The Express. — London, England, 1846-11-16 00:00:00

~-- AI CIOLOSSEUM. ALTERATION of TIME. I C, 1..../ 141. , .The nobility audZUZ, respectfully Wormed the ter dental& do Panorama of Leedom try Night via aloe tines wiry kiallioar: Itimie from 2 tall duet, and a till tralf-peette. itotiday tit andoesil The DAY sod EVE24INO 11111119/IWS compensate tammass al tondos br Day. aid Ws um mg usavellona ma at Lades by liiibh tba Mom at Solialmaa, sairana OtAbis MU" qhllllll gala* AviSsbiarautt suraulados mai Mani Ilhamr, Swim "alat, nest INlV.Siltill llabol". ate *r% Pm. Open tram PP all _ sag 7 1 . 1 111.-22enling billif *ids to view Oa WYK Ma Wow matirmaderatatradh may be bad at tlia tram " dilil la .Iba WNW' -.Maio waratialosi mai eke. They iinordaiimmilwa l'°l,i. wawa gite Oppreoo. MAIM Mt Wei • Dia mim,' Wain mawa kw Mexico, Honduras. and =ION be ode up ea the eveie ot the 17th November (ba lite malls far Cormana, SU% Operlo, Liabon, Madeint, Cadiz, and Gibraltar, wM be mode up ea the atareing of the 17th November (to morrow). The nialla ior Vitt& North America, Benevale, me dr Vabed NW% me bet esselajaKeb• vial* al theiNevisaidt tar. Ilis waist* Ottrebar Abbe. Omen, the laden limes. PM/4M" mid Obis. vie Southampton, sffilsee.mirearels wertiMiSatthe . Norataber. The es elesell •eadlligZismltarertil ,to the Mediterranean, =et la ra & ii tt A t Ike-, will be made up on the The meit. tie Nee South Wake. Van Dietnetta Land. and New Zealaml we be mar up on the meting of the 30th November. --------- TO CORRESPONDENTS. W• ammo. mike, in any way, any communication that Nat tO us mintymiently • but thcoe who chow to addrem us in conntlancewlll Sol air monied. NEITHER CAN WE UNDERTAKE TO REMWANT MANUSCPTS WHATEV •• Rilvaelionnonts intended (or RI The Express, Lon ER. don e mesfo g paper, a mour In at the 015 co by Two o'clock on the day of publkation. MOH WATER AT LONDON-BRIDGE. 11 OltO. post 0 . Tam DAT. Nornirig, 31 m. pan —; Afternoon, Tononaow.—Morning,mat. past 0; Afternoon, 51 min. put 0. LONDON, MONDAY, NOV. 16. Tn ERE can be no doubt, that the question of regu lating or shortening the hours of labour in factories has in its origin and first enactments been a righteous one. To save the young from a system, which eats and cankers them i n the bud, and forbid the female from being tempted into modes and times of earning, which corrupt her nature and contaminate her mind, is a duty too imperative to be abandoned. When, however, we swell our care and philan thropy from the guardians' and the schoolmaster's task, to that of the übiquitous policeman, who is to tend old as well as young, and interfere with our free dom, even in the highways of life, then we think 't behoves us to take care lest this country, having Lein the first to secure solid political freedom, should not also be the first to fall into a state of social enslave- ment. The iron system of doling out existence by weight, and exploding freedom of locomotion or will, as a needless luxury , has already been applied to the indi gent. It is now creeping up to the class above the indi gent, viz. to the industrious artisan. It is put forward, to be sure, as a law which is to coerce the employer, and wring from him higher wages than the circum stances and profits of his trade have hitherto led him to give. This alone is a dangerous rule, which, if applied to one trade, must soon be applied to all, and which, however at first intended to act merely as fetters to the employer, will in time, we fear, prove something worse than fetters, to the employed. The manufacturers have however, in one respect, drawn this interference upon themselves. The every year augmenting tendency to supersedein their works, not merely the old by the young, but the man by the child, was a thing so pernicious and deleterious as imperatively to call for legislative interference. The difficulty is now to draw a line, where this should cease. What has been done hitherto, has not directly interfered with the freedom of male adults in work, nor has it been of a gravity to cheek or prevent the indomitable energies of our manufacturers from seeking how to supply the inconvenience, and cover the loss. Bat it is a false and cruel reasoning, that, because manufac turers have overcome so many obstacles, they can overcome any additional ones, no matter what the magnitude of those thrown in their way. The agitation in furtherance of the Ten Hours Bill has, we see, fully recommenced. No sooner is the stage of Huddersfield empty, than that of Halifax is filled, and though the dramatis persona are few, and the arguments not very varied, still the artisan audience are loud in their applause of a measure of which they perceive and hail the immediate relief, without being aware of any untoward results. We arc glad to ace that the champions of the measure give up the pretension, once so boldly put forward, of ten hours being made quite as productive as twelve hours by increased energies an zeal, and better economy of time, on the part of the work men. When Sir J ‘st Es GRAD tNI brought forward, last year, the experiment tried in Messrs. HORROCKS millon the comparative productiveness of short andlong hours, the example was decried as faulty, as solitary, .and unworthy of conclusive inference being drawn from it. Mr. FIELDEN, however, indulged at Halifax in the following statement I have to meet other manufacturers in worked rket, and If I were to teem working ten hours, whilst others twelve, I should soon get into the Gazette. Even if I could get ten bouts' men for ten hoar,' wages, the others would have an advantage I This is very plain and sincere, and clears away a world of rubbish from about the question. No one now pretends that the hours of working in factories can be limited without loss to some one. 'fhe loss is admitted. And the question remains, upon which class shall the loss fall? Mr. AKROYD says it shall fall upon the operatives, to whom he will give but one-sixth of the usual wages. Mr. FIELDEN and Mr. °ANTLER reply that the amount of wages cannot be affected by the diminution of the manufacturer's profits. That the competition for work has already brought down wages as low as they could go; that short hours necessitating more hands will diminish this competition, and accordingly that the loss must fall upon the manufacturer. This reasoning, to be worth anything, must also imply that the manufacturer is able to bear the loss, and that the diminution of his profit is not such as will make hint forego the employ ment of time and capital in the old way. ;To support this assertion or supposition, it is im possible not to admit that Mr. TIELDEN'B experience is of great weight. But we must also say, that the logic which both he and Mr. O.IsTLER employ is of a nature to detract much from the weight and value of their experience. Their scouting of foreign competition and foreign trade, and that, too, in the great centre of the woollen manufacture, which has been driven from so many markets by foreign competition, displays a sturdy contempt for facts, as well as for the commonest sense. And the extrava gant stretching of free-trade principles, to depict and glory in those halcyon times when the manufactures' of England shall be no more, when the foreigner shall supply us with shirts and coats, whilst our artisans, spread over the land, are to return cargoes to the con tinent of cabbages and potato es all this , bright promise held out by the orators at Halifax, of con verting England and Englishmen of the next age into Ireland and the Iri-h of this, only show how free-trade itself can be pushed to insanity and but- foonery. We may not be altogether partizans of a Ten Hours' Bill, but it can command far more cogent and rational arguments than these. In manafactories, which yearly fall into the syncope of " short time," we do think that a legislative measure might compel them ' to spread their suspension of work over a larger space. The short time evinces improvidence and over-produc tion, and shows also a desire to take undue advantage of the labouring population, feeding them when pro visions are short, and turning them adrift when provisions are dear. This, we think, might be pro vided against in many better ways than by a general Ten Hours' Bill applied to all factories of the four great staples indiscriminately, visiting with the same coercion the rising, the stationary: and the declining. We feel convinced that a different law must be applied to each—unless, indeed, the object of the legislature be to kill, not cure. THERE is no mystery in the affair of the TRENCIT WYATT statue. It is an abomination to art. Com- pronounced it so. But it re q u po t e nt opinion ired I on e has arch to tell u s that. It pr* no Duke n thee same way se we prophesy a want o obaliad , i iiantaay from the juxtaposition of bright intense scarlet, and crude blue. To those who: kinq the principlesof proportion in such work s, the res was painfully apparent befpre the monster left its matrix. The coming event east its shadow, before. The inevitable failure was impressed on the committee and sub-committee, not by artists only ; not merely by the ill-used architect of tho arch ; not alone in the caricatures of Punch ; but from the mouths of Commissioners, Secretaries of State, Chancellors of the Exchequer and Prime Ministers was the warning given to the inexorable TRENCH and the im passive RuzLann. Never was deeper damnation prospectively inflicted. The elevation never was an experiment. The sub-cominittee insisted on what they called an appeal to the public. They stipulated for their three weeks martyrdom of ridicule. They o bt a ined it. Nothing les s would satisfy them. They longed for it, as a zea lous Puritan occasionally did for the pillory. But they have no right to call it of the an exper iment. All who knew anythi Th ng mat t er , knew what the end must be. e expens e is the subscribers', n ot the public's. If the former were d e termined to have up ns tead of the real man-mountain, in all his bulk of bronze, i a dummy in papier-mache, or wicker work, it was their own affair. They were fooling with their own money, and we do not blame the Government for the severe lesson " p uthasllowed them to give themselves. Besides, they themselves on the country." It was only on condition of coming down, if condemned, that the figure of fun was raised to his bad emi nence. TRENCH was allowed the three weeks for his monster ; but, like the horses at neighbouring what Tat tersall's, it was only to stand "on trial." With face, then, do the sub-committee, or their agents, n ow come forward , with more o r less impudence, to argue that, being up, the Duke should re main up? Humpty-Dumpty, once down, could not be got up again. But that is no reason why Humpty -Dumpty, once up, may not be got down, especially if "All the Queen's bones And all the Queen's um " be substituted for Mr. GoDtNO'S team of twenty-four and the sub-committee. The expense is the scaffold ing, and there it is in waiting. The Times speaks on the subject with an ignorance, which can only be described as stupendous. "The horse and the rider," ears that Journal, " twentyseren feet high ; the arch OD Constitution-hill is about slaty feet high, and yet too low." Now, the objection to the arch is precisely that it is too high, viewed, as the Times regards it, as a pedestal. But an arch is not a pedestal. When figures are found on arches, they stand there as sur mounts only. They serve to complete the work, to which they are subordina te as a part to a whole. The pedestal, on the other hand, is subordinate to the statue. Whatever may be the defects or merits of the statue, the former must needs be exaggerated, and the latter concealed in its present position. It cannot be fairly judged unless on a pedestal of about its own height, length, and width. If it be a fine work, its merits will not, when it is so placed, be mnrred by the disproportion which at present exists between it and the arch ; if a poor work, on the other hand, its de fects will no longer challenge and compel criticisms as they do in its present site. "We have got a statue without a pedestal," says the Times, " and a pedestal without a statue." We have, therefore, very naturally and simply put one on the top of the other . " Precisely, we hare, very simply put one on the top of the other. In so doing we have violated every principle of proportion, and destroyed the effect of bot h pedestal (as the Times calls the arch) and statue. When the sub-committee made this very " simple" proposal, taste and knowledge pointed out to them the dispropor tion that must ensue. They would not listen. They asked to be allowed the experiment. The Times attacked them. They braved the keen ness of its sarcasm and the weight of its raillery. The permission they asked was granted. The statue was set up. The Times bowed to the " accomplished fact." Its recantation was premature. Competent authority pronounced the monument monstrous, and a verdict of " Guilty" was delivered, with the usual addition of " you may stand down." And now the Times complains of the Royal Aca demicians for not sooner pronouncing their judgment. They had pronounced it in every way possible before the trial took place. The sub-committee, in insisting on the three weeks' elevation, knew that they were braving enlightened opinion. They trusted to the conservative instinct so much stronger in Englishmen than the artistic one. They have calculated errone ously, but their courage has been rewarded by the adhesion of the Times. Habeant secum. We wish them joy of their defender, while they have him. But the public must not allow themselves to be de luded. The expense is no fair objection to the remo val of the figure : it will fall on the subscribers, who have guaranteed it, and not on the public. Neither would the act imply any unworthy vacillation or changeableness in the authorities. The figure was erected against their wish, at the special desire of the committee, and with the express promise that, if not approved, it should be taken down. Its continuance was conditional on its effect. The statue does not fulfil its condition of pleasing. Can the committee show good cause why they should not fulfil theirs, of removing it ? As to the objection from the difficulty of finding a new site, it is null and void. The work cannot pos sibly be so ill placed as it is now. Its only chance of impressing the public rests on its dimensions. These may be appreciated on a properly proportioned pedes tal. At present they dwarf the arch without making their own largeness apparent. In short, take what ground we will, the nature of such works in general; the proportions of this one in particular; the claims of Mr. WYATT to have his production fairly judged ; respect for the Duke of WELLINGTON ; the express understanding be tween the committee and the government ; we can see no excuse whatever for retaining the Duke in his present anomalous site , but the ver y strongest rea sons for removing him from it with as little delay as be. WE announced on Saturday, that the results of the experiments, made by the Government authorities, on the newly-invented gun cotton, were such as induced the Board of Ordnance to reject the proposal for its use in the British Army. The various objec tions, indeed, which are found to its practical use, for many purposes, are so great as not to be overcome. Some of these are easily seen on comparing it with gunpowder. Without going into scientific details of the manu facture of gunpowder, or the philosophy of its com bustion, it is sufficient to remind the reader, that gunpowder consists of a mixture of charcoal, nitre, and sulphur; in other words, of combustible matter, namely charcoal and sulphur, mixed with nitre, a substance rich in oxygen, the great supporter of com bustion. The goodness of powder depends on the perfection with which these ingredients are mixed, and °lithe proportions of them which are employed. When flied, the charcoal or carbon is instantaneously burnt by the oxygen of the nitre, which converts the charcoal into carbonic acid gas. The use of the sulphur is merely to render the combustion of the charcoal more rapid, because as sulphur is very in flatnmable, and, in burning, produces aflame, the heat which is requisite to cause the combustion of the char coal is more rapidly spread through the whole mass of gunpowder, than it could be, if there were no sulphur. The force of gunpowder, when fired, de pends entirely on the sudden production of a large bulk of gaseous matter from a comparatively small quantity of solid gunpowder. This effect is wholly produced by the decompasition of the nitric acid of THE EXPRESS, MONDA, of the the t it rf , and the ' • 444 quattos • _ IrtreX Thigpeittli ae*rii,V lll . ° • nee in gunpowder further titan hs a a m, sary accompatuement ta- the nitric acid, it_does not in any way contribute to the force of the explosion ; but, on the contrary, considerably in inferes with it; and fu rther, its pressure is objec tionable, because as being fixed and not dissipated by * bast, the greater part of the potash remains as a solid residuum, when powder is fired. Gun Cotton consists of woody fibre and nitric acid. It contains, therefore, all the elements of gunpowder ; co tton consists wholly of combustible matters, capable of burning with a flame, and therefore burning with rapidity when supplied with oxygen enough to cause its entire combustion; and the nitric acid with which it is combined, contains enough oxygen stored up in a very small bulk, to ensure the entire combustion of the cotton, and its complete and instantaneous conver sion into a large volume of gaseous matter. The nitric acid in gun cotton is not, like the nitric acid of gunpow der, combined with a fixed alkali: it is directly com - bined with the combustible matters, and, therefore, when decomposed, as in firing the cotton, it leaves no solid residue, but is wholly resolved into gas. The advantages which g un cotton possesses over ordinary gunpowder, are, Ist. That if well made, it leaves no residue. 2nd. That when fired, its com bustion is perfect, and that it consequently produces very little smoke. 3rd. That in its combustion, the gases produced are comparatively harmless, an advan tage of great importance in mining operations when the sulphurous acid gas, r&c., produced by gunpowder, is a serious inconvenience ; and 4th, That it is . quite insoluble in water, and therefore not at all injured by b e ing wetted, whilst gunpowder of course is corn pletely spoiled. I As regards the comparative cost of gun cotton, and powder, it is hardly necessary to say anything Prepared cotton is necessarily expensive, but there are many other substances similar in nature which are far cheaper, and which may be used 'for the manufacture of explosive compounds; whilst on the other hand, in the case of those uses for which gun cotton is decidedly superior to gunpowder, the former will be used even though it shall be found in practice to be more expensive. The best gun cotton is for many purposes too explosive, it goes off too rapidly, and resembles fulminating mercury rather than gunpowder in its mode of action ; its explosive force, therefore, is confined to a smaller space, is active for a shorter period of time, and consequer.tly has a less projectile power than gunpowder ; but then on the other hand, very great facilities exist of preparing it of different degrees of power, by the use of different materials, and by modifications of the process of ma nufacture. The disadvantages of gun cotton, or rather the ob i jections to its use as a substitute for gunpowder, are various. The most important are the following :—lt explodes at a far lower temperature than gunpJwder; even the least explosive gun cotton requiring a heat very considerably below redness for its explo sion, whilst some of the varieties can be fired by the heat of boiling water. This a serious objection in all eases where any number of char g es have to be fired in succession, as the heat caused by the explos sions very soon raises the temperature of the gun above that point at which it is hot enough to cause the charge to explode spontaneously, thus rendering its use exceedingly inconvenient and dangerous. The great faci:ity with which gun cotton explodes, even when not perfectly dried, would, of course, render its manufacture more hazardous than that of powder ; and for the same reason, its pnservation in bulk, when of necessity it must be kept in a state of compression, would be attended with a considerable degree of risk ; for it is very probable that any mass of gun cotton or othersimilarcombustible compound, particularly when compressed, would have a tendency to underg o sponta neous combustion; and there can be no dout that a magazine of gun cotton would be fur more dangerous than a powder magazine. It is more than probable that, under some circumstances, comparatively trifling conditions, which would have no influence upon ordi nary powder, would be sufficient to cause the explo sion of gun cotton. A very considerable quantity of steam is produced by the explosion of gun cotton, so much in fact, that the inside of the gun becomes quite wet ; the inconvenience of this is obvious. A last objection, and ono which it is to be feared may interfere with some of the most valuable applications of this very interesting substance, is the production of acid vapours when it is fired. It is generally stated that gun cotton leaves no residue, and produces no noxious fames when fired. As re gards the first statement it is practically true, for when tried against gunpowder, it does leave no residue. The minute quantity of solid matter left after its explo sion, is as nothing compared with the saline residue of gunpowder. It is also true that gun-cotton, being free from sulphur, no sulphurous acid gas is formed when it is fired, and hence none of those suffocating fumes arc perceived, which result from the explosion of powder, in which various alkaline salts are mechanically suspended in an atmosphere loaded with sulphurous acid gas, and hence no inconvenience is felt when gun cotton is fired in a mine. At the same time, a small quantity of nitric and nitrous acids is always produced, sufficient to interfere with its use, in those cases where the presence of acid vapour would do in jury. It is, however, possible that for sharp-shooting, and other purposes where the absence of.smoke ren ders gun cotton superior to powder, that this objection might be overcome. On the whole, therefore, it appears that this very curious discovery is not likely to prove so important as was at first anticipated ; and it is evident that the gun cotton, though an agent of eery great power, is too dangerous and unmanageable for most military purposes. For mining, and some other uses, it will ioubtless be found of very great value. NorniNG more positive has arrived from Mexico by the American mail. The glories of Monterey still fed the columns of the journals. There is the usual abuse of ANIPCDIA, mingled criticism of General TAYLOR with projects and rumours of all kinds. According to some, AMPUDIA was to make another stand at Saltillo; to others, he had gone to form a union with SANTA ANNA at St. Luis de Potosi. The strategists of the American press fix this spot as the Waterloo of Mexico, and they dot down the stages to it from Monterey, and from it to Mexico, reckoning 330 miles from Saltillo to San Luis, and 396 from San Luis to Mexico. General TAYLOR'S 6,000 are to be joined by General Wooes force, from the conquest of Chihuahua, which will swell them to 10,000. General PATTF.usoN is to take Tampico, and march 4,000 to join TAYLOR at San Luis, and then they are to march upon the capital. Such calculations are absurd, and such forces' utterly disproportionate to the task. The Spanish army, during the war of insurrection, were 20,000 strong, and were at first supported by 20,000 militia, yet both could not keep down the guerillas or extin-. guish resistance. And when the militia fell off, the 20,000 Spaniards were beaten out of the coun try. An equal force of Americans could not effect the conquest of Mexico, were the spirit l i of the population fully roused ; and that it is so mused, every day affords fresh symptoms. Many of the journals still, however, rely upon peace being made with SANTA ANNA. This is, after all, we think, the Americans' best chance : for, although they may have the means and the valour to subdue Mexico, should they employ the due time and resources, they have by no means put forth strength and taken pre cautions sufficient for the immediate annexation of so vast an empire by forces. 'ENING, 1846. P. Leh'------1-12"--mjat papers aiktiaeil a i,,4 and Sa tei: sa3no • • n wing tetra the double mar- Iri of the iI r pt. ux and* yaitugor von of n Carlon j . et o h- 7)u of ithwablke of M. . ; len incllgnantsit'the silence 1 s Aapt-ved brtharbgni ' tloOrria ort -these events, which they retiertgise tasteVet-mikilieMvents which have occurred in Euriik \ sunec the revolution of 1830, and consider the Spanitirtiairiages as mere pendants to them. There is one point in which all must agree that the marriage of the Duke of Bordeaux has more importance than that of the Duke of Montpensier in the proportion of nearly four to one. It is that while the dower gained by the latter is a little more than a million sterling, the fortune brought by the Archduchess to the former amounts to the enor mous sum of four millions sterling. The opposition journals regard the alliance of the Duke of Bordeaux with the house of Austria, and the acquisition of this royal dower, as a malicious trick played off against Louis Philippe and M. Guizot, by Prince hlstternicla. The royal family continues at Compiegne. Considerable apprehensions of a monetary crisis begin to be entertained. It is said that the bank con templates raising its rate of discount, and restricting its operations to short bills. "Such an enormity , says the National, "is all that is wanting to convert a temporary crisis into a frightful disturbance, and a real disaster." The amount of specie in the bank is decreasing. Some days since it consisted of 80,000,000 francs in silver, 5,000,000 in gold, and about' 15,000,000 in small coin, lately withdrawn from circulation. The question of subsistence continues to engage much attention in France. The project of issuing tickets entitling the bearer to obtaiu bread at 2d. a pound in Paris, when its price exceeds that amount, to be distributed under certain re strictions among particular classes of the poorer population has already been modified, the re stnctions on the distribution of sack privileges being relaxed. The Courrier Francais announces that a re gelation is about to be adopted in virtue of which , these bread-tickets will be deposited at the mairies of the several arrondissements, where they will be dis-, tributed to all applicants, without distinction, on the condition only that the name of the applicant be in scribed on a register kept for the purpose. The arrival of vessels freighted with corn in the ports of France, continues to be announced in the offi cial journal, Le Messager, of Saturday, says, that on the 7th, Bth, and 9th inst., there arrived in the port of Marseilles 85 vessels laden with grain, the total amount of which was 277,500 hectolitres. The total quantity of grain imported at Marseilles in the thirteen days ending 6th November, amounted to 625,500 hectolitres, equivalent to 284,655 quarters, the greater part of which came from the Black Sea. Notwithstanding these large importations, great uneasiness is felt at Lyons at the high price of food. The situation of this city is rendered more critical in consequence of the fall of the waters of the Rhone producing a suspension of the navigation. Measures are accordingly in progress to establish means of special transport between Lyons and Marseilles, either by the aid of the means at the disposal of the military commissariat, or such other methods as the govern ment may find at its disposal. Accounts from Constantinople, of the 28th ult., state that, with a single exception, the harvests throughout all the provinces of Turkey have been unusually abundant. At Varna, the merchants have found it impossible to provide warehouses sufficiently capacious for the temporary storeage of the grain which has arrived in that city from all directions around it. A French merchant at Pera, who has entered into largo transactions in corn, has been obliged to resell at the place of its purchase a part of the grain which he had bought, from the impossibility of finding ships for its exportation, or warehouses for its storeage. The demand for freights for the exporta tion of corn has been so considerable for the last two months, that freight has risen to an amount never before known. The exportations have been so I large as to create alarm, on the part of the Turkish government, lest the native producer, seduced by the prices offered to him, should be tempted to export a greater quantity than would be consistent with the wants of the local population. A restriction was, therefore, announced so far as rarded the single province of Turkey where the e harvest *as less abundant. The government of Hesse Darmstadt, has united with those of Bavaria, Wurtemberg and Baden, in imposing an export duty of 25 per cent. on the exporta tion of every species of grain. Advices from Switzerland continue to announce the peaceful progress of the reform of the cantonal go vernments, the result of which must be to strengthen ' the party in the dictopposed to the league of the seven cantons and the Jesuits. The Grand Council of Geneva has, after a short dis cussion, adopted the project of the provisional govern ment for the immediate dissolution of the League. The result of the reform effected in Basle-ville must lead to a similar resolution in that canton. Thus in the diet the anti Jesuit party will be strengthened by the adhesion of the representatives of Geneva, Bis'e-ville, and, as is expected, St. Gall, which will follow the example of Geneva. Of the cantons of the League, Lucerne is the most considerable, and there is a strong liberal oppo sition, so that upon the approaching decision of the diet the actual resistance will be limited to the smallest cantons of the confederacy. Meanwhile foreign troops are collecting round the frontiers of Switzerland, Austrian, French, and Sardinian. The .1 tudsbury Gazette, in announcing the move ments towards the Swiss frontier, states that " there is no intentioa of any armed intervention, France having declared that she would only consent to such a measure either in the event of a real violation of the federal pact, or in the case of foreign troops . interfering. Austria has declared to Sardinia and to France that she will consent only to an intervention in case the con federation itself should demand one. The prudence of the radical party is more to be reckoned upon than the power of the Vorort, and, in any case. Zurich will soon lose the direction of the federal business." The Madrid papers of the 9th have been received, bat they contain no news of interest. - - ROME, Nor. 3. On the evening of the 28th October, Dr. Newman, accompanied by Mr. Ambrose St. John, entered the Eternal City, w:iich had been for the last ten days deluged with in cessant : sin. Next morning the doctor's first impulse was to pay 1,1 homage to the tomb of the apostles (limina alas toloruni ), when, as chance would have it, Pius IX. was in the act of realising the lines of SCOtt:ll ballad— " The pope he was saying his high high mass, All at St. Peter's shrine." Their interview occurred in the crypt or subterranean sanctuary, the oldest portion of the basilica. Whatever im portance may attach to the arrival of this distinguished transfuga, the most celebrated perhaps of the many that have come hither since the days of Queen Christina of Sweden (in which eccentric lady's quondam boudoir I now write), the presence of the worthy doctor seems to have influecced the elements ; the rain has stopped, Et San fAtiill/ *Una. It would appear that the inundations of tipper Italy opposed serious obstacles to the progress of the Oxford pil gnms, and that at one passage the cart which bore them, drawn by oxen (in the absence of any other conveyance), was weilnigh swallowed up by the rush of many waters. Safe from those semi-apostolic " perils of the flood," they are now engaged under the guidance of the most inteliigint I of their countrymen and co-religionists in • brief survey of whatever is most remarkable here, and in a few days Dr. , Newman, late of Oxford, with hi s c om p anions, will take I possession of chambers in the College of Propaganda, and enter on a preparatory course, previous to reordination in the Church of Rome. On All-hallowe'en the Pope held his first public capella in the Quirinal chapel. The cardinals have not yet gathered in from the country, so that out of the twenty who are sup posed to be in Rome, I could mark the presenc: of only the following: Franzuni, Lambruschini, Brignole, Macchi, Gu erin, Patrizi, Mai, Mezzofante, Orioli, Bianchi, Massimo, Acton, Asquini, and Simonetti. The absence of one or two others was as conspicuous as the alibi of Brutus and Cassius in the old Roman procession, You may collect my meaning from my commanication of 20th October. There will be another capdta to-morrow in the church of St. Charles Borromeo in the Curio : this church is one of the most majestic in Rome, and is but fitting in grandeur the high character of the benevolent spirit it is erected to com memorate. Why the Pope should visit this church in par ticular on the anniversary of the great archbishop of Milan, is a question interwoven with the quarrel of the Spanish succession in 170 G, and therefore not uninteresting to the casual reader of the Express in 184 G. The Dean and Chapter of the church being Milanese sub jects, and partisans of the house of Austria, had prepared for the saint's festival splendid banners displaying the arms and effigy of the Archduke Charles, which, coming to the know ledge of the Bourbonitc Spanish Ambassador, the latter contemplated an inroad on the church at the heed of his followers and a host of French auxiliaries: whereupon Clement XI., who had publicly announced his perfect neu trality in the contest, proceeded in person to the church of San Carlo, and as no earthly monarch's insignia can be dis played in presence of thin reigning Pontiff, th2re was a decent excuse fur both sides refraining from collision. Once established, the Pope's visit became an Cpl consmem4- ration of peace and union among Christian fees." It is worthy of remark, that since the empeasion of Pius IX. in June, the number of crimes committed against the person as well as apinst property in the diatiiet of Rome has dimi nished in the most extraordinary ratio—the month of June offering about 500 cases, July 340, August 230, September 200, and last month's calendar falling to 112 : the old ad mirers of the red tape syste m , coercion, and routine, can make nothing of it. It seems to them a sort of " witch craft ;" ay, such as that by which Othello compassed the willing affection of Desdemona. GERMANY.—VIENNA.—Lord Ponsonby, British Ambassador to the Court of Vienna, was admitted to an audience of his Majesty on the 4th instant. Archduke Stephen arrived at Vienna from Ofen on the evening of the 6th, having left his father, the Archduke Palatine, in a better state of health. The Archduke was to leave Vienna for Prague in a few days. Owing to the late events in Swit zerland the Austrian government has ordered the infantry regiment Ilesse-Homberg of Linz. and the Cheraux-ligers, Prince Lichtenstein, of Webs, to advance toward' the Swiss frontier. A regiment is also to advance from Bohemia. The nuptials of the Duke of Bordeaux with Princess Theresa of Modena is to take place on the 7th inst., by procuration, at Modena, and on the 16th at Frohsdorf. BERLIN, Nov. 9.--It is now certain that in the new penal code for the eastern provinces of Prussia which is to be presented to the states next session, corporal punish ment is entirely abolished. It was owing to the fact that corporal punishment was maintained in the project of the new code last session, that it was then ejected. A letter from Leipsic states: "Messrs. Scherzer of Vienna, known as great exporttra of Austrian and Hun garian wines, and who have considerable vineyards at Vonlan, sent some thousand bottles of Voeslauer to the fair of Leipsic : it is the first Austrian wine which has been served at Saxon banquets. The wine found a ready sale, and fresh exportations from Austria are to be made. FROM THE ELBE, Nov. 6.—A Nuremberg corre spondent writes: I can positively affirm that the commercial treaty tencluded between England and the Zollverein in 1841 will not be renewed, and this service is due to a govern ment of Southern Germany which has always shown great zeal for the interests of the Zollverein. The moment is now come for forming some definitive arrangement regarding the differentiaiduties. Two projects have been proposed: one by M. de Renate, the other by M. d'Arnim. Both tend to protect the national flag, and to introduce a reciprocal system. M. de Roenue wishes the differential duties to be regulated by a law ; M. d'Arnim by treaties. The financi ii party, under M. Kuhne, oppose the system of differential duties, but that party lies fallen since the treaty with Eng land is not to be renewed. GREECE.—A Bavarian Correspondent of the Cologne Gazette -writes="'lbe French papers have been writing the most extraordinary nonsense on the Greek suc cession. They have lately stated that Prince Luitpold had refused to change his religion, which was requisite if he de sired to succeed his br Aber, and that King Otho (who has no children) had, therefore, proposed a prince of Oldenburg for his successor. The greatest or wilful ignorance of Greek affairs can alone account for such misstatements. The Lou don treaty of 1832, betweenthe three protective powers and the King of Bavaria, as guardian of his son, then a minor, says nothing of adhesion to the Greek religion as requisite to ascend the throne, and if Buell had been decreed at a later period, it would not be valid without the sanction of the guaranteeing powers. And if it were in the will or the power of Prince Luitpold to resign his claims for himself and children to the throne of Greece, according to clauses in the treaty the throne would fall to his younger brother, Prince Adalbert, and to his heirs." AMERICA AND MEXICO. NINE DAYS LATER. By the Caledonia steamer, which arrived at Liver pool yesterday, we have accounts from New York to the Ist instant. The American papers are almost entirely filled with details of the late capture of Monterey, and the ex ploits of the army under General Taylor. They confirm the intelligence of the arrival of Major Gra ham at New Orleans on the 21st ult., with despatches to General Taylor, directing the immediate termina tion of the armistice. Specific instructions had also been sent to the officer commanding the naval forces in the Gulf of Mexico. An active system of warfare was to be forthwith adopted, and it was expected that the fortress of San Juan d'Ulloa would be the ! object of attack, atter the capture of Tampico, which was expected to fall an easy prey. A rumour pre vailed in the army at Monterey, that Santa Anna had arrived at Saltillo on the 27th September, with a force of 13,000 men , which, joined to that under Ampudia, would place him at the head of 20,000 men ; but there is no probability of this report being true, as the latest accounts from Mexico of the 23rd September do not mention his departure from that city. Letters of that date from thence state that the first question to be considered by the Mexican Junta will be the proposition of the President of the United States for negotiating a peace. The domestic news of the Union presents no fea ture of political interest beyond the details of the losses in life and shipping in the Gulf of Mexico, caused by the terrific gale of the 11th and 12th ult., which was so disastrous at Havanna. From Canada there is no news of importance. DECISION OF THE CABINET WITH 'Lewitt:et' TO THE. Wass—Major Graham reached New Orleans on the 21st, and was to leave en the 22nd fur the ltio Grande, as the bearer of despatches from the government toGen^ral Taylor, direct ing the immediate termination of the armistice. The N. 0. Jeffersonian gives the following as information derived from Major Graham, the hearer of despatches: —lmmediatily on the arrival of Captain Eaton, bearer of despatches from General Taylor, recounting the capture of Monterey, the President called a cabinet council, at which a number of our oldest military and naval officers were invited to be pre sent. The cabinet was, considering the importance of the despatches received, but a short time in session, when the following conclusions were arrived at. The armi stice entered into between General Taylorand Ampudia is to be put an end to immediately, and the forces under General Taylor are to follow the enemy as quickly as possible. For this purpose all the volunteers and regulars which can pos sibly be spared from garrisoning the posts and towns already established or captured, are to proceed forthwith to augment his force at Monterey. The volunteer regiment, at the North called for under the first requisition, and not then mus tered into service, are to be mustered forthwith and proceed to the Rio Grande No other requisitions for reinforcements had transpired. The naval forces on the Gulf are also reported to have had specific instructions, resulting from this meeting of the cabin3t, sent to it. The only information which could he obtained, however, was, that henceforth their acts were to be entirely aggressive and prompt in execution. As to the army, General Taylor and the other generals, at distant points, have now positive instructions to pursue a course contrary to the practice of our army heretofore observed, which has conclusively shown itself to have had no tendency in shortening the war, or convincing the treacherous foe. — The United States army henceforth is to dictate its own terms, and call upon the enemy for its supplies as it ad vances.—Meta York Journal of Commerce, Oct. 31. NAVAL PREPARATIONS.—WhiIe our land forces are hew ing their way to the heart of Mexico, our navy is about to commence active service on the coast. The preparations it the navy department are of the most energetic description. Another commodore, to assist those now in the Gulf, is about to he sent down to tho squadron. Commodores Stewart and Riclgely are both understood to have applied for the com mand. The three ships of the line, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Ohio, are being overhauled, preparatory to being de. 'patched to the Gulf. The ulterior object of all these prepa rations is an attack on St. Juan d' Ulloa. As for Tampico, it is expected that it will fall an easy prey.—New York Herald, October 31. GENERAL INTELLIGENCE ItESPECT:NO TILE WAIL—The progress of the Mexican war since our last paper has been one of triumph, but not without serious sacrifice of life, to the American arms. The surrender of Monterey has been completed, and General Taylor is now in complete posses sion of that city and all its defences and resources. The process of evacuating the city by the Mexican forces made manifest the fact, that the defeated army outnumbered that of the conquerors—for General Taylor's force, which entered Monterey after the surrender, did not exceed 5,000 men of all arms, while it is computed that Ampudia's retreat ing army numbered 7,000. The dates from the city of Mexico are to the 23rd ult. It does not appear that Santa Anna had yet left that city, notwithstanding the rumours by the way of Monterey that he haeLreached Saltillo with an army of thirteen thousand men. The impossibility of the truth of this rumour is demonstrated by the fact that Santa Anna only made his public entry_ into Mexico on the 15th. Notwithstanding his utmost efforts, he could not in the destitution of the Treasury speedily muster any consider able force ; much less could he accomplish the long march be tween Mexico and Saltillo, in the time required by the ru mour. From California we have official intelligence that the whole west coast is blockaded by the U. States squadron, and that our flag was flying at all the chief points, without meet ing any where with opposition. It is certain that a vigorous de monstration is soon to be made on the Gulf coast of Mexico — probably both at Alvarado and Tampico—for the navy is pant ing for an opportunity to share in the war. Whether another column of troops will be directed from one of these points upon the capital, or toward San Louis Potosi, upon which last city, after receiving adequate reinforcements of men and munitions, Gen. Taylor will advance, is not known. Mean time he remains wAhin the walls of Monterey recruiting his troops and augmenting hi.. stores. Gen. Wool's column and that of Gen. Kearney is each operating on its own line—hut each converAing to the other, and both will approach the region in which Gen. Taylor is operating. The prospacts of peace are as distant as ever. The Mexican Congre ss doe a not meet till December, and it only can decide upon the pv pm's for peace submitted by this government. But no WIC seems to entertain the belief that Mexico will consent to any terms which we have yet offered, or thus far are lik Ay to offer. The quasi neutrality of Yucatan has been put an end to on our side, as it Las long been on that of tk.e Yuca tanese, by the following order from the U. S. Tree miry. CIaCTIAR TO COLLECTOR, AY'., 0111£R OTFICIOLA OT Ta£ CVSTONIs. Yteaseay De.rAnnersr, (icr. 23, ISO.—In connequgace of intelli gence received at the derrtrtment, it become. e , ped' ent nod proper to rescind tae privilege granted to the puns of Yucatan in my cirodAr uistritetaoas at the 11th of June, WIG, and to auhject said p.irts to tae our y.. 3 to putts and piac• s in Yucetan.—!t J. wsiat of the mini. ' of men in them '. ,- ErACVATIO, Or MOSTF.RICT.—MONTrwi —We are at teet; sh posseselon of this p of Ampufia's army htde earn, ditielon, of reg o b arm e a :ln i s ti:el:y o d f grd t ew" he uer to lPWl'th"l4 ;n city in entail panties, during the four ci 'we C;slat rip seine In jts deuce petty Mims focce for the detente of • place Wive combined to render as strong se y " th, such an army, thus situated, could ever " " albw conquered by a force of less than 2,000 mete appear strange to me. The cowardice of Asapudia beyond a doubt. to careful was he of his pers i t never once left his house when any artnetir gold pity that one of our shells could not have droll . p ‘ e d ed out yealerdoy top divlsioo marched out 6th, the !hd ne the balance on the 28th. I felt perfectly satisfied, when I saw the liezie ia I : l A o s: d:d o : lmre:in t to t heme is town, with the arrangements which Gen. Ta" I. - them. To have taken all those men prisoners lees. Their arms we did not want, their horses w a few exceptions, and it would have been oily ewe " : some to feed and guard so many men. Ando e ore : oust many a valuable life to have carried the city 't hey net. I rude out with the bead of the c,ltmm th, tzda, when their seemed division left town. II almost hare remunerated one for the long temp. At the bead of the column rude the c+l amamr with his staff, accompaniel by Major Scott, of the MI his Adjutant (I.imattaant Dees), and Lieuteuauta lt. and MeLaws. Cot. Peyton rode by We side et the ch a very affectionate einlirace train him as we tu rned eolutun march on, when the head had reached Palace was presented a 'CC .c that I can never fot PI 'lwo tentry led off, with colours flying, drums heating, as blowing with all their might. The fifers mad alt th e The men were all well armed, and the whole dita well appointed with the exception of shoes, in lieu c the men wore sandals. Three passe of artillery wen the column, one Mx, one nine, and one teeter l au marching four abreast, extended about one ride. accompanied by a great many females ; Wise W their faces muffled, and with hats on; soldi.. n ,• donkeys or on taut, some of them carrying burdeus the think of packing upon mules; young women win and hats, tripping lightly along; yoaug with their little valuables in their arms I h i little creature, about nine year a Id, with a pet chic and a parrot rerehed upon her hand. llie 11th heard of was wa.king behind a poor little tlealut dui him with a large stick. The donkey wan rs pi eh hr a second edition of the old one. A precious p a ir, daughter. Most of the soldiers looked spree, amid with hatred, and a desire far revenge. tree of li d , valuable animal, which a man WWI leading out o Mexican troops, was seized and led off, the sal ie muskets at the hostler, when he endeavoured to The animal was promply returned, however, on being mentioned to the commanding officer. Yesterday morning the last division was drawn next to the cathedral—that is, all that the plaint captain Miles, who is stationed there with his realm drew up his command and saluted the regimr ale a I never heard a note until yesterday moil nium never contained as noisy a gang as t It seemed to be the particular endeavour of every To noise that lay in his power. There must have bra as many fifers and drummers playing at the same of them attempting the ante tune. I now veVcrdl looking soldiers, men of good size, young, set.ve, let division is encamped in the grove, three tailw one of the loveliest oputs in the world, Widen hr k oak trees. Thus „ rove seems to he the only vita, and is resorted to by the eitieens of Monterey as picnic parties. Tie 3rd, a volunteer division, is this grove. General Werth's division occupies the are beginning to return in great numbers, arid app the Mexican army has left thymic—Nes Orlenuh Ph Tun Twos. or Civello 1,11 , 1 N, said 'tractive effect,, of the mortar that first erten capitulate. It was towards evening on the :3rd with much labour, had been planted in the cruet, deal, and within reach of the Plaza. The t:: •t sin 7 p.m., fell clone to the entrance of the cathedra!, a p er forming wets, and its explosion spread such I that beingA i npuilia, entreated by the priest and n wrote his letter to en. Tayl. r, terns. 1 9 o'clock p.m., on the 23rd, but Col. Nolan, the L Gen. Taylor till the next manning, near 9 tad turned with Gen. Taylor's demand er an tender before 12 o'clock, to winch it seem have assented ; but being dissuaded by int quested a conference, which was grimed. It Worth privately expressed bin o,enion to Ce the terms demanded were too severe end hared that Gen. T. could afford to be more liberal At if ever, Gen. Taylor still insisted open his terms we but finally speed to leave everything with thin either Mile. The commissioners appointed by ( Worth, Gov. Henderson, of Texasi, and Cad. Dad regiment—Gen. Putter being wounded,—and by t the terms, as published, were agreed upon. Thel generally unpopular with our whole army. 1 states that a Mexican oftleer, who was M th. butt that " Ampudia was in favour of capitu.ding I offered by General Tnylor (to leave the city with withheld, and made to demand a more by the entreaties of his officers, who Isesontibt them by yielding to slush terms." This is me rn Tun statrivi: Fone.s,e, la brat" e are as u had from fourteen to sisteenthousar.dtroties -th number given by any one. They had about fifty lery, worked with a degree of skill and prcei.inn nation. They were also in a strongly fondled o, ing into the town, to the Plaza, were all either e and strong walls of solid mammary requiring gre Need in the most workmanlike manner, or the tested with batteries of heavy ordnance, plaited cover their entrance. The AMeriCall army a and 700 of thee we re reserved as a tea the ramp front forces of Mexican eavair but 4,30" men in the engagement. Nearly live ordnance had been left behir.d. There was tillery, whic, in order to d much exeeuti. in I most destru h ctive fire from o the enemy's hear 24-pound howitzers and one 10-inch mortar, given. This shows a disparity of more that advantages against our army in position, fo:ly la numbers. The lore of our army is 3,1 in kit whom were officers. Major Sear, 3rd infantry, verely wounded. is fast recovering. The must with any ciert linty. The exicans in Muntti 1,400. but about 1,090 is t h ought to he a miff New Orleans Times, Oct. V. IMPOILTILNT FROM THE Assn.—Wm —Tine 'sew Orleans l'irayunc of 21st arrival of the steam-ship Galveston, fie: coming via Galveston. The news by st the previous accounts of the battles a 3lq in the Picayune. Advices from Montett 6th October. On the 27th ult. Gen. Ta congratulating the army on their late eh McClung was not dead, but impreving of the Ist Infantry, had died of his we of the 3rd Infantry, RIM doing well. C Baltimore battalion, who came in the that we bad live hundred and six' wounded, The Mexican loss hail tanned, but it was believed to be not If sand. The great subject discussed in tl to be the terms granted to Araguaia. made the defence of Monterey central orders of Santa Anna. He fought w was induced to be lenient towards him. the reasons given. Others sav Gcn. reluctance to the opinions of the three mend. At Camargo two stTairs of hnr come off. Brigadier Thomas Marshall Peyton to account, and a meeting w them on the 11th. Another duel was place between Capt. Musson, of New Stevens, of Texas. The Idatamoras death of Capt. Robert Mitchell, Assists the Indiana volunteers. The Flay volunteers nt Matamoras from Scpt. in number. Forty-one were tlischaq period. General Pattersen had ism' whom it concerned in the region of him regulations of steamboats, which gars at Idatamoras. Also, an order agree, tine armistice, keeping the Mexican Rio Grande or the route between it steamer Cul. Harney . , with a full cargo was lost on the 12th inst., near the mop The Harney went to pit cos, and the along the shore. Fifteen lives we' twenty-eight persons on board. Cap? , the mate, the pilot and two engineets, • lost, the names were not known. terey, dated September 29th, says had almost all left the town. Arapy , the 26th, quite crest-fallen. The epic that the Mexicans would not propose resistance at the passes at Sabin°. Gi says, would have made great havoc at if Ampudia had not sent in proposa Taylor acted upon the conciliatory gra Ray's and Wood's, two Texas repo] home, and new regiments were tube Ti renewed. The main part of the moue well. Gen. Butler was recovering. camp on the afternoon of the 29th, frc Gem Santa Anna was at the latter ply 13,000 men, which Ampudia's farce w Nothing is said about any learnt bet and Butler, or of injudicious condi latter.—Nothing from Gen. Wool's Courier, Oct. 31. THE LATE HURRICANE- - The did so much damage at the H. equal fury on the American cootie of the 23rd instant says, it is in Pease for the details of a terrible gale which is unexampled. To begin at menced blowing from the N.B. on di and the tide rose rapidly. The storm raged to a hurricane until midnight, next day it blew a moderate gale; I swept away every dwelling-house, They were totally destroyea. It government property destroyed, tb dollars. The loss of life is very persons were drowned, and kided by lighthouse and dwelling-house atts and fov rteen souls perished in the be lighthouse is gone, and the buildini The 'Onited States brig Perry ran a she may be saved. Cum. Stoat was bards were saved. The cutter Mor th'.eo miles front Key West, with 0 mains, guns, bulwarks, and prohabl r,:olorado, of Boston, was prebol,l ashore, but wan got ff much injure Kearney is ashore in two felt Bennett, Warfield, was dismasted and will be condemned. The 11. 1 fur Brazos Santiago, came in dismal be condemned. Brig Matamoras , Marks, was dismusted, but lies high her cargo thrown overboard. The New York, left before the gale. 'I oasl* ihaohore in three feet water. of Boston, dismasted, cos i. l i t c( d ) e n 1 d d a a n d a g . The bubtrignotG u two hundred dollars. The bark I vramiliki for Nco York, wsgdalilliged, el,ost;mral