4 11 . 1 Miusation.. § h 2 a bnateet unanufeetarlng - 48.4 + 16.4 32.0 pi sgenultural Manufacturing interest 331 per seal. &twee the average... Agricultural interest 20 per cent above the average Moteseurind and altemitnrW interests nearly equal + 15.8 —9.3 25.1 Grantee wealth -2 -- 29.4 38.6 Least wealth. Counties of least education Ditto meat education The last column of the preceding abstract shows the dif ference per cent. in the rate of crime in the badly educated sections of each group over that which prevails in the better educated sections of the same group ; and it must be re garded as a powerful argument in favour of even the small degree of education or instruction here recognised, that note single instance has appeared in which a marked, and, generally, a most strikinf difference, averaging above 2i per cent., does not show itself in favour of the better educated districts. All the other combinations and arrange- ments reads to determine the active element in the increase and decrease of crime were unsuccessful, and produced no satisfactory result; in fact, they did not lead to the dis covery of any condition or circumstance of life which was peculiar to one district more than another ; but as soon as the educational test is introduced, it immediately analyses groups and districts, which before showed the most contradictory results, into a uniform and regular series. It is thus evi.lent that so far as the test now applied is available, that snore conclusive evidence could not be hoped for of the influence of education on the diminution of crime. This test, however, being derived from &source partly lode pendent of the criminals themselves, has led to a similar analysis of an educational test derived from the criminal population. The Home•ofce returns show for each year the number of criminals who can neither read nor write, who can read and write imperfectly, who can read and write well, and who have a superior education. During the years 1812-4, there were of the male sex in England and Wales 21,779 a 31.3 per cent, of nor wries all the criminals, who could neither read 41.610 or 39.8 per cent., who could reed and write imperfectly. 5,909 or 8.5 per ant., who could read and write well, and 3011 or 0.4 per cent, of aaperior education. 69,616 1,92 i whom instruction wu not aocertnined. 71,540 It is thus curious to observe that, while the proportion of suite criminals who could neither read nor write was 31.3 per cent., the ratio of males unable to sign their marriage ngisten was nearly 33 per cent.; and it might hence be in (erred that, from the small difference in those two ratios, that education could have no very important effect ID either decreasing or augmenting the number of criminals, but it should be borne in mind that although 33 per cent- is the average for all England and Wales, there are PM districts in which the proportion is as low as 12 and 14 per cent., and others in which it is as high as 60 and 51 per mat. for the male sex ; but as it has also been hitherto shown that no reliance can be placed on the mere gross or the average results so given, it is imperatively neeessary to separate the whole into groups in which the influence of wealth, manufactures, and agriculture is common ; in fact, into groups differing in respect of education only, so as to furnish a proper argument for er against the iotluence which education, under the present test, may have on the amount of crime. Au analysis on thisbasis was made of all the counties in England and Wales, and • series of tables ;resented contain ing the results arrived at, from which it appeared that— taking parallel groups of counties in which the amount of crime is from 0.15 per cent. above and below the average of the whole kingdom, 15-30 and 30 and upwards, above and below the average, that the difference of criminals unable t either read or write was respectively 6 9 per amt., 2 . 2 per cent., and 3 3 per cent. greater in the counties hav ing an exceu of crime. On the other hand, the proportion who can read and write imperfectly show a corresponding increase in favour of the groups with a low avenge of crime, the differences being 3.7 per cent., 7.7 per cent., and 5•2 per amt. respectively. For the total of the counties in which 1 Above the Below the crime is average. avenge. The per tentage who eon neither read nor 32.4 23.0 writediff. 4.4 per cent. The per restage that can read and writs j 58.2 63.8 Imperfectly Is Thus far it would seem that the evidence furnished by criminals themselves would go to show that even the small amount of instruction here recognised has a material in fluence in the development of crime. Were the investiga tion carried no further we should be forced to conclude that since the meet criminal districts show a higher ratio of un instructed persons among the criminal population, and the least criminal districts • leas proportion, who are wholly destitute of the rudest elements of education, that the immediate inference is, that even this small degree of instruction tends to the repression of crime. Unless, however, that this analysis were carried beyond its present limits, it may be objected, as in the firmer paper, that the peculiar results here produced may arise from some other cause than education, and that differences of manufactures, of agriculture, of wealth, or of position in the social scale of society, existing in combination with the degree of crime already noticed, may be the real and active agent in pro ducing the peculiar results attributed to education. In order to we how far the facts of the cue would support this view of the question, an elaborate series of tables returning the results of a more refined analysis was presented, of which the following is a brief extract : . 9 3L ' p r § r RW 4 = > : E . 1 § Ai :a '0; K. 0 1 1l 1 I .4- C. 4 r P banner reed nor write. unknown. I MEMBERS RETURNED. BOROUGHS, AND ABINGDON : fAr F. l'besleet . C AICDOVAN • COW ARUNDEL: UN of .. L ASUYON-CNDAR-LYNE . : AYLESBURY: Lord Nugent DeeringC BANBURY : Taacred iorteeme L BATHBrelarldge Viscount DO M= L BEDFO ILArd RD Aihl4l: L Stuart BERWICK-ON-TWEED: Renton Forster BEVERLEY Tow;ely & L. Fox BLWD LEY . - Sit IL Hal Lord D. Stutzt HIDMIEST• Mania &holdleld Hamby BODKIN: Blevritt MORPET/1: Lacy BOLTON . Bolling BOSTON Dr. • Binning _ . Bir J. Duke Cubbell BRADFORD: Col. Thompson Boatelld --......—.. kr R. Pigott BRIDGWATER : Tye te BRIDNAT itniai It Currie NORWICH: . _ _ BRIGHTON: Capt. Peclaell L Lord IL Hervey C BRISTOL : Miles —..—Y:.1i:.F...1.3ffka1°7 L Marquis Manilas BURY W00d...................c OXFORD UNIVERSITY Wolter BURY ST. EDMUND'S : "Ea;i Bunbory CALNE iii;;;II,W • L Cavendish -- lid of Sbelbarne L CAMBRIDGE; Adair Camptell CAMBRIDGE UNIVEMITY : Goulbara C - 6 - M — yt - he . • Lord A. Cosyschara ...L C CARLISLE: C Mon CELVIILLIt: reuipp .L PORTSMOUTH: F. T. Raring .L sir G. Stansnon ..... PRESTON: Sir E. Strickland L Grettfoll .L BEADING: Pigot Seri. Taltourd. REIGATE : Byng CHELTENHAM : CHESTER: Grosveaor.. L birJ. Jervis Lord H. Lamar A Smith L apt. Madero CHRISTCHURCH : Harris p Vic. Mere CLIMEIME : Tvi;;;; • L MR34OIUTH: Agli.roby Ilorsman Ltanicastla Sir O. Bmytk COVENTRY: L Tuna, C CRICIiLADE : CR i, SANDWICH:_ Ned Goddard ___— DEBBY : Gower DEVIZES : — lineage C gesC DEVONPBrnMET -.. Turncll Ro m ma DORM Cll. D. R Dames Stud DOVER BOUTH BI 47TON .L Cockburn 731; Geo. Cleric Rice _ _ DUDLEY: d1;1111; - • L SHILLD3, SOUTH: Waini 801:11117 . ARK : 3. Itabow DURHAM Spourroso EVIVOIAM : Lord W. Hill Rio H. Willoughby EXETEII. L J. Duckworth Divett EYE:_ _ _ . Sir E. benison FALMOUTH: Mowstt FIN BURT : Wakley FROME: Mn]. B oyle _ L GATEMEAD - "liTt7 • GLOUCESTER: Hope Capt. Berkelay .GRANTHAM : Toltec:Nebo Welby GRELNINICH : Bullard .L GRIMSBY, GREAT : GCFLAW Lord E. Etymon ..... L TmUlmy TALTNTON:. lity T. Odebrooke L Capt. Mangles Currie lIALITAX : Sir C. Wood ILLEWICI!: Brown Martin THETFORD: Atwood HASTIN9.9 TIVERTON: uzunpN:_ - 11;t1Fallnerstce 7. He *bowl TOTNESS Sir R Vivyan lIEREEORD: HERTFORD: Cowper LION-1 Ike . sir J. Hogg HOILSHAII : E. Turner .L TYNEMOL7II: WAKEV G 7LD : L Jervis . WM.LINCTOI 'Pors e L }lux: - gym WALSALL: Cla .L HUNTINGDON: Baring Col. J. reel MIRE: Littelton WAREHAM: WARRINGTON: IPSWICH Cobh)ld Adair KENDAL Glynn KIDDERMLYSTER : ---' C L Westbead LAMBETH : L ..... .rtiaart r E ;ca L L ANC Ael C Orepois L LATINCI;STON : . _ Preset= WITHEIy --- Adminiaosrles LEEDS: Bsakett Marshall LEICESTER: 81r J. Walmaley L Gardner WIGAN Arkwright LEWEB:. Teitect Fitzroy. LICHiI FLU: lard A. Paget L1N0044 : Bibtkorp Seely LIEOCKAIII t : LIVERPOOL:BuIIer L Rir T. Birch Cardwell LONDON: Lord J. Rasseil Fatima Rothschild Warta:mu LUDLOW : Cu'. &Imo L LEXINGTON: 001 Koppel Mackinnon LYME REGIS L LTNN khd : Nord O. Dentin& JocelynC MACCLESFIELD : Brockleburst \Mama MAIDSTONE : Dodd C MALMENITRY : Howard lIALTON Deniers Childers MALDON: =ten L MANCHESTER: Beath, Lord L Brow Barth( MARLOW, W OLIEAT ildo rno ...- 1 2 °1 ' Kin MONZWI I t ;;;Tat: . ilovard. ...... 1 - Iiii0;1 Stuart L Chrigy NEWCASTLE-UPON- L Head!am NEWPORT, ISLE OF WIGHT: Martin L Plowden NORTHAILERTON: Wrightson NORTHAMPTON: ti;niiiis of Douro ........ WalteT.o O'Connor OLDHAM : — KT: L Duncruft C OXFORD CITY: _ Sir it Gladßione PETERBOROUGH: C PLYMOUTH : Palmer ............ C "Wipes& POMTEPI4CP: Martin =nes POOLE: ROCHDALE: ......... --- RICHMOND : Hien ..L Wyvill, jun. =FORD, FAST: Capt. Duntorabw Vied. Galway RIPON: Sal. Graham.. Hen. E. Laacellas C ROCHESTER Bernal L Hodges RYE: Curtles SALFORD Brothertaa ...... .........L SALISBURY : WalL. 1 -- - fordC: Part L Grenfell L SCARBOROUGH: Sir J. Johalaw. C Earl Malvin L SHEFFIELD: 1 Parker L Ward L SHOREHAM (NEW): 81r C. Burrell C SHREitralt : Bald** C Urquhart Aid. Sidney L C ST. ALBAN'S: C Rephhel I. 5T.11119 :. W. Paulet ILITAMPOItD : _ . i f; e. -- nis of Granby ... STOCKPORT: Cobden Heald ......... STON.E.UPON.TRENT Wes:do Copeland STROUD: Stanton nucleon Bare!!! TANWORTH • Sir R. Peel W. T. Peel TAVISTOCK B. swing c Lord Custer' TIMM : —...— Lord Seymour L Baldwin C TOMEI!. HAMLETS: Thompson TRIM° : J. E. Mien Cinema WARWICK: Sir C. Douglas C Collins WELLS: " .. '-"— BlOkereore C Halter WENLOCK Capt. Forester ... C futon WESTBURY : Wilson WESTWOOSTER : Ludington D L. Evans L WHIM IB Y" Lindley Tblelmesee WILTON The. Sommerton Cortez WLVDSOR : Lod J. OK. Raid H ay L C WOODSTOCK : Strunk Blandford C WOLVERHAMPTON : Men Thorne) WIJIWIRFTEK : Ricardo Ruford WYCOMBE: Dathwood Baird YARMOUTH:. — LW Lantos YORK: limayth C Torte C ......s THE EXPRESS, THURSDAY EVENING, AUGUST 19, 1847. BEDTORDSHIBE: Lord Alford C Rimed avacr*lY: - '~.: Posey 1"4 1=1 BUCKING : Camgink • Ds Pre C Disraeli Yorke C Lad glifonnere L o C'l viiiliiiZl.,' :!OATH: TIPSIOE Stanley CHESHIRE, SOUTH : ,L Sir P. Egerton Tokenise-no C CORNWALL, BAST: Career Roberts .L CORNWALL, WEST: Pendu~s ~ .L Sir W. Lemon. CURB ERLAND, BABB: Howard Marshall CLIIBERIAND, WEST: Stanley Lowther DERBYSHIRE. NORTH: Hon. O.H. Cavendish L Evans DERBYSHIRE, BOOTH; _ C Mund7C DEVONAURE, NORTH Sir I. D. iel.and 134. V DEVONSHIRE.VOITM: Lord Courtney C Sir J. 13, Y. Boller CI lis . - • c lieymer Moyer C DUR.IIIOf, N9ltTlf : R. I) Shaft Lord &sham DURIIAY BOUTII : lord IL Vein L _ Purer ESSEX. NORTH : Rir J. Tyrell .... C ESSEX. SOUTH: Drameton Button L. I .. cESTERSE ; IRE, EAST: B W. CodrinsZn • C Marquis Worcester . GLOUCESTERSHIRE, W.: Grantley Berkeley.. L Hale C HAMPSHIRE, NORTH : C. e B._Leferr L Slr W. Heatheote HAMPSHIRE, SOUTH Lord C. Wellesley Compton HERY.FORUSIIIRE _ . O. c Lewis W galley .— C Haggett HERTPORCSHIR6 : _ ----- . .I. Halsey C Siz H. Mein —.-- ..... C Fellows Thornhill ISLE Of WIOUT: Simeon .L KENT EAST : &Mee Plumptre KENT, WEST: ritzier Hodges LANCASHIRE, NORTH: Patten Heywood!L LANCASHIRE, 800TH: Brown L LEICESTERSHIRE, N.: Lord C. Manners Farnham LEIcEtrrEw4HIRE, s.: Balked Packs LINCOLNSHIRE, N.: C C C r it r r olni y WALES, 29 ANGLESEA, BOROUGH: Lord G. F. Paget ANGLESEA, COUNTY: Sir R. B. W. Bulkeley L BRECON : BREOONWIRE Bailey • CARDIFF: •-• • •• ......... • • Dr. Mahal C CARDIGAN: - L Pryne Powdl C Yowls-:____ L - 11 ; ;;;or --- • v C Davies CAMARA:ON : - 1 . 1 - 41;1; • C CARNARVONSHIRE : . Pennant C DENBIGH : West DENBIGHSHIRE: -- Wynn C Bacot IBILLND, ANTRIM, COIN T: ?dement% 1. Alexander ARMAGH: _ _ Rawdon CoUNTY Caulfield. Bir N. Varner ATBITiE Keogh C BANDCri BRIDGE BELFAST: Tennant Lord J. Chicbautta C CARLOW, COUNTY: Cul. Bruen Sunbury CARB4CKFEROWL, VlELitt= C CARLOW: CASHEL ....... O'Brien T. CAVAN Tow Col. Maxwell CLARE, COUNTY : W . 1.. O'Brien M'Ne— ra-- ma .L CLONMEL ---- Hoo.C.Lawton L CORK, CITY : Man COBAC C Ve bs gi a ri : lim Dr. Power COLEILAINE - 117 c7y DONEGAL: -- "C.ZOOOOn 7 Sir E. Hayes '''''' C DOWNPATRICIC : C iiritereagit Lord E. HILL DROGHEDA: Sir W. Sward!le L DUBLIN, CITY : E Grogan J. Reynolds DUBLIN, COUNTY: Hamilton Col Taylor DUBLIN UNIVERSITY: 14=1= Shaw DUNDALK: . - 6. - E) . eravigh L I.a Erik DIINOAXVAN MINN: ____ . _o'Ocormap Mahon L -- Sirrlres;oke CoL Arehdall GALWAY, COUNTY: Burke St 4 CI GIALWAY 4 , } VVTIN: Blake 011aberty L BERRY: ---- Herbert Y. J. O'Connell L KILKENNY, MT : SCOTLAND, ABERDEEN: ABERDEEN:TIRE : .___ - D. AYR AYRSHIRE: BANFF, COUNTY : J. pail * ZIT. i. 137012 BUTPSHIRE Cam: _ Tmfll L ILKANNAN AND KM- (lea. Madras L DUMBARTONSHIRE: Smart DUMFRIESSHIRE : Lard Dratalands DUMFRIES, BURGHS: W. Evart DUNDEE: o..Duaran .Gowan L W. O. Craig L EDINBUROLLSHIRE Far J. Hope ELGIN, BURGHS: Duff ELGIN .sum NAIENBHIU : Bruce FS, 144 MEMBERS. LINO: I I.I4MM, 8011TH: Sir J. O Lard .... MEDDLEBKIC: Lord R. Gr.:armor L Osborne All.1:41..0, a sa.azaanz.. O. 80111a1Si O. Horgan C NORFOLK. LAST: Wodebouse Burroughs NORFOLK, WERT : M g r L NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, N : • ' C • A. Stantarar Mimi. C fORTHAMPTO. fialltE; • C ApeC NORTHUMBERLAND, N.: Ear G. Gm Tool Oemdetoo NORTHUMBERLAND, 8.: M. Bell 8. C. H. Oste NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, N.: Lord H. Baen& C Houldworth NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, 8.: Hildyard ...........---. Lord Norreys C Ilarsoart C r e C ant rdey _ . NDSHTNE. .. . Noel SLIROPRiiIItE, NORTH: Meet. Clive SHROPSHIRE, SOUTH: Hon. R. H. Clive Vied. Newport SOKERSEIVIIIRIL EAST: Miles Pinney SOMEILiEISHIRE, WEST: Moody Hood oTAFFORDSHIRIL N. : Adderiey BrantleyC STAFFORDSHIRE, &: Ooi. Anson Lord SUFFOLK Lorei Rendleaharn E. S. Good: SUFFOLK, WEST: Waddington Bennett SURREY, EAST: King Alcoa SURREY, WEST: Drummond y.AST ---- Fla - el. -- • Fre‘en SUSSEX, WEST,._ Fwrl of MaMh Prime WARWICKSILIRE, N.: Newdegate SpoonerC WARWICKSHIRE, 8.: WESTMORELAND:Lord C C Ald. Thompson C WILTSHIRE, : Long &stiffen WILTSHIRE, SOUTH: .. -------, -- - --. Bennett Sidney Herbert C WORCESTERSHIRE. E.: Capt. Rushout WORCWEIIS/Diik ii..i L General Lygon Knight C YORKSHIRE, EAST: Lord Hotham. C Smedley C YORKSHIRE, NORTH: Cayley L 0. Dube C YORKSHIRE, WEST lUD. • Lord Morpeth 4' MEMBERS. PLLNT BOROUGHS: Hammer PLINTSHIKE • Hon. E.L.Mostyn L GLAMORGANSHIRR. Talbot HAVERFORDWEST: Evans Rio KERTIIYa tWECtaelit MONTGOMERYSHIRE: MO : Pugh (A double return.) PEMBROKE: Sir J. Owen Visoouni E Iyn C sir J. Welvha RADNOR, An. Sir T. F. Leiria SWAIsSEA I Vivian 105 MEMBER!... COUNTY: Armstrong KLNSALE Guinness LEITRIM : I: Tear. .. .. Hon. Mr. mans ...L LIMERICK CITY: J. O'Brien LISIERICIL CC.: Mansell S. O'Brien LISBURN : - LONDONDERRY, CITY: Sir IL A. Bergman L LONDONDERRY, CO.: Sir R. Bateroa Cant. Joins LONGFORD: Major Blackball C Mr. Fox LOL"TiI : Bellew MALLOW : Narrers MAYO: Browne Moore MEATH : Cortelly Grattw L Dawson Lana. NEW ROSS NEWRY : Newry_ PORTARLINGTON: -- Cid:jinni; --" L QUEEN'S COUNTY : Hon. T. Vevey .... C Fitzpatrick ROSCOMMON : .L French L Grace L SLIGO : --- SOcciers L SLIGO UNTY : J. CO Platllott TIPPERARY ficully TRALEE : o'omnd! .L TYRONE •_ -- Lord C. Hamilton Corry WATERFORD, CITY: T. Meagher L D. O'Colanell L . WATERFORD, COUNTY: Keating Power WESTMEATII : Sir P. Nugent. L R. Marisa .L WEXFORD. Decereux WEXFORD, COUNTY: O. Morgan WICKLOW, PLY= COCIWIT: Lord Milton CoL Act= YOUOHAL : Usti .L ZMEMBSB& IN VER A ! 1 , 181 . 1U . K0H8 : L INTERNEBB.ISHIRE : H. MAR KILMANOCK, KR: __ Nouverk: L 111C1,11../••• 47 a.mw Hon. H. Arbuthnot C KIRKCALDY, &a.: Col. F KIRIECUDBT a L l 9 HT Maitland ,..L LANARKSHIRE: W. Lockhart LEITH, &c : _ _ __ Rutherfurd___ ..L LLYLITIICiOwiSIium: pandas 1 MONTROSE, BURGHS: Hume L I PAISLEY: A. A Make __ . ______ L PEEBLEBIIIIth : Msokende PERTH: ___ P. Mauls 7113111 : Drmintaa KG ed OoL Morepay IT 0w...A • 8099 AND CROMARTY : Matheson __ '7""filsoi — • L C FALKIRK. DT-MOUS: Lord Unsold C FIFESHIRE: Fergus L FOB.PARSIELIRE: ST. ANDREW'S, Sm.: E. Moe, Jos. STIRLING, BURGHS : Smi „L STIRLINGSHERE: Parties. SUTHERLAND, COUNTY: Sit D. Dusan WICK I LHOHS: WIGTON, BURGHS • Su J. M•Taimart L -- 'Lord cusoow W Gra O cie regor L GREENOCK " "r Lord Reload Layle .L T:Ba -7 .l7mph ...L IRELAND. DCBLIN, AIICHMIT 17. Tae is beginning to agitate the landlords, and they look around sor Fawner anu security against the day of disaster. The encumbered classes are particularly sensitive, and not without good reason. A southern landlord, titled and indebted, has set about a tenant reformation, to enable him to keep oat of market overt. In consequence, it is stated in a circular to hie tenantry, of the great pressure upon landlords " from the universal nonpayment of rents," the stoppage of discount by the banks, and the ad vent of the odious poor law, new rules and modes of treatment become necessary, and of these the prin cipal aim at two results, punctuality on the side of the tenants, and a stringent severity on that of the landlord. There is not to be hereafter what is called a " hanging gale"—a system most pernicious to the habits of the people, as well as affording a terrible instrument of oppression to a vicious landlord. So far the reform is Judicious. Another article is worthy of imitation with Irish landlords. Leases for sixteen years, under the new act, will be granted at a charge of 3s. 6d. each, all fees included, to such tenants as hold ten Irish acres within one fent*. We are beginning to look after the fortunes of our tenantry in Ireland. So far the poor law has accomplished one of its ends. The police have been calculating the amount of the rate for the ensuing half year among the householders. It has startled them a little, the in crease on the past half year being about 100 per cent., on the preceding half 130 per cent. The rate for the North Union is over 21,000/. The crisis seems at length about to fall on Ireland, for it is very confi dently affirmed that many days will not elapse ere some of our houses high in mercantile character will be compelled to stop payments, or seek for time and forbearance. Indeed, already time has, it is said, been sought fer, and the names of four or five firms have been freely talked of as " shaky." But obvi ously it would bo unjust as well as premature to name them as yet. The harvest operations are in rapid progress throughout the country. I was yesterday assured by agentleman, who has traversed within the last fort night a good part of Cork, Limerick, Tipperary, and King's and Queen's counties, that never in any pre vious year did he see so large a breadth of harvest cut down at so early a period. My informant feels convinced that on the let September there will not be throughout the country he visited a single blade of corn standing. The produce is uncommonly fine, and the yield far beyond the average. The po tato harvest is now secure, and the crop quite safe and most prolific. In various localities there have been traces of blight exhibited, but not to any greater extent than has occurred any and every year during any of the 20 autumns preceding 1845. The Corn Exchange to-day was very fully supplied, and prices of all cereals are falling rapidly. Scarcely anything was done in old wheat, as holders were not ready to submit to the rates offered, fully five per cent. under those of Friday last. New white wheat was sold to-day at 30s. to 31s. per barrel, new red wheat 26e. to 30s. per barrel ; new oats were freely offered at 12a. per barrel, quality prime; old oats sold at lie. to 16s. per barrel, quality equal to that bringing 275. three months since. Barrel flour : American rated at 26r. to 28e. ; home manufactured, 20s. to 225. per cwt. A factor assured me that he sold a quantity of pease meal at Ss. per cwt. on 'Change to-day, of a quality equal to that for which he found free eldest 225. per cwt. in May last. meyo ELECTION.—On Monday morning Mr. J. M. Mae- DonneU, late member, and Mr. John Denis Browne, having become satisfied that their chews' of success were very small indeed, retired from the contest, and the sheriff in the course of yesterday was to have declared Mr. It. D. Browne and Mr. G. 11. Moon duly elected. SCOTLAND. EDINBURGH, Aim. 17. An analysis of the votes given at the late city elec tion has been published. It is as follows: Oman 913 Blackburn Macaulay 62 Gibnon•Cruis - VOTKO. 1321 Cawan and Cowan sad 69 37 -1:=113 • ••• . •• 42 liacsalay and Blmck Caen 3O The constituency ought to amount to 5,000, but of these only about 4,500 are in a condition to vote. And the number who actually polled did not probably ex ceed 3,800. It appears that Cowan had 913 plumper., 437 votes split with Gibson• Craig and 42 votes split with Macaulay—in all, 1,392. These may fairly be assumed to have been liberal votes. Macaulay had 82 plumper., 1,321 split with Gibson-Craig, and 42 with Cowan—in all, 1,425. It appears, therefore, that notwithstanding the extensive disaffection towards Mr. Macaulay in Edinburgh, he still was the favourite candidate of a majority, though a small one, el the liberals. " But this avails not. The deed is done. We have lost one of our local celebrities in a small way : Mr. Alexander Robertson, umquhile teacher mid seller of music, better known, perhaps, among ae as the brother of the late John Robertson, than in W own personality. John Robertson's back-shop in the High-street was the rendezvous of the out-and eat liberals (and of some who, like the present pre 'Heat of our Scottish Academy, loved character, and oared not for parties)—of those who went beyond the EdniburgA Renew school—in the evil days of 1819. He had a considerable hand in the original establish ment of the Scotsman, and, without meaning any dis respect to the management, the cause of his subsequent secession from it was most honourable to him. The entire affection of the two brothers was an admir able feature in their character. John, the stern, uncompromising liberal, was the man of intellect and will ; Alexander tried to be his brother, as much as a natural hankering for dangling at the tail of the aristocracy would permit. Alexander wee a counter part of John, with somewhat feminine features. After his brother's death, Alexander having acquired a competency, threw himself vigorously into the pub lic business line, which he had previously eschewed. There was benevolence and good will in all his struggles, but ho lacked the manliness of John. Alexander was almost the last of a clique or coterie (we use the terms in no offensive sense) moat charac teristic of the better class of Edinburgh shopkeepers in the earlier quarter of the century, of whom few specimens now survive. Even he had lost his onginal plumage, and descended upon us as a landowner before his death. Peace to their memories Two more honest men or affectionate relatives we have not known. PROVINCIAL. THE MANCHESTER MANUFACTCRERS AND THE Cu= ATION OF COTTON IN INDIA.—The prominent man ner in which this subject has been brought before the manu facturing interest lately by the Manchester Commercial Association would seem to have been productive of much benefit. We understand that the forwarding of many orders for cotton has been the result. tinder such circumstance', the immediate attention of the Eut India Company has been called by the emaciation, through their secretary, Mr. Hugh Fleeting, to the expediency of facilitating the means of transit by • the roads, and furnishing hand-saw On lee the r of the cotton. The Mow* reply has bees resolved : NM Lila Ilse" Iter. ii . 11147.—Str,—I ammerlad by the inert of dine= et the Beitt Indic Oolapasy le Mtge earrehet arbathe to lit et peeraof the Ile ult., in which. IS basket Jtso. ehastermlel Aresetribee. you veldt the ewes stlellea to the exelebeer ef erilleSer hie sem at thorn tram the ahem dis. mete as the vela dee giblets M the peels el Wooer*, MI an of estaesssal /WVd le ki/NLIZT Om bi r err the yea of oloonaltm, 4,1, 1 an dhaelet et ia 11= i te portant edges' et ll l the bre seammina Yawata the Interim sed the les sot Mel tensely, the mins achtlicrs. hand the mut The mei to Ilea yea partleehets rear —rte., hew Derrwer. obi Hedike to elm sae tams le the port d Om/b. Ye bete amellty eirweek see the tout bine raw valor thdr asseletretha • hr easurt. fas SO WINN bellothwert kola eta the Dees. arecalisk es the Dbarver Yea arlareeleet and ahradymelleeel • esselhotles oak/ fer seselreaden nit whoa erlho twat haven Beata val Ow Mau heslirc, • Mehra dein' Omar =Oa Other Imprint welts penele kr tt drwee one W affie she la or awe Meet . tha Adrift of Owe,.Owe,. Mdse. te be rachiceeere. With law dm, I as bawl to acquaint you =pm east 10 the tervithe d bare idrahly taloa the merwas for forward. S l Fth= t hiw ma ratc!) . 11.11.1 ppl Ihe he t tree b ara F ooln 4tic irpr ble nt to wperewl as osseahatruct d the tau.-1 am. dr., Jas. Math& Eaq. This answer shows that the Fast India Company see how the prosperityof their territory is bound up in this movement A NONCONFORMIST LEAGUE ill proposed to be started at Manchester and a preliminary meeting was held at the Town-hall, on Teemlay evening, Lt which resolutions , were twined, agreeing to form a board of deputies, represent ingsiderable majority of the independent ministers of Manchester the entire body. The meeting was attended by a eon and Be neighbourhood—upwards of thirty in number; and amongst the laymen were—Mr. Choir Redfield, Mr. Pren tice, and Mr. Samuel Giles. Mr. Bright, M.P. ; Mr. Daw son, of Lancaster ; and Mr. Robertson, of Liverpool all influential nonconformists of the neighbourhood—though not present, had written letters, which were read, approving of the object of the meeting, but suggesting modifications of the outline given iu a printed document accompanying the circulars calling the meeting. A letter was also read. ?tom Mr, Sand, E.:toiler. a lead • • - • - •• • - • ing I "npendent, disaper7:4 of the ooject of the meeung, and expressing an opinion that the rights of nonconformists were in no danger, and that a similar proceeding fifteen yearn ago having excited alarm, and led to the formation of an antagonistic aseociation in the church, which resulted in the reingruition of a reform admi nistration, he believed such a board would be pregnant with misctief to nonconformity. The obect of the board is set forth in two reasons, of which the fo l lowing are copies I. That the obligations of religion in its doctrines and ordinances being derived from the relation subsisting between the Creator and his creature% it is a sinful violation of sacred preroguiree when the ruler, the were, or any weldor confederacy, interferes as an authority to propagate raigious opinion ; to institute or enforce ecclesiastical appomtznents or observances • or to endow, from the revenues of the state, any religious imuriactors, whether for young or old. That, therefore, to constitute bibiapries ; to a point or him bishops ur pastors in thc church of God •• or to provide plans or salaries so for teachers of *christen people. Is no part of the province of the political authorities, and ought to be withstood by all who bow to Christ as king in his church, 2. It is manifest that, without an organialtion suited to their principles sad relations, , nonconformists do not command, as if they powassid, such power for efficient oo.operation as the times require. Retest government mea ewes, especially the bill for the bishopric of Manchester, render ex. pedient and necessary in this district an energetic confedeney ; but, moreover, the continued demands of stato-churchism cnfurc it as a solemn duty on protestant nontonformista, as citizens and members of the commonwealth, to watch over and maintain their right, to promote their diatinguishing principles, and vigilantly to reset the usurpations and encroachments of the church by law established, and of other wets endowed by the state. Mr. W. P. Woodcock of Bury presided and a series of re solutions were pared to the effect that for the reasons above stated it was incumbent on the nonconformists to establish a board of deputies, whosespieniOiaciion ,hosed be the county of Lancaster ;• that the outline row submitted u a plan of organisation be adopted, subject to such modifications as the association might afterwards adopt at its first annual meeting ; that such gentlemen u were present, and agreed to the proposed measure, and such as might be proposed and adopted at meetings of congregations and permanent asso ciations within the next six weeks (each such body being allowed to nominate two deputies) form the proviallsnal com mittee for the first year ; and that a subscription b.) set on foot to cover the incidental expenses. In the course of the speeches, reference was mane to &meeting of nonconformists held in May lut, at which Dr. Vaughan took a leading part, and at which resolutions were passed holding out offers to meet the government half way on the minutes of education, so far as they affected the congregation- Mists, and much disapprobation was expressed at the disrespect and want of courtesy shown towards the great bulk of congregationalist' on that occasion, when, it was alleged, that very few persona except those moving and se conding the resolutions were present. It was stated that a regard only for the interests of the college, at which Dr. Vaughan was president, prevented many parties from coming forward at the time and disavowing their concurrence with the resolutions, and expressing their disapprobation of the course taken. _ _ _ _ _ CASE BETWEEN MASTERS AND MEN.—On Friday last, Messrs. Smith and Willey, ironfonnders, of Liverpool, appeared at the County Court to defend three actions brought against them by men lately in their employ, for balance of wages alleged to be due. A legal practitioner, who ap peared for Smith and Willey, stated that they refused to pay the demand owing to the men haring wilfully spoiled the work entrusted to them; and explained that, in conse quence of the conduct of the moulders belonging to the moulden' club, they (Smith and Willey) had been forced to put labourers and boys to perform work previously done by moulders, and that strong ill feeling had been displayed by the club men in consequence. One of their plans was to send men to take emplOyment as moulders, and slier those had worked a day or two, the work entrust. / to them they wilfully spoiled. The parties who were then in court, they had reasou. to believe, had acted in this manner, and therefore they felt justified in resisting payment of wages for the time spent up in the bad work.—Mr. D. Grigg, fore man moulder to Smith and Wiley, was then called, and said that the articles given to the plaintiffs to make were such as any boy who had been a few weeks at the business could have made without difficulty, and that be had no doubt the work bad been spoiled designedly.—A young boy was then called, who stated that be had only been working three months as a moulder, and that he had made several articles from the same pattern as the articles spoiled, and that all his work was good. Similar evidence was also given by a man who had been labouring in Smith and I Will. 's foundry for two yearn and a half. lie stated that he had never previously worked in a foundry,—in fact, was an old soldier: since the plaintiffs had been dis charged, he had made several articles similar to those men tioned. All his work had turned out correct, and the job was particularly easy. Oa behalf of the plaintiffs it was attempted to be shown that the work was not spoiled by de- Mgn, but from accident ; and several witnesses were called, who stated that they, as moulders, had frequently lost work, and that their wages had never been stopped in coasequenee. In reply to a question they admitted that their employers were justified in refusing to pay, provided they were clearly satisfied the work had been lost designedly, stating that this was a case they had never known, and did not believe a moulder would act to wrongfully.—His Honour, who paid great attention to the ease, was of opinion that the work had been wilfully damaged, and refused all the claims, observing, that although it was possible a single article might have I been accidentally lost, the fact of three men losing their work at the same time was sufficient to convince him that the defendants bad taken a correct view of the case, and were justified in resisting the demand. CRUELTY TO A CLIMBING BOT.-A man named Hamer, a sweep, was brought before the magistrates at Man chester yesterday. charged with cruelty to an apprentice. The prisoner had taken tho buy, who was only six years old, as an apprentice from the Manchester workhouse, and had made him climb chimneys till his knees and elbows were covered with ulcers, and had then beaten him when hecould no longer bear the torture of ascending chimtur in that condition. On Sunday the boy absconded, and being taken to the workhouse by a policeman, the . governor of the work house brought the case before the magistrates. The boy was carried into court wrapped in a blanket. Hamer was com mitted for trial at the Ensions for an assault. ----- REPORTED SALE OF THE BIRKENHEAD DOCKS.— Our Liverpool correspondent, writing last night, says, —" Mr. L. Goldsmid and Mr. Baily age down here, it is said, to negotiate the sale of the Birkenhead Dock Com pany's docks and warehouses to the Liverpool corporation. The company have a meeting today, but as reporters are excluded I hare not yet heard the result." THE POOR IN TIEL:TN10;11 --- 01,'SE, having suffered severely from disrrhcca, an analysis of the oatmeal used for their food was ordered to be made. Dr. Topham, after having carefully made a microscopical ex amination, found that it contained a very considerable por tion of extraneous material (about one-third) of a nature incapable of being nutritious as an article of human food. The specimen, when compared with oatmeal derived from another source, differed from the latter in showing a much larger quantity of non-nutritious vegetable matter present, but which was not of a poisonous quality, yet likely to prove irritating to the digestive organs if used u diet. The dried husk in eat bran appears to have been rather copiously mixed with this meal, and was doubtless the cause of the disease complained of ; for, on a better article being sub stituted, the children began to mend, and are at this period in good health. HISTORY OF A irI"ETTPOFNDI"OTE.—A case, about which there hes been a great deal of discussion, was finally decided by the Cambridge Magisteatte last week. 4 4 boy, generally employed by butchers, not one of the best ache meters, named Robert?, found about two months since a fine-peund note, in the market-place. In the course of the night preceding the morning on which this note was found, Mr. Walpole, a cattle dealer, lost that particular sum, and the next morning preferred a charge of felony against a person named 'William Bulley. Bulley was charged with stealing it under the following menus 'dance.: Walpole asked Bulley to get it changed; Bailey accordingly went out of the room in which they were both stung in a public-home for the purpose; on return ing some other matter was the subject of conversation, and Walpole omitted to ask for the five pounds' worth of change. In the morning be missed it, and charged Bailey with retaining it. Bulley denied the charge ; he declared he gave the money to him, which was corrobo rated by the landlord of the ion, who saw something pass on Bailey's return from one party to another, He also produced the boy Roberts, who said he found a 51. note in the market place; at the time he thought it was a piece of waste paper (being unable to read), and carelessly put it in his pocket. Shortly after this be met a son of Mr. W. Bellamy, butcher, who was looking for a piece of paper to light his pipe with. Roberts screwed up and gave him the note, upon which Bellamy informed him of his mistake, and at his request got the note changed at Mr. J. Fenn's. Between 21. and 31. was ex pended for clothes; the remainder was given to Bellamy to keep, with the offer to deduct Ioe. fer hie trouble. The magistrates quite exonerated Bulley, who was looked upon as a likely object for suspicion, he having been in some little trouble before, end having had the note in his possession to change. The note lost was one of Lacon's, so also was the one found ; still the prosecutor declared most positively that the one which wee found was not the one lost, and refused to lay any claim to it. So con vinced was he of this, that he sued Gulley for it as a debt in the county court; but was unsuccessful in prosecut ing his claim, Under these circumstances, the question has often been brought before the bench as to the disposal of the residue of the money ; in the absence of any proof as to the note having been stolen it reverted to Mr. Fenn. The point of difference was, to whom did the balance belong. The police kept it two months, and on Wednesday the magistrates ordered it to be gives to the boy Roberts. The majority thought this WM their only course, as the fact of the note being a stolen one was so distinctly denied. Mr. R. Hammond thought that as the boy slept in the house the night of the robbery, and .4 he was not a good character, the balance should be retained. He made no effort to fled an owner far it, which he was bound to do, and to give him back the balance was like offering a premium for parties when they found money or valuables to keep them and appropriate them to their own uses. In reply to this, it was said the boy had no idea of the value of the note, and that no evidence had been produced to warrant the belief so to the property being stolen. IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT.—A correspondent of the Cambridge Advertiser says:—" Robert Jackson, a farming labourer, of &ham (whose wife and three ch il irea instantly became chargeable to the parish), was last week arrested, and conveyed to the county gaol, for a debt of ale leen shillings, inclusive of costs. It appears from Jackson's statement, that the debt for which he has been arrested, was contracted seven years since. Jackson positively de clares such to be the case ; end that he, Jackson, has never dealt with the plaintiff, or entered upon his pre mises since 1840; and positively denies the justice of • • apaiuit hum. he. • .11n1 . gtoos toot when sum . . mooed before the court, he, the defendant, rolled upon tho plaintiff to prove the different items of the debt, and also tho I dates when the debt was contracted. And the plaintiff posi. Lively refused to comply witn this demand. That the plain. till a answer to the judge was " that be believed that the de fendant owed him principally for flour." The defendant further states that the plaintiff did not in any way molest tho defendant on two sut:sequent court days; but at this mo ment, when the defendant had an opportunity of earning some additional wages during the harvest, and thereby pro. siding for his family, he is carried off to prison, and his family are immediately thrown upon the parish." LIFE IN CAMBRIDOE.—The Cambridge Advertiser says " This town is now particularly dull. There is not a mouse stirring. The very dogs seem to be stricken with the universal languor. What with the dull weather, the long vacation, and the consequent absence of undergraduates, and the silence of the university cloisters, with no more elections or installations, or even Spinning-douse riots to make the blood circulate, it absolutely seems to the gloomy imagina tion as if every individual in Cambridge were meditating suicide to make an end of it, If this should really be the upshot of the present state of things, the respensib:lity must rest on the heads of the Eastern Counties Company, who, by the late rise of their fares, have totally stopped the com munication between Cambridge and London ; and, unfortu nately, Jenny Lind cannot transmit the enchantment of ber voice per telegraph. It is so far satisfactory, in these circumstances, to be able to lay the blame somewhere." PS NOOLK. INSECNRITT OP NELSON'S MONTAIENT AT YAR- Not:rm.—At the town council meeting, on Thursday, the Mayor of Yarmouth brought forward a subject, in which, he observed, not merely the town, but the whole kingdom was interested. He believed it was generally known and lamented that the basement of Nelson's monument was fell ing into a state of dilapidation. He bad been given to un derstand that if a memorial were presented to the Trinity board, who used the column as a sea mark, that board would feel it its duty to take care of its preservation. It was re solved that s memorial addressed to the Norfolk justices be placed in the hands of I. Preston, Esq., the local chairman, for carrying Cut the vomit. YARMOUTH ELECTION.—A correspondent says : " The parties engaged in inquiring into the practices adopted at the last election for this borough are so fully convinced that the present members (Messrs. Lennox and Cooper) will be unable to retain their seats, that they have taken all ne ces'ary steps to prosecute a searching investigation before a committee of tte hoists. The petition against the return will be presented immediately after the amembling of par , liament." A PUBLIC HALL FOR Irswicu.—A plan is on foot for the erection of a public hall, at Ipswich, suffieieutll capa cious to provide 4,000 sittings. It is intended to raise the sum of 2,0001. for this purpose, in shares of 21. each, of which sum upwards of GOO/. have already been obtained, although the project was only started on Friday last. It is to be open to all who will pay the rent required, which is to be fixed on the lowest ... C KENT. THE NOBLE ACT of Sa;iiiOgers, an orphan girlovho rescued a child, the infant son of Mr. Tucker, a clerk on board the Poictiers, by descending into a well 63 feet deep, at Rochester, has received from the Queen a &nation of 101. m a mark of her Majesty's gracious approval of her mu: age and fidelity ; and tier Majesty the Queen Dowager has also been pleased to forward 251. The money raised fur the poor girl will either be invested in the funds or purchase a life annuity. CHANNEL ISLANDS. ..... THE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR OF GUERNSEY TO EXPEL ALIENS from that island has often been a subject of angry discussion in the journals of the place. The Guernsey Star of Monday says : In the notices ' , which we have given in previous numbers of the report of the criminal law cornmiwioners, we base not true-bed on the recommendation contained in that document for controlling the power &named by some of the eovernors of the Channel Islands off eaprlling aliens. The report, in epeaking of this araumed power, says The island in nearly in the condition of a garrison town, and unquestion ably the governor, who is reeponsible for the military defence, ought to have • power <kilns kind." • • "It is, however, liable to &bine." • • "The proper remedy Gems to be that, wherever the power is exerted, the governor should be required to report the can, with the special circumstance., to your Majeetv's Secretary of State." The condition, then, according to the opinion of the commiseioners, on which the governors ought to proem the power of expelling aliens is, that it shall only be exercieed for the "military defence" of the islands. This condition defines the limits of the power in vacation. Whatever is not included within throe Weds is excluded from the power of the governor. It mmt be mov.W, or at least believed, that the presence of en alien affects the military rem of the Island, or he cannot be expelled. Now thin dictum is a tacit but emphatic condem nation of the conduct of the late oir Edward Gibbs and Major-General Napier, in the two es es which Wet brought under the notice of the commienoners.—The former was led into an abuse of his power foe the purpose of preventing an old Jersey tanner marrying French girl; and the latter was betrayed into • similar error by listening to the intemperate eminences of his own wrath, excited by his %infra I.e Conn, haring put the polioe on a fake scent when hunting for another man whom It was the lieu tenant-governor's plearure to arrest, bot who, be it otnerved, wan not charged with any political offence. In neither awe had the act t-f the lieuh-governor anything to do with the military defence of the L'aed. Indeed, in a time of profound peace no such care on well co= ; but even had we been at war, it is not very easy to conceive how the mar riage of an old man could bare endangered Avery, or how the mysti fying of a constable could have affected the safety of Guernsey. How ever, the diecuraions which have taken place on this subject, followed as they are by the declaration of the coaunianoners, will prevent the tecurrence of arbitrary and dangerous ragarice, such 68 those referred to. Henceforward no Insentient-governor—whether of the eery character of air E. C.ilite or of the rennin nature of General Napier —will fall into ouch deplorable errors as they respectively committed. LITERATURE. The Lands of the Bible visited and described in an exten sive journey, undertaken with special reference to the promotion of biblical research, and the adraneement of the cause of philanthropy. By JOHN Vinson, D.D., F.R.S., 8:c. With maps and illustrations. 2 vole. 1847. The author of these volumes had been fifteen years in India as a missionary of the church of Scotland, when repeated attacks of fever rendered it necessary that he should resort for a season to more temperate climates. It was a mitigation of the trial to think that his journey to Europe " might he made the occasion of gratifying his ardent desire to sur vey the countries which have been the theatres of the most marvellous events in the world's history, and contributing in any degree to direct to them the benevolence of Britain." Accordingly on the let Jan., 1843, he concluded his ministrations to his little flock of converts from Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, and _ - MI ___.....maaanism at Bombay. Much had been done by various parties to facilitate his journey. He was indebted to the governor in council for a special letter of introduction to the government authorities of the countries through which he might pass—and also one from the rulers of the Bene Israel to the Jews whom he might visit. Dr. Wilson was well prepared for this journey by his ardent philanthropy, his enlightened zeal, his liberal spirit, and an intimate acquaintance with the languages and customs of the east. He was rlt inattentive to scenery, or to the condition of man in the countries through which he passed; but he does not equal some of those who had gone before him in the graphic p‘,..ver of his descrirtions, or in tae dramaiiC which they have given to ti;_ir. aseratives. He tells us, in clear and sensible what he saw and heard. But he does not srste ig :s to see and bear for ourselves ; he does not present pictures to our mind's eye. The chief value of his work (enhanced by illustra tions and splendid maps, the latter constructed by Messrs. Johnson, of Edinburgh, geographers to the Queen) consists in its biblical research, its critical examination, on the spot, of the antiquities and sites of the lands of the Bible, and its learned expositions of the historical and prophetic portions of Scripture. Kgreat part of the volumes is occupied with topographical descriptions, which, though not so picturesque as they might be, are no doubt accurate, Zaelirs such, calculated to be useful to the general as well as to future travellers. The first voyage was from Bombay to Aden Tlis people of these tribes, a ecealderable number of whoa arc now settled le ads, are fine limbed, comely, and headroom in their shape, sad without the prominent led pouted lip, and protuberant belly ad kips, of moot of their eselkaastal neighbours. Them s'iin is of a darkeopper colour, their tea= are bamitifully white nod clean, their bids la more curly than weeny mod naturally black, but, by the aid at shell Ilea whisk they au& to it. they frequently Mange It to a llakt Wean or red. end give • eon of airy form. They re. seechle lie Kuhr Y apperrome, sod eaey are remarkable both far teleingeste. Meet at deem baguet:Ming the gores Ats ide tire i resepisioad up taw Irmo el tikat country, =ret** own gone Ondoet hew due 44 pr ein vocable. of which I received tram . o dudes • • lest skit Iseobay. • •4 04 The Jews have a synagogue at Aden, bat of U. t-- plainest description—merelya square:its= of eon- • orderable height, with scarcel7 a hole to admit the light. Its only furniture consists of a small desk-and three or four stools, a coarse mat spiead over the floor, three or four tumblers for lamps, awl wend :./ :,.. ostrich eggs suspended from the roof Is ..cfrittaiaff., A school of theirs, containing about a dorsal /kW - were engaged reciting some ptusie,ge . of Scripture in Hebrew, bawling at the utmost . . of their voices. Most of the adult Jews w- I . . and re- i e tiring, and destitute of that ease ; ~, • • ence whi&, under the British gore . . - S. obtain. The population of . • • oi, irt 4i, to 20,000, including 1,000 Jew Z : ...Loimi. risszotkie km more than enadrn .. ~. .. . • IN tows tie Owlish in 1801. The • ~,, • r`, _r_leyl• its Is e position with regard to . u. . • the "'"" 7 17 ' . . 7 • . 1 , . .. CC sr xi agg !Ch.