The Express. — London, England, 1847-07-13 00:00:00

THE Alleseneine Prewestivhe Zeitting—the official j o urnal of Prussia—of the 9th instant contains the first of a series of articles on " The principle of the customs legislation of the German Customs Union." This semi-official document declares explicitly that A revision of the tariff must of necessity contem plate a reduction of customs duties to the extent of at least 10 per cent. on the value." This unequivocal declaration is prefaced by three Propositions :—That the object of the Customs Union % gradually to introduce the system of free trade; that free trade is recommended by experience; and that many of the existing duties on imports levied in the states of the Zollvercin, having been imposed with a view to their gradual diminution, the time for a further reduction has arrived. The first of these propositions is established by a rapid retrospect of Prussian financial and commercial legislation: — If we psw in renew our economical laws from 1807 to 1818, it is obvious that the one idea which runs through them all is the emancipation of industry, of property, of the entire economy of the Prussian state. The emancipation of the serfs and adscriptigh.s.e, in 1807, was followed in 1810 by the freedom of operative industry; this, in 1811, by the emancipation of landed property, the abolition of the earte• like distinction between peasant lands, town lands, and noble Lando; the opening of close incorporations of trades; the removal of the hundred barren in the shape of internal customs and excise duties, by which town sal country were kept apart, and trade and mania futures abut vp within the narrow limits of cities. The emancipation of national industry was the great and be nefizial idea of all these laws. The abolition of prohibitions and high protective duties against foreign goods was • Ingi eal sequence to these enactments—the law of May 26, 1818, and the tariff which followed it, and which is the basis of the German Customs Union. In support of the second proposition, the contrasted experiences of the eastern and western provinces of monarchy are appealed to. In the eastern : The system of k rederick the Great was the most strict in prohibition of the import of foreign goods that could be car ried into effect. The rule was entire prohibition of all im portation, even from Saxony ; duties of Zeo and 100 per cent. were imposed on such goods as could not be entirely prohi bited ; the export of raw materials was prohibited in order that manufacturer might have them cheap ; the manufac• tarns were further encouraged by drawbacks and pre mimes. Notwithstanding all these sacrifices on the part of the people and the state, the manufactures of the eastern provinces remained in such a sickly condition that they could not compete on equal terms with those of our own Saxon and Westphalian provinces. In the western provinces, on the contrary — In the industrious county of Mark, in Wesel, the Rhenish possessions Minden, Tecklenburg, and Heiligenstadt, all foreign goods, and in particular those of England, were admitted free, or on payment of low duties ; while the West• phalian products were only admitted into the eastern pro vinces on the payment of 25 per cent. ad ralorAnt. . . . Yet in these unprotected lands manufactures of cloth and silk, all kinds of iron manufactures, the spinning and ma nufacture of cotton, attained the highest prosperity. At last Count Be Low, in 1817, finding that the protected manufacturers of the eastern provinces could only supply the internal consumption by oe- casional exceptional permissions to import foreign goods, and by an extensive system of smuggling from the Leipsic fair, resolved to put an end to the farce. Maasen and Knuth developed the principles of free trade in a masterly report to the Council of State in 1817, and the law of May, 1818, declared that the fundamental principle of the new customs system should be the admission for sale or transit of all kinds of goods in all parts of the monarchy, and free ex portation. In support of the third proposition, it is remarked: The declaration of the law of May, 1818 (in paragraph 0), that duties shall be imposed in proportion to measure, weight, and number, can only have had this meaning—its object can only be attained when from time to time averages are struck of the value of foreign goods, in order that the rates of duty may be reduced when permanent reductions in price have taken place ; otherwise a prohibitive duty may soon grew up out of a purely financial one. - - - - . Variousinstances are then pointed out in which, for want of a revision of the tariff of 1818, this transformation has actually taken place. Thus, it at present imposes virtually protective duties of 20 to 30 per cent. on woollen and cotton goods; of 30 to 40 per cent. on glass and earthenware ; of 30 to 100 per cent. on iron and cutlery ; of 50 to 100 per cent. on manufactured tobacco ; of 70 per cent. on refined sugar; of 23 per cent. on grain and cattle; and of 30 to 100 per cent. on wines. The article concludes by an offer to demonstrate in subsequent papers, in opposition to the advocates of a protective sy stem, that " both the political and indus trial interests of the country require a reduction of these high protective duties." This throwing down of the gauntlet to the protectionists, taken in con nexion with the remark made in the beginning of the article, that the reduction of any Zollverein duty can only be effected with the concurrence of every state in the Customs Union, entitles us to look upon Prussia as having now openly taken the field as the leader of the free-trade party in that confederation. WE have seldom met with a case of greater hard ship and injustice than that which is shown by a par liamentary return to have been inflicted on Mr. LiNcstow, lately a district judge in Ceylon. Some of our readers may remember the name with the distaste which is naturally associated with a person who is only known to the public by his complaints of a grievance ; and if they have looked further into the case, they mac have received the not unfounded im pression that :\ r. LAxosLow is a gentleman of some what impracticable temper, and, therefore, probably in a greater or less degree responsible for his own misfortunes. Few, probably, will have taken the trouble, which we have thought it our duty to un dergo, of examining the lettere and documents which bear upon the case, and it is therefore peculiarly the duty of the public press to expose the virulent injus tice of the local authorities, who procured the ruin of Mr. LANG Low, and the unfairness of the Colonial office in gratifying their animosity. Mr. GLtnsTosE and Lord GREY have both justified their refusal to interfere in Mr. Laschtow's case on the not unreasonable ground that the matter was de- , termined by Lord STANLEY, and that no new grounds have been suggested as reasons for re-opening the question. M'e cannot, however, but hope that the present Secretary for the Colonies will willingly defer to the expression of public opinion, which a further inquiry into the circumstances of the case can hardly fail to call forth. Even Lord STANLEY seems at first to have been inclined to counteract the injustice of the autho rities of Ceylon, and to have discerned the per sonal animosity which was mixed up with their complaints against Mr. LANGSLOW ; but after a time the habitual indolence of the Colonial-office, joined to its leaning towards the military aristocracy who govern its satrapies, prevailed as usual. It was easier to dismiss a subordinate functionary than to rebuke a governor and hiscouncil ; and because Mr. LANGSLOW gave trouble he was removed, without considering whether he might not be justified in his troublesome course, and even bound to adopt it. We would particularly call the attention of our readers to the fact that he wan a judge, and not an administrative servant of the government In many civil departments it may be the duty of the chief functionaries to dismiss their subordinates on the sole ground of their general indisposition to obey. „ Incompatibility of temper" may be a reason for divorce between clerks and their employers ; but in England, whatever may be the case in the colonies, the independence of judges has been hitherto thought more important than their pliability. Mr. LANGSLOW was a judge, and only a judge ; and it does not appear that his most inveterate enemies ever brought against bun any charge of partiality, of corruption, or even of indolence. From the first he differed from the Governor and Queen's Advocate on legal questions, and he was finally suspended by Sir COLIN CAMPBELL, and dismissed by Lord STANLEY, because be persevered in his own construction of a colonial ordinance, not against higher legal authority, not against the plain sense of the document, but with the cannel result of giving trouble and annoyance to the colonial council or to some of its members. It seems to have been within the power of the Governor and council to remove the difficulty by a declaratory ordi nance, to appeal to the higher tribunals of the colony, or to procure from home an authoritative decision of the point , at issue : but they preferred the opportu nity of crushing a troublesome opponent. Mr. Lascscow held that by the local law he was pre cluded from receiving criminal charges for assaults and batteries without the previous interference of the Queen's Advocate as public prosecutor. The queen's Advocate, who had previously been censured by Lord STANLEY for his intemperate and Indecorous attaeks on Mr. LANGSLOW, disputed this interpretation of the law, and, consequently, a failure or suspension of justice arose in several cases. Upon this, the Governor and council, of whom the Queen's Advocate was a leading member, proceeded to suspend Mr. LANostow,and to apply for his dismissal. Lord STANLEY, without deciding the question a: issue, was guilty of the shameful injustice of raking up n aPPs renly unfounded charge against Mr. Lallos: ow , !Inch had been secretly lodged in the Colonial-office' six years before, when he was attorney-general at Malta, and of dismissing him on the ground that, whether he was right or wrong in th e p ar ti cu l ar dis pute which caused his suspension, he was generally unfitted for the public service by his impracticable temper—in other words, by his want of official pliability. We by no means think that Lord STANLEY'S motives were so blameable as those of the local go vernment : but the absurdity of his final decision is the most serious feature in the cue. After a number of frivolous or unfounded charges have been brought against a judicial functionary and disregarded, the government of Ceylon rests its case upon an alleged judicial error on Mr. LANGSLOW'S part in interpreting the functions of the public prosecutor. Lord STANLEY "expressly refuses to give an opinion on the alleged judi cial error," and "even on the assumption that Mr. LANGSLOW, in his controversy with the Deputy Queen's Advocate, was right in substance," dismisses him because he bas shown a want of temper and self-command, and because a former governor of Malta had, six years before, written a violent and foolish attack upon him, which Lord lone Itessett, then colonial secretary, had not felt himself called upon to notice. We repeat, that the whole substance of the case, on behalf of the Cingalese government, depended on the alleged failure of justice caused by Mr. LANGSLOW'S alleged judicial error. The charges of intemnerance and want of self-command were enly thrown into the case as make-weights, and the Maltese scandal was not introduced at all, for the sufficient reason, that the Governor and council had never heard of it. Lord STANLEY actually re ' fuses to confirm the suspension of Mr. Lasostote because it was founded on his judicial conduct ; and then coolly consigns him to the ignominy and ruin of dismissal on grounds on which his most bitter ene mies had not themselves ventured to rely. We believe that Lord STANLEY would have been perfectly right is refusing to make the Colonial-office a court of appeal from a colonial judge acting within the limits of his jurisdiction ; but nt the same time we cannot doubt that so acute a minister must have been well aware that Mr. LANGstow was right in his interpretation of the law. Whether, indeed, he was right or wrong was immaterial. In England, a minister would as soon venture to order the Life Guards to disperse a county meeting as to interfere with a judge on the ground that he hsd misinterpreted an act of parliament. If the House of Commons had committed the Chief Justice for his judgment in the case of " Stockdale r. Hansard," it would not have been the Court of Queen's Bench that would have succumbed in the consequent struggle. But Ceylon is a great way off, and military governors have sin gular notions of constitutional law. Sir COLIN CIAIPBELL suspended Mr. LANGSLOW for an incon venient judicial opinion, and no doubt thought that Lord STANLEY had substantially confirmed the act by dismissing the judge, not for a judicial opinion, but because it was the second time that he had incurred the displeasure of a military governor of a colony. The charter of Ceylon, as interpreted by the Supreme Court of the colony, directs that breaches of the peace, petty assaults, and other minor offences of the like nature shall be prosecuted by information to be exlsibi'ed is the name of or by motion of her Majesty's ~Ideocate or Deputy Adrocate, or by information in the name of or by motion of a proctor practising before the Supreme Court duly authorised to act for her Majesty's Adeocate in such cases. Mr. LANGSLOW thought proper to fol low the strict letter of the law. The Queen's Advo cate did not think it proper, perhaps found it impossi ble, to undertake,either by himself or his deputies, the maim of petty prosecutions : and the consequence was that for a time the minor crimieal business was suspended. In England a declaratory act of parliament or a new rule of court would have got over the difficulty. In Ceylon the judge, who determined to abide by the law, was suspended, and by Downing-street, he was, on other and irrelevant pretexts, dismissed. Is it possible that the colonies can be supplied with honest and inde pendent functionaries if the caprice of local autho rities is allowed to prevail in such cases as this ? It is remarkable that Lord STANLEY was fully aware that, on former occasions, the hostility of the Governor and Queen's Advocate to Mr. LANGSLOW had been founded on his refusal to tamper with the strict letter of the law. "So generally," says Mr. BULLER, in a despatch to the Governor, remarkable for its inde corous wit and cleverness, " so generally are strict law and practiceat variance in this colony, and so open is its past legislation to attack—(very likely, Mr. BULLER, but why attack the judges who administer the laws?)—" that I would undertake myself in a month to plunge it into utter anarchy, though I would not undertake in many years to repair the mischief I could do in that short time." And again, " In the more serious mischief which Mr. LANGSLOW in doing, it is impossible to say that he is, technically speaking, altogether in the wrong. As I before said, incalculable confusion may be created by a person in Mr. LANGSLOW'S situation acting wholly within the letter of the law." ( What, Mr. Be LLER, by a person in the situation of a judge holding by the letter of the law ?) "And Mr. LaNGsLow is obviously disposed to create as much confusion as he well can, under this cowardly shelter." Cowardly shelter' the cowardly shelter of the law! which we had thought was sought without reproach by the ermined cowards of West minster-hall. Mr. LANGSLOW, if he had despised this cowardly shelter, would, it seems to us, have avoided rather than courted danger; but, as we have said, Ceylon is a great way off. Lord STANLEY, at least, seems to have felt that the crime of a variance between law and practice might not be wholly imputable to the judge who adhered to the law. In answer to an angry complaint against Mr. LANGSLOW, he replies in terms of grave and ' dignified rebuke : " I have to observe that it is admitted by all the contending parties that parts of the charter of justice have been disregarded systematically, with a full knowledge of all the local authorities, and without any plea or pretext of any necessity for this habitual infringement of it. I cannot but regard this as a grave imputation on the various officers of the crown, administrative and judicial, who have concurred in this mode of executing the law." " It is not without reluctance," Lord STANLEY adds, " nor I think without necessity, that I remark that the sarcastic and satirical tone assumed by the Queen's Advocate would have been well exchanged for a more official and measured style in addressing the head of the local government on a very serious occasion." And yet because the district judge perse veres in his adherence to the letter of the law, Lord STANLEY finds grounds for dismissing him. We have presented our readers with the substance of Mr. Lasustow's caae, though not with the bulk of the complaints which have been brought against him. The despatch of Lord STANLEY, which we have last quoted, written with a full knowledge of every imputed delinquency which could be alleged against Mr. LANGSLOW, censures his opponents more strongly than himself. Nothing farther occurred but his per severing refusal to entertain minor criminal charges, except on the prosecution of the Queen's Advocate. it is alleged, indeed, by the council, that he was dilatory in the despatch of business, but he con clusively proves that, on the contrary, with the exception of the criminal charges in dispute, he got through a most unusual amount of business. The bar unanimously remonstrated against his dismissal, and it is not disputed that the suitors were uniformly satisfied with his diligence. There are, however, other circumstances in the case which, on a future occasion, it may be desirable to lay before the public, in illustration of the manner in which matters are managed in our remote dependencies, and as a proof of the duty which we all too constantly neglect, of compelling or aiding the imperial government, by remonstrance, by publicity, by support, and by.coer cion, to control the freaks and repair the injustice of unreasonable and arbitrary proconsuls. LAST night Mr. BAINE (of Greenock) very wisely for his friends, withdrew his motion respecting the alleged interference of ministers with the Greenock election. The only complaint that can be made against ministers in respect of this election is, that they have not explicitly declared that Lord MELOUND is not the government candidate. We have already stated that the opposition to Mr. DUNLOP arises solely from the wounded personal vanity of a local coterie calling itself liberal. We now add that this coterie (the blue, as it is called), finding itself in a minority of the liberal electors, has formed an alliance with the rival tory coterie (the red). Lord NIELnUND comes forward under the auspices of these combined coteries (whig and tory), who would keep Greenock a close borough, in the hands of one or other of them, against a liberal candidate who is the choice of the decided majority of the independent liberal electors. We do ti t Lik that in such a case the liberals of Greenock—of ScotlanC--are entitled to expect that ministers will disclaim any approbation of Lord MELGUNIA pro ceedings which Alight otherwise be inferred from his intimate relations with some of their number. The Paris journals and our correspondence of Sun day have reached us. All other topics, of what intrinsic importance so ever they may be, are forgotten or neglected in the intensity of the excitement produced in Paris by the investigation now in progress before the Court of Peers. Nothing else was spoken of in society—no thing else was discussed in the journals on Sunday. The circumstances successively developed are calcu lated to sustain this interest; and each day is marked by an incident of a character almost melodramatic, which feeds and stimalates the public appetite for scandal. Saturday (es will be seen by our report of that day's proceedings in our journal of yester day) was marked by the production of the editor of the National and one of the vice-presidents of the Chamber of Deputies at the bar of the court, to ex plain how the new documentary evidence we alluded to yesterday came into their hands. The original letters were shown to M. Marrast, of the National, by a friend of General Cubieres, and he was allowed to make extracts from them, to convince him of the guiltlessness of the general, and thereby induce him not to attack the general in his journal. But M. Matrast declined to say who the friend was that made this communication to him, such disclosure being a breach of confidence in his capacity of journalist. General Cubieres meanwhile was compelled to produce the original letters, not being able to discover the extracts. In the midst of this dilemma in which the court was involved by the refusal of M. Nlarrast, and the delicate reserve of M. Cubieres, a voice called out for the production of M. Cason, an avocet of the Cour Royale. This gentle man being called, answered from his place among the audience. Thus unexpectedly brought forward, he had to apologise to the court for his costume, &c. It proved, however, that he was the person who showed the documents to M. Marmot, the papers having been confided to his charge by M. Cubieres. The tendency of these letters is to throw the alter native of guilt between MM. Teste and Pellapra, and to show that M. Cubieres has been merely the victim. It would seem that M. Cubieres has hitherto main tained a reserve on these points from the resolution he formed to conduct his defence without assuming the part of an accuser. He was pointedly and re peatedly warned by the Procureur-general of the danger of such a course, exposing him, as it would necessarily do, to the imputation of being party to the guilt of the other accused. He still, however, persevered in his reserve. The matter is now reduced to this dilemma : either M. Teste has been corrupted, or M. Pellapra has com mitted an act of " infamous eseroquerie." Either M. Pellapra obtained monies and applied them to bribe M. 'feste, or he appropriated them to his own pur poses and pretended to Cubieres that they were given to Teste. In the actual condition of the inquiry there appears no evidence to show which side of this alternative is to be adopted. M. Pellapra alone can throw light on that question, and M. Pellapra has absconded. In this state of things a fresh incident has super vened to sustain the interest of the drama. It was rumoured, and generally believed, in Paris on Saturday night and Sunday, that the Prince de Chimay, the son-in-law of M. Pellapra, had written a letter to the Chancellor to say that M. Pellapra would appear in person at the bar of the court, on an early day, to vindicate his honour against all charges which might asperse it ! His appearance was accordingly expected on Monday morning. Ile was supposed to be staying in the neighbourhood of Brussels. Meanwhile M. Teste vehemently protests his com plete innocence, disavows all knowledge of or parti cipation in the proceedings indicated in the corre spondence which has thus unexpectedly been brought to light, and denounces it as a tissue of false and calumnious inventions, with which it has been at tempted to surround him. While he thus disavows, I in general terms, his own guilt, he declines to affirm, what seems inseparable from his exculpation, the charge of eerroquerie against the other accused. In such a situation, it will be conceived with what inte rest the return of M. Pellapra is looked for. Le Courier Francais says that M. Pellapra had actually returned, was in I'aris, and would present himself at the bar of the court yesterday (Monday). The age of M. Pellapra is 75. Notwithstanding the important questions of finance now before the Chamber of Deputies, its benches are deserted, and the supplies are granted with almost silent votes. The deputies are at the Luxembourg. Advices from Rome of the 29th ult., quoted by the Atigsbury Guu.tte, say that the most extraordinary rumours are current in that city. It is said that I'ope Pius desires to renounce his projects of reform, and to abdicate, and that, with these views, he has sent for his brother, the Count Mastai di Sinigaglia. The liberals assembled on the 29th, to deliberate on a petition to his holiness, which was to be sent into the provinces, to take the sense of the population upon it, and which it was expected would receive 300,000 signatures. In this petition the reforms are indi cated which his holiness can make consistently with the due maintenance of his apostolic dignity. They desire that the Pope should throw himself altogether into the arms of the liberal party. The public dis content against the Jesuits receives every day stronger expression. The portrait of Clement XIV. was distributed gratuitously among the populace. MADRID, JULY 6. A decree appears in the Gazette of to-day, ordering the issue of Exchequer Bills, which I announced to you as in meditation. 1. The amount represented by these bills is 100,000,000 of reals. 2. They are divided into series, which will bear a daily interest equivalent to 9 per cent. per annum, u fol lows:—Series A., of 5,000 real,; 8., of 10,000; C., of 15,000 ; and D., of 20,001 reels. 3. The interest upon the bills will be paid by the Treasury on March 1, 1848, and ' Sept. 1 of the same year, on which day the capital will likewise be restored. 4. The bills not presented at the time flied, together with the interest due on them, will be accepted in their entire value in payment of contributions. 5. The government guarantees the punctual payment of capital and interest, with the bonds of the buyers of na tional property and other valuables, which shall be deposited at the Bank of San Fernando, and which shall be restored to the government, when the bills, with their interest, shall have been paid. 6. The bills shall be admitted as legal tenders, at par, in all deposits and trusts which the govern ment educts. 4 .. . The government renounces to make use of the faculty of issuing more Exchequer Bills till after Sept. 1, 1818. 8. The hundred millions of Exchequer Bills will be negotiated by public competition made by means of sealed envelopes. There is another decree, which makes Concha grandee of Spain of Cie first class, with the title of Marquis of Duero ; another which makes General Pavia Marquis of Novaliches, Viscount of Baboon', and another which bestows the Cross of Isabella Is Catolica upon Don Bernardo Fuentes, Spanish consul at Oporto. The government have applied morn than three millions and a half of reale of the funds belonging to the Department of Public Instruction to the imme diate wants of the Treasury. In answer to the statement of the Correo, that Senor Mon and his ministerial associates proposed so meagre an allowance for the King Consort as 30,000 dollars, the Faro says that Mon had in his pocket a proposal, which he was going to lay before the Cortes with the budget, for settling a pension of three millions of reels upon the King. A decree appeared in the Gazette of yesterday dis solving the provincial deputations, and ordering the election of new. The elections are to take place on the 18th, 19th, and 20th of the present month. This linstitution is nearly analopus to the Irish grand juries, except that the elections are popular. As the function of provincial deputy confers considerable in fluence in managing the elections of the national deputies of the Cortes, it is the object of much party competition ; and no doubt the government will avail Ithemselvesef their position to determine these pro vincial elections in a way that may give them en ad , vantage in case the Cortes should be dissolved. For the rest, the pretext set forth for the dissolution of the provincial deputations is that a law was passed in January 1843, which provides for the re-e ection of these bodies as soon as the new division of districts should be completed. That new division has been now effected about a year. The political chief of Madrid has issued as order to the directors of newspapers to refrain from mixing up the name of the Queen In so disrespectful a man ner with their daily polemics. The Popular, evening journal, is greatly shocked at this invasion of the liberty of the _press. A week or two ago the same paper was delighted with the decree which prohi bited the discussion of the Duchess of Montpensier's right to the succession. Nothing definitive has been settled about the journey of Don Francisco de Paula. I heard yesterday that. is all probability, the Infant would be let off this banishment to the baths. CONSTANTINOPLE, 'TYNE 28. The French steamer, which ought to have left this on the 27th, has been kept back by order of M. de Bour queney till to-day, in consequence of Count Bturmer haring announced to the Turkish government that he was in hourly expectation of despatches from Prince Metternich relative to the Tureo-Greek question. Up to the present moment, 3 p.m., the courier has not arrived, and in another hour the steamer leaves. In • communication from N. de Mettsr nich, addressed to the Interriuncio, and which reached here on the 23th inst., the Austrian minister states that he bad received the despatches lately sent him by the Grand Vizier and the Reis Effendi, on the subject of the difference exist ing between Turkey and Greece, and that he had written to M. Coletti communicating the contents. Ile said that in the course of the same day he expected to have an interview with Chekib Effendi, the Turkish ambassador at Vienna, and that immediately on its conclusion he would send to the Porte his final decision upon the Turco-Greek question. You will remember that in a former letter I told you that Count Sturmer had, by the advice of Prince Metternich, proposed to the Porte to make some concessions, hut that the Turkish government refused, and expressed their deter-' mination to abide by the terms of the ultimatum. Both Reschid Pacha and Ali Effendi wrote to this effect to the Turkish ambassador at Vienna. Prince Metternich', courier ought to have arrived here this morning at latest. Those here who are in the fittest position to judge of these matters *appals, that the Austrian minister has renewed his proposal for concession, and that this delay is occasioned by Chekib Effendi's opposition to any departure from the instructions which had been received from his government. I have good reason, however, to know, that if the Sultan', ministers - find that a majority of the five great powers pronounce in favour of the concessions proposed by Prince Metternich they will yield. The Porte at this moment are most anxious to put a period to the agitation caused by this question ; and they only seek an honourable occasion to renew friendly relations with Greece. The chief reason of the Turkish government in consenting to accept Prince Metteniieh as arbitrator was, that they supposed hint more likely to bring it to a speedy conclusion than the chief of any other government amongst the five great powers, from the comparatively trifling into reit which Austria had in the matter. Letters from Janina announce that disorders had broken out in the province of Albania. A chief, named Djoubka, at the head of 1,000 men, in marching to the attack of a fortress called Arghyrokastro, was met by the Puha of Janina, at the head of a considerable body of troops. An engagement took place, in which the rebels were entirely routed. Colonel Williams, t►e British commisaioner employed on the Persian frontier question at Erzeroum, arrived here yesterday by the steamer from Trebirond. ATHENS, Jt:ea 30. Not a word of anything new regarding the dif ference with the Ottoman government. The elections are the all-absorbing topic. M. de Roujoux has been for some days in Athens on his return from his electioneering tour in the Cyclades, on hoard the French steamer Chacal. On the 10th June, writes our correspondent, M. de Roujoux was at I Santorini, where he called all the authorities before him in the house of the French Vice-Consul, and announced to them that M. Coletti had appointed MSI. Maths, Valetta, and Zane* to be their deputies, and that they (the authorities) were to do all in their power to have them returned. On the 15th he arrived at Nexia, and called upon the authorities and catholic clergy assembled to receive him, to sup port, at any risk, MM. Candle, Norio, and Barozzi. When he was told that there was but little chance of their success, he said, " Well, then, we will send in a detachment of irregular troops to watch over the proceedings; then there will be no doubt of success." He thence went to Syra whilst there, he read a letter from M. Pima tory to one of his friends. Through some indiscretion, this letter has found its way into the journals. The following is one of its paragrephs :—" The opposition will any, that the differences with Turkey will weer be arranged: do you reply firmly, that it will be arranged. The opposition will state that the Greek government will apologise to M. Museums: reply firmly, that this will never be. The oppo sition will advance, that in the dispute with Turkey, Greece will be sacrificed : do you reply, most firmly, that Turkey will be sacrificed, and not Greece." M. de Roujoux left Syr, where he was the most successful, of all his missions, on his return to the Pirrone. On his route he visited Andros, and found the ministerial candidate in a minority. He returned to Syra, and requested • detachment of troops to to imme diately sent to Andros the other left with them the next day. This is the manner in which the elections are conducted in Greece. The election for Athens is termi- I 'sated, but as yet it is not known who are the deputies elected, as many communes have not yet given in their returns. The elections for Thebes and Caryotie are also terminated, in favour, it is said, of the ministerial candidate. On the 21st General Griziotti came to Athens, to complain of the treatment he had received from the government agents in the election, and solicited the honour of an audience with his majesty. Instead of this, he was arrested, conducted to Chalcia, and immured in a fortress. To legiti mise his arrest, he was accused of having, en 1813, ill-treated some individuals. General Grivas, who was saved front jus tice by t►e French steamer Pepin, to be installed inspector. general of the army, is again in open revolt against the government. He was attacked by an armed force, and has taken refuge in Leucadia (Santa ilaura) under the British flag. More than 400 shepherds and their families have quitted Greece with their flocks and hi rd., to seek in Turkey that quietude and justice whish is not to be found in Greece. PRUSSIA.—BEitLT,c, JULY B.—The Allgemehic Pretusisclie Zeilitny of this day, publishes the returns of the Prussian bank for the month of June. The value of the coin and bullion in the bank is set down at 14,401,100 thalen; of the treasury notes, 883,800 tb. ; of the biUs of exchange, 15,313,400 th.; of the receipts for advances, 12,02.3,300 th.; of the various kinds of public bonds, &c., 13,645,000 th. The note circulation is fixed at 15,007,000 th. ; and other liabilities to the amount of 31,311,500 th.—The prisoners implicated in the recent insurrection in Posen have been allowed by government to exercise their free choice with respect to the selection of legal defenders. AUSTRIA.—VIENNA, JULY 3.—ln a fest days Count Fiquelmont, Minister of State, is to repair to Italy, entrusted with an important mission. The state of things in Tuscany and in the Haman States evidently excites the attention of the Austrian cabinet to the highest degree. The situation of Switzerland creates also the greatest uneasiness, and, in every respect, it behoves government to interfere in the affairs of Sardinia, and place itself on a commanding footing. SMYRNA, JUNE 20.—Piracy is still going on in the waters of Calymnos. A few days ago three persons, who were amusing themselves in a boat, fishing, were car ried off and ill treated. One, a native of Smyrna, was set at liberty the next day; another, two days afterwards, after paying the sum of 600 piastres; the third, being the son of a rich man at Calymnos, has to pay 25,000 piastres before he will be liberated. His father sent 3,000 piastres and some rich presents, but in vain he must send the sum demanded, or his son will be murdered. All Calvmnos is in arms, expecting rdescent upon the island. Iteschid Pacha has sent a corvette to the island. THE EXPRESS, TUESDAY EVENING, JULY 12, .9.47. be Court. A very full Chapter of the Moot Honourable Mili tary Order of the Bath war held yesterday afternoon in Buckingham Palace. Her Majesty's pleasure having been signified the knights and officers entered the presence of the sovereign in the chapter (throne) room. Her Majesty was boated in a chair of state, and wore the mantle end collar of the order. Prince Albert, acting.great master of the order, stood by her side, and also wore the mantle and collar. The Lord Steward and Lord Chamberlain stood on either side of ' the Queen. The chapter room was lined by her Majesty's Honourable Corps of Gentlemen.at-Arms. By command of the Sovereign the Earl of Dundonald was conducted to the royal presence by the Earl of Ellenboroligh and Sir Harry Smith, the two junior knights grand crosses present. The noble earl knelt near the right hand of the Queen, Prince Albert received from Bath King of Arms the ribbon and badge of a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, and her Majesty was graciously pleased to put the same over his lordship's right shoulder. Lord Dundonald rising had the honour to kiss the Queen's hand, and having received from her Majesty the star of the order withdrew. Sir C. W. Paeley was introduced between Bath King of Arms and the Gentleman Usher of the order, the former bearing upon a crimson velvet cushion the star, ribbon, and badge of a Knight Commander of the Bath. Sir Charles kneeling had the honour of knighthood conferred upon him by the Queen, and was afterwards invested by her Mejesty with the ensigns of a Knight Commander of the Bath. Rear Admiral Sir H. Pigot was introduced, and was invested by the Queen with the ensigns of a Knight Commander of the Bath. Her Majesty and Prince Albert inspected yesterday the magnificent diamond and pink pearl suite which Messrs. Hunt and Roakell hare just completed for her Majesty the Queen of Spain. Mr. C. K. Murray had an interview with the Chancellor of the Exchequer yesterday, at his official resi dence in Downing-street. Lord Cll7O had an interview with Sir George Grey yeeterday, at the Home-office. Mr. McGregor left town on Saturday, for Glasgow. THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER HAS nuntivro from "the representative of a deceased person" " to be applied to the revenue on account of that person." The amount will be paid into the receipt of the Exchequer. COLLEGE or CIVIL ENGINEERB.—The annual din trflmtion of prises took place yesterday, in the hall of thecol lege, at Putney, which was crowded by a large number of dißiuguished visitors.—The Duke of Buocleuch presided.—' The report of the Rev. M. Cowie, the principal, was read by the secretary. Ho commenced by alluding to the increased stability of the institution, the firm and steady growth which its affairs exhibited, and the importance of its objects to the great interests of the country, in providing for the develop ment of the various enterprise* which are daily being starte d..,,,,lways, harbours, navigation improvements, ins. the mode of building, cie.;using, venti lating, sad water.:f of !Owns—operations 'hie.. required enormous capital lug skilful management, end he ts sistance of hundreds o f kesas sod minion' of h tu d. • observed also on the impo:tance of science as a guiti and auxiliary of the merely prattle:4 branches of engineering, ascribing the number of recent fa!lares in bridges, &c., to ' the neglect of that portion of their at't by a large number of engineer,, who he believed did not kno v the laws that regu lated the results they witnessed in the count of their pro fessional experience, and who, therefore, were apt to gene ralise falsely in their opinions, and apply to particular instances their general rule, without discriminating suffi ciently between the data. He considered it a matter for serious consideration by her Majesty's government, whether or not engineers, to whom.now entrained the lives and property of her subjects, should be allowed to exercise their valuable and important profession without some guarantee to the public of their competency. He prophesied the speedy establishment of an orruised board for this meow airy purpose. Reports haringbeen read from the various professors and lecturen of the college, the chairman de livered a brief address to the assembly, congratulating the authorities of the institution upon its prosperous condition and useful objects, and observing particularly upon the moral and religions progress of the pupils under the system pursued therein. Prizes were then Retarded as follows : Mathematics istdiv" Porter; Rad die., Simpson; Coch i n and Oakes (ere.); Ist db., Campbell: 2n4 di, Brittoe.—Cheadetry Crump Thoropson..—Geology Porter.—GrOdeity King; Chrisue and Michela (ma.) ; Arvide Class of Military Surveying. Heyerwk.— Civil IDscineering King, Arland; Qtto and Kendlow.—Architecture Clarke, Bennett, Cato.—Machinery: Batley and Cook (eq.) : Draw- Inge, Cook; Coghba ; Drawings, Cochlea; Campbell; Drawing., Campbell; Manipulation, geldwia.—Free-band Drawing Christie. —Linear Perspective: Campbell.—Prench : Porter, Robertson-oer. Mall: Calvert, Wb ehello.—Paray on Coal Workings, &c.: COdrlllK tdl.—Eamay on Building Stones, King. A. large number of gentlemen in addition received commen dation for proficiency in the above branches of study. DEAR PAPERS V. CHEAP PAPERS.—Sir,—I have read your truly logical argument published lout week. That of the Times also is now before me. On its other fabrica tions I will deal another time. For the benefit of the ad vertising public allow me to state that a few weeks since I had occasion to announce the death of a much respected friend. The cost of my advertisements stood thus: Times Morning Herald. Si. Od. Morning Chmoide fill Od. Daily News ................. Od. 6d. Au these advertisement+ held no question of profit or loss, let your readers tell me by which I, or rather the public, gained moat? If you give this insertion, in a few days I will say more.—Yours, Nemo. [The charge for the laser Lion of an announcement of a biith, death, or marriage, is always the same-35., if it don not exceed (Our lines.] CIIARING-CROMI BRIDGE COMPANY.— A special general meeting was held yesterday, at the offices in Vil liers-street, Strand—Mr. W. Hawes in the chair—for the purposes stated in • report printed in our paper of June 21. The first of these was the approval of en arrangement which the directors had acceded to with Messrs. Jackson, Reed, Walcnsley, and Fuller, for the settlement of the con , tract for the purchase of the bridge. In virtue of this con tract, the company having failed, through the apposition of two or three shareholders, in carrying their bill for the sale of the bridge through parliament, had forfeited 10,0001. to the above gentlemen, who, however had consented to take 9,0001., to pay which, and for other expenses, tke directon proposed to raise 20,0001., by the issue of new shares. On the chairman putting the motion for the approval of this arrangement, a long and noisy discussion ensued. Mr. Cul lum thought the money might be raised without the issue of new shares, which he contended would injure the property. A call on the Bth shares would produce 8,1311., which, with the sale of the Lambeth wharf, the value of which was esti mated at 8,0001., and the balance of 1,3031., would give -17,738/. ; this sum any banker would willingly and at owe lend. The chairman explained that there were legal difficul ties against this course of proceeding. Mr. Elkin, who had become a shareholder on the previous Saturday, occupied the meeting with a long speech, the upshot of which seemed to be that he was generally discontented with all the direc tors had done, or intended or wished to do. And he pro posed that before any measures were taken a committee should be appointed to inquire into the accounts of the com pany, and he moved an amendment to this effect. The chairman observed that the next motion he had to put to the meeting was for the formation of a committee for that purpose, and reminding the meeting that at a former meeting he (the chairman) had given his casting vote in favour of a committee. Mr. Elkin, however, pressed his amendment, which was put and carried by a show of hands, whereupon Mr. Few demanded a ballot. On the ballot being granted and proceeded with, much disapprobation and discussion arose, from the chair man's steady refusal to receive those Totes belonging to this Hungerford Market Company, after five rich voles had been given in, that being all the company were entitled to. Against this refusal several shareholders strongly protested. The ballot carried it against the show of hands, and the amendment was lost. Alter the ballot Mr. Fladgate put in a formal protest against the chairman's refusal as above stated. The original motion wan then put and carried, Mr. Elkin and several other gentlemen protesting against that and all other business then despatched, the above votes being unavoidable; Mr. Fladgate and the other gentlemen intimating their intention of immediately refer ring the matter to a court of law. The chairman then put the second resolution—that a committee should be appointed to inquireinto the accounts; this was carried; an was one for Val raising of 20,0031. by the issue of new shares, all the reso lutions being subject to confirmation at a special meeting, to be holden on the 12th of August, on the same day as the an nual meeting, till which tme the meeting was then ad journed. A WAItDMOTE woe held yesterday, in the New Court, Old Bailey, to elect • common-councilman for Far ringdon-Without, to fill the 'diviner created by the death of Dr. Lynch. Mr. T. H. Fox was selected. CiIEAP TRAVELLING.—Yesterday omnibuses com menced running from Hungerford-market to the Hampstead road and Camden-town, conveying passengers the entire dis tance for one penny. Persons can now ride from all the western parts of the metropolis, either ky omnibus or steam boat, to London-bridge for 2d.; from Camden-town, Pad dington, and the northern districts, to the Bank, for lid., and 21d.; from Newington, in Surrey, to Hackney, for 3d.; and from Fulham to the Bank for 3d. THE DUKE OF CORNWALL STEAMER ON SHORE. —Fatstorce, SUNDAY.—We yeat-May announced to you the stranding of the Duke of Cornwall steamer, from London, last Plymouth, for this port and Dublin. Considerable quantities of her store, Sc., having been re • moved from her into three small craft alongside, and some empty casks from her deck chained on either side of her bows : with the aid of a steamer she was towed 'lastly off on the evening's tide and has been brought in here. She has sustained damage to her forefoot, and is much strained. No casualty of any kind has occurred to the crew or passengers. COLLISION ON THE BRIGHTON RAILWAY.—An accident of a serious nature occurred on the Brighton Rail way between 10 and 11 o'clock last night. The annual excursion of the Printers' Pension Society had taken place to Brighton, and all proceeded well until, on the return of ' the train, when near the New Cross nation, a fearful colli sion took place. It appeared that a Croydon train wu but a short distance before the excursion train, and so near that the latter train was frequently slackened ; but on nearing New Creels station, the engine of the excursion train ran with great violence unjust the hindermost carriage of the Croydon train. The engine rebounding at the same moment against the long train attached to it, consisting of about twenty or twenty-four carriages, the shock was of the most tremendous description. The party, that a moment before was all joy and hilarity, was thrown into the utmost alarm ; shrieks from the females arose, end the greatest ex citement prevailed. After a delay ef an hour, the train was again set in motion, and on its arrival at the terminus at London-bridge several persons were coaveyed to Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, where assistance was rendered. One man had his ribs broken, another his teeth knocked in, and fractures were very numerous. So great was the shock that some of the seats of the carriages were broken while persons were sitting on them. A lady was very severely wounded by being thrown from one department ef the car riage to the next, her head being much cut, and it was feared that her skull was fractured. The accident is sup posed to have arisen from the absence of the red or caution ary light on the last carriage of the Croydon train. FIRE AT DOCKllEAD.—Testerday afternoon an alarming firs was discovered burning on the premises in the occupation of Messrs. 011ey and Border, coal merchants, at 52, Shad Thames, Dockhead. The flames when first per ceived had obtained a firm hold of upwards ef 2,000 bushels of charcoal deposited in one of the lofts. An attempt was made to extinguish the fire with buckets of water, but owing to the dense and suffocating effluvia emitted, the men, in order to prevent being suffocated, were obliged to make a precipitate retreat. Fortunately plenty of water was speedily obtained, and the firemen, by dint of great exertion, suc ceeded in getting the mastery over the flames, but they were not entirely extinguished until considerable damage was done. The mum of the disaster could not be ascertained, but the prevailing opinion is that it originated spontaneously from the intense heat of the weather acting on the charcoal. The premise* were insured. INQUESTS, YESTERDAY.—SUICIDE IN A PAIL OF WATElL—Before Mr J. Payne, at the Bishopsgate Work house, on the body of Joseph Hart, aged 24, lately residing at 3, Half Moon.street. The deceased bad for some time past laboured under bodily suffering, his malady being dis ease of the lungs long-continued illness had reduced him to a very weak and low state, and although he did not suffer absolute want he was in needy circumstances, and subsisted chiefly upon die kindness of a few friends. For two days previous to his decease he had been light-headed at inters-AL, and on Sunday morning hie landlady found deceased on the floor of the shop near the fire-place, with his head immersed in a pail of water, with a knife mating by his side, stained with blood.—The surgeon who was called said he was con vinced death was the resultof suffocation from the immersion in the water, and which was eery easily caused, as deceased had Buffered much from difficulty of breathing. Verdict, " Temporary Insanity."—DROWNIICO IN THE THAMES. — Before W. J. Martin, Esq., the coroner for Windsor, at the King's Arms, Thames-side, on the body of Mr. Julius Jacob son, of the firm of Jacobson, Brothers, merchants, Great St. Helen's, Bishopagate-street, who was drowned on Sunday afternoon, while bathing in the Thames, a short distance be low Windsor Bridge. A lad, named Henry Appleton, in the employ of a boatman at Eton, stated that on Sunday after noon he was engaged by the deceased and a gentleman who accompanied him te punt them to a part of the river where they could bathe in private. He accordingly took them to the weir, just below the bridge, and landed them close to the spot belonging to the meters of Eton College. Deceased, who was the second to plunge into the water, and who swam as far at the weir, attempted to catch hold of a pile in the river, bat failed. Witnam Vasa, 'Wag that he was drown lOg, immediately called out to his friend for assistance, which was speedily rendered, but he had not sufficient strength to preserve him from sinking. Both of the gentle men, when they engaged him with the punt, said that they could swim, when they were informed by witness that it was dangerous place he was taking them to. The body had b een the water fr upwards of an hour belore it was found.Vrthict , " Acci de ntally drowned." EU:MON INTELLIGENCE. Assnot ea.—A conespondent states that many of the ie. habitants of this small borough (it contains only 242 regis tered voter) have been delighted at the great liberality of one of the candidates, he rewiring employment for voters, getting their sons into situations of ooniiderable profit, pur chasing of horse-dealers at muds above the market price, and giving gipny parties, where barrels of beer and every thing good and estoble are lavished with an unsparing hand." ERUTBURCIL—Mr. Cowan has declined standing, and the Excise Association are in treaty with several parties in England. rLor,r,—With the view of posing the youthful earidi , elates, the Elgin elect es have asked Messrs. Duff and Ban nerman to appear at a general meeting, in order that the more critical electors may have a public diet of catechising. Farkiisx. BUROHS.—Ia reply is the request of his con stituents, Lord Lincoln haeonsentell to be again returned. GLOUCESTER (CITY). —.mi. city (says a correspondent) is warning all the characteristics of a violent political straggle. Lampoons, of the most vituperative character, are daily is. sued, and a portion of the s' worthy and independent" elect tors are anxiously awaiting the arrival of the halcyon days of " beer,bacon, and bribes." People arc already speculating on the probable value of votes, and all panics* are energetic on behalf of their respective candidates. The friends of Mr. Henry Thomas Hope consider his election secure, and the friends of Capt. Berkeley and Mr. W. P. Prior are equally sanguine. The two latter have coalesced. LASSIIETH.—Last evening Mr. C. Pearson attended a meeting at the Horns, Kennington, to explain his political sentiments. In a lengthy address he advocated the extension of the suffrage, vote by ballot, the repeal of the window tax, and repeal of the duty on fire insurance. A resolution was carried declaring Mr. Pearson to he a fit and proper person to represent Lambeth. A Mr. Leaver woo yesterday declared a candidate on the conservative interest for this:borongh. LIVERPOOL.—Mr. Cardwell arrived at Liverpool yester day; his address is to appear this morning. Lord John Manners is yet in tie field, but it is said that Sir D. Mack worth will retire. Sir H. Douglas has declined to stand again, and u Sir T. Birch is safe the contest will be between Lord J. Manners and Mr. Cardwell. OLDHAM.—On Saturday evening there sons a demonstra tion of Messrs. Fielden and Cobbeti's friends. There was a very extensive procession, with no less then eight bands of music, General Johnson ' the retiring member , being pre sent, and Mr. John Fielden, who stands for re-election. Mr. Cobbett was not present. After the party had shown their strength in this manner, they forme 1 thernselvis into a compact body in a large open area behind the Albion Inn, where General Johnson delivered a farewell address, and then Mr. Fielden spoke at considerable length. In the course of his speech he reiterated no less than ten times his determination not to sit again for the borough, even if re-elected, unless the electors also returned Mr. John Cobbett as his colleague. A vote of thanks was given to General Johnson and Mr. Fielden for past services, and, on the questions being put, that Mr. Fielden and Mr. Cobbett were fit men to become the future representatives of the borough, the motions were carried—in favour of the former unanimously, and in favour of Mr. Cobbett with only abut 30 dissentients. Root ewes.—Meurr. Bodkin and Deo ;las here aid -used the electors. ROXBUROHSKIIIII.—The on dig still is strong, in certain quarters, that Mr. Balfour will contest this county with Mr. Scam (EAse).—la reply to inquiries from a number of electors, M•aers. Locke and King have declared them selves ready to oppose any measure for the endowment of the Roman catholic clergy. TEWKESBVRY.—In addition to the candidates already named. Mr. James Atkinson, of Birmingham, has announced himself a candidate in the independent interest. WIGTOWN BURGH,—SII J. M'Taggart Ins issued his address, and is again to stand. IRELAND. DVPILIN, JULY 11. We have, as yet, no reason to complain of the prospects of the coming harvest. All goes on cheerily, and we are almost on the confines of abundance. The excessive heats of the close of June had been relieved by the most delightful rain, whose stimulating effects of all sorts of cereal and vegetable growth are appa rent, more particularly the latter, which have improved wonderfully within the past week. On ten days from the present the blight commenced last year, and if we pass over the corresponding day in this year, the chances of perfect escape are all in our favour. The town-council of Limerick have been warming themselves into a fury these dog-days, by a discussion of what Young Ireland calls "the pledges." That body has propounded certain resolutions, which it insists on putting to every candidate for municipal and legislatorial honours. the obligation is that the parties will neither ask for, nor accept for themselves, or recommend others for places under any ministry which shall not advocate repeal. The Old Inlanders are not willing to give up their chance of the good things, and will not bolt the pledge. The Limerick town-council rejected the pledge by a majority of one. RALAIIINE.—BRITISH ASSOCIATION.—STATISTICAL SEC attration has been directed to your report of the paper read to the statistical section of the British As sociation at Oxford, June 25, by the Rev. E. It. Larks., on the results of a scheme for improving the condition of Irish labourers, tried at Italahine in the county of Com ; and observe that "considerable interest was excited, and conse quently some discussion ;" that Coloarl Sykes objects to the plan as " being too much like the truck system ;" and Pro fessor Hancock also objects to it, because ho thinks "it is opposed to the true principles of political economy, and de stroys the relations of landlord, farmer, and labourer." Front the position I held in relation to the association, having been engaged by Mr. Vandeleur to go to Ireland, for the purpose of organising the colony, and having drawn up the regulations for its government, and superintended the operations of the rules of the committee during the whole period of its existence, I am prepared to prove that these gentlemen have quite misapprehended the principles on which the colony was founded, and are unacquainted with the rules that governed the committee in the management of the funds of the society. In the " truck system" the pur chaser has no power to regulate the quality or the price of the articles he is compelled to purchase, whilst at Helaine the committee ordered the purchase of every requisite, regu lated the sum to be given, and fixed the price of every article that was sold to themselves and the rest of the members, and it was an invariable rule to sell all articles in the store at the cost price By application to me, as secretary to the asso ciation, the labour notes could, at any time, be converted into cash for the purchase of articles not sold in the colony. But if no labour were done, no labour notes were issued, and, consequently, "No work no pay." Let it be remembered that Mr. Vandeleur had made several attempts to govern and improve the people upon his estates from the famine season of 1822 to that awful feign of terror and disorder under " Terry Alt " and " Lady Clare," in the years 1831-2 ; and this he had endeavoured to accomplish on what the professor calls " the true principles of political economy," as the system of landlord, farmer, and labourer existed in all their plenitude and power; and Mr. Vandeleur was the most scientific agriculturist and the best practical farmer in the county. Yet life and property were insecure, and, in several places, cattle were turned off grazing lands on to the high-roads, and the walled fences destroyed. The whole of the county of Clue was declared, by the proclamation set forth by the lord.lieutenaat, on the lOth of May, 1831, "to be in a state of disturbance, re quiring extraordinary establishments of police," and placed under the " Peace Preservation Act." The Terry Alta put a complete stop to Mr. Vandeleur's benevolent and en lightened efforts to establish a weaving factory, a ftax-scutch ing mill, and bleaching works. The " Lady Clare boys " paid repeated visits to Helaine, circulated dark rumours of vengeance towards the agents whom Mr. Vandeleur em ployed, and, as was apprehended, his steward was murdered an open day. The writer, a stranger and a Sassenach, was struck behind the head with a stone when returning one evening from Mr. V.'s house, and held his own life not worth a week's purchase, whilst the vaunted system of " landlord, farmer, and labourer" existed in all its antagonistic relations. The system we introduced at Helaine was an entire no velty; no similar plan had ever been adopted in this or any other country. It was objected to by all parties, as contrary to the " accepted principles of political economy." It was opposed by Mr. Vandeleur's family, and ridiculed by his friends. The writer paid a pecuniary penalty for joining him in opposition to the wishes of his own relatives, who dreaded the lawless excitement that then existed, and finally the plan was viewed with great suspicion by the very par ties whom it was intended to benefit. It is true that some prudence, firmness, and decision was necessary at the outset; yet, strange as it may seem, within two months the colony was in a complete and satisfactory working order, the labourers did more work than they had ever done before when employed as day-labourers, and several of them had resided all their lives at Hatable or its neighbourhood. All this was accomplished by the adoption of pimple practical arrangements in accordance with the physical and moral nature of man, and calculated and in tended to give a new direction to those feelings which had been in constant antagonism in times past, but which now promoted the comfort and happiness of the people, and at the same time contributed towards the success of the colony. The interests of the farmer and the labourer were the same, for both were united in one, whilst the interests of the land lord were identical with the members of the association. The regulations were adapted to the people, time, and place, and calculated to promote self.reliance, industry, and mutual confidence ; and hence these poor disorderly and unmanageable peasantry became peaceable, sabot dinate, comfortable, and comparatively independent. . We had many visitors, and the Improved physical condition wasa theme of general observation ; their mural aspect was greatly changed, whilst they became the willing assist ants towards their own redemption from poverty, ignorance, filth, vice, and misery. And yet the principles of political economy were carried out in paying them in wages for their labour, at the same rate only as when employed formerly as farm.labourers, by Mr. V. and others, but with this differ ence, that their associated homes, and efforts in combined production, expenditure, and economical modes of distribu tion, wider their own management, enabled them to realise a gatatar amosal of physical comfort than they bad era be-