The Express. — London, England, 1848-04-03 00:00:00

Eke eirpregOS. MAILS. The maps tor the Bruin, the Myer Plate, Moine Video, That Bahia, Madeira, tad ion :: jr,rts will be made up on the eveang of the SW April. Tbe mails for Vigo, Oporto, IMMO, Madeira,_ Cads, and Oltenia: ell be made up on the mornieg at the 7th April- The overland eland mails, na Marseilles, to the Mediterranean, Egypt, Aden, Ceylon, Ind 44 Hoeg-Komi, he., will be ode up on the evening of the 7th April. The mails for British North America, end the United Mane , will be mae up en the evening of the 7th April. The West India Mans, excluding Bermuda, Malan. Harems, Madura:, New Chicane, Vera Craz, Tampico, end Porto Rico, and including those for 'Madeira Jame, Curtbsgena, &eat Martha, Chagres, rf111.111113. West Goat of South Amertoa, and St. Juari-de- Nicaragua, will be made up on the evening of the 17th tont The overland mails for Gibraltar, Malta, Greece, the to Islands, Egypt, Aden, Ceylon, India, liong-Kong, and China, ins Southanip. tot, will be mode up on the morniug of the 90th April. The mulls for New South Wales, Van Dlernan's Land, and New Zealand will he made ap on the evening of the Nib April. The moils for the West Cunt of Africa and Madeira will be made up on the evening of the SO* April. NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS. The number of STAMPS issued by the authorities of the Stamp-otlice, during 1847, to the DAILY NEWS wa5.......... 3,447,00 9 This, we believe, is within eight per cent. of the number issued to the Morning Herald, Morning (I, and Morning POBl, ALL PUT TOOETHUR. addition to the ab issued to the DAILY NEWS, Morning P a p e r, there were ove, issued for the Evening Edition, THE EXPRESS .............. 778,714 Which was more, we believe, than were issued either to the Globe or Standard, Evening Papers. TO CORRESPONDENT& Weioct •; Adwrttorobroto lotwolwl "The Egress; two en mulls; arr. mobt .g w, 8.0.0.01.1.1% by Two ow tie 414/ ru•kw.6.• -- HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDE. 11",„: TAI. Dal —oran, 3441.44.4 I, alerorsos. 41 41.14 past I. Tu-monaaw —Mersin& 2 tam past 2 Atterwea. Is WA. plus t. LONDON, MONDAY, APRIL 3. IN discussing the question of a reform of the upper house of parliament, we neither echo nor appeal to any of those sentiments, which have agitated er been entertained by the popular masses in this country, or by their leaders. The idea has never been broached in any point of any charter, nor yet has it been mooted, as it ought to have been, by any conserva tive. The received maxim with liberal and anti liberal is to make the Commons House the great and only field of battle, both for the attack and defence of aristocratic influence and privileges. The tory fears that if the House of Commons be once thoroughly popularised, the House of Lords and its influence will be swept away in a trice. The radical says, Give us the House of Commons, and we will soon coerce or nullify the House of Lords. Now, we cannot but think this mode of viewing things, and the received system of attack and defence, the most menacing to the nobility that can be con ceived ; leaving them and their legislative authority to exist as of old, based upon the very narrow and tottering foundation of birth, their chief safety lies in the attack being directed against the aristocracy in the House of Commons. No sooner shall this great outwork be carried, than the House of Lords falls of itself. We, therefore, maintain, that we do put forth a most conservative opinion, or at least an opinion most conservative of the constitution, when we propose to reform the House of Lords, by giving it a more solid basis than birth, and by restoring it to what it was in its origin—a representation of the great and stable property and intelligence of the kingdom. When, in the early ages of the monarchy, the lords and barons were summoned to form the great council of the empire, they were so called by reason of their power, more than even their property. They, in fact, had the peace of their districts in their keeping, the population in their dependence, the young and male force of that population under their ordinance and com mand. They were necessarily called to con sider and to sanction laws and regulations which they themselves were afterwards to carry into effect. They and the clergy were the adminis trative power and intelligence of the kingdom. As other power and property aid intelligence arose, these or their representatives were summoned to another house of parliament. And this latter body has by degrees acquired, and is known to represent, an immense proportion of those qualities and claims which give men a right to govern others. It has, besides these, the great weight of being elected by the people, and of being the direct representative of public opinion ; the House of Lords, having, at the same time, lost every administrative power, and having shrunk into a body of legislators by mere right of birth, and representing really nothing but an pre judices, and a superannuated species of property, w hic h s, is every day less in accordance with the wants and the development of the country. It is impossible not to perceive that with all the mass of tradition, law, and institutions in its favour, the power of the landed aristocracy embodied in the House of Lords is rapidly declining. It has a large and numerous and increasing body of enemies, and these enemies are every day dealing it a blow and robbing it of an advantage. The landed aristocracy, as entrenched in the Lords, and in the class succedaneous to the Lords, is bolstered up and supported by a host of laws and privileges, all of which are more or less onerous to other classes of the community. These classes will strive, and strive successfully. Feudal rights and lordly privileges, entails and political influ ence, the monopoly of land and place, will be assailed one after the other, aye, and conquered too. And all this fatal hostility will be carried on by men who, like Mr. WAKLEY, profess the most profound and devout respect for the name and dignity of lords, and who will proceed most ruthlessly to strip the idol of every rag that covers it, affecting to worship it all the time. So that the sillier portion of tae aristocracy may in time undergo the fate to which we have doomed the GREAT MOGUL, who retains the right to be adored after he has been robbed of every element of wealth, reapec- tability, and power. We stated in a former article the false position of the House of Lords with respect to the working of the government in the House of Commons. fhe maintenance of the upper house as it is, has com pletely nullified all the expected results of the Re form Bill. Lord axes, in fact, gave the people of England with one hand what he unwittingly with held with the other. It has not set power loose and free from aristocratic hands; it has not enabled li beral government tograpple with great social questions. It has enabled the whigs indeed to hold office longer and oftener than they otherwise might, and has ren dered an ultra government impossible ; but it has at the,same time depopularised the whip, by fettering them in their desires and movements, and has there by. resuscitated in a great degree the disbelief and mistrust of the public in parliaments which was one of the fatal symptoms manifest before 18,30. A reform of the House of Lords is therefore, in our opinion, the first requisite towards the existence of a strong and efficient government, towards the mainte• 'mice of parliament in the respect of the people, and towards the vital objects of strengthening the House of Lords itself, and giving it something more than that prestige and outward respect, which men are bound to pay with hypoeritic compliment and forme, but which covers a growing dislike and contempt, likely on some day of popular storm to produce a hasty decree of abrogation. It will be said at once, that the power of the crown suffices to bring the House of Lords into harmony with the age and with the other powers of the consti tution. We fear this is not the else. First of all, the crown is not equal to the odium or the energy inevitable and necessary to such a task. The crown can add, but cannot eliminate. No power, save those of the public opinion and the legislature combined, can cancel from our constitution that disgraceful anomaly by which a peer, equally devoid of morals, property, or intelligence, can take his place in that most august of assemblies and decide as legislator or as judge upon the private fortune and public fate of Englimen. The crown, however, has certainly iUb don e ntrodu on great innovation into the peerage. nale willing to admit at two different periods the crowd of Irish and of Scotch peers into the upper house, it established the right of sitting by election, and of members being returned to sit in the upper house. The crown, to be sure, in introducing the principle of election, applied it in the most absurd of imaginable sways. It allowed the Irish peers to choose repre sentatives from their body. The majority of those peers were, and are, Tory, even to an Orange dye ; the whole number of the representatives were of course pm-doomed to be of the same colour; and, to make the entail of Orange opinion more se cure, the crown limited its right of creating Irish And here is one of the causes of the Irishery rho roped of the Uaia. Unliotaned to in tie I lower house, the Irish are literally unrepresented in the upper. It would have been much fairer and more liberal for government to have kept to itself the right of choice, by which means the great aristocratic par ties at leant would have been in some degree repre sented. That the principle of election already applied in the eases of Ireland and Scotland may and must be also applied in England, if the upper home) is to be regenerated, and is to have any solid or per manent bas, there cannot be a doubt. The question is, who are to be the electors, and what the circum scription of the elected? Res ervin g the right of all ex- 1 isting peers, except those who can be proved bank rupt, or guilty of baseness, in a court of honour, and even admitting the right of their next heirs, is it not a question of justice, as well as a means of strength ening the upper house of parliament, to admit into it those eminent men, who have attained the summit of English society . by the acquirement of wealth, the possession of intelligence, or the ma- n if es t a tion of gentile, in such a way as shall satisfy an enlightened body of electors? It is seldom until the decline of life that such men attain the eminence or leisure that would allow them to take part in a legislative amembly. They are then too old and too fond of ease for the trouble of the House of Commons. That the liouse of Lords would gain by their presence, need we adduce the example of Lord Asunueroe, or the name of hundreds of sages whose experience and co-operation, however splendidly successful is hut n pri vate, and,one may say, public life, have been out from parliament ? We have uo objection that the House of Lords should now, as it did at first, represent the large pro perties of the country, interspersed with men of prac tical experience and administrative genius. But why should this property be exclusively landed ? The soil of England is too narrow for the in vestment of the i mm ense wealth that has been reared, and which is as valuable as permanent, and at least ought to be as productive of ease and as suggestive of high and dis interested thought and principle to its owners, as any land can be. The lordly sheep feeder and mutton vender may still sneer at the calico printer, but he shakes hands with the loan-dealer and the capital ist. And whether he does or not, why should our laws and institutions continue to base themselves on land? BOLINGBROKE wrote, indeed, that "the land was the boat, and the moneyed people only the namengers." Considering that, as passengers, they have been natives of the boat, as much as the crew, the only mode of fitly replying to such an impertinence, is by a mutiny. 'fliers is, however, no need of this. We have no objection to an upper house representing property, but let it be no exclusive kind of property. Thus, whilst in former times the magnates of a country might be assembled in no very spacious court, it was easy for the sovereign to look around, judge, and select who were the fittest men to sit in the upper council. Neither sove reigns nor ministers can now pretend to such omnis cience, norcan they hope to exercise such great and extended powers with effect. The crown must call ebction to its aid. And here, again, let electoral rights be based on property. Whosoever has looked at our financial state, and at the weight of debt incurred in the last generation, must have come pre tt y nearly to the conclusion , that a great portion of the weight of the debt must be Hung upon the possessors of vested and realised property. It is a heavy weight. A list of the possessors of realised property must be made. If this, striking off minor figures, be declared also the list of the electors for that proportion of the House of Peers which is to be elective, the house cannot but fulfil a character, which it by no means does at pre sent, viz., represent the solid property of the country. We do not say that this is actually the best plan, but it certainly is one, that in liberalising the House of Lords would at the same time add to its strength, and enable it to have a voice and a part in the affairs of the country, in which at present it appears but as a superannuated and ill-humoured critic, with a timid and obnoxious ref°. LORD JOCELYN has given notice that he will ask the Premier certain questions to-night relative to the present condition of Ireland. Without precisely anti ticipating the terms in which such interrogations may be pat, we may safely assume that their drift and object will be to obtain from an authoritative source such an assurance of the vigilance and strength of the govern ment in Ireland as may tend to quiet the fears of cer tain portions of the community, and to restore their accustomed confidence to those who have momentarily been led to doubt the stability of order and of law. ' It is manifestly reasonable that the legislature I should be fully informed upon a subject so important. If the law be inadequate to its own defence, it ought forthwith to be amended ; and its inadequacy would in truth be at once palpable and unpardonable, if any rational doubt could be entertained of its power to make amenable those who set it openly at defi ance. It may doubtless need more than ordinary patience to endure with equanimity the imperti nence of mountebank treason. But, after all, there is so much that is ineffably ludicrous in the bellicose twaddle of the Confederation, spouted once a week under the protection of the police, to a ticketpurchasing audience, that we are constantly tempted to ask ourselves whether the whole concern is not a merciless travestie of the rhetorical excesses of a real revolution. From the sublime of M. LA MARTIN E to the ridiculous of Mr. MEAGItEIt, there is but a step ; and all that it is requisite for staid and sober people to bear in mind is, that the one is real, whatever it may be worth, while the other is mere mockery and make-believe. Nothing is so un like the bulletin issued after a battle as the programme of a review of troops not yet enrolled. Let this also be remembered—that the whole of the public discus sions which eventually led to the overthrow of mo narchy in France were scrupulously kept within the limits of the law. There was no rattling of tin swords—no invocation of foreign valour and foreign aid to stimulate the laggard step of native freedom — no vaponring vows of preference for the scaffold and desire for the dungeon. Not a single word of Gana, trumpets, blunderbusses, drums, or thunder. AR was plain prose and peaceable—a mere demand in constitutional terms of a specific organic reform. And why ?—because the great majority of the French people and the deputies and others who uttered their legal and rightful demands were in earnest: and earnest men do not hector and storm, or resort in desperation to hysterical expedients to rouse the sluggish sympathy of their followers. But what is to be thought of men who begin their proceedings by handing the government reporter a chair, and conclude them by recommending the peasantry to get pikes, and the artisans to get guns, for the purpose of over turning the authority of the Queen ? Of their sin cere design to bring matters to such a pass, as that an outbreak would not be impossible, we have no doubt ; and of the wish entertained by some of them that such an outbreak should actually take place we have as little; but how these gentlemen can expect their dis ciples, or the residue of mankind, to believe that they intend to take any part in such a traissactioo, surpasses, we own, our comprehension. The ,TONES and FITZGERALDS of 1798, however' I}lnftuarded in their social hours, carefully avoided the use of any public language likely to com mit them prematurely with the authorities of the I day ; they held their deliberations secretly, and kept even the records of their conspiracy in an enigmatical dialect, contrived for the special purpose of baffling government espionage. Yet they were aasuredly not wanting in courage, personal or political. Their ob ject confessedly was to protect themselves as heads and chiefs of the projected insurrection until the hour of action should arrive, wherein they knew their presence would be most indispensable to its success. What would they have thought of a " United Irish " speech addressed to the police? While the leaders of Young Ireland are thus endea vouring to break into prison, their rivals at Concilia tion hall are as anxiously trying on their parts to avoid perilous contingencies. As the former run: ahead of their forlorn band, so the latter lag behind,—oat of indictment range. In nothing is the lack of hereditary tact and skill more painfully discernible than in the scenes that have recently occurred in the Repeal Association. In nothing was O'CONNELL'S marvel lous power over the multitude more conspicuous than in the facility with which, after having for months promised them the approaching advent of all manner of good things, he could suddenly postpone indefinitely the realisation of their hopes, and send them unmur muring though empty away. Mr. JoaN is u ready and reckless in his undertakings, pledges, and guarantees, that after a few more subcriptions, speeches, sad resolaikas, the railleahun of rerml may THE EXPRESS, MONDAY EVENING, APRIL 3, 1 be regarded as nigh at hand; bet whenever pay ment of his promissory notes is demanded, the abject poverty of invention stands confessed, and his only expedients meta to moist itt attempting to stifle an questioning ae discrderly t or a reiteration for the thousandth time of the painful reminiscence that he is his lather's son. It Was but •the other day, that Mr. JOHN O'COH FELL, returning from the @milt of stirring deeds in Paris, found things more than ordinarily flat, stale, and unprofitable, in Conciliation-hall. Neither money nor members were coming in—the country was quiet and no mischief of any kind was astir. In despera tion he resolved to hoist the tr icolour ensi g n, to p rams the triumph of fusillades and communism, and to urge the catholic peasantry of Ireland to go and do like wise. Suddenly young Ireland pricked up its ears and looked skittish. A piercing cry of scornful caul tation broke from the men of pike and gun, whom this very Mr. Jong O'CONNELL had not long before ignominiously expelled from the association for utter ing a very mild form of these same doctrines. A re union was proclaimed, the populace once mare be lieved, and St. Patrick's-day was to witness the great act of fraternisation. But the heart it the modern JOHN of PARIS failed him. How conid he tall but that Satan O'BRIEN and MITCHELL were actually in earnest—that they were buying gun powder, not for fireworks, but for real fighting, like the French? What would become of him in such an event—of him who never intended that any of hie French exercises should be literally translated? Any thing was preferable to such a horrible reality; and therefore not only was the treaty of reconciliation broken off, but every expression of peculiar zeal or determination by other members of the Repeal ) Association has been repressed in so unceremonious a manner, that at the last weekly meeting the you.. Lib e rator provoked even from the fai thful lieges et the Derrynane dynasty a storm of hisses and groans. As a diversion, Mr. JOHN O'CONNELL has for the hundredth time undertaken to bring forward emotion in parliament for the repeal of the union ; and has I even gone the length of entering a notice on the books of the House of Commons of his intention to do se- How much nearer we are to a discussion of the gum- ' tion for all this, it were hazardous indeed to surmise ; but of one thing we are sure, that nothing would tend more to dissipate vague alarm, and to expose the shallowness of the pretended statesmanship of agitation, than a calm and patient hearing of the whole case in every particular. NEWS FROM PARIS. PARIS, SATCHDAY, 6, P.M. Time is fast dispelling the delusions of the Luxem bourg, and M. Louis Blanc himself is beginning to feel the conviction, that a little practical knowledge, mingled with his theory, could do no harm to his sys tem of the organisation of labour. In truth, the na tional workshops have proved, what every practical man knew they must prove, to be a national humbug. It is, in fact, found, that the operatives thus engaged have neither the will nor the skill necessary for the efficient discharge of their duty. They are employed chiefly, almost exclusively, in executing the earth work on the public roads in the Champ de Mars, at the Paris termini, and some of the great lines of railway, and in other similar employ ments. I am assured by . persons engaged in their superintendence that it Is no exaggeration to say, that one efficient labourer, employed in the legitimate and customary manner, would do the work of any five of these national operatives. The inspectors 01'1 the brigades, of course, know this, and, in some in- I stances, when the system first came i nto operation, attempted to enforce proper activity and exertion, but it soon became apparent that the operatives were really the masters, and, by combination, were not slow to insist on the dismissal of any inspector who would thus attempt to apply the screw to them. In short, the employment of these forty or fifty thousand operatives by the government is merely nominal. I announced to you some days ago that General Cavaignac had declined the ministry of war. The National to-day denies this, but does not affirm that he has accepted it. I learn from a quarter which is generally well in formed that the real circumstances attending the pro position made to General Cavaignac were these. On being invited to accept the funcions and responsibili ties of the Ministry at War, the generdl replied that he was ready to do so, but on certain conditions. These conditions were, that he should be authorised immediately to march 80,000 regular troops, to be selected by himself, into Paris that with the'aid of these he was to be authorised to maintain order sad tranquility in the capital, to protect the deliberations of the Provisional Government from the interference of the populace, and to adopt like measures for pro tecting the deliberations of the Constituent Assembly, and finally, that in the execution of this duty he was not to be interfered with by any member of the go vernment. In short, that the army was to be placed under his absolute command. From what appears in the National to-day, it would seem that the question is not yet settled. A special council of the Provisional Government, held this afternoon, passed a decree that 80,000 of the recruits enlisted in 1)147, should be called into service, and that a special council of rocrutement" should be formed in the principal town of each arrondisse ment. These men are to be called into active service on the lstof May. The Itulicatenr of Bordeaux states that M. Clement Thomas, one of the editors of the National, having been appointed by the government commissioner extraordinary toinvestigate the circumstances con nected with the non-reception of M. Latrade in that city, immediately on his arrival proceeded to make the necessary inquiries. Finding that the presence of M. Latrade at Bordeaux would be a cause of great irritation, M. Thomas came to the conclusion that it would be advisable to remove him. M. Thomas drew up an order appointing M. Chevalier commissary of the department. This document was already printed, and was on the point of being made public, when M. Latrade, on the 27th ult., intervened, and refused to permit that course to be adopted. The whole matter was then thrown open again, and at last M. Thomas took his departure for Paris to ley the matter before the government, causing M. Latrade to accompany him to Libourne. So the matter rests at present. PARIS, SUNDAY, 11 A.m. Since the date of my letter of last evening no do. mestic news of importance has transpired. The embarrassment of the government, owing to the im practicability of finding any one willing to accept the responsibilities of the ministry of war, continues. L' Union, this morning, affirms that government has received a favourable answer to the overtures which it had made to Gen. Changarnie: on this subject. In the extremities, however, to which government is driven, and in the absence of both of these generals, it is probable that communications might be made simultaneously to them. Be this as it may, the consequences of the present state of things in relation to the army are of the worst description. Meanwhile, however, General Lamori ciere is actively employed in the departments in sus taining and restoring the discipline of the troops. A report was circulated yesterday, on the faith of a letter from Lyons, that some regiments quartered at Grenoble had marched into Savoy and occupied Chambery, and that the Sardinian troops had at the same time been withdrawn into Piedmont. Ido not find, however, any confirmation for this. The Nation al Discount Bank commenced its opera tions on March 20. In eleven days 22,281 bills on Paris, or on the towns in which there was a branch of the Bank of France, amounting to 11,145,523 franca, were discounted for 4,070 persons. 7,806 bills on the provinces were left to be received by 320 merchants, amounting to 2,256,644 francs. On the 30th March more than 1,200 persons were admitted to discount for a sum of nearly 2,000,000 francs. The number of shares taken amounted to 3,133,500 francs. I send you, as usual, the weekly balance sheet of the Bank of France, by which yon will perceive that that institution has advanced to the government fifty millions of francs on Treasury bonds of the republic. The amount of unpaid bills on the evening of the 30th (of course not including the large mass which fell due yesterday, and a fearful amount of which were unans wered), 12,926,212 francs, besides nearly three millions already dishonoured. PAZ" Aram I. New Loan, —; Preach Inn per Cents, s 0; Do; (Me.), —; Four-and-Half, Paine, 50 . Threes, 40 ; Do. ( Acs.), —. Bank of Frame, 1,150. ; Be l gian 1540, So Si ; Do, 1042, ; Do. Threes, De. Two-and-a-Half. —; Spank Threes, N plos Bent" W. Roman Loan, 52. Tres. sari Beads, 41. huhu*/ en London, no transactions. F.Amorn , o _poris sod Orleans. 522 25 ; Paris and Roam 540 • Rosen and Howe ,'—; Avignon sad Marealles, 205 200 ; Stresboari sad Mk, $O ; *awe Viersse, ; Asian and soracses, Dressas, We 74; Web. De. As I have already stated to you the Austrian alter evacuating Milan, retired to the line troops, c Adige, or, according to more recent accounts, to th he at of the Mincio. All the regiments oolnpseed of Italians had fraternieed with the people, and the corps which retreated harassed by the innumerable nameless annoy ances intlisted by the is t population througemora h w hich they moved, were so d lived that they scarcely deservee name of an army. The Ilungarians, which constituted so large a portion of their force, almost all deserted to the insu r rles Albert gents. On the first appearance of Prince Cha in Lombardy he warts saluted alternately, as we have already stated, by the titles of King of Lombardy and and King of Italy. lie, however, declared that he would adopt . no measures in regar4 to the states of Italy emancipated from Austrian rule, except at the express instance and invitation of the regular consti tuted authorities of the respective Provisional Govern ments of theee States. The alternative preetnted to the emancipated States is either to form an inde pendent state, be it t monarchy or republic and unite themselves to Piedmont, so as to form one strong I monarchy extending from the Gulf of Genoa to the Adriatic: The Provisional Government of Milan does not ex plain itself as to the future steps of the government ; it reserves the rights of the people, and shows in documents tb© position of respect for the independ ence of Lombardy taken by Charles Albert. By a decree of the pontifical gove rnment of the 21st March, a corps of observation is to be formed on the frontier of the Roman states on the side of Tuscany, Parma, and Modena. Volunteers for this corps had been enrolled and received on March 22. The Grand Duke of Tuscany occupied with his troops Mama, Carrara, Pontranoli, and the maritime part of the Duchy of Lucca, which were reserved to the Duchy of Modena in case Lucca should be united to Tuscany. The Tuscan journals claim that Parma should also be occupied by the troops of the Grand Duchy. A letter from Chambery, dated the 26th, affirms that a cabinet courier passed through that place the preceding night, and stated that King Charles Albert had been proclaimed King of Italy, and that Parma and Piacenza had sent deputies to offer him the sove reignty of these duchies. The Risurgionenta of Turin, of the 28th ult., states that the commune of Reggio (Modena) had formed itself into a Provisional Government, and published a manifesto, declaring that it did not intend to prejudge the question of the form of governme nt to be defini tively adopted. The Tuscan troops entered Massa and Carrara on the 23rd ult.; a proclamation was issued on that day, declaring that they entered the territory in consequence of an invitation from the inhabitants, and their express desire of being united to Tuscany. Letters from Naples say that another revolution was imminent. It was even affirmed that an insurrec tion had already broken out in Calabria, and that a conflict had taken place at Cosenza, in which 600 soldiers were killed. The King was indisposed and confined to his palace which was under the charge of the national gu ird. A correspondent of the National says that many persons demanded a republ LA ic. TEST P.S., 11 o'Ctocx.'l A Provisional Government is constituted at Pavia. It is said all the Austrian army is concentrated in the direction of Verona. The Marquis of Villamarina arrived at Pisa on 26th March, on a special mission from the King, Charles Albert. He soon after left for Florence. The Count Rignon is charged with a similar mission to the court of Naples and the holy Pontiff. Its object is not known. We have received the journals from Constantinople up to the 16th of March, and from Athens to the 20th. The events of the revolution of February were then publicly known in those cities. The Greek ministry has resigned. The Senator, Concourriotti, was commissioned to form a new cabinet. Disturbances in Athens are reported from Petra& The mail was stopped. ITALY. LONIBARDY.—The first acts of the government of Milan have been considerable reduction in the price of salt—complete amnesty for political offences —all public officers continued in their employ, with the exception of foreigners. The Piedmontese and Milanese troops left Milan on the 26th ult., on their way to Lodi, where they expect to meet Radetzki at the bead of twenty thousand men. Prince Ss:hwarzenberg evacuated the citadel of Brescia on the 22nd, and took the direction of Lodi, which, however, had already driven the Austrians away. Creme is besieged by the imperial troops. We read in the Resuryimento of Turin, of the 27th: " It is believed that Lecchi, of Brescia, will be named general in chief of the Lombardo-Venetian forces. Cremona is free ; 3,000 Italian troops have declared for the people; a great number of field pieces are in the hands of the people. At Padua the Hungarians have fraternised with the people." The Concordia of Turin, of the 28th ult., states that the Austrian troops were to evacuate the Castle of Piacenza on the 26th. The municipality of Como has formed itself into a provisional government, and pub lished a proclamation, dated the 23rd, in virtue of which all functionaries are retained in their respective offices, but the arms of Austria, and titles of imperial and royal, are to be everywhere effaced. The Austrians have retreated on the Adds, avoid ing Lodi by a detour. They are harassed by all the usual embarrassments of marching through a popula tion in high insurrection. PIEDMONT.—The Austrian embassy has left Turin; the Prussian and Russian ambassadors were preparing also for their departure. M. Bixio, charge d'affaires of the French republic, arrived at Turin on 26th ult. GERMANY. CHANGES IN THE PRUSSIAN CABINET. PRUSSIA.—The King of Prussia is evidently de termined to go to the end of the liberal tether. Count von Arnim has resigned, together with the Minister of War, Von Rohr; and the King has accepted their resignation, which is notified officially in the Allge meine Prenssische Zeitutig of the 31st. At the same time are named, Minister of State, the President of the Cologne Chamber of Commerce, Caniphausen ; and Minister of War, General von Reyherr. Hansemann, President of the Chamber of Commerce of Aix-la-Chapelle, has been named Finance Minister. We published on the 28th the proceedings of a meeting, held at Cologne, of delegates from the fol lowing 18 Rhenish cities of Prussia, viz.: Cologne, Aix-la-Chapelle, Bonn, Coblenz, cemen, Duren, Elberfeld, Crefeld, Uerdingen, Wesel, Biersen, Dus seldorf, Reuss, Andernach, Itemagen, Sinzig, Nieder breisiF, and Treves. At this meeting an address to the King was drawn up containing the following points : I. Transformation of the hitherto existing constitution (on the basis of the representation of the states) into • represent ation of the people, freely made by the people from their body, without any regard to the distinction of condition or class, with the lowest possible qualification (by taxation), for the exercise of the franchise, and without any qualification of that nature for candidates for eleetion.—l. The representa tion of the people to be connected with deciding votes by • simple majority, and co-operation in the entire making of laws, and in all questions relating to national expenditure. —. 3. The responsibility of the ministers towards the representatives of the people. —4. The equality of all citizens before the law ; protection of per sonal freedom ; inviolabilitT of one's home. Personal freedom and the inviolability of residence can only be limited in • judicial manner, and upon grounds properly set forth.-5. Freedom of religious worship, equality of politi cal rights for all c i t i zen s, without distinction of religion, and the total separation of church and state.-6. Freedom of in struction and of teaching.-7. • Unconditional liberty of the •- press, without any " concession" or any " caution money being necessary, and without preventive measures. Press offences to be tried by jury —B. Unlimited right of peti tion.-9. The right to hold public meetings and to form associations.-10. Publicity in courts of justice and oral ex amination, trial by jury, and trial by jury for all political offenders.-11. Arming of the people, with their choice of their OfikelS.-12. The dis and replacing of judge* by a judicial sentence only. The King, in answer to this address, has published a declaration, which appears in the eillgenteine Preus eische Zeilung of the 30th ult.,and in which he states the answers to the several points in the address will be found in the answer given some short time back to the deputations from Breslau and Liegnitz. He says : I think that as it is my intention to present to the forth coming Diet anew law of elections by which a speedy cony°. WWI eta now rereeentaliee body will be barred edgiest delay, I shall beat satisfy the wishes put forth in the ami d esses by the formation of the new representative body, the more so sa the wishes expressed elsewhere will then come also under consideration. The want of confidence mentioned in the addrea in some of the members of the ministry, urges me to declare, that the more determined my resolution, a the stranger my convictions, of the necessity to surround myself only with eounallonanswerableto the representation, and in which it may trust—the more it in necessary for me to allow the voices of the legitimate organ to decide in the matter, first, in the united diet, and then afresh in the pro posed new representative aosembly. It is sny earnest web to attain the objects by which only the duration of the great institutions of a sestinas beguaranteed.—Potadiun. hiarch 28. Some troops have, by common consent, been brought back into Berlin to assist the civic guard in the task of watching, &c. War between Russia and Prussia seems imminent, says a letter from Berlin in the Cologne Gazette. The Ruasiaa ambassador at Berlin, Herr von Meyendorf, has left that capital with his family and the whole personnel of the embassy. The 2nd regt. of infantry has been ordered to the Russian frontier. The re mainder of the Poles who gained their freedom at Berlin by the amnesty, were to leave Berlin on the 29th for Pawn. They were to go armed. Mieros lawski has sent to request that all the Polish emigrants in England and France should return as qu ckly as possible, in order to assist in the resurrection of Poland. It is stated that there is every possibility of a force of 40,000 Poles being brought together in the grand duchy. In case Sweden seizes the proper moment and invades Finland, there is no doubt that Russia can no longer keep back. The King has issued the following rescript : 1 intend to constitute a separate ministry for trade, com merce, aud public works, and, by these presents, charge the minister of state speedily to lay before me proposals for effecting the necessary changes in the existing central boards. —Faitoxiiica WILLIAM.. -Berlin, March 27, 1818. A meeting of delegates of Pomerania is to take place at Stettin on the Fith April, and they are to go from thence to Berlin on the 18th, to make to the pre sidents of the citizens the following declaration : 1. That Pomerania does not admit their right to act es they have none, and will not follow the example of the other provinces who tolerate a like pretension of the capital. 2. That Pomerania his seen with pain the massacre in the streets of Berlin of its fellow-citizens who have obeyed the orders of the King. 3. The deputation demands of the pre sidents of the citizens to return to their duty and obedience, and to co-operate with the Pomeranians in the establishment of order. AUSTRIA.—Our latest intelligence from Vienna is to the 28th of March, and contains the movements et that and the two preceding days in the capital. An under-tone of distrust and apprehension appears to exist. The lectures in the university had not com menced; students refused to matriculate until entire freedom of teaching was assured and some of the professors changed. Some trifling expressions of discontent—and apprehensions of more serious de monstrations—on the part of the working classes,kept the citizens in alarm. On the 26th a deputation of labourers asked to present, in person, a petition to the Emperor, requesting him to fix the day's wage at a I florin and the hours of work at 10. Witbd some difficulty they were persuaded to desist from ' 1 their intentiou. The municipal guard were on the alert; the military were at their quarters, but did not appear : it was, however, quille pour la pew% Thu news from the non-German provinces of the empire is cause of anxiety. On the 28th the intel ligence of the expulsion of the Austrians from Milan, if it had reached Vienna, was kept secret. The success of the insurgent party at Venice, and the proclamation of a republic, was deui,d. Murmurs began tobe heard that ti e Hungarians had ulterior views incompatible with the union of the provinces, and there was much captious snarling at the nomination of the liberal Kossuth, as Hungarian minister of finance. The decree, establishing liberty of the press, had not yet made its appearance, and was anxiously expected. All these disturbing causes interfered to paralyse industry, and bad the most injurious effect on public credit, in itself sufficiently weak. The course of exchange was unsteady, with a downward tendency. Want of money was complained of on all hands. The citizens murmured that their service in the mu nicipal guard interfered with their business. The court camarilla was busy in these circumstances, but all influence appears to have departed from it. A proposal bad been submitted to ministers for strength_ ening the committee of the States General, by sum moning additional members of the provincial diets to join in its deliberations. The estates of the marcbionate of Moravia were to meet on the 30th of March. An im perial reply was despatched on the 23rd of March. The use of the Bohemian language in all administrative offices and courts of law was conceded to the full extent. An incorporating union of the provinces of Bohemia and Moravia was refused. Hopes of an electoral reform were held out. Reform in the courts of law was promised through the instru mentality of the Bohemian I)iet. The abolition of feudal tribute in kind was promised, on condition of a moderate compensation to the feudal overlords. Hopes were held out that elective municipal corpora tions would be granted. Liberty of the press, it was said, had already been conceded. The appoint ment of Bohemians alone to government offices in Bohemia, it was said, would be strictly enforced for the future. A reduction of the taxes on articles of consumption was promised. Ministers were said to be busy devising an organisation for a municipal guard. Modifications in the system of military con scription were promised; and also educational reforms. Austria has addressed a note to the Germanic Diet protesting officially against the Prussian proclamation. BAVARIA.—The preensions of the King of Prus sia have excited great indignation at Munich, meet ings taking place up to the 29th, the last dates, when resolutions declaratory of their non-reception by Bavaria were passed, and deputations to that effect sent to the King. Addresses from the inhabitants of Munich to those of Berlin and Vienna have been pub- lished. The committee on the address of the Chamber of I>eputies has submitted its work to the chamber. The project of address is long, and we extract the salient points. After the usual loyal preliminaries, the ad dress goes on as follows : The sublime wards, " I am proud to be a constitutional king," show the Bavarians that their prince knows the only s it u ation which can be assigned to thrones by the gravity of c . ix o c l u nipcne o o s tretepoir nf i s ye.jdewtoti . thet . eei . faithful the separ atio n rut thanking rnotiflnjimucsriitit th eled e i nabl K ya in amad g atailtati f wnii o n r ,gtraii th vf tiiti e ii,igne r: t f tt o . r .r . i m iti.: ri aesee li orta e dobif p nii. r tha o- rhey : poses to make, the address goes on to say : With whatever joy we may have received the announce ment of a reform in the proceedings in law, we would see a gap in the future legislation on this question, which must necessarily rest on the principle of publicity and orality, on ' judge the application of punishment guaranteeing the tier eel liberty of citizens, and granting them the rightto meet and ad d r ess petitions. The armament of the people has a doubleobject. It will ensure the internal order of the con , thus armed, will take an imposing atti• hid the y of the foreigner, and will be strong enough to n people of Sleawig and Holstein, or the nob le meats of German honour on the borders of the Rhine fistula, from falling before the arms of any external power. Germany will defend the smallest parcel of its territory. Let Germany then unite in raising the German standard, and in protecting, energe tically the industry and commerce of the Confederation, in order that they may not be obliged to yield to the supremacy of fureign nations. We respectfully beg of your Majesty to allow the two chambers the initiative in proposing projects of law, particularly on the subjects of the reform of the legislation on taxation, and for fixing shorter financial periods which will give a greater security to the treasury, and by necessitating a mere fre quent assembling of the diet, will entertain and reanimate in the people the national sentiments. We fix the attention of your Majesty to the defective state of the education of the people, and on the necessity of liberty of teaching, which, by bring granted, will tend to preserve from all subversive tendencies. HAMBURO.—Latest dates are to the 28th. The Sleswig-Holstein States are convoked for the 3rd of April. The troops of the King of Prussia will not pass by Hamburg. Schleidan, deputy of Slesvrig- Holatem, has a promise of 6,000 men from Hanover. A general committee has been formed at Hamburg, ways the Gazette de Colagne, to aid the people of Sleswig-Holstein against Denmark. SAXONY.—Minister of State von Pfordten has be come Minister of Public Worship, says a letter from I Dresden of March 26. M. Oberlander has been named to the ministry thus vacated. HESSE-DARMSTADT.—At a meeting of the Chamber of Hesse®-Darmstadt, on the 27th March, the minister said : The government has just reason to fear that the peace et Europe will be cFsturbed. It is indifferent whether a go vernment shall directly declare war or allow armaments to be made on its territory to disturb the peace of other coun tries. According to the communication I have made to the chamber such a state of things exists between Germany and France. The speech of M. Ld..ru Rollin, the most Witten. tial of the French government, is in all the journals. tinder these circumstances, the duty of government is to warn the ionthe danger, and to take the necessary sammeres of ginaasy lo &boat to iota ea a Doir Harare; bat out her own she will herself follow ,es, and k nows hew to resist a system of brigannag,, ..oich has for its aim to impose on her by force a new order of things. DENMARK. By the Electric Telegraph Company's express, f ree , Hull, we have received the following : " By the Victoria steamer, Capt. Dickenson, which arrived' at Hull yesterday from Hamburg, we be ta received the subjoined intelligence : "HAMBURG, March 31.—A Prussian courier pas* through this town on the 28th, bearing a letter front the King of Prussia to the King of Denmark, replied. ing him that fromthe time of Christian 1., in the Ht. teenth century, the successive sovereigns of Denmark have recognised the ancient stipulation that lid. stein and Sleswig never should be separat e d , upbraiding him for his present intention of so separating them without . their consent a n d against their will, and declaring that he 'b ea k consider the landing of a single Danish soldier on the soil of Sleswig as a declaration of ware The morning three couriers from the Holstein Provisional Government passed through with despatches far Hanover, Oldenburg and Brunswick, earnestly de . treating the immediate march of the promised eau. tingents." " Denmark has taken possession of the island of Alsen, situate between the Little Belt and the coast Sleswick, and of which duchy it is a portion. " Ks EL, MARCH 29.—The whole country is in aft, and every exertion has been made, and is still being made, to put this town in good condition for defence. Advocate Clansen has returned from his minion to Berlin. Ten thousand Prussian troops are on the advance from Berlin and Magdeburg to render as assistance, should the Dane land a soldier in Sleswidt or Holstein." " RENDSBCTRG, MARCH 29.—The troops are in con. tinual motion for the north of Sleswick. The Danish war steamer, Heels, made her appearance in Fleuno burg bay, but the Student gave her so effective a iiro lute from our heavy guns that she almost immediately rounded and shortly afterwards disappeared. Th e whole population of Ottofer and Fleuvsburg and the surrounding districts are arming themselves. None hut British vessels can get chartered for the Belt cc Baltic." POLAN D. The news from Warsaw in the German papers is to the 26th ult. There had been as yet no outbreak, bat that fears were entertained of the possibility at it popular manifestation was evident from the despotic orders of the authorities. The journals are not allowed to publish any but court news from Prusis and Austria, and there was, consequently, the greatest absence of reliable intelligence. All tire-arms were ordered to be delivered up, meetings of every kind were forbidden, &c. The military government of Warsaw had issued the following proclamation By command of his Highness the Staatholderof the king. dom, I hereby call upon the citizens ol Warsaw, and com mand that all, except those civil and miliary officers whom in active service, to deliver to the police bureau at this plum any firearms which may be in their possession, within 24 hours alter the publication of this ordinance. Whoever convicted of concealing any such weapon shall be subiect to a court-martial. The guns delivered to the polies shall be far nished with sealed tickets, stating the name of the owners, who shall receive a certificate of the delivery of the emulated weapon. —Aide-de-camp General GOILTSCHAti.OVF. By command of the military Governor-General, the superintendent of the police, General Ahamowitsch, has made known that every person who goes into the streets after eleven o'clock at night shall carry a lighted lantern, an obligation from which the military alone are exempted. Whoever transgresses this order shall be arrested by the police. PORTUGAL. The Oriental Company's steam-packet Capt. Joy, arrived at Southampton yesterday, and landed her mails under the charge of Lieut. John Brown, K.Y. Her dates are ; Gibraltar, March 2.5; Cadiz, 2Gth ; Lisbon, 29th; Vigo, 30th. There is no intelligence of interest beyond that of a commercial character. The budget presented to the Chamber of Deputies is generally admitted to be a complete failure, as the proposed economies, or reduc tions, in the state expenditure are unlikely to be oar ried out ; while the estimate of possible squeezing' in the amount of taxation for 1848 and 9 is a most ex aggerated one, impossible to be carried out. The government are stated to be without either vigour or credit. Upon the government proposing to take upon themselves the responsibilities of the Lis bon (bankrupt) Bank, in so far as their notes were concerned, the notes that were at about 40 per cent discount only, fell at once to below 50. Up to the latest moment the most complete quiet reigned in Lisbon and the provinces, while the govern ment seemed occupied solely in organising a vast mili tary force. Commercial news a blank beyond the Exchange: these are pon England at 30 days, 52!, to days, 521 ton. Lisbon bank notes of 4,800, are at BELGIUM.—In the sitting of the Chamber on Ur 31st the minister was questioned by the Baron de Roger* specting the engagement at Bionserar. The Minister of7o - Affairs announced to the assembly that represeatanses had been made to the French government, and that a reply had already been received, stating that the government est wholly ignorant of these silly attempts, and fully moping the right of our government to repel them by force of arm M. d'Hoffschmit said that these declarations of M. Lamy tine appeared to be worthy of all confidence.— L' Observe* , denies the report which is current in our city that ths Prince de Ligne was exposed to acts of violence at Pariss/ff the Franco-Belgian Legion, before it started for Belgian. Mr. Vanden Seethe, attache of the legation, set out for Pa on Thursday, charged with despatches for the Prince Is Ligne. The announcement of the failure of the respectable house of Messrs. Schaffhausen, at Cologne, has produced I most unfavourable impression upon the Amsterdam Bonne. MOLL AN D•— ANISTERDAM,MARCII 31.-I'he police, assisted by the armed force, made several arrests te.day. The authorities having been informed of the existence of a social ist club in this city, which was chiefly composed of foreign workmen, succeeded in discovering the place of their meet ings. The greater part of the members of the club have been arrested and numerous printed papers have been wawa The streets where these arrests were made were guatdedW the cavalry and infar.try. With the exception of these taro the whole of Amsterdam enjoys the greatest tranquillity. SWEDEN.—There have been serious riots at Stacks holm, in Sweden. On the 16th ult. the King went to the Opera, at which were present also the members of a reform banquet. About nine it was rumoured that there wet troubles ; the houses of the ministers and members of * Diet were attacked, several detachments of the garrisonwere wounded, and all . presaged serious events. The King all his sons mounted on horseback, and went out and sddresesi the people. Their efforts were completely successful, ani by midnight all was over. The next day, however, rill recommenced with additional violence, and it was not out severe measures that they were put down. These soldiers were killed, while three officers and twenty of* people were wounded. The rioters had more than 20 lid* and 30 wounded. On the 21st we hear that a rewards! 10,000 rix dollars was offered for the discovery of the ors - , on of the riot. CIIARTI:iT DEMONSTRATION ON KENNINGTON COMMON, —Yesterday (Sunday) afternoon, in consequenos of an announcement extensively circulated throughout tbs metropolis that a large gathering of the various trades sad persons favourable to the principles of the Peoples Charter would be held on Kennington Common, for the purport id adopting resolutions calling upon the people generally la sign the monster petition to the House of Common', a nit concourse were at an early hour assembled. About 2 o'clotk the number of persons assembled on the common did not sl• teed 500, and of these the greater portion consisted of bon but at half-past 2 the number had inereased to about Mg, when the parUes who had been instrumental i n Petting 14 the meeting made their appearance, and a Mr. Mow,' working man, was voted to the chair. Resolutions were car tied with acclamation, calling upon the people to sign sad adopt the petition for the establishment of the People" Charter; and that a deputation be appointed to wait epos the sitting members for Lambeth and Southwark to support the prayer of the petition; after which a vote of thanks Wet planed ta the chairman, and the meeting quietly dispersed. OPTICAL REWARDS OP SCIENCE AND OF 1)0011 , nisarnas.—A correspondent of the Atheneum polo from last year's estimates the various amounts received bi certain offi ce rs connected with the different departments.re contrasting the salaries received by persons whose duties quire no education with the pay of men of high a ttainmealn Thus the door-keeper of the H ouse of Commons releito 8741. per annum, while the Astronomer - R o y al is pai a d ,41. year less ; the Hydrographer of the Navy and t he Superia as' tendent of the Nautical Almanac havingy 5001. per num each. The messengers and deliverers of the votes d parliament get 3001, a year a piece, which is i by per annum thane paid to the professor of fortifications at the Royal Military Academy ; more by 601. per annum than is allowed to the senior assistant of the MS. deparWatt British Museum • and more by 901. a year than the second inimainind assistaa ti t hmaarcegmegroyalmsairo. ivtgomesornistraeits6o:wi.hiiTshreecarthhall.e:daportee of e atiusidetei IN DI, The Overland reached town this to the 22nd of F Bombay to the 2a This mail res Bombay, by the following pawn Mrs. Cruickshan Mrs. Doig, and children; Mrs Bs and two children ; Giberne, and two c eon; G. NV, Greatl Capt. Cruickshanl Craig; Lieut. lu Capt. C. Gibenie: Lieut. C. Creagh ; tersby ; A It' mina *on, Esci; Asaist.- Fe en, E,q.; bet The chief p India regarded in China. Thi b o. erg, we e tr board ntc e ln hhh d ah os a l so eh t M aintain eFi Commodore a:m l argefitfdefmn: her au s ebe r Trte rf o d.a a u t n n f orli hoik t u dni f, t ,r e ir l oco et o. et ft t . naval officer it that the Canal after the Gov The lion. taken on a wi from Madras The ehtE the coast n 4 perished. Bombay (! passing Po sprung ale fore pat b who wee o repaired. the ship. above etat tendant ai vessel uns fusing to 1 penaltT of him right shared in We anr Commercia rut in Indi continues t one looks transaction only lailuri Hickey, lii cutta, and chants at opinion t► 600,0001. tors in eon for which t ceived. It itself of thi Mg of ref the Lauda ts louts w The "limit on a par w eurred in in the ma at which of repeated had moat state of thi this was so stituents and there% to act. II to men d are Oelal has pubt post cis n relief hot realised have enti rate of th losses reqt to the rest casualitiel lities are of what ii year. TI their pros on his ret the Lond , which 6.3 in 1843, h The Baal of upwat Calcutta House in all hone' Calcutta the Sup ander tk Bombay some slag the plant to be got repair he menu, ■ 9 )ears . 014 The dial blesnee, than a t' the harp and am Nurbud the lee [touchy in the h sort of tl treat ad be besto Persian diApenl4 ebiefe it king of stone be Nubia They ke Eng laved L