The Express. — London, England, 1851-09-19 00:00:00

Ih erortoti. TO CORRESPO • beard Saks et •'Tbe norm.. eireaMe• NDENTS. _be sum eeralorre *Casette," is grabli•beil every Nude, sad Friaq 'Wit, is Use fie poet ••••fireasabilateeded foe " The Lwow" bleiOn Zvestos paper, meet Met tie Mee, td, Boolorie•etroet, by Two o'clock is the day of publication. 1110 R WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE. Tru D A y—lfore.s., IL ••• Teossulow—/Isisthf, IL Ms— .... AfterNigi. 9k. 9.16 LONDON, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 19. IT would be unfair to tax Mr. DISRAELI'S speech with much severity. l'olities, according to him, form the peculiar produce of Buckinghamshire. All that is set forward in that speech is certainly very raw produce, uncombed, unseasoned, and flung in a rude state for the agricultural mind to feed on. Before no other audience c , ,uld a public man venture to place Fuchtlagrant self contradictions. Tothissameaudience, with the URIC face and in the same hour, Mr. DISRAELI declared that agricultural wealth in England was but one-third of the whole wealth of the country, and consequently entitled but to bear a smaller portion of taxation ; and a few moments after he declared that the agriculturists were by, far the greatest employers and feeders of the industrious poor, and consequently that their influence was, and should be, paramount. In other words, when the landed interest is asked to pay taxes, it pleads being a miserable minority; when claiming to govern and to monopolise, it as sumes the character and the rights of the vast ma jority. One moment Mr. DISRAELI drags it forward in rags and in lin•tna pauptris ; the next he intro ducea it in ermine, dispensing wealth and wielding power. A similarly light-fingered way of dealing with words and argument is the wonderful assertion that land is raw material, and therefore not to Le taxed Ly enlightened financiers. The raison for not tax ing raw material is that such enhancement of puce immediately enters into the price of the commodity, and even multiplies at each mani puhition. But the political economists. of even 'J'oryism, tell that the rent of land does not enter into price. The greater part of land has always yielded a surplus produce beyond tho expense of cultivation, and a share of this surplus produce has always been, not merely claimed, but rightfully pos sessed, in all countries, and more especially in Eng land, by the state time out of mind. A portion of the runt of the land has belonged to the state, and another portion to the church, lions the Conquest down. it may be a question of eon sideratien of how much the claim may be, but ali. Drumm.' might as well warn the parson off the ground, and deny him his tithe or the composi tion for it, on the plea that it was a tax on raw ma terial, as to set up landlord's immunity from state charges upon his rent for such reasons. Great allowances, however, must be made fee a protectionist chief who comes forward to re commend to a chosen band of agriculturists the abandonment of the idle dream of pro tect ion, and the placing their future trust in seeking indemnity for a remission or change in local taxation. The great nevessity of these politicians is to keep in repair that old Chinese wall, built up to separate the agricultural and commercial interest& The levelling of this wall would be the destruction of the antiquated party, in which Mr. litseseu has enlisted. And hence his care, in abandoning this wall of crumbling brickwork, to throw up another as speedily:and as effectually as time and circumstances will allow. We fully join Mr. Disavel.t in the desire, that protection being slain and buried, all interests should meet in a solemn inquiry into their several burdens, 1.1) as to merge all into one common and equable sys tem of taxation. Protection ut an end, farmers and other manufacturers and traders are precisely in the some boat and the same position. 'We only 'class re maining apart arc the landlords, and the sooner we have a free and full discussion and settlement with them the better. If the landed interest really support burdens which they ought not to bear, let them he relieved. But we presume that no rational man can consider property in the rent or surplus pmduce of land, inherittsl for generations with a variety of charges and subtractions—no one can consider such property in the same light as profits derived from uidustry, created hut a few years back out of no thing, tam of men's skill and liable to change, to disappear, or to increase with it. Over and over again has it been shown, that in taxation, whether local or general, the weight on real property, that portion which is levied on houses, the immense proportion of which are occupied by the non-agricultural classes, has universally aug mented, whilst that on land has porportionately decreased. Last year a heavy tax, capable of , fearful augmentation, was placed exclusively on :the saute species of property, without any stipulation or understanding whatever that this was to lie considered when the in mate-tax was to be re-distributed. Year after year some of the old burdens, mortgaged as it were upon land, have been removed, or only so much left, as would leave to the possessors of land the control and authority without the fiscal burden. The whigs mid their present Chancellor are but too willing to lend themselves to these unperceived and gradual sacrifices to the landed interest. But the champions will not be content with anything gradual, or indeed any scheme that they themselves do not father, and that will not only till the pockets of the class, but help their leaders to power. Hence the extravagance of their demands; and the necessity fur increased vigi lance on the part of popular constituencies and leaders. If such questions are to be decided in parliament as at present constituted, the landl or d i n t eres t w ill I infallibly carry some measure of outrageous compen sation, even though they dare not re-impose protec tion. Fur let it be recollected that at the commence ment of Met session Mr. Gtxtistoxx himself prof fered his aid to the ultra-conservatives to procure for them compensation in the lightening of their peculiar burdens. on condition that they would abandon pro tection. Mr. Disasxu, in Bucks, comes forward half way to meet Mr. GLADSTONE; in other words, to reconstitute the old tory party, broken up by the idiosyneracy of What is most to be desired, in order to meet and defeat them schemes of individual ambition, is to procure a free and full inquiry into the whole nature, scope, and condition of our taxation, and whilst this is going on, to carry such a measure of electoral re term as would return a pirliament truly representing the people of England, with their various tendencies and interests, so that ajust and satisfactory compro mise might be arrived at between all. We ventured the other day to take a general view of the present position of the farmers, to make some suggestions far a sort of rural stock-taking and ar rived at the conclusion that there is nothing in the present state of agricultural affairs to dishearten or discourage the English husbandman who conducts his business with energy and prudence. Indeed there is nothing in the business of husbandry, of itself, to distinguish it from any other avocation over which variations of season and the uncertainties thereby produced have a considerable influence. The farmer would naturally hire a certain quantity of land furnished with ascertained conveniences for its cultivation for a definite time, and for the use of such land he engages to pay an =Ra yearly rent. It would be assumed that he makes his calculations of outlay and returns over the proposed period of his occupation, in which calculation enter all the contingencies to which his business is liable from variation of sca.on, change of prices, and the like. And in all this there is neither nivstery nor difficulty. "But the trade of farming in This country is subject to two peculiarities, which constitute its main ditti• cultiea, and very serious one,, they are. The first consists in the opinion, which has been fostered among farmers, that they can be and arc entitled to be guaranteed by some legislative action prices for their commodities higher than, but for such .4 protec tion," they would bear in the world's market; and, secondly, they seldom obtain complete possession of their farms, and have never that control over their t, land, which would enable them to carry on their business to the best advantage. Hap- pity fur British husbandry and i:s follows:a, t& spar= of protection to agricnlnre has beet ,• exploded, and the mischievous illusions and visors which malted from it are being aratidaly, lIMMIIIIIIMMII- THE EXPRESS, FRIDAY pretends that the right of contracting for the oan veyance of the workmen belongs, according to the savemen; to the. Company ; and he . eittd M. Icon Faieher befog the coancil of state, which is usdiesttod to -day to have been charged with the alamination of this question. I have already men tiossedotpreport of M. linglois's Aid from the of the lottery • di • . - - s i c lieci of evidence is at length Is pike the reality of the famous conspirsefasmossied at first es the Paris plot, then better known se the Franco-German conspiracy, and now, acceding to the evidence, a plot purely and exclusively Genhan. This is a cir cular signed " D. C.D.," dated "London, August 1," and headed, " Instructions for the league, before, during, and after the revolution." PARIS, TIICIUSDAT EVIININO. The Committee of Permanence held to-day its ordinary fortnightly sitting, which was presided over by M. Benoist d'Azy. About twenty members, among whom were M. Berryer and General Changanuer, were present. After some remarks upon the general situation of affairs, the committee separated without taking any other resolution but the agreement to adjourn until next Thursday week. In private con versation some remarks were interchanged upon the omission of the government to offer any general invitation to the Permanent Committee to be present at the ceremony of laving the foundation-stone of the Central Markets. This was noticed as indicating the continued existence of the old grudge entertained by the President against the National Assembly, and the systematic resolution to neglect no opportunity ofinflicting upon that rival power some slight or humiliation. It was observed that M. Benoist et.lay, the legitimist vice-president, and MM. l'eupin and Yoan, secretaries of the Assembly, were the only members of the Committee of Permanence invited on that occasion. M. Asselnie, head of the secretariat at Paris since 184 a, to act as a medium for the correspondence of the Duchess of Orleans, is just gone to London, ap parently for the purpose of' learning the result of the conference of the Dukc of Aumale with the other members of the Orleans family. Several councils of arrondissement, which did not allude to the revision of the constitution at their first meetings, have lately held second sessions, and have expressed their wishes in the affirmative. That of St. Etienne demands the revision at the earliest mo- ment possible. That of Macon has demanded the revision, and also that the general elections may pre cede the presidential election by at least 3 months. The council of Arcis, the only one in the department of the Aube which omitted to vote for revision on the former occasion, has now demanded it with ?special reference to the dangers of 1832, and particularly with respect to Articles 4a and II I. The council of Neufchatel has demanded the revision, and rejected a proposition in favour of the repeal of the law of May 31. That of Dieppe, which voted for revision during its first sittings, has now expressed a wish that the period of the elections should be advanced. 'rho council of arrondissement of Orleans has just met for the second part of its session. M. Oudet proposed that the council, approving of the decision come to by the council-general, in favour of the re vision of the constitution, should declare itself in fa- I your of the revision by legal means. This proposi tion was carried by 7 votes to 3, one member having abstained. To-day arc exhibited in the press, more plainly than ever, the irreconcileablo and bitter divisions of various leading personages in the conservative party. In the Constitutionnel, Dr. Veron indulges in a philippic against M. Duvergier de Ilauranne. In the Ordre M. Chambolle assails MM. Guizot and Sal randy. The nix du Proscrit has been again siezed at the post-office and in its office. Public curiosity is excited in a high degree by some scandals which have transpired with regard to the administration of the lottery of the Lingots d'or. The liroit publishes on this subject two letters, which must certainly be followed by further expla nations. The first of these letters is signed by one Fret, the agent of a capitalist who bought up the last half-million of tickets, with the design of selling them again at a premium. You are already aware that the shops at which these tickets were exposed for sale for lfr. 25e., lfr. 50c., and even 2fr., instead of the original price of one franc, have been closed by order of the police. It appears, however, that this order Ilan been but very imperfectly executed, for I went myself into two shops yesterday, one with a flaring sign, on the Boulevard Montcmartre, and another in the Passage Jouffroy, where '23 sow were demanded for each ticket. In fact, at no shop where such tickets are exposed can they be purchased for one franc. The ordinance of M. 'Cartier prohibiting the agiotage in question, remains there fore to all in tents and purposes null and void. The purchase in which M. Fret was agent leaving no more tickets disposable at the regular offices of the lottery, these were closed on the 27th ult., that is to say, four days before the appointed time. The lottery had not yet completed the delivers- of the tickets to M. Fret, when the authorities, having been informed that the clerks of the administration had reserved fer them selves tickets which they had neither paid nor ac counted for, took measures to put a stop to these scandalous frauds. M. Langlois, the director who had sold the tickets to Fret, was dismissed, and re placed by a government commissioner. M. Clement Hum, secretary of the prefect of police, and, by the way, author of the Bonapartist pamphlet, entitled " Qu'estaic quo to itetour I TEmpire ?" who took paesseseion of the key of the money-chest. It now turned out that the half-million of tickets sold to Fret had never been paid for. Two other mem bers of the Committee of Surveillance have resigned with M. Langlois. The Droit affirms that, instead of half a million of tickets, at least two millions remained to he disposed of on the 27th ult. The other letter published by the Droit is from M. Langlois, who protests his innocence of all com plicity a ithfraud, and intimates that the real cause of his dismissal was the difference of opinion which prevailed between himself and the commissioner of the government with respect to the disposal of the funds. I have already mentioned the detection of several tickets stamped with the same number. The public awaits impatiently the issue of this affair, respecting which daily some revelation appears exhi biting the whole concern in the light of a gigantic system of swindling and imposture. The council-general of the department of the Nord have passed resolutions complaining of the inefficacy of the existing regulations for enforcing the law • PARIS, WIDSZSDAY EVENING. limiting the hours of labour in manufactories. Pre- You may remember that when the lottery of the viously to Sept. 1848 no legal restrictions existed, Lingots d'Or was first started, it was put forward as and the manufacturers, urged on by the pressure *beneficent scheme for settling 500 emigrant work- of over increasing competition, often employed their Mt from Paris in California. The government was work people as much as fifteen hours a day. biased to Pa tronise and permit the enterp r i se no t The same argument was used, which was mare by Fs nthropic motives than by the hope of formerly thought to be so unanswerable by the getting of a considerable number of malcontents opponents of the Short Time Bill in England— and turbulent fellows in the faubourgs. A contract namely, that it was absolutely necessary to work at was therefore drawn up between the company who a profit, and that all the profit was in the last hour's undertook the management of the lottery and, the work. The necessity of fixing some limit proper. Minister of the Interior, whereby the former under- honed to the ordinary endurance of human strength took, after deduction of the cost of the prize-ingots, was however recognised in France by the Consti amounting to 1,200,000 fr. and of the cost of manage- tnent Assembly, i n S e pt., 1848. A l aw w then meat, amounting to - 1,21 as 10,000 fr., to devote the re- passed, fixing the maximum of labour in manufac mainder of the seven millions, namely, 4,600,000 fr. tones at 12 hours, and punishing any violation of to the object of political benevolence above described, the enactment by fines varying from sfr. to 100 fr., As far as the disposal of the seven millions of lottery which fines might be multiplied,: according to the i tickets is concerned, the speculation seems t o h ave num b er o f wor k people unduly employed. but so as I completely succeeded ; for the sale was announced as not to exceed I,ooolr. in the whole at one time. But having closed on Aug. 31, and the drawing is fixed j this law having laid down a principle, and fixed for October I. In the meantime, th e accounts fromipenalties to enforce it, left the executive government California have assumed so dismal and discour- !to frame regulations for carrying the law into effect. aging a character, that at present it would perhaps : These regulations were not issued until May, 1850. be difficult to find four or five hundred workmen j The council-general of the Nord, the d e p ar t men t who would consent t o b e ex p atr i ate d th i ther i and at I which of all others contains the greatest number of least the devotion of four or five millions francs to manufactories, now declares that they an wlsollg ; such a purpime is entirely condemned by public lefficacious, and that the law is a dead lett er . opinion. Hence alm os t a s great and ingenious a . assert, upon unquestionable authority, that in many variety of propositions has been made for the appli- departments the manufacturers work, without any cation of the surplus funds in que s ti on as f or the tlisguise, for 13, 14, and even 15 hours a day. A disposal of the profits of the Great Exhibition in leading matter of complaint is that an exemption in England. M. Langlois, the director of the lottery, I favour of certain workshops (ateliers) gives rise has represented to the government the evils of I to evasions. The regulations leave it to th e 1 the Californian plan, and submitted a series of other 'courts of justice to define what is an atelier. applications, such as the sending of several thousand i It appears that this word is used by custom in the workmen to cut timber in Corsica, in those fine forests ' Nord to describe a cotton mill, no matter what may i which have been twice offered without result for be the number of workpeople employed in it. It is public adjudication ; or despatching a fresh supply ! suggested that according to the spirit of the law no of colonists to Algeria; or of parcelling out the funds , establishment ought to be exempt from its operation, in several different charitable designs. On the other in which machinery is used, and in which more than hand, M. Leon Faucher is represented not only as 10 persons are employed. The reforms demanded by cleaving to the original destination of the funds, but the council-general as necessary to render the law as having already contracted with a house at Havre effectual are, a precise definition of the exempted : for the conveyance of the 500 workmen to the Eldo- workshops, the establishment of a system of relays in redo of the Pacific, where they are to be landed and those cases where a prolongation of the ordinary supplied with provisions for 13 days. 31. Langlois hours of work is permitted, the entire suppression of though somewhat slowly, dispelled. The unrealised kora the ihmiustions, the uncertainties, and -Ike graye:Um hem which resulted from the attempt to secure for home grown agricultural produce, will soon become measly facts for history; they will no longer exercise nay baneful influence upon our hus bandry, save so liras they have render it the habit of the agricultural mind to lein on something beyond and extraneous to self-reliance. • The second peculiarity, however, we have noted as retarding the program of English husbandry still exists in full force, and it is this: farmers engage to pay certain yearly rents for their farms upon the implied contract that they are to have possession for the purposes of cultivation, and with a full knowledge on their parts and on that of their landlords, that a series of years will be necessary to render such cultivation remunerative to the tenants; and they find that from a combination of causes they have only limited pos session, and are greatly restneted in the management of their land. For instance, a farmer every year must perform acts of husbandry and make expendi tures in culture, the returns from which cannot, at the shortest, he obtained under four, five, or six years, and that on the supposition that his farm is in good working order. But, in fact, before his farm can be said to be in good working order, it requires to be drained, at the cost of .)1., at the least, per acre; it requires, perhaps, a year's rent to be expended in furnishing building accommodation ; it requires to be cleared of superfluous hedges and brushwood around the fields, to let in the light and air and keep down weeds and vermin • it requires the land to be cleaved from wcs ds, ann ual and perennial, the result of previous bad farming and neglect; and though last, not least, it requires for several years an extra ordinary supply of manure, in order to bring the land up to a fair and reasonable point of fertility. Many of these outlays it is the province of the landlord to make, such as the draining, the building, and the clearing of hedgerows, but landlords do nut make them, and often, for want of available funds, arc unable to do so ; and with comparatively few ex ceptions, it may be said, that the English farmer, who desires to bring his farm into good working, must do all that we have enumerated for himself. And on what tenure is he expected to do these things? What security has he for the capital ho must thus of necessity invest, sink, bury in the soil P What guarantee has he that another may not reap what he has sown, and that his time, his labour, and his money be not wholly or partially lost to him and his family ? II hy, the tenure on which the English farmer is asked to do all this is a yearly tenancy determinable at the will of his landlord by a six months notice to quit; the security he has for bis capital is nil. Nor is this all; first, the landlord reserves to himself all plantations, trees, and hedges, and all game and fish, with the right by himself or others to come on the land to fell and take awa y the wood, and to . preserve or destroy the some • and next, the farmer is bound to observe P a minutely defined system of culture, which the land lord or his agent assumes to be requisite to protect the land against spoliation by the tenant, and which, in nine cases out of ten, affords not the slightest pro tection to the landlord's interest, while it seriously interferes with profitable management by the tenant. And yet such is the prejudice of landowners that very few of them will dispense with these foolish reservations and restrictions or grant leases. Indeed, unless the reservations and restrictions were abandoned a prudent farmer would scarcely consent to bind himself by a lease. As consequences we see in all directions land scarcely half cultivated, and even that which is pretty well farmed, capable of producing far more than at present, and, what at this moment is of great importance, with much better profit to the tenants. Now we say advisedly this state of things cannot be maintained. Farmers can and will farm with ordinary profits , under low profits , provided they can have their farms put into good working order, or can hold their land on such conditions as will enable them to put it in order themselves • but they cannot and will not pay present rents under the trammels and precarious tenures they are now subject to. Landowners as well as farmers must take stock. They must be prepared to deal with their land as a commercial article; they must look henceforth, in letting farms, to give some equivalents for the rents thee- expect to receive from their tenants. Farmers will not much longer attempt to make bricks with out straw, they will require such outlays of fixed capital to be made upon the land as will enable it to be profitably cultivated; and wo ask the great body of landed proprietors where they can find the means for such outlays? Yet this is a question they must resolve, and the sooner they attempt to do so in a rational and business-like spirit, the better. Hem and there a few of the larger proprietors are making fresh arrangements with their tenants. Thus we are told that " Ea' Lt: Goes has given notion to his numerous tenants at Ilarrold, Carlton, &c., with a view to the entire re-adjustment of rent, adapted to present circumstances." That is well enough so far as it goes, but mere re-adjustments of rent will nut meet the exigencies of husbandry at the present time. What is wanted is a more rational, more com mercial contract for letting agricultural land. Land owners cling with a puenlo fondness to certain territorial quasi-feudal rights, such as the reserva tions and power of enforcing the restrictions we have mentioned. And they often do so without any apparently strong motive, save such seignorial ideas. For example, a well-known landed proprietor, not a sportsman, who has *mind and tastes far above and beyond such pursuits, 'los at this moment several farms vacant, which he is arrying on in a way that must be causing a serious Isms to himself, and he has declined to let them with utri reservation of game. The consequence is, men w are able and willing to farm them well, refuse to take them—and the same proprietor has actually hat the game and right of sporting over others of his farms occupied by tenants, to a stranger; and such a wayward course us by no means unusual. Yet, when we recollect that the landed property of England is well known to be incumbered to at least one-half its value, there can be no difficulty in predicting that with prices permanently moderate, landowners will soon come to their senses, when they clearly see that they must relinquish their prejudices or their rentals. FRANCE. ro, SEPTEMBER 19, 1851. labour k - oi g ht'and on Sundays, and the appoint ment of Inspectors to see the law executed. Ths vexations summons of foreign residents to the prefecture etpolieerise yesterday to an accident attended with un pleasan t results. In front of the prefect's garden e foot pavement is raised about a yard above the level of the road. Owing to the pressure of the crowd of applicants for permis de sfjour, the wooden railing of this raised path gave way, and about 50 people were precipitated into the street. Several received serious contusions. General Baraguay has left Paris for the South of France, for the recovery &tie health, having lately been attacked with an affection of the chest. A detachment of troops and gendarmery had been sent from Nismes to the commune of Beauvais, in order to prevent a bull fight there. The gend armery went to the place where the ball s were con fined, discharged their carbines, and killed them all. Some hooting was raised by the assembled crowd, but on a legal summons being made for them to disperse, they walked off. On the gendarmes leaving the ground some stones were thrown at them, when three of the ringleaders were arrested. They were, however, soon after set at liberty. Of the 178 persons recently arrested in Paris, for what has been called the Paris plot, 87 have been set at liberty, but with an injunction to several of them, who are foreigners, to quit Paris. At the Bourse the S per Cents rose 15c., closing at 91.50., and the Three per Cents rose 25e., and closed at 56.10. The Sultan has presented to Prince Cihyka, hospo dar of Moldavia, a sabre, and some choice carpets, which were destined to figure in the London nchi bition. GERMANY. A telegraphic despatch, dated on the 18th, from Frankfort, and received on the same day in Paris, announces that the Senate of the city would publish on the following day a federal resolution abolishing the fundamental rights (yrund-rechte), and would present to the legislative body a bill of great rigour against tho press. HAMBURG. The Independence Beige says: —" Our corres pondent at Hamburg mentions a very . grave rumour, which has been some days in circulation in that city, and has caused great disquietude . It is to the effect that the Germanic Diet intends nothing less than to suppress the independence of the three free towns, Hamburg, Bremen, and Lubeck, and to incorporate them in other German states. Hamburg is to hill to Prussia. We mention this rumour with reserve. The fact itself would constitute a very grave affair, and all the powers which signed the treaties of Vienna would have to intervene. It cannot, there fore, yet be definitively settled, even if it be true that the project has been submitted to the Germanic Diet." SWITZERLAND. The Swiss National Gazette, of the lath, under the head of Neufchatel, states that a meeting of the people had been, he'd at Chaux-de-Fonds, at which the question was discussed as to whether it was not desirable to form a'grand league of the people against the sovereigns. Eleven speakers addressed the meet ing. Ihe speeches were all made in French. About 10,000 persons were present, and about 1,000 after wards sat down to a banquet- The grand council of Argau, in Switzerland, has ordered that there shall be a new council formed, to effect a partial revision of the constitution, as de manded by the people. ITALY. PIEDIONT. By a decree of the 9th, the King of Sardinia has ordered a levy of 10,000 recruits for the army. TUSCANY. The rostituzionaie of Florence, of the 12th, states, on the faith of private information, that the lion. Mr. Temple, the British minister at Naples, has been suddenly summoned to London by the t oreign-office, for matters of gnat importance. ROMAN STATES. Tlic Risuryihiento of Turin quotes a letter from ,Ancona of the 11th, stating that the curates of that province having addressed a petition to the Austrian commandant of Ancona, praying that the inhabitants might be permitted to have arms for self-defenco against the numerous brigands that infest the coun try, and this petition having been accompanied by a letter from Cardinal Soglia, tho commandant's answer was, that it was only out of consideration for the cardinal, whom he could not suspect of revolu tionary intentions, that he would refrain from bring ing the curates before a court-martial. HOLLAND. The new session of the States-General of Holland was opened at the Hague on Monday by the King in person, and his Majesty delivered the following bpeech: Gentlemen,—ln opening the new session of the States- General, it is very agreeable to me to be able to communi cate favourable news relative to the situation of our country. The birth of a prince has increased the happiness of my house. Our relations with all the powers show that good intelligence exists. We have concluded with different States conventions tending to protect the interests of com merce and to ameliu-ate and assure international communi cations. With the same object negotiations with different States have been opened, and they will, I hope, bring about the same favourable result. The army and navy continue to give proofs of laudable seal, and still a ff ord us motive for satisfaction. Thu state of tranquillity in which all the colonial possessions now are leaves nothing to be desired. Disturbances which recently took place in the Isle of Borneo have been repressed by the force of our arms. The news of the sanitary si tuation in the colonies are more re-assuring. The bad con sequences of the failure of the harvest in past years are disappearing; and the most recent news on the harvest of this year ore very favourable, especially in what regards provisions. The electoral, provincial, and communal lases fulfil, so far as can be at present ascertained, the object of the legislator. In consequence of the past winter not I having been rigorous, cud of there not having been any extraordinary thaws or tides, our dykes have remained exempt from all injury. The great works for the improve ment of our rivers, according to the system communicated to you, have been undertaken and arc continued with ac tivity. The harvest of the last year, though only a middling one, has turned out to be more abundant than was at first expected. That of the present summer appears satisfactory iu mad pruvinces. Arduous efforts are being gene rally made to develop agriculture, and to cause it to prosper, both by improving the means of fanning and by bringing new lands into cultivation. Trades and manufactures are also continuing to increase in import ance. The continual increase in navigation, and in the building of ships, are proofs that the changes effected in our commercial legislation last year have not disappointed the hopes that were entertained. The great activity which exists in several branches of our manufactures proves that commerce is generally in a prosperous situation. The con tinual increase of communications both by land and by water exercises not only a salutary influence on the rela tions of the interior, but also on those with other countries. I endeavour strongly to aid in the development of these communications. A convention concluded with Prussia, and which will be communicated to you, is ono result of these efforts. We have entered into arrangements with Belgium, for preparing, and I sincerely hope establish ing, new means of communication between the two countries. The favourable hopes conceived with respect to the situation of the finances of the kingdom have not been disappointed; this situation, on the contrary, is relatively better than that of last year. The present year likewise promises advantageous results. We will de mand, at the commencement of your session, your co-opera tion in measures relative to the sinking fund. The im portant bills deposited in your last session, and for the exa mination of which there was not time, will be again sub mitted to your deliberations. May the same spirit of common accord, which has caused to be achieved thus far so many important labours, prevail in the examination of these bills and of other, which will be presented to you in the course of this session. I ardently wish that our common labours may promote, under the blessing of God, the happi ness of our dear country. I declare the new session of the States-General to be opened. The King, on going to and returning from the chamber, was received with great enthusiasm by all classes of the population. TURKEY. LIBERATION OF KOSSUTH. The American steamer Mississippi, destined to convey Kossuth and his companions, arrived in the Golden Horn on the 30th ult. No accident is men tioned as having happened to her, as tho mail by Vienna reported. A letter from Malta, of the 12th, states that Kos suth and his companians left Kutaiha on the Ist inst., and were conveyed from Giemleck to the Darda nelles in a Turkish steamer. Another communica tion says : "By the Growler, which arrived this morning, we have heard that Kossuth and his com punioas were all safe on board of the Mississippi, and that she had left the Dardanelles with them on the ith, for America." On the 25th took place, with great ceremony, the betrothal of Ali Bey, sou of Reslud Pasha, to Naimee Sultana, the Sultan's eldest daughter. SoHum Pasha has resigned the ministry of ma rine, which has been committed to Mehemet Ali Pasha. By an ordinance of the 25th ult. Nafiz Pasha, di rector of the pious foundations, is appointed Minister of Finance, in the place of Khaled Effendi, who takes the post vacated by the former. Natiz Pasha has been frequently before Minister of Finance. Semi Pasha, inspector-general of Roumelia, is ap pointed governor of Bosnia in the place of Haireddin Pashal. Sarni Pasha is succeeded by Mama Pasha. It has been announced that the decorations in bril liants, called nishan, bestowed indiscriminately upon all functionaries, were henceforth suppressed by an imperial decree, in so far as the civil service was concerned. Another decree has appeared suppressing the decorations attached to military grades. By this economy a considerable sum will be saved to the treasury. PERSIA. Our Paris correspondent thus alludes to news al reedy referred to in our columns : o have received, by way of Marseilles, news front Constantinople to the 9th rest. Important news has been received from Teheran, announcing a serious coolness between Russia and Persia, and the possibility of a rupture between these governments. Several months ago some Tar romans are alleged to have set fire to Russian ves sels in the C'aspian, near Astrabad, and massacred the crews. Orders were consequently sent from St. Petersburg to the Russian ambassador at Teheran to demand the immediate dismissal of the governor of Nlaranderan, or to haul down his Hag. The dis missal has been finally granted, but only after diffi culties which have brought about the coolness above mentioned. The same niail from Persia brings in telligence that the governor of Herat, Yar-Mehemed Khan, huving died, the Shah immediately sent troops to occupy that city, notwithstanding . the op position of the I:nglish minister. This news wants confirmation. CUBA. We have received the following from our Paris correspondent: The Madrid Gazette publishes a bulletin from the governor of the island, dated the 17th ult., in which ho states that Lopez was, on the 16th, endeavouring to reach Artemisa, but was surrounded by the troops sent from the Havanna. The pirates were much discouraged, the inhabi tants having taken arms against them. THE GOLD IN AUSTRALIA. Letters from Sydney to the 11th of June, six days later than the papers from which the news given in yesterday's paper were extracted, have been received in the City. The present packet has brought a con signment of about 14 ounces as samples, to Nlr. IS. S. Lloyd, and the following extracts of letters received by other houses connected with the colony contain items of interest. The first is addressed to Messrs. T. A.spinwall and Co. : Sydney, Jane 11. The gold discoveries continue to be fully confirmed, and about 20,0001. has arrived at Sydney. People are flocking to Bathurst from all parts of the colony, and 7,000 persons aro concentrated there. At Melbourne live vessels have been laid on fur passen gers to the diggings, and much alarm is stated to be felt at the prospect of the shepherds and stockmen deserting their charges. The gold does not appear in oar place only, but several spots have been discovered where it is equally abundant. Her Majesty's ship Huvanuah arrived at Sydney on the 7th of 'NM, and was ordered home immediately with despatches. The utmost anxiety is felt here at the prospect of labour being scarce, and the cry is for emigration upon an exten sive scale to supply the demand, which is most urgent. Her Majesty's ship Acheron has been ordered to Panama with despatches, to sail early in June. The next news you will have will be that the Americans have put on steamers betwixt California, Panama, and Syd ney. They will be sure to forestall you in London. The others are of less recent dates, but they supply some interesting facts and opinions. Sydney, May 27. I have a very intelligent correspondent near Bathurst, who is Crown Land Commissioner. Ile tells me that lumps of 51b. wei;ht have been found. The fact is undoubted, that men who will work, and know how to go about it, can get one to two ounces of the scale-gold a day. I say the scale-gold, as it is from the washings, and the same as you must have seen from California. The lumps are only found occasionally. There is also no doubt, as far as geological knowledge and experience may be worth anything, that an immense district of country contains the gold, and that it may be expected to be found in creeks and rivers in various localities. A very clever geologist here, who has for some years past predicted the existence of the metal, and its being found easily where there has been sufficient water to wash it out of the quartz, tells us that we may look for it all ' along the ridge or cordillera front north to south, where this quartz formation exists. With regard to the consequences it is to be stated that the mania is at present affecting all the industrial pursuits of the colony. But its worst effects must he on the sheep and cattle, especially the former, for if the shepherds leave, a short time would Iso sufficient to destroy half the flocks of the colony. Still the work is so heavy and so little suited to the Lstc of men who have been crawling about after sheep fur years, that I think those who know what they would have to do, as is the case with such as are near the spot, will not go away. In the distant districts the ru mours that arc spread will, it is to he feared, induce many to leave their employers. tip to this time I have not lust a shepherd, although the diggings are within three miles of our station. _ Moreover, from all parts, Melbourne, Adelaide, Van Diemen's Land, New Zealand, &e., we shall nave crowds of people, so that after all, perhaps, New South Wales will not suffer for want of labour, and if the stockholders can but weather the next few months they will do well. .20 MESSRS. IRVING, ZBSIVORLII, AND HOLMES. Sydney, May 28. Every day briagsmore encouraging accounts of the quan tity of gold to be obtained. It is found in pieces of one, two, three, and four po un d s we i g ht ; one p i ece i s reported to be eight pounds, which will be here to-morrow. Partin of eight and ten have got from 1.501. to 300/. daily. Others have obtained none alter working a week. The labouring classes are fast leaving Sydney. Mechanics are getting from 10s. to 15s. per day. 10,000 people will be at the mines within a month. The excitement everywhere is very great. The prices of all goods and food suitable for the diggers are rising very fast. Brandy has been sold at Bs. Gd. ; strong rum, do. ; and flour, at 321. per ton. Blankets nearly cent. per cent. Slop clothing, boots, and flannels have advanced lb per cent. Picks and shovels double the price of last week. Refined sugar, salt, candles, tea, coffee, and tobacco are fast advancing. The prices that are now being given will site clear the Port Philip, Van Diemen's Land, and New Zealand ma r k e t s , an d we may expect the places them selves, including Canterbury, to be reduced half their popu lation. Sailors are daily leaving their vessels. The Lady Clark, now full and ready for sea, has not a single band on board, and parties applying want 401. for the tun home, to be paid in Sydney. I anticipate the same trouble as at California. We have also accounts from the Hunter River that Mr. Boydell has found 131 b.. of gold in that district. This statement requires further confirmation; but it is in the same description of country as Bathurst. THE ALLEGED PARIS PLOT. The following is the document seized by the police, alluded to in the letter of our Paris correspondent : "The object of the league is to prepare revolution, m i l when it has been accomplished, to put the power exclo-is in the hands of the fourth estate (the peasants and work men), "5. The immediate establishment or development of the police of the league, the special mission of which is.— "a—The observation of tho members expelled from the league. b—Observation and punishment of the traitors. "c—Composition of a lint of the enemies of the people, who are to be delivered up to tho justice of the people. d—Observations of the enemies of the people, to prevent their flight, when the revolution shall break out. "e—Search for depots of arms and warliko materials of the State, and of private individuals, banks, public coffers, and supplies of money in the hands of private persons. "if—To prevent the removal of these d..:pots at the mo ment when the revolution breaks out. EiSTETCTION'S DURING THE Et:VOLUTION, " The force is to remain in tho hands of the fourth estate. . . "The revolutionary bourgeoisie are to be disarmed. " The revolutionary government will be formed by those who accomplish the revolution. There shall be formed a central committee from all the insurrectional committees of the revolution, which shall be elected by the fourth armed estate. The league in this matter will exercise the prin cipal influence from its centralisation, in order to set aside doubtful or weak political characters. " All the functionaries shall be replaced by committee:l of continuum, &c. At the head of each committee shall be placed a commissary of the government. Each of thew commissaries will have at his command a detachment of the revolutionary army. The members of the league will take the most important commissaryships. The principal mission of the commissaries is to centralise all the means, and for this purpose their first work will be— . 1. in draw up a statistical list of all the communes, committees, &c., adding thereto the number of inhabitants, their age, occupation, and fortune; the supply of corn, materials, cattle, horses, and means of transport, work shops, and manufactories, with an account of their work. "2. Formation of communal and cantonal storehouses to serve fur mutual reserve. These must be situated near a line of railway. "3. Formation of revolutionary tribunals in all the ! principal towns. The special measures to be taken by the comuktssaries are—To prevent emigration ; to prevent the exportation of gold and silver ; the arrest of all the ene mies of the people ; the punishment of all traitors by th e justice of the people, and on the spot where their crime lets been committed. Those whose guilt is less glaring .hall ho tried by the tribunals of arrondissement, and by those of the cantons. CONSEQUENCES OP TILE REVOLUTION " 1. The revolutionary state is to give to every citizen who demands it, occupation and sufficient wages. The state is to bring up all children, and to found establish ments for that purpose. The children of the men of the army of the people will be the first to be received in these establishments. Employment and a sufficient wages re main guaranteed, until the time that the wages shall have been regulated iu proportion to the work. All are to ho considered as the workmen of the state. Where the work men belong to the revolutionary party, they will have the choice of their own foreman; where there are not so, the foremen will be nominated by the commissary. The work. shops, manufactories, and lands necessary to give employ meat will be taken by expropriation, and in the first place from such proprietors as cannot kt.vie their establish ments in full activity. The army of the people and the organised workmen will be mutually completed, and in such a manner that when the former quit the army they shall he received into the body of workmen, whilst the army shall be completed from the workmen. The work ' men of the state shall be armed and organised militarily. The commissaries of communes, cantons, awl districts shall be members of the committees of workmen. In proportion as the establishments of the state increase, they shall send representatives to the central committee. W,I.YS AND MEANS. "Other means willbe at the di.pusnl of the revolu tionary government in order to carry into execution tho above-mentioned organisation : " I. The confiscation of all the property of the enemies of the revolution, which will remain the property of the state. I "2. Forced loans, on the most extended scale, to be levied on all those who have more than 3,000 thalers (about 18,000 f.) of revenue. " These loans will be payable in cash or in produce, with the authorisation of the government in sad' special case. These loans will be regulated in proportion to the amount of each one's revenue. " 3. Einis,im of a new paper money to any extent that may be required, and the suppression of all the old paper money of tho state. Paper of the value of one to tivo thalers, in the henna of workmen, may be exchauged for the new paper money within a delay of three days. "4. The state will take posemion of all mortgages in such a manner that they can never again be taken back. " 5. The state will take pos,ea,ion of all the means of communication. " 6. The trade with foreign countries will he placed under the management of the state." Atter some further instructions relative to the carrying out of the revolution, the circular concludes as foll o w s : . . • . . •• Brethren ! iu pointing out this line of conduct for our common action, wo call on you to act with renewed zeal and energy, and to observe with unequalled rigour the statutes and the union of the league.—lu the name of the Congress. (Signed) D. 0. B." LATEST FOREIGN EXCHANGES. • , 1 _ _ _Fttr Account. ._ - PARIS. Barr. IS. 1 IZ er . :.o — p,..ing r ulihea bcornt Claftse. pee Cents. ! 56 10 1 , 56 0 se 13 59 0 50 10 . per emu.. ' 91 70 91 43 VI .. 60 91 3i 91 50 per Ceuta. ... idu. Neor Loan i ... i .. ... ... ... per Ctabk, S per Cents. 1 50 10 5 per Cents. I 91 70 4 per Cents. I • 14 do. Jieg Loan i ... 3 per Crlna. I Exchange on Landon : at elght, 23 IS; 90 earl, 24 974, 144 is an, 5, 1019 lOll Janney. 1 riaptee Bente, pu. a, 16,2 — ... Roman Loan, lan ... 744 .. 1)0. 4 Do. 2 Piedmont ID. Cents. 79 90 ... I Bank Shares Putts, SEPT. 18.—Veraaille% (right bank), —; ditto (loft bank). 111 72; Paris and Rouen, 336: Bourn and I larre, 232 30; Baniettlea and Avignon. 203 75; Strasbourg and Bale.' 5I 13 ; Centre, 439; Boulogne and Amiens, 2•10; 74••rInern, 451 73; Iran. ..I US; Toms and Nantes, 262 50 ; Moutereau and Troyes, Itr:FIl and Weans, VD. MADRID, SEPT. 13.—Three per Cents., 351 ; after Bolsa, 334. Four per Cents., 15; ; after Balsa, Five per Cents., 17 ; after Bolsn, 17. Coupons, 81• after Boles, 81 p. Passive s , 6 7-16 ; after Bois:, 6 3-16 4. Bank of St. Ferdinand, 100; after Balsa, Exchange on London, 51 c. (B 7 Electric Telegraph.) VIENNA, S E ['TAB.—Five per Cent. letalliques,93l. Exchange on London, 11.50. Ditto on Paris, 142. FRANKFORT, SEPT. 18.—Fivekter Cent.Metalliques, 784. Three per Cents., Interior, 344. Exchange on London, 119; Vienna, 100!. HAMBURG, SEPT. 18.—Three per Cents. In terior, 321; Russian Four-and-a-Half per Cents., BERLIN, SEPT. 18.—Voluntary Loan, 103. Na tional Debt, 884. Russian Four-and-Half per Cents., Exchange on London, 8.21 k ; on Hamburg, 149:; Petersburg, 1051. Tux CUSTOM-MOUSE AT SOUTHAMPTON.—In con sequence of an application from the Southampton agents of the Royal West India Mail Company to the Board of Cus toms respecting the inadequacy of the Custom-house stuff at Southampton, the board has sanctioned the appointment of a superintendent locker and two weighing officers to be added to the staff. The office of superintendent locker at South ampton is a new one, its duties having hitherto been per formed by the landing surveyors. An application to the Board of Customs hss also been made by the various merchants of the above named port for an addition to the staff of landing waiters. The increase of the import and export trade at Southampton has rendered an increase of the Custom-house fotce there, it appears, absolutely necessary. SUICIDE BY A LUNATlC.—Yesterday an inquest was held on the body of ono of the patients of the Glouces ter County Lunatic Asylum, whose death had just occurred under melancholy circumstances. The deceased was a clergy man of the established church, the Rev. Jam. Thomas Hatton, and be had been an inmate of tho asylum for the last 16 or 17 years. He was subject to fits, during which he was uncontrollable, but at other times was quite rational and quiet, and required no restraint, his chief occupation being reading works on theological subjt eta, and occasion ally singing psalms. He bad been discharged at one time from confinement, but according to the testimony of the medical superintendent he bad since voluntarily returned to the asylum. His sleeping room was four stories in hcight,snd was 40 feet from the area. At an early hour on Saturday morning, one of the .‘ keepers" of the establishment, named Mathews, hearing a crash of glass. proceeded to the deceased's room, and found it tenantless, the unfortunate having wrenched off a piece of the cover of a night com mode with which he had broken his window, and leaped through it into the area below. When picked up he was found to be dreadfully injured, and he died in about two hours afterwards. In the pauper wards of the establish ment the frames of all the windows are made of iron, while those in the superior wards are of wood, as in ordinary dwellings, and there was no protection from escape to the shape of bars over the windows. It was stated by the officers of the institution that the patients objected to the exhibition of restraint, and the only pre caution against accidents was the circumstance that the window could not be opened more than about six inches. The deceased, however, by breaking the window frame, had easily effected his escape. There were shutters to some three or four of the windows, hut these were seldom closed, the patients objecting to beiug shut up. The coroner said he could testify to the general good ma nagement of the asylum, but he strongly urged the pro priety of having the window-frames of the patients' rooms constructed of iron instead of wood. In this the jury una nimously concurred, and, after hearing the evidence, re turned a verdict that the deceased had destroyed himself while in a state of insanity. The jury also requested the DENNIARK.—Ths King of Denmaxk has con- coroner to convey their recommendation to the visiting yoked the Danish Diet for the 4th of next month. justices of the asylum, and to the lunacy commissioners. THE LOSS OF THE PACIIA STEAMER. TO THE EDITOR OF TUE DAILY NEWS. SlR,—With reference to a paragraph which ap peared in the Daily News of this morning, containing a list of the names of the officers and crew of the Pacha who were supposed to have been on board the vessel at the time of the unfortunate accident, I beg to inform you, for the purpose of relieving anxiety on the part of the relatives of many of the parties named, that the following bad been transferred to other vessels since the Yachea arrival in India, or were known to be in safety. I am, dm, C. W. HOWEL L, Secretary. Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. Offices, 122, Leadenhall-street, Sept. IS. Captain F. Macqueen. Officers :—W. J. Tregear, R. S. Burn, J. A. Bryce. Engineers:—H. Fleetwood, J. Pen man, A. Thomson. Stokers:—J. Mullen, J. Bickel', 0. Terser, J. Mason, G. Meek, W. West, J. Ward, C. Taggart, 11. Whittaker, Callett. Surgeon :—H. E. Fox. rat , . penters :—J. Iliggson, —Hauggai. Boatswain :—R. Chant. Quartermasters:—lt. McCauley, E. Dagwell, A. Early, J. Williamson. Stewards, &e.:—J. Higgs, J. Russell, J. Harper, R. Silverthorn, J. Diver, Summers J. Black. Seamen :—J. Standing, W. Wood, J. Lohb, R . Tiller, R. Buller, C. Hnwell, L. lawkins, 0. Rodgers, I. Rogers, R. Cornay, W. Curlctt, W. MeGawie J. Air. Apprentices: —II. Randall, 0. Edmo n d, S. Helittam. G. Bieham, boy. .. Prin d a in t her Bor ona t o D' Dnp from th, were a the lon Wales. At C with th With t who, b: fortuna hen bi season Her object ; book ; lucky pagean comfor lion tho them ii charity Totion, .-..__, Oa 3 fine hi! Dee, vi the C! drives in the On I ter, Bcl turnial TH: The Corder row% 2 o'cle tun, is sti be — Eng. pro, beat the ( 11th Wax