The Express. — London, England, 1853-02-22 00:00:00

for new works, improvements, and repairs in 111 Me. objected to the new works at Jersey and ; aid it was like throwing money into theses. 11/ .; le e ti riii: n a d il.kBl said that a diatinguiehed naval officer had hr; n hut ....wit instructed to inspect thous weeks, and t t e re in to the government. I T h r ";; tv thee agreed to, as were the following votes for medicine , and medical stores. r' '71., misidoleacoue sereins. ee,a. ), ".••• for reserved half-pay and retirement to officers eft navy and Royal Marines. og t his rote, Ur • E made some remarks, in a conversational 111.:U to the propenty of limiting promotion to those who :'l " were a ble to serve. Ile referred to the examples io ludia ef ie. &vent general talkers, and said the system loudly eyed foe titer/UO.I. Sai. (fH• allAbl was understood to say that the promo. hoe in the e &trent list of admirals had been limited to 100. J. B. SMITII sad he observed there were some lieu u.seen sad masters in the half-ply list who were in holy (Laqhter.) After these gentlemen had sheathed ° L 1 :; -- e waeils, and gone iuto another profession, he thought their helf-psy ought to be discontinued. ?!r. COWPER gave some explanation. Likes few words from Mr. 11t: c ou j 2 SCOBELL said that 'di cadets had been ad aitt,4 last year, though it was understood the number was to be huetel to .5. la the last eleven years, 1.453 had been admitted, while only between 400 end 500 h, e ;ensets had been roted. Ile thought it would be y r. line t p he annual admissious below 7a, pro • - be sufficient. Thu mates were 150 mote this I ae ar. p sir J. eildellAel said that though the number of ad mi„sous had been limitol by the Admiralty to 75, the in mast had arc-an :VIM nominations by the captains of ships put la comia.eikei. The number of mates who had nut pared promotion was not greater than before. The vote wit. agreed to. 4:.:41341. for tuoitary pensions and allowances. Mr. HUME thoaght that a large expenditure might be glued ea Greenwicn ltoepitd. The payments were very we. There were four commissioners—he should be glad to know what they did. Yr. co W E lt said they had responsible duties, which fully marina their time. eir J. GRAHAM said the pensions to those individuals h a d nothing to do with their office in Greenwich Hospital. The vote was agreed to. 10,3 We, for civil pensions and allowances, was next toted. Ou the next v )•e, 152,9501., for vi:tualling ships and for the freight of ship. for the conveyance of troops and stores, l e reply to Sir F. BAIUNIII, sir J. GRAHAM said In had every reason to believe that the KIM. now granted fur the current year would not be era:roe:4 a margin being allowed to avoid it. A.e ref w words from Mr. lie sea, Sir J. GRAHAM said this vote properly belonged to the array, but was secluded in these estimates for tho purpose of naive:eau. '1 ho amount had been increased in cense glean of the necessity of providing for the accommodation of the soldiers during their conveyance from one country to another on ship hoard under hatches. Formerly provision we. only Mae below for one-third of the men at a time, which was found to be a very great hardship upon them in Wig Tqal". After a few words from Sir W. Jouarre, The rote was agreed. The report of the votes of supply granted on Friday was brought up, nod agreed to. BLAND JURY CESS (IRELAND) BILL. TNis bill was read a third time, and passed. OFFICE 01' EXAMINER (COURT OF CHANCERY) BILL. On the motion for the committal of this bill, Mr. MI:LLINGS intimated that if the committee were sow taken merely pro forma he would bring forward the smeedeneuts he toad given notice of at a subsequent stage. The SOLICITOR•GENERAL was prepared to take the ameadeseuts on the report on the third reading, but ob jected to going into committee merely pro forma. Mr. PRISM called attention to some defects in the bill of last session for alteriug the mode of taking evidence chameery—as for nuance the examiners, while they were directed to take oral evidence, had no power to decide what was sod what walnut evidence. Again, in crues-ezthsi mine, ON person cruse-examined nod sootier judged of the evidence. Ile suggested that the examiners should have a jadicial rather than a ministesial position ; and he also re marked that, ia the primal uncertain state of the law with regard to the contimeemos of their offices, those who ex cepted them ought got to look for compensation on their moral. Mr. WALPOLE Ihonght the 3rd clause which pro vided fer eompeneaties to =miners appeiata subsequent Mintiest at, se Anwa r mold not men the in boded; sad be oho esinsidend it a maw pI M'toFo lds empeutiatioa foe a enimistedel lin. after only 16 pesee swim. TbehOLICITOR-GENISMAL end the inn the right hen. awl learned gentleness eldeMeltawaeepiallWnlly hem the aluters' Abolition Anteing modem. The bran then went into mennithee em the hill. The house then went into Clause I was agreed to. On clause 2, Mr. 14CLLINGS moved to melt the clause, on the ground that it introduced a new principle into bills of the kind, and because it precluded solicitors from being sip pointed to the office of examiner. Mr. IIUItItOUGII supported the amendment, and com plained that models legislation had tended to exclude solicitors from legal offices in favour of banisters. The committee divided. For the clause Against it Mr. MULLINOS moved that the chairman report pro gress, and urged on the Solicitor-0e I to consent to the postponement, in order to consider the amendments pro posed, and promised that no undue obstruction should be aired to its further progress. The BOLICIIOH-GENERAL assented, and the house resumed. NEWSPAPER STAMPS. Mr. BROTHEItTON moved for a retsina of the num ber of newspaper stamps, at one penny, issued to news papers in England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, for 1851 sad 1852 specifying each newspaper by name, and the amber Of stamps issued in each of the above years to each newspaper (sis continuation oh Parliamentary Paper, N 0.42 of Session 1852). There was a return made last session similar to the one he now moved fur, and his object was to continue that return for 18.51 and 1832. He did, not anti cipate any opposition, for he saw no public ground why it should be refused. It was an exceedingly useful return. Mr. WILSON hoped his boo. friend would not persevere Of asking for this return. It wee true that a number of L e s s i lage rename of this kind were annually laid before the Thee enamel pintails wag adopted in 1837, and it wee Amps& at the solleitatfon of a large number of the preptdefore of aewuraperes, because it was an exposure of their private Inmeeetions, but when the cenunittee on newspaper stamps In 1862 was sitting, a return was laid before them, and It was printed in the appendix to their report. They did net object to lay before the bone what related to the revenue, but they thought they were booed to resist a motion which would nem lardy expose the private transactions of traders. Apply the principle to other trades. Suppose, for instance, that they were to publish the quantity of spirits manufac tured by each distiller. He should have no objection to before the house the num b er o f Seoteh, Irish, and English papers, and the number of Leedom weekly and daily papers, so that they should be given as a class, and that the return sbosld not interfere with the transactions of private indi• 'ideals. Mr. T. M. G lI3SON was chairman of the committee to which the hon. gentleman had referred, and the committee were unaaimou in calling for the return, being perfectly aware of the vain of it. In supporting this motion, he might state that no other form would give such satisfactory information. If incidentally to the production of the return certain information were gives, they had at least this satisfaction, that the information was nothing but teeth. It merely told the world what was the circulation of Particular newspapers. That was his object in supporting the motion. Advertisers would then know in what publa mhos& they got most for their money ; and inasmuch as parliament required advertisers to pay a duty on advertise ments, parliament almost took upon itself the duty of in forming the public what were the best papers to adver tise in. Mr. GLADSTONE quite admitted that this return was commonly read with the greatest interest, bat at the same time he hoped the house would pause before acceding to the motion. It was rather a strong circumstance that making this return was at one time usual, and that it was delibe rately abandoned by the house, and it had never been re sumed by the authority of the house. The subsequent Publication of the return was an act, and perhaps a hasty act, of a select committee. At any rate the govern ment had not the opportunity of considering it, and it was a Proceeding which took the newspaper arthprieton by surprise. The right hon. member for Manchester argued that the return ought to be made Deanne it was • matter of interest to advertisers, and because it would reveal nothing but the truth. Now if the return did re veal the truth, that was not of itself a conclusive reason that it ought to be nude. It was not the practice of that teem, without some strong and overruling public interest, to puhlish the private affairs of individuals. The right hon. gentleman referred to the case of insurance cora- Peen. They were joint-stock companies, sad the house had always made it a role to ex ercise strict vigilance over the affairs of joint-stock companies. The question was, whether they were e ' d de- Int from the general rule which they observed in other aril, and make the proprietors of newspapers an excep tional cue. The right hon. gentleman mud the return would be interesting. No doubt it would, and so would the returns of the names and amounts in schedules C and It would enable many persons to know who were sol vent, and w h om it was safe to trade with ; but the house, notwithstanding that, would not agree to such a return. And further, the observation that the return would reveal nothing but the troth, must be taken with some consider !ble qualification. Undoubtedly, if the return were required fora lung period of years, it would snow something like the ~'ral l3, but when they ca ll e d for this return for a short time way gave an opportunity to proprietors of newspapers to 14 1 is a consideralde stock of stam p s , and thereby to make appear that their circulation was larger than in reality ' 1 was. He hoped the house would not agree to this Me. HI:ME was surprised at this objection. Dr. Bow tins moved fur this return for a series of years, and it was act objected to. Ile held the rule in parliament to be that bQ Ititistical returns of revenue which were required should 'add in the table. lie 'build say that when he advertised he had a right to know where he could get his pennyworth fer a penny, and he could only know that by knrwing which paper had the best circulation. The motion wag thou withdrawn. MANNING TILE NAVY. Mr. STAFFORD moved for copies of the report of, anal evidence taken by, a committee appointed by the late Board of Admiralty on the subject of manning the navy. Sir J. GRAHAM said the report we. very lung, and was only completed on Saturday, and he had not yet seen the evidence. He hoped the motion would not be pressed. The motion war withdrawn, and the house adjourned at twenty minutes to one o'clock. ieltr ervrefliS. TO iuttIiMPONDUNTB. te•oud Fditlon " The Ezprete," coetaTZiieie nate 'nape's Casette," o. rn.lgisted every I oteday ia.l Friday eight. to time for pmt. ,erteeteextetn/entled 'te "The zorne," Lee :ea Iteenia, raw, teat the tillce. In. Uterine-inn, 'fy Tire o'eteck ea the thy of paltheation. tilOti WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE. Iso Dar —Slimming. la. len...„....Aftensest. lb. not. l',Atesaow—Merbbill. 1L S 4. Atiornoce. La. Wm. LONDON, TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 22. LORD Jowl RUSSELL declared on Friday night that there arc two subjects on which he feels a spe cial interest; and that one of them is the education of the people. We are promised some considerable extension of the means of education this session. There is a daily increasing number of persons, we hope and believe, who are eager to know whether in the ministerial scheme there is a place for those who are most in need of whatever the Government and the nation can do. It is now known beyond the wallsof Itlgged Schools, and the beat of the constable and the dist rict oldie city missionary, that "the per;ah ing and dangerous classes" of children are so fearfully on the increase, that the dealing with them has be. come a question of public safety. A thief of 28, who had been pursuing his vocation for half his life, and who in those fourteen years was computed to have stolen nearly 6,0001. in money, declared lately that there are at least ten times as many boys employed in picking pockets as when he " was young." Each thief corrupts more ; and the way of return is closed to all. Scarcely anybody knows what to do. A committee of the Lords sat some years ago, to inquire especially into the case of juvenile offenders and transportation ; and their report was founded on the testimony of magistrates, judges, chaplains, governors of gaols, and others who were supposed to have a practical knowledge of the unhappy class which occasions so much grief and perplexity. Nothing could be stronger than the ex pression of opinion on the part of the judges that education of a high order, early administered, was the only resourse. Yet nothing effectual has been done. The magistrates know not what to do with the young creatures who are brought before them, many times in a year, and in increasing numbers ; and the police are but Job's comforters in the case ; for they tell of multiplying swarms in every town throughout the country. To tell how prison is no remedy, but quite the contrary, is so trite, that nobody wants to hear it. NVe all know that children sink lower, either there, or when they come out, so branded, that they cannot get work, or any kind of countenance from society. Prisons have failed. Parkhurst has failed, because it is a prison where tho boys are most un happy of all. The young creatures are far below the reach of the educational aids of the Government, as at present afforded. They are below even the Ragged Schools. A Ragged School may, at its first institution, include a good many of the perishing and dangerous class; but in a little while the cha racter of the attendance rises, and the most wretched class drops out at the bottom. The young creatures are off in their wildness to prey upon their kind— the girls to haunt fairs and markets all over half-a dorm counties, and the boys forming gang', and drawing in and training little children of half their own age. All this is going on; and we go on ad ministering prison—pnson—still prison, after we have all lost faith in prison; and just bemuse warmly anybody has anything else to propose. Happily we need no longer say that absolutely nobody has anything better to propose. There is infor mation and guidance ready for Government if they will receive it and act upon it. Tho late Mr. FLETCUEII, one of the Government inspectors, earnestly pressed, in his latest reports, for aid to Ragged Schools and free Day Schools, in which the existing conditions of Government aid could not, from their nature, be fulfilled ; and his representations must have prepared the Committee of Privy Council for the memorial they have received from the committee of the recent Birmingham conference. This memorial prays for a modification of the usual conditions of aid, for grants to masters and monitors who are proved fit for their position in Ragged Schools, though not for the exa mination, which is an essential condition of the grant in other cases. I Much may be done in this way; but, as we have said, the existing Ragged Schools do nut meet the case of the worst sufferers under our social neglect. Some alternative to the jail is wanted, for the relief of the magistrate, the welfare of the culprit, and the safety of society, when the career of guilt has been actually entered upon. There are industrial schools here and there, supported by private charity, where forlorn and guilty wanderers can be taken in and fed and employed : but the young creatures may not choose to go—or they may not choose to stay ; and nobody has any right to deposit or detain them there; and nobody contributes to their support while 1 there but the charitable founders. There are also a few reformatory establishments, supported in the same manner; and great would be the relief to the magistrates if they could send young delinquents there instead of to prison. But, in the first instance, there is no authorised support given to the schools, nor power of compelling attendance; and in the second case, the magistrate has no committing power. Some magistrates have made bold to remit the legal punishment, on the understanding that the culprit would enter a reformatory school; but if the culprit refuses, the next hour, to go, the magistrate can do nothing more. Tho remedy for these mis chiefs and miseries fairly enters into a Government scheme of Education ; and the probability is, that no part of the scheme would pass so sully, because the peril and nuisance are so great as to throw the usual theological difficulties into the background. Will the Government consider the suggestions offered by those who have devoted many years and a world of thought and care to the subject P These advisers have at least one title to attention that nobody denies them, or attempts to divide with them they have actually reformed juvenile delinquents. Having done this, they are entitled to the most respectful atten tion when they point out what measures would enable them to reform many more. They ask for Industrial Feeding Schools, where forlorn and wan dering children may be compulsorily brought, and fed in return for work ; and that when the parents of the children are able to pay for their maintenance, they should be legally compellable to do so, and the parish where there are no parents or other guardians. They ask that power should be given to magistrates to commit to reformatory schools, and to the go vernors of such institutions to detain the pupils. Thus we have three classes of these unfortunate children, with three proposed refuges. First, there are the wanderers, neglected by parents, and helpless in the streets. For these there is the Ragged School, which should, as we said, be aided by Government, and subjected to the kind of inspection its peculiarities require. Next, there are the young mendicants and pilferers, already subject to police interference. For these, there is needed the Industrial Feeding School, with compulsory attendance, at the cost of the parents or the parish. Against these are the young convicts, subject to sen tence from magistrate or judge. For these, there should be the Penal Reformatory School, to which the culprit may be committed, instead of being sent to prison. And all should be subject to strict Government inspection. Such are the suggestions and the recommendations of the committee of the Birming ham Conference; and some such arrangements society at large would like to see incorporated in the forth coming Government scheme of Educational Exten sion. If they were brought forward and adopted, devout would be the thanksgivings of a whole army of intelligent and humane magistrates, and v ast would be the relief to the national conscience, which would work more cheerfully all day long, and rest better every night, if this wild clement of our population were brought in from its raging among the charnel houses of our civilisation, and were seen sitting among us clothed ; and in its right mind. FRANCE. PARIS, MONDAY Eveviso. A Te Dewn was sung in the Cathedral of Vienna yestenlay, the 20th instant, to return thanks to Almighty God for preserving the life of the Emperor of Austria from the hand of the assassin. There has been a dull and inactive Bourse to-day, and the Rentes have exhibited a declining tendency. the Three per Cents. cloning 3c. lower, and the Four and-a-Half 10e. less than on Saturday. Ihe official list gives the following prices at the termination of business this afternoon :—Four-and-a-Half per Cents. for the Account, 103 E 90c. ; Threes, 80f. 60c. ; for cash the former closed at 105 E 93c., and the latter 80f. 63c. Bank Stock, 2,805 f. Little or nothing done in the latter, but a somewhat active bu.iness 1 1 was transacted in railway shares, for boon fide invest went, at a shade of improvement. PARIS, SUNDAY EVENING. An ordinance of ecclesiastical censure just issued by the Archbishop of Paris, against the jesuitical I and ultramontane journal the Unirers, contains some extraordinary disclosares relative to the present state of the church in France. If any open enemy of the Roman catholic church had drawn such a picture of its divided state as is now authoritatively i promul gated, he would have b ee n se t d own as an ntimous calumniator. It is admitted by the Archbishop that the church in France has long been delivered over to agitation and trouble, that vain contentions and violent disputes have taken the place of pacific con troversy and scientific and charitable discussion, that the spirit of irreverence and contempt which characterises the ago has at length installed itself in the church, that dissensions, too often public, scandalise the faithful and foment and en , courage presbyterian tendencies in the clergy, that the younger members of the clergy proclaim loudly that, with the aid of journalism and Rome, they will make the bishops move, and that the germ of an ecclesiastical revolution bus developed itself in formidable proportions. For this state of things his grace avers that the writers in the Univers are mainly responsible. The immediate cause of the censure now fulminated against the Univers is a aeries of articles lately published in that journal, criticising with great severity a hostile res icw written by the Abbe Gaduel, Vicar General of Orleans, of a theological work recommended by the Unirers. The Abbe Gaduel's review appeared in a Galilean publi cation called L' dna de la Religion, between which journal and the Univers a holy war has long been raging. The Univers, that famous champion of the catholic church, is accused by the Archbishop of having insulted the person of the Abbe Gaduel, and calumniated his faith, of indulging in sarcastic and scandalous declamation against theological teaching, of heaping insults upon certain bishops, and of having, under the pretext of refuting the Abbe Gaduel, held up to ridi cule, in a style imitated from Voltaire, thos e p r i es t s anetheologians that defend the church and free opi nions in the church in a manner consecrated by the constant and universal custom of the catholic schools of the world. But it appears that, although the Archbishop now speaks out at the instance of the Abbe Gaduel, vast numbers of his clergy, including several bishops, have during the last three years wearied their metropolitan with bitter complaints against the self-elected lay champions of the faith who persist in serving in the church after their own fashion in the columns of a newspaper. The aid of laymen, they say, may be very useful when proffered in a humble, submissive spirit, but of the writers in the Univers, they exclaim Non defensoribus istis tent pus eget. They particularly complain that the Univers pays no attention to the rules of ecclesiasti cal controversy. A priest cannot publish a theolo gical argument, conducted according to the approved system, but lo ! the Univers attacks him with an utter disregard of all the canons of church fencing. Like the chambermaid in the " Bourgeois Gentil homme," the Univers thrusts in tierce while it ought to thrust in carte, and has not patience while its adversary parries. In 1830 the Archbishop gave this journals warning, and obtained from it an admission of his jurisdiction to restrain the excesses of the religious press, and a promise that it would be cir cumspect in future and moderate its language. Thi s promise having been, as the mandate states, wholly disregarded, the Archbishop now renews his warning, prohibits all the clergy and all re ligious communities in his diocese from read ing the Univers, prohibits, ander pain of suspension, any priest belonging to or residing in his diocese from writing is the Univers, or iu any manner tak ing part in its publication, and lastly, prohibits not only the Univers but all other religious journals and catholic reviews, printed in the diocese, from using in a reproachful sense the words " ultramontano " or gallican," and reminds catholic writers that nothing relative to delicate theological questions should be published without the consent of the ordinary, ac cording to canonical prescriptions. The decree, moreover, threatens the Univers with the utmost severity of canonical punishment if (" which God forbid") it should dare to discuss the present sen tence. It is easy to collect, were the fact not other wise known, from the tone of part of the mandate, that in attacking the Univers the Archbishop feels he is provoking a formidable adversary, and not cen suring a subordinate out of the plenitude of his authority. He admits the probability that many bishops will not take the same view that he does as to the propriety of the present measure, but he reminds them that they, as well as the Univers, have an appeal to Rome. It is essential, by the way, in order to show the present aspect of this very pretty quarrel, to mention that M. Louis Veuillot, the prin cipal editor of the Univers, and the writer of the articles now incriminated, is at this moment, accom panied by an eminent jesuitical prelate, in close con saltation with the Pope at Rome, where, doubtless, he is contriving schemes for the furtherance of ultra montane principles. A letter from Rochefort of Feb. 16 says:—" The building of the two screw steamers, Lucifer and Megtera, recently put upon the stocks, is actively going on. Orders have been sent to hasten the com pletion of the fine vessel the Ulm, which will ultimately . be fitted with a screw. The steamer Acheron is finishing her repairs in the basin, after which she will be armed and proceed to the Antilles station. Tlurt' y-sx' military prisoners have just effected their escape from Fort Lamalgue, near Toulon. The Preue says of Lord John Russell's despatch to Sir Henry Bulwer, relative to the affair of the Madiai : Official policy has rarely put forth each generous words, and we believe that this despatch willremain a monument of honour to the English people and the nineteenth century. A nation which makes each a use of the ascendancy it has acquired in the world, well deserves to be called a great nation. ITALY. ROMAN STATES. The Roman Journal of the 11th inst. the departure of tho King of Bavaria from Rome for Naples on the 10th. King Maximilian has not left a very favourable impression on the court of Rome. In his interviews with Pius IX., instead of kissing the hand of the Pope, a tribute of respect which even the arch-heretic Nicholas of ltussia did not with hold, the King maintained a stiff, soldier-like bear ing, and contented himself with paying ordinary ci vilities to the sovereign pontiff. 'fhe catholic jour nals denounce him as half a protestant, and the na tive Roman nobility have absented themselves from his levees. THE EXPRESS, TUESDAY EVENING. FEBRUARY 22, 1853 . FEli 14. The few sealed letters which TUltlS have found their way to this city, and which arrived this morning from various parts of Italy. describe, in the most piercing terms, the honor excited all over the country by the situation Lombardy and Venice are now reduced to. The quietest of men have be come violent, and the local governments are taking precautionary measures, particularly at Naples, Rome, and in Tuscany, to resist insurrections which they seem to consider as imminent. Numbers of people are arrested and imprisoned upon the slightest pretences. Troops are kept closed up hi their barracks that they may be ready to sally out on first notice. Others are forming strong patroles in the streets. Let us hope that no ill-timed outbreak will take place. The provinces of Lombardy look us if anima tion, in every sense, had disappeared from them. A deadly calm prevails in the cities—people look pen sive and mournful—the storm is gathering in silence and darkness. As to Milan, in particular, we learn this mornin4 that four more men have been hanged, one of them a most respectable old man, a schoolmaster, who for ten days before the outbreak had been confined to his room by illness, but who on his first leaving the house was snapped up in the street with a hand ful 11 of insurgents who were going by at the time. The soldiers who, on the Gth, were panic-striehen, have taken eoun,gc since the issue of Gyulai's and Radetzsky's proclamations, and now insult, provoke, and injure young and old. The Hungarian military are closely watched by the Austrian officers intro duced into their regiments. It is believed that many officers and men of the former nation have been secretly shot inside the Castle—the firing was heard daily by the people living in its neighbourhood. Al most all the gates of the city are still shut—no one can come in or go out of thu tout, without a special written permission from the military commander, to obtain which is no easy matter. so church bell is allowed to be rung. Most of the shops are still shut up, and will no doubt continue to be so, until the authorities compel the owners to open them. I The streets are deserted, for people are afraid to go out, now that the generals have given the com mon soldiers license to shoot down whom they please with the certainty of not being called to an account. The effect produced on the minds of the Lombards by the latest proclamation is represented in every letter as something indescribable. The first which was issued—that by Count Strassoldo—was moderate and reassuring. People recovered breath, took their shutters down, walked a b ou t th e I streets and talked of the imprudence of M.l Mazzini. But the brutal manifesto of ltadetzsky has converted every feeling of patience and resigna tion into a deep and undying resolution of revenge. The tiger-like ferocity of this white-headed bandit in delivering up the people to murder and plunder has fused all Lombardy into one party, compacted to avenge Italy and expiate the criminal forbearance W- I wards oppressors which marked the last revolution. I am now merely interpreting the sentiment which heaves in Italian breasts. You, accustomed to the blessings of regular government, cannot, however willing, measure all its justice. TUSCANY. We read in a Florence letter, of the 11th : Tao moment the news of the events of Milan reached Florence, precautionary measures were immediately adopt ed. The troops were consigned to their quarters, and the posts doubled. Several houses were searcned by the police. It is reported that the Tuscan troops are to bo placed on the same footing as the Austrians, and that the government hes actually ordered the cloth necessary to dress them in white. AUSTRIAN ITALY. A correspondent writes from Milan, on the 14th, to the Opinions, that the inhabitants are shut up in the city as in a prison, nobody being permitted to go out of the gates. On the previous Sunday, the weather being fine, the streets were thronged with promenaders until 9 o'clock at night. At that hour all returned to their homes, and the city was plunged into the deepest silence. Singing is prohibited even in the churches, where prayers arc merely read. The answer to the deputation of the inhabitants who waited upon General Gyulai had not been received on the 14th. GERMANY. BERLIN, SATURDAY. The treaty of commerce between Austria and Prussia ha.s been signed this afternoon. The day before he was wounded, the Austrian Emperor sent to Italy 12,000 cwts. of lead for bul lets, and 550 ducats as a gratification to the wounded soldiers at Milan. THE ATTACK ON THE AUSTRIAN EMPEROR. The following is the latest and most circumstan tial of the telegraphic despatches relating to the re cent attack on the Austrian Emperor. " Vienna, Saturday, Feb. 19. " The following are the details of the attempt made yesterday upon the life of the Emperor. His Majesty was walking on the ramnarts, a favourite promenade of the Viennese, when he was suddenly attacked with a poniard, by a young Hungarian, by trade a ' tailor, and formerly a hussar. "The assassin had aimed his blow right at the middle of the Emperor's throat, but his Majesty having caught sight of the weapon raised against him, made a movement with his arm, which diverted it a little, and he was struck below the nape of the neck. " Count O'Donnell, aide-de-camp of the Emperor, who was by his Majesty's side, drew his sword in an instant, and dealt the assassin a blow which felled Lim to the ground; he was not, however, killed as was at first stated. He was immediately secured and delivered into the hands of justice." Other despatches make known that the name of the Hungarian, is Lebeny or Lasobwey. The Debate states that the Emperor " was able to go to the palace of the Archduke Albert, where the wound was dressed, and from there he returned on foot to the palace. The wound is not dangerous, but never theless the medical men have recommended that he should remain in bed." On Sunday the following was forwarded from Vienna: - - " The Emperor is not quite so well to-day, being some what feverish. His Majesty's medical attendants, however, think lightly of it." SWITZERLAND, ZURICH, SATURDAY. The government of Ticino is informed that all persons belonging to it now in Lombardy must quit the country—the operatives immediately, and other persons within three days. It was announced a few days ago that the village of Camptone, forming politically a part of Lombardy, but geographically isolated in the canton of Ticino, was to be occupied forthwith by Austrian troops. A letter from Berne contradicts these rumours, and states that nothing but domiciliary visits had taken place. On the 17th the Federal Council held a sit ting, to receive a report from the cantonal govern ment of Ticino respecting its conduct before and at the time of the excitement at Milan. The Ticinese government complains much of the blockade. Not withstanding the latter measure, however, a boat arrived at Lugano on the 13th, and landed several passengers from Porlesza. The blockade of the Spiegel) having been decreed by mistake, the pass was re-opened to the public on the 17th. We an nounced yesterday that the Austrian government had addressed a note to the Swiss Confederation respecting the agitations in Ticino. Letters received from that canton contain the assurance that, short of l assuming the functions of Austrian police, the go vernment of the canton has done all in its power to discourage the operations against Austria upon its soil. The cantonal finances have not recovered from the injury they sustained in 1848 and 1849 iu conse quence of the presence of refugees; and the people, although well disposed to the suffering Lombards, are not desirous of incurring fresh c barges on their account. TURKEY AND MONTENEGRO. From St. Petersburg we learn that Admiral Prince Menschikoff, Russian minister of marine, has left for Constantinople upon special mission. He is accom panied by M. Demetrius Nesselrode, son of the chan cellor of the empire. A telegraphic despatch, dated Trieste, February 18, states that according to reports from Montenegro the war had again broken out with great violence. Omer Pacha had issued an admonitory proclamation against the inhabitants of Bielopaoljevitch, and ad vanced with a part of his army as far as Kohoti. It was believed that the junction between the Bosnian and Albanian corps d'armje had been effected. Two thousand Albanian militia had just joined Omer Pacha's standard as the last accounts were despatched. Prince Daniel has been employing his present leisure in provisioning and strengthening Cettiuje, his little capital, and has already placed it in a state of defence, which he hopes will enable him for a long time to withstand a considerable force. In a kind of suburb, and in advance of the fortifications proper, he has built a castle, with four towers, which a foe I must take before he can advance to the city. The city has good walla, ramparts, and trenches, and leans upon a high hill, upon the summit of which another castle stands. This castle, the Monte negrins persuade themselves, is impregnable, and can he defended although the city should fall. On the 4th a Turkish colonel arrived at Bucharest with a number of attendants, in charge of ek ven very valuable Arab horses, which the Sultan was sending as a present to the Austrian Emperor. TURKEY. The correspondent of a contemporary writes as follows: Constantinople, Feb. S. A diplomatic question of no slight importance is at t lii• moment on the tapis between Austria and the Ottoman I'urte. At the present all is uncertainty, and our (friers to unravel the mystery and ucertsin the real state of the clues. Linn have hitherto failed. Thus much, however, we know as facts. General Leiningen Westerbourg arrivi.d about three days ago trom Austria, charged with an ultimatum on the questions between these two power., principally on that of tilsck and Sutorina. These two places are the only points where the Turkish ter ritory of Ilerugovitia touches the Adriatic, but vessels ma n it reach them without pasaing through Austrian waters. Hitherto the Turks have made no use of them as seaports, but all the imports and exports of Turkish Croatia, ll:ret govina, and Bosnia have massed through Austrian seaports, and cons. quently have been subject to the customs and duties of those ports . Front the Dalmatian sea-coast Auastria draws all her supplies for her imperial and commercial navy, and the hardy sailors of that coast man a ll h er shuts. If the Turks establish 'capons on the territories of Kl.ck and tautorina, the whole of the commerce of the Turkish provinces above mentioned, which passes through Austrian terra iry, en riching her cities and feeding her treasury, will be diverted to the cheaper ports, where free trade will have the ascendancy. British commerce also will have free ingress into the Turkish provinces to supply the large and flourish ing population of B amis. Austria allows by treaty all European nations to navigate her waters; no such treaty of commerce we believe exists between Austria and Turkey, but the vessels of the former navigate the waters of the latter by sufferance, but now the Aus trians wish to make an exception fur their own advantage to the detriment of Turkey. It is un derstood that England mid Franc e leave declared themselves in favour of the Porte, and will support hay against any attempt of Austria to carry tie question by main forge. If this latter power is left to support her pretensions single-handed, she cannot succeed, bat if Russia and Prussia, who have not as yet express. d their opinions, are inclined to back Austria, the question may assume a grave upect. go C Cour t. The Queen held a court and privy council at three o'clock yesterday afternoon, at Buckingham Palace. Before the council the Earl of Aberdeen had an audience of her Majesty. Lord John Russell had an audience of the Queen, and resigned the seals of office as Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. The Laird President had an audience of the Queen. The privy council was attended by Prince Albert, the Lord President, the Lard Privy Seal, the First Lord of the Treasury, Lord John Russell, the Secretaries of State for the Rome and Colonial Departments, the First Lord of the Admiralty, the Secretary at War, the Lord Steward, the Lord Chamberlain, and the Master of the Roue. The Right lion. George, Earl of Clarendon, Knight cf the most Noble Order of the Garter, was sworn out• of her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State (Foreign Affairs). The ltight lion. Stapleton, Viscount Combermere, K night Grand Cram of the Order of the Bath, took the oaths as Constable of the Tower of London. The Hon. William Bathurst was Clerk of the Council in waiting. The Earl of Clarendon had an audience of the Queen, and recolved front her Majesty his seals of office as Princi pal Secretory of Foreign Affairs. Sir James Graham had an audience of her Id sjesty. The Queen was attended by the Treasurer of the House hold, the Vice. Chamberlain, the Comptroller of the Hou,e hold, the Marquis of Anglesea, K.G., Gold Stick in Wait ing, Lord Elphinstone, G.C.111., Lord in Waiting, and Sir Edward Bowater, Groom in Waiting. Her Majesty and Prince Albert, attended by the Mar chioness of Eiy, the Hon. Flora Macdonald, Lord Elplun stone, Lord Alfred Paget, and Lieut.-Colonel the lion. A. Gordon, honoured the Lyceum 'theatre with their presence last evening. The Education Committee of the Queen's most honour able Privy Council had a meeting yesterday at the Privy Council-office. Present—the Lord President, the E irl of Abrrdeen, the Duko of Argyll, Lord John Russell, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and the Right Hun. Sidney Herbert. A deputation on the subject of the Great Grimsby Im provement Bill, bad an interview with Sir William Moles worth yesterday, at the office of Works and Public Build ings, A hitehall-place. The deputation consisted of the Earl of Yarborough, Mr. Ileneage, M.P., Mr. Iteodel, Mr. Bubb (Town Clerk of Grimsby), Mr. Radford, and Mr. Charles Parkes. A deputation on the subject of the Health of Towns Bill, consisting of Mr. Edmund Thomson, Mayor of C:itherue, and Mr. Edward Hodgson, of Clitherue, hail an interview with Sir William Molesworth, yesterday. The deputation was introduce d by Mr. M. Wilson, M.P. for Clitheroc. Mr. John Wood, Chairman of the Board of Inland Re venue, had an interview with the Chancellor of the Ex chequer yesterday at his official residence in Dowaing street. A deputation from Bermondsey, on the subject of the Bermondsey Regulation Act had an interview with Sir William Molesworth yesterday, at the office of Works and Public Buildings. The deputation consisted of Dr. Chaim Mr. W. Lucy (churchwarden), Mr. W. Ramsey (chairman of the Beard of Guardians), Mr. J. Barris (sidesman), Mr. T. Criip, Mr. J. Coleman, Mr. J. Cos, Mr. H. Eking ton, and Mr. B. Drew (vestry clerk.) DEATH OF TIIE EARL OF BELPAST.-A corres pondent at Naples, February 12, writes The carnival has ended, and we were looking forward with groat pleasure to private theatricals as a delightful recreation for Lent, when the sudden death of Lord Belfast, one of the dramatis persona, put a stop to them. He went to the rehearsal of Marion Heitman' (in which he was to act, at Mr. A. Craven's) contrary to the injunctions of his medical attend ant, far his indisposition had all the symptoms of measles. lie there caught cold, and died yesterday morning. The Earl of Belfast was in his 26th year, and heir to the Marquinte of Donegall." DEATIt OP LADY COUTTS TROTTER.—Her lady ship, who died at Paris on Friday, was daughter of toe Hon. Alexander Gordon Lord Rockville, one of the Scotch Lords of Session, eon of William, Lord Aberdeen, and was married to the lato Sir Coutts Trotter, Bart., in 1802. Her ladyship bad issue four daughters, Mrs. James Lindsay, Mrs. Gibbs C. Antrobus, the Countess of Albemarle, and Miss Susan Trotter. Lord and Lady Albemarle arrived in Paris a few days previous to her demise. STATISTICAL SOCIETY.-RESUMED DISCUSSION ON SHE Iseoxn Tax.—The discussion upon Mr. William Farr's Paper on the Income Tax, read to the Statistical Society on tho 17th of January (end reported in the Kip ass of the 18th), was resumed last night, at a crowded meeting of the member of the society. Lord Over stone again occupied the chair ; and among others present were the Earl Granville, Mr. Babbage, Mr. Walter, M.P., Mr. Sotheron, M.P., Dr. Twiss, Mr. Heywood, M.P., Dr. Conolly, Mr. Warburton ( ex-H.P. for Kendal), the Chevalier Hebeler, and the Bight lion. Halt Mac kenzie. The debate, which was of a far more technical— i.e., mathematical—character than on the former occasion, was commenced, on the call of the chairman, by Mr. Warburton, who took a view (in favour of the present system) exactly opposite to that of Mr. Farr—his argument consisting almost entirely of the development of intricate mathematical and arithmetical problems. His general argument was that, testing the ia come tax by " utility," the present system would produce less unfairness than that suggested by the actuaries. He considered that the doctrine of capitalising the income arid the postulate (Mr. Farr's plan), as he showed it, that every man was to pay the tax in perpetuity, in proportion to the time elapsed since the imposition of the tax, were, in prac tice, equivalent proportions. One was the inevitable con elusion of the other. Mr. Farr had proceeded in his argu ment a good deal upon the assumption that this income tax was to be regarded in the light of an insurance for the pro tection of property. But there was no parallel whatever: an insurance was an investment with a viewsto a future large return ; taxation was for protec tion from year to year. There was a parallel which might be made between taxation for protection and those asso ciations which existed in Holland for the maintenance cf barriers against sudden inroads of the sea; and if Mr. Farr would inquire into the management of those confederations, he would find that "capitalisation" was unheard of, but that tenants paid during the term of their tenancy only, and that what they paid per annum was deducted from the yearly rent paid by the tenant. Dr. Guy offered some suggestions in support of Dr. Warburton 's view, and Mr. Newmarch followed, contending that the principle of our fiscal system up to the imposition of the present income tax had been exactly that which was now urged by Mr. Farr and the actuaries—viz., that of discriminating with respect to the means of the person taxed, by as far as possible selecting ad valorem taxes, and, as io the window tax, making huge exemptions.—Mr. JO licoe also replied to Mr. Warburton upon the technical (actuary's) grounds ; and was followed by Mr. Hodge, also an actuary, who declared himself an opponent of all income taxes ; but offered, in great detail, his reasons for consider ing the present a fairer system than that advocated by Mr. Farr.-81r. Neison defended Mr. Farr ; and after .fome few remarks from Mr. Babbage, who reiterated his conviction that the prcsimt system could not be improved upon, Mr. Farr, exeu,iug himself on account of the late hour (amen o'clock) from a full reply, answered some of the more pre. minent assertions of Mr. \Verbal ton, and declared himself of opinion that theic differences were the results of mire misapprehensions ou both shim—The chairman tun shortly addr , -., d the znecting, repeating his decided zi.:ws in favour of tlia general practical justice of the income tax in its existing akepr, and against the theories of the netua rich—The mcstmg then broke tp. DARDIG ROBBERY AT NIACCLESFIELD. puce n ing ni :It ? . One dw e i of the ih, t , h reho e ) :üb m 3 c o ti nt: : sb been recorded . doi bn t h i z ry, beb same e,erny sae:vel th e -- house of Mr. John Deno, upholstererg mlLarkskimgrede.rn,:tateweleit: pistols. The premises were entered about s e v en e e c i a: k from the street in trout of the shop, which is one of the moat crowded thoroughfares in the borough. Mrs. Dean. who is an elderly lady, wee at home and in tne back parlour, with two neighbours who had dropped in to visit her, one of them being Mr. Jackson, a draper in the inariet-pirce, and the other being Miss Newton, a dressmaker. Jackson had entered about a quarter betcre sewn by the shop door, the chain of which had been lett down when Miss Newton entered, and had left it as he found it, fastened only by the ordinary string catch, which is turned by a liAudlo or klicl) The tone were rn wove/elution, when a noise r , heard in the shod, and Miss Newton rose to a•certein the ca ..e, but ear g.ving to the parlour dour utter, d a thriek and a etreated precipitately int.. the room before the five rubbers. The hour was one /el uid.i:ely ler a robbery, and so little was anything of the kind cep cot d, that ell the icmat, s appear to hare imagined r rouse moments th it the wh..la was a :reek of sonic of their neighbours, and uuly done playfully to claim them. Four of the men advanced into the par lour, producing pis: , Is in either hand, w Lilat a fifth stood be a, if somewhat fearing recognition, notwithstanding his m isk. Their first proceeding on enter:llg wet to de ineud from Mrs. Dean some deeds, or bonds, le longing to a loan society, of which Mr. Demo, her husband, is the treasurer, cud the usual parented meeting of which had taken place en the prelims even ine. Mrs. Dean told them ate Ead no deeds, but one of the re:Earls, a tall men, said he ku:w better, and letting directed Mr. Jackson to be tied to !,:ei chair and fettered, three of the men were left to guard him end the whilst the tad man rind another tuck a lighted candle front the table and proceeded up stairs. After a time the tall man returned and belie,' Mrs. Wan for the Loan Bo ciety's carpet bag, contaming the money brought is by Mr. Dian the night before, and placing a pistol to her lane said II.! would blow out her brains instantly unless the keys were given him of the bag and of the place where it was kept. Without waiting for an answer hom the terribed lady, he at the same time thrust one of hie hands into her ',ie.:set and took the keys. lie that returned up stairs, directieg the three accomplices to tie the ladies to their chairs, and fetter them to prevent pursuit when the robbery should be completed. The p.uuderers were uecupied up stairs nearly 20 minutes altogether, and when tney returned below, the taller man, who appeared to be the leader,spoke to the others, on teeing that they had net made all their prisoners safe, in a rather peremptory voice, say ing he never knew such bungling work in his efe. They ultimately decamped about hMbpast seven o'clock, by the back door. Mr. Jackson supposing they were still in the house, liberated himself by untying one of his Lmds with his teeth, so as to get hie right heed lose. Ile then cut the other fastenings with his pocket-knife, and Lastenett out, sending in a neighbour to liberate Mrs. Deans and Miss Newton, and then going forward to the Town-hall, informed the police. The robbers, however, got clear oh. On on examination of the bedrooms It wt.. found that the robbers had taken the carpet bag, containing 1281. 10s. to serer belonging to the loan society, and 4101. Dank England note, two 101. and three 5/. ditto, with between and 301. in gold. Some old coin., which included a guinea (having the appearance of a new ern), a shilling of the reign of Queen .tune, with a silver petsnt lever watch, belonging to Mr. Dein, had been alto taken. The box tr long.iig to a missionary society had been breken into, but the robbers boding only copper coin V, it :in hael rot further ,iieturbed it. Toe rubb:ry was evidently planted and exe c:it:a by men who knew the }tense, reel were well ac quaiated with the town, for one of :him eel cutedly dressed Mr. Jackson and Miss Nortni, as 11,1 as Mrs. Dean, by name, and another of them had shcrt lengths of cord slung round ni s nec k, as a tailor places his thread, to tie the inmates with when they entered. They had locked the shop dour alter entering to prevent surprise. Dy their usking for the deeds it is con jectured that they had a further object in the robbery than the mere seizure of money. The loan society, which con sists of evert a dozen po pie, has been in exigence many years, and had lent money altogether to nearly a thoutend pereons, securing repayment by bonds, and it is supposed that the recovery of some of these hands with a view of d. straying them and thus cancelling some of the debts was an object in view, and hence it is supposed that tome of the robbers are either debtors of the society or have friends in that position. _ Tit r e rebbers seem to have acted with great coolness, hut to have resorted to no unnecessary or brutal violence. Miss Newton is said to have resisted a good deal, as well as Mr. Jackson, when about to be tied, and one of the men said, " We shall do you no harm, Miss New:on, but it is us, lets is resist ; we have an object to acekrupii,h, and we must effect it: if you do not submit we stall blew your brains out without hesitation." Mr. DI an had gone cut ler a walk during the cccurrence, and his astonishment on re turning hems may be imagined. Mr. Jackson says, " I have a brother on the way to Australia, and Reeving that Mr. Dean was about to write to two of his sons who are there, 1 went down to his bear, that he might inclose a message to my brother. I had not been in the back parlour mute than ten or fifteen minutes when the rob ' hers entered. There was a folding screen before the parlour done, and when they entered, after a faint scream from Miss Newton, who had gone behind the screen to get to the door, 1 supposed it a mere piece of buffoonery on the port et some young men in the neighbourhacd. Ou perceiving that they were well armed, however, I snspectel their real purpse, and earl limed " What do you meat, ?" One of them field, "We want sonic deeds belonging to the loan society that Mr. Dean has." 1 rejoined, " The fact is, you wont to rob the house!" I then endeacoured to rush be tween them and gain the door, to give an alarm, but they seized me by the shoulders and forced me back again into an arm chair, where they held me with their lett hands whilst with the right they thrust three or four pistols to my head. I was in a great rage, and struggled for 10111, time, but they succeeded in tying my feet to the legs of the chair, and then tried to pinion my arms behind. This I resisted so successfully—saying 1 'foetid di: rather than submit—that they at length con sented to tie my wrists to the arms of the chair instead ; and this 1 consented to the m re readily, because 1 had hopes of liberating myself in time to follow and give them into ' custody. Mrs. Dean succeeded at once in throwing up the lower sash of the parlour window, but the shutters outside were closed, and before she could open them the ruffians were upon her, and they forced her into a chair. they were tying her, I said, " She is lame and a cripple at present, and why hurt and alarm her unnecessarily ?" One of the men replied, " We must not have any one following us out to give an alarm or see the direction we take." Whilst I was struggling with the men I perceived that my watch (which is a gold one) was out of my pocket, and hanging by the. guard in front of me; and 1 took hold of it hastily to return it to my pocket without being perceived, upon which one at the wan said, " Oh, you don't need be afraid of your watch, Mr. Jackson, we don't want anything belonging to you." And this man took the watch and examined it, and then returned it to my waistcoat pocket. The robbers, as before stated, had each a brace of pistols, but only Otte of them was seen with a bludgeon, which he produced in the struggle with Mr. Jackson, but did not use. Three of the men ~re thus described. Two of them were taller than the others,; one of these was very tall and had large black whiskers, a dark top coat, darker trousers, and hat. An other was about 6 feet 7 inches high, with a dark blue Taglioni coat, trousers of rather a light mix ture, and black hat. A third was a short, stout man, with broad brown cord trousers, and wore a Taglioni coat and black hat. One of the others wore a cap. All had masks, which appeared to consist of dork.coloured cotton, with holes cut in them for the eyes. One of these masks was left behind, and consists of a piece of black cot ton, shaped to tit on the head, under a h it, from the front of wkich is suspended another piece, heeling openings for the eyes sad mouth. Mr. Jackson, in struggliog with the robbery, dashed the mask of one of them aside, saying, " I'll know you again." The man readjusted it, tying one of the cords they had brought round the lower part, to prevent its being removed a second time. Whi:st the robbery was going on, hundreds of people were passing the fr:nt doer of the shop, and within twenty yards of the back many hundreds of people were engaged in public worship at the Townley.street Independent Chapel. Yes terday Mrs. Dean, who has been in ill health and suffering from a wound in one foot, was much indisposed from the ex, itement and fright to which she had been subjected. Nothing is known of the thieves, but the tall man and another were seen on Saturday night, it is believed, loiter ing about the lower end of the room in which the Loan society met, but no one put any questions to them, suppos ieg they were connected with members present. Two men of similar description were also surprised a few days prt ei cus!y in Mr. Dean's back yard, by his son, and when Seel. ~4 what they were about, appeared somewhat confused, rail replied that they were in search of a loan society they und, r stood to be somew here in that neighbourhood. It was remarked by the neighbour who unfettered Mrs. Dean and Mss Newton that their cords were fastened with what ere known as " weavers' knots," and from these and ott...r circun.stanees, it is suspected that the robbery was planni by thieves who have been weavers in the neighbourhoi but executed with the assistance of strangers, possess', g much more tact and adroitness than such men wound possess. Mr. W. Harper, chief constable of l'elseelestield, has taken active steps to trace the rubbers, and has issued handbill., offering a reword of 1007. for their apprehension, but up to last eight no intelligence respecting them had been obtainen. Some men left Macclesfield by the London and Norte Westr rn Railway to Manchester the game evening, who it is thought had taken put in the robbery. AMERICA.—LIVERPOOL, MONDAY. —Up to the present time there has been no intelligence of the royal mail steam ship Africa, Capt. Harrison, which was to have. left New York at noon on the 9th inst. The Africa, here tofore having been very regular in her trips, it is presumed that her departure may have been delayed by the dense fogs which existed at the time of the Baltic's sailibiz. A me-mite has been received from Holyhead up to 3.39 p.m., at whic't tint. , she had not passed there. • - - REFREoIIMENT Rooms IN THE HOUSE OF Coat- MONS.—Yestcrday, a pariiamcntary paper was issued respecting the refreshment rooms of the Home of Commons. The purveyor has been removei, and the committee recom mend that the rooms on the ground ti.ior be reserved for the eonvenience of strangers. MR. I.te.tULAT. The Academy of Moral and Politica ticienees at Paris has elected Mr. idicaulior u corresponding member in the room of Dr. Lingert. Scotsman. •, ;, • • .4 ? ▪ • • r nt • • .•-•1 s 1 - 0J .