The Express. — London, England, 1847-09-20 00:00:00

gh, 11n$%. teenth. Intelligent and humane men, considering this, have set themselves to work to stem this tide of degradation and disease which flows on parallel with that of improvement and civilisation. The Society for the Improvement of the Labouring Classes, to which the Labourers' Friend Society is united, has employed itself in the erection of model dwellings for the poor, adapted to the wants alike of the single and the married. We had lately an oppor tunity of examining most of these buildings. For single men and boys there are, we believe, three in London : one in George-street, Bloomsbury, one in Charles-street, Drury-lane, and one in Bethnal-green. Oar description applies on ly to the first of these ; the others we have not seen. George-street, Bloomsbury, was one of the most notorious districts in London. It bordered the Rookery. Its houses were old, decay ing, stuffed like burrows with filthy and abandoned lite. The streets branching from it were pestilential, and filled with the liquid filth which overflowed privy and cesspool. At the doors the infrequent passenger saw young girls almost naked, squatted like savages, bandying foul jests and fouler abuse ; the children pale and wolfish, paddling in the mud about them ' • the young men and boys, with that ineffable brand of the low London thief smoking at the windows, or lounging lazily against the greasy walls, till the dusk took them to their prowling depredations. With all this was mixed up much industrious and honest poverty, suffering within body and mind all the effects of that contaminating neighbourhood. This was thespot chosen for a model lodging-house, capable of accommodating 120 single inmates at an expense of 2s. 4d. weekly, or 4d. a night. This house, however, only admits weekly lodgers. When we saw it, some ten or twelve beds were unoccupied. The accommodations are clean, decent, and sufficient to , ensure all necessary privacy. The beds are in cabins, arranged along corridors, much like those of Green wich and Chelsea Hospitals • the partitions between the cabins not reaching within several feet of the ceil ing, so as to ensure a freer circulation of air. On each corridor is a washing place well supplied with water. The inmates have the use of a comfortable common room, furnished with substantial oak tables and settles, and with a good fire, as well as of a kitchen for cooking, all the crockery and implements required being supplied by the establishment, and each man having under his own key a cupboard for his victuals. There is a wash-house attached to the kitchen, with storeheunes. The ventilation of the whole building is perfect, and the utmost cleanliness prevails. A library is in process of formation for the use of the lodgers, and the common room, when we saw it, seemed well provided with newspapers. Op posite to this building stands a range of lodging houses on the old system, ditty, unventilated, over crowded, and indecent. In the new building, poverty may maintain its self-respect. There is nothing that even a decayed gentleman might not gladly avail himself of. And all this is provided for 4d. a night, a sum which we are assured is sufficient to pay a fair per centage on the outlay. The same society has built a street of model-houses Ibr women and families, near Pakenham-street, be tween Gray's-inn-road and the Lower-road, Penton ville. The following is the description of the committees, and we can answer for its correctness from personal observation : In the arrangement of these houses, the object has been to combine every point essential to the health, comfort, and moral habits of the industrious clauses and their families, reference being had to the recommendations of the Health of Towne Commission, particularly with respect to ventilation, drainage, and an ample supply of water. The houses are of three different classes, and designed to accommodate in the whole twenty-three families and thirty single persons-1. Nine of the familiesoecupy each an entire house, with a Habig r , om on the ground floor, having an enclosed recces or closet large enough to receive beds for the youths of the family, two bed-rooms on the upper floor, and a smel yard at the hack : these houses are let at a rent of sin shillings per week. 2. The remaining fourteen families are distributed in seven houses, each family occupyirg a floor of two rooms, with all requisite conveniences; and as the apartments on the upper floor are approached through an outer door distinct from that belonging to the lower floor, their respective occupants are thus kept entirely separate, and each floor is virtually a distinct dwelling. The tent paid by each family is three shillings and sixpence per week. A mash-house, with dry ing ground, is provided for the occasional use of the tenants of these houses at a small charge.-3. The centre building on the east side will accommodate thirty widows or females of advanced age, each having a room with the use of a wash-house common to them all. The rent paid for each room is one shilling and sixivnee per week. The cost of these buildings, erected under contract in a substantial manner, warrants the committee in the confident belief that, whilst securing a remunerating rate of interest ea the outlay, they afford to the occupants accommodations et a very superior description to those at present attainable by the labouring classes, and that at a lower rent than is Now commonly paid. The committee hope and believe, also, diet the detailed statement which they are prepared to lay before the public (showing a return of 6 per cent. net on the cost of the buildings, and of 41 per cent. on the cost of the land, held on lease for 99 years) will encourege many . bene volent individuals to promote the erection in their own neighbourhood of similar dwellings, and thereby conduce to the moral as well as the physical welfare of a large class of their poorer brethren, who at present have not the opportu nity of bringing up their families with a due regard even to the decencies of life, and are thus placed in circumstances tending greatly to counteract the influence of all religious instruction. Of both of these establishments the class for which they were intended have eagerly and thankfully availed themselves. It has required neither force nor persuasion to induce them to occupy cleaner, sweeter, and more commodious dwellings, as many prophetic "practical men" declared it would. An establish ment with less ambitious aims and less costly appli ances than either of the above described, has been founded in Glasshouse-yard, East Smithfield, near the London Docks. This is a lodging-house for both sexes, where, for 2d., I id., or Id., a bed is provided Ifor the night, with a common room attached, and a kitchen, in which clean and wholesome provisions are furnished at a moderate rate, and where the inmates may cook their own victuals. This is rather a place for providing the very poor with clean and well ventilated sleeping accommodation than a lodging house properly so called. There is something rather appalling in the close-packed rows of partitions which 1 1 separate the scanty beds, and the whole place is re dolent of that grim and naked poverty which does not show itself in George-street. The Glasshouse-yard house is frequented by the poor who live by the pre carious employment of the docks, and the crowds who pour into the east of London in search of work. Here they sire at least secured from indecency and outrage, and warmly and wholesomely housed, while their efforts to obtain employment are aided if they conduct themselves with propriety. But the establishment must be considered rather as a step intermediate be tween the refuge for the destitute and the model lodging-house above described than as competing with the latter. It is under the management of a committee—the same, we believe, to which the poor owe the original ba ths and wash-houses in Glass house-yard. An examination of these model buildings suggests the question why, in the improvements which are going on in almost every part of the metropolis, it is not insisted on that accommodation should be provided for the class whom the improvements are certain to displace? We must put our poor somewhere. The alternative before us is whether their degrada tion, moral and physical, is to be perpetuated by allowing them to crowd to the already overcrowded quarters which their brethren occupy, or the first and indispensable step taken for their advancement by providing them with wholesome, clean, and commo dious dwellings. AU that the government can do in the matter is to enforce the observance of certain con ditions on the builders of small tenements, and to re quire that a quarter of such small tenements should be preserved in laying out new streets through the districts hitherto inhabited by the very poor. With such a condition annexed, the changes now going on would be real blessings to the community. We should hail the purer air, the more perfect sewer age, the statelier shop and more pretensious when we knew that from the benefit of all this the very poor were not excluded. Without this condition these alterations destroy on the one hand the good they effect on the idler. For every squalid house thrown down there is an equally squalid house receiving new inhabitants elsewhere; for every foot of improved sewerage there is a counterbalancing increase of impurity; for every mod:qui of sweeter air won there is a fresh taint imparter; to an already intolerable atmosphere. What we withdrew from the bottom of the mass of human misery we add on to tho top. The sum total remains the same, with a mere difference of distribution. of Taa emaisad awed era% Me - blanallee, tO the Maltorrelueli =41411m. M, Wm. ha., will be made up co the eta* The Nab ke V _o= 7 lAdelie. Cab. sad OlEeeNsr will he mimes ea me et tbe fhplembee. The min tit Isla saw Tao LIM a lend. me New feebadvlll made op ea thermang ads Seth leasmber. The Rea IMMa min. Wham Ilse, he Mod" Mombrm 2,0 as Samosa'. I'M be mode es ea themendas tithe Sod Claeher. The ~WM male Ilw Sarelber Seita.(inees, the beam Maeda See, Adeo.Oepkom liellii,Bowlkeouvoil China, vie lesethimmtcs, will le mob so ea the emslog alba October. The mile hi the Bleak the War Mate, Monte Video. Perwo i btUtt e llre k g , o, and BOUM Ayres, will to mule op co the The math be Betlisti North Amara, Bennett.. aml OA United Kate% be Nude up on the main of the 4th October. TO COIIMPON °KATI. A Subscriber" 4informed that the Set of binkropta published in The Exrese ocotillo every Me appearing in the London Gu,tte. ••• ao•oy.oodoossa tsmoolett Cr Yzyromo. •remoi you. , ft... be sO tin Oder, 10. lkolverte-obeei, by Two leoloolt on the lay of polliwog. HIGH WATIOR AT LONDON.BRI (101. tee" Do • —blend." ft WA. poet 9 ; Afters.... .ola. port 10 —llueste6l3 alert* 19; Aitoooemo. v.. mat LONDON, MONDAY, SEPT. 20. Ir has taken almost half a century to let down the old dominant class of the Irish aristocracy and landed proprietorship to the great level of common justice, equality, and usefulness. To what a height must that ascendancy have been raised when so many measures, so many debates, so much effort and time were requisite to undo what the sword, and centuries of legislation based on the right of the sword, had done. Had it been attempted suddenly or at once, not all the power of England would have sufficed without convulsion. But indeed no hostile party went to work with either astuteness or foresight to undermine the dominant oligarchy in Ireland. They undertook that task themselves. Seduced by the attractions and the pride of electoral power and claims, they allowed and encouraged tho labouring classes to spread root and multiply upon the soil, till they became formida ble from their number and their wants. Where there are numbers they must be conciliated. Had the wrongs and the wants of the poor Irish been fairly represented and honestly stated at first, the one would have been righted, the other supplied. But the interested champions of the poor thought more of themselves than of their clients, and declared that the sufferings of the indigent cottier were not in his stomach, but his feelings—in his sense not of hunger and physical privation, but of moral injustice. The commiserating state listened to the lawyers, opened parliament to the talkers, instead of providing food and employ for the crowd whose voices were the breath of the talker's perorations. Liberalism ap plauded on both sides of the channel. A dozen successive administrations went on doctoring and salving the moral ills of Ireland, giving scarcely a scruple of either food or medicine to the physical wants, until there were no more moral sores to salve, and yet whilst the amount of misery and discontent remained unabated. For a year or two the system of moral quackery for Ireland has now gone out of fashion. Even Sir ROBERT PEEL, who placed such faith in it that his last dream was, that if he could tickle the catholic priests into good humour he could quietly rule all Ire land—even Sir ROBERT has abated of his faith in moral treatment. And after years thrown away on prelimi naries, and in the idle study of diagnostics, we have at length arrived at the actual palping and treatment of physical evil. We do not know that it was the wisdom of this or that particular minister which led to this. It was rather the dire necessity of last year's famine. We are at last face to face with the true, staring, prominent ill of Ireland. That ill is a pure, naked, physical one: it is want, the want of millions. For this has been instantly provided the most simple, most natural, most Christian of laws —that the property of the country must relieve the poverty of it. On the execution of this law de pends the future position of Ireland. If it fail, all Ms. No politician can propose, as more than a wordy paradox, that one country shall live perma nently on the charity of another. If a country cannot suffice for its own existence, a revolution in property and social organisation becomes inevitable. The upper classes of Irish, therefore, instead of thwarting and denouncing the great experiment, had better lend their efforts to work it and 'carry it oat, for its failure can prove no other than their final condemnation. Of all liberal journals, we have been that, we be lieve, moat favourable to the Irish proprietary, most averse to the wholesale, vulgar, electioneering clamour directed against them. No class of any country can be swept sway without leaving that couxtry maimed and enfeebled. Nor is there any class more necessary than that which fortune has endowed with leisure and independence, and which should endow itself with intelligence, humanity, and activity to perform the provident, and fostering, and guiding part of a national aristocracy. We cannot but be aware that the proprietary clam in Ireland is that most truly and rationally attached to English connexion, to thglory and greatness of a common country. Nothing, therefore, would seem more deplorable to us than a permanent antagonism between the Irish proprietary and the government of the United Kingdom—an antagonism, we are confident, that nothing could give rise to, or continue, but errors and passions on the part of that proprietary. The present is an important moment in the history of Ireland. The question of repeal or no re peal is coming to a decision, not from the brawliogs of the political schoolboys of Asso ciation or Confederation, but in the great expe riment which England 114 making of forcing Irish property to provide fitly for Irish poverty. - In that great and difficult task, England can aid, will aid, and has aided, not merely by her powers of govern ment, but by her resources and generosity. If the Irish proprietary prefer being coerced by Irish anarchy to perform that duty, instead of being brought to it by the mild firmness of English rule, they may pro bably indulge their choice. But one thing is certain, namely, that the poor of Ireland must be provided for, and provided henceforth with more than potatoes, and that too from Irish resources, and no other. The Irish proprietary have now to choose between the agrarian law, that must accompany repeal, and which would sweep their class and creed from the surface of the island, or that substitute for it, and an tidote to it, which the poor-law holds out—the poor law, administered by the wise and considerate hands by which it is now wielded and directed. The recent offers and compromises of the Irish poor-law commis sion fully prove this. The rejection of these by Irish boards of guardians, or meetings of Irish country gentlemen, is nothing short of suicide and madness. WHILE so much remains to do for increasing the comfort and cleanliness of the poor and their dwell ings, it is pleasant to think that something has also been done for the attainment of these objects. The task of the journalist is more often to awaken public attention to evils, than to record the attempts that have been made to meet them. He must devote him self rather to stimulating supineness, overthrowing prejudice, and informing Ignorance , than to celebrat ing the partial triumphs of benevolence and active knowledge. With the sanitary question, especially when mis chiefs call so loudly for relief, and relief is so slow of coming, there are very few points on which the day by-day recorder of events can rejoice himself or con gratulate his readers. Even here, however, all is not barren in the wide field that spreads itself before the improver. Something has been done, despite the apathy of same local authorities, an the opposition of others. We are glad to turn from our less welcome task of cataloguing the causes and effects of filth, discomfort, and disease inthe dwellings of the poor, to that of point ing out what is being done to . provide them with in creased means ofpersonal cleanliness, and a more whole some and decent class of habitations. It seems, now-a days, an admitted axiom, that moral and physical degas. dation have snore than an accidental bond of union. The filth of London, the fever of London, and the crime of London, huddle in the same hideous nooks and alleys. The eo-called improvements, whilst they oust this terrible trinity from one district, drive it to double its fatal effects in another. The poor labourer, the low prostitute, and the thief, routed together fro Blooms are foroed upon Southwark or WhitecTrapel. As London shows fairer houses and wider streets in quarters hitherto squalid and infectious, the nests ... filtVpoverty, and lawlessness which remain become mere and more densely crammed. Much as the Lon don of k 847 excels the London of 1800 in cleanliness, statelitsies, and convenience, there are quarters in it the nineteenth century has made no improve if even it have nos Allen below the seven- WE congratulate cur Belgian neighbours sincerely on the congress which they have invited to discuss the merits of the various trading systems now pre scribed by the governments of Europe. A general discussion on the principles of trade in the abstract must assume this shape, if it is to be of practical use ; THE EXPRESS, MONDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 20, 1847. Brigeaud has been asked whether he would cosneest to com mand the expedition to Morocco, in the event of such a mea sure being decided on. The Cburrier Franpis says:— It is stated that a division of three Austrian men-of-war has quitted Trieste to cruise in the Adriatic. Oa the 7th these 'Noels were in sight of Ancona. They remained there several hours in observation, and then continued their course towards the Gulf of Tarento. and we see that the second meeting of the congress has proposed to consider the question in this form. Belgium is well situated, as a continental power, for the seat of a congress on this subject. Tradition ally, both trade and manufactures have an almost equal claim on the inclinations of the people of the low countries, and their sympathies would now be expressed more impartially if the system of protecting duties had not of late years drawn more capital into manufacturing than into trade. For this the Belgians arc less to blame than their neighbours, whose nevi. gation laws prevented their ships from obtainio' g freights in manufacturing countries for the colonies, and from bringing colonial produce to consuming harbours on fair terms. But if these impediments gave a bias to the investment of capital in Belgium, the limited sphere which that country presented for manufacturing industry rendered it likewise hazard ous (at all events no remunerating undertaking) to manufacture on a large scale. Manufacturing, or production by the aid of machinery, requires a command both of large capi tals and of extensive markets. Countries which offer markets of considerable extent, such as France, Spain, and Holland, with their colonies, and Russia, find it still difficult to manufacture with suc oess from want of disposable concentrated capital. Belgium posses . ses, proportionally, as ample resources for manufacturing as England, but she is cut off from the best markets. These best markets, out of Europe, are the transatlantic states, and the Dutch and English East India colonies. The impediment to the direct American trade lies in the restriction im posed on return freights by the different European states. At Calcutta, as at Batavia, the foreign manu facturer meets with a whole system of differential duties, in addition to the limitations of navigation laws. Within a year, differential duties have been for mally sanctioned by an order in council of Calcutta, just as the principle was on the eve of being repu diated by the imperial parliament at London. 'the linens of Courtesy, like the cottons of Ghent and the carpets of Tournay, are subjected at our East Indian ports to a differential duty of five per cent, over Eng lish wares if imported in English vessels, and to 15 per cent. additional duty if imported in foreign bot toms. Arms of all kinds, which rare manufactured both cheaply and of excellent quality at Liege, are prohibited both in Great Britain and in the colonies. It is clear, therefore, that Belgium has everything to hope from an adoption of the most comprehensive system of international intercourse. By coming for ward in an open manner, and with decided proposals, het ministers may exert a moral influence on this side of the channel which cannot fail of producing mutual benefit. Belgium is thus both well fitted to be the seat of the present discussions, and to be the first to try whatever may be suggested in them. The progress of public opinion in Belgium has of late been towards a conviction of the inutility of protection to all parties. The clear- , sighted, both traders and manufacturers, see but a limitation of markets, where the covetous and short-sighted can perceive only supposed per sonal privileges. It is this progress which has brought about the recent change of ministry, and we look to the fact of assembling the present congress as a proof of the minister's desire to go with public opinion on this point. It is at the same time an in dication of his desire to obtain moral support, where any other influence would be unavailing. The names of many who propose taking an active part is the discussions are well known as the repre sentatives of enlightened progress. M. ARRIVABENR, long a martyr to the cause of liberty in Italy, has added to the literature of his adopted country many valuable contributions on political economy ; amongst the rest, a digest of Mr. SENIOR'S Outline. Brussels is well supplied with authorities on this subject, and labours of the recently established statistical sec tion of the Ministry of the Interior, of which M. QUETELET is Occident, have greatly contributed to clear up many intricate questions both of a social and a commercial nature. With these we are glad to see joined so many English names of eminence, such as those of BOW RING, ENTART, and Tuonesort—men who can at once explain and refute tinge common-places, on which the German disciples of LIST have been living with such cheaply bought cred t beyond the Rhine. France, too, hes sent its contingent of able and emi nent free-traders. And if the protectionists do not make a better figure than they did in the general or preliminary discussion, a severe blow will be dealt to the cause, not less severe from being dealt with good humour. The Madrid mails of the 13th have brought the intelligence of the completion of the cabinet by the appointment of M. Goyeaa, Minister of Justice, to the presidency, and M. Costezar to the ministry of foreign affairs. This is considered as a further check by the French party and the moderados, and is, of course, ascribed to the influence exercised by Mr. Bulwer. It was expected that the first question which would engage the attention of the cabinr:.l. would be the moral of General Narvaez from Spain. For details wo refer to the letter of our correspondent. The great political movement in progress in Italy, continues to occupy the attention of the public in all parts of Europe. The only sources of reliable infor mation available from the Lombardo-Venetian and Neapolitan states being private letters and such ad vices as ore received indirectly through the pontifical, Tuscan, and Piedmontese journals, considerable delay and much uncertainty attend the intelligence we re ceive. The official gazettes of Naples and Milan, con taining such statements only as their governments respectively find it convenient to issue, are little to be depended on Letters from Milan, of the 11th, say that the popular movement which took place there on the Bth and 9th, had been quelled by the armed force. A notice had been posted in the city by the authorities, on the 10th, warning all persons who re garded their personal safety to remain at home. Patrols circulated through the streets on that day, and in the evening several persons in the piazza Fon tana were wounded. These acts of violence of the soldiers have been directed chiefly against unoffend ing and unarmed citizens. The worst offence charged against any one was having cried " Viva Pio IX !" On the Bth one man was killed and In persons were wounded. The popular demonstration of the Bth at Genoa (which we have already reported) was renewed the following day, when a body of citizens, amounting to 2,000, were headed by the Marquis George Dories. The quarter Portoria, where the insurrection against the Austrians broke oat in 1716, was illuminated. The people, on this occasion, besides the usual loyal accla mations, uttered cries fin.. a national guard." What ever may have decided the authorities, which until then were passive, the troops were then called out, and a proclamation issued by the municipal autho rities, exhorting the people to be tranquil, alluding to the Pope in terms of praise, and at the same time the assemblage was dispersed, but without violence. A letter from Genoa, of the 13th, says that the popular celebration which had been designed for the preceding day had been suspended, by order of the govcrnment. This decision was attributed to M. do la Margarita, who, though retired from office, still exercised a sinister influence, and in part coun t teracted the liberal views of M. Villa Marina. No ' restraint however was imposed on the use of the printing press so far as respected the printing of hymns written in a style of the highest excitement against the Austrians, and which were set to music and sang in the streets. At Florence the same outbursts of popular enthu siasm were sustained. The agitation having natu rally induced timid persons to draw their deposits from the savings bank, the grand duke conceived the happy idea of depositing there a large sum in his own name. The national guard was everywhere in process of organisation, and even before it had yet received arms became instrumental in maintaining the public tranquillity. A great public solemnity was to have taken place on the 12th, at which persons from all parts of the Tuscan states I were to have assisted. The people, assembled in M- I ferent quathers under banners, were to meet on the 'Piazza Pitti, in front of the grand ducal palace. The lecclesiastics were to be formed into bodies. The Tuscan women, led by the ladies of the Florentine noblesse, were to form in troops, of which the Mar chese Ilartolomei-Gherardi, a lady of great personal beauty, was to be the standard hearer. The grand duke, with hie family, was to join the procession on foot, and to proceed to the church of the Annunziata, where aTe Down was to be celebrated. The grand duke had nominated his eldest son the hereditary prince generalissimo of the national guard. Letters from Rome say that although the Austrians at Ferrara are less exasperating, they nevertheless give every intimation of an intention of permanently occupying the city. Dissensions had broken out' among them. A conflict took place between the Tyrolese troops and the Hungarians ; the first crying in favour of the Pope, the latter in favour of the Emperor. Several were killed in this affair. Two Tyrolese and one Hungarian were afterwards con demned to death. Advices from Panne of the 6th announce tho arri val there of General Radetzky, the Austrian general. Commandant Selig immediately waited upon him, and bad a long interview. The general's presence at Parma appears to be occasioned by the state of affairs in Italy. Letters from Naples of the 9th say that a reign of terror has commenced there, and that every day sees new victims consigned to the castle of St. Elmo. The consternation is augmented by the report, gene rally credited, that the government will be supported against the people by the French squadron lying in the harbour. This persuasion is confirmed by the fact that, in order to prove the hostility of the French government to the friends of reform and progress in Italy, the Neapolitan government has caused extracts from the Journal des Debals, re lating to the affairs of Italy, to be translated, printed in large numbers, and circulated gratuitously. Let ters from Calabria represent the insurgent forces there as amounting to .5,000 or 6,000. Troops are daily embarked at Naples for different points of Ca labna, the King superintending in person their embarkation. The law of the suspect is revived at Naples, and ruthlessly put in execution by the minister of police, Delcarretto. Thus it appears that all the hepes of reform that were entertaiaed respect ing the King of Naples are delusive. We learn by letters from Vienna that, on the Bth inst., the Pope's nuncio had a private audience of the Emperor in presence of M. Metternich. It is weU known that such audiences only take place at grave , conj unctures. MADRID, SEPT. 13. The Duke of Fries having definitively deelined on Saturday night the seat offered to him in the cabinet, the portfolio of state has been accepted by D. Modesto Costazar, who took the ministenal oath yesterday. I). Garcia Goyena, minister of grace and justice, has been appointed president of the council. Both these nominations appear in the Gazette of to-day. So that after a fortnight's doubts, difficulties, and struggles, the ministry is at last complete. The new minister of state is chiefly known as having been in more than one session the oldest mem ber or Presidente de Edad (father, as we should say) of Congress. Although not distinguished by brilliant talents, considerable wealth, or a high social position, Senor Costazar is a respectable person, and will not damage the ministry intrinsically by forming a mem ber of it. His career has been that of an advocate. He has discharged his duties as a judge and • magistrate in Cuenca, and other pro vincial towns satisfactorily, although without eclat. Several years of his life have been spent in England, and he speaks English fluently. Although he has never been, I believe, member of any realised minis try, his name has more than once figured in the lists of those which have died o their birth : and when Christina had to make her retreat L - 61 - :. throu-'h Valencia, in 1840, Costazar was one of the persons she had appo i oc d ir,inisters in her last moments of I authority, but who never actually enjoyed that dignity. Although poor, his obliging manners have rendered him acceptable in the circle of notabilities, and a certain effusion and good-nature have concili ated to him many adherents, whom he was incapable of attaching to him by more powerful means. Iu fact, the appointment is one without any political import whatever; although Senor Costazsr's know ledge of England and tho English will, of course, give a handle to the moderado opposition to come forward with a new proof of the omnipotence of Mr. Bulwer. The same opposition pretends that the most pressing entreaties were employed to coax the Duke of Fries into taking office. It is even said that tho Queen used the expression " Te pinto," " I beg thee ;" when the duke answered majestically, " Sovereigns, madam, are not accustomed to beg, they command ; but when they command impossibilities, they must ! not be displeased if they meet with disobe di ence." The impossibilities are represented by the duke's , friends to have consisted in his acknowledging Sala mance. for his chief, and in forming a member of a cabinet which had already taken such important steps without consulting hiss and without mature delibera tion. But he was ready to form a cabinet of his own , if the Queen pleased. But the royal mind perhaps considered that the co-operation of the Duke of Fries might be bought too dearly, as it declined charging him with this task. The Faro says that Salamanca went on his knees to the duchess to procure her me diation. If all this be true, certainly Salamanca must have been hard up for his supplemental colleague. Who won?. suppose that the personage so strongly supplicated is beset by such infirmities as mast dis qualify him from fulfilling the most ordinary duties, such as extreme deafness, absence of mind, and weak ness of health ? Of ouch value is respectability to a cabinet ! Senor Pacheco has addressed a letter to the Corrco, in answer to the sarcasms of the Faro upon his ac ceptance of the embassy to Rome, and the charge of avarice which that paper directs against him. The ex-president denies that 22,000 dollars are to be given to set him up ; and adds, that, by means of a reform which occurred during his ministry, he will only receive 90 instead of 120 reals per league for his journey. There is something in this pompous state ment of the saving effected to the state of a dollar and a half per league which will make the laugh go yet harder against the conscientious puritan. An engagement more considerable than usual has taken place in Catalonia. On the oth, 130 rebels, under the command of the cabecilla Marred, relying on the strength of the positions they occupied near Marlant, six leagues from Gerona, awaited the attack of a column of troops commanded by Colonel Rios. The troops charged with the bayonet, and the insurgrats fled, leaving seventeen of their party dead upon the field. On the part of the soldiers only one was killed and seven wounded. A statistical account of the Carlist forces makes their numbers amount to nearly 4,003. Some severe bush-fighting took place on the 4th near Vich, with the band of Bognics, which amounted to 200, the results of which were not known. The commander of the troops, Latent, had ordered the Alcalde of San Roy to be shot for misrepresenting the number of the rebels to him. FRANCE.—Psfas, SEPT. 18.—Mehemmed Ali- Khan, ambassador of the Shah of Persia, arrived at Paris on Friday. He is accompanied by his son, his son-in-law, and a numerous retinue. This embassy has been five months and a half on its journey. The new ambassador was received at Orleans by M. Le Comte Alit Deegranges, first secretary, interpreter of the King of the French, sent to meet him, to compliment him, and to conduct him to the apartments pre pared for hint, Ilutel du Rhin, Place Vendome. Mina Mehemmed Ali. Khan occupied, previous to his departure, the poet of minister of the foreign department ; he still remains the titular minister. He is now in the prime of life, and the brilliant career he has run has been less the result of his birth than of his talents, which are said to be very remarkable. Nephew to AbudHassan.Khan, ambassador extraordinary to France in ISIS, he then accom panied his uncle. He has since sung the reminiscences of his journey and residence among us in verses which are in high repute at the court of Persia, and which have not a lit tle contributed to the advantageous manner in which France is considered in Persia.—D,lbats. BAVARIA.—Musten, SEPT. 10.— LOLA NiONTES, COUNTESS Or LANDSFELD.—The recent elevation of the Senora Lola Monte, to the rank of countess is now well known throughout all Europe, and yet, • most surprising thing, the periodical papers of Bavaria do not mention it. The act which confers on the Senora the title of countess Sot appeared in foreign papers, and that was the reason why it was generally believed that the whole concern was a joke. More than one person declared that no individual was obliged to consider the Senora as Countess of Landsfeld, since the act which conferred this title had not appearral in the official journals. All doubt is now removed. The offi cial paper has published the act ; but the censorship has fur bidden the reproduction of it in any other Bavarian paper. It doubtless appears incredible that the official paper should publish anything the reproduction of which could be pro hibited, but such is the truth. This measure is explained by the dread of furnishing the people with a subject of con versation so very unfavourable to the court. The calculation is erroneous; the public in general speaks on this subject in terms of blame so very severe, that no journal could go beyond them. It is only to be regretted that the ultra montanes should turn to their profit a discontent which increases daily, notwithstanding some appearances to the contrary, which had been remarked after a few insignificant csneessions and vain promises. Everybody hopes a great deal from the approaching assembling of the chambers. The Cons/it/aim/net has the following letter from Manich,loth inst.:—" The journals of to-day have published a circum.tance which has caused great astonishment. The reigning Queen his just conferred on the Countess de Lands feld (Lola Mentes) the insignia of the order of Maria Theresa, a high distiaction, to which is attached the privilege of appearing constantly and when she pleases at Court. According to these journals, and as a consequence of this favour conferred, the Countess de Lanisfeld will be presented at court on the return of their Majesties to Munich." ItUSSIA.—ST. PETERSBURG, SEPT. 3.—A letter from this capital states that the Emperor of Russia had just Jet out for the southern provinces. His tour was expected to last about two months. TURKEY.—CONSTANTINOPLE, AUG. 25.—The po sition of the grand vine, Reschid Pacha, says the Augsburg Gazelle, is seriously endangered. It is pretended he has infringed the religious custeme of the Mehometans. He had attached to Ibis retinue a young physician called Pallologos, and procured him very great practice. This physician paid his addresses, with success, to the wife of Montan Effendi. According to the laws of the Mussulmans, he ought to have been condemned to death, and the wifo of Mantas thrown into the Bosphorus ; but he was merely degraded, and sent to Candia, and his accomplice exiled to Trebizond. The enemies of Reschid Fiche have availed themselves of this affair, in exaggerating it, so as to prove that Reschid Pacha had violated the Mahometan laws and customs. His credit has thus been weakened, and it is presumed he will be unable ' to stand the storm. Some persons have already named the famous Kosrew for his successor. SAILING OP TILE HIBERNIA.—This vessel, Capt. Ryrie, sailed from Liverpool, yesterday, for Halifax and Boston, with a full complement of passengers and a rich cargo. She carried no specie. The official aunoanc Duke d'Aumale to the it of the nomination of the - -.•*lship of Algeria has given renewed lo'rce, say our Peri; letters of Saturday, to the reclamations against such an ap pointment in a constitutional point of view. It is contended that the functions of the governor of an important colony so distant, and involving adminis trative duties of the highest order, imply a responsi bility which cannot practically be attached to a per sonage so near the throne as the Duke d'Aumale. To the personal qualities of the prince justice is done on all hands. The objection is purely one of principle. The councils•general of the eighty-six departments are holding their customary session. The agitation for parliamentary reforms has in many instances found expression in these bodies. This has excited the wrath of the government, and the Journal des 11 1 bats attacks them for exceeding in this their pro- per and legitimate functions. General Sebastiani, uncle of the late Duchess of Praalin, has left Paris for the Camp at Compit4ne. The Persian ambassador and his suite have arrived, and are lodged for the present in the Hotel do Rhin, Place Vendome. The two Neapolitan refures, M.M. Poerio and Del Re, whose arrival at Toulon we have already mentioned, have published a letter in the French papers explaining the circumstances of their retire ment from their country, the substance of which is this Some time since; several thousand copies of a writing, en• titled " Protest of the People of the Two Sicilies," wee ciliated at Naples. This document demanded from the go vernment venous reforms, of which the Pope had taken the initiative. The government, instead of taking the ideas thus set forth into consideration, thought only of proceeding against the author. Ile contrived to escape to Malta, where he remains in perfect cifety, but on the simple suspicion that MM. Petri° and Del R it, might be participators iu a fact which they positively deny, a prosecution was commenced against them, and an attempt wee made to arrest them. The English and American ministers offered to facilitate their escape to either England or the United States, bat they pre ferred placing themselves under the protection of France. M. Eynard, the well-known Philhellene, has pub lished a long statement in the Paris journals respect ing his communications on the subject of the Greek loan with Lord Palmerston, Lord Normanby, and M. Coletti, the gist of all which seems to be that M. Eynard has given Lords Palmerston and Normanby a lecture on moderation towards Greece, and M. Coletti one on honesty, punctuality, and economy, and that he is ready to piy 20,000/., which he had pro mised to the English government, whenever a draft for that sum may be presented to his bankers. According to the Gazette de France it has been decided in one of the late cabinet councils to form an army of observation at the foot of the Pyrenees. It was the wish of the King that the force to be assem bled there should not be less than 80,000 men. It was, however, decided to limit it to 40,000. A letter from Algiers in the Progres of Rennes contains the following : It appears certain that the move made by Abd-el-Rader is more serious than was generally believed. Abd-el-E oder was received with acclamation in Taft, and has left the mountain district, within the circle of which he has hitherto remained. To have done this ho must have been assured of finding the people in his favour, and of not meeting with any resistance from the troops of Abilerrabman. It it re ported here that General Bedftu wrote to the government in terms se alarming, that it has sent him authority to de tain with him three regiments that were to leave Algeria on the arrival of others sent to relieve th"m. This will increase the troops in Africa by 1,000 or 5,000 men, and it Is said that the government will not stop at this point. The Emperor Abderrahman has applied to France for assistance. The National says it is informed that Lord Nor manby had sent to M. Guizot, on Friday, a note from the English government, relative to the affairs of Italy, in which it is declared that England cannot, as a constitutional power of the first order, suffer any intervention by Austria with the independent states of Italy. The same journal gives the following : By on ordonnance, signed at the Tuileries, but without date, Lient-Gen. Reilhe, son-in-law of Massena, is named I Marshal of France ; the same dignity is accorded to General Dade de la Brunerie, of the Engineers ; the latter fills the place left vacant by the death of Grouchy, and the former that by the death of Reggio. Another ordonnance appoints General Changarnier to the command of the distal in of Algiers, replacing General de Bar, who is to take the com mand at Nantes. It is agreed by the ministers that Mantua Soult shall take the command at tho lovalides, in order to yield the presidency of the council to M. Guizot. Marshal FREE-TRADE CONGRESS TN BRUSSELS. SEPT. 17.—The question for the second day's die cuuion was the examination of commercial liberty in its in ternational relations. M. de lIRSSELLB, of Verviers, in the course of an able address, replied to the remarks of the protectionist speakers. He expressed his conviction that the fraternity of nations was not, as M. Duchateaux alleged, a mere idle dream. Na tions as well as families and individuals, had an interest in making their purchases in places where the supplies could be had best and cheapest. In France it was ascertained, in 1834, that the price of the productions of the cotton industry was 20 per cent. dearer than those of England ; yet the French manufacturers had not greater profits than the English, whilst the wages of the workmen of the latter were double the amount of those of the former. It had been proved that, by taking that 20 per cent. into account, France pays as a dead lose the sum of 120,000,000 f. per annum. In Switzerland, on the other hand, there is a very flourishing cotton trade without any protecting duties—without any bar riers. That country afforded more regular employment to its working clams than did Belgium or France. If England had many advantages, so also had the continent, and amongst others the cheapness of labour. M. WOLOWellil said he could not admit the distinctions drawn by the protectionists between raw materials and labour, for he considered that every material appropriated to satisfy human wants was impregnated with human labour. For his part he felt convinced that tho man who gave more labour in exchange for less materials, was the one who wan most tributary to another. To impose a heavy burden upon the community at largo under the plea that the working classes must be supported, was merely transforming work shops into so many charitable institutions. He was surprised to find that Herr Rittinghausen objected not only to the im portation of manufactured articles but also to the exportation of raw materials, upon the ground that if they were kept in the country the price°, them would be lowered. Now the great object aimed at by all politeal economists is production, and the prohibition to export certain articles discourages produc tion. With respect to the argument that all nations do not enjoy equal advantages, it may be urged that the protective system discourages progress and improvements, inasmuch as it gives to the producer the certainty of selling his produce at a remunerating price, even with all its imperfections. He contended that sal customs laws protected the manufactured articles but not the working man—a monstrous discrepancy which would be removed by free trade. It was in vain to ask for et.: *-• receive an industrial education to attain to teat per axon wh.c..—.. Pcoucime3 ; ter wen. , y•••• were improving they would be improving also, so that there would be always& great distance between one and the other. It had been said that the smuggler was an envoy of provi dence; but although ono might repeat with Plunger, chiteau, cabana, Now taut omits putout; K 1 In 10l sow toad:Lome, Le people nose about, still it must he admitted that smuggling was accompanied with many evils. The state had in its pay a host of custom house ofllcers, in order to oppose the smuggler:, whilst the community at large supported the smugglers in order to neutralise the custom-house officers, (Laughter and cheers.) With respect to eztjtanges in kind with England, be would merely state that 'yen France exports cotton to England from Mulhatieen—in small quantities, it was true, but France could not export much to that country, if it received only little in exchange. M. ANNMON DCPERRON, peer of France, and M. Gamier, editor of the Journal rtes Economists*, next addressed the meeting, in favour of free-trade principles, and were followed by Mr. J. P. Smith, the delegate of the Free-trade Mood, Lion of Berlin; M. de Brnurkere, the president; Count Arri. vabere ; M. Horace Say, and other speakers. Finally the meeting voted in favour of two propositions, setting forth that freedom of commerce rendered closer the union of na tions, and enabled them to lend reciprocal aid ; also that it increased production and secured industry against those violent shocks which are inevitable on the limited markets of prohibition. Seer. IB.—The discussion was opened on the following question : " What is the influence of tree trade upon the state of the labouring classes of society ?" i Mr. BROWN, M.P. (or Lancashire, in an English spee c h , argued that it was not to protection that England ow e d h er commercial supremacy, but to her climate and mariti me position. Waenrm, a native of one of the Rhenish province s , and a merchant establiehed in Brussels, delivered a speech, in the course of wb!...'n he observed that he was surpt ieed to find thegpr"esenhtaadtivineeetftodiac o n ase work ing classes I w n ho t se he c I beg, then (he said). to speak in the name of the working classes, and particularly of the three millions of industrial ordindobn assembly co representative operatives of England, with when j am best acquainted, for I have lived several years amongst them, and the remem- brance of the days thus passed is the dearest to my heart. I em delighted to find the sympathy felt and expressed in this assembly for the working classes. They have a right to that sympathy, for they have been treated hitherto not only as beasts of burden, but also as so many bales of merchandise— as so many machines—so much so that, in England, they are not reckoned as so many " men," but as so many •` handl." Look on the hanks of the Rhone—look at the dark and dirty streets of Leeds and Manchester—look at the mountains of Silesia, and at the plains of Westphalia; pene. trate even into the dreary abodes of parts of this capital, and you will find everywhere the same misery amongst the working classes. I know not whether that state of things is the result of the protective system, but I know full well that that system is powerless to cure the evil. (Loud cheers.) At ail events, the condition of the working classes is so bad that no change can make it worse. He was, however, far from thinking that free trade would promote the lasting happiness of the operatives. lie would admit that it woald bring about a reduction of price; consequently a greater consump. Lion, and a greater demand for labour. (Cheers.) But such a state of things could not be durable, on account of the very evils themselves of free competition. That competition would give a fresh impulse to mechanical inventions, which would gradually replace manual labour; there would be then a great struggle amongst the labouring men to obtain work, and the manufacturers would take the aivantage of that competition to reduce wages, just as many =nein turers have done in England, when they employed the poor Irish at lower wages than the English ones, until they brought the latter to the level of the former. The speaker next referred to the opposition of the English chartists to the anti-corn-law league, who (he said) laughed at the deceitful promises of "cheap bread, high wages, and plenty to do." Dr. BowatNo disavowed M. Weerth as the representa tive of the English working classes, which, he said, would not certainly recognise him as their defender. In England, free trade having lowered the price of food, had enabled the working classes to purchase their necessaries at a cheaper rate, and thus ameliorated their position. It was the pro tective system which had displaced capital, for the profit of a few, and to the detriment of the many. He was against the gradual remedying of the evil ; his cry was that of the English League, the entire and immediate abalitnot of ta• p-otectire system. Mr. M'AnAM, M.P. for Belfast, gave some statistical de. tails; and was followed by M. ARRSDYCK, professor of political economy at Liege, He declared that he came to answer the call which had been made on Holland, a country which had become rich by abolishing protection. Holland, he said, was a friend of program, and, as such, he came to represent her. Formerly Holland and Belgium had lived united. Events, had, how ever, separated them, but there wero still many sympathies felt in Holland for Belgium ; the two nations must remain friends, and free trade was to be the bond uniting them—a bond by which tiny would be much more happily joined than by unity of government. He (M. Aerselyk ) thought that free trade would have a good influence upon the labour ing chsses, as it tended to diminish the chances of stagnation in trade. It would lower the price of food, and iu doing so render the working man both morally and physically stronger. M. VAN DER CABTEELS, a manufacturer in Flanders, spoke of the protective system as the cause of the misery pre vailing in that province. After some re.narks from M. Tex, professor at Leyden, and M. Asher, delegate from the societies of Hamburg and Berlin, H. Wozowent rose, and said he considered the improve. ment of the condition of the lower classes the great end of political economy. Religion bad charge of souls, political economy of physical well-being. The latter shout I imitate the principle of fratereity introduced by Christianity. This alone would obviate the popular commetions foretell by the last German speaker. Political economy was now every body's science, and princes were not ashamed to prnht by it. Labour and the means of labour were unlimited, if there were perfect freedom of trade, and the opcoing of tide uni versal demand for labour was the only mode of keeping up the wages of the working ruin. The meeting Xas then addressed by Mr. Wilson, in Eng lish, and a numbcrof resolutions in favour of free trale voted. A grand banquet took place in the evening. DR. WISEMAN AND THE "DAILY NEWS." The following letter from Dr. Wiseman appears in the TaLtd: _ London, Sept. 17, 1317. Dear Sir,—On my return to England from the continent I was made acquainted with two articles, one in the Dai'y News, the other in the l'reeman's Journal, to which I think it my duty to reply ; and I trust those two papers copyLb s n t a d h o o i a eso an s w e r . y c o h u a h v rges me already reira pre f erw i th sending i n t d h e i e nb in g l a e ) si a j te i ti t h l s y t ht n e fh: fairness sr (resident paper,to matter. i The Roman oorropondent f having placed in the hands of the Propaganda a caper, in which I describe the education of tho Iris priest as totally deficient in the accomplishments united to the clerical character in England, however fitted they mar be for the half-savage peopM they were bred among. " They are good enough," he aays, " pro agrestibus et lives tribal." There is not one single word of truth in the whole of this statement. Ist. I never presented a single paper in Latin to the Propaganda, or to any other authority during my stay in Rome ; every thing that I wrote was in Italian, and yet the "correspondent" pretends to give the very Latin words used by me. 2nd. I never, either in writing or is conversation at the Propaganda, or with any one be longing to it, or with any person in any authority, alluded even indirectly to the character, qualifications, or condu ct of the Irish clergy, whether in England or in Ireland. No business which I bad to treat of ever called for any allusion to this topic. In the plainest and simplest meaning of the word, I declare the whole paragraph of the Daily News to be a pure fiction, including what is said in it on the subject of catholic trusts ; on which not a line was written or given is to the Propaganda, or any other authority, by Di. Sharpies or myself all the time we were in Rome. The Premiss's Journal speaks more vaguely, but to the same purp:,rt. It gives it as " a report " only, that I had " spoken most dis respectfully of the Irish clergy," and them attributes to me much the same expressions as the correspondent of the Daily News. To this " report " I beg to give the same answer as to the more specific charge, that it is utterly devoid of the slightest foundation ; and that I never while in Rome used a 'lngle expression which could justify it. As this is the third time that a similar charge has been brought forward against me in an Irish paper, I sincerely hope that before i: is repeated for the fourth time, some more pains will be taken to ascertain its truth.—l am, dear sir, yours faithfully in Christ, 't N. WISEMAN. We print the bishop's letter is extras°, even that passage where he hints that the rumour in question was concocted by us in London, and our correspond ence fictitious. We have fished up from the editorial basket, and forward to his lordship the origi nal letter, from which he will see we have retrenched muck matter unpleasant to him, though undoubtedly current among Roman gossips. We did so out of re spect for himself, towards whom every man with the slightest tincture of sound learning mast have a friendly feeling. The writer, whose name is at tached, fulfills the conditions required by Tacitus for an impartial historian, being equally devoid of fear or prepossession of' any sort : ab ira, ab or& remotes, is perfectly independent—we simply filtrated his letter. Ilia lordship might as well hint that his morning' mocha wail elaborated in Loudon, because it was ground, nay, possibly roasted, in Golden-square, and the Arabian sediment carefully removed. What gave grounds for the rumour we are in no position to judge. We think we saw in it something irrational, and we accordingly called it " an Irish row" which " the bistiop had brought about his ears," as many a man has done, without deserving • s uch a visitation. Th late removal of some Iris clej-men front in cumbee nciee in the midland distri h ct, Ma rg nchester, Dud ley, Leamington, will perhaps be found not foreign to the matter. On the vexed question of p arochial fixity and the substitution of anon law for mere whim in clerical dealings, we copy the sensible remarks of the Tablet, which echo, of course in a sub dued key, the strong language of our own correspondent of the 15th of April from Rome. wo l" uld kin be g id a l t e tht:cittetendt o f .cite = th rt d hiTer ne eiecird irom li m / WW t: d"r!'' :,',° don was a continuance of the old routine. We do n ot so ",.„. — r f i g o f any point of mere y: sonar disposition ; or 106 C .„prat less enterprure Arm s.go• ur or a...Z 'Mr. N. far more largely. Whatever "'mow' character"' its cbanre .aisii i.p me, we , to fee kmb l most undert!iordti gthhley time. We are not for urging on inconsiderate shooed; for leltistrl seal outrun discretion; (or milling funds i=eivols enteNr e peculstioos , tor tar incurring great treks, or indureog in wisp or Jack-'=lantern in the shape of a new light. It Gregolia powdered flunkies or carriage in the 'WS : tier w me" . taking up new theones, and running astray after errrr e :i r l l . 4 . , ..' 4b t o non ti th.c. that old sy a steta t z Ctunt on which our hearts arc net. But we confess there are l wo things which with an almost sanguine expectation we CO Dr. Wlstman'o arpointalent. One is the restoration ofß e turnr i The present ;system carefully !cetera two oppo s ite. cripple The and to weaken us. It takes from the secular clergy all indepes , n _ psition; inks them the mere stewards or spual b•ilitfe 14 . e. things to which we do attack the very greatest . invorr , ft e c , r t —= bishop, during his good pleasure ; gives them no ermulus to cm . dinery enaction; so far an wit-miffed an actuate Meat, etu v rh of ll dissuades them from nuking secrldear ; I," ma y t e legal guarantee, leaves their career in s Par; ‘s es cut sealmaly and eneeemtblly doing the work of Uldt (N ware to Wort by whispered slander and unproved suprestroros sal do not pi pat this lest result Mn ewe happened; bat as l