The Express. — London, England, 1847-09-01 00:00:00

the parties it affects, by enhancing the value of their renaming property. The amount of this sacrifice — which has been magnified into adiatification of every kind of exaction upon rail,* property—being thus by no means exesedve, ie certainly not ouch as a reasonable degree of compensation, whether by compulsory service or otherwise, by the party that occasioned, it may not thoroughly redeem. The position may hereupon be taken by the railways, with some reason, that if still due it was amply redeemed by the new limitations on their rates la 1844, the cheap trains they were bound by law to work, and the duties at merely nominal charge they were compelled by the Gladstone Act to perform for the public establishments. Oa no system of equity, it may be urged, can a concession practically of small amount require to be satisfied by a submission that is never to end. Nor, admitting that a price was due from the railway companies for this one privilege necessary to the existence of their useful works, can it be just that they should be required to pav it more than once. When it is considered what liberal com pensations, to use the mildest expression, the land owners have obtained for the acres required, and how their estates have risen in value wherever a railway has come near them, to say nothing of the advantage they have secured forthemselves, by . throwing on it a disproportionate share of the rates in every parish it touches, it might be safely asserted that, in this point of view alone, to say nothing of the conditions imposed by the state upon railways for public uses, the latter have already more than satisfied every equitable claim for state impositions in virtue of this solitary item of privilege. There is no ether on which any such claims can be advanced. The nation—still viewed as a collective body, standing apart from the railway interest—so far from having any grounds for proceeding to exact more en this or any other head, would therefore appear to be, on the contrary, a considerable debtor on the whole, to those whom it has been the fashion to represent as defaulters. The value of what they have done—their motives for doing it having nothing whatever to do with this discussion — has been sufficiently proclaimed by these state organs, and even by those who conclude, from the vastness of the machine, that it should be taken out of the hands of its framers. Every one now knows that the national_ gain from this system can hardly be mea oared. We are content on this head to adopt the esti mate of an unfriendly writer in the Edinburgh Renew, who lately calculated the mere direct money caring secured by railways to the people of this coun try at several millions annually. But to assert that the state ewes much to the rail way system will by no means imply that its promoters have not also their obligations, and very serious ones too. Not certainly such as the Times would insist on, — not such as should compel them to let the fruits of their industry be taken away by force, in order that every one in the nation may have everything that he may choose to desire at their expense,—but still duties of a positive class. What these are, and in what — , .et they differ from those to which an un- . positive ..at respect they di principled kind of argument would appeal, may be pointed out hereafter. We must first endeavour to obtain a clear understanding of the value of what has been urged on the other side of the question. FOR those who, like us, acknowledge with gratitude the important services rendered by France to the cause of European civilisation, it is peculiarly gratifying at present to turn their gaze from the contemplation of Parisian to provincial France. In the capital, some powerful, though momentary, impulse appears to have made all the dregs and feculence of society rise at once to the surface. The licentious orgies of the worthy mates of BEAIIVALLON culminating in murder and perjury; the gambling and peculation of peers and ministers • the suspected complicity of ministers of justice in the suicide of a brutal murderer of his wile ; one dark event huddling on others appears to indicate a community thoroughly and irretrievably depraved. The license of faction pointing to the throne itself as not altogether innocent of the knowledge of some of these crimes—a daring insinuation which derives plausibility from the revolt ing game played by the sovereign . of France in the affair of the royal marriages in Spain —serves, in asso ciation with suck wide-spread social corruption, to remind readers of the days of the last CrESARS. Even on those who repel the suspicion/ which would level the King of the FRENCH with the worst heroes of the most outrageous of modern French dramas and romances, the chilling and depressing presentiment continues to rest, that whenever a people have been brought habitually to believe such tales of a court or dynasty, sanguinary revolutions have been near at hand. Escaping from Paris to the provinces, we at ones breathe a purer and more wholesome atmosphere. We find ourselves at Strasbourg amid the scenes of a WILLm'S labours in behalf of universal primary education ; or at Bordeaux, the cradle of the free trade movement in France. In all the populous and industrious towns of France—at Lyons, Nantes, and elsewhere—we find traces of the growing ascendancy of middle-class intelligence and middle-class domestic morals. We regain our faith that the nation is still healthy at the core. We remember the immense preponderance of high genius and pure morality which exists in Paris itself, and to which the crimes of the moment had rendered us oblivious. We feel our sanguine hopes revive, that the gallant and generous rivals of Great Britain for upwards of three hundred years, are becoming its equally gallant and generous allies, and likely to remain such for as many centuries to come. Among the constantly recurring incidents which warrant such prospects, few have been more brilliant and animating than the meeting held at Marseilles on the 24th of last month by the free trade associa tion of that great centre of commercial activity. The ball was crowded with the experienced, wary, and sacceseful merchants of Marseilles, among whom was seen a liberal sprinkling of the fair sex. The assembly was addressed by orators worthy of the cause. The President of the Associa tion, M. LAZARE LUCE, presented a rapid resume of its labours since its institution, and those to which it was looking forward, conceived in a spirit that indi cates the clear-sighted and resolute man of action. M. RETBATD, the representative of Marseilles in the Chamber of Deputies, addressed his townsmen in a discourse fall of quiet sagacity, and overflowing with that cordial benevolence which makes him so valued by them. M.FREDERIC BASTIAT, the French COBDEN, whose indefatigable activity in advocating the cause rivals that of his namesake, spoke in his usual distinct and impressive style. And M. LAMARTINE crowned the exertions of the day with one of three masterly orations in which the matured ideas of an observant life are given forth with all the fervour of early youth, tempered by the judgment gained from experience in the contests of the senate. It must have been a rich intellectual feast to listen to discourses which, even when our impressions of them are received through the leas vivid medium of the press, are striking in the highest degree . on ac onnnt of the real practical character which is infused into every sentence, elevated in its tone by that exalted devotion to principle which engenders a chastened enthusiasm. These Marseilles speeches leave an impression that both the men who utter them and those who listened with pleased acqui escence, see clearly what they aimat, and are resolute to wrsevere till they attain their object. M. RETBAIID, while touching on the anomalies of French protective legislation, happily illustrated a great general truth : The north of Francs predawn, cereals, cattle, beet-red, =.l7a grains—all of them protected articles. The seer madder, silks, brandies and wines—all eg Ibeint 'Aides which protection has left exposed to genital amp- Miss. And yet, such is the elasticity which liberty impede, ' - state of languor inspired by monopoly, that we hose !tof u "... ‘e wort for those commodities which our teed ass Ards lair .. " .4 .1111111,—f0r our silks, maiden, and ;=i3l*Otis or o fr . ' , l--coro, cattle, a whilit those wheel the laws y Oillsl3lool seeds—at the beet barely : I =2.superiors in every r egion , and d oomeu to ble inferiority. Bo true is it that protection n- Vth* " mortal tree" under the shadow of which the N acesbles grow dull sad are extinguished. It la gellifying to learn that the free-trade associa ties oilianiilles has bad courage, from the time of its tint taking the field, to throw down the gauntlet to protaedve and restrictive navigation laws. This le am& in a oommutity yrhere the ahipping interest ammeerdy iv powerful. M. LAZAtin LUCE says, in Ma review of the moiety's labours : Das etas flat qnsetions—(tho May one that gave risitto of opialos)— which promoted itself to to was that awrlptlea. We have laboured to su bdue the re p u g nance *War ear dairlass by the ski interest, and at the <aifeaMme moms g i r i eltoring our eimalszeial ' prosperity. To this and we have reallsd those which first gave Frame • and a military navy. We have dessedtrated , 'll7l THE EXPRESS, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 1, 1847. that these measures, though contemporaneous with the first development of the protective system in France, were in themselves a practical application of the principles of free trade. They allowed the ship-owner to get has vessels wherever they were is be had cheapest—even among foreigners. It was by this Finny that Colbert placed France in the first rank among the maritime powers of his age. We hare proved it by of documents. M. LUCE announced that the great task for which the association are at present concentrating and hus tme4Mg their forces is to assail in the next session of the ehamtbers the ministerial plan of customs reform IGB kliligiempile and delusive. With withering sarcasm he ibn idwfati the iron-minders in the next session ' p the merest show of a concession to the shii the wool-growers petitioning for an addition to the existing enormous protective duty on wools, and even the corn-growers clamouring that pekes are ruinously low. He appealed to his hearers for support in the struggle against that sys tem of isolation begot by the necessities of the re public and developed by the overweening - pride of the empire. This new thirty years' intestine war is waged by the party of exclusive privileges with all the energy of selfishness, with a powerful organisation, with a majority in the chambers, with influence in the press, and, above all, with money, the great sinew of war. And what have we to oppose, gentle men, to this formidable array of forces ? Little in appear ance, but much in reality. Our sole weapon is a principle, but a principle of truth and justice. Public opinion among consumers and operatives has been turned against us, but our age is an age of inquiry and patient study. Therein lies our strength. Oar principle will recall the deluded masses to just views of their interests. Let us be united and persevering in the task reserved for our generation. What city more than Marseilles has need of free trade ? The privations to which we have been devoted by the laws of 1832 and 1845, and which seem to menace us again in 1848, make it our duty to show ourselves intrepid defenders of the hanner of free trade. A great future is re served for us if we are allowed to receive as brothers all nations—especially those of the east, whence our city had its origin, and where the vital principle of our commerce is still to be found. There is nothing egotistical in this aspiration ; for in asking free-trade for Marseilles we ask accelerated de velopment of production and wealth for all France. In the first revolution of France the disunion of Bordeaux, as represented by the Girondins, and Mar seilles, as represented by the fiery champions of the Mountain, contributed in no small degree to bring on the reign of terror, and through it the counter-re volution. Let us hope that the present alliance of these great emporiums of commerce under the banner of free-trade is an omen of the triumph of their COM mon principle for the lasting benefit of their country. WE remember—it was in a street at Berlin—seeing a boy strike a little girl. A chivalrous bystander, after giving the young rascal a hearty shake, asked him if he were not ashamed to beat a girl? " Why should I?" asked the blubbering jackanapes; "she is my own sister!" Sir EasiaxE PERRY appears to be quite of the boy's opinion with respect to the vested right of brothers to beat sisters at their pleasure. We learn from the Bombay papers, received yesterday by the overland mail, that this exquisite judge had just sen tenced a man to one month's imprisonment for brutally beating his sister-in-law to death. A more distinct notion may be obtained of the exact position occupied by such a peccadillo in Sir ERSKINE's scale of offences, by com paring the punishment he awarded to it with that which only three months before he had inflicted on an English officer, for administering a sound thrash ing to a native policeman. In the latter case the de linquent was sentenced to three months' imprison ment and a fine of 50/. Assuming this sum to re present one month's pay, equivalent to one month's imprisonment, we may state Sir ERBKINE'E estimate of the proportional enormity of the two offences thus :—As 4 to 1 ; so thrashing a policeman to kill ing a sister-in-law. We sincerely hope that her Majesty may have enough of the woman in her to vindicate the claims of her sex to a little more lenient treatment at the hands of brothers and brothers-in-law, by having a delicate hint conveyed to the sapient judge, that he had better resign. There is no time to be lost, for we learn from the same paper that he has lately caused to be discharged, without trial, a Hindoo, agaiest whom a grand jury had found a true bill for perjury. What his next prank may be it is not easy to conjecture, and prevention is better than punish ment. The semi-official organ of the French government and the mouth-piece of Louis Philippe and M. Guizot has been at length compelled to break silence on the aggression of Austria on the independence of the Pope. The " apology," as the Debate styles it, for Count d'Auesperg, which appeared in the Au Irian Observer of the 23th, and which we gave yesterday, supplies the occasion for this. The Difbats, on Mon day, charges the Pope with " publishing protestations fit to inflame the Italian population," and complains that " the journals of the Roman and Tuscan states, printed with the approbation of the censorship, publish sharp attacks, not only against Austria," but, what is still more surprising, " against France." The journal of M. Guizot then falls rabidly on the English press and the English nation for their favourable sentiments towards his holiness, makes some very ill-natured allusions to Lord Nelson, the Neapolitan liberals and the Prince Car raccioli, to Lord Castlereagh, Lord W. Bentinck, and so forth. The press of Italy, which is struggling into life under the control of a censorship more or less rigorous, the journal of . Louis Philippe qualifies with the title of "the radical journals of central Italy!" The Di'lkats does not believe that Austria intends to interfere in the papal states; thinks that it is not its business to interpret the 103rd article of the treaty of Vienna, and hopes and believes that all will end well and peaceably. It is arranged thatthe Dake d'Aumale, as Governor general of Algeria, will have placed near him as ad viser General Changarnier, with the title of Major- General. General Bedew, will return to Constantine, and General Lamoriciere to Oran. Various administra! rive changes in the colony are announced, which offer no interest abroad. There would be a reduction of one centime, or a tenth of a penny per lb. on bread in Paris on the let of September. M. Guizot returned to Paris on Satur day night. A report was circulated in the Passage de l'Opera on Sunday that this minister was about to take the presidency of the council. Yesterday (Tuesday) the installation of three new conseils de pruorhommes was to take place—one of weavers, another of manufacturers of chemicals, and a third of misce ll aneous trades. These tribunals have proved of the utmost service in Lyons and other ma nufacturing towns, in settling disputes between masters and men, patent cases, and other questions, to the adjustment of which technical knowledge is essential. The first ordonnance for their establishment in Paris was issued in 1844. Our private letters from Madrid describe the Car list news as important. The Barre Janie of the 21st says : On the night of the 19th a band of rebels pre sented themselves inside the walls of Caldas. The troops issued from their quarters to attack them. The rebels fled till they had left the town some three miles, when, being joined by reinforcements of their party, they turned upon the soldiers, who took refuge in a country-house to the number of 54. The Carlists unroofed part of the house, and began throwing in combustibles. The issue of the affair still hangs in much doubt: some affirming that the soldiers were burned to death, others that they surrendered, and others that they were relieved by the arrival of a military detachment from Barcelona. The latest accounts say that the soldiers took refuge from the flames in a large cellar under the house, from which they were all delivered safe, though much distressed, on the arrival of succours. The rebels had three killed. The aid despatched from Barcelona set oat at three in the morning, and arrived on the spot at eight. The two Carlists taken in a house in the Barcelona suburb of Gracia were put in the condemned chapel to be shot upon the 22nd. 1 i lot* --'resent the numbers of A —4'll from Cataluna... , . -s and their enter the insurgents as greatly increase..., prises more daring. Reinforcements of their party were daily pouring through the Pyrenees, baffling the pursuit of the French gendarmerie. Indeed, many suppose the French government to be too deep l ' interested in the continuance of these disor ders for their police to act with much vigilance. Po pular disturbances are stated to have broken out lately at Malaga. From the 16th to the 20th the troops there were continually under arms, and the political and military authorities on the alert to pre vent a pronunciamento, which seemed imminent. The Fiiro adds: Don Enrique enters once more into the imbroglio of Spanish politica. That journal affirms that lithographic copies are at present in circulation through Madrid, of a letter said to be written by the Infante Don Enrique to the Queen. Some of the ministers were not spared in this production, and opinions were expressed of persons and things in a way as little reepectful to the Queen as flattering to the government. It appears, adds the Biro, that copies of this letter were sent from France to divers pro gresistas. I havenot," says our Madrid correspondent, been able to meet with a copy of this document, but I hear that it is a most scandalous composition, and very insulting to the Queen." The Expectador im putes its dissemination to a rooted French design to outrage the Queen as much as possible, and pave the way for the accession of the Montpensiers. The Faro attributes the scandalous issue of the negotia tions with the Pardo to a premeditated design on the part of the minister who conducted them to bring about the same result A communication from Bayonne states that one of the aides-de-camp of Narvaez arrived in that town on the 25th, having missed his chief, who had departed for Madrid the day before. He was quite surprised to find that a general rising had not taken place in the Basque provinces, in favour of whom he did not say. We have received the journals from several parts of Italy, but none of more recent dates than those of the admen we have already given. Nevertheless, these papers will be found interesting, as indicating the spirit which prevails in Italy, and the tolerance which is shown towards its expression by the censorship. The A/I),J, Florencejournal, has the following : If war were to easue, which appears to us impossible, to 40,000 or 50,000 Austrians Pius IX. might oppose more than 400,000 men, animated by religion and liberty, the two most powerful affections that create martyrs and heroes. The question would not be here of putting down a band of in surgents, as in 1831, but civic troops and organised militia, with cannons, arms , in fine, all the moral and mate rial means of which a constituted government can dis pose. If the destiny of arms should declare itself (as is probable) in favour of right and numbers, what would be the future of Austria in Italy ? And if England and France (as is probable) were ta give, as they have solemnly promised, through Palmerston and Guizot, their moral sup port to the pontiff, what doubt would remain of the event ? The Austrian intervention in itself has not the semblance of right, nor the most distant probability of success. Such an intervention is a mere bugbear to frighten children: It ' would be (we may say with Talleyrand) worse than a cried —an error. Austria unites a number of troops in her Italian provinces, reinforces Comachio, and doubles the garrison of Ferrara; but these provisions, if we are not mistaken, indicate more the defensive than the oflensive, and we do ad ' believe they can issue in manifest aggression whilst good ac cord continues between the pontiff and his subjects. We should consider it offending the good sense of the statesmen of Austria to believe them capable of thus blindly rushing into a war, of which the beginning may, but the end cannot be foreseen, of which the consequences cannot possibly be calculated. The firing of one cannon in Italy would set Europe in flames, and Europe desires peace ; it would com promise the state quo which the European governments de sire at all costs to maintain ; it would accelerate events which the prudence of Austria will take every pains to retard. The Italia, a journal published at Pisa, says: Our thoughts are fixed on Ferrara! There, where yet resound the echoes of the songs of Ludovico and Torquato, a stranger force has trampled upon sacred international rights, has despised the protests of the most august sove reignty on earth, and insidiously provoked a pacific popula tion. The Italian heart beats more quickly, the Italian blood flows more violently in our veins, but the love of coun try imposes an heroic imperturbability. Those who desire us evil would be satisfied in seeing us impelled to infatuate acts of violence. These are the days of solemn preparation. United in the name of God and of Italy, let all, governing and governed, people and militia noble and plebeian, be prepared to suffer everything, ani spare nothing to defend our sacred rights, to prove ourselves worthy the affection of which new testimonies are given us every day by sister nations. The Roman Advertiser has the following : FERRARA, Au°. Is.—The instruction given to the AU trian guard is, that the Ferrarese should be required not to walk at less than 40 paces distant from each sentinel: at the four gates of the city no one is admitted to enter at night, without submitting to a personal examination made in the midst of four soldiers with fusils levelled. It seems that the military desire to provoke the citizens in order to have a pre text for acts of violence, which may not be distant unless the pontific rights are protected. The Nuremberg Chronicle of the 26th, under the date of Rome, 17th instant, says that immediately on the arrival of the news of the occupation of Ferrara, and the protest of Cardinal Ciacchi, the Austrian am bassador had an audience of the Pope. The ambas sador of France was received by his Holiness imme diately afterwards, and soon after a courier left the French embassy for Paris. The Union Mono rehigue of Monday says : The following intelligence reaches us from a certain source. The English cabinet has just sent an order to the lonian Islands to prepare an expedition for Italy. Two regiments will be imme di atel7 conveyed to Ancona. Lord Palmer,. ton has given notice of this resolution to the cabinet of Vienna. The real motives of this resolution are these Lord Palmerston became acquainted with an understanding between France and Austria; he knew that the cabinet of Vienna had assured itself of the perfect neutrality of the cabinet of the Tuileries on the Italian question at the mo- ment at which England pressed Austria to make common cause with her in a protest against the marriage of the Duke de Montpensier. By this bold proceeding, which obliges Austria to stop, Lord Palmerston effects two objects at the same time—that of making Austria abandon the policy of temporisation with respect to Spain, and of obliging France to make a demonstration. Louis-Philippe and M. Gnizot have returned to Paris to occupy themselves with this grave affair. The council is to assemble to-day. England hu not waited for events; she has foreseen them; she acts. The following words have been said in a lofty region, " It is now evident that Lord Palmerston labours for war : he is an evil genius who will put Europe in flames." MALTA, Ana. 22. Some movements have taken place since I wrote last amongst the men of war. Immediately after the arrival of the P. and 0. C. steamer Sultan, which made a beautiful run of a little more than four days from Gibraltar, the Locust steamer started for Athens, with important despatches for Sir Edmund Lyons. She did not even wait, as usual, for the arrival of the overland mail. The Sultan brought our collector of land revenue, Sir Vincent Casolani, who left here on 6th June last, by order, as rumoured, of the Colo nial-office, to give explanations of certain affairs connected with the appointment of Bishop Sant as coadjutor to Bishop Careen". He has returned a wiser, if net a better, man, for he declares that had he never seen London he never would have believed one-half that can be said of it. The Sultan started on the 14th for Constantinople. On the 15th the French steam-corvette Le Titan arrived from Athens and Napoli di Romania. She left again for Toulon on the 17th. The Ariel sailed on the 15th for Alexandria with twenty-three =gen. The Volcano sailed also on the same day for the Islands and Patras. On the 16th the Ripon arrived from Alexandria with forty passengers; she left the same evening for Gibraltar. H.M. st. Ardent left at noon, on 16th, with overland mails, rid Marseilles. On the 17th, the French steam frigate Magellan left for Tunis, taking with her the French consul at Malta, M. Poujade. H.M. steamer Hecla left also for Tanis on the 18th, with despatches for Sir Thomas Rude, and as some say, to watch the actions of the French steamer Magellan, The French strew steamer Piogouin has refitted here, and proceeded on the 20th to Tripoli. French intrigue is evidently at work on the Barbary shore. French steamers are constantly running between Tunis and Toulon, and Tripoli and Tunis. A merchant steamer, the Scotia, commenced running between Malta and Tunis on the 21st. She will make three trips per month. This will be very advantageous for the commerce of the Island. The account I gave you of the strange pro ceedings of the health office in Sicily, placing goods from Malta in quarantine, and giving pratique to the ship, crew, and passengers, have occasioned the issue of the following notice from the company's agent in Malta " The measures lately taken by the health officer of the kingdom of the Two Sicilia are so rigorous, that the bales shipped in Malta, although in free pratique, are placed in quarantine ; tke administration has taken a resolution not to receive any kind of goods until more moderate measures, and such as are consentaneous to the spirit of commerce, are adopted by the chief magistrate of public health. Can absurdity go further than this ? It is virtually a prohibition of trade, committed it is said, to prevent the im portation of arms and ammunition? Surely, the Custom houee officers can distinguish between a bale of cotton and a ease of muskets. It is done at the suggestion of France to benefit her trade, for whilst Malta is now de facto, shut out from Sicily, vessels from Marseilles will enter and supply what is required. If it be net imme diately put an end to, the Malta trade is ruined. H.M.S. Hetla returned from Tunis on the evening of the 20th. She only remained there three hours, just sufficient time to deliver her despatches, and receive a letter from Sir Thomas Reads. A French line-of-battle ship and three steamon were lying there. M. Poujade, the French consul here, who went to Tunis in the Magellan steam-frigate, was to have returned in the Hecla, but did not. By the Neapo- Ilitan steamer, on the 22nd, there are account' from Calabria. The rebellion increaser. The principal force consists of a thou.- - ' have been sent from men, yr,. -s i .lnes to attack them. In two or three en,gagem:... - ." 1 ": 4- diem had been worsted. It is said that the judge who con demned the brothers Bendier& to death has loeen killed. A party in Naples presented a petition to the King upon wants of the country : it was immediately rejected. The nobility in Sicily have protested in the name of the people, demanding the fulfilment of the promise made to them in 1815 by Ferdinand, to restore to them the ancient constitu tion of 1812, with ameliorations. FRANCE: SUICIDE IN FARIE,-011 Satoxdsty morning, says an evenieg journal, Count Alfred de Montes quieu, officer of the legion of honour, the husband of a rich American lady, and the father of seven or eight children, was found dead in his bed-room at the hotel Montesquieu, in the Rae Monsieur, from a stab by a poniard iu the heart. The often of justice immediately commenced an investiga tion, which ended in a conviction that the count had com mitted suicide. The deceased, who was about 43 yeas* of age, was brother of Count Anatole de Montesquien.thevalier 01 honour of the Queen. EPIDINICII IN FRANCE.—For some days past, we have remedied in the neighbourhood of Compidgne several mem of diamboaa, dysentery, some of native cholera nimbus, tlidenrolliss • some ems of inflammation of the bronchial s'the throat; intermittent fevers of a mild leatism, but still requiring to be immediately attended to, or ebb they might become dangerous. There is also another disorder, which is very prevalent and peculiar to infancy, awe dangerous than the croup itself, and much more dit, Galt l• be stopped, as its march io Ilene rapid, and it attacks m. younger children. This morbid affection bean a great analogy both to native and Asiatic cholera.—DeUts. MURDER.—A man named Martineau, aged 24, was some time back condemned, at Valenciennes, to ten months' imprisonment for stealing some hay. Pretending some affairs to regulate, he obtained permission to remain at large for a short time. He was heard to utter threats against several persons to whom he attributed his condemnation, and particularly against his wife, who, in consequence, took refuge at the house of her brother-in-law, named Courriere. The latter was, on Sunday night, sleeping with a man named peon, when Martineau privately entered the house, armed with a cutlass and a hammer, and knowing the locality, pro ceeded at once to the bed where they lay. Ile struck Cour riko repeatedly on the head with the hammer, and wounded him mortally. Meanwhile Mignon had awoke, and was at tempting to escape when Martineau struck him with the cutlass in the throat, and deprived him of sensation. lie followed this attack up by a shower of blows, and desisted only when he conceived his victim to be dead. He then proceeded to the room where his wife was sleeping, and struck repeatedly what he conceived to be her throat. He only at last gave over when he conceived her to be dead. He wandered about during the night, and in the morning entered a wine-shop at St. Amend, near the house where the crime was commit ted, and had something to drink. Meanwhile his wife, whose arm it was that had been *track, and not her neck, had given the alarm, and the police agents, being put on Martineau's track, arrested him in the wine-shop spoken of above. Courriere died at once ; Migeoa is very badly wounded, but hopes are entertained of saving his life. The woman is not considered in danger. Martineau has been re moved to the prison of Valencieanes. GERMANY.—AUSTRIA.—LEMBERG (IN GALICIA), Ara. 16.—The pilgrimages to the gallows-hill, where the persons executed for taking part in the late insurrection are buried, have been put a stop to. The last was dispersed by the military, and several who took part in it—ladies among others—were arrested, but dismissed with a reprimand. The Countess o—, who had been very active collecting signa tures to a petition for the pardon of the condemned, has re salved orders to quit the town. The grain harvest promises well, but the potatoes are again a failure. PRUSSIA. BERLIN. The fourth meeting of the Association for the Promotion of Trade and Manufac tures was held on the 17th of August. Dr. Asher read an interesting paper on the system of differential duties. The main object of the essay was to show how prejudicially the English navigation act and the protective system had ope rated upon English trade and shipping. The learned essay ist illustrated his propositions by copious extracts from the first fear reports of the evidence taken by the House of Com mons' committee of last session upon the navigation law. The Pruseian Allgenteine Zeseung publishes this part of the doctor's paper, to warn against the blind imitation of the English navigation law and protective sys tem recommended by the journals of southern and western Germany. The Augsburg Gazette states that it is the inten tion of the King of Prussia to proceed from Ischl to Trieste, and thence to Lombardy. He is expected to remain some time in Upper Italy, and to make while there an excursion to Genoa. MOLDAVIA.—GALATz, AUG. 24.—0 n the 24th alt., Galata, in Moldavia, was visited by a violent storm , preceded by immense flights of locusts, brought by an easterly wind from the Russian province of Bessarabia. In an hour afterwards there was so heavy a fall of rain and hail that the town was in ten minutes converted into one great lake, the hail spreading destruction around. Sheep were killed by it in the fields, and more than a hundred head of cattle were drowned in the Danube. Windmills were blown down—a man was killed, and a woman had both her arms broken. HUNGARY.—PgsTrt. A correspondent writes from Peeth (Hungary) :—" The first subject that the Hun garian Diet, which is to be opened in November, will occupy itself with, will be the repeal of an ancient law, in virtue of which the direct descendants of any person who may have sold a landed estate in the country may redeem it at any time, on returning the sum actually paid for it to the ances tor. The existence of this absurd law is the only cause of the low value of land in Hungary, and the lamentable state of its agriculture ; for no one will expend money in the im provement of that whiclimay at any time be taken from him at a reimbursement of a price which may not be equal to one-tenth of its improved value. Only a few days ago the possessor of a vast domain on the eastern frontier of Hungary, worth at least 500,000 fr., was obliged to give it up for only 50,040 fr., to a descendant of the person who had sold it for this RUM, at the time when Hungary was at war with Turkey, and an invasion was daily expected." SYRIA.—BEYROUT, AUG. 6.—The approaching departure of Kiamil Fuchs for Constantinople has occasioned here a general sorrow, for, latterly, this part of Syria has been quite tranquil, and this can only be attributed to the administration of the paella. After his arrival there were no more persecutions of the Christians, as formerly, and their condition became much ameliorated. It is not known what sort of a man the new governor-general, hlustafa Puha, is. It is reported that he is a well-educated man, and epeaks several European languages. By the last Austrian steamer, Kiamil Pacha sent to Constantinople the chief of the Ansari, the Sheik Abdel-Hanunid ben Sheik Tounes, who was arrested respecting the affair of Meseta. It is not known if he will return or not. This exile to Constantinople of the chief of the Ansari has created a great sensation in all his co-religionists; some of them are afraid that the Ansari will quarrel with the Chris tians and disturb the public peace. Everybody here is talking of the project of the Turkish government to make a ' military conscription from amongst the Christians. Thus, ems poor people, especially those of the city, who cannot be the smell of powder, are afraid to leave their houses for At of being seized and turned into soldiers. A saddler of Mt, a native of Damascus, was found murdered a few o, on the mountain, in a place belonging to the ad. lion of the Druse Caimakan. The murderers have not yet been discovered. THE RIVER PLATE.—The Liverpool Times pub lishes the following extract of a letter, dated Monte Video, July 14, 1847: " As the Rattler will, it is understood, posi tively sail to-morrow, I proceed to give you as far as I am able an account of the state in which affairs remain here at this moment. My information will not be very full or very satisfactory, and will, in fact, be in a crest measure formed upon conjecture and inference. In the first place, the treat ment we have met with at the hands of Lord Howien has been anything hut courteous. Oa his return from Buenos Ayres, the chairman of thecommittee of the British merchants here addressed him a note requesting an interview at his earliest convenience, in order to pay their respects, and to explain to him the embarrassments of their position. His lordship replied that he could not admit to an interview any ' person or persons' who might seek information for them selves, or who might wish to ask his opinion on negotiations yet pending. The chairman replied, setting his lordship right in.hia interpretation of his first note, and ditelaiming any intention of the committee thrusting themselves into the confidence of his lordship. After some days, a reply was received again, insinuating that the committee had asked for information, at the same time volunteering an ofier to give them all he might acquire the'moment he could do so with certainty, and asking their opinion in writing as to the manner in which British interests in Monte Video would be affected by the raising the blockade of Buenos Ayres. This question was found difficult to answer in conformity with their permanent interests, as well as with their present wishes, without subjecting themselves to the charge of having, in giving their opinion, been actuated by interests altogether unconnected with those of ale legitimate British export and import trade with these countries ; they also un derstood, that if they admitted their trade to be injuriously affected by the blockade, the necessary concomitant of the political position of Great Britain in the River Plate, he would take them at their word, and justify by their written opinion, a measure that would have made the fall of Monte Video certain. The committee endeavoured to avoid both these difficulties, and replied in the form of a series of reso lutions, passed at a meeting called for the purpose of taking his lordship's note into consideration." The resolutions declared that the continuance of the blockade under existing circumstances was essential to the safety of Monte Video and fin independence of the Argentine Republic. To this com munication his lordship had not, when his letter was written, . ; returned any reply. a _ THE PRASLIN MURDER. The committee of examination of the Court of Peers met on Saturday. It does not appear that any inves tigation was proceeded to. The physicians and chemists have depeeited in the hands of the chancellor the minutes of their report. We are assured that the conclusion deduced from the facts consigned in this report are—let., that the Duke do Praslin succumbed to poisoning; 2nd that the poisoning took place by arsenic ; 3rd, that, according to the symptoms observed in the development of the attack, and to the discoveries made in the body by the autzpsy and che mical analysis, the absorption of the poison took place on the 18th. The Droit says that " Two wills of the Duchess de Praslin have been deposited in the hands of the President of the Civil Tribunal of the Seine. One of these is dated in 1841, and the other in 1846. In the first the duchees speaks of her husband in the moat affectionate terms. In the second she does not, as has been erroneously stated, give a life interest to the deke in all her property, but bequeaths to him a part of her personal property, and a life interest in one of her landed estates. In this last will is a curious clause, by which she leaves her lewelo to noo m use sone with die... hone ihat they 'hall be sold, and the produce invested is government funds. The dividends of the stock thus p u rchased are to be invested to accumulate till the time when this son shall be about to be married, when the whole fund thus augmented is to be laid out in the purchase of diamonds for his bride. On Saturday morn ing the will of the Duke de Praslin was also depo sited in the hands of the President of the Civil Tribunal. This will, as has been already announced, was in the port. folio of the duke, who, just before his death, took care to in dicate that circumstance. Immediately after the decease of the prisoner the portfolio was opened, and two wills were found, bearing date 1841 and 1843. The first is not signed, but the second, which is the exact reproduction of it, is per fectly regular. In this testamentary act of 1843, the Duke de Paulin, after several liberalities made to his different children, leaves par precipol the chateau of Paulin de Vans to his eldest son. In a particular clause ho engages his sons not to contract marriage before having attained their twenty-fifth year. There is also in the testament of 1843 a legacy, by which the duke secures a rent., of 3,000 fr. to Millie. de Luzzi-Desportes, in acknowledgment of the en lightened seal which ohs had shown in the education of his daughters." The following details of the interrogatories to which Mdlle. de Luzzi-besportes has been 'objected are given in the Gazette des Tribunaux, which, however, does not gua rantee their correctness: " Questioned on the 19th August by M. Brousais. WNW d'instrottin,myths: moment at which she had been loa - id up in the Conciergerie, as to how she had learned the hor ribie event, she replied that it was M. Rimy, professor of literature to the Mesdemoiselles de Preslin, and his wife, who came to tell her of it. They found her so much ee -1 toted, that they took her to their residence, Rue de la Forme Ides Mathurine, where she remained until 8 o'clock in the evening. It was there that a police agent went to seek her. To the demands of the magistrate as to the serious wrong with which she had to reproach herself towards the Duchess de Praslin, for having attempted to deprive her of the affec tion of her husband and her children, Mlle. de Luzzi an swered : " No. air, never, never ! On my entrance into the house of the Praslins the duke and duchess were already on bad terms. The duke desired to direct the education of his children alone, at least the duchess told me so. Mme. de Praslin added, after having talked to me for a long time on this pretension of her husband, that it would be to the duke that I should have to give an account. The duke, on his part, told me the same. Three governesses bad su cceededC each other in the house in the course of some months—the duchess could not agree with any of them.' Mlle. de Luzzi added, that M. de Praslin first told her that she would re side alone with the children in a part of the hotel, that she would take her meals alone with them, and that she would snow them only to see their mother. Mlle. de Lunt refused to content to these propositions, and declared that she would not accept the situation that was offered to her. The duke then decided that the governess and the children should take their meals with the family, but that the children should remain under her exclusive control and direction. Mlle. de Luzzi ascribes all her differences with the duchess to an el-governess. This governess pretended that she kept the children from their mother. At a later period, during a stay at the Chateau of Vandreuil, where Mlle. de Luzzi was with the duchess, the latter took part in the readings, and direction of the studies of her eight children. On his ar rival, the duke having learned this, was very dissatisfied, and expressed that dissatisfaction somewhat strongly, where uponwe th e duchess tetegoye . abstained. ess attde A the t eight Chateau de children lived l entir i eT; Ep, except as regarded the meals, which were taken en lk, Mile. de Luzzi denies that she ever endeavoured to away the children from their mother. ' I wes perhaps greatly wrong,' said she, ' to accept that position, but I never wilfully endeavoured to pain the duchess.' Mlle. de Luzzi confesses that at times the duchess expressed sentiments of jealousy towards her, but which, she says, had not the least foundation in the world. Still generally the duchess was on good terms with her, without being affectionate ; and that often caused her to forget her injustice. Mlle. de Luzzi had no fortune, no friend at Paris. She was obliged to keep to an acquired position, with so much the more resignation that the duke had promisel her, she says, to give her a pen sion, Heise should have the courage, in spite of all the mor tification. she was called on to endure, to finish the educa tion of his three eldest daughters. Sbe calculated that the amount of the penvion, when the education should be once terminated, would be 1,500 f. per annum, or 500 f. for each of the young ladies. We are assured, as we have already said, that Millie. de Luzzi has declared in a formal manner that the duchess never expressed to her the least suspicion of an improper connexion between her and her husband. ' The duchess may have said that to others,' she added, ' but never to me.' Two years ago, when in Corsica with her pupils on one of the estates of the Marshal Sebastiani, &jou:- nal published that she had taken to flight with the Duke de Praslin. In consequence of this, she resolved to leave the house immediately; but the marshal, father of the duchess, opposed this, representing that such a measure would be a confirmation of the rumour. The duchess showed great coldness and dissatisfaction at seeing Mlle. de Luzzi abandon her determination, and remain in the house. However, this seemed gradually to wear away, and especially withini the last year, the duchess had become kind towards her. Mlle. de Luzzi adds, that she was thunderstruck when, in the month of July last, a priest, s friend of the family, told her that her presence in the Praslin family was a cause of trouble, and that she could no longer remain there. To the question which arose from the facts which accused the duke of having ceased the death of his wife, Mile. de Luzzi replied—' Oh ! no ! no ! no ! no ! gentlemen, tell me that that is not the case ! It is impossible ! Ile ! he, who could not bear to see one of his chil dren suffer ! No ! do not tell me that it is he ! Yon say that grave charges arise; but say rather that th ere exists a suspicion which will not be justified! No! no!' As she spoke she fell on her knees, clasped her hands, and beat her head to the ground. 'Oh !' she resumed ; 'oh ! tell me, gentlemen, I beg of you.—But no! if you told me, I would not believe it—no, never!' She then paused and pressed her forehead with her hands. 'lt is impossible !` she con. tinned. 'My conscience tells me that he did not do it!— But if he did it, eh God ! why then it is I—l alone who am guilty! I who loved the children so much, who adored them !—I have been cowardly ! 1 dreaded misfortune, mi sery, and knew not how to resign myself to my lot !' After another pause she proceeded: That is all my crime!— Write it, air !' she added, looking fixedly at the magistrate— ' Yes, write it ! He must have demanded that unfortunate letter which was to vouch for my character, she must have refused it, and then— ! Oh yes ! It is I—lt is I alone who am geilty I Write it! write it!'" The Presse gives the following as from an authentic 10t/tVe " Mlle. de Loud was a resident in the school of the Marais for only a month. She had been introduced there in the name of the duke and duchess, aad was accompanied on her first visit by one of the demoiselles de Praslin. When she took up her residence there, her pupils, in bringing her a superb copy of the Imitation of Jesus Christ,' offered by the duchess herself , as a testimony of gratitude, came and aided in effecting her removal, and settling her in her chamber, besides frequently since renewing their visits. Mlle. de Luzzi, who was altogether a stranger to the institu tion, was to remain charged with the direction of the stu dies of the demoiselles de Praslin; and the duchtss, in dis missing her, gave no other motive for her sending her away, than the too lively affection which the children felt for their teacher—sn affection of which she was jealous. Mile. de Luzzi, sense days before the murder, during the day of the family in the country, had received a commis sion to purchase for the children bathing.clothes, which they were to take on their way through Paris. In his visit the evening before the crime, M. de Praslin accompanied four of his children, who brought from the country to Mlle. de Luzzi a basket of fruit and flowers. It was the first time that he visited the institution. He was received by Mlle. de Lour: in the parlour, the regulations of the house forbidding the visit to be made otherwise, The mistress of the school spoke apart to the duke of certain rumours which had reached her relative to Mile. de Dual, and expressed her surprise at these reports, which contrasted so strongly with the lively friendship which the duchess authorised between her chil dren and their former governess, since she permitted these ladies to come, with an attendant, and pass whole days at the school; and declared to him her intenlioa to write to the duchess herself, to demand a letter in refutation of these reports. The duke approved of the design. The letter was written immediately, but had not time to reach the duchess. It has been delivered up by the mistress to the Procurcur du Roi. We extract the following from the official reports of the Proces Verbaus held before the Chamber of Peers, and shall continue to give the most interesting portion of the correspondence : [Written in June, 1811.] LETTER PROM THE DUCHESS TO HER HUSBAND. Wherefore, my beloved, do you refuse to let me share your afflictions ? You deprive our life of all the charme of affection! Do you then believe, or rather do you wish to persuade yourself, that independence consist in solitude I You say that I am erigearde, because I desire to share year sorrows. You do not like me to remark that you have any. Do you then wish to become Suite a stranger to me, and for that, would it not be requisite for au to become entirely indifferent to you ? And how could I become indifferent to the person I love best on earth ! Do you think it possible ?—would not my heart break long. be fore ? You yourself are sorrowful to see me sad, and you know the reason of my sadness; you know how it is in your power to console me, and yet you withhold those eon solations. 1, on the contrary, I see that you are sad ; I feel within my heart a source of the deepest love, sufficient to calm and soothe all your sorrows, and you discard me ? Am I not your wife, the partner of your life, she whose duty it is to share equally your pleasures and your sorrows ? If you were ill, is it not my hand that would smooth thy pillow ? And are not sorrows diseases of the mind—of the spirit? Wherefore, then, reject me? . . . You have a heart to appreciate the joys, the wants of a loving heart, in which to place full confidence and find relief for your sorrows. It is the violence of my manners that prevents you from placing that confidence in me. Believe me, Tkeobald, four months of sorrow and repentance have chastened me ; it is to love and console you, and not to torment you that I seek your confidence. I give you my word never to try to gain the ascendancy over you ; I am frilly aware of your superior character and mind; I only wish to share your life, to embellish it, and pour balm upon your wounds. You left my room because you thought that I wished to gain the ascendancy over you. My friend, I swear unto you, in the name of My love, in the acme of yours, by all that I hold most sacred and most dear, I only seek your love and your confidence as yon have mine. I will blindly obey you ; I will no longer torment you by jealousy ; I shall never give you a word of reproach or of counsel. My repentince is too sincere. 1 have suffered too much to return to my put faults. We are both very young, Theobald ! Do not condemn us both to solitude. How ? We love each other • we are both of us pure ; and shall we live apart from each Other, both in body and in mind ? Do not let your heart be a sufferer from a little feeling of areourpropre. I swear v,uw pars that Wm • - -`) - affection and your ro^.Aenne a J.... I shall be the loving and obedient of souls; o your life. My friend, confidence is the marriage o souls; their mutual eon rations arc their caresses, and union, happiness, and virtue are the fruits. Believe me I shall neverabuse your con fidence ; your confessions will be received in my.bosons with the same mystery and affection as thy caresses. Take again your own Fanny. Try her but for a short time with love and affection, and you will find that you will be much happier than living in solitude. You seek a change ; but are you really happy ? Oh! no, you are not, with a heart like yours, and the life we are leading. The only happiness of your wife consists in your love and support. Turn not then a deaf ear unto her entreaties ; unto her vows—to her repentance, for she loves you, and her whole life will be in love and gratitude towards you. You have f:el her from your bed and from your heart ; could you do more if she was false She spends her days and nights in tears ; she waits outside your door, but dares not enter, for fear you should reproach her for it on the morrow. Monwmi, in the name of the many dear re . membrane's which7ou bid me invoke, should I ever have offended you, harken to me; give me again your confidence, sad your love, and open your heart to the woman whose life Is devoted to you. Oh, I will never abuse it. Oh, how have I offended you, my beloved, unless by my suspicions and my temper ; and when did a kind word fail to soothe me ? Give not vent to your anger—be not inexorable. My heart is break ing. Theobald, pity ! pity ! en her who loves yoU! Trust your hanainesa to my keeping, as I trust mine to yours. . Do not break the heart that is beating only for you. You who once loved me so much, forgive. When you con fess to me your sorrows—your head upon my breast, your hands is mine, my lips upon your forehead—do you think that they will not be leas than if pent up in your own breast? Do not sacrifice our mutual happiness to an empty fear that I will abuse your goodness. No, no; I will only Aare and eon. sole you in all your sorrows. But will you be the lea a man to have a loving woman to share your pleasures and your sor rows ? Let this union of our hearts be a sweet mystery 0( love between us. Oh ! we could be so happy if you would but try it. You would always be met with a happy and smiling countenance, ready to fallow you wherever you liked. Perhaps, alter all, you are the more jealous of the two. God knows what suspicion you may nourish in your breast, for I am at a loss how to interpret your scecret sorrows. If you knew what I suffer, my beloved : It is still in our power to be so happy. I cannot think that you wish to abandon me thus for ever, to deprive us of mutual happiness—life is so short, my beloved, and we have been separated already so long ! Soon, I shall not dare to make proposals, always refused like my caresses. It is not in your character to make the first advances, and from custom your wife will fear you too much to make further attempts, and life will then pass by, and you will be unhappy and your wife will die of grief. Oh, return! return unto her' [The above letter is ad dressed to " Monsieur le Marquis de Prallin Praslin ; Melon, —." STATISTICS OF AUSTRIAN COMMERCE. General attention has frequently been attracted of late to the prosperous condition of the Austrian dominions, by the efforts of the Trieste Lloyd's Company to accelerate the conveyance of the Indian mail, and by the jealousy tad alarm which the Parisian journalxhave expressed at the grow ing'power of this opponent to the old project of converting the Mediterranean into a French lake. But apart from these efforts, the value of Austria as a commercial ally is not suffi ciently estimated in this country. Relying on the official Austrian documents, as far as they are compiled (up to the year 1844), we propose to communi cate the result of our own inquiries, and some information we have collected from a recent publication by Herr Ernest von Schwartzer, one of the most able German writers on political economy. In reference to the statistics of our own mercantile affairs, few would be sufficiently disputatious to question the superiority of the trade of England over that of Austria; but we will endeavour to show, by comparison, that Austria possesses something more than an ordinary share in the commerce of the world; and that, by the nature of its produce, our establishing a more intimate mer cantile intercourse with that country would conduce to a mutual advantage. The estimated value of the Austrian imports (for home . on), and the export of its produce has increased u follows IItAITIC IT LLVD AND ABA. Of OWl E l 6 =neel. TALCS. X it. 6,830,913 7,902,349 8,146,372 8,146,163 9,141,332 9,853,339 9,734,639 10,305,770 10,318,013 11,118,688 10,333,938 11,063,773 11,142,063 11,449,300 £7,919,081 8,922,118 9,237,018 8,803,931 8,890,322 9,733,433 9,200.950 10,549,267 10,711,373 10,1150,970 11,332,031 10,935,907 10,411,395 10,981,900 At. 14,830,028 16,824,197 17,383,590 16,950,096 18,031,854 19,610,792 18,935,589 20,858,037 21,024,586 21,969,558 20,820,961 21,921,682 21,553,480 22,110,300 This table, which does not include the transit trade, shows an increase in the total value of Austrian commerce, from 14,830,0281. in the year 1831, to 22,410,300/. in the year 1844, or 55 per cent. in fourteen yews ; about 4 per cent. per annum. In point of fact, the value of the exports amounts to several millions more; the valuation of silks, etc., being made at considerably more than 50 per cent. below their real worth. In the same period, the exports and imports of Great Britain have increased from 82,752,9581. in the year 1831, to 134,025,8471. in 1844; about 62 per cent., or 48 per cent. annually. With respect to the Austrian traffic, the principal aug mentation has been by sea, increasing from 4,763,675/. in 1841, to 6,153,7611. in 1814, thereby showing an improve ment of nearly 30 per cent, in four years, or 78 per cent. in one year. The great difference between the maritime I import and export is fully elucidated by the fact that the Anstrians ship only heavy articles of an inferior value, I while they receive, in return, spices, and colonial and manu factured goods of a more costly description. During the year 1841, 25,146 vessels, of 847,000 tons burthen, entered' the porta or Austria. In the year 1844, '4,098 vessels, of 1,005,000 tons burthen, arrived ; proving an increase of about 18 per cent, in the number of vessels, and 15 per cent. on the amount of tonnage. The arrivals of British vessels in the porta of Great Britain and Ireland amounted, In the year ending sth Jan., 1844. to 19,500 ves sels of 3,545,346 tons, exclusive of the coasting trade. In the year 1844 the whole traffic of foreign and sea-going ves sels in the Austrian ports amounted to 21,000 arrivals of 1,025,027 tons burthen, 13,336,9001. in value, the total import, export, and transit included. During the same period the entire traffic in the ports of Great Britain, by English and foreign vessels, amounted to 28,041 arrivals of 4,841,296 tans burden, 134,000,000/. in value. This statement shows an average burthen of 488 tons of the vessels arrived in the Austnan ports, and 173 tons of the vessels arrived in the British ports. The value of the merchandise exchanged by this traffic amounted to 131. 6s. Bd. per ton in Austria and 231. 10s. in England. This disparity arises from the necessity of import ing every description of merchandise to England by sea, while in Austria the finest and moat precious articles are re ceived inland. The importance of the Austrian naval traffic can only be appreciated by referring to the extent of her seacoast, being not more than 60 geographical miles, each of which would be interested to the extent of 17,084 tans bur then, and 222,8451. value, while Great Britain and Ireland, with about 1,000 geographical miles of sea-coast, would not obtain a larger participation in the foreign trade than 4,847 tons burthen, 134,0001. in value. Bearing in mind the fact that the trading fleet of Austria numbered, during 1844, 210,792 tons, when the English merchant-navy amounted to not less than 3,753,000 toes, any idea of a rivalry between them is of course oat of the question ; but we cannot avoid commending the enterprising spirit and the energetic character of the natives of the Aus trian sea-shore, when we reflect that, notwithstanding the scarcity of ship-building materials, they have constructed 3,367 vessels of 96,955 tons burthen during the last 10 years. The table given above, of Austrian imports and exports, does not include the transit business, of the details of which we subjoin a tabular statement—a return of the general ear merce of Austria for the year 1844, including the value d the transits ; explaining the nature of the merchandise ; sad distinguishing the various nations with whom these mama tile transactions have been effected. „ F!, • • . • • D • • !! ! i :: : : ~ ~~g~~~~~~3~~~~~'a~§~€~~~ ::::: : : „As , n p : :8g6:551 i §MgE :: : : • • • - gt : g ~1 8 § -§g§ttgiN L . f i iiipp;oomugigg smgmmtvtib 111 .40 Plolof § § g§ g g§g§ *lig! I ttv . 4-..ss,;,,pzszogsgttl 11 gg g gigggioggsgtgggi 4:41:0441 gggg gigigggigso. pe , ir. pNO-ft . ong . atimp! § ing2flatg§ttltwV, i'4:4l.s42MWtagEgV4^Z"4"":6l 42 ligtglg§§llW -P'4ss4l • AntOggrallfg§ The largest returns appear to have been realised with the Zollverein and neighbouring countries, which, as they sur round the Austrian dominions, are necessarily the principal consumers of its abundance, and the natural factors of its external commerce. Before concluding this Ott of the subject we must, of neoeuity, allude to the trade, which, particularly in the cantons of Sideman& awl do stater of the Grimes Union, is earned on to vomit on enormous extent that the re , suit must be taken into comiderstion in every statement having any regard to aearmay. There are two differs* kinds of roangeding practised as the Austrian frontier. T and ANA sorcood MI6 of avoiding the custom del* aseempibbed by Ibo abuse el the privilege granted to tbr inhabitants of He besseary districts, to purchase from rift cent territories, Isitherat payment of duty, cedilla win Import for Consumption. PALL'[. ~'