The Express. — London, England, 1852-01-12 00:00:00

"7-Ite Entiricoo. TO CORRESPONDENTS. & *^°&& "Aus'ca •t " The Eelweee." edwaistng •he MON oresinire " Gonetit," le p.a....tag sag Twalny sal Inlay night. in time ler pat. iicteatunaosts atonaed far "T.. taiiroa"Lontion Evening paper, IBM to at the 10. Buseertaaroet, Two o'do:li ow the dry kf LIGR WATER T LONDON BRIDGE . Tats Ma—Manias. Sn. U Aftavuma, 31s. 14. vassals —Um wag, C. 3a. Aaerassa. 11.45.. LONDON, MONDAY, JANUARY 12. Witxx we first directed attention to the attack made on en American merchant steamer, by an English m:.a-of-war, in the waters of San Juan de Nicaragua, we abstained from any remarks that might prej,idge the case of the officer in command. Each re:.cr% is co necessarv. A full and dis passionate .mount of the whole akir has been pub lished. an.i no person, in the slightegt degree ac tiainted v....1t the maxims of international law, can doubt that the English captain has committ ed a serious breach of them. The mortification neces:arily excited in the minds of Engiislimen, by the reelection that a countryman should hese to for committed himself, is reliev . ed by the conviction that nu interruption of the hurmoni ous re existing between the two countries arms likely to arise from this untoward event. The tone and temper in which the affair is spoken of in Down• ing.street—the confident expectation there expressed that it sill be amicably arranged—aelmitsonly of one interpretation : that her Majesty's government will express to the Cabiact at Washington, in frank and manly tersr.3, their regret at what has occurred, and testily in a marked manner their disapprobation of the aggres•or's conduct. If we are right in this inference, little more will be heard of the firing upon the Prometheus. It is to be hoped, hevreeer, that the incident will not be allowed to pass altogether into forgetfulness, without it beiug teed to point the moral of the very enema ubsard, and dangerous fashion, in which the government of this country has allowed itself to be entangkd in the miserable polities of the so-called kingdom et Mosquitia. Into the menu of the controversy between his eopeer-celoured majesty of M,rsgaitia and the re public of Nicaragua, it is nut at present necessary to enter. The Mosquito coast may be, for aught that concerns our present object, a part of the Nicaraguan territory, or it may be the property of independent, nneenriiirred Indians. Bo it the one, or be it the other, the position assumed there by the agents of the English government is equally untenable. If the English government were to say that the blosquito coast is a dependency, or colony, of this country, the 'assertion. whether well or ilf-founded, would'oe at least intelligible. If the English govern ment were to disclaim all right to, or interest in, the territory, that too would be intelligible. But it does neither the one nor the other. It says that the Mosquito couutry is a kingdom forming no part of the British dominions, but under the protection of Great Britain. In the lonian Islands we have an example of a state forming no part of the British dominion., but under the protection of the British erasers. In the lonian Islands, however, the chief magistrate is appointed by the English government, and thus the power which represents the lonian Islands in their foreign relations—which is charged with their defence from foreign aggression, and re sponsible for any offences they may commit against foreigners—keeps in its own hands the control of their conduct towards foreigners. No such authority is claimed be the English government on the Mos quito coast. .The protecting power undertakes to keep the protected scatheless, but retains no control over its actions. The relations said to subsist between Great Britain and Mosquitia are entirely unprece dented and anomalous. Bat the worst remains to be told. What is the government of NI-equities? We will not insult the understanding of those who affect to consider it an independent government, by assuming that they attribute the least shadow of power or real authority to the half-savage, juvenile tippler who is called King of Mosquitia. The real government is coin posed of small number of squatters, of European decent, ent, who are called his Majesty's ministers and council. Everything is done —or, more correctly speaking attempted to be done—by them in the name of his Majesty. Now, the greater part, if not the whole of this self-appointed cabinet and council is composed of Englishmen, who would be very loath to be considered naturalised subjects of Mos qudtia. And this administration is, in fact, almost as powet less as its nominal master—the Trinctibot and Ste Banos of Mosquitia have little more real power than their l'ulibale. San Juan de Nicaragua —or Greytown, as they have attempted to re baptise it—is the only part of the coast where a revenue from customs can be levied. And the Mos quitian ministry were utterly incapable of levying duties there until tlicy farmed them to a couple of foreign merchants, who by the aid of British inert of war bullied traders into paying them. The picture of the anomalous government of Mos quitia is not yet complete. A few years ago the English government a ppoi nted a consul for Mos quitia, with tau or three protectors of trade under him. The consul appears to nave acted on various occasions as a member of the municipal government of Greytown. Negro policemen have been sent from Jamaica to preserve the peace of the settlement, and have acted under his directions. British men-of-war have been stationed off the port, and have on one oc casion at lest actually carried on hostilities against the republic of Nicaragua on behalf of the Mos quitian authorities. The British government has concluded a treaty with the United States, by which Greytown is declared a free port, without asking the I leave of his Mosquitian majesty. It is obvious from these facts that, from first to bet, the only thing resembling a government in Mosquitia has been a clique or coterie of European squatters, principally Englishmen; that this clique or (-aerie has been upheld by accredited agents of the English government and English men-of-war ; and that latterly the English authorities have made war. and entered into negotiations, and concluded treaties in the name, or in behalf of that nonentity, the 'royal government of Mosquitia. The British government, while ostentatiously disclaiming all right or title to the Mosquito coast, has acted as if that territory were an English dependency or colony, and a part of the British dominions. This is a dis honest subterfuge most damaging to the national character. .Ind it damages our country in more ways than in its reputation. To the nation at large Mosquitia is, and ever has been, utterly valueless. The greater pert of it is a pestilential swamp. We have else where in the Caribean sea more land than we can, — or a' least than we do,—turn to good account. The only Englishmen who have derived any advantage from our connexion with Mosquitia are a few jobbers in governmtnt appointments, like the late Mr. Wateret,—an ingenious gentleman, who had spent his patrimony in attempting to purchase a scat in parliament,--and some half.a-doxen adventurers, who consider the Mosquito coast an eligible basis for smling operations against Nicaragua and (Spa nish) Honduras. Hut although the English people have gained, and can gain, nothing by our connexion with Mosquitia, they have paid dearly fur it, and may have to pay still more dearly. fn the tied place, the consuls and protectons of trade have been paid out of the English exchequer. In the second place, the men-of-war permanently re quired on that station, on account of, and being mixed up in, the miserable local intrigues and squabbles, have been paid out of tho national exchequer. In th e third place, there has been great mortality from fever among the crews of the ships stationed there, and the soldiers occasionally sent there. We have paid fur our useless and discreditable connexion with Mosquitia large sums in hard cash, and have squan dered (Mar the lives of many gallant seamen and withers, and destroyed the health of many more. And in additim to this permanent ascertained loss, it is evident from the awkward affair of the Prometheus that our entanglement in Mosquitian politics hourly . exposes us to ruptures with states with which it is our interest to remain on good terms. Here is an opportunity for the new FOREIGN Be erteraliv to do good service to his country, and esta blish a fair reputation for himself at the same time. Our actual relations with Mosquitia are at once dan gerous, and derogatory to the national dignity. Let our relations with that country be put iii hirmony with the views of international policy prafeassitsf late years by the British govennuent. The Mosquito coast is part of the territory known as Central Americ► Uader the Spa niards it was part of the govern meat of Guate mala. Since the era of in&peadence it is part of what was meant to be the federal republic of Central America. That republic has never been organised except on paper, but the various states of which it was to bo composed have had their independence recognised. Great Britain has no concern in, no right to interfere with, their internal er- ' rangements and mutual relations. Great Bri. twin has never preen& d to interfere in the I squabbles fur ascendancy, or about boundaries, between Guatemala and San Salvador, or between Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Why . should Great Britain take upon her to interfere in similar broils between Nicaragua and Mosquitia ? The only tangible interest that Great Britain has in these regions it has in common with the United States. It is to keep open, for the traffic of all nations, the great highway from the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific, b}• the river San Juan and the Lake of Nicaragua, and to protect its subjects who may trade to those countnes or found mercantile esta blishments there. These ends can best be attained by placing our diplomatic intercourse with Mosquitia and the adjoining territories on the same footing as our intercourse with other countries, and abstaining from everything that can excite suspicions in the minds of Americans that we entertain designs of territorial aggrandisement in that quarter, or seek to obtain , undue advantages for British traders and settlers. TILE SECRETIRT OF STATE has sent down a respite for the woman S ‘r. tit ANN Hitt, now lying under sentence of death for the murder of her illegi timate child. In taking this step, Sir GEORGE GREY has merely acted in accordance with the feelings of the great Lady of the public. If, howaver, this is not followed - bya commutation of the sentence, we cannot but anticipate a very general condemnation both of our criminal law itself and of the manner in which it is put into execution. If this woman suffers the extreme penalty of the law, there will be nothing more wanted to confirm the growing conviction that punishment for crime in England is dependent upon the operation of a kind of sanguinary lottery, in which chance alone decides the nature of the sentence. A perusal of recent trials for capital offences must, we are cer tain, convince every one that the punishment for these crimes depends upon no certain rule. The consequence of this upon the minds of those who are disposed to violate the ordinary bonds of society is most pernicious. Any uncertainty or vacillation in the method of putting the laws into execution takes away one of thegreat hindmnces to crime. The criminal speculates as much upon the chance of not being punished, as of not being detected. The murder he meditates may either never bo brought home to him, —or he may get scot free, upon trial, by a quibble,— or a jury may soften his crime down to manslaughter. Let us take only three examples from reports of I trials published during the last month, and see how they bear upon the question of the uncertainty of the execution of the law. tin Thursday last, at the Central Criminal Court, THOMAS BARE was tried for the murder of his wife. It appeared in evidence that they had been separated for a short time, and that he had sought her professedly with a view to recover some property, which ho accused her of having stolen from him. Having traced her to her lodging, he gave the trunks which he asserted con tained his property to a boy to be carried away, and then turning to his wife murdered her by wounding her in sixteen places with a triangular file, which he had sharpened apparently for the purpose of making it fit for stabbing. It was proved that he had very lately purchased a flat file, and afterwards changed it for a triangular one. The only attempt at a defence consisted in nn endeavour to show that the act was unpremeditated. The only plausible ground for this hypothesis was found in the fact that the prisoner had taken a boy with him, who would, of course, be a witness of the deed. This ground, however, is completely cut away by the facts of pri soner's repeated assertion that ho would have re vengo and the deliberate preparation of the murder ous instrument. In the teeth of this evidence the jury convicted the man of manslaughter. The second ease which we shall cite is that of a woman, Mined FRANCES CooKE, who was tried at the winter assizes of the Northern Circuit for the murder of herchild She had left the worehouse of Kirkheaton, three miles from Huddersfield, with her two children, one two years old, the other about four weeks. A boy accompanied her some distance on the road to Huddersfield, and when he parted with her the two children were with her. A. short time after he left she was met, coming from a lonely canal path, by her sister. She was then without the baby, and in reply to an inquiry from the sister, said that the child was dead, and buried in Kirkheaton church yard. On the neat day, however, she applied at the workhouse for relief for herself and two children. Exactly one week after this, tub body of a male infant child was found in a mill-dam leading from the canal, in a state of advanced decomposition. This body was dressed in the workhouse clothes of Kirkhenton Workhouse. A blue gown upon it was identified as the one which had been worn by the prisoner's eldest boy, and a bandage and shirt upon it were also identified as belonging to the workhouse. She was apprehended upon suspicion, and was after winds heard to exclaim, "I am a guilty woman." One of her neighbours asked her, " Was it asleep when you did it ?" and she answered, " No, it was sucking : and I thought of throwing myself in and the boy after it, but was spell-bound and could not." The main point relied on for the defence was, that a surgeon bad declared the drowned child—in a state of great decomposition, be it remembered—to be about six weeks old, whereas that belonging to the woman was four weeks old. Tho jury found the prisoner Not guilty. Lastly comes the case of SARAH ANN HILL. This woman Lad for some time past been suspected of be ing pregnant, but had constantly denied the fact. A surgeon indeed had charged her with it, but it does not appear that he was examined on oath. She had been residing up to the 19th of October with a family named GILL, with whom she generally stayed when she was out of place. She signified to them, on the e__ver22• g to a situation she had obtained at Dews- ... of the day in question, her intention of ru; ' ,7); the early train the next morning. At about five o'clock she stopped at the Glue door, bidding them good bye, and requesting them to send her things after her. It was found afterwards that she had missed the train, that she arrived, however, at her situation at Dewsbury on that day, had pro ceeded about her work as usual, and continued in the performance of her duties until the 2nd of November, when she was arrested on suspicion of child murder. The grounds of suspicion were tho following :—At about half-past 5 on the morning of the 20th, a woman had applied at the Wakefield station for a ticket for Dewsbury; the train, however, had started a few minutes before. After she had gone, a man who was extinguishing the lights in the office found a hat-box, upon opening ho saw contained the dead bar at a child. A neighbour of the GILLS had seea Cie phone at about ono o'clock in the modem mem Ouzli• yard, coming in the direction Ikea a plies where afterwards some clothes were Mad stained with blood. This is positively the whaled the circum stantial evidence against the women. If the force of this is supposed to be strengthened b 7 some declara tions made by her after steisidttile—and which seemed dictated by despair' ad Y umettiod state of mind,—it appears to us tent the cast:odic tory nature of these amedefte wee salkdeat to remove them out of the sphere of the oeselisa tion of the jury. It is to be noted that it visional that the hat-box did not barn ee the weses--that young GILL, who left the home abed the ease time as the accused, did not see her envying a hat box—that the clothes could not be idimaillisti se be longing to her. In addition to this, there is the evident improbability of a woman, after sabring the pangs of delivery, being able to walk six miles,—to undergo the hard labour required of a servant,—and to continue at work for a fortnight. Yet this girl Hitt is found Guilty, ordered to be hanged, and having—only the day before her execution—been respited for a week, will yet be publie'y strangled unless the authorities can bo induced to spare her life. It is not our business here to quarrel with the doci mien of the jury in either of the three cases we have quoted. Whatever may be o ur opinion as to the strength of the evidence against the former of the women, or the want of evidence against the latter, we mot re member that no two minds take exactly the tame view of the same statement of foots. AU that we wish to point out at the present momeat is the utter impossibility of laying down any rule to enable as to infer a eon/tent con nexion between the evidence laid before juries and the verdict they return. It appears to us mist certain that the jury which acquitted Fitaxer.s Coma, after a short consultation, ought to have acquitted SARAII ANN HILL without any con sultation at all. At the same time, we are surprised to find that, while a jury can be found which pro nounces the latter guilty of murder, another should be found affixing the verdict of manslaughter to deeds like those of Tiwitts BARE. The sole use we wish to make of this argument is this, and we wish it to be applied to the benefit of the prisoner Hitt, that this diversity of judgment visible in verdicts throws a more solemn responsibility upon those who have to act upon them. No ono will ven ture to say, after a perusal of the three above cases, that it is right that those in whom the supremo execution of the laws is vested shouldhorn themselves immoveably bound to apply the execution of the law according to the strict tenor of the letter of a verdict. Surely there never was a case in which this gene ral principle was more applicable than to that of the girl Hitt. In the mean, time, allowing the cor rectness: of the verdict, these can be little doubt that the grounds for an appeal to the mercy of the crown, aro far stronger than in most instances of this nature. The convicted woman is herself an ille gitimate child. Her earliest protectors were there fore these who had violated the laws of God and men. From these she received her first instruction. From the world she received scorn. It is almost too much to expect from such persons that rigid deference to morality which we require from those better circumstanced. Probably the very first words of kindness such a woman hears, are these of illicit love. She yields,—and when the fruit of her sin is about to see the light, she feels, for the first time, that her worldly prospects aro all on the verge of destruction. A prey to the terrible dread of shame and poverty, she is attacked by the fiercest bodily suffering that the human frame is fated to endure. Under the influence of the most fear ful mental and physical tortures, she suddenly puts an end to tho being who h as caused them. We are not advocating the crime; we only ask if there arc not thousands of deeper dye. Nay, this is not all. The greatest of modern writers on in sanity believes it possible that an access of delirium may take place during the pangs of delivery. "It is not," says ESQUIROL, false shame alone, or trouble, or fear, or misery, or crime, which acts upon infanticides; delirium disturbing the reason of women just delivered sometimes directs their sacri legious hands." On these grounds, then, the probability, almost amounting to a certainty, that another jury might have returned a totally different verdict—the injustice of meting out the severest penalty of the law as a punishment for a crime which, groat as it is, is far inferior in atrocity to others which arc fol lowed by much lighter inflictions—the overpowering influences (delirium amongst the number) which pro bably acted upon the mind of the prisoner, we would urge upon Sir GEORGE GREY a recommendation to her MAir-sry to commute the sentence of &man ANN HILL. In all cases mercy is one of the loftiest attributes of humanity, but its exercise is Lever more praiseworthy,—never more needful,—than when the grounds upon which Justice is called upon to act are shifting, or uncertain, or false. IF the Sunday medium of government gossip be correctly instructed,—Sir HARRY SMITH has been superseded in the government of the Cape of I Good Hope by Major-General GEORGE CATHCART. That the time had come fur the withdrawal of Sir HARRY SMITH from the Cape, no ono can doubt. He had in the beginning of his administration hastily patched np one Kaffir war without having gained any security against the recurrence of another ; he had been deluded into the belief that this his ill arranged truce was in reality a permanent peace. Whilst his old enemies wore but recruiting, he was giving them fresh grievances to revenge. By his indiscreet attempt to degrade th e p r i nci p a l Kaf fir chiefs, he was precipitating those hos tilities of which ho was assuring the im perial government he had no apprehension. And in the conduct of the war he has suffered a suc cession of reverses at the hands of savages he rashly threatened to exterminate by • blow. Nor, whilst thus unfortunate in the external relations, has ho been more successful in the internal administration of the colony. For in the interval of peace and tranquillity vouchsafed to his government ho arrested the formation of a constitution, by foolishly' pressing unnecessary ordinances of very minor importance in the Legislative Council,—the elective members of which had been chosen for the one special object of filling in the details of the con stituuon, of which Earl OBEY had sent but the out line. The time, it will therefore be admitted by everyone, had fully come for the Colonial-office to withdraw from the colony the gallant old soldier I whom, during a spirit of national enthusiasm, it had sent thither to gun a momentary round of popular applause. Major-General OEORCIE CATHCART is Sir Haant's successor. To this appointment in a military point of view there is probably no objection. Though not a young man, General CATHCART is a juvenile major general, and this is something 'gained when the commands of the Bombay and Madras armies have been confided by the whir to aged invalids. Though a member of an aristocratic family, which has been unusually well-rewarded for its public services General CATHCART is one of the few English officers who in time of peace have studied the art and science of war. And, though as yet he has only served in subordinate capacities, ho has seen " the great war that makes ambition virtue," under captains and circumstances that have not—as his writings show—been thrown away upon him. There are, therefore, no objections to Mar-General GEORGE CATHCART as Commander in-Chief of the Queen's Forces at the Cape. It is a selection in which there is hope, ability, theoretical experience and comparative maturity to justify it • and if the t officer's com mission be confined strictly to which his profes sional merits entitled him, we should recognise in the choice a better spirit than those which sent Sir Jonx OBEY, in his arm chair, to Bombay, or Sir lttceAßn Alnurrama to Madras. But it is not—(if the Observer is correct—to be so limited. The civil government of the Cape, as well as the command of the army there, has, it is announced, been conf er red I on General CATHCART. Now, there is nothing in the gallant officer's past career to justify the confiding of the civil administration of the Cape to him ; and there is in the present state of politics in that colony every reason for plating at its head a person of largo experience of civil government,—of well known liberal Views,— and of extensive knowledge of colonial society. In stead of such a man, Lord GREY intends to send out an aide-de-camp of the Commander in Chief to inaugurate parliamentary government in the Cape. By such a choice ho confirms the supremacy in civil affairs, which the present Secretary of the Government, Mr. JOHN MONTAGUE, has acquired at the Cape; and to which supremacy the colonists ascribe their present plight. For as General CATHCART'S immediate mis sion will be on the frontiers,--there to conduct:a harassing war,—the whole weight of civil affairs must remain on the shoulders which now bear it. What the Cape required under this state of things was a division of the civil and military authority— a governor competent successfully to introduce a par liamentary system, and a general with abilities to triumph over a race of savages. In their stead, Lord GREY in choosing General CATHCART, has risked the constitution without acquiring the certainty of mili tary moms. PORT OF PLTKOUTIL—We, the undersigned Lords Commissioners of her Majesty's Treasury of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby, under the authority of an act passed in the session of parliament holden ea the 9th and 10th yean of the reign of her present Queen Vietoria, entitled " act to amend the laws_ es raating to the Customs," appoint the following place, within the port of Plymouth, to be a legal quay for the lading and nnlading of goods, and we do hereby declare the extent of such quay to bee as follows—that is to say, all that open place, quay, or wharf, at Plymouth, in the county of Devon, situate on the north side of Button-ha r b our , an d called North-quay, extending in length eastwardly from Button-wharf 470 feet, and averaging in breadth 50 feet or thereabouts, including what has been heretofore known as Page's Quay. H. Meg, C. WoOn.—Whitehall, Tr easur y Chambers, Jan. 3, Dia.—London THE EXPRESS, MONDAY EVENING, JANUARY 12, Mt FRANCE. THE NATIONAL GUARD DISBANDED. (BY SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH.' [room ova OWN MoxD.►v M 011741240. Tho National Guard is dissolved throughout Prance, bat it will be re-organized wherever the Government may deem it necessary for the main tenanco of public order. In such places the Presi dent will appoint tho commandant, colonels, and lieutenant-colonels. BANISHMENT OF EIGHTY-THREE REPRE SENTATIVES. BATIILDAT EVENINO, The Moniteur of this morning will stand as one of the blackest records of the revolution of the 2il of December. It contains three lists of proscription, which niay compare in iniquity with the most ter rible and vindictive decrees of any era of political revulsion, ancient or modern. The alternate retalia tions of the bloodthirsty parties of Marius and Sylla in the dying days of the Roman Republic, the lolls of eminent senators marked down for exile and beg gary. by Octavian Clesar and Mark Anthony in the opening of their ruthless triumvirate; tho deeds of the Comiti.• do Saint public in the reign of Terror, alone can challenge competition with the acts which arc announced to us by the Muniteur of this morn ing. At one fell swoop, without trial of any sort, by a stroke of the pen, 66 representatives chosen by the nation to legislate for their country, men includ ing talents of the first order in a variety of depart ments, by one scratch of the dictator's pen arc expa triated from France, and not only this, but arc pushed from the frontier with the incredible menace that, if they re-enter their country, they will subject them selves to transportation. A second list of seventeen representatives, including the most illustrious French statesmen and generals of the day, are also banished. The government apparently is not so ready to make public the penalty with which these also have been threatened in case of their re-entering the French territory. But the most daring violation of all rights remains to be told. Five representatives arc trans ported to Cayenne. The name which heads this last list is that of Marc Damian°. His crime apparently is a speech which he made in the ,Assembly, justifying the decapitation of Louis XVI., a measure voted by the statesman who had the chief finger in concocting the constitution proposed by Louis Napoleon to the French people. fhe condemnation of these five representatives of the Mountain to the fate of felons in a pestilential penal colony is certainly the most atrocious feature in theseiniquitous decrees. I now proceed to give you the decrees as they appear in the Monaeur : ?MINCH II . _ PLIILIC . In the name of the French people, Lows Napoleon, Presi dent of the ltepublic, decrees: Art. 1. Are expelled from the French territory, from that of Algiers ansl of the colonies, for the sake of general safety, the former representatives of the legislative assem bly, whose names follow :—E. Valentin, I'. Itacouchot, A. Perdiguier, E. Cholat, L. Latradc, M. Renaud, J. Benoit (du Ult(mo), J. Burgard, J. Colfavru, J. Faure (du RhAuc), P. Ch. G.unbon, C. Lagrange, M. Nadaud, B. Terrier, V. Hugo, Cassel, Signard, Viguier, Charressin, Bandscpt, Savoye, Joly, Combier, Boysaet, Dueh6 , Ennery, Guilgot, Hochstuhl, 11f ichot-Boutet, Beane, Bertholon, Schcelcher, Do Flotte, Joigneaux, Laboulaye, Bruys, Esquires, Madier- Montjau, N. Parfait, E. Nan, PeUetacr, Respell, T. Bee, Bancel, Belie (DrOsne), Besse, Boureat, Drives, Chavoix, Dulac, Dupont (de Donee), G. Dussoubs, Gaiter, Lafon, Lamargue, I'. Lefronc, J. Leroux, F. Maigne, Malardicr, Mathieu (DrUme), Millotte, Rosclli-Mollet, Charms, Saint- Ferriol, Sommler, Testelin (Nord.) Art. 2. In the cue in which, contrary to the present decree, one of the individuals designated an the first article should re-enter the territories interdicted to him, he may be transported by measure of public safety [that is, by decree of the executive power] .—Done at the Palace of the Tuileries, the council of ministers having been heard, Jan. 9, 18.i'2.—Loots N•VOLZUN. You will observe that the President in this decree, one of the first issued from the Tuileries, drops the patronymic designation of his family, and signs him self in sovereign style Louis Napoleon. The decree is countersigned by Do Moray, Minister of the In terior. The names of the proscribed, as you will perceive, belong all to members of the Mountain. The second decree is as follows: Art. 1. Are from the present moment banished from the French territory, and that of Algiers, for the sake of gene ral security, the former representatives of the Legislative Assembly, whose names follow :—" Duvergierde Ilauranne, Criton, General de Lamoriciere, General Changarnier, Base, General Le Flo, General Bedeau, Thiere, Chambolle, Do lUmusat, J. de Lasteyrie, E. do Oirardin, G enera l Laidet, I'. Duprat, E. Quint, A. Thottret, V. Chautfour, Versigny." Art. 2 They cannot enter France or Algeria except by virtue of a special authorisation of the President of the Republic. The non-official part of the Moniteur begins with the following statement relative to the lists of pro scription : The government, firmly determined to prevent any cause of troubles, has taken measures against certain persons whose presence in France might impede the re-establish ment of tranquillity. These measures are applied to three categories. In the first, are the individuals convicted of having taken part in the recent insurrections; they will be transported to French Guiana or to Algeria, according to their degree of guilt. In the second, are the recognised chiefs of socialism; their residence in France would be likely to foment civil war ; they will be expelled from the territory of the republic, and will be transported should they return to it. In the third category, are included the political :nee who have made themselves remarked by their violent hostility to the government, and whose presence would be a cause of agitation; they will be temporarily ex pelled from Franco. Under existing circumstances, the duty of the government is firmness; but it will know how to exercise its repressive measures within Just limits. The different decrees which vmede only regard the ex-repre sentatives. Marc•Dufraasee, Greppo, Mint, hiath4, and Richardet, will be transported to French Guiana. - - Five hundred and seventy-five prisoners, arrested for bang concerned in the resistance manifested to the coup d' itat, were conveyed last night from Paris to Havre, in order to be transported to Cayenne. 523 of these were confined in the fort of Bickre, and of the remaining 20 came from Clamecy, in: the department of the Nievre. They were escorted by a detachment of lancers. Among the few eminent members of the Mountain who have escaped proscription may be mentioned MM. Michel (do Bourges) and Cremwux. The latter pleaded on Thursday before the Civil Tribunal of Chaumont, department of the Haute-Marne, as advocate of the town of Chateauvillain, in an action between it and the Orleans family. The ratifications of the treaty on literary property between France and England were yesterday ex changed between Lord Normanby and the French Minister of Foreign Affairs. During the absence of the Marquis of Normanby, the Hon. George S. Stafford Jerningham, Secretary to the British Embassy at Paris, will act as charge d'affaires. You may rely on the exactness of the following details, which I am enabled to send you concerning the mode in which the liberation of the prisoners of Ham was effected. M. Gustavo Lahon, private se cretary of the Minister of the Interior, was charged with this delicate duty. It was proposed to General Changarnier to convey him either to Dover, or to a place within the Belgian frontier. The General answered that ho did not wish to go to Dover, as he was not rich enough to live in England nor did ho like to visit a land where ho should make his country blush for the poverty of ono who had served her. For tho rest the General exhibited not the least emotion on receiving the announcement that ho was to be liberated from the fortress of Ham, but said briefly that ho was ready to start. General Loth), when visited for the same purpose, fancied at the first moment, apparently, that ho was going to be shot. But his courage did not forsake him, although ho did not apply the same hard terms to Louis Napoleon as when ho was con ducted from the Assembly to the prison Mazes. M. Bozo complained with much sharpness that he was deprived, by this arbitrary sentence of exile, from exercising his profession, the bar, which was his only means of existence. General Lamoricire protested indignantly against what ho termed the infamous conduct of the government. It is said that General Changarnier is about to establish himself at Lige, in order to relieve the Belgian government from the embarrassment which his presence at Brussels would occasion, in consequence of the umbrage with which such a residence would be viewed by the present occupant of the Tuileries. Perhaps, indeed, the Belgian government has been obliged to promise that the chief exiles shall not he allowed to . remain in the capital. When Changer nier reached Valenciennes, a dispute arose between the authorities and his escort, the former imagining that it was a stratagem fur effecting his escape, and discrediting the warrant shown. The General stood apart from the strife, saying that it was not his business to interfere between the parties who were contending -for the possession of his person. At length the party was allowed to proceed. It is said the Owed d'Eta! will have 40 members, with a salary of 25,000 francs. It is added that the members of the senate will receive the same salary with the option of refusal. Thirty generals are said to be already designated for senators. On being raised to this rank, they will, however, cease to re ceive their full pay. It is said that in consequence of the seizure of a correspondence of the Prince do Joinvillo in the pos session of MM. Duznier du Haar:lime and Chain bolle, serious prop osals have been made by per sons in the confidence of Louis Napoleon to take severe measures against the house of Orleans, and even to sequestrate their properly in case of their being caught plotting fur the downfall of the present relyinae. It is said that in consequence of the votes of the Polytechnic School having been all negative, it is in contemplation to giro this establishment a purely civil character. The same is reported concerning the Ecole d'Application at Metz, where the same result occurred. The decrees iu tho Moniteur have produced a bad effect at the Bourse. _ _ The strangest and most incredible reports are rife about events in Algeria, from which colony the mails aro still due, owing doubtless to the bad weather. General 'Landon arrived at Algiers on the 30th. 'the decree for the transportation, without trial, of the persons described in the first category men tioned in the Monitcur of this morning is already in course of execution. The first convoy of these un fortunates left Paris this morning for Brest, where the Genereux is waiting to transport them to Cayenne. Fifty-five prisoners have been brought from Orleans to Paris to-day. They were brought out early this morning into the court-yard of the Orleans prison, and placed in the midst of a square of infantry. The troops loaded their arum in their presence. The prisoners were then marched to the railway, and were brought to Paris by a special train. Eighteen of these men are to be transported, including MM. Martin, Miehot, Pereira, Tavernier, Cerottcau, Thibault, and Edouard. Another set of prisoners, accused of i insurrection at Nlontargis, were removed from Orleans yesterday, handcuffed, and taken to the fort of Ivry. Eight more were taken up at Corbeil by the train which conveyed the former and accompanied them to the same place. The latest accounts from the Gees speak of - 156 prisoners in Auch alone. 'the numbers of those in the prisons of Lecloure, Condom, and Mirande, in the same department, arc not known, but they are very large. The number of the proscribed who have taken flight is very much larger. The downward movement at the Bourse made fur ther progress to-day. The Five per Cents. fell 70c., closing at 101.80 ; the Three per Cents. fell 85c., and closed at 70.75. A heavier fall took place in railways than has been known for a long time. Havre fell 35f.; Montereau and Troyes, 25f.; Rouen, 20f.; Orleans, 20f. ; Northern, 13f. ; Marseilles, 13E; Versailles (left bank), 11f. 23e.; Teste and Bor deaux, 10; Strasbourg and Tours and Nantes, irf. ; Boulogne, Bordeaux, and Dieppe, were with out variation. Bank of Franco Shares fell 451. From Boulogne our correspondent writes that on Friday last tho police put General Ledo, questor of the lath Assembly, on board the Folkestone steamer for England. PARIS, SUNDAY EVENDWO. The effigy of Louis Napoleon is to figure on the postage stamps instead of the female head of the Republic. In addition to the 638,000 f. already granted, a fresh credit of 3,587,000 f. is opened to the Ministry of Marino and of the Colonies to provide for the ex penses of forming a penal colony in French Guiana. The department of the Hautes Alpert is declared in a state of sago. Telegraphic communications aro being established i between the Tuileries and all the ministries. The military commissions of Orleans have singled out 71 of the prisoners, whose cases they have exa mined, for transportation. The 575 prisoners whose conveyance to Havre I announced yesterday are to be conveyed from thence to Brest, in the steam-frigate Canada, and embarked in the latter port on board the Duresclin, 90 guns, for Cayenne. No one knows their names, or on what evidence they are condemned to this readful punishment. Beside the announcement of this iniquitous mea sure of transporting to a penal colony thousands of French citizens, accused of no crime, without form of law or trial, is a circular from the Minister of Worship, ordering a general thanksgiving on this day throughout France, while the same Minister has addressed a letter to the Archbishop of Paris, ordering that a 7e Deem should be celebrated on this day in all the churches throughout his diocese, " in order to thank God, whose protecting hand has been visibly stretched over France." The bishops throughout France have received similar or ders. 'rho same letter directs that, according to the intentions of the President of the Republic, and in order to conform as closely as possible with Art. 8 of the Concordat of 1801, after the passage, " Domino salaam fac Rempublican," that of " Domino salvum fez Ludovicum Napoleonem." The letter of the Arch bishop i of Paris to his clergy, transmitting instruc tions n conformity with these orders, is as dry as possible, and dexterously evades the least flattery to Louis Napoleon. lie enjoins the Te Deem to " ren der thanks to God, and to draw his blessings upon France, and upon the chief who is called to govern her." Tho amoant of wrong and creel oppression in flicted by tho proscriptive decrees which appeared in the Moniteur of yesterday, can only be appreciated by a familiar knowledge of the lives and circum stances of the persons expatriated. That the 66 men whose names appear upon the first list consti tuted the pith and sinews of French democracy it is needless to say, the absolute means of persecution at the disposal of the present government being directed against principle, a creed and •party, which it hopes to extirpate by the proscription of its chiefs. It is idle to object to the fanatic the sum of human suffer ing which ho may inflict by carrying his schemes into effect. But it is incontestiblo that the most dreadful scourges which have ever afflicted humanity have been those which waged a merciless and reckless war against new ideas, which were not extinguished, but only ga thered fresh force, vitality, and diffusion from the indestructible energy of the human conscience. Such was the persecution of the early Christians by the Roman emperors, and such the persecution of the protestant' by the papal monarchies of Europe. Nothing can bo more opposed to the spirit of our ago than the persecution of ideas by brute force ; because it has grown to be a recognised axiom of civilisation, that a system of lies must die and wither of itself, and, therefore, that its professors need not be crushed by the arm of power, while truth grows, and will grow, in despite of all trampling. What man in his senses can believe that any good can be done to France by the exile and beggary of the 66 represen tatives whose names figure in the first decree of the Moniteur. The doctrines professed and defended by these men in the legislature arc not escorted to the frontier with them, and defy the bayonets of gendarmes still as much as before. In the mean time scores of families are cut off from those on whose exertions they depended for support and plunged into helpless distress; eminent citizens have to renounce their career at the bar, in the press, or humbler callings, and become obscure paupers in foreign lands. I have analysed attentively this first list of proscribed, and I find in it more than a dozen advocates, the same number of journalists, 5 medical men ,6 agriculturists,B workmen, as carpenters, masons, cutlers, Sce., 24 were members of the constituent as• sembly, and 5 commissaries of the provisional go- vernment. The names of Victor Hugo, Theodore Bac, Mathieu de la Drome, and Charms, which figure in this roll, show that some of the most eminent men in France have been threatened with transportation if they should attempt to set foot in tho country which they illustrate by their talents. But the proscription of the !representatives is, however, cruel and unjust, a venial measure com pared to the wholesale transportation to Cayenne. l'crhaps the whole range of history does not offer a similar instance of monstrous violation of all laws, divine and human, as this spiriting away of thousands of citizens without any form of trial to the penal settlement of a pestilential swamp under the tropic. It was in the evening of the day before yesterday ithat a battalion of the 14th of the line marched to ' the fort of Ivry . to conduct the 46$ prisoners destined for transportation to the Rouen railway-station. In the dead of the night, at the hour of two yesterday, they were placed in a special train, accompanied by their guards, and conveyed to Havre, where they arrived at 11 in the morning. They were thee immediately embarked on board the Canada, Capt. llonet, whose orders were to put them on board the Duguesclin, now lying off Brest, and awaiting their arrival to act sail for Cayenne. Besides the five representatives whom I mentioned yesterday as destined for transportation to Cayenne, two others, Alexandre Martin and Michot-Bouttet, members for the Loiret, doomed to the same dreadful fate, were among the 464. l'erreira, commissary of the Provisional Government, was als o ono of the party. M. ltiviere, an advocate, wa s about to be embarked at Havre, when he was rt. prievcd, on the point of sailing, by a telegraphic despatch. 'I be following additional details have reached me concerning the liberation of the prisoners of 'lain. General Ledo was the only one of the party eon. vcyed to England. Two agents of the police at. tended him to Mover. The only prisoners allowed to be set at liberty on the Belgian frontier were Gene rid Changarnier and Colonel Charras. General la moricii,re had to promise that lie would go to Aix la-Chapelle and M. 'laze to Cologne. General Chan gamier, Colonel Charms, and M. Baze, escorted by several policemen, were conducted to the railway. There the agents took places beside them in a train which was ready to start. The policemen did not quit their prisoners at the frontier, but aceorupinied them all the way to Brussels. M. Baze only remained in the Belgian capital long enough to wait for the German train, which he was obliged to enter with the French pol ice, wl io ere companied him toA x-la-Chape Ile. Changarnier and Charms remained at Brussels, where they arrived on Friday, hut the former was to go, as ( stated in my despatch of Friday, to Malines,the second to Louvain. The policemen remained to watch thou in the same hotel. General LarnuriaVre took his departure from Ham Liter. He arrived at Brusc e : s the same evening, continually attended by policy. men, who remained in the same hotel with him, and conducted him to Cologne. Gen. Belleau started from Ham, it appears, a considerable time after the others, and is expected at Brussels this evening. None of the prisoners made any application on ar riving to the Belgian government. M. Thiers has taken a furnished house at Brussels. _ . I am informed that the generals who were confined in the castle of limn, namely Changarnier, Bedeau, and Lai), will continue during their exile to receive the pay of generals en diepondn't, , l. There is evidently a wish to avoid driving these ex. ',striated officers to despair, and perhaps a hope that they will be induced later to "adhere." The Belgian government has expelled from Bel gium MM. Bianchi, of Lille, and Debuchy of Rou baix, against whom warrants of arrest were issued by the prefect of the north on lice. 2nd. They were conducted in custody to Ostend and compelled to embark for England. Although decrees are dated from the Tuileries, the President has continued hitherto to bleep at the Ely - sic. But he will proceed to install himself this week definitively in the palace of the French monarchs. ills new guard will appear the week after. The two batteries of artillery which have been in the court-yard of the Tuileries since is N, under the windows of the apartment formerly occupied by the Princess Marie, have been removed to the Ecolo Milituire. A council of ministers was held yesterday at the The Patrie contains an article headed Armemens en Angleterre," which, after describing the general alarm about possible invasion, the articles of the London papers on the measures necessary for de fence, the conferences between high official persons to carry such measures into effect, concludes with affirming that there is nothing . in the relations of France and England, which justifies these pre occupations. News has been received from Algeria up to the sth inst. The colony was perfectly quiet. I mentioned yesterday the arrival of General Landon on the 30th. General Pclissier took his departure for Oran on board the Tanger. The Monitcur contains a long decree regulating the coast fisheries. Several of the ministers have given balls and con certs this week. It is the desire of Louis Napoleon that they should set the example of profuse expen diture, which their increased salaries will enable) them to do. Private theatricals, acting charaiks, and scientific conversational soirees are on the tapir. People are to appear joyous and indOlitiont by order. Those who pout and talk politics in their drawing rooms must expect to be punished as children aro who look grave when the schoolmaster tells them to be merry. The emperor says in some of his memoirs, that he gave high salaries to his functionaries be cause it was necessary at first to stimulate their zeal by pay, but that he always intended at a future time to make almost all offices gratuitous, and so to or ganise society that the honour of serving him would be a sufficient inducement to attract the highest order of ability. As everything relating to the con sulate and the empire is now being paro died, we may fairly suppose that Louis Napoleon intends to diminish public expendi ture at some future time. Probably the pa rallel will be exact in this respect, that the opportu nity will never arrive. To what extent the system of transportation is to be carried before the country will enjoy the blessings of the tranquillity which we are told was inaugurated on December 2 it is impos sible to say. 'rho arrests go on in all parts of tho country as briskly as ever. A letter from Aix, of January 8, states that ar rests and domiciliary visits are going on with great activity throughout the department. At Marseilles very many arrests have just been made in furnished lodging-houses. In the neighbourhood of Aix itself positive " razzias" have been made in many villages. Several against whom warrants are out have escaped. The Journal de Loire-cl-Cher, of this moraines date, says that many arrests have been lately made at Courchcverny and Cheveray. This is the latest news as given by the government journals, and there fore free from the suspicion of exaggeration. The Ocean, of Brest, says that a committee, con sisting of a geologist, a botanist, and a physician. is to be sent to explore Guyana and all that part of the American continent extending as tar as the Amazon river. SPAIN. MADRID, JAN. G. General Canedo is appointed Captain-General of Madrid, in the place of General Pezucla resigned. This evening there is a grand reception at Queen Christina's palace. The municipality of Madrid has voted funds for celebrating aide to begin on Feb.:, and last three days, in honour of the birth of the Princess Royal. DENMARK AND THE DUCHIES. A letter dated Hamburg, January t, says : Various letters receiied this day from Kid, an nounce that the Danish . government has at length signified its acquiescence in the latest propositions of Austria and Prussia, with regard to the kind of ad ministration to be set up in the two duchies. Ac cording to this intelligence the differences between Germany and Denmark arc to be considered as set tled by the diplomatic mission of M. de Bill° to Berlin and Vienna. _ Ench of the provinces of Holstein and Schleswig will have its provincial deliberating assembly, and a special minister for the regulation of interior con cerns, responsible to the King of Denmark only. The re-ors sociatis of the Schleswig' Holstein equestrian order, and a variety of other relations between the duchies, arc to be upheld, and tho future possiblo incorporation of Schleswig with Denmark is to be expressly guarded against. In order to arrive at this solution of its differences with Germany, the government of Denmark has had to relinquish, as it will be seen, its favourite idea of consolidating the monarchy; and as this is also a popular system, much opposition to, if not the Noe tion of, the convention may bo expected in the clambers. The present administration of Holstein has just given notice that, after the 30th iust., the 10 mark pn 614 as, Ph of ad wit cut r. Ito Ink Ise,