The Express. — London, England, 1847-12-30 00:00:00

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I min paa ToXleasow— Mamas& X W. MX 4. AXXX.X. 10 W. 1. , . I. LONDON,THURS'DAY,DEC. 30. le may be conducive to the peace of the chunk. but it is by no means so to the excitement and mann meat of the public, that Hula VIII. and his am should have; taken to their royal selves and ethos the nomination of the prelates of the kingdom. Weee such dignities conferred, as of old, deco et pep" me should indeed have stirring canvasses, and a fond dable display of theological artillery at each e election. Royal nomination was, however, the alp mode at that time of ensuring anything like unity ere concord in the church. And most certainly the crown, in assuming the power, did not intend to assume also the liberty of at one time nominating a pre late of Romanish leanings, which was to be counter balanced at the next oppectunity by the similar elevation of tome low churchman, whose nolo episcopari was in principle at least sincere. The iuste milieu WY not known in those days. And although it reveals of j necessity in these times, we are not surprised that churchmen should not comprehend, and should protest against it. Seeing and knowing the stuff of which bishops, and even wbig bishops, have been made, we must own we were not surprised to find a rural dean on the farthest verge of England entertain the conviction that the nomination of a liberal divine of a theolo- gian who had dared to inquire—was an enormity that could not take place. Why the rural data should swell himself into an antagonist of the first minister of the crown, might indeed require explana tion. But when we learn that the dean had ac tually preached before the Queen Dowager and so charmed her by his orthodoxy, that her Majesty had not onl _y_ made him dean, but actually prevailed on King WILLIAM THE FOURTH, on his death-bed, to beg of Lord Meteotricist that he should be a bishop, then, indeed, we are not in the least surprised at the dean'e indignation to find, not only another cleric put over his head, but a cleric of altogether an oppo site school. We do not wish to be hard upon Dr. MERE wrrans, who is punished enough by having lived beyond his age. In the day s __ of Lords ELDort and DIiOUTH, and of GEORGE in, he would have been in the ascendant, and a most inevitable bishop. But times are changed. There is none of ',the old pig-tail school left in the House of Commons, although there are still some specimens in the House of Lords, and in the country parts of England. Ideas and classes are more long-lived in the church, and there we are not surprised to find that the speci mens, which do remain of the thorough old church tory, should put forward an indefeasible claim to the mitre. We are very glad for the church's sake, and still more for Lord JOHN'S, that he has given roof to the old tory churchmen that their right divine is at an end. Although, this was probably done without in tention. We dare say that LordJomsß minx was even more startled than the public to Had that an opposi tion was set up to his nomination of a bishop, who had dared to inquire and ratiocinate at the university. Few statesmen have shown stronger episcopal lean ings than our present Premier. He has "misdated for the right reverend bench in a more of ways, which have not a little contributed to his unpopularity with his own liberal friends ; and in truth his lordship nearly jeopardised his election for London by his subservience to the prelates. The cry at Guildhall of " No more bishops " is not yet out of our:ears. And still we find Lord Jolter, so re cently almost a martyr to episcopacy, mailed by these same prelates because of the nomination of Dr. Ilex ' , nets. What was Dr. HAMPDEN'S crime ? It was that of having penetrated into the Kosmos of theology—of having stirred and unwound the swathing clothes of scholastic science which had enwrapped its in fancy —of having examined and traced the forme of expression and terminology in which the tenets of our faith are conv eyed . oci In executing this task Dr. HAnenew did seri to es the Eng lish church, in the old form ulas and creeds of which there is much that is repulsive and severe, and illi beral in form. Need we appeal to thousands of de vont believers in the Trinity and in every essential article of the English church, who are nevertheless shocked at the wording of the Athansian Creed P The researches of Dr. HAWDEN were directed to wards as historical explanation of how these terms and these forms came to be need. His lectures were calculated to reconcile thousands to the church. This is his crime. And the question be tween Dr. Hampden and his opponents is, comprehen siveness or exclusiveness, which is best for the church ? It is very remarkable, that throughout all the theological disputes of late year', the dominant hies with every inquirer, every innovator, every ar= . , bee been, sot so much actual truth, as the finial effects likely to result to religion hem certain tenets and form of worship. The tanoterlans looked to authority to restore the vitality, rity, universality of religion. Their OW li&d more in tolerance and ream. at mis take of the former is, that, whelks their view be right or not, it rens too much emir to the spirit, habits, ideas, and progress of the Ise to admit of its realisation being possible. Our . age will never ac cept authority :. our age will inquire. And if inquiry, or the having inquired, be constituted a crime by the English church, and by the university which is its source, then the English church must become an iso lated, antiquated thing, apart from the age, not in it, or of it. —. There is not an article or tenet in the English church to which Dr. HAMPDEN has not given his so- lemn adhesion. The Ames requires on the Bishop's part a renewal of that adhesion. Let the limes open Archdeaoon Henes pamphlet, p. 25, and it will fled Dr. HAMPDEN'S dec lara tion quoted from his Inangn- ral Discourse, as fervent and as full as the most de vout trinitarian could require. The difference between the contending parties in the ohe,oh—betwixt Dr. Baur-DEN an las foes—is not one of tenets, but of tendencies and character. The doubt is not as to what is true, bat as to how truth is best maintained and expanded—by the inquisitcaial and proscriptive sys tem, or by the raUmd and the tolerant Otte of the accusations made by his enemies against M. GIIIZOT, has been that he is solely a foreign politician, or a mere theorist in the ab stract science of government But, as to a knowledge of great ind questions, of the country's material wants, dangers, or development, M. OUIZOT was pro- nounced to bs comparatively ignorant. And this was put forward as a great bar to his advancement to the poet of Prime Minister. M. Gutscrr seems determined to refute this asser tion, as he hes already made efforts to refute that e the r reproach of his being unfit to advance the catho lic and religious interests of the country. The royal speech addressed to the Chambers on Tuesday, dwells very briefly and trippingly on foreign questions, re serving its full breath and emphasis for reform in finance and for other important matters connected with popular interests and public improvement. The liberals have been agitating through all the towns of France, but agitating not ea much for any special reform as against the theories and tendencies of government. M. Ocizor meets this agitation by ' measures of material improvement. The reduction of the milt duties is the financial measure roost grateful to the lower orders in France, and not only to the lower order, bat to agrionitarista in general, who, CC account of the dearness of salt, sre unable Woosapete with the Germans in the fattening of mtgs. The malt duties in Prance produce very nearly . three millions sterling. A reduction of two-thirds of the duty has been proposed, which would not, even at first, produce, it is thought, a loss of more than half the duty, to be amply made up in time by increased consumption. In this, and in the proposed reduction i of the rate of postage, the French government is honourably following in the wake of England. Whilst the royal speech pats forward these and other measures of domestic improvement, it keeps foreign questions in the background. It does not, as anal, assume a Taunting tone respecting them. M. GUIZOT does not boast the' year of extending French infloence, which is tottering , in Spain, and has been most happily and signally defeated in Switzerland. The speech is unusually modest on these points, and, instead of provoking discussion, as likely to redound to ministerial glorification, on the contrary, depre cates and avoids it. England is alluded to, as having determined, with France, on measures which meat restore peace and commerce in the Rio de la Plata. The paragraph of the speech most looked to was of coarse that relative to Switzerland. But this merely mentions the understanding into which France had en tered with England as well as other powers to offer its mediation. It thus passes sub Wientio the deter mined wish of M. GUIZOT to interfere and to mediate ri et amnia, after all object of mediation was over in the submission of one of the contending parties. This wish was manifested by the presentation of the French note after England bad withdrawn from the mediation, and the persistence of the French govern ment organ in demanding a congress, and the open ing of diplomatic hostilities with Switzerland. M. GUIZOT, however, now abandons, before the chamber, that fierce and implacable attitude to- I wards the Swiss liberals which he maintained all through the recess. It is said that he has abandoned that language of defiance in the , speech chiefly at the instance of the con servative majority. The conservative majority, however, in Parisian phrase, means the body of conservatives hostile to M. GUIZOT. SO that the very words and tone of the speech announce the minister's defeat on this question—a defeat no less sensible for having taken place behind the parlia mentary scene. How the dispute will be acted on the stage or at the tribune of the Chamber, remains yet to be tried. Let M. GUIZOT, in his own speeches and in the royal speech, be mild as partible, there are his despatches on the subject, which cannot fail to be published, and which, if published entire, are sure to reveal the full rancour of the French Foreign-office against Switzerland. On this subject we shall of coarse have animated debates, as well as upon the affairs of Italy, slurred over in the speech. Nor will the absence of a paragraph upon Spain prevent allusion to the unquiet state of affairs in that country, where the very agent sent by France to re erect the Moderado and Afranceeado standard has abandoned it,and found it necessary to lay the founds tions of ministerial power, if such can be raised, upon a national basis. The varying views of the courts of St. James and the Tuileries, evinced by the latter in misting on the proscription of the Duke of Vicronv, whilst that grandee and his family are the honoured guests of Queen Vlcroars at Windsor, cannot bat strike the attention of French orators. . . --- Whatever, however, may be the difference between the views and policy of Great Britain and Franoe with regard to certain questions and countries, the royal speech of Tuesday cannot be considered, as other than moat pacific. Indeed, we scarcely ever recollect one so totally devoid of vaunt or menace. It makes no mention of fleets and armies; whilst dominant parties in England are for stopping railways and training the navvies either to throw up fortifications or drill for soldiers, the French government apatite of coming forward itself to aid the completion of the great lines; of communication. It is indeed singular how the humour of the two nations does alternate and run by contraries. When the French were all for war and for conquest, perfidious Albion, the object of their hatred, was as tranquil and pacific as an enemy could desire. Whilst now that the enemy has been appeased, and turned attention to more pa cific matter., the Englishman, of a sudden, gets in a panic, not at the present, but the past, and declares that, instead of minding his trade or pro feasion, he must buy armour, and learn how to buckle iton. . . . . We are not without very great hopes that the coming debates in Um Frim Chamber will, by their spirit, oorroborate the view which we have taken on this question, as well as upon foreign policy in generaL The bull of "GEORGE AINAISTUS SELWYN, by divine permission Bishop of New Zealand," is be ginning to excite discussion. A controversy has been begun in the columns of the Times between a " Dor. within Rector," who tells us he " is not a philomi- Unlit "—a matter which, if he have any title to his nom de, guerre, he may settle with his bishop—and Mr. R. J. AKEFIELD, whose family have taken so promi nent apart in the affairs of New Zealand. Mr. WAKE FIELD'S share in the controversy has as yet been con fined to convicting (which he does moat successfully) his antagonist of gross ignorance of the subject he professes to write about. The soi-dieant " Dorset. shire Rector " does little more than assume that the missionaries and natives are aggrieved, and uplift a hymn in praise of Dr. SELWYN and episcopal dema gogues in generaL The subject requires a more thorough scrutiny than Mr. WAKEFIELD has yet be stowed, or than the " Doreetshire Rector " seems capable of bestowing on it. Dr. finwirN, in the somewhat papal reecript he has been pleased to issue, quotes these words from a despatch of Earl GREY : " The savage inhabitants of New Zealand have no right of property in land which they do not occupy, and which has remained numb dued to the purposes of man." Against this doctrine our " bishop b 7 divine permission" feels himself, "as head of the missionary body, called upon to protest ;" and.he follows up his protest by sendtng a cartel to the SECRETARY of the COLONIES, informing him that he is resolved, " God being his helper, " to use all legal and constitutional means be fi tting hi s station " to in form the people of New Zealand of their rights and privileges as British subjects, and to assist them in asserting and maintaining them, whether by petition to the British parliament, or other loyal and peaceable means." - Before proceeding to criticiee more closely this valorous manifesto, it is necessary to observe that our clerical Quixote is couching his lance against an ab stract opinion which Earl Gm has never proposed to make the rule of his conduct in New Zealand. The doctrine challenged by Bishop SeLwree is only men tioned incidentally as what might have afforded a rule for the conduct of government bad the settlement of New Zeeland been to begin de novo. It is, indeed, the doctrine recognised by the weightiest speculative authorities on this difficult question, and sanc tioned, moreover, by repeated judicial decisions both in this country and America; but it wag declared inapplicable to the peculiar circumstances of New Zealand by Earl GREY in the very despatch frees whirls the bishop makes tits garbled extract. " While I laid down what I consider the better prin ciple," say! Earl Gast, commenting on the episcopal explosion in a subsequent despatch to thii governor of New Zealand, " I endeavoured carefully to guard myself against being supposed to enforce it as appli cable to the present state of New Zealand ; and I be• lieve that I succeeded in doing so. I expressly in formed you that in point of fact you were not in a position to act upon that princip le, and that, from past transactions , a state of things ion arisen, in which a strict application of it was mpossible. I stated my belief that ' the right of the crown cannot now be asserted to large tracts of waste land which particular tribes have been taught to call their own.' I directed you, in the strongest language, 'to main- tain those rights of the native tribes to land which you have already recognised.' " The secular agitation, therefore, which the bishop, in such solemn and awe-inspiring language, has an nounced himself about to commence, is directed not against any actual contemplated, or even suspected, measure of government, but against an abstract meta physical opinion—an heretical notion regarding the origin of the right of property in land, which has got into the heads of her Majesty's ministers. To con fute this unsound doctrine, he appeals, not to his own little Sorbonne in " St. John's Coll , Bishop's Auck landnbut to those eminent doctores urn, Hotel Heim, and Naze WALKER. He is about to aasembls public meetings of the various New Zealand tritekand relent their decision on this knotty point. He is going to tell them that the security of their posses sions depends on its being rightly oohed. In short, Bishop BELWIII'B "loyal and peaceable methods" fo r jamming , the natives of New Zealand " of their rights and privileges as British subjects," cannot fail y-••*- THE ' EXPRESS, THU rim to mama of whisk the ' the manufacturing LSDAY : to give ...sotto . torah-light meet in hold m , districts by the gs disciples of O'Cosson, OefrrlAN and the Rev. J. R. STEPHENS, and the sacking of the Bull-riog at Bir mingham, are but faint prototypes. If incendiary lan guage addressed to our working classes, many of whom have been educated, all are unarmed, and all accustomed from infancy to regard the law and its ministers as powerful, could stir them up to such floods of mutiny, what are we not to expect from similar dreamy expositions of imaginary rights, blended with appeals to the interests and prejudices of a moon-savage audi ence, composed of men accustomed and prom pt to refer all injuries (real or supposed ) to the decision of arms ? And to strengthen himself for this TERRY ALT school of agitation, Bishop EieverYte clothes himself with a divine commission after a fashion which pro testants have been rarely accustomed to in their clergy, and which forms the chief burden of the eli minations with which the very protestant among our countrymen load the Bishop of Rona. There is something very grotesque and incongruous in the alliance suggested by Dr. SELWYN'S affectation of speaking as " the head of the missionary body by whose influence and representations the native obit& were induced to sign the treaty of Waitangi? This description, by the way, applies only to a section of the missionary body in New Zealand. Until lately, these church missionaries had only one or two stations south of the estuary of the Thames, and even that narrow field, the northern pe ninsula, was pretty equally halved between them and the Wesleyan missionaries, while the Roman catholic bishop, PORPALLIRR, poa ched (in their estimation) largely on the preserves of both. The influence of the body of which Bishop SP-LW TN claims to be head, was very limited in New Zealand, and was even worse in quantity than in quality. The church missionaries previously to 1841 consisted of three or four clergy men (some of whom had been originally naval officers, and retained a good deal of the Hawser Trunnion in their composition) and some lay assistants, unedu cated mechanics. The original plan of the mission was to civilise the natives as preparatory to Christianising them, and to this end much of the at tention both of the lay and clerical members was devoted to farming and other gainful secular pursuits. The missionaries begot sons and daughters, and the society at home allowed them to acquire in property a sufficient amount of land for the support of each child. The mission became thus effectively secular- Mid, except in so far as the retention of an ecclesi astical character gave it po'wer over the natives, and enabled it to persuade the British government to dia. courage or prevent all competition against its land acquiring speculations on the part of mere laymen. The selfish, vulgar, worldly . character developed amongst the resident missionaries in New Zealand, in these circumstances, prompted the most active and reckless opposition on their part to all attempts to introduce colonisation and settled government into all parts of New Zealand to which their influence extended. The folly of the first go vernor in admitting members of the mission to hold executive offices, added to the mischief. To their intrigues there can be no doubt mach of the blood that has been shed in New Zealand is attributable. With such men Bishop Sktvrtte could have few sympathies. He is emphatically a gentleman and a scholar ; brave, accomplished, of elegant tastes. He has nothing in common with the sordid traders in pions professions we have been describing. But he is lan ambitious churchman; one who, it is true, sin cerely wishes to see men happy, but happy according to his views of what is right, and under his con troL He is better read in books than in men. His own ideas are dearer to him than his fellow creatures : he can bear to use the latter to promote the former. " Tout pour figlise" is his motto. He denied the claim of the Wesleyan converts to partake of the Loan's Supper, because they had not been baptised with the sign of the cross. And thus it has come that he has con trived to conquer his natural repugnance to the individuals whose head he now proclaims him self to be : their professions give him a hold upon them which he has on no other class—he can compel them to work out his ends under the penalty of being con victed of h . In return, he pretends to take them for what they give themselves out to be ; and, having thus once transgressed the limits of . perfect frankness and sincerity, his downward path is easy. Borne of his moat estimable qualities now only render him more dangerous ; his courage becomes reckless ness ; his geniality of disposition seduces men to pal liate and tolerate his dangerous policy. He has be come the pledged leader of a faction, and that one of the least scrupulous (in as far as its narrow sphere admits of) on record. The Dorsetahire Rector" waxes eloquent on the magnanimity which Dr. Betwere will display when the emoluments of his diocese shall be taken from him. It will be time enough to discuss that question when he has done everything to render each treatment unavoidable. At present no one thinks about it, exse pt the Dorsetakire romans - writer . Dr. Fixtvres is paid—not by the government—not by the colonists--but by the associated partisan! of the New Zealand mission. Nevertheless, it is evident that the bishop is • dangerous addition to the inflammable mate rials which abound in New Zealand. He will re quire to be reminded that protestants are not ac customed to allow their clergymen to throw their divine mission into the scale when mere temporal matters are being weighed; and that while the civil power ought scrupulously to abstain from encroach ing on the sphere of the spiritual, it neglects its duty if it shrinks from enforcing a corresponding absti nence in return. Tax criminal returns recently presented to the members of both houses of parliament, contain matter of grave interest at the present moment—not only to those more immediately connected with proposed re forms in oar penal system, but to the public generally. Probably no great national question is surrounded with so many difficulties of various kinds u that of criminal science and its administration. These diffi culties exist, in the first plue, in the very nature of the subject itself—involving, as it necessarily does, many of the fundamental, yet controverted, principles of moral, social, and political science; but they are not a little complicated and increased by the fact of some not very profound views having gained cur rency amongst certain classes as to the Jurisdiction of society in the matter of life and death: more especially as the legal forms, provided by the constitution for the administration of the law, afford to these well meaning but, we think, mistaken individuals the power of interrupting the course of justice. They set their theories up against the manotioni of the law, and in the name of mercy seek to minimise the ap portionment of pain to the cdfender. On abstract grounds they as. peesibly right—but society is con crete, not abstract ; it bas to be desk with, by prao tical men, in the rough. One cannot break stones with the sculptor's implements. We us not Dis count& We have no faith in excessive • ts. The infliction of unnecessary pain we ould etzenn ously denounce as absurd as well as inhuman. We have no objection even to the abolition of extreme penalties, as soon as they can be dispensed with, with increased, or even with equal security to society—but not till then. In the meanwhile it is highly desirable that we pro oeed in our reforms and alterations of the existing law, with great caution—consulting, where it is pos sible to do so, such authentic facts as our experienoo may furnish as we advance, making our rogress. even if it be slow, certaia--and thus provid e against the waste of time, energy, and wealth, in prosecuting a false path which we might subsequently find our selves under the painful necessity of retracing. In the present date of theoretical penal science, with such uncertainty ea to the play of motives in crimi nals, and while the existing anarchy prevails as to the relation and effect of punishment on crime—real bead fide statistics constitute the only safe basis on which to form a judgment tut to the best way of prooeeding in the work of reform. In this sense, the criminal tables for 1846 contain matter both of encouragement and warning--encou- Tegument to go on, and warning u to the direction. During the present decade the total numbers of the commitments in England and Wales, for each parti ' cular year, have been u follow: 1840, 27,187 ; 1841, 27,760 ; 1842, 31,309 ; 1843, 29,591 ; 1944, 26,542; 1845, 24,303 ; 1846, 25,107. The figures offer occa pica hr grave congratulation. The gradual dimina tion is spread pretty eivally over the eeelees al the whole ooantry. It evidently arias hem general, sot from load, curses, and is therefore the more eatillee tory. The tables for Ireland exhibit a state of ha- I provernent almost parallel. In that country the gross t :VEXING, DECEMBER 30, 1847. committals wean : 1840, 23,831 ; 1841, 20,796 ; 1842,1 21,186 • 1843, 20,128 ; 1844, 1 9 , 448 ; 1845, 16,696 ; 1848, 18,792. Both countries show an inertia* of crime in 1846 over 1845—but in both, that augment ation still leaves At balance in their favour against the commitments for 1844 and the previous years. This fluctuation prom that regular decrease, which from 1842 had become the rale, admits of natural and unforced explanation—without any reference to the supposition that the spirit of criminality has become more active. The year was one of almost unparalleled distress. The privations of 1842, when crime ran up to its maximum, were not by many degrees so severe. To those who know how much the ...r--especially in the manufacturing counties—have • • a tried, it is matter of wonder that offences against the law have been so few. That they have been so is a significant and cheering evidence that better influences and sounder notion' are at work amongst the masses than have hitherto been found to operate with them. On the other hand, while crime generally, with more or lees of incidental fluctuation, is gradually diminishing, certain species of crimes are alarmingly on the increase : the increase being almost uniform?, in those departments in which penal concessions have been made to the ultra-humane tendencies of the age. This is especially the case in the more serious crimes— namely, each as, before the mitigation of punishment commenced in 1832, were capital offences, attempts to murder, rape, burglary, arson, forgery, &c. For the five years ending in 1831—i. e., before the alterations in the criminal law took place —the number of com mitments for attempt at murder in England and Wales was 453; for the five years ending 1846, they numbered 1,099! The charges for rape in the same periods were 252 for the former, 597 for the latter. Those for burglary were 1,299 in the first, against 2,701 in the last ; those for arson, 212 against 581 ; those for forgery, 240 against 706. These terrible augmentations have occurred in the face of a general diminution of crime, se webers already shown: while the crime of murder, still capital, has not increased in any proportion—the numbers for each lustre of the last twenty years being:-1826 to 1831-317: 1831 to 1836-355: 1836 to 1841-284: 1841 to 1846-360: being 28 more for the first ten years than for the second. These statistics suggest a horrible presumption as to what would probably be the result of rendering murder non-capital. We-should not agree with those publicists who would accept these tables as a warrant for a return to the severer penalties of former times ; but while we should reject the arguments which they offer, as inconclusive for such a purpose, we would in terrogate them win and again before we ventured to advance still furt he r in the same direction. Until some mode of punishment as terrible as death, and as likely to operate with equal power to deter, be dis covered, we should tremble at the idea of abolishing death-punishments. We are not without hope, that , such may be found—a mode of expiation of a leas irremediable nature than execution ; bat until that is devised, and proved to be effective, it would betray a s lack of ordinary prud ence to suspend a punishment which statistics prove to act as a powerful preventative. Bat again, it is only fair to suggest that probably one of the causes of the increase of those serious crimes which are not now capital is to be found in the uncertainty of the punishment attached to their commission. For several years past penal science in England has been in a state of prolonged crisis. While extreme penalties have been abolished altogether, the system of secondary punishments has been in a state of the utmost anarchy. Before, the culprit knew his fate well; it stood before him—fixed—speedy—ter rible. There was no hope, juggle, or equivocation about a death sentence. On those which have been substituted for it there have been every kind of doubt—as to their reality, their amount, and the mode of suffering them. There is evidence to show that this doubt—unavoidable perhaps in a period of experiment and transition like the present—has exer cised great influence over the minds of criminals in diminishing the terrors of the law. This uncertainty should be put an end to with all possible despatch. There ought to be no misconception in the country on this point. Certainty, promptitude, severity, are all necessary elements of prevention : the notion that any one of these is relaxed should be avoided as a fatal mistake. If our present scale of punishments is to be maintained something must be done to render it more operative. How it is to be rendered more operative, which of the penal theories now prevailing is best adapted to render it such, is a question too large to be entered upon here : but we shall have only too frequently occasion to re turn to the subject. Enough for the present that we have pointed out the terrible increase of the more serious crimes—cotemporsuieously with as remark- able a diminution of general criminality throughout the country—and indicated the necessity of arrang ing our system of secondary punishments so as to give to them a character more calculated to deter : a change which may probably be effected without materially, if at all, diminishing the humane hope of reforming the criminal. PRUSSIA.—LORD PALMERSTON AND BVirMIER. LAND.—Tke following article appears in the Cologne Gazette of the 28th of December: " Berlin, Dec. 24.—The personal views of Lord Palmerton should not be left out of cone, devotion when reference is made to the conduct of England with regard to Swiss affairs. He has frequently proved that he knows too well on what side victory will lean in the forthcoming change of affairs in Europe, not to set up Eng. land as the protector of that side, and thus secure for his country • new point of support which will ezoeed all others in stability. It will be remembered by many that in the year 1835, when the great subscription for Mazzini and others was raised, ' a friend ' forwarded 1001. sterling. That friend was Lord Palmerston himself, who thus already showed that he entertained a true idea of the state of affairs. Soma of our readers, too, will not fail to recollect the report of H. Leming (who about that time was murdered near Zurich), addressed to the Prussian government, respecting the posture amain in Switzerland, and in which he traced the relation in which Lord Palmers ton stood to the Swiss liberals_speaking of the noble lord as of one who, standing behind the scenes, directed, in a certain measure, the movements of those who appeared on the stage. We do not place implicit reliance on the reports of one Who was paid for acting as • spy ; but they su ffi ciently show how much was expected from his lordship by the liberal clubs in Switzerland. Lord Palmerston has kept his word ; he is • friend to that party which heretofore have built their hopes on him. In fact the noble lord, like • true friend be hind the scenes, directs at this moment the acting men of that party. Otherwise, how can one account for the simid tensions ezhibitione by the Diet of that moderation, that practical tact, and that just appreciation of what it is pos sible and proper to do, in order to do away with the possibility of foreign interference? Can we say of Sir Stratford Canning lees than Lord Lansdowne, on she 14th inst., said of Lord Mint°, " That he had been sent to give friendly advice. And that friendly advice as proved by the recent proceedings of the Diet, has found ready acquiescence, as it did,with Ochsenbein. It is to be hoped that the Diet will continue to show the same spirit of acquiteminee, in order that the fanatical conservative oppo sition, which is not lees dangerous than the fanaticism of the dad as opportunity to Lay be hoods upon the '••• % • . & 1 4•-•411r% N •A 71 . \ • • several of our carbines were up to shoot him, he escaped, and we saw no more of him that day. We proceeded then to take what cattle, spears, &a., we could lied, descended from the hill, bringing some prisoners with us, and very quietly began to light the fires for breakfast. The water was just boiling, when we disco tared, on a moderate calculation, 12 or 14,000 Saffirs, many well mounted, and all with firearms, on each side of the defile through which we had to pass. We had 22 miles to go to Fort Hare, our horses had not tasted food that day, nor had, in fact, we ourselves, whilst every minute the enemy grew stronger and more formidable. We dared not stay where we were all night, or every one would have been massacred. Whilst the conch shell and war-whoop kept up their dismal yell, the enemy kept exclaiming, " Traps, traps," signifying " Come on, come on ;" that taunting word was enough,—on we did go, and not without a fearful slaughter. They dropped like chaff before the wind, whilst our low was comparatively small; but to me the car—: appeared awful, many that I had been chatting with familiarly in the morning dropping down dead by my side without a groan. However, the remnant of ns reached Fort Hare at seven that evening, heartily tired and famished, I ' enure you, and were not sorry to get • good meal, and an imperial quart of splendid wine per man, and, better than all, a good bed. The next day patrols were seat out to scour the country, and returned with the horrible information that the bodies of our slain were cut in small pieces, and strewed among the dogs by the roadside. BISHOP OF NEW ZEALAND AND EARL GREY. We extract the following from a " Blue Book,"just issued : —St. John's College, Bishop's Auckland, July 1, 1847. May it please your Excellency , — l, George Augustus, by Divine permission , Bishop of New Zealand, on my own be half, and on behalf of the clergymen of this diocese, ern ployed by Captain Hobson to interpret and explain the treaty of Waitangi to the native chiefs of New Zealand, do hereby record my deliberate and formal protest against the principles expressed in a letter of instructions addressed by the Right Hon. the Earl Grey to your excellency, bearing date, naming-street, 23d Deoember, 1846, to the effect that, " the savage inhabitants of New Zealand have no right of property in land which they do not occupy, and which has re. ermined unsubdued to the purposes of man." Against this doctrine I feel myself called upon to protest, as the head of the missionary body, by whose influence and repre sentations the native chiefs were induced to sign the treaty of Waitangi, not one of whom would have consented to act as an agent of the British Government, if the assurances given to them by Captain Hobson had not I been directly contrary to the principles now avowed by the Right Hon. the Earl Grey. It is my duty also to inform your excellency that I am resolved, God being my helper, to nee all legal and constitutional measures befitting my sta tion, to inform the natives of New Zealand of their rights and privileges as British subjects, and to mist them in asserting and maintaining them, whether by petition to the imperial parliament, or other loyal and peaceable methods but that, in so doing, I shall not for4the respect which I owe to your excellency, nor do any which can be con sidered likely to add to the difficulties o the colony. I have further to request that this communication may be for warded to the 'Right Hon. the Earl Grey, Secretary of State for the Colonies, with whom I am privileged to communi cote through your excellency . —l have, 64., G. A. N. ZIA LAND.—Iin Excellency Captain Grey. The following is a copy of a despatch from Earl Grey to governor Frey : Downing-street, Nov. 30, 1847. Biz —I have to acknowledge the receipt of your two de spateles of July 7, 1847, Noe. 71 ani 73, from the last of which I am happy to find that the publication of my de spatch of December 23, 1846, had not been followed by that excitement among the natives of the northern parts of New Ulster, which report had given you reason to apprehend and that at the date of your writing, a greater amount of tranquillity and prosperity prevailed throughout the whole of New Zealand, than had ever, in your opinion, existed. I have received this intelligence with the more satisfaction, because it goes far to dispel the alarm which would otherwise have been excited by the protest, transmitted is your des patch, of the Bishop of New Zealand, on his own behalf and that of certain clergymen, " against the principle of my letter of instructions," referring, as I learn from the extracts, to my dispatch of the 23rd of Dezember last. I have read this protest with very great regret. Objections proceeding from his lordship to any principles of government laid down by me would have been entitled to, and would certainly have received, my most respectful consideration, had the grounds on which they rested been explained to me ; bat I learn from this document, with equal surprise and concern, that it was the expressed resolution of the Bishop "to inform the natives of New Zealand of their rights and privileges so Bri tish subjects, and to waist them is asserting and maintaining them : that is—for the context will not allow of any other interpretation of his words—to impress upon their minds the belief that their rights and privileges would be invaded, and the treaty of Waitangi violated, by the course of policy in respect to the land question, which her Majesty's govern ment had instructed you to pursue. It is true that the bishop declares his intention of thus as sisting the natives in maintaining their rights only " by peti tion to the imperial parliament, or by other loyal end peaceable means," and disavows the intention of doing anything " which can be considered likely to add to the difficulties of the colony." I do sot for a moment doubt the sincerity of these asser tions. But I fear that it is impossible that language each as that of this protest can be addressed to a people who have so lately emerged from habits of the most savage barbarism —a people well armed and warlike, of easily excited passions, and minds untrained to European habits of obedience— without very serious risk. The natives are leas likely to be acute in discriminating between " loyal and peaceable " and more violent methods of asserting their rights, than to be quick in apprehending and fierce in resenting any supposed violation of them, especially when impressed upon their minds by 60 high an authority as that of the Bishop of New Zealand. When I reflect on the scenes, of which some parts of this colony have lately bees the theatre, and the passions which have been aroused by questions arising out of this very sub ject, it appears to me that those who use such language incur a heavy responsibility, and the heavier in proportion to the eminence of their station. If the employ ment of it has not, in this instance, " added to the difficulties of the colony,' as your despatch gives me reason to hope, I cannot but think that this is less owing to the bishop's disclaimer of such intentions, than to the unsubstantial nature of the grievance with which he is endeavouring to persuade the natives that they are threatened. For I think it must appear evident to himself, upon reflec tion, that he has proceeded somewhat hastily to condemn the policy which I directed you to pursue in the despatch which he has quoted, without ascertaining with sufficient care what that policy really was. His lordship has not correctly apprehended the psupert of my instructions, which he has thus bra led to misrepresent in a manner calculsead se mile la Ilse m&de of the natives • belief as to the intender anise gorminient, which would have been equally unfounded In reality. and dangerous had it been unfortunately &dogged by them. The protest is directed against what is termed my " doctrine," that " the savage inhabitants of New Zealand have no right of property in land which they do not occupy, and which has remained um subdued to the purview of man," and seems to assume that this " doctrine" was to be acted upon by the government's at once taking possession of all such land in New Zealand. I have said that this seems to be assumed, because, although the protest is far from being clear, having appa rently been written under feelings of much excitement, I can put no other interpretation upon it, since I cannot believe that the bishop would have t ho ught it necessary to protest, and to desk= his intention of eisig and aiding the natives emiesnee s against the mere ewer= of an opinion. The bd.46indeed of expressing any each intention as the 144 eggpare to have supposed, expresses the very reverse. It saye ac itail i eed ai .., l4 that if this quirks were now open for con sider& that is, if we were asemeneing the colonisation of New at tho gnome time, the doctrine to which the bishop _Alger wool Lehassr2, judgment be the bet innesinea of air 'ago, as conceive it to ui ei the tier gobriple reprd to property in land. Thom_ spinier I mg as reuse to alter. The bishop Ire grimed se angnment against them. I have been condoned In them se well by the disastrous results which have Mowed from Wig on the contrary principle, as by the able end iniessenesttedgmont of the Supreme Court of the colony, tramorroll be melba year despatch of the 6th of July last, 64, Ix width the beies erabliali, upon the highest legal authol ides both of Ms - ems and America, that the views I expressed are then wbl h for u= 300 years, have been unifor m ly lesegnised and on by the consents of civilised nations. But it is one thing to deny the general theory on which a certain supposed right is founded, and another thing to endeavour to set aside rights which have been formally recognised, because they are founded on a theory conceived to be erroneous. While I laid down what I coo eider the better principle, I endeavoured carefully to guard myself against being 'unposed to enforce it as applicable to the present state of New Zealand ; and I believe that I needed in doing so. I expressly informed you that, in point of fact, you were not in a position to act upon that principle, and that, from past transactions, a state of things had arisen, in which a strict application of it was impos sible. I stated my belief that " the right of the crown cannot now be asserted to large wars of waste land which particular tribes have been taught to call their own." I directed you, in the strongest lan guage, " to maintain those rights of the native tribes to land which you have already recognised." AU that I advised was this that the theory of the ownership by tribes of =- occupied land should not be made the foundation of any &lure transactions ; and that, what I oonceive to be the rights of the crown —that is of the public (where no engage menu to the contrary have been made)—should be carifell; attended to in the disposal of land wherever no property has yet been recognised. And if if th tti tharw itishop t, hadwhicat were oonsulted pttebuted with ft, structioneaoco t, which really contain the preedeal directions le the local government, which my demeldi wee only !Wended to illus trate, he would there he tha mews attoadea "aid 4 to the maintenance of sta is aa existing native right to =tl ll6l tolalliahtd ia ms pence of the prevalenc e of thee soliaihse theory whisk 1 have combated. The Protease et the Aborlitiess there directed to inform the reileaso all lands within his district to whisk Ile asthma " as tribes or Individuals." claim ether posissoory ties that ell 'ea thins and that - wherever it dell be Area OW that hail hays actsally onisploi by the aide% or that thootnarship to se* lands, oltho d uaailegist. km beta rensaled by the emends* be ihia autheith e alagesisely to bs seed la its sieves, tech alai= lly let 1 count Mashie mho ponies Ot them hotentlicea an be designated u a violation of the rights of the native. as N u . blished eithla by the treaty of Waitangi, or any other sa w meat or authority . Nor should I have thought it u to enter on this detailel justification of language used by ay on any former occasion, had it not been for the lino* misinterpretation put upon it (I have no doubt unatention. ally) by so high a functionary. It is very tu g, tunate that the bishop should have founded, on such a L i . interpretation, a perilous appeal to the feelin gs o f the native.; and it will be happy for his lordship, no less than for th e public, if he shall have seen reason not to act upon his fi ro , test, or if his views have failed to produce among the natives that sense of injury which he himself appears to feel in %i l k behalf. Yon will communicate a eopy of this despatch to Bisbop of New Zealand.—l line; &c., Governor Grey. (Signed) the Gan. -.6 1r.% ""'s. COLONIAL CAPE OF GOOD HOPE—A SAMPLE OP Lu na Www.—The following is an extract from a letter, written by a private in the 7th Dragoons to his relatives, giving en account of the expedition against Sandilli, on the Bth of Jane lest : "Tlii;;ery --- ti•an q uil life tbr the first six months after I arrived at the Cape, during which time I was being in structed in the necessary qualifications of a good horseman and mordents's, when the Kaffir war, so long brewing, began to he no joke. lof course did not enter into any otthe early actions ; and, in fact, never sew a shot fired in anger until the 18th of last Jane, when we had the besim engagement known in the countr y. We (that is a simirem of Dragoons, a squadron of Cape Mounted Rifieweglemat of Foot, an da company of mounted police) recei ved Ca 41111410 attack theMbei chief, Banditti (king of all the Oaks Vibe), in the heart his country, slay an army of Ma that were there i _end Wog him dead Sr slim into head-quarters at Fort RM. Ars. eordingly we left Fort Beaufort on the 14th, well eaccudesleml in high spirits at the thoughts of the coming beMie, rested that night at Fort Hare, and on the same= following bivottaaked oa the banks of the KIM karma river. We were then nine miles hem his highness's prissiest kraal, or village, and l e th e orders were to lake them unawares, we mounted at 2 a.m. following morning, pitch dark, had Milk sad in an enemy's eimalley; and, to crown all, we won sr7red to let our Mem walk ell the way until we ems close to the village, end them seas • tartoue Mime and annihtme the enemy, ne am sitimertnys of amylikihad just began to appear when we came on the spew w Yank of MOM end sossequisily knew we were apyreeshig the tem we had s e go due* a hog idle, and *ea - 11.11 MOW WS II Nese gsmieer—the Vile elOheihrd (einem. Wake) la i ids, las remansher e& 6 lso Hee of ' 'a dr sour ot abe his mi r. a s - f ir . em rustily paia WA we hed Mired Me delis when same of hie rativell discovered dim or at m& Yea by away elm smoke at the distance o f ohm am fag. This was imeesis the word " Charm " was Om we da rt ed mum Me ser yet !Nil aMods , umi In • lbw minutia we were ea the MOW. The wsat mmmmnsd, but to! the bird hod : taking admatem et the dims klooh and hetneame of hie own wild country, just COAL-BEDS OF THE RHINE. There is a map published in the sixtii;al;me alb s transactions of the Geological Society which will furnish the reader with the best survey of the gigantic highlands ski* the Rhine traverses in its course between Bonn acid Me l . enoe. The roc* of old formation are there shown s e have been upheaved in immense muses, which may be to , pared in extent and character to Wales. The Ruhr, like*, Severn, runs between the old rocky mountainous trio and the new formations, containing the coal ray sores and salt deposits But the Rhine cuts the great highland into two parts, the northern beg Lying between Ruhr and Lahn, while the southern list between the Mau and the Nab. and Saar. The coal beg, of the neighbourhoods of Aix la Chapelle, and of Litge, ors like those of Westphalia, in deposit' formed on the northe r% fall of these hills. The coalfield of Surbruck lies on the southern declivity. To the east the valley of the Ism marks its subsidence to tertiary formations of recent limestone and accompanying rocks, and in the indentures formed hy the Lahn, and the Rhine between Rolston and the Dm cheat's similar rocks also occur. But on exterior tie gorge that forms the picturesque part of the these recent formations disappear, and the river seem. i s have eaten its way between old slaty rocks, that forms* stood in connexion with each other The irregular mama presented by the rocks that overhang that part of the rives speak as imposingly to the scientific as to the sentimental tts yeller, and the irregularity and frequent reversal of the strata betoken the force of the subterranean heat whit raised such immense masses without at all crystallising thug. In the dislocations and ruptures formed during this grid natural convulsion the veins of metal that traverse thin hills in all directionetwere, with their accotormnying tures, infiltered into tSeir p resent locations. T he hills that look so barren to the traveller's eye possess a deeper inter* than that awakened by their outlines or gloomy mums. They are filled with wealth and inducement* to exertion. This highland is at once the Wales and the Cornwall or western Germany. The scientific world is much indebted to the labours of Professor Sedgwick and Sir R. Murchison ' u well as to the munificence of the society which provided the funds for chi useful undertaking. Our readers can trace the map to good account by using it as a guide to the prominent features of the country that we have undertaken to describe. In following its indications we find that the regions where coal is deposited are three where manufacturing • large: scale has commenced, and may be expected to attain great extent. These are the districts adjoining the Ruhr and the Lippe, in Westphalia, the country between the Belgian frontier and Cologne, and the vicinity of the Upper Saar and Moselle, between Strasburg and Tryon. The seats of smaller manufacturer may be sought between the localities here pointed out, as being those where water power abounds, or which are supplied with coal by the LISTi• gable rivers and railroads. As • natural consequence, the etreams that fall from these hills formed the only power in ancient times that was available for the manufac turer : and it would: be a curious subject of research to ascertain at how early • date the water, which was here in use, was a substitute for the human arm. That it was not employed in the most ancient period* is clear from the scale on which smelting was evidently carried on, as this: process was confined to small furnaces attached to portable forges. The cinders and slag of these old fur naces are constantly found in remote parts of the forests, and although it seems probable that malleable iron was tamed from the ore at one process by a slow and wasteful manipulation, yet the quantity gained can never have been more than it was possible to work up with hammers of no extra- ordinary weight. We were repeatedly shown the remnants ' of those hand furnaces in the hills round the Upper Slcq, where slag both of iron and copper is constantly met with. Turning our view from the boundaries and outskirt of the great highland of Rhenish Prussia to its internal parts, we can trace a line running from the neighbourhood of Dom& dorf N.E. put Meinerthbagen to Bilstein, in various putt of which the old mountain limestone rises to the surfaca ' This is the water shed between the rivers Sieg and Wormer. Its elevation is very considerable, being, near Maine I 1,200 feet. On the north of this line, recent limesto rtil = various sandstones occur. On the south aide nothing bat slate and graywacke is to be met with, excepting along the banks of the Rhine. The slate of which the oldest fame tion is composed is broken through by a line *kit to runs nearly el the former, and which, drawn from e waters of the Eifel to the Dm. chenfels, rises behind Altenkirshen and Hashenbarg to 2,000 feet above the sea, forming the summits of he Westerwald chain. These summits are all of Walt. Oa the south aide of the Westerwald, towards the Lahn, the old states are continued between the Drac.henfele and Lula stein, where they merge into the states of the Taunus. Bat from Hamburg towards Limburg, and from the summits of the Westerwald towards Deltenburg, crystallised formations, green-stone, " schalstein," tic., are found ; and these are succeeded by limestone and diluvial deposit*. This polo gical sketch, which it is very easy to follow on the map ws have named, gives the key to the mineralogical features that most interest the manufacturer. In the old states, between the basalt of the Westerwald and the limestone of Meinertzhagee, the 'parry iron ore is exclusively found. It may be said to be monopolised by the fluvial regions of the Sieg and the %via. The largest copper deposits again are found in the trip for mations about Dillenburg. The red hermalite ore belonp to this division. Lead;eil;,acocen ponied with silver and zinc, blend sad traverse the whole of the highlands, but the most productive are found in the old slates of the Sieg and Wied, and ta the prolongation ease the lower Icahn to the Taunus. la the tertiary formations falling towards the mouth of the Wupse and towards Westphalia, ite well as towards Aix-la-Chapels, calamine is the most remarkable mineral, being both aka dant and rich in metal. Manganese is abundant in the di luvial deposits, and is most so in the neighbourhood of the Upper Lahti. Another remarkable mineralogical fact is, that in the ell ley of the Lieg cobalt is found without nickel. At Duis burg, nickel is found without cobalt. Few tracts that has been fully explored present such distinct mineralogical dio racteristics as this highland, and there are here material enough for study and speculation. The owners of the sail have not been backward in appropriating what they dies vered to their own use, and, as we have already stated, mining is their chief occupation. Whatever other basins& man may follow, he is sure here at some time of his lib Is be entangled in mining speculations, which, indeed, kint the sole object of the thoughts of the majority, for whom the gambling nature of the occupation is rather enticing thee discouraging. One of the first observations that eters to have led to a practical result was that the sparry iron ore was codas& within the limits we have pointed out, and which were mostly embraced by the principalities of Nassau, Sieges, sad Sari, with the valley of the Zeller, the seat of some asa free dynasts. We shall see the political consequence' le which this discovery led. We may . conclude our geological survey with polnting the salt sings that ran south of the Taunus in stank along a line drawn through Crentynach and Wiettedea, Soden, Hamburg, and Nanheim, in Hesse. Salt is Ile found in the north side of the hills at Neusalswelk, Weetphalia, but at a great depth below the surface. gbc Court. WINDSOR, WEDNESDAY.—The Duke and Duchess of Victoria, Viect. Palmerston, Viact. Canning, and Col. Wylde, took their departure from the Castle today. The royal family took walking and pony exercise to-day in the Little Park. The royal dinner party at the Castle this evening will include the Marquis and Marchioness of Abercorn, Lan the Rev. Lord Wroth,*ley Russell. The Duke of Cambridge arrived in town yesterday from his residence at Row. The American Minister has left town for Paris. ' During his Excellency's absence Mr. Brodhead will act se Chargi d'Affaires. Sir William Clay transacted business yesterday st the °lnes of the Board of Trade. The Chancellor of the Exchequer has left Althap park for his seat, Hickleton-hall, Doncaster. His Excellency the Duke de Broglie left the Frock embassy, yesterday forenoon, for Paris, and proceeded bf railway to Folkestone, where he was to embark for Bor logne, and there peat the night, and resume his journey to the French capital this morning. The noble duke was sir oompanied by the Marquis dliaroourt,who had been star* a few days in London on private business. We have reason to believe that his excellency will not return to this casual before April next. DEAN MEREWETHER AND DR. HAMPDEN. The following letters, sent by the Dean of Hereiffil to the Hereford Times, are thought to throw some IMM on his opposition to the appointment of Dr. Maspdea: "TO THE EDITOR OP THE HEREFORD TINIB. "Sir,—lt is but j ust to those who have given evidence of the most kind feelings and wishes toward me, u well es (Or to myself, that it should be publicly known that it was tr tended to present • memorial from this city and n:Ab ij r.: l hood to the prime minister, in order to induce his 1 to recommend me to her Majesty for the Bishopric of II soon to be vacant, and that I had requested, in considerate:is of the peculiar position in which I stand at this time, qlot such a measure should not be persevered in, however mar mg such a demonstration must be to my feelings. 7m„ ... will do me the favour to insert in your paper this 1114 ta• subjoined letter, it will afford all the information mq te -I remain, Mr. Editor, your faithful servant, JOHN MAILS wirraza.—Hereford, Dec. 1, 1847. (001 T.) TO THE CHAIRMAN 01 THE 0010LITTIE 101 011TAINLVE SIGNATURES, ETC. L. IITC. HEREFORD, TUESDAY EVENING, Etna Nov. 1847.—Dva Bir,—lt Wawa to my knowledge that the very kind feelulq which has en several minions been recently exprso" towards me, has now more decidedly manifested itself at the f : • I 0 . 1 4., I r, + c rd - tra a ba4 Place PO' took C. )f moo. tomb Hon. more are Jowl Bode e►eer ho b wide Ti di forme And I i— H -m honot hid The 11,001 slaw Se en IT not th they enpat dere be lel nerect bear.; whicb healtl -- 1 7 1i - 4 retnn The By ragins 20,00( lance 5001. --- sad • ►e ex hear.) young sat do Tim Mesa Chap the s letter donat preset resch Rt erupt the r the P Quee hey. artiel value Ban the Bras Mal de& liCOOl Capt. ri roty Dane that bavi moo of th the may spec hayu me., sew the orde