The Express. — London, England, 1848-08-01 00:00:00

The erPrefifi• The West India Mails, imitating Bermuda, Nairn, Ilawan New Orleans. Vere Crut Tampico, and Porto Rico, and e utuding those for Mzuteirs, Jacmel, Carthagen. Santa Martha, cum w,rt Gnat of South A a nd merica, M. Juan.elo gtoz4tua, will be mole up on the morning of the 2nd August. The mails for the Murat% the hirer Plate, Moat. Vides, Pertain. p ee , Bann, Madeira, end Buenas Ayres, will to made up OM the •VCOUIff of tne et li Attalt,t. The malt. for Bilit.ll North America, and the United Mates, Will be 011100 Up an the evening of the lth Aug, The over Lind cnnd mail, via Mareeille% to the Mediterranean, Egypt, Aden, Ceylon, Mho, Ilcom-bung, he., will be made up on the awning of Me Ith Aug. The anii, for Vitt, Oporto, Lisbon, Madeira, Cadiz, and Gibraltar will be made up on the morning of the 7th Aug. The overhand made lot o . lbrattor, Malta, Greece, the lonian Islands, Egypt, mire, Ceylon, India, 1 long-Kong, and China, Ma dutithamp. toe, will be matte upon the evening at the 19th August The Mali. lOC New South Woks, Van Dirmawn Land, and New Zealand will be inh• np act the evening of the 314 Auguet The mail+ lo t the Wet 'oast of Africa and Madeira will be made go oa theevening of the 31st August. NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS. Then;dberoi STAMPS issued by the authorities of the Stamp-othoe, during NC, to tho DAILY NEWS was 3.447.009 . This, we bein.ve, is within eight per cent, of the number issued to the Aloe:inn) Hernia, blorniny Chronick, an.l Morning rust, ALL PVT TOOETHEA. In addition to the above, issued to the DAILY NEWS, Merrill.g rawer, tilers were issued tor the Evening Edition, THE EXPRESS 778.714 Which was c ore, we believe, than were issued either to the Globe or Ntandard. Evening Papers. 91011 '.ATE AT L 0131109 11911 1 119. Ts.. 113?-11orma f,ll loin. put 3; A 11•11.3.3, 3 3 1311 . 0.0 1 . To.moasow—MornmA iY WA. pm* 3, Alleraoon, 14 twaln. past 1. LONDON, TUESDAY, AUGUST 1. EVENT@ have fully verified our anticipations regard ing the threatened outbreak in Ireland. We never could be 1 ,1 rsuadcd that the mass of the community seriously cherished the designs of the unhappy men who boastingly paraded their disloyalty. We never could be brought to think that they would be able in the last resort to assemble round them any consider able number even of the laudless and destitute pea santry; and for any other section of the rural popula tion, we felt certain all along that they were not to be debauched by empty promises of a new re-settle ment of property, in which our shrewd fellow-coun trymen of Leinster and Munster must foresee that a large portion of what was to be scrambled for would absolutely disappear. Then, as to the inhabitants of the towns, it did seem manifest to us that what, ver a few apprentices and clerks might fancy were the glories of civil war, and their several chances f turning up somebodies in a time of centbaion, the great majority of the people of the towns and cities would abide by their true interes: and their manifest duty; and they have, with few and momentary exceptions, done so. Above all, the catholic clergy have, in almost every district, both in country and in town, zealously, sponta neously, and man flatu, denounced the lunatic crusade of O'BRIEN and his comrades, and guarded those who are influenced by their advice against being deceived by the vain assurances and idle promises of these infatuated men. It nowappears certain that the first announcement of the vigorous measures of ga. eroment extinguished all hope in the minds of the conspirators in Dublin. In four fifths of the provicces no symptom of dis turbance has been betrayed; aed is the counties of Kilkenny, Waterford, and Tipperary, where alone the madmen who dreamed of insurrection obtained anything like a following, the presence of two or three regiments has more than sufficed to preset ye the peace, and prevent even local pillage up to Fri day last. Despair has, indeed, since then led to an abortive attempt on the part of the disaffected to dis arm a small and detached out-post of police. But the miserable details of the affair, which will be found as reported in another column, must suffice to satisfy all reasonable doubts as to the speedy termi nation of the entire absurdity. Revolt, insurrection, outbreak, cart age, revolution, or other confusion of any sort there has happily been none, fur a day or even for an hour. Not a public vehicle has been stopped, or guardhouse burnt, or a railway broken up, or a gunsmith's shop ransacked. The harvest ripens in the field, and will be garnered peacefully as of yore. Justice in due time will have stern words to say to those who madly dreamed of overturning her authority. But her ordinary forms have never been interrupted, and the ordinary law, with its usual appliances, will vindicate itself. Of the unhappy victims who are said to have al ready fallen, we have little to say. Of one of them we would wifiogly forbear to say a word that might be construed into needless severity. We allude so Mr. Dittos, who, like the hapless leader of the too similar movement in 180:1, was worthy of a better fate. His brief career has attracted little notoriety beyond the local circle where he lived, and iu which he was much beloved. But let us hope that his early doom may not be chroticled in vain ; aed that others who would yield to the in toxication political theories and of political passions may be le to think, ere it he too late, of the ruin and desolation that Ibrow in the train of all projects that are founded in disregard of peace, end depend for their accomp!ia. ,, unt on the triumph of brute force. The belief gains ground that Mr. SMITH O'BRIEN is absolutely in a state of insanity. His costume and arms when last seen were the most grotesque and ab surd. In one he is described as brandishing a pike nine feet lung, while his belt contained no fewer than fear pistols. Since his misguided followers were routed at Kilcooley, he has net been heard of, but there can be little doubt of his speedy discovery or surrender. A SE11101:6 and sudden disaster has befallen the hitherto smiling fortunes of the currency party. Adroit tactics, watchful whippers-in, convenient ab sentees, and ingenious phraseology, procured for them a favourable deliverance before the tribunal of the Commons. Their efforts may have been as unremit ting, but their success has been lamentably less before the committee of the house of Lord,. An attempt was made, and not without considerable plausibility, to obtain the sincion of the se het peers to a com pendious and int ogre document, which echoed the conclusioue of the Commons very much in the tone of the threadbare state paper which bears the title of their First Report. The fates, however, were not propirious ; and we have new the gratification of congratulating the adherents of a rational and secure system of currency upon the appearance of a report which, whether right or wrong, is at least a composi tion which contains arguments as well as conclusions and attempts to explain the rationale as well as the provisions of the law. The document which has now made its appearance will obtain admission by the imp3rtance cf its contents as much probably as by its own intrinsic excellence into the front rank of these authoritative expositions of our monetary ar rangements which have now and then been issued with the imprimatur of parliament. The report of 1810, when IiCRNER held the pen and TH.RNtos gave the did of hiegreat sagacity, will still bear away the palm of a profound and comprehen sive phileeo; hy; and the vigorous and lucid exposition Left pr faced the evidence on cash payments in 1529 is so far placed in no jeopardy by the manifesto of any subsequent committee. We pass over the comparatively unimportant report of 1826 on the small notes of Scotland and Ireland. The Bank Charter cieumittee ut . 1832 never found leisure to write anything better than one advertisement of their redly valuable investigation. The infinite logomachy of 1810 was equally un fortunate, or perhaps the opposite term would best describe the nature of the omission: for very recent experience nes not impressed us with an exalted idea of Sir CHARLES Woon's felicity of style or force of reasoning in the province of currency dialectics In 1841 the committee on banks of issue was sud denly envelop'd in the evil days of that memo rable dies Auden, which in the end left so few things in parliament undissolved. We have now the Lords Report of 1848; and if it can not blast the accuracy of HORNER, nor the elegance of Gaesvate, it would be an untrue criti cism to withhold from it the praise of extensive know ledge of the subj et, conspicuous impartiality, and a just apprecia. ion of most of the great discoveries which have enriched the science from the time of Mr. THORNTON to th latest volume of Mr. TOOKE. ,The couunitLe of the Lords have fully satisfied emselves that, the "recent panic teas materially egfiraraled by the operation" of the act of 1844. So deliberate a judgment by such a judicature carries us Ito little Way towards the amendment of the Perniciotts statute of which the common sense °IL Use country has so long complained. The conflicting decision of the lower house was announced with all the plenitude of a dogma. The peers have been mote considerate as well as more successful. They have a due sense of the influence of an importation of food which exceeded all calculation and precedent. They do not forget the railways. They lament the dearness of cotton, and they have a salutary suspicion of the improvident connect of several of the large houses which have since turned out to be the mere husks of a former substance. These are considerations which adequately explain why the autumn of 1816 and the spring of 1817 should be a season of depressed foreign exchange, and should be rendered uneasy by an extensive drain of gold ; but the committee are totally unable to un derstand in common, we venture to say, with nine tenths of the merchants and bankers in the country, wty these general causes should have led to the sud den exacerbation of April or to the indiscriminate slaughter of October. The committee have kept • heir attention steadily directed to the facts. They raw that in April, when the directors had been driven to the most violent measures of self-defence, the nit tallic reserve of the bank was still very nearly ten millions, ' and they have very naturally inquired whether it was or was not true that with such reserve under its former freedom and in the face of the same contingencies, the directors would in the first instance have pursued such a line of po licy as they did in point of fact pursue from August, 1816, to March, 1847 ; and, in the second place, whether they would have felt themselves bound to convulse the whole city of London by refusing the most ordinary facilities of discount. It can excite no surprise, they looking this question fairly at the face, that they have arrived at their present conclusion, and the judicial weight of the }louse of Lords must now be added to the authorities, already sufficiently im• posing, who declare the first of the panics of 1847 to have been the creature of that pernicious regimen which first exonerates the Bank from responatbility, and then deprives it of the larger half of the resources with which it can encounter the issue of its own errors or the national mirlintunes. The litigated points connected with the pressure at the end of the year are mere in number, but certainly not more difficult of solution than the ample pheno mena of the spring. The drain of bullion had erased, and had become an influx. Trade was no longer in flated beyond its reasonable limits by speculation. The railways were thoroughly scotched : many of them were killed outright. There was not the feeblest symptom of a discredit of the bank-note, and beyond the local alarm occasioned by the failures of the corn dealers, there was no at'equate reason for a return of commercial disaster. Die short and simple judgment of the committee is the judgment of most of those who saw and felt the course of the actual events. The reserve of the banking department was inadequate to permit the exercise of an ordinary and reasonable discretion in dealing with applications for assistance, and by a process at first comparatively slow, but which at last partook of the impetuosity of a tempest, the appre hension of not being able to obtain bank note el, or the ample command of really capital, equivalent in its effect to bank notes, superseded and eclipsed the original causes of alarm. The letter of the 25th October removed this apprehension, and, as all man kind are aware, instantaneously cut the difficulty in two. This is the plain and unvarnished story of the events, and the story which hue been adopted by the comm ttee. The witnesses on the other side raise up a host of collateral point+ in defence of their main position. They have a good deal to 2.y about the quanthy and the efficiency of the circulation; they expend con siderable dexterity upon the paradox which places a foreign and a domestic drain under the same rule of treatment ; they boldly affirm that the Batik was in no danger of exhaustion in October, because there was always the Stock Exchange at e back door to which they could have rushed with a million or two millions of the funded debt; and they perpetually affirm that the new law preserved us drum a discredit of the Bank-note at a period when the peril of inconvertibility never occurred to any living mortals except themselves, and even to them not as a Act, but only as a contingent speculation. These ingenious extenuations are the characteristic weapons of a system which was alwa) held in esteem, the nectces of a subtle argumen tation. _ _ Ihe practical portions of the report, and the spe cific recommendations, will, in all likelihood, come before ua through the medium of an early debate. TIIE Germans have evinced such skill, patience, end good fortune, in extricatiug themselves from what appeared to be the very depth of anarchy and embar rassment, that one has . very reason to put faith in the success of their future endeavours. The degree of con fidence and order which they have recovered, bas not been due to violence or military reaction, but simply to the higher powers trusting to the good sense of the people, and to the middle class recovering its influ ence over the lower, without the use of grapeshot or bayonet. The prevalente of the burgher guard, the establishment of a polio:., the dissolution of the clubs, the curbing of the press—all this has been attained throughout Germany without the violent means found indispensable in Paris. M. BUNSEN boasted the other day at the German dinner, that there was no hostility or disagreement between princes and people—no rivalry between class and class. Not regarding things too strictly, and in comparison with other countries, there is some truth iu this. Both princes and; nobility have bowed their heads before the popular storm, admitted the justice of popular demands, and, we trot, will come to inir terms with them. _ Nowhere was democracy more formidable than in Berlin. After having eonqucred,in the streets, it seemed to prevail in the iiatienal assembly too, where every sitting displayed the noise and nullity of the Paris chamber. By degrees order and good sense have triumphed. And the committee of this as sembly has produced a constitution well calculated to satisfy every popular grief, and content every just conservative desire. Universal suffrage has been the danger of the German revolution, returning, as it has done, members of the most ignorant class. The committee of the constitution apply the sole effectual remedy in the present state of things—the substitution of indirect for direct election. In countries little civilised or developed this is the only feasiblb mode of election, and, where no intimi dation is practise'', it is known to be highly conserva tive. A contemporary scouts this constitution as democratic, because it abolish( a hereditary noblesse. But the fact is, that an hereditary nobility does not exist in Prussia, except in a few regions. The aris tocracy of Prussia is a functional y one. And fur this the framers of the constitution have wisely substituted an elective upper chamber. And we will be bound to say that ti to elected bendy, the result of three degrees of election, will be the hue noblesse of the country after all, and, far from destroying the aristo cratic spirit and influence, will, on the coutrary, re establisn them on a natural and legitimate basis. Whilst the Berlin assembly is thus emerging into an atmosphere of good sense and order, its Frankfort sister is augmenting thecharacter which it had already attained fur eloquence and political ability. We have seldom read a more profound mid nobly sustained debate than that which has just taken place on the subject of split nationalities, apropos of the subject of Posen. Far from any narrowness of view, the largest principles of philanthropy were announced by the Frankton orators. Hatred of Russia, of the Sclavons, or of the Italians was disowned. And when liens declared that he was for Italian freedom, and for desiring to see RAnetrzet withdraw within German limits, the sentiment was loudly applauded. From such an assembly as this, surely a -ettlement of German differences with Italy, as well as with Denmark, may confidently be expected. Hurst) with Denmark are indeed serious. The mistake of the mediators was, not to have seen that the conclusion of an armistice was much more difficult th n the conclu sion of a peace, the terms as complicated, and the Schleswigers ten times more unmanageable. There are but two conditions on which to make peace, either to divide Schleswig into a German and a Danish portion, or to unite Schleswig and Holstein in one government and constitution under the King of DEN MARK, though not under the Danes. In either case the Schleswig Provisional Government cannot hope to retain power; and in neither case will they be con 'tented. This Provisional Government of Schleswig has already, ye see, hastened to declare war, an office for wh'eh they have neither right nor authority, unless General WRANGEL has sanctioned it. When ever a treaty is made, coercion must be used to make them accept it, and that coereon bad far better be to establish the conditions of a peace than those merely of a truce. THE EXPRESS, TUESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 1, 1848. The Frankfort Assembly ought at once disown the question. It is the want of this fair, full, and open discussion, which embarrasses and delays a set tlement. Let the same spirit, which has examined and decided upon the affairs of Posen be brought to bear upon Schleswig, and there will be no need of media tion. We trust, that General WRANGEL and the Danish Monarch will on both sides have the good sense to remain passive, though they cannot agree upon express conditions thereto, until the German As sembly have come to a decision. The Archduke JOHN, bent on conciliating Prussia, in this and on the whole federal question, has taken the step of appointing the Prussian diplomatist, Che valier BuNsme, to be the head of the council. The chevalier has been the great nelvocate of Germany against Denmark, and has put forth a learned pamphlet ou behalf of the fcrmer. M. Busses is a man of learning and taste, and a good theologian, but we should doubt his powers of winning the confidence or modifying the passions of a popular assembly. Any other statesman might make concessions to Denmark with less chance of being suspected. He never can be consideled at Frankfort in any other light than NS the servant of the King of PRUSSIA. We doubt, indeed, altogether the success of that policy, which is to render the imperial government of Germany a kind of Pact, and a sharing of influence and power between Austria and Prussia. Just as we doubt here the wisdom of that bascule, esta blished between whigs and PEEL-tories, which makes it a rule that whilst Lord Jolts RUSSELL holds prime office, he should make choice of tory personages to be his chief governors, chief diplomatists, and chief commanders. We doubt much that either Old Engl.tnd or Young Germany will tolerate very long this tacit alliance of old perriwigs and superannuated influences against all that is young, talented, independent, and liberal. The Archduke JOHN is, indeed, a happy exception. and we trust M. ItunsEN may prov, so. But it is not often the world finds liberalism in the courtier, or political wisdom in the pedant. FRANCE. PARIS, MONDAY, 11 . 30 . A t.t The contents of the Paris jou'rnals this . morning are of little interest, there has been no new event of importance on which they could comment. The Bios Prate, which was the other day so severe on M. Thiele, for having given what it regarded as undue importance to the wild theories of M. Proud hon, admits now that it is perhaps useful to subject the school of which M. Proudhon is the chief to the solemn test of public niscussiou. Tue discassion on the seizure of certain journals of Paris, which was appointed for Saturday in the Na tional Assembly, but chick did not take place in con sequence of the illness of M. Marie, the Minister of Justice, is to come on this day. The death of Gen. Dames= was announced to the Assembly amidst symptoms of marked regret from every part of the Chamber. The receivers general (says the .11fesseger) have been invited to come to Paris. Everything leads to a belief that this meeting of financiers is in conse quence of the new loan already voted by the Na tional Assembly, and perhaps with a view to another loan, which it may be necessary to raise at an early period. It is in contemplation to prorogtv. the National Assembly from ti e 25th of August to the 25th of September. The representatives would thus have a month's vacation preparatory to the dis cussion on the constitution, which cannot well coin ' invite before the Ist of Oetober,in consequence of the labours imposed on the committee for the introduc tion of the votes come to in the late conferences. This course has been considered the more desirable, as the assembly must sit permanently from the Ist of Octet ' bet' until the constitution shall have been voted. The bureaux, however, will remain constituted, so that the Assembly may be called together in a few days, if circumstances should imperatively require it. Tae presidency of M. Marriun will expire before the day of the proro:ation of the Assembly. According to all appearance, M. Marrast will be re-elected, and the honour of this reelection will be the more valuable, as up to the present time no president of the National Assembly has he Id .he post more than one month." A new " cercle " is about to be formed by M. Olivier (Demosthenes), and others of the social-demo cratic party. Ail the extreme socialists, such as M. Louis Banc and M. Proudhon, arc to be excluded. A lsmentublo occurrence has taken place in the Ituvil Barracks. During adi Inge of the regiment occupying these harraeks mattresses to the number of 1,200 were placed in the court. By some accident these caught fire, and, in spite of all efforts at pre rentiot:, the flames spread to the infirmary, where five men were burned to d ath. The good peeve of Paris were yesterday morning somewhat stuttltd by !fearing the rappel beaten. It, however, turned out that it was merely to call together the 2nd and :3rd legions, who met to acknow ledge tht it colouelN Generals Itapatel and Bar. .Imong the arrests recently made at Charnme anti Belleville were several officers of the National Guard. The Madrid mails have not arrived. ITALY. LONIBARDY. We have letters from our core spondent at Milan down to the 26th ult., with jour nals of the previous day. His letter of the 25th is as follows: The last advises from the comp, received yesterday (24th), state that on the refight of the 22nd-23rd, whilst a violent dorm was bursting on r Villafranes. Somme Campagna, and Sens, the Austrians m ole a furious attack upon the Pied montese troops and their alli, s, which were stationed at and dispersed about those places. The Austrians had muffled the wheels of their cannon-carriages, &c., and the horses' feet. They came from Verona about 8,0 00 in number, in (entry, cavalry, and artillery. The surprise was complete. and argues but little prudence, ordinary foresieht, and caution on the part of the Piedmontese efficers : the latter did not discover the enemy's approach till they were equally attacked. That part of the Piedmontese line extending from Villatranca to Sena was guarded by the re gime. t.t of Savona, .end about 1,200 Tuseens, who had but r, eentlyk,ined the army, distributed about in small detached parties. Villafranca was taken by the Austrians, who set te tire to it, inne.iog to burn it to the armed. 'fee Pied montese, taken by surprise, were witheut command, and, overwhelmed by number‘, driven hack on every point. About IGO of the Tuscans were killed ; also a Pied montese general, and many officer+, Piedmontese and Tuscan. The Austrians committed the mod terrible ravages, slaying, burning, evil devastating every place tney came to. All the troops that were in the neighbour. hood of Castelnuovo, Alezamhano, &c., received orders to retire within the fortifications of Pesehi.ra, up to which place the Austei.ns pursued them, and even beyond, as far as Laicise. The secant adds teat the Austrians afterwards precipitately withdrew on the approach of Charles Alb rt from Marmirulo, with a divisi.n and his guards, and ten pieces of cannon. WEDNEsowy, JuLT 26.—The excitement which has pre vaileel is indescribable and I have had my full share of it. Events of a decisive ch aracter are actually in progress of execution, and on which the fate of Italy, of Europe, portals., de psnds. The most contradictory intelligence has b,.ear received ront the scene of hostilities, some state ments attributing the vic.cry now to the Piedmon tese, now to the Austrians, and again dividing the successes between tne two parties. Tho position tet Rieroli—a most important one in this campaign, as it was in that of 1796, when Bonaparte warred with the Austrians on the sell-same ground now occupied by the con. tending armies of Charles Albert and Radetsky—has been wrested from the Piedmontese, retaken by them, and again lost. On the other hand, the Austrians have advanced with a strong force upon the centre of the Piedmontese at Villa franca, which they attacked by surprise on the night of the tlnd to the 23rd inst., killing and wounding some hundreds, and driving the rest as far as Pescbiera, into which the fugitives took refuge. Meanwhile Charles Albert's army advanced in two corps from his head-quarters at Marmirolo, uponNillafmnea, leaving another corps to cover the blockade of Mantua, which is completely invested. The Pied montese retook Villafranca, and drove the Austrians hark upon the Mincio, which a body of them crewed and will he made prisoners if the battle, the news of which I e xpect to trans.nit to you by this pest, is in favour of the Piedmontese arms, as it is hoped and believed it will be. The ef fect of the movements of the two armies hos been to place the principal Austrian corps, said to be commanded by Radetaky and Nugent within the centre of a triangle, at each side of which a Piedmontese corps bars ttr:ir retreat—that at Mantua, that at Pesehiera, and the third, commanded by the King in per son, cutdog off the rotreat of the enemy upon Verona. The announcemont has just been made from the balcony of the provisional government that the enemy has n deo (tend. with the loos of '2,000 priwn..rs. 50 pieces of cannon, and 7 standards (pain of colours) • killed and wounded on both sides, number unknown. At t he' same time the member of the government who made the announcement said that the governm , cat had not official news from the camp, but believed the private information from which he gave the news. Of this be certain, that a hard-fought battle his taken place, and that the Yiedmontcse have had the advantage. I Prisonets and =tun taken from the Austrians were seen last evening near Brescia, and some had been seen at Lout°. The following official notice has also appeared : Head-quarter. of Villarancs, July 24, 11 p.m.—This day a battle Isis taken place between Castor.' and Somme Com panne. The King bad given General Bare the command of several bodies, that have co-operated in the movement of cutting off the retreat of the Austrians to Verona. The latter had, on the preceding day, risked an attack upon the positions at Rivoli, and advanced upon the Miceli), showing an intention to cross it. Informed of the e projects, the King yesterday concentrated at Villafnines several bodies of troops, and attacked the enemy with oomplete success. The Austrians have been obliged to abandon very strong positions on the hills; notwithstanding an obstinate resistance, 600 prisoners and a standard have been taken. The loss of the Austrians has been greater than that of the riedmontese. But I am sorry to inform you that the enemy has succeeded in throwing a bridge ever the Mincio, and crossing it at Salons; his strength is net yet known. I hope this opera tion will be prejudicial to him. Our troops are animated by the best spirit ; they are everywhere victorious, unb sa over powered by numbers. (Signed) SALASCO. Advice, received from Venice report the raising of the investment of that city by General Welden. ROME.—Our despatches contain the following more ample account concerning the important news from Rome already given :—The discontent produced hy the refusal of the Pope to sanction a declaration cf war against Austria has broken oat in disorders which ap pear to have been modelled on the late popular mani festations in Paris. The minister, Mamiani, having first extorted from the Pope a consent to a declaration of war, communicated the intelligence to the chamber; but on the following day his Holiness retracted. In consequence of this the ministry, at midnight of the 19th, resigned, and the resignation was accepted. The next day the Count Pasolini was summoned to the Vatican and commanded to form a ministry. He demanded, however, a previous authority to declare war, which tho Pope refusing, his mission was et an end, and the state left with out a government. On the circulation of these news nqtbing could exceed the exasperation of the people. On the 19th the greatest agitation reigned, and the people made an attempt to take possession of the cestle of St. Angelo which stands almost at the gates of the Vatican ; they then proceeded to the Chamber of Deputies demanding an immediate declaration of war; they rushed into the chamber as occurred in Paris on the 13th May. The president having sus pended the sitting remonstrated with the populace, and prevailed on them to withdraw. This scene determined the ministry to demand a declara tion of war, and led to the proceeding we have just mentioned relating to Count Pasolini. Since the reception of. this intelligence an extraor dinary express arrived in Paris with letters of the 22nd, which announce that no ministry being found to ac cept office on the conditions imposed by the Pope of maintaining a neutrality with regard to the war in Lombardy, and the state being without a government, the Chamber of Deputies and the people had ap pointed a Provisional Government. No further de tails, however, are given. • GERMANY. PRUSSIA.—The Berlin journals of the 29th ult. have arrived. They contain important declarations made by the Minister Von Auerswald in the National Assembly. First, with regard to the affairs of ])en mark, and secondly with regard to the oath of ' allegiance to be taken to Archduke John, as Vicar of the Empire. Herr Von Auerswald said : It has been made known that the negotiations for an armistice between the chiefs in command of the German trots; s in Schleswig and the Danish commander have fail, d. I find it necessary to add that the temporary taimre of our endeavours in this affair, to which our unceasing efforts have I been directed, has not destroyed the hope of our being able to attain in a short time the object desired. I All that was potable to be done in reference to the affair has been done. This state of matters does not allow me to communicate immediately to you the negotiations which have taken place, and the conduct of the government. But I hope that the time is sear at hand when this can be done. I hope you will be convinced that the government of the King has not for a moment ceased to be mindful of the serious condition of the commerce of the eastern sea, and its consequence to a large portion of the monarchy, and the maintenance of the honour of Prussia and Germany. The minister having made this public declaration respecting Schleswig-Holstein, then proceeded to -re mark on the question of the oath of allegiance to Archduke John, as Vicar of the Empire. He said: I do not see in the invitation of the German Ministry . of War so great a difficulty as has been sought to be attached •O it. It is, perhaps, an unusual demand ; but Ido not feel m)self in a position to state my view to be any other than that I hope this domestic affair will easily be brought, in form as in reality, to on understanding. As we have started with the purpose of furthering the unity of Germany, we will avid all regulation ,iLly to endanger the dignity and inde pendence of Prussia. These statements were received with loud cheers. AUSTRIA.—The news from Vienna is of the 26th. ult. The sitting of the Diet on the 25th was occupied with questions put by members to the ministers. Siera kowski asked, was the late ministry a responsible one, whereupon Pillersdorl rose and said that responsibi lity of ministers was the first guarantee of freedom, and that he, for his part, considered himself to have been so. Upon this Sierakowski declared his inten tion to impeach the late ministry. Doblhof, in answer to a question, stated that a courier was every moment ex pi eti d from Intispruck, stating positively when the King would return. Rumoursof the probable abdication of the Emperor are rife, but what truth there may be in them it is impossible to state. A statement of grievances put forth by the Diet of Agram Croatia, on the 10th, is published. In the sitting of the Lower House of Hungary, on the 20th, Kossuth invited the assembly to support the proposal for sending troops to assist the Austrian government in the prosecution of the war with Italy. This pro posal at first met with opposition, but Kossuth de clared the question a cabinet one, and gave it to be understood that the only point be wished to impress upon tt em was, that his object was to assist Austria in obtaining an honourable peace, but not to strike any blow to the liberty of the Italians. The war was against Charles Albert, not against the Italians. The most significant part of Kossuth's speech was, however, that in which lie said : " The desire is expressed that we should re move our troops from Italy, but, if we do so, 35,000 Create would also return to their country, and they would give us fire work to do." This threat seems to have bad the best effect, for Kossuth's proposal was adopted, and it was decided to send 50,000 men to Italy to assist Austria. Our latest accounts from Bucharest stated that the provisional government had tied, and that Bibesco was to return. The agitated state of the capital may IN , judged from the fact that on the 13th, the day after their flight, couriers had been sent to recall them. So that now the partie s are fractioned into the party of the provisional government, those of Bibesco at d the enemies of both ; they are probably the friends of Russia. The greatest ignorance prevailed at Buchan st on the 13th as to the whereabouts of the Russians, whose last place of encampment was, as we have sta ted, Verlad. Accounts from Jassy of the 17th confirm the intel ligence of the landing of Turkish troops at Oalacz. The \Val:action town of Georteiro had been occupied by a body of these. BRAZILS. H.M. packet Linnet, Lieut. James, arrived at Fal mouth on the 30th, from Rio Janeiro. Her dat( s from that capital are Julie 4; from Bahia, 200 • Pernambuco, 24th. 11.11.'s ships at Rio were the Comus, dreciao, Crescent, and li 'steel. _ _ The Re:aunts received nt Rio from Europe had been deatructiv, to trade. Oa the 2Gth May the ministry was beaten on voting an address to the crown by 50 to 44, and resigned on June 2 ; but a new ministry from the moderate republican party hail been formed consisting of F. De Paulo Scanza a Mello, who held the Mike of premier, as well as the finance portfolio; J. Dos Santos Ballet° was appointed to that of was ; B. De Statue Franco, of foreign affairs; J. Pedro Mu de Carvelho, of the home department; and Antonio M. de Campo Mello, of 'justice. None other than these would suit the exigencies of the empire with the existing chamber. A vessel arrived at Bahia on June 17, which left Rio on the 9th, and reported that the debates in the chamber had been strong, but the ministry held together. Exchange, at the latter date, 24 pence. At Bahia all was quiet, but at Pernambuco it was said that an outbreak in the provinces was hourly expected. From the River Plate it is learnt that Ross was not dis posed to cube his army t retire from Monte Volvo until General Orihe was in full possession of that city, when the blockade should be raised and ►ll interference on has part cease. THE IRISH CONMAND.-DEPARTURE OP MORE I, TROOPl4.—Viic..unt Hardiu.ge, accomnanied br his sons and by Lient.-C 1 Wood, C.B. (his lordship's military secretary when in India), left town last night for Liverpool, to embark immediately for Dublin. His lordship will proceed thence for the south of Ireland on • " special command," and will, actor ling to the present arrangements, fix his head-quarters at Kilkenny. The 28th Foot are proceeding en route from Canterbury to Devonport, to replace the 3ath Foot, which proceeded on the 30th ult. to Dublin. ebt Court. A cabinet council ;as held yesterday afternoon, at the Foreign•olBce. It was attenaird by Lord John Rumen, the Marquis of Lansdowne, the Earl of Minto, Sir George Qrey, Viscount Palmerston, Earl Grey, the Chancellor of the Ezebi.quer, the Earl of Aucklan !, Sir John Hobbouse, Lord Campbell, the Right Hon. H. Labouch.re, the Marquis of Clanricarde, and Viscount Morpeth. The council eat two hours and a half. Viscount Hardinge bad an interview with Lord John Russell yesterday, at his official residence in Downing street. The Primate of Ireland had an interview with Sir George Grey yesterday at the Home-office. The ecclesiastical commis,ionera for England had a committee meeting yesterday. ELECTION FOIL SHERIFF.—A POLL DEMANDED. — Yesterday, a third common ha'l for the election of sheriffs for Lund m and Middlesex for the ensuing year, was held at the Guildhwl, the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor presiding. A' the first election, Messrs. Mills and Bousreild were se lected for the shrievalty. One of these gentlemen, it was stated, had paid the tine of 6001. in lie& of serving the offi and against the other a law suit is pending, in consequence of his declining the post. A second °onion n hall was then convened, to appoint two other gewlemen to the office, and again the livery selected parties that h tel not solicited the honour, viz , Wort. Chandler and Benson. These gentle men were unable to act, and the Lord Mayer was again called upon to issue a precept for another common hall. Mr. Deputy Salton proposed Mr Ald. f. Q. Fiords, and Mr. Deputy Lowe prop gied Mr. Jacob Emanuel Goodhart. The common crier tnen rend the Hat to the livery ; about an equal number of hands were held op when the names of Mr. Ald. Flaunt and Mr. T. E. Dicey were read, hot a large msjority appeared on the name of Mr. Jacob Gootlhort being read, those present evid.ntly supposing that gentleman to be the candidate just proposed by Mr. Deputy Lowe. The town clerk, perceiving the mistake that hid aria •n, explained that the candidate of the name of Onoslhart was the son cv the gentleman whose name had just been c illed, and that his name would be called at the close of the list; and th 't gentleman for whom they h.id held up their hands was eighty years of age, and unable to pertorm the duties. The liverymen, however, did not appear - ally to understand the explanation, for, on the name of the real candidate (Mr. J. E. Goodhart) being called, scarcely twenty hands were held up, and amidst much confusion and cries of " We don't understand about the Mr. Ooodhart on the list," the sheriffs decided that Mr. All. Finals and Mr. Dicey hoot Men elected.—The announcement was rt ceived with mom of "No, no," and a demand to " put it eosin." Ever.tuatly a poll was demanded and granted on behalf of Mr. Ald. Finnis anti Mr. J. E. Goodhart. The poll will remain open for seven days. At the close of yesterday's poll Ald. }lnnis had 44 votes, Mr. J. E. Goodhart 11, Mr. J. Goodhart 1, and Mr. Dicey, who at the commencement of the proceeding' was returned as el mted, not one... DULWICH COLEGE.—Yesterday, a vestry meeting was held in the vestry-room of the church of St. Saviour's, Southwark, to receive a report from the wardens anon the subject of the memorial presented to the visitor of Dulwich College, and the answer thereto of the college, and to den r mine upon the same. The enormous increase and still in creasing value of the property of the above college, coupled with no increase in the numbers of the in mates, and the defective system of education, led to proceedings being adopted in Chancery, but which subse quently dropped. They were, however, renewed about two years since, and a report was cow presented with the opi nion of Mr. Holt, Q.O , who considered that if the parish proceeded with a rejoinder to the report put in by the master aid wardens of the college, that a mare enlarged scheme would be propounded by the Lord Chancellor, both in respect to the number of poor brethren and sister, being increased, as well a: to the peer scholars, b tth in regard of the number and system of education.—Mr. Tomkina said that the " Poor Brethren" were receiving, besides rood, clothin. , and lodging, about 1.16/. a year; and that some years since use rental of the estate. amounted to 7,7811., and since then a number of leases bad fallen 'n.—lt was also stated that if the intentions of the testator were carried out four boys would constantly be kept at the University, which was not now the case.—Mr. Wright said he was educated at Dulwich, and he could speak from experience that the system of edu cation was most lamentable. The old scholars, to incite the boys, had, with the permission of the wardens, esta blished prizes, but they could only bestow them for pen manship ; they then proceeded to memorialise the visitor, hut were told by the master and wardens that they could not be allowed to interfere. The present Archbishop of Canter bury bad been memorialised, and he had said that he would take the earliest opportunity to institute an inquiry. He could give an instance of a lad educated there who, if he could luxe worked a sum in the single rule of three, won't' have obtained a situation at Goldsmith's-hell.—Mr. Ellis said that the master instead of receiving, as was anticipated by the founder, 801. or 100'. a year, was receiving 1,2001, the wardens in the same ratio.—The report was then adopted, and the vestry proceeded to other business. INQUESTS.—A CHILD POISONED.—VERDICT OF MURDER AGAINST ITS /MOTHER AND GRANDMOTHER.— Yest, relay the inquest on Mary Ann Theresa Dore, aged four months, lately residing with her mother at No. 4, Lower Grosvenor place, was brought to a close before Mr. Bedford, at the Molpas Arms, Charles-street, Grosvenor equare. The evidence previously heard has appeared in our report of the Westminster Police-court, and which proved that the child had died from arsenic. The following is the substance of the additional evi dence Given yesterday: Mr. Bream, surgeon, of Hyde, Isle of Wight, said that on Thursday, the 13th inst., he was called to attend the deceascl by the mother, who had just arrived in that town lei , h a female friend. He 'hund it 6uf _ _ ..... kring from violent sickness and vomiting, but he had no reason to believe that it bad taken poison, and he sent some medicine consisting of powders and mixture. The next morning he was called again, when the mother told him that the deceased had still been very sick, but that the last dose had remained on its stomach. He observed that a quantity of bile was mixed with what the deceased brought from its stomach, and judged it was labouring under lotus-snsception of the bowels. The mother then took the child back to London.—Mr. H. Waterworth, assistant to the last witness. said that he made up the medicine prescribed. The p-wder wss composed of two grnMs of mercury and chalk, and the mixture of ascruple of carbonate of soda and 16 grains of citric acid. There was no arsenic kept in the surgery.—E. S. Spry, sister of the mother of the deceased, said she re sided with the rest of the family, at Noe. 4 arid 5, Lower Grosvenor-place. The deceased had the thrush from a fort. night after its birth. The first change of importance she observed was on Wednesdey sight, when it appeared to have the stomachache, and the next morning Mr Wool. iner, the family medical attendant, was sent for, hut he was absent, and Mr. Driver, one of his suistants, arrived. The deceased was rot then vomiting. fhe surgeon was asked if a Tourney to the Isle of Wight would do the child harm, and he replied that it would not. Some medicine was sent, and at half. past eight o'clock the mother and child started for the Isle of Wight. The next day they bath returned, and on the day after, Saturday, the 11th, the child died. The child was fed sometimes on rusks. The mother and grandmother attended to it, but it anything improper had been given, witness must have seen it. They were both exceedingly fond of the chill—Mr. Rogers, mealy tical chemist, said he had analysed the medi cine prescribed by Mr. Woolmer's assistant, and found nothing of a deleterious nature. He added to his evidence, given on a former day, that the child must, from :he appear ance of the stomach, have taken the arsenic at least two days hefore death.—Mrs. Merton, of 28, Grosvenor-street West, E ston.equare, said she had had lodgings in the house 'beg with the deceased and the family, and it was she who took the mother and child to the Isle of Vslitht, in return for former kindness s she had resolved. The trip had been arranged for a fortnight. Witness rode in a first.class carriage, and the mother, to save expense, in a second-class. Crossieg over from Gosport to Hyde the child seemed in a great deal of pain and screams I dreadfully. The mother and grandmother sl we) s showed the utmost affection for the child.—Mrs. Spry, the grandmother, here said she kept iso arsenic in the house ; and Mrs. Dore, the me,' her, that she had never seen arsenic in her life.—Mr. S. Woolmer, assistant to his uncle, Woolmer, of Lower Victoria-row, described the compo sition of the medicine he had made up. The arsenic was ken: in a stoppered bottle, tied over with leather, on a high shelf. --The Coroner then summed up the evidence, and the jury, after a deliberation of two hours, returned the following verdict ; " That the deceased Mary Anne There a Dore came by her death by the administration of arsenic with the guilty knowledge of the persons in whore custody she was—viz., Mary Spry and Mary Ann Dore, and we find the said Mary Spry and Mary Ann Dore guilty of wilful mu:ler.' —Mrs. Spry, on hearing the verdict announced. e " I hope the Lord will (orgies you all, gentle. men."—Mrs. Dore ' the motor r,bnrst into tears.—They were both committed toNewgate.---(In r-fere• ce to a former repaid of the proceedings in this ease, Mr. Woolmer requests us to state that,he and Mr. Driver did not tion ass open cer tificate. " The evidence given," he says, " was that we found the bowels highly inflamed, and in a stye of lotus arts eeption ; this Mr. Driver. and myself, deeraid a sufficient e .use of death, aid wrote a certificate accordingly; at the same time, as we observed unusual appearances in the stomach, we transferred that to Professor Rodgers for analysis, and it was in consequence of the result of his investigation that the inquest was held."] COMBINATIONS AND STRIKES. There is no doubt that the main motive for support ing tradea unions, combination.', and strikes, has bean the desire of the working clams to keep up their condition, and to obtain for their services some remuneration beyond what is sufficient to preserve them in hare existence, u the ma chines by which their employers manufacture their com modities. These social anomalies may thus he viewed an the ss cuptoms of an uneasy feeling on the part of workmen, that to prevent them from being the mere slaves of the capitalist, hound to work on whatever wages will keep them aiive and able for their functions, they must surround themselves with restraints and reaervattorv, so that theyshall not alwass ba at the capit dists' biduing to come humbly to him when and where he wants them, and at his own terms. They aro a machinery for working out the alornative, that es be workmen, on the one hand, sometimes know what it is to desire employment without obtaining it, so the capitalist on his part may know what it is to dun to employ men without being able to obtain them, or at least without securing their services on his own terms. The object is just and laudable; the question is whether the means by which it is sought to be attained at e either fair or effectual. The spirit ot ccmpeti tion, and a entree to make their services valuable—the means by which the professional classes keep up their incomes and their position—are alternatives on which the timid and indolent are loth to rely. A limitet . on of the numbers who are permitted to occupy themselves in any particular labour ippears to them a far simpler and surer method of their end. for they know enough of political economy to assured that if a thousand hands could be employed, an cl e,ii/h.t4h:fistdbrie.d. number b allowed r to et ,oittveer moret hir for hie . ge g' reti e ach i ce, tb he would if the supply of borkmen were unlimited The inju of such an arrangement, how yet, may surely be fairly considered a defect. If • offers to perform piece of work tor me for half • crown, and B prevents him, violently taking the work into his own hands, and making me pay five shillings for it, there can be no cavil or question that he commits •he grossest injustice on the consumer whom he cenpi is to buy from himself at a high price, and on the ellow-workman whom he prohibits trim working at the wages that would content him, and drives cut of the market. Ali limitation of number, and fining of hours, are but the accomplishment of this injustice. The committee fix sir h are a day as the period cf work; there are men willing to work seven or eight hours fur the market valor of their labour, but they are not permitted to sell it. Yet the pla curds and advertisements in which these tyrannical interfe reoces are embodied generally enlar'e on "the sacredness of the rights of labour," " the workman's inalienable privi lege," and " the tyranny of interfering wish the poor men's espital—his r ght to take his labour to the best market." Alas, poor se fish human nature is as vividly exhibited here as in the magniloquently lauded motives that have led to higher monopolies and wider restrictions. The liberty demanded corresponds too closely with the American's desire of freedom to wallop his own nigger. The sacrednese of the rights lahnur is the sacred right of the unionist to mono polise it to himself, and let the free-trader starve. It is one of the most incomprehensible of all social pheno mena that the large masses of the humbler orders on whom these monopolies press with great severity should have so long submitted to them. The 'rimes so frequently perpe trated—the assaults, the throwing of corrosive fluids in the face to destroy the eye-sight, the assassinations—then the strong tyranny necessary to support so gross an injustice ! la a great strike there may he a thousand men whose wives and children are starving at home, and who could comfortably support them on the weer they are offered and would take, hut the secret committee says " no," and they must descend into beggary and idleness rather than fulfil their duties as good. ' citizens. In an article in the Edinbu rgh R, view for April, 1838, I it is shown that when 650 spinners struck week in Preston for thirteen weeks in 1836, they drove out of employment 1,3 B) piecers, 6,100 card-room hands and weaver, and 420 over lookers, packers, &c. Thus were 8,500 prone, besides an undefinable number of clerks, porters, waggoners, &c , doomed to all the horrors of idlene-s for more than a quarter of a year by the despotic order of a small secret committee. It is not unelessing to re fleet that it is spec the authors of these cruel movements that the calamity generally fells hardest. The time when s strike is usually planned is of course the moment when it will most severely paralyse the capitalist. If he have heavy bills to meet, or a difficult cone tract to perform• then comes, at the order of the hidden com mittee, tt e suicidal cessation of work. If the capitalist can weather the storm, he winds up his affairs at the time of quiet and retires from the dander, to invest kis money in some other place. The Messrs. Alexander, of Dunfermline, who were the chief employers in their district, have thus lately been driven out of it, and the hands they employed must go elsewhere, or remain idle. Too &tea, however, the workmen ara successeil ; and the capitalist, fairly defeated, goes into the Gazette, bringing dowu in his ruin all to whom he gave employment. Thus a man offered his evidence before the combination committee of 1838, whose occupation at the time was breaking stones at Si. a week. Ho had been employed in the calico printing establehmetit of Meer'. Barr and Co., of Kelyindock, at from 30s. to 365. a week. He planned a well-timed strike—it was perfectly successfuL Meier. Barr gnye way and became hankrupt, and the tri umphant workmen reaped their own ruin. As there is no law to prevent the workmen combining to raise warms or limit the numb, r employed, so there is on tee other hand none to prevent the employ sr looking elsewhere, or to prevent other men ready to accept his terms from doing so. When the workman establishes a nature] monopoly in bin own skill and ability it is not easily infringed, end at all events whatever nvalship he may he subjected to must rise up gradually around him, perhaps teacbing him as it makes progress how still to keep hie lead. But the artificial mopopely attempted to be preserved try force too often disappears instantar.eously at the time when it is meet secure. The merneat the employers can bring into operation a set of ni w hands t° e numbers of the trade are doubled, and the uuionists subjeetee to the men ruinous competition. Among a class from whose intelligence better things might have been expected —the compositors of Edinburgh—there was lately a strike against the introduce tion of apprentices. Many of the masters at some inomve nienee allowed the men to take their ciurse, encouraged hands from other places, induced young men rapidly to learn their art, and thus weathered the storm. In the meantime came :he depression of trade. The prise pal home in the business t ecame bankrupt, and the new hands with the few men who hau kept out of the strike were quite sufficient to supply all the demand for letterpress printing. When the unionists had exhausted their fuels, they awoke to the true misery to which they hail brought al selves, and many of them, a year ago making condonable incomes, and supporting their eimilies in decent comfort, might be lately sten applying fur relief to the mmmittee tor detributiog a fund collected for the one mpleyed. So they erect their paltry embankment, and believe that they are stopping the natural stream of red..; hut the II sod accumu lating behind, bursts through at last and overwhelms them. In the report of 1844, " On the Mining pdpmation in parts of Scotland and Staffordshire," it is observed that all the attempts of the colliers to keep a monopoly and arti ficially lima the amount of work only tend to increase their numbers. It is part of their monopoly system that their own children are admissible to participate in their labour to the exclusion of strangers, and thus the parent is tempted to set his son to work fur the purpose of counteracting the repletion which limits the amount of coal he is himself entitled to excavate—the restriction of this " dug," as it is termed. For tbi se reasons, the report proceeds to say: " Their numbers are being continually increased by impro vident and early marriages ' and by the habit of bringing up every son to be a collier, by which they seek to evade the effect upon their wages of this very regulation. Thee are (either increased by the combination, and stiekes. Whoa the masters find that their men are attempting to impose unreasonable terms upon them, they are compelled to intro duce new men into their pits. Tame are generally Irish labourer, who, ain a few weeks, learn to peat coals, and in time become teleree ly expert collie:,. Tee n embers itaro ducted in - c the various collieries in Lanarkshire within the last few years are stated to amount to nearly 4,000, or one. fourth a the whole number employed. There is sometimes a struggle before they are allowed by the other men to pursue their work quietly ; hut in the end low gains the day, and tine new hands become permanently engrafted on the trade. The first consequence of this is, that from the superabund ance of men seeking employment, a competitien arises, which tends to bring down the rate of wages. The difficulty bt, that under their artificial system of restriction, one-filth I more mess are at work as colliers than would be required un- ' der a system of free labour. If every fifth man could be die penseil with, four might keep to themselves the wages which must now he distributed among five; but the fifth man, ' having be n brought in by the acts of the other four, it is no easy matter to get rid of him, even were it not unjust to en deavour to do so precipitately." (37-38.) But the main mectical mischief of them unhappy mgani sations has yet to be stated. They area system for imposing penalties on industry and enterprise. They keep the eager of the strong, the active, the enternrising, and the intelli gent, down to the level of what can he made by the weak, the indolent, the thoughtless, and the stupid. They predate in the labour market to some extent the s ffeet that would be produeed in law and literature, if the head of the bar were prehibited from making more than his briefiem neigh- boar, or Bislwer or Dickens were kept to the level cf the penura liner. No one can mess di-covering illustrations at this sal fact, if he open any one of the multitudinous volumes on wages and labour that have from time to time been laid before parliament. The report already cited states that the colliers "have for many years past placed themselves under regulations as to the umount of their labour which, had they been attempted to be enforced by tee authority of any government whatsoever in any country calling itself civili-ed, wound have roused the indignation of every thinking man, as egainst an act of the most intolerable despotism." " Thew regulations are based on the irrate.nal principle of allowing no one m en to do more weik than another; of foreleg into an unnatural equality of earnings the young and the old, the strong sail the weak, the industrious and the idle ; a certain dayta week, called the darg,' is fined, which the collie,. theme lees allow no one to exceed. The young MIA desireut to employ his strength and industry to accumulate a little money . before marrying; the young man newly . married one an xi ous to lay up a little store against the p inching time when be is Bringing up his cfiildren; the young sail iedustrems and active father of a growing family, wishing ti clutec and educate them properly—each of these is elleeed to tarn nu more, though he could get through hie yeanety in tie hours, than the old man who takes ten hours to do tee sine work. The Barg' is regulated by the carat i.y of the a Act. men, and the yonneer are compelled to cent arm to it." —(P. 32.) The results are shown in the simplest arithmetic, Take one instance from among many in the rate reject " At the Gartsherric works, the men in sense of the pits broke through the rule, and worked within: restriction for some menthe in 1940 and lett. The result we. a. (01115,5: ' Splint' coal. wages 2s. Gd. per ton, month ended Nov; miler 1841, 37 unrestricted men earned die/. ; 48 restricted men earned 1751.. The 43 in proportion to the -17 ought to have earned 216/; difference, ell. The advantege, therefore, to the unrestricted, amounted to nearly 17r. Id. per anectk per man."--(P. 34.) This was the average advantage; the pecuniary benefit to those who were speciall active and industrious must have been much greater. A fortnig ht extract was taken from the pay-sheet of the Govan Free Labour fieciet. The lowest sum in the scale it exhibited was "J. Jack, aril RI, 11. Os. 2d. ;" and so it went gradually upw.rds te " Peter Lawson, aged 31, 21. 13s. 7d." One of the mtnagers of the Shottts Iron Works stated to the commissioners: " In 1837 we insisted on the men bra eking through the rule by which they restricted their labour. They stood out against it for four months, when they gave in. Sines that, every man has done as much work as he pleased. Many of our men colliers and others have saved money. We have had a branch of the savings bank here for three year. The amount in it is nearly 6001. I believe that °O et le sat of our colliers have saved coned• cable sums of money. All this is since 1837, for daring the strike in that year they were stripped bare. Indic year we had 160 in our employ. We added 30 in 1842 and 36 more in 1843, so that the savings of any amount have been made by the original 150. char emir ate fortnightly. Only one of onr colliers draws ktepleleme fore the end of the forte ight. Within the last tee- monde "..tiseeset sit of our colliers went away to Australia, and tbiessiee-Mereeee I. ' nada, each with from 301. to 1001.; also, about - 26 leintligretW e o have been built in the village, principally out of Ne. of others of our collion."—(r. 3.5.) .1 *e : • Z...7:171 X • , . . I 1