The Express. — London, England, 1847-08-16 00:00:00

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ALREADY is heard across the Atlantic, the note at preparation for the great quadrennial struggle the election of chief magistrate. To those practical politicians who, on this side of the ocean, so patheti cally lament the obstruction given to the progress of public business by the periodical renewal of parlia ments, this establishment of a new dynasty at the end of every four years must appear fraught with unutter able evils. Our transatlantic cousins do nevertheless contrive to get on; and looking to the manner in which they have settled their boundary disputes with ourselves, and are settling their miscellaneous disputes with Mexico, their civil organisation seems in no way to preclude a rather sharp look-out for the interests of the state. The truth is that the quadrennial revolution in the executive department is much more a matter of appearance than reality. Every four or eight years, there is a new president, but the president must act with and through his cabinet. That cabinet he must select either from among a few leading statesmen of the party whieh elected him, or, in the event of his choosing to kick down the ladder by which he climbed up to greatneim among a section of them, with the addition of an equally limited number from the opposite party. The President of the United States is as much contrast, in his actions by the difficulty of making &nit IS the Queen of GREAT BRITAIN. The numbiwof able ministers in the United States is as Emi WI in England ; and the consequence is that there, as here, the most prominent statesmen are in and out of office by turns, each change being marked by the carrying of some measure more or less important, while the broad tendency of traditional national poll remains unaltered. To this circumstance, quite as much as to the diffi culty of procuring a majority for men of marked cha racter, who, by . the mere force of their peculiarities, create adversaries, is owing that mediocrity which begins to be the distinguishing mark of American Presidents. The real statesmen of America feel that the place in which they are truly powerful and use ful is in the legislature or the cabinet ; that by alternating between the one and the other they retain a lasting control over the direction taken by public policy. The office of President, so difficult of attainment for men of decided political opinions and uncompromising integrity, is beginning (in practice, at least) to be reserved for men, who, like its present occupant, are nobodies in themselves, mere symbols of the party which is for the time being in the ascendant; or for some successful general whose career is flattering to the national pride, while his sphere of action has kept him remote from the danger of political enemies; or, at best, for some patriotic civilian grown grey in the arena of Congress, who has outlived with his own generation its mint hitter personal animosities, and is by common consent placed in the presidential chair, as an expression of public veneration and sympathy, and a graceful transition to the retirement and repose of old age. The congressional elections now in progress will have more influence on the destinies of the nation than the presidential election of next year, for which the keen party men throughout the Union are now girding their loins. Both, however, will be in ac cordance with the sentiments and opinions which sway the public mind in America for the time, and on this account possess a deep interest for this ommtry, which has such manifold reasons to desire that the prosperity of the United States may be perma nent and increasing, tind that our friendly relations with them may continue. Each of the two dominant parties in the United States, with much to command respect, has some features which prevent its attaining the entire sym pathy of Englishmen. The whig party, embracing perhaps the greater number of accomplished scholars, with its semi-aristocratic tendencies, approaches nearer in ',tattooist to loses BELL than its rival. Its more avowed antagonism to slavery is also in its favour. But the pertinacity with which it clings to the obsolete theories of protection for native industry neutralises this congeniality. We may sympathise less with the sturdy democrats than with the polished federalists; but finding the democrats more inclined to act upon the principle of "live and let live," it is with them that we feel most confidence in transacting business. What effect the pending elections are likely to have on the relative position of parties it would be premature to conjecture. Even persons on the spot, and intimately acquainted with the electioneering organisations of the Union, con fess themselves at fault. Four questions will exercise a strong influence over the votes of the large floating balance of electors who are not very thorough going partisans—the tariff of 1846, internal improve ments, the war with Mexico, and slavery. The two latter, indeed, are curiously complicated. There is a growing impression that the Mexican war will terminate in the permanent annexation of California and New Mexico to the United State.. This prospect tends to create dissension in the ranks of the demo cratic party, and to keep aloof from them the great body of moderate anti-slavers, by raising the question whether slavery is to be permitted in any new states or territories. Upon the settlement of this question depends the preservation of the existing balance of power between the slave-holding and non-slave-hold ing states, and it is therefore one regarding which compromise is not •eerryp probable. The successful working of the new tariff is in favour of the party at present in power ; while the impressive demonstra tion at Chicago in favour of internal improvements— el which, as a political engine, they entertain an here ditary jealousy—has excited a lively apprehension in their ranks. Beyond such general grounds of conjec ture little has as yet transpired. The whig or federal party, as the out-of-place assailants, are more enterprising and less guarded ; yet even they hesi tate to close as a party irrevocably on General TAYLOR as their presidential candidate, or to avow the Chicago convention as a party movement. The democrats, on the other hand, are so cautious that they will not cut off the chance of winning old "Rough and Ready" for their candidate; and are careful not to whisper a word about a re-election of Mr. Poi.x. Be the result of the contest what it may, we have confidence in the destinies of the great kindred re public. Many questions have been propounded to public opinion for solution that may shake local insti tutions to their foundations. In the war with Mexico victory may entail as much danger as defeat. But we believe that the administrative talent which has hitherto steered the helm of state will not be found wanting in the hour of trial, and that the family affection which, with states as with individuals, often exists so strangely in a latent state amid the most bitter family quarrels, will avert all serious animosi ties between the two nations. Two of the landed magnates, who claim not only their own hereditary and constitutional voice in the House of Lords, but the power of nominating county members of the House of Commons as well, have just been signally defeated. Lord GRANVILLE SOMERSET has been elected for Monmouth in defiance of the power of his brother the Duke of BEAT :FORT exerted to the uttermost against him. This is an important victory over landlordism. But still more important is the meow of Sir GEORGE GREY in North North umberland, where he has been placed at the head of the poll, notwithstanding the active and unscrupulous use of all the wealth and power of the Duke of NoavnumBERLAND. And there is this fur- Uwe feet worthy to be noted—that the duke's nephew and heir-presumptive. Lord LOVAINE, is the rejected candidate. The inefficient and inattentive old mem- • ~ ~ bee, Lord Ossetnros, has been re-elected; while the Duke of NORTHUMBERLAND, who supplied all the sinews of war, has been completely foiled. This is a signal triumph of industry over feudalism. It proves that nothing but the will is required to enable the to 'hake off the incubus of landlord Bet thee, it row be said that the landed in- Iheemeettplie nisteill in the cue ode; that Earl GREY is ea mania emir of land in North Northum berland, sod that his weight was thrown into the risible sale. Be it so ; but what was the value of that weight in 1841, when the rural industry of the country had been alarmed by the pro- phecies and delusions of the protectionists ? Then mark the difference between the kind of influence wielded by the Duke of NORTHUMBERLAND and Furl ORET : the estates of the one are held by nu mercies tenants, under yearly agreements, who are in general poor and dependent, and altogether behind the agricultural intelligence of the day ; the property of the other is occupied in large farms, by tenants of capital and intelligence, who, secured by leases, are independent of any influence their landlord can exert, WI nr except that de: i% ecl from his liberal and opi nions. It is the very circumstance, that where there will be found mole landowners — thoug h a nu merical minority—who will give the just influence of their social and political standing to the popular cause, which renders it absolutely certain that the exclusive power sought by the majority of the landowners can and will be effectually resisted. There is no disposi tion on the part of the people to deprive the owners of land of aught that they are legitimately entitled to. The position of a landowner, whose estate is his own, who is not a mere nominal owner of a heavily encum bered estate, is one of great advantage ; his °ppm , tunities of good are numerous ; and the eller, of his influence, when he is guided by intelli gence and a due sense of his obligations to the society of which he is a member, is wide. Ile ham leisure and education ; he often has power, by dealing rationally with his land, to improve the husbandry, and thereby increase the employment tad advance the wages of the district; with moderate acquirements, rightly exerted, he finds ready annual to the legi,labire, and then his field of terklame a only limited by his own capacity and industry. No one is more readily accepted in public life than an Intelligent landowner, and the popular sentiment rather seems unduly in favour of the class than the other way. It is only because the industrious classes have I seen that the landowners generally neglect the legi timate means they pones. of acquiring political , influence, and seek to coerce where they might lead the people—because the landowners, as a class, I have for age* been found in a glosinggref antogoniem to popular rights and the national irelfare—because i bitter experience of the past has shown that con cessions which justice and wisdom alike dictate have only been wrung from the landed aristocracy by force, or the fear of force, that it has became an axiom in the politics of industry that the power of " the I land" must be pat down. Not that the interests of the owners of land and of industry are adverse : on the contrary, rightly understood they ere one and , indivisible. The rest of the one is created, 'increased, and secured by the development and prosperity of the other. Not a commercial or manufacturing enterprise is undertaken in the king , dom which does not directly or indirectly benefit the , re of land. Why, then, have we so long men and and commerce treated as hostile interests ? Simply because the great body of the landowners, having possession of the legislature, have sought to attract to themselves more than a fair share—large as that share naturally is—of the results of the industry and enterprise of this great nation. Hence it is not against landowners as landowners that the industrious contend when they seek to over throw the dominancy of that landed oligarchy by which the country has been ruled : all that le aimed at is to compel them to seek their own advantage by identi fying themselves with the people. This is what the political and protectionist landowners cannot, or will not, understand. They attribute all sorts of motives to the people. They will not distinguish between the influence of property when used—fairly used—for the people, and when used to coerce, or oppress, or trammel their industry. Here is a case in point: Mr. LOWTHER, the nominee member of Lord LONS DALE for West Cumberland, referred to complaints which bad been made " as to the interference of the house of Losernea in the Carlisle election," and said: ... • Ile was not aware of any peculiar " interference ;" hut he would my that to thought the position end property of his family in the two counties entitled them to use their Influence quite as much as the Earl of Carlisle war entitled to "interfere" with the eastern division, and rather more than the mem' ers for Cockennouth, one of whom had no connexion with Carlisle, though very busy in election time, and the other of whom was a Scotchman, with no pretension whatever. Yet seltok volumes were poured out (shout " Low ther influence," and net one complaint raised on the other side. It is plain this young gentleman cannot perceive ' that " family influence," used to oppose an enlightened course of legislation, and to compel the voters to be come parties to their own enthralment, is quite a dif ferent thing from the " influence" of a wealthy land owner, whose eon places himself in the van of ad vancing civilisation, and has justly become a respected leader of the people. This is the reason why no " complaint is raised on the other side ;" there is no cause for complaint, but the contrary. Now one certain consequence of the liberals making steady and constant efforts to wrest the representa tion of the counties from the landocracy wilt be to bring over to the aide of progress many landowners who now support the obstruo tive and anti-social policy of the protectionists from habit and association rather than reflection. That the issue of the comparatively few county elec tions which have been contested by the liberals at the present general election is sufficiently encou raging must be admitted ; and we have no doubt that the exertions by which county seats have now been gained by the promoters of industry form but a prelude to a more general attack on landlordism, whenever the next opportunity shall occur. And this is a lesson which whig as well as tory landlords will to lay to heart. If—as is surmised by some— Lord FITZWILLIAN is anxious to see Lord MILTON one day the representative of the Wert Riding, he mistakes strangely the way in which this is to be brought about, when he makes friends with land lordism, as personified in Mr. DENDION, against industry, as represented by RICHARD COBDEN. We shall be rather curious to see whether the Times will continue to combine with its proper func tions as a great metropolitan journal the humbler office of recording the parochial politics of a corner of Berkshire, and giving expression to the private anti pathies of the owner of Bearwood. Careless news paper readers may often have been puzzled in the I attempt to explain the friendships and enmities of the Times—they have sought in vain for some common category in which Sir J. HounousE, Sir I. GRAHAM ; and Sir J. HOOO might be placed, all of whom the Times has denounftd, i rresp ective of politics, while it has, with equal impar tiali ty, formed a close and intimate alliance with Mr. FERNAND. The not Vnigme was Nottingham. Those who had thwarted Mn MrAvimm's personal views were never for given, while the influence of the communes inimicitia identified the Times with the per- • mentors of his opponents. Whether the new member for Nottingham will exercise a similar control over the powerful journal with which he is connected, time must show. We regret to see that he has already pledged himself to all the personal anti pathies and to some of the political perversities of the late Mr. WALTER. In the address which he delivered to his new constituents, after a proces sion which the Times reports with all the solemn minuteness of the " Little Pedlington Gazette," he condescended to repeat the foolish charge of con spiracy against his father on the part of the late government, and the late chairman of the board of directors, with which the Times and Mr. FERRARI) have so long attempted to disturb the indifferent incredulity of the public. Much allowance may be made for filial partiality; bat Mr. WALTER would have done more honour to his father's memory by tacitly dropping his prejudice. than in reproducing them in his own person. We at least hope, for the credit of the press, that the Times will no longer be the organ of the private dislikes of one of its pro prietors, even though he may have appropriated the peculiar genius of our contemporary for self-glorifica tion eo far as to announce that the " position in which he stands is the proudest and moat exalted which any British subject ever occupied? There are, probably, few persons who will be in clined to diecuse the question, whether the position of member for Nottingham, hared, as it iv, by THE EXPRESS, MONDA' Mr. FEARGUB O'CONNOR, is or is not summit which can be reached by human am.. lion: but there is one passage in Mr. Wsurza's speech, which contains a statement so often repeated by the Times and by other opponents of the Poor-law, that .it may be worth noticing. He con gratulates himself and his hearers on the destruction of that Poor-law Commission which his father had so keg purened with unrelenting hostility. We are sot quite certain whether the opponents of the poor law are sincere in their present expressions of triumph. It is not impossible that they may be glad to melee the most of an apparent success with the into:edemas retiring with credit from a hopeless ceded.: hie statesman has yet declared his adhesies is thittilW: poor-law clamour ;no innovation on lb at the act of 1834 has eves been parliament. The workhouses remain, the boardsl of guardians are in full operation ; the central authority will still superintend their labours. Only the persons of the commissioners are changed. If this was the main object of the Times and its fol lowers' it was concealed with consummate lIIIL Week after week, and year after year, we were held that the poor were robbed of their rights by the guardians, and the guardians by the commissaries& If an oppressive master of a workhouse was dismissed by the"bashaws" of Somerset-house, their interference with local independence was denounced; if a board of guardians made their " slay " too thin, the com missioners were attacked for remissness in not in. terfering. The principles of the poor law, the exemp tions which it recognised, the exertions of its others to carry it out, their alleged deviations from the letter of the code, all customs, all circumstances, all persons in any way connected Kith the administration of relief, were for thirteen years subjected to the in discriminate attacks of the Times. As we have already said, the law remains the same, and except that parliamentary ministers are to be substituted fir the existing commission, a measure which has never been urged by the anti-poor-law sgi. Wore, we are not aware of any triumph which they can claim. We may doubt whether abler or more zealous functionaries will be found to take the place of Mr. NICHOLLS and Mr. CHADWICK, Sir EDMUND HEAD and Mr. LEWIS. It is, at any rate, certain that their duties will be the same, and that their ordinary practice cannot greatly vary from the former adminis tration of Somerset-house. It is not unlikely that in the next parliament an attack will be made on the whole system of excise taxation. If so, those who conduct it will hardly be satisfied if their agitation results in a decision that the chairman of the board shall henceforth be required to sit in parliament. If, however, the poor-law agitators are satisfied with the trivial concession which they have obtained, we are willing to let them enjoy their triumph. The administration of relief to the poor is so difficult and often so invidious a duty, that it is desirable to avoid any addition to the unavoidable unpopularity which attends it. Those who dispense the public charity of the community are trustees at the same time for those who furnish and for those who receive relief. By laxity or indiscriminate bounty they may defraud the deserving poor, they may reduce the needy rate-payer to pauperism, they may demoralise those whom they seem to benefit, and perpetuate their misery by diminishing their exertions to escape from it. Never theless, they will seldom obtain full credit for the pru dent and conscientious discharge of their duties. In dividual suffering acts more strongly on the feelings than contingent public evil, and the true friend of the poor who has studied the principles of public economy and who has courage to act upon them may airiest always be held up successfully to odium by the nay and effeminate or dishonest philanthropist. We hope that the advantages which are anticipated from the presence in parliament of two of the poor law fanctionaries, may compensate for the limitation width the new act imposes on the choice of the govern ment. If popular constituencies, like the electors of Lambeth, continue to exclude their representatives ftom office, it will be necessary to look either to the House of Lords, or to the few remaining family hesoughs, for the heads of the new commission. There , me, however, in the new House of Commons many l iable members who would probably not be disinclined as long as their constituencies allow them to serve the public in official capacities. We are not aware whether Mr. Vitireas or Mr.MACGREGOR have been thought of as candidates for the vacant presidentship. Among the younger supporters of the government it would not be difficult to find an able and active secre tary. Mr. CHRISTIE, a singularly industrious and acute member of parliament, might possibly be un acceptable to government for this particular office from his active hostility to the members of the ex piring commission. Mr. SUNBURY, the new member for Bury, is, we believe, one of the most accomplished of the new aspirants to parliamentary honours, and would bring to the public service habit' of aa. tained application which would probably midis him a useful and efficient functionary. Them we no doubt many other members of parilimest il well qu alified for the vacant offices, and we hope that in m ' the appointment the government will fi nd not only t men but accommodating constite.sisa The grea danger to the poor law system is likely to arise from popular clamour. Hitherto the memory of the evils of the old system, and the practical benefits of the new law, with all its defects, have secured it from material change ; and it is in the highest degree important that the prejudices of parti cular bodies of electors should not he brought to bear against a system which has on the whole worked better than any other which could have been sub stituted for it. So far, at least, there is no ground for the boasts of those who have opposed it. It will be a heavy misfortune to the country if it ever renews the experience which originally made it necessary. the highest Our Paris correspondence of Saturday contains no intelligence of general interest. The Grand Concours and distribution of prizes in all the colleges took place in Paris on Thursday and Friday, and the de tails of these proceedings engross the Paris journals almost exclusively. The King and royal family will return from Eu before the Ist of September. M. Duchatel, Minister of the Interior, has returned to Paris, and M. Guizot will immediately leave for his country seat. The Journal dee Debate continues to assail the pro ceedings directed to effect a reform in the electoral and representative system. It finds in them an arriere pensJe of jacobinism, republicanism, the over throw of the dynasty of July, and the return of the 10th of August and tad September. It seems that the day appointed for the reform banquet at Mona happens to be the 10th of August. The Debate thinks or says that this day was selected to indicate the cha racter and real objects of the party by the event of which it is the anniversary. The disorders which took place in the Faubourg St. Antoine on the last three days were brought to a termination, and tranquillity is restored. They were leas serious than has been represented, and do not appear to have had any political character. A letter from Rome, dated 3rd instant, quoted In the Augsburg Gazette, affirms that a new plot has ifjst been discovered at Rome. The or, orandi, was informed that on the Bun preceding disorders were to have broken out on the occasion of procession in the quarter of the Transtaverias. Ile went there, accompanied by Cardinal Ferretti. It is certain that the famous bandit Gennaro, who com mitted several murders under the former government, has been arrested for uttering offensive language against the Pope. MADRID, Ann. 9. The apocryphal proclamation sent by the King to the home minister, upon the 6th, has afforded excellent fuel to kindle a fresh blase in the fires of party contentioe, which were beginning to grow starved and languid. There are u many theories &stalkers upon the *object. The elder Pro gresistas see in the manifesto the instrument of a moderado plot for exciting the army to revolt, to dethrone the Queen, upset the constitution, and make Don Francisco de Aseis ab solute monarch of Spain. The champions of moderation, in anything but moderate language, ascribe the forgery to the treacherous malice of the friends of progrrs, for the pur- poseof rousing a storm of popular fury, and wieldieg the passions of the deluded multitude for the ruin of th e - Ring and the oppression of the moderados. There is not wanting a third party who attribute the docu ment to persons in the ministry, with the design of sounding the prince's inclination to aeeept the dangerous part assigned to him as head of the revolutionary movement. Without pretending to decide which is the most or least probable of these explanations, I may be per mitted to ray that the distinct menace held out by the Irmo very lately, 'bile labouring under a more then usually violent 1R- et rage—that the party it represented, if they could sot dislodge the Pacheco ministry by any other means would hay. recourse to revolutionary 111(11/11ITTS—has natu rally exposed them to the suspicion of not _being quite C( mkr 16, 1347. AU( U6T . Dam* _bo m p...a .4 • blltrie Wald •••ialsesiddle abirsedge between • Ibist strange to his attee pt. privy to the ple is t • bet•ht illanieri. BM Ora - - —-- Lis associates betraying a..—,s preferred the lattit coarse. Ibsen noteseuthemochmsnlien,leat I hear from thole who haws that if It is a - gfor ery it certainly imitates very plausibly the tom that the press In whose name it is issu ed would be likely to adopt. It dwells much, in an Eikon Basilike accent, upon the privations and persecutions which he has endured since his exclusion from the palace and upon the patience with which he has intimated to Id fate ; but declares that there is a limit to human endurance, &c. It piss alludes to his having forgone the privilege of his royal sudsy whisk antitiss him to the reek of captain-general in the army urithent going through the inferior grades, and that he kas beela ouseeed is serve as a simple officer. . Polit•-easess wen sent rood on Friday night to all the ting-efficee el the different papers to examine their and prevent des republication of the document in any aL The expected interview between the King and the Minis ter of the Interior took place yesterday. Senor Benavides set out foe theParde at tens, and returned at six. The re sult of the visit has not transpired; but I bear from a good authority that the King had previously intimated his wil lingness to return to the palace, and reside there with the Queen, and to make his appearance in public with her upon all occasions of ceremony. It is probably on this account that Pacheco has exhibited, during his last visit to La Greek., such a firm deteratisation te induce the Queen to return to Madrid, without lam of time, or, in Me of her refusal, to resign. The latest news from court seems to indicate that be has carried his poise; for the ministerial crisis is said to have blown over. Much influence is attri buted to the mother of Serrano ; and it is chiefly ascribed to her exertions that the Queen has been prevailed upon to return so soon to Madrid, anti that there is a neer prospect of solution to the perms question. The hunt at lii Psalm produced no very famous re sults. Two wild boars were seen at* distance, and a stag was killed. The convent court was MI of the country peo ple of the neighbourhood, who, accustomed to the pompous royal visits of Ferdinand, and brought up with traditional notions of the splendour displayed on them occasions, were greatly disappointed at the plain appearance of the Queen's party; but her familiar good nature soon made amends. The night upon which the Queen returned was the one fixed for the progrcsista serenade. As the did not come back till half-past 11, General Yriarte and his friends, conceiving that her Majesty world be too fatigued to enjoy such a com pliment, sent a message to propose its postponement, through the medium of Roe de Olano ; but the Queen insisted upon hearing the music, which accordingly came and played in the gardens from 12 till 2, her majesty showing herself fre quently upon the balcony till it was over. Concha arrived at Zamora on the 4th, and is expected to arrive in Madrid to-day. Mr. Samson, one of the directors of the Union Bank, left Madrid on Thursday tor Paris. It is thought that his jour ney had a similar :object with that of Senor Buschenttud, namely, tot' orage for the finance department. It Deems that therein no foundation for the Fare's assertion that the Union Bank have presented an address to Salamanca, de siring to be let off their Exchequer-bill bargain. The Bank of San Fernando continues to cash its presented notes as slowly as possibly, notwithstanding its immense supplies of specie recently arrived. On Saturday two diligenme arrived at the bank laden with silver and gold from France. It is supposed to bo hoarding its coin with a view to monetary speculation, so consequence of the determination of Senor Salamanca to carry out kis new coinage. _ to have been at the critical heeding CONSTANTINOPLE, JOLT 27. An extraordinary courier has arrived at the Porte from the head.quarters of the army in Kurdistan, with the important intelligence that Bederhan Bey had surrendered to the Seraakier Osman Pacha, and that he is uow on his way, a prisoner, to the capital. In a former letter I gave the details of a severe defeat which the Kurds had received from the Imperial troops between Zeitonn and Derguella, and of the capture of the latter place by the forces of the Sultan. Bederhan Bey fled from the scene of these disasters, followed by about 500 horsemen, and took refuge in the fortified castle of Orak. The Seraskier and his lieutenant, Omar Pacha, pressed closely on the track of the fugitives, and laid siege to the castle an hour or two after it had been entered by the Kurdish chief and his followers. Only two snots were tired from the artillery of the assailants, when Be derhan Bey, seeing the hopelessness of his position, offered to surrender on condition that his own life should be spared, as well as that of his wives, and personal followers. It is possible that the fatal effects of the two shots fired by the besiegers hurried Bederhan to a capitulation • for the first killed a dervish, whom he was acc ustomed to regard with peculiar veneration, and the other knocked to pieces the place in which the provisions for the garrison had been stored. It must have been this double disaster to both soul and body that induced him to submit so promptly. Mahmoud Khan, of Van, an 4 hie brother, Abdallah Bey, who took such an active part in the insurrection, have also surrendered to Osman Pasha. Kurdistan, which has always enjoyed a kind of independeice, and whose hereditary chiefs scarcely acknowledged the sovereignty of the Sultan, is now completely brought under subjection to the Porte. This has been effected in an incredibly short space of time, and in the face of difficulties unknown in European warfare. Bederhan Bey had an army of at least 15,000 men, principally cavalry, expert in the use of their arms, with wonderful powers of endurance, and blindly devoted to their chief. They had the advantages of fighting on their own ground, with all its resources at their command, and yet an army of equal numbers defeated them in a pitched battle on the left bank of the Tigris, drove them from all their mountain holds, ' and made captive their chief. In less than a month, the Turkish troops, with all their artillery and bag gage, have traversed an immense extent of wild mountainous country cut to pieces, in a pitched battle, an army of 15,000 men ; taken three fortresses, and secured to the Porte an extensive territory which hitherto had never entirely acknowledged its autho rity.. It is evident that their victories are entirely owing to the superior discipline of the Turkish troops, and I believe it is now admitted on all hands, by those who have seen them in the field and on parade, that there are not better disciplined or better conditioned soldiers in Europe. News has arrived here of a fresh insurrection which has broken out in Albania. An attempt to en force the conscription by the Turkish authorities in the province is tke principal cause of the revolt, but Russian and Greek emissaries have also been active in urging the inhabitants to rebellion. Numbers of the Albanians belong to the Greek church, and many of those who are Mahommedans are married to Greek women. It is this which gives Russian and Greek emissaries a certain influence in that part of the em pire, not, of coarse, so deep-rooted or extensive as in the principalities, but quite as dangerous whea em ployed with a people so turbulent and ready to re volt as are' the Albanians. The Porte has already taken measures to suppress the insurrection. Emir Pasha, an active and intelligent general, has already set out from Constantinople to take the command of an army which is to act against the rebels. A young man, the son of a wealthy Armenian, re siding in one of the villages of the Bosphorus, secretly wooed and won the daughter of a Turkish bey, whose pally or summer residence is in the neightionrhosd. The young people met often in places where they were safe from the eyes of the old bey. The young girl was at length so imprudent as to receive her [over in the harem. Here he was doubtless seen by the father, or seine of his people, for the young Ar menian went there as usual on last Friday night, and never returned. The friends of the young man, no ticing his long absence from home, grew uneasy. - They soon learned that he had been seen going into the house of their Turkish neighbour, but when they inquired there for him the old Bey said it was true he was under hie roof, but that he was too unwell to be removed. They called the next day, and the old Bey told them that his daughter's lover was dead. The father of the youth asked to have his son's body, but the Bey refused, for he said his son had become a muasul man before his death, and therefore his friends being Gisours, had no right to the corpse. The young man, however, had been to Odessa at one time, and there taken Russian protection. Application was, there fore, made to M. d'Ouatinoff, the Russian minister, to employ his influence to have the body given up. M. d'Oustineff sent a very strong note to the Porte, and the body in consequence has been disinterred, and has undergone a post mortem examination, the result of which proves that the poor youth was poisoned. Mehemet Ali, the late Capudan Pacha, has been appointed member of the council of ministers. ATHENS, JrLY 30. The 22nd was a day looked for with great anxiety by many. It was everywhere averted that Coletti was de termined to open the chambers without reference to the number of deputies mumbled. At noon it wu bruited about that for certain reasons he had changed his mind. The people then baked anxiously for a royal or dinance fixing the day for the opening. The day passed, and, up to the present moment, the King has been silent. It is ascertained that the opening speech is already written, but its contents are not known, for Coletti is getting very cautious. The elections are not yet finished; some have not even begun. The Minister of Marine started a few days ego in the government steamer for Hydra, to - superintend the election there, as there was an appxrance of its going in favour of the opposition candidate. The government an, however, well east ft lose on. vete, fur namely a single I opposition member ell be returned. These elections would I have raised Gessee had the payment of the expenses fallen epos recommend. Mumma and Etolia are swarming with brigands. Mis solorghi is actually besieged by a bead maw the centetad of • noted robber Viaatsanos. Oa the ftllt itotaat IN Nat a letter to the inhabitants of the &NON poottioon of vine ”ras and gardens, calling noon them to forward imme diately the sum of 60 drachmas each, atherwiae he would de 'troy their vines, and cntdown theirtrees. He also sent 'moth er letter to the proprietors of cattle, threatening to kill all their beasts if they !dished to pay him a certain sum. These poor people, not having the money, or not wishing to part with it, have entered into Miseolosighi, with all their fl ocks and herds. They threaten to fly into Turkey upon the first op portunity; there their lives and property are safe. Main while this band continues in the vicinity of Miseolonghi, and no one can go the least distance from the city without being plundered. Another band, or a part of this one, ar rested two persons on the 18th, going to Kalfeniki, and kept them prisoners until • ransom was sent for them. Three other persons were seized upon near Coly via ; two were ransomed, but the third, having no money, and no one who could or would send him any was murdered. Three men, going to Miesolorighi, were seized on the 19th. sad kept until a good round sum was paid for their liberation. On the 22nd twelve persons, with a guard of gendarme., were plundered on the road betweed Galata and Kavrolimni, by an armed hand. One of the gendarmes having fired and wounded one of the robbers, the others fi It upon Lim and murdered him with the most brutal ferocity. This is only a partial and favourable detail of the state of the country. Arrests, and for what no one knows, take place daily, in all parts of the kingdom; the parties indi cated either retreat into the mountains or take refuge in Turkey. The Greeks are beginning to discover and acknow ledge that the Turkish government is preferable to their own. The government has handed, or is about to heed, to Sir Ed mund Lyons, the English airbasaador at Athens, a draft upon Mr. Eynard for 500,000 f., in payment of the last month's inter, at of the debt. This payment will place Greece farther t in debt to Mr. Eynard, or to those who supply him with the money in Paris. Coletti has got it all in hie own hands. He knows that as the chambers will be modelled he will have no further trouble about budgets, or any , other demands ne cessary for the exigences of the state. The National Bank of °mete has declared • dividend of 5 per cent. The resi dence of General Grivas and 150 of his followers on the island i of Santa Maura has given uneasiness to the Lord High Com missioner, Lord Seaton. It is asserted here that his lordship went to Santa Maura in a steamer, and advised him to depart as soon as pomible. There is nothing new to communicate respecting the dispute with Turkey. MONTREAL, Jrvr.29. The first session of parliament since Lord Elgin's advent to the country was brought to a successful termination yesterday, his lordship giving the royal assent to ninety-six acts, and reserving for the signi fication of her Majesty's pleasure thirteen acts, which number, added to thirteen to which the royal assent was given on the 9th instant, presents a total of one hundred and twenty-two acts passed in less than two months since the meeting of the legislature. So close an attention to business, when the sharp rivalry of party politics might have furnished an excuse for obstructing the course of legislation, and in a season unparalleled for its enervaing heat and sickness, is creditable to both sides of the house. Among the acts passed, seventy-nine: are of a private and local nature, for the incorporation of railway, mining, and other companies, and for objects of local interest or individual speculation. I need scarcely remark that the activity of the enter prising spirit of the community, of which this mass of private legislation is the evidence, is a sure token of the prosperity of the country. There can be no doubt, 1 think, that the country is growing, and will henceforth exhibit a surprisingly rapid growth, in population and wealth. Owing to the numerical force of the opposition, the ministry did not think it advisable to risk sending the University Bill to a division. It was therefore with drawn. Next session will probably bring about a settlement of this long-pending and vexatious ques tion. The opponents of the government measure desire to see the funds of the university applied to the maintenance of a collegiate institution that will sustain the highest order of learning for the benefit of the youth of the country. Clerical bodies of different denominations on the other hand seek to divide the funds, and distribute them for the support of factional institutions. Between these contending claimants the task of steering the vessel is somewhat difficult. The emigrant fever keeps up its pace of mortality —thirty deaths in a day. The disease has not spread through the ranks of society so much as was antici pated,although in all parts of the country some of the leading medical attendants and the clergy have fallen victims to their humanity. I subjoin the governor-general's speech in closing the session : Honourable Gentlemen of the Leyislatire Coun:il, and Gentlemen of the Legalalire Assembly, In relieving you for the present from attendance in this place, I have to thank you for the zeal and assiduity in the discharge of your important duties, which have enabled you during the course of a session of comparatively short duration to consider and perfect many measures which pro mise to be of great advantage to the community. I sincerely trust that the alterations which you have made in the pro vincial tariff, and the additional facilities afforded to trade by akte extension of bonding and warehousing privileges, will be of benefit to the colony, and tend to the promotion of its commer dial and agricultural interests. I have observed with satisfaction use attention which you have bestowed on the several pro *fa which have been brought before you for developing the mineral resources of the province, and improving its means of internal communication. I trust that the measures which you have passed for the amendment of certain provisions of the criminal code, for the protection of mercantile interests, for rendering the common school act of Upper Canada more effective, and for placing the municipal institutions of Lower Canada on au improved footing, will be attended with beneficial results. The prevalence of disease among the immigrants who have arrived from Europe this season has occasioned me much concern.— I have not failed to bring this subject under the considera tion of her Majesty's secretary of state, and to represent the necessity of adopting measures to place emigration to this colony under more efficient regulations. Meanwhile my warmest acknowledgments are due to you for the liberal pro- vision which yen hive made for relieOing the indigent sod preventing disease from spreading in the province. The charitable exertions of the clergy, of the ladies attached to the religious communities, and of benevolent individuals among the laity, who have, at the hazard of their lives, ministered to the necessities of the sick, are beyond any I praise which it is in my power to offer ; but I cannot refrain on this occasion from paying a tribute to their devotedness and chri , tian seal. Gentkmen of Me Legislative Assembly, I thank you in the name of her Majesty for the readiness with which you have voted the supplies necessary for the public service and for maintaining the credit of the province. Honourable Gentlemen and Gentlemen , The several addresses to the Queen which you have trans- I mined through me have been duly . forwarded to be laid at the foot of the throne. By clamm; the influence which you possess in your respective districts to carry out local improvemente and give full effect to the wise and salutary enactments of the legislature, you may render services to the community hardly less important than those which you dis charge while you aro assembled here. lam confident that these duties will engage your attention on your return to your homes, and I earnestly pray that our exertions for the advancement of the various interests of this noble province, and for the benefit of all classes of the inhabitants, may be attended with the divine blasting. The Hon. the Speaker of tke Legislative Council then declared that it was the pleasure of his Excellency the Governor-General that the parliament should stand pro- rogued to Monday, the 6th September next. ST. JOHN'S, NEW BRUNSWICK, JcLT 31. During the present sumo, the weather in New Brunswick has been unusually propitious, and the crops, in consequence, have the mast promising appearance. The hay-crop is • very large one, and there is not, up to this date, any appearance of the potato disease. The new po tatoes already in market are dry, and of good quality, with the true flavour, which has in general been wanting during the lest three years. There is a very large supply of the staple exports of the country, timber and deals, incite market, and price. are low, owing to the sluggish state of the timber market in England, and the difficulty in procuring ships hitherto. This latter deficiency is being remedied daily ; freights are falling, and our ports will soon assume a more lively and bustling appearance. The emigration to New Brunswick has not been nearly so large as that of last year ; the amount of sickness and the number of deaths are quite fearful. The emigration of this season is confined almost exclusively to the humblest class of Irish peasant, who, long wasted by privation, with dis ease firmly implanted in his system, is altogether unable to bear the sea voyage. The typhus, by which the emigrants Principally suffer, has not made such frightful havoc here as in Canada, where the deaths are counted by thousands. The voyage to the colony is much shorter than to Canada, and the numbers being smaller, they have been better cared for on landing, and had greater hospital accommodation. FRANCE.—TiTE Caors.—A correspondent of the Gardener's cArcoicte gives a comprehensive view of the prospects of the harvest in the following terms ..—PARTe, Aro. 4.—The appearance of the potato crops in this neigh bourhood is everything that could be wished, the egetation is everywhere luxuriant, and promise; an abundant scarcely any signs of disease have appeared, and even where semi, so modified as to cause little or no alarm ; at say other time it would have paned altogether unooticed ; in feet, there was but very little last season, compared with 1846, and now it is almost unknown,-1 speak of the present moment, and the cultivation round Paris. My own observation leads me to believe that there has been a very considerable increase of ground planted this year: this was to he expected from the high prioe they fetched in the autumn and winter, the probable increased cassumption in consequence of the high price of provision., and the many purposes to which they are applied in France; the enormous rise in the price of bread since the autumn WU another induce ascot to plant as largely as possible; the result has iustified the experiment, the yield of the early sorts is fully equal fait not more than, an average; at the present time the very best new potatoes are selling at about Is. 6d. the English bushel, while bread is 10d. the four pound loaf; whereas in the early part of the winter they were selling at 3s. and 4a, and breed was then 94., a difference so considerable as cannot fail to have effect in still further reducing the price of the main staff of life. The markets are abundantly supplied with both round and kidneys of good quality; it is doubtful it they were ever finer. I have not seen a single • diseased potato in the markets, although I have been en the constant look out; in most of the country markets they are equally good. As to the late kinds, I have, from time to tame, carefully examined the growing crops, and assert, without fear of contradiction, that they are as tine as it is possible to desire, and that at the time I write there is no appearance of disease,or scarcely none; the foliage is everywhere green and luxuriant, a tainted leaf is rarely found, certainly not more than are usually seen from the effects of thrips and other invisible insects, lam in almost daily intercourse with persona from different parts of France, who, from their position, are well acquainted with the sub ject, and the general belief is, that there has been, and is, bat very little disease this year, that it is not upon the increase, and almost entisely confined to damp and cold soils, and entailed by planting diseased tubers. I think it is the universal opinion here that the crops of potatoes throughout France are-1. But very little affected by disease ; 2. That there will be more than an average yield; 3. That there has been a far greater quantity planted than usual. So far the prospects are cheering; and should it please Providence to continue the fine weather for another air weeks, all hearts will have cause of thankfulnees, for almost every species of vegetable pro duction is equally abundant. The wheat harvest is over in the south and commenced in the north, and was never known finer. The Minister of Commerce has just made publicly known, by official returns, that there is more than an average, and the prevent splendid weather will permit it to be housed in good condition. As to the fruit crops, they are absolutely superabundant ; the quantities of apples, pears, grapes, apricots, and plums, are in credible ; the trees are falling under them. The vice tage will be abundant and of firstrate quality; the early black grapes are now changing colour in Pule, and will, no doubt, be in the markets by the middle of the month. Good apricots have been selling at 3 and 4 francs (2s. 6d. and 35.) per 100 ; fine green figs are now sold in the streets at leas than Id. each ; it was the same with the earlier fruits, such as strawberries, cherries, raspberries, gooseber ries, and currants. During last month fine May duke cher ries were often sold at id. and Id. per lb. ; and currants at Id. and I id. per pint. And in a country like France, where more than one-half of the poorer classes entirely exist upon bread and fruit or bread and vegetables, these things are of the utmost consequence, and in a great measure counteract the eistress which would otherwise follow from the exorbi tant price of bread. BELGIUM.—BRUS , IELS, AUG. 13.—NlvasrEfttit CRI(4IB.—AII the arrangements for the formation of the new cabinet ere completed. The Mottitcur will publish tos morrow the decrees which accept the resignations tendered on the 12th of June by the ministers of the 31st of March, and which nominate M. Rosier, Minister of the Interior; M. de Hanley, Minister of Justice; M. dllcffachnsidt, Mi nister of Foreign Affairs ; M. F. Orber, Minister of Public Works; M. Veydt, Minister of Finance; and Baron Choral, Minister of War. The Muniteur will publish at the same time an exposition—a programme of the policy of the new cabinet. The new members will take the oaths to-morrow. Before nominating Major-Genersl Baron Choral Minister of War, his Majesty will confer on him the rank of Lieut.- General. M. Leclerq, Procurator-General of the Court of Caseation, is said to have accepted the mission of plenipo tentiary to the Holy See. HOLLAND.—The HAGUE, Arc. 12.—Close or THE LIGIV,LATIVI Session.—This day the minister of the interior, in the name of the King, closed the legislative ses sion of 1846-7. In the cluing speech of Count de Rand wyk, he spoke in defence of the bill intended to give effect to the 6th article of the fundamental law en the right of Toting at elections, The minister attributed the unconsti tutional motives to more than one negative vote, and enlarged upon the pernicious influence, which (according to him) the rejection of government propositions necessarily exercised on the development of the political institutions of Holland. The minister concluded by saying, "And you, gentlemen, who have refused your aid to the government, in rejecting this law, let me beg of you to reflect, once more, whether, when you return to your own homes, and recall your acts of the session, you will be able to give yourselves this testimony: I have observed and maintained the fundamental law, and have not deviated from it in any manner whatever?' RUSSIA.—DESTRCCTIVE FIRE IN ARCHANGEL— ', The Nieuace Courant of Rotterdam states, upon the authority of private letters and of the Hamburg paper', that 400 houses were destroyed by fire in Archangel on the 28th ult. and the following day. The houses were chiefly built of wood and tenanted by the poorer clams. No important commercial establishments were situated in the quarter which was burned, except the Royal Commercial Sank, all the valuable property in which was saved. MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. An outline of the following appeared in the Express of Saturday . evening : The Britannia arrived in the Mersey at a late hour on Friday, with dates from New York to the 31st of July ; Boston to the let of August ; Halifax to the 3rd of August; Philadelphia to the 31st of July; Washington to the 29th of July ; New Orleans to the 24th July; Brazos Santiago to the 19th July; Mon terey to the 29th June; Tampico to the 20th July; Vera Cruz to the 18th July ; Puebla to the 3rd icily ; and Mexico to the 2nd of July. The American ocean steamer Washington arrived at New York on the 30th of July ; the Hibernia war spoke by the Britannia, and would arrive at Boston on the 2nd of August. The Mexican intelligence is of an uncertain cha racter. There had been a good deal of skirmithing between the Americana and the Mexicans in the dis tricts adjoining the coast; and the news from the interior, which is by no means recent, is neither full nor precise. The steamer Orleans, which left Vera Cruz on the 14th of July, found, on arriving at Tampico, on the 15th, the American forces in that state rather hard pressed. News had reached Tampico that 190 Anse mean prisoners had been released and had left the city of Mexico for that port. Later information states that they had been stopped at an Indian village, 154) miles short of Tampioo, by order of Santa Anna. On re ceiving the intelligence of their liberation, however the officer in command at Tampico, Colonel Gates, sent Colonel de Raney with 120 men up the river to meet them. De Hussy landed sixty miles above Tampico, and made his way to the vicinity of liluejutla f where he was surrounded by twelve or fourteen hundred Mexicans, through whom he cut his way, and returned to the rives to wait for reinforcements. Col. Gates sent forward 150 men to his relief, and despatched the Orleans back to Vera Cruz, with a requisition on . Governor Wil for four companies of infantry. The Orleans found the inmates of Vera Cruz in a state of great excitement. On the 16th General Pearce, who was understood when the steamer left Vera Craz on the 14th to have reached Puente Nacional with 2,500 men and 150 waggons on his march towards Puebla, was in fact encamped only ten miles from the city, and his scouts reported a large force of Mexicans at Puente Nacional, advancing towards him. Vera Cruz was placed in state of defence, the shipping was removed from be tween the castle and the town, and Gen. Pearce cams in, and, having obtained a reinforcement of 700 men, returned to his camp. In this state of affairs, do Orleans received only 23 marines for Tampico, where she arrived with them on the 18th. Before that (on the night of the 16th) Col. de Russy had made good his retreat to the town, with a loss of 20 killed, 10 wounded, and two missing, together with some males and pack-horses. The communication between Vera Cruz and the in tenor was very precarious. Gen. Scott's express born Puebla had been attacked and killed after a desperate resistance ; an express of the Picayune had been ' robbed of his letters, and left for dead. The latest news from Puebla was published in the San qf'd sa Imac, on July 13; the express which brought it left , Puebla on the 3rd. Generals Cadwallader and Pillow had been attacked I at ',ahoy& by the Mexicans, but, after defeating their ' assailants, had pushed on to Pcrote, where the espies found them. It was their intention to march, on the 9th of July, to join General Scott. General Scott wm still at Puebla on the 3rd of July. He had cores reid . intelligence on the 2nd, that the Mexicans hen appointed commissioners to meet Mr. Trist on the 80, the at St. Martin Teamalaucan , to learn from h im terms he was authorised to offer to the President. Tito names of the commissioners are—Oarestiz, Boma% , and Tornel. The peace party was understood to be gaining the ascendancy among the Mexican Santa Anna was represented by some as inclining • to peace : by others it was thought that he curet, affected such a leaning . to gain time. The ro pees of events in Mexico, however, precludes the r seppoeition of a united and protracted resistance to the Americans. An American o ffi cer and a Me xican I are discussing the merits of the war in the co , limns of El Nacional of Puebla. Canalizo had been nominated by Santa Anna gov ernor of Puebla. wit h dictatorial powers; but the actual governor of the , state having been notified of this arrangement DI