The Express. — London, England, 1847-09-13 00:00:00

Zile eppregis. drawing closer the bonds of union among themselves, affords a guarantee for the freedom and peace of Italy. The strength of the liberal party in Prussia, ad the obvious wish of the government not to break with it entirely, afford a similar guarantee for the liberty and of Germany. A Swiss nation, with free and paceiberal institutions, throned in the Alpo, midway between Italy and Germany, will be the key-atone of the arch of constitutional liberty in central Europe, as that structure will be the best guarantee for the preservation of the European peace. MAILS. The mails he Vise, Opertstare, Madeira, Cadiz, and Gibraltar will be mob up ea the et the 1711 September. mi. We* Ulla mmho * Wzimf Pre ter Memel, Hosanna, and the limmega urge mea mooing of the 17th September. The hies it Midi nor* heirese. lernmula. and the United Illseilioldhhomille up ea Pee emidegil ths 18th September. emlorei mils Me Olbreller Igallea Orem, the LEM Wanda =AIM WM MIK 1010An s a i r alba, isuesamptoa. mea the imendes et the Ileetrabor. meelmi doled meal. ads Moreellim llseMonmea, A g g i ttagr tb use sp la dia • tember lile g . Sts., vel beveade ue m the The usgb ear New South Wake, Yam Dirmemlo Img. sad W. UMW wig be me rle up on the mate of the KO gegember. The malls for the Brasile, the River Plate, Moats Video. POlllatll. been, Bahia. Madeira, and Buenos Arer, will le made sp ea the trrnimt of the ith ocober. PERSONAL privileges . are naturally obnoxious to the unprivileged, and in the present common-sense temper of the pubic mind will not long be tolerated unless shown to be necessary. Thus the privilege of members of the House of Commons securing them against arrest for debt is one which only needs to be asserted more frequently to be abrogated. Indeed, were it not that the same personal privilege of the peer mast Qo with that of our elected legislators, we do- not believe a voice would be raised in parliament for its retention. But it would never do to make the Peers amenable to the ordinary law of debtor and creditor. Fancy a Duke of BUCKINGUAM carried a from Pall-mall to prison for hie - TO COILREITOM newts. Adruffoneonts Warr! kr Ti. Ewer. Load. roroft P.M ure of Ur 01of bn Two Wrack re dada, of poblffouroo HIGH MA/SS AT LUNDO/4-111111 3011 . TM.• —ltelMiall pa. 4 ;laws. 17 WA ppm 4. 1.44 —Mamie* K S Ma. pre 4 ; Afterwas. 43 W.A.. 4 LONDON, MONDAY, SEPT. 13. Tile. separatists of Switzerland have been allowed time for reflection. The diet has deliberately voted that certain measures are necessary to preserve the order and peace of Switzerland, but they have ad journed the consideration of the means by which these measures are to be enforced till the beginning of November. During the interval some of the less blindly bigoted adherents of the Sonderbund may calm down sufficiently to remember that they owe more to their country than to a party, and the liberal majority may be induced to meet their approaches by waiving anything in their demands that trenches unnecessarily upon religious sentiments. The decisions of the diet to be correctly appreciated must be viewed with regard to their probable efficacy in promoting the more immediate objects of the liberal party in Switzerland. These objects are in the main administrative ; they contemplate imparting more coherence and efficiency to the central legisla ture or government. As enumerated in the letter of an active and influential liberal in Lausanne, which we published on the 30th of last month, these objects are : the substitution of a central uni versity for cantonal academies, the centralisa tion of the customs and post-office establish ments, the introduction of a uniform Swiss coin age and system of weights and measures, and similar measures all tending more or lees directly to create ex strengthen a national feeling throughout Switzerland as contra-distinguished from the mere cantonal spirit The present struggle between theliberalsand so-called conservatives of Switzerland involves no constitutional contest for more popular institutions. Indeed, the difficulties of the liberals appear, in some localities at least, to arise from popular power in communities where enlightenment has made little or no progress. The progress of the reasonable and moderate re forms we have above enumerated experienced scarcely any obstruction until the party opposing them fallaciously appealed to sectarian enthusiasm. The most fierce and uncompromising resistance ex perienced by the Swiss liberals has been from the secluded and priest-ridden of the Roman catholic cantons; but; they have also_ contrived at times to awaken suspicions and hostility against their measures among the evangelical or orthodox protestants. " Methodism" is quite as often de nounced as "Jesuitism" by many influential Swiss liberals. The unhappy propensity to mix up reli gion with politics renders it scarcely possible for an enlightened government to attempt practical reforms in a country where hostile sects are nearly balanced in point of number, without awakening the jealousy of zealots. Every measure calculated to give security to the equal rights of all citizens attacks directly or indirectly the self-complacency of those who have attained to consequence as sectarian leaders. In the case of a great measure—such as the establishment of a central university for Switzerland, which by promoting general enlightenment would enable scattered sects to maintain their rights among an overwhelming local majority attached to ano ther creed—the catholic minorities to keep their ground as citizens in the protestant cantons, and rice versa—defiance must be resolutely bidden to sectarian opposition. But it is impolitic to court it by legislation offensive to sectarian leaders, which can lead to no useful result. Against this obvious prudential maxim it appears to us that the liberal majority of the Swiss diet have sinned in one of the four resolutions adopted at their late meeting in Berne. The resolution that the Son derbund (the separate league) must be dissolved was imperatively necessary. The nationality and sovereignty of the lielvetic confederation is incompatible with the assumption on the part of any of its members of a right to asso ciate themselves to resist the decrees of the legis lature by force of arms. The dismissal from the federal service of all officers entering the service of the Sonderbund is little more than a corollary from, or practical application of the principle affirmed by the first resolution, and its enforcement will go far to render the Sonderbund a nonentity. The revision of the federal pact is a resolution equally unexcep tionable. If the present organisation of the Helvetic confederation does not empower the central authori ties to enforce laws for the common benefit of all the cantons an improvement of that organi sation is indispensable. Independently of all 1 constitutional laws—in defiance of all resolu tions adopted by congresses of European potentates— the Ilelvetic confederacy, in virtue of its being a re cognised independent state, has an inalienable right to modify its internal constitution from time to time, as circumstances require, free from any foreign inter vention. The three resolutions we have enumerated , are above criticism or cavil ; the fourth, that was passed at the late meeting of the diet, is, on the con trary, highly exceptionable. On the 3rd inst. twelve cantons and two half can tons voted that the question of the Jesuits is within the competency of the high diet; that the cantons of Lucerne, Schwytz, Freiburg, and Valais, in which the Jesuits are established, are invited to expel them from their territories ; that the admission in future of Jesuits into any one of the cantons of Switzerland is inter dicted. It is always impolitic to confer upon any man or body of men the prestige which attaches to martyrdom. Any influence that the Jesuits exercise over the minds of the pipulace or the wealthier classes in the cantons enumerated is more likely to be increased than diminished by the edict for their expulsion. Whatever influence the Jesuits possessed in England during the reigns of Elizabeth and James L—and it has been grossly exaggerated—was in no small degree owing to their being regarded by the Roman catholics as persecuted for their faith. We are as hostile to the general tendency of the labours of the Jesuits as all friends of manly and enlightened religious sentiment throughout Eu rope (Roman catholics quite as much as Pro testants) uniformly are: but this is not the way to counteract them. A free press and uncon trolled dissemination of books, pamphlets, and news papers throughout all the cantons, which the diet has the right to decree and enforce is the only way to sap and overturn their power. The execution of the decree in the 18th century, by which the order was simultaneously suppressed in every European state but two was proof sufficient that no such decree was required—that the Jesuits even then did not possess the power attributed to them. And now the recent attempts to resuscitate the order have only succeeded in sprinkling over Europe a few communities of rather narrow-minded pietiats—quietly assiduous in dis charging ritual duties, or busy and meddling according to the temperament of individual,— but everywhere displaying the contracted intellect of LOYOLA without his impetuous energy, and nowhere indicating even • glimpse of the intel lectual power of his successors in office—shorn too of the wealth which stimulated the covetousness more than the fears of kings. There is nothing to be gained by the expulsion of the Jesuits, but • the reverse. The cantons enumerated will be haydiu a state of permanent irritation by the assump dead the power to dictate to them what father con flassalp.thez are to employ, and they will find plenty afilintaistines in other orders to turn this tempet to . account. Either as a counter-concession to from the more rational conservatives, or as tto attract them, the diet would , do well to adiater es rescind this its fourth resolution. By rescinding the decree for the exclusion of the Jesuits, the wish and power of Austria or other foreign states to interfere in the internal affairs of the Helvetic ts confederation would be materially diminished, if not • destroyed. And this would be an immense gain for Europe. The wise policy of the Italian sovereigns. In wateeding liberal institutions to their subjects, tied . . • debt, or a Duke of NEWCASTLF. dating proxy from Nottingham gaol, or other imaginable peers stopped on their way to the upper house by the ruth less hand of a sheriff's officer. Now but for this per sonal privilege such things might happen ; and if the Commons abandoned their exemption from arrest in execution how long could the Peers retain theirs? The practical effect of this privilege from personal arrest is, however, very trifling, and probably does not afftct two dozen persons in the United Kingdom. But there is another privilege of far more extensive and injurious operation, which not only protects onr legislators against their creditors, but protects the property of the whole class to which most of our 'egislators belong from liability to debt, and mate rially injures the public. We allude to the privilege conferred by the distinction which our law of debtor and creditor makes between trading and non trading debtors. Persons who come under the deno mination of traders are compelled to pay their debts by being subject to the bankrupt law, which renders certain acts or omissions equi valent to a declaration of insolvency, whereupon the creditors may found a process completely divest ing the debtor of all beneficial interest in property, and vesting it in trustees for his creditors. If a trading debtor, being in England, will not pay a debt, his creditor may summon him to the Ban kr upt Court, and compel him to give security or declare himself insolvent, when a rateable distribution of his effects amongst his creditors will take place ; and if a debtor who is in trade gets out of 'the way to avoid his creditors, or goes abroad, or remains abroad with that object, he may be made binkrupt, and all his property—present and prospective, vested and contingent—assigned by operation of law for the equal benefit of all his creditors. Than this nothing can be more just. The law takes upon itself that equitable distribution amongst his creditors which the insolvent trader cannot or will not make of his own accord. Let us turn to the case of a non-trading debtor, and we find matters absolutely reversed. His creditor has no means of compelling him to pay , his debt, except by the seizure of his tangible and visible property, or by the arrest of his person. It is notorious that a man, not being a trader, may be in the receipt of a considerable income, and yet the sources of that income may be so hemmed round with legal difficulties, or so protected by the legal rights of friendly creditors, that unless the creditor can take the debtor's person in execution and compel him to go through the ordeal of the Insolvent Debtors' Court, there are no effective means of compelling payment. It is true that if the debtor's income depend upon his own industry, if he be a clerk, or an agent, a journal ist, or a lawyer, who can only earn his income by his personal and public presence in this country, the cre ditor will be able to arrest him, and so compel him to disclose his affairs and surrender hie property, if he have any. But these are just the debtors on whom such a power is uselessly employed. When men de pendent on their personal exertions become indebted, the utmost powers of the law will have but small effect upon them. They, in fact, subsist on the wages of labour, and the extent of their indebtedness is commonly confined within very narrow limits. The non-trading debtors, who are chiefly protected by this distinction, are the class of landowners pos sessed of considerable, though often incumbered, set tled estates. Such men, if unprotected by parliamen tary privilege, may, by living abroad, set their credi tors at defiance; and when protected by the privilege of parliament or the peerage, may flaunt or riot under the noses of their creditors without being compelled to pay their debts, or admit their insolvency, and sub. mit to a rateable distribution. It would be a mercy to the creditors of such debtors, and often to the debtors themselves, to force them to an equitable adjustment of their affairs, But the landowning interest in parliament have resisted this, became its effect would be to reduce many of them who arc now nominally . large proprietors, to comparatively small dimensions. Some years ago, when Lord COTTENUA NI, not then in office, proposed a bill for the amendment of the law of debtor and creditor, which would have made every debtor, whether trader or not trader, amenable to the bankrupt law and its effective com pulsory machinery for winding up insolvent estates, Lord LYN DUURST, then lord chancellor, horrified the House of Lords by suggesting, that, if the bill should pass, any one of their lordships might be summoned to the Bankrupt Court by his debtor, and compelled to give security for the debt, or come to a general account with his creditors, and make an equal distri bution of his property. The effect was decisive; all the stringent clauses for compelling non•trading debtors to be honest were struck out. In acting thus, their lordships doubtless felt they were only discharging their duty to the class of which they are the virtual representatives. The peerage of England and the aristocracy of England are by no means synonymous terms; the latter desig nates a much more numerous body than the former. There are old families among the landed gentry to whom the grant of a new coronet would, in fact, be lowering their rank. The peers are merely heads of families selected from time to time by the crown from among the aristocracy to make legislators of. The character is indeed hereditary, but, according to Earl FITZ WILLIAM, the average of descents throughout which a title remains in one family does not exceed three. In point of fact, the great landowners (in cluding the parvenus drafted into their circles from the church, the bench, the army, and the brew-house) constitute the aristocrat of which the peers are merely the representatives and agents in parliament. And to the whole of this aristocracy, not to the legislators among them alone, does the present state of our law of debtor and creditor extend the privilege of exemp tion from being compelled to pay their lawful debts. It was natural, therefore, we have already admitted, that the peers , in their zeal to maintain the privileges of that order of which they are the especial cham pions, should strike out those clauses of Lord Corrax xe bill which went to deprive them of this one. But we may be allowed to doubt whe ther this conduet was as wise as natural. The abolition of the mischievous distinction between trading and non-trading debtors would probably di minish the extent of some large estates—leave some landlords in possession of those acres only which are really theirs, clipping off those which of right belong to creditors. But though individual members of the landed aristocracy might thus be somewhat shorn of their factitious beams, the whole body would gain immensely in general respectability . and real power. An aristocracy enjoying political privilege while dis charging no political function, is ever apt to become frivolous and the object of popular odium. Tim first subject of inquiry , for the special commis sion on the sanitary state of London must be to this effect—" How is the accumulation of London filth got rid of?" in other words. "What is the apparatus for drainage and sewerage in the metropohs ?" At the threshold of this inquiry we are met by an illus tration of the obstacles that must be removed before sanitary reforms are possible in the great Babylon. The sewerage of London as it exists in 1847, was planned in the reign of HENRY VIII., and was carried oat in that of CHARLES 11. in 1659, 1683, and 1686. Its regulation exhibits features which might be looked for in a system conceived for, one state of things, and executed in application to another. There are no less than seven commissions of THE EXPRESS, MONDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 13, 1847. sewers. The City has one of its own. The Regent's-park and Regent-street district is under a body appointed by a local act. The rest of the country to the north of the Thames is parcelled out into the Westminster, ' Holborn sad Finsbury, Tower Hamlets, and Poplar Mush districts ; while the sewerage of the south bank I. under the management of one body only, the Surrey and Kent commissioners. It will not surprise any one who reflects on the growth of London during the Jut two centuries to learn that the powers of these bodies are ill-defined in themselves, those of one commission inconsistent with those of another, and adapted, at best, to rid their respective districts of the surface water rather than of the general refuse. Besides these almost inevitable consequences of the existence of several concurrent and ancient jurisdic tions, there are special inconveniences attached to the London sewerage administration. Except to the south of the Thames, these districts are in no way co-extensive with the natural area of drainage. Hol born and Finsbury can only free itself from its accumu lations by favour of the City of London, Westminster, and the Tower Hamlets, while the natural outfall of the latter is intercepted by the jurisiiction of Poplar marsh. Each commission carries on its work inde pendent of the others. The City plans its sewers without any consideration for the necessities and levels of Holborn. Bishopegate-street is amend st the expense of St. Giles's ; and when Walbrook out lets are in full flow, the cellars of Holborn are foot deep in filth. Of late years attempts have been made to reconcile these inconsistencies. Enormous expense has been incurred by the City to fit its sewers for carrying off the refuse of the higher grounds; while, again, in Holborn and Finsbury the rate-payers Dave ieen heavily burdened for means to tike advan tage of these City improvements. But with all that has been done, the existing sewerage is not only insufficient in itself, but planned with too little regard to the relations of the extreme levels, and the general outlet of the river, to fulfil its purpose of carrying off the refuse of the metropolis. Evidence of this may bo found in a letter which we print in to-day's number of our journal. The first condition, then, of sewerage reform, is a general survey of the whole metropolis, and the suburbs, with contour lines, by which the levels of any spot may be determined with reference to a datum. These lines, of which the nature and uses are explained in Captain VEITCH'S evidence before the Health of Towns Commission, may be added to any survey at an expense of about 21d. per house. For any general plan, not only of drainage and sewerage, but of street building and paving, or of supplying water and gas, these lines are indispensable. The saving which would result from their use would re paia thousand-fold the expense of their execution. The first step, then, of the new commission will probably be to recommend a survey with a view to the preparation of a map, on the Ordnance scale, with contour lines and the dip of the strata, as a sum qua non for the carrying out the necessary changes in the sewerage of London. But even sup posing the present patchwork of commissions dis posed of, and way thus made for entrusting the sewerage of the metropolis to the control of one responsible, skilled, and efficient hefty, a serious diffi culty remains to be got over. Suppose the system of subterranean arteries perfect in itself, every street provided with its sewer, every house with its barrel-drain, all constructed with reference to one system of levels and one outfall, what is to become of the contents of this network of pipes and tunnels ? Where is all the filth of London to go to ? Here is the second problem proposed to the commission. The Creator has beneficently pro vided that nature shall be reproductive. What is drawn from the earth, by returning to the earth, creates a new food for man and beast. If the excreta of men and brutes be economically and wisely applied to the soil no waste need take place. The animal and vegetable substances taken into the body as ' . food are given oul from the body with those elements ' which contribute to their own reproduction, almost unimpaired. In our present system, which consigns' the offal of London to the Thames, these elements are used only to pollute the water which supplies the wants of nine-tenths of the population. Instead of our refuse and excretions being used to feed for us anew the products of the soil, they become a source of unwholesomeness in our drink, and of poison in the air we breathe. We pervert, in our ignorance, the kindly ordinance of nature to our own annoyance— sometimes to our own destruction. Nor is this the whole mischief which f.illows from making the Thames the common sewer of London. The river is so far from being mechanically suited to this function, that all the present sewers are closed periodically by the rising of the tide. The common recipient of our filth and offscourings is, in fact, higher than the sewers, its feeders. This has already been pointed out by the intelligent correspondent whose letter of to-day we have already referred to. We deposit every year in the Thames about one million and a half tons of highly valuable refuse. This, refuse, during . one half of the day at least, is detained in our sewers, where it stagnates and generates poisonous gases. Thus, our sewerage from a cleansing apparatus is converted to one for the generation of disease. The same thing is taking place with regard to the metropolitan sewerage gene rally, as occurred in the Long-acre case, where the main sewer in Hart-street was at a higher level than that of Langley-court, which was intended to dis charge its contents into it. Here then is, on the one hand, an annual waste of more than a million tone of fc:tilising matter; and, on the other, a partial stagnation in our sewers of that which they ought to carry away. This double error must be rectified. _ has been frequently well informed on questions of Spanish diplomacy : - The statesmen who enjoy the confidence of Queen Isabella are In perfect accordance with Lord Palmerston as the vies don oldie suocession. Diplomatic negotiatieoelsave In flat taken place on this subject, and Lord Palmerston hes de clared that the suppremion of the salic law in Spain was cal culated to compromise the peace of Europe, and that it is much to be wished that the law of succession should be so modified as to subject the crown to the Billie law. These overtures have been received at Madrid, where it has been decided to bring the question under the corudderation of the Cortes. It would be declared in the proposed law, that in case Isabella should die without issue male, the crown should pass to her uncle, Don Francisco de Paula, or to his male heirs. Things being thus mutually understood, a mmi-offi- Mal communication has been made on the subject to the Duke de Broglie, who has replied — that if such arrange ments were sanctioned by a law constitutionally passed, his government would advance no opposition to it. lie ob served, that on the abolition of the mile law by King Ferdi nand VII., the :Duke of Orleans protested, reserving his eventual rights, and that in like manner it was possible in the cave supposed, the Duchess of Orleans might protest. Oa this point the Duke was answered that such a proceed lag would have no result. The Union Muilareliique affirms that these are tke circumstances which explain the visit of the Duke de Broglie to Paris, and that councils had been held on the subject at St. Cloud and at the Witel of Queen Christina. "We may add," concludes that journal, " that the departure of Narvaez for Spain was not foreign to this ; and that he was commissioned to combat such projects, and elude their consequences." The same paper adds : An officer, formerly holding a high position in the army of Norma, arrived at Malmaison on Thursday, with private despatches for Queen Christina. Immediately otter, this officer went with her to St. Cloud, where General Crux and M. Zea Bermudez were invited to attend. A treaty of commerce has been concluded between France and Persia. The Madrid mails of the sth and 6th, with the journals and the letters of our correspondent, have been received. The joy of the public at the announce ment of the amnesty broke forth, as might have been expected, in strong personal demonstrations towards the Queen, who was hailed with shouts of " Leng live the Queen," " Long live Espartero," as she took her usual promenade. To avoid the inconvenience of the interruptions which the agents of the French embassy and the moderado party would be certain to produce on such occasions, the government put a stop to these manifestations, although they were evidently the re verse of disagreeable to the Queen. A serenade, in tended to her Majesty, in front of the palace, was given up for the same reason. General Alai: arrived at Madrid on the sth, and accepted the office of Cap tain-General of Madrid. A reform of the Royal Council, to be called henceforth the " Council of State," was spoken of. The moderado journals in tended, it was said, to publish a protest against the prohibition laid on the press against discussing the question of the royal marriage, but were induced to abandon this project by the counsel of Nary act. The intelligence of the &nerds at 'Lucca, and its successful issue, which we gave on Saturday, is fully confirmed. Indeed, the popular outbreak was even more serious than the accounts received by us repre sented it. The Hereditary Prince of Lucca, who, it will be remembered, lately married the daughter of the Duchess of Berri and the sister of the Duke de Bordeaux, having ordered a number of arbitrary and illegal arreetations of persons professing liberal opi nions, went to the summer residence of the Duke of Lucca, at San Marino, in the neighbourhood of that city, on the Ist inst. The populace, to the number of 5 or 6,000, followed his carriage, which, as it passed along the road, was assailed with the cries of the I people, and pelted with stones. The state of the' public became so alarming,that the ministers informed the duke that, unless some concessions were made and reforms granted, they must resign. This and the me nacing manifestation above-mentioned prevailed with the prince. The Palth, a Roman journal, of the 31st, says that the French ambassador, having endeavoured to per suade the Pope to refer_the Ferrara question to arbi tration, kis holiness peremptorily refused. We have already given this fact on other authority. The same journal says, that in an interview with one of the corps diplomatique, his holiness, alluding to the Aus trians, let fall the expressions :—" They had better beware how they provoke me. I may pronounce a word which would cost them dear." The letter of our correspondent gives the different measures which have been proposed for this purpose. It will be for the commissioners to determine, on ex- emulation of competent witnesses, whether the last plan, which receives the approbation of our corre spondent, be really adapted to meet the wants of the metropolis in both respect& Of the minor points which are likely to suggest themselves fur alteration to the commissioners we need hardly say anything. Common sense protests against the present constitution cf our commissioners of sewers, comprising some 700 persons, without practical knowledge of the work they profess to con ' trot, irresponsible, unpaid, naturally liable to jobbery I an d secret influences and waste. The mischievous composition of these bodies, individually, is as apparent to the unprejudiced as the absurdity of their independent co-existence generally. With the introduction of a central sewerage board would disappear the blunders of construction, the lavish expenditure of rates, the partialities of dis tribution, the employment of favoured contractors, which have concurred to give so unenviable a no toriety to the Westminster commission in particular, but which are so deeply felt in their effects on the com fort and health of the whole metropolis. The knell of the existing bodies is sounded in the appointment of this commission of five. The chairman of the West minster board will soon, with the Roman actor, be able to say to the rate-payers of his district, " rod ralete." it would require more than even official assurance to add, " et paudite." The cabinet of Vienna, recoiling before the expres sion of public opinion throughout Europe, which has been evoked by the Ferrara aggression, desires to cover the discredit of its precipitate retreat by ex tenuating the gravity of the situation. At one time its journals declare, with a negligent air, that so little importance is attached to the affair, that Prince Met ternich will leave the question to any individual whom his holiness may name as an umpire. At another time it is the arbitrary construction of an article of the treaty of 1815 by Count Radetski. Now an article has been inserted in the .1 wisburg Gazelte, with the usual asterisk prefixed, which in dicates its semi-official character, in which the public is assured that the diplomatic communications to which this Ferrara affair has given occasion are of the most insignificant sort imaginable; a mere inter change of polite assurances and international com pliments. We must not however incur the risk of misrepresenting this article. Here it is in detail : The remarkab'e exaggerations of the press respecting the affairs of Italy, and above all the disposition and &chira -1 tions of such or such • power concerning the events of Ferrara, and lastly, the manner in which the facts have been disfigured, are of a nature to lead the public opinion astray, and to present the explosion of a European war as an inevitable event. Led away by this general fever, we were desirous of ascertaining what measures, what diplomatic steps had been taken, in consequence of the affairs of Italy, by the powers of Europe, and if they partook of the general agitation. The following= the entire result of our inquiries: 1. A note from the Austrian cabinet to those of London, Paris, Berlin, and St. Petersburg, containing the assurance that Austria has no desire whatever of stopping any govern ment in the march it may wish to adopt for the good of its people ; that she naturally acknowledges the independence and authority of every state, and has no intention of under taking anything against the independency of another govern ment, nor even of proposing it as a doubt, but that she feels herself by necessity compelled, on account of her geo graphical situation, to be peculiarly attentive to every poli tical movement in Italy, because her own states may be very easily affected by it. 2. The answers of the great powers to this note, which are, without one exception, all couched in the most friendly terms, and all acknowledging the loyalty of the sentiments of the Austrian cabinet. The great powers have done nothing more in this affair ; at least, the person best informed on the subject know nothing more. . . . . . Such is the colouring which the Austrian minister desires to throw over such diplomatic acts and docu ments as the protest of Cardinal Ciacchi against the invasion of the papal territory, the published appro bation of this protest by the sovereign pontiff, the promise of military, naval, and other aid given to the Pope by the Kikg of Sardinia ; and, if public rumour be not egregiously false,certain energetic declarations of the Enhllish government perfectly known in Vienna accompanied with the intimation of the probable pre sence of an English squadron in the near neighbour , hood of Trieste and Venice. _ _ We have received letters and journals from Turin to the 7th inst. Their contents are unimportant. The Journal des Dlbats gives the following letter from Rome, dated 30th ult. : The national guard at Rome has at last been organised. The Diario publishes the nominations of the majors, adju tants. and captains of companies chosen by the Pope to com mand this militia. At Ancona the municipal council, after having voted an address to the Sovereign Pontiff, has offered a sum of 2,000 crowns (10,800 fr.) to aid in the arming of the civic guard. The Chamber of Commerce has voted an equal sum. The Jews, the richer inhabitants of An cona, and the clergy offer to supply the rest of the ex pense. Three citizens of the town, Prince Simonetti, M. Cesare Beretta, and M. Domenico Buglioni, left on the 23rd to place these votes at the feet of Pius IX., and if the offer be accepted, to occupy themselves immediately with the pur chase of the arms necessary for the militia. At Bologna the superior chiefs of o u f la th r e of ci t v i i , c e guard have already been nom!. n archbishop, Cardinal Oppizoni, invites the clergy of the diocese to use all their influence to maintain tranquillity and good intelligence among the popu lation. The same cardinal has rezeived offidal notice that, in consequence of the formation and arming the civic guard at Rome and in the provinces, the Pope has thought it right to dissolve the corps of Pontifical Volunteers in the four legations. The body of the bishops and regular clergy, who trausmit this decision to his eminence, invite him to employ the ministry of the clergy to induce the citizens who form part of these corps to lay down their arms volun tarily. No effort is to be spared to induce such parsons as may not obey at first to act as is required. This interven tion in a governmental affair on the part of a body exclu sively occupied with ecclesiastical matters attests the importance which the Roman government justly attaches to the suppression of an irregular tom, organised in the first moments of excitement, and which might cause many embarrassments, if not incorporated in the great in stitution of the civic militia. These prudent pleasures show very clearly that the holy father, though resolved to main tain his rights against foreigners, still desire, to reserve to him self all his liberty of action, and not to run the risk of being pushed, in spite of himself, by the unintelligenl zeal of some persons, into embarrassments and collisions which would be unfortunate anti useless. and which would cause him to lose, up toe certain point, the advantage of his position, and sup- Our Paris letters, and the journals of Friday and Saturday, have arrived. The rapid succession of couriers coming from beyond the Alps and the Pyrenees, bearers of intelligence disconcerting all the plans so elaborately laid at th e H o t e l o f Foreign Affairs and the chateau, have called the leaders of the cabinet back to Paris sooner than they had been expected. We announced, on Saturday, the return of M. Guixot. M. Hebert, the Minister of Justice, has also resumed his residence at the Chan cellerie' and the other ministers arrive from day to day. Lord and Lady Normanby arrived at the British embassy, from Dieppe, on Thursday night. We announced long since the intended elevation of M. Gaizot to the presidency of the council, La Patrie says that this event will take place next week. The Count Darn will be appointed Minister of Public Works, M. Jayr retiring to a post in the Court of Accounts, and M. Muret de Bort will take the Minis try of Commerce and Agriculture, to be vacated by the long-expected resignation of M. Cunin-Gridaine. The Prince Alfred de Broglie has left Paris for Rome with despatches for the ambassador, Count Rossi. The Persian ambassador, with a suite of fifteen person., has arrived by the steamer Cuvier at Toulon, from Constantinople. The visit of the Duke de Broglie to Paris at a moment when so many complications have arisen in Spain and in Italy, has naturally produced various comments, both in society and in the press. We give the following from L'Univia -Vmarchique, which ply a pretext to foreign ambition. M. Morandi, Pro-governor of Rome, having been informed that in spite of his onlinances against the clandestine press some publications against the foreign powers, against some of the citizens of the Pontifical II States, and even against whole classes of citizens, had taken place, has believed it right to adopt new measur:a for the repression of such offences. The measures referred to are to the effect that any impression, engraving, or litho graph not approved of by the censor.hip is to be considered clandestine, and the authors, printer., and sellers thereof are to be punished with imprisonment of from ala mvntha to one veal, and a fine of from b 0 to 300 crowns (270 fr. to 1,600 fr.), to confiscation of the clandestine publications, and of the material employed ; and if the person committing the offence be a licensed printer, his license is to be suspended for not lees than six months nor more than a year. A repe tition of the offence is to draw down heavier pucishment. Three days are allowed for the possessors of unauthorised printing presses, &e., to make a declaration of their exist ence to the general direction of police, in default of which they are to be considered clandestine, and treated as ouch." The Patric: of Rome contains the following : The alliance between the Pope and the King of Sac • dinia may be considered as certain. It is now to be desired that a similar arrangement may be entered into with Tut cany. Monseigneur Corboli has let out for Florence, to try and effect that object. Austria has already obtained the as sent of the Duchies of Modena and Lucca to occupy their states, and the same concession is demanded from Tuscany. Naples, which feats the arrival of the English fleet, and which finds herself on the other hand premed by pontifical notes, hesitates, sad seems inclined to join us. Here we are quite prepared for every event. The GazettaPieniontese states that Rossini is acting as Captain of the National Guard of Bologna, and displays extraordinary energy in that capacity. The same Journal announces that the famous Berton of Faeraa has been arrested at Fano. - - - - The Lucca Journal of the 4th, contains the descrip tion of the festivities which took place there, in con sequence of the last Ducal manifesto. The people went in procession to meet the seven young men whose arrest hnd been the immediate cause of the effervescence of the preceding days. The Lnchese, Tuscan, l'ontifical, and national banners were dis played ; in the evening military music paraded the streets by torchlight, and a brilliant illumination took place. The bells rang, and the cries of " Long live Carlo-Lodovico, Pius IX., and the Civic Guard!" were loud and frequent. The Capitular Vicar of Lucca issued a notice of a religious ceremony in the cathedral, to celebrate the happy event. Advicea from Berne have been received to the ith inst. The committee of the diet on the great ques tions which divi,!e the confederacy had made its re port, the substance of which is, as we have antici pated. The peremptory refusal of the cantons of the league to acknowledge the authority of the diet is mentioned, and the necessity under which the govern ment of the confederacy is thereby placed to assert its authority, by enforcing its decisions, is urged. Mean while, the expediency of a short adjournment to enable the cantonal governments to instruct their re spective delegates on the question of the means of forcible execution is suggested. An adjournment to the 18th October is recommended. It will be recollected that since the transfer of the federal government to the radical canton of Berne, and the election of M. Ochsenbein, formerly an emi nent member of the free corps, as president, the abso lute courts and the cabinet of the Tuileries have treated the Swiss government with marked contemptuousness. The representatives of most of them withdrew from Berne, and assumed an attitude of estrangement and menace bordering on positive hostility, and among these, Austria was the most supercilious and the most hostile. After all this, greatly to the amaze ment of the president and the Vorort, a diplomatic despatch was delivered to M. Ochsenbein on the sth, from the Austrian minister, containing a note from l'rinee 'Metternich to the Vorort, explaining the dis eension which has taken place between the cabinet of Vienna and the Pope respecting Ferrara : The importance of this proceeding, saes a letter from Purse cannot be disputed. First, in what concerns us, the cabinet of Vienna, which, in the eyes of all Europe, had affected the most profound disdain for the Swiss liberal party, represented by the Vorort of Berne, seeks spon taneously the renewal of diplomatic relations, and; that with the object of defending itself for certain arbitrary acts, of which it fears the appreciation. Moreover, the Austrian cabinet, which has always shown very little esteem for public opinion, sees itself, by the very force of things, constrained to invoke the judgment of nations, and attempts to justify itself (or an act which has happily failed. We may conclude from this unexpected demonstra tion, that affairs in Italy do not assume a very favourable ap pearance fur Austria, and that the result of its attempt at invasion is of a nature to lessen its disposition to intervene in Switzerland. Besides, Prince de Metternich protests to the confederation that it would be wrong to alarm itself at the concentration of imperial troops on its frontier, inasmuch as these troops are only destined, according to him, to assure the execution of the clauses of the treaty of Vienna in Italy. It is thought that the Vorort will, to-morrow, communicate to the diet the despatch of Prince de Metternich. who attempted the life of the Prince of Samos, and who was rescued from the hands of justice by the Russian envoy at Constantinople. It is said here that Count tiuselrode dgniea that his government give permission to foreign ahips to hoist their flag. To prove the contrary, I shall cite • cir cumstance which hes just taken place here under my own observation. Mr. Van Lennop, a Dutch merchant, residing at Constantinople, in conjunction with one of his friends, bought two steamers, one called the Medway, bearing the English flag, and the other a Turkish boat, called the Yeti Douneia. As both were intended for the coasting trade, M. Van Lennop thought it would be more to his ad vantage to hoist the Russian flag on board both shim. Re accordingly went through the form of a fictitious sale to a Russian merchant, and the flag of the nation to which the latter belonged was hoisted on board the steamers the next day. The expense of the transaction to Mr. Van Lennop was 5 per cent on the value of the ships ; two per cent. went to the supposed purchaser an payment for his trouble, and the ether three per cent, to the Russian consul. Greece has from six to seven thousand trading vessels. Of these ' more than half are composed of full-ridged ships, barques, and brigs, and the others are small fasbuiling sloops and scheoners. It is more than probable, that on the suppression of the coasting trade, all the larger vessels will hoist the Russian flag, and the smaller craft turn pirates, a calling most congenial to the bully, fearless islanders by whom they are manned. The Turk:sh government accm to anticipate some such result as the latter, for they have increased the numle.r of cruisersalong the coast, and taken other measures for the suppression of piracy. Thus does the Turco Greek question stand at present. Whether we look an what has taken place, or what is promised by the future, we can only consider it as a most disastrous event for the Ottoman empire. When Grivas was preparing at St. Mauro to invade Greece, the represeatatires of the five great powers obtained an assurance from the Porte, that in case of his landing in the Ottoman territory he should be seized on by the Turkish troops, and conveyed a prisoner to Adrianople. Shortly after, Grim, landed at Pry:visa, at the head of a body of men, and immediately placed himself under the protectien of Mr. Saunders, the British consul. Though Halle Packs, the governor of the town, had received orders to arrest him, he hesitated to comply, as, in the first place, he dared not violate the residence of the British consul, where Grivas had taken up his abode ; and, on the other hand, he thought in the present state of role ions between Turkey and Greece the Porte would be rather inclined to favour Grivas than otherwise. Grivas, in the mean time, publicly enrolled men for his intended expedition, and in a few due found himself at the head of 400 Greeks and Albanians. When Haflx Pacha received instructions a second time to arrest Grivas, he wrote back to say that Grivu being under the protection of the British consul, who refused to give him up, it was impossible to comply with the orders of the government. The Porte have in consequence complained to Lord Cowley of the conduct of Mr. Saunders. It is said that the British minister has sent instructions to Mr. Saunders to withdrall his protection from Chivas. During the last few days rumours have been very general of a change in the Turkish ministry. It was said that old Hosreff Pasha was to be again appointed Grand ViAer, and that Reschid would be simply Minister of Foreign Affairs. The cause of these rumours is the cry which has been lately raised by the fanatical party against Reschid Pasha as the patron of I'aleologos, the young Greek doctor who has been exiled on a charge of criminal connexion with the wife of a Turkish gentleman. la a former time the crime of which Paleoloaos has been found guilty would have been punished with death to both parties, but the Sultan has limited the penalty to exile. The lad ., who is acknowledged by all who have seen her to 6e one of the most perfect speeinons of Circassian beauty, has been divorced by her hushand end left this yesterday, on board the Peninsular and Oriental Company a steamer Sultan, for Trebizond.— Halil Pasha, the Capudan Pacha, or lord high-admiral, has received from the Emperor of Russia a diamond hilted sword, together with a letter congratulating him on his appointment to his present office. M. de Titoff has had a private audience of the Sultan, on his return to Constantinople to resume his duties as repre sentative of Russia. By the Levant mail we have received a large masa of correspondence from Constantinople, Athena, and other places in the circle of those mails. It will be seen by reference to our letters from Constantinople and Athens that the settlement of the Greco-Turkish diffs , rence appears further removed than ever from a solution. The insurrection in Eubica is terminated. Griziotti received a wound which will, probably, cost him his life. The following account of this is given in the correspondence of the French journals : On the 18th ult., as Griziotti was inspecting the trenches, under a fire of artillery, a spent ball carried off the wrist of his left arm. Thus !rippled, deprived of all medical assist ance, and feeling the impossibility of prolonging his re sistance, he engaged his men to assist in covering his retreat and retire immediately to their homes. lie was carried on a litter to Koumi, after the stump of his arm had been plunged into boiling pitch to stop the hemorrhage. This painful operation was endured with singular sangfroid by this veteran general, now nearly a septuagenarian. Arrived at Koumi, on the 20th he embarked in a schooner, with 67 men, among whom Col. Scourtiniotti and Major Gervas were distinguished; they sat sail for Scio, where, according to the report of a merchant captain, Oriziotti arrived before the steamer Otho and the schooner Nautilus, seat in pursuit of him, could reach him. In the meantime Gen. Gardiktotis, informed by a prisoner, on the 19th, of the accident which had happened to Griziotti, marched his troops into the en trenched camp of the insurgents, who, after a sharp fusil lade, dispersed. A military insurrection has broken out at Teheran, which is mentioned in a letter from Constantinople of the 24th ult. : A military insurrection has broken out amongst the troops encamped round Teheran, and the authorities, to calm them, submitted to all their demands, one of which related to the payment of the balance due to them for a long time. The demands of the troops being thus granted ordir was restored, but it is doubtful whether the bad example shown on this occasion may not cause other serious difficulties. M. Gros, surgeon of the French war steamer Cuvier, has fallen a victim to a murder. Proceeding to embark at Tophtanc,he received several stabs from the knives of the husband and parents of a young Greek woman, with whom he appears to have had a liaison. He died this morning, at six o'clock, generally regretted. One of the assassins and the woman in question are in custody. A committee composed of the principal Eurinean mer chants resident at Constantinople are at the present moment engaged in drawing up a new tariff, the term of the old one having expired • ATHENS, At a. 30. The insurrection, as it was called, has ended like all such attempt., concocted in haste, and having no specified plan of action in defeat. As many troops as could, with safety, be spared from the capital, and u many volunteers as liberal payment could induce to take up arms against the "rebels," marched under the command of Gisrdialotis to attack them in their stronghold in Eubea. After a parlay, in which Griziotti refused to lay down his arms, Grivas pre pared to attack him in position. On the 17th some firing took place on both sides, with little advantage to either. On the 18th the Greek, schooner of war, landed.some field pieces, and one heavy gun, and brought them to bear of the rebel encampment. These guns did much execution, killing and wounding many of Griziotti's men. In the afternoon,whilst Griziotti was inspecting his intrenchments, a cannon ball carried away his left arm. Unfortunately he hail no medical man at hand, and to stop the hwmorrhage, he plunged the stump into boiling pitch, • fearful operation for a man of seventy, yet he bore it with the greatest patience. Finding that it was impossible to resist the force brought against him, he decided on retiring, and desired his men to keep their posts so as to cover his retreat, and then so retire to their homes. On the 20th he arrived at Koumi, and em'iarked, with seventy followers, on board • schooner, accompanied by Colonel Scaurtaniotti and Major Zerves. Ho has taken refuge in Scio. When Drives heard on the 20th of the accident which had occurred to Griziotti, he ordered a general intact upon all the insurgent opposition; he found but little opposition, as most of the men had escaped and fled. After their diaper. sion, and sending cut his forces in three columna to puns. them, he addressed the following Lacethemonian epistle to the Normarch of Chalcis, _ . . nir,—Wc hare rent the insurgent. to the decd. I have lic.tad for a .port time on the plains of Daces to re-unite my fortes ; I shall then go—l knots not where. I In you sill communicate this agreeable ems to the government. —Your friend, G. GKIVA.. CONSTANTINOPLE, A.t:o. 27. The Turkish government have begun to put their coercive measures against Greece into operution. As I in formed you in my last letter, the exequaturs arc to be with drawn from the Greek consuls and the coasting trade be tween the two countries to be suspended. The Porte have also recalled the Turkish consuls resident in Greece. All relations between the cabinet of the Sultan and that of King Otho are thus at an end. This mode of action has, it is to be feared, been adopted too late. Had the Porte yielded to the advice of Lord Cowley, and put these coercive measures into force two months ago, the Turkish ministers might have been spared the humiliations to which they have since been subjected, and the difference between the two countries been brought to a satisfactory termination. Coletti has cer tainly shown considerable address in keeping his adversaries in play, till he found himself in • position to throw off the mask and boldly bid defiance to the Porte. The elections are now over in Greece, Coletti is at the head of a powerful majority in the chambers, and the manner in which he has acted in the present ques tion has given him a greater ascendancy than ever over the minds of his countrymen. The disorders which broke out under Griziotti at Chalcis, and those that are threatened by Grivas at Previsa, are no indications of popular feeling in Greece. The feeble attempt at insurrection made at Chal- cis has been suppressed, and Griziotti has been mortally wounded in the action which took place between his fol lowers and the royal troops. The general who commanded the expedition against Griziotti, and effected hie overatrow, was no other than the brother of the same Cfrivu who, under the protection of the British consul at Previaa, is threatening Greece with invasion. The men enrolled by Grist's at Pre visa are lawless ruffians who would embrace any cause that promised them a chance of plunder. The pay, more over, which they receive, of thirty shillings a month inde pendent of rations, would be sufficient to corrupt the fidelity of even the royal body guard at Athens. Simultaneous with these insurrectionary movements, three English line of battle ships have appeared at the Pincus to enforce payment of six months' interest due open the Greek loan. this com bination of unpleasant circumstances does Lot appear to disturb in the least the equanimity of Co letti or of his friends. That power which has been most active in bringing Greece into its present position will, of course, pay the interest of the debt, whilst Russia has already commenced to render null the coercive measures of the Porte. Greek ships have begun to hoist the Russian flag, and Greek subjects residing in Turkey to put them selves under Russian protection. All that is requisite to en title one to the advantages of being a subject of the Emperor Nicholas is to be possessed of a Russian passport. This was lately exemplified in the case of the assuain, Stamatiades, Thus her, for the moment, ended this and affair. There is greater sympathy extant for the wound of Griziotti than people dare give expression to. This sentiment is but a natural one, when the bravery he dial layed during the struggle for independence is taken into consideratio4. The government partisans describe his wound as mortal. Letters from Chalcis givo horrible accounts of the ex cesses committed by the King's troops after the cessation of hostilities. They plundered and burnt a great number of houses, pillaged 'Vineyards, killed and carried off cattle, oat raged and murdered women, and even went so far as to tor ture a child of 12 years of age, who had seen Griziotti carried along on a titter, but could not precisely point out the road he had taken. The recital of these barbarities, committed by men sent to establish order and obedience, is harrowing in the extreme. Even the poor woman who dressed the wounds of Griziotti, has been used moat cruelly. [Another correspondent advises us from Smyrna, Aug. 27, that Griziotti arrived at that port, with his fol lowers, on the 23rd, but his enact having no bill of health, was placed in quarantine ; but the general, in cond• aeration of hie desperate wound, was allowed to land to ob tain medical advice.] Brigandage in continental Greece hu increased to a fear ful and incredible extent. Messrs. Despotopuolo and Ps papoliti have addressed a letter to the King upon the sub ject, detailing the horrible murders and mutilations corn mated by these hordes of wretches upon poor dereliction priests and women. The Chlunber of Deputies continue engaged in verifying the elections: this is a useless task, ea all the elections, more or leas, h►ve the same degree of legality. The senate is not constituted; the meat ben cannot agree about the nomination of a president Something, at last, appears decisive of a turn in the Greco•Turkish question. The Turkish Charge d'Affaires at Athens, Osman Effendi, has received official soda from the Turkish government of the orders aim by it to all the governors of the provinces Cl the empire—that 25 days are given to all Greek jecta to regulate their affairs and quit the 'f urkish domi nions, in default of which, after the expiration of this period, they will be registered as soya... The consuls, vice consuls, and consular agents for Greece, will quit the Ottoman terri tory within the same period. Osman Effendi is ordered to keep himself in readiness to quit Athens, at a moment's no tice, as all relations by land and sea will absolutely ewe at the expiration of the period prescribed. Hitherto Take/ has been firm to her word; should she be so in this, the runt of Greece will be completed. The National Bank of Gress has reduced its interest from 51 to 41 per cent. on all sums received in deposit—those of the Savings Bank excepted. MALTA, Seer. 4. The chief topic here is the abduction case. The Mimes Cannons applied to the court for a restitution of the young lady forcibly taken from them by her mother. The court decided that the young lady must return to the school. To this she positively objected, saying no power on earth should separate her from her mother. As there was no wal of proceeding with a young damsel of 17, ri et ormis, she was allowed to remain with her mother whilst the appall was pending. The appeal court set aside the judgment of the lower court, and decided that the young lady could live with whom she pleased, mother or schoolmistress • ch , chose the former. The father is expected here shortly him the Levant, when the question will be finally settled who 1, to posseu her. A letter received here a few days ago from Gerbi, coast of Barbary, mentions that rumours are in circulation that a Turkish fleet with troop en board is momentarily expected to arrive and Lae forcible possession of the regency of Tunis. That, to pre vent this, the French government had sent a strong squadron into Tunis bay. The French frigate Magellan called at Gerbi on the 16th ult., on her way from Tunis ed Tripoli and Malta. This rumour was mentioned to the com mander. He did not deny it, but desired the inhabitants not to be alarmed, for the French government would not allow the 'lurks to land in Tunis. The governor of Gerbi sent some refreshments on board, and the - Magellan ieft tns same evening for Tripoli. She arrived here on the 2401. and still remain,. The French squadron of two lineht battle ships, and two steamers, have left Tunis for Naples, to join the admiral. The French steam corvette, Laroisier, arrived on the 27th ult. from Tunis, with Mons. Poujsdei the French consul at Malta. She remained until after the arrival of the overland mail, and then sailed for Tun* taking a mail. Another French steamer, the Cerbire, arrived on the Ist from Naples, with despatches for the French consul. The Locust started for Athens on the Ist, with despatch , ' for Sir E. Lyons. The Hell steamer also left on thei lst f a Beyrout, with powder and provisions for her Majesty's fri gate Spartan. The Ardent left on the 2nd with the mini for Corfu and Patens. The appearance, almost tinily, of a }Tench steam-sloop, or frigate, is quite a novelty for IOUs. I