The Express. — London, England, 1847-12-27 00:00:00

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AssoNto other measures urged upon government, with a view to the relief of Irish distress, the histo rian of " The Irish Crisis," in the Edinbuigh Resifts', discusses emigration. His remarks are characterised by , good sense and fairness, and we concur with much of what he says, though not with all. Emigration is a natural operation, continual , in progress in almost every inhabited country. Since the days of itEltAllAY and LOT, individuals or fa milies have constaitly been breaking off from their went societies to seek their fortune in new lands. This natural and almost unnoted emigration is in bodies politic analogous to the incessant, exhalations of the body physical, by which superfluous particles are insensibly removed and health preserved. recom mended however, inch as has been for the relief of Ireland is on a larger scale. It costs en effort of the public will, and is more analogous to the process of breathing a vein with a view to relieve over-charged vessels. This kind of emigration is also of immemorial antiquity. It is a custom that has come down to our days from the early Greek and Phccnician colonies, and the rer sacrum of primeval Latin nations, through the swarms which the Teutonic tribes of the west and the Turkish or Mongol hordes of the east have sent forth from time to time in search of new homes, to the colonies of Spaniards and other modern European nations. Of this kind of emigration, or more properly eoloaisation, it may be remarkod that it is more avail able as a preventative of redundant population than as a care for its evils. Redundant population, it ou4ht to be observed, is a comparative, not a positive, term. Of two countries, that which has the lower proportional number of inhabitants to a square mile may have a redundant population, while the other feels rather a deficiency, even %hen in respect of soil and climate, of mineral, vegetable, and animal productions, the two are apon a par. Population is redundant so soon as the number of a country's inhabitants presses upon the means of subsistence which, in their then state of intelligence, stored up wealth, and habits of industry, they are capable of extracting from it. It does net, therefore, follow, because there are fewer inhabitants to the square mile in one country than in another, which labours under none of the inconveniences of a surplus population, that the former is not overcrowded. Lancashire is more densely peopled than the county of Mayo ; yet Lancashire could support more inhabitants than it does, and it would have been well for Mayo bad one-third of its present popu lation been shipped off in detachments years ago. When we maintain, therefore, that an Irish emigra tion on a large scale is not the remedy fur the present distress of Ireland, it is not from any doubt as to the fact of Ireland's being over-peopled, but simply because we regard emigration as the preventa tive, not the cure, of such misery as the neglect or blunders of her rulers have brought upon that country. The history of British colonisation explains the way in which that process prevents a country from being over-peopled. From the time of RALEIGH to the present moment, this country has been con tinually founding new colonies and keeping up its old ones. We have colonies in northern and tropical America, at the Cape, and in the Eastern Archipelago (to say nothing of India, which serves many of the purposes of a colony), and in Australia and New Zealand. These settlements have from time to time drawn off considerable masses of our population at one time to establish them, and they act as a permanent drain upon it. Great Britain began to colonise before its population had attained to a redundant degree of density. The operation of this colonising process was twofold—it left the reduced numbers at home a more tree field for the exertion of their industry; it created new markets abroad, in which hereditary tastes occasioned a more than usual demand for British pro ducts, .and thus enabled the island ulti mately to support a more dense population, than it could previously have done. Colonization on a large scale was commenced in Great Britain timcously, and has prevented the population of the island from becoming redundant, while it has caused it to become extremely dense. In Ireland, on the contrary, emigration on a large scale, or colonisation, has been begun too late to pro duce this effect. Nay, more, while that precaution was neglected, the Increase of population till it be came plethoric has been stimulated by artificial means. At first the franchise of the forty shilling free holders, with the absolute control which landlords exer cised over it, tempted the dominant class in Ireland to encourage the increase of population with a view to obtain political power. And when the evils of over-population first began to be felt, measures were in many places adopted for its relief which in the long run increased the evil. Arrangements were made for placing numbers of families in a state of comfort (according to their notions) on small allot ments of land, and these, feeling themselves raised ' above penury, continued to breed on without reflec tion ; the second, or at most the third generation, re lapsing into a condition of more hopeless poverty than ever their ancestors had known. The Irish peasants, especially in the south and west, are now suffering the consequences of over population. The effect of these consequences has to unfit the great mass of them from succeeding as emigrants. It is observed in a note to the article on the "Irish Crisis" in the new number of the Edin burgh Reri.to (p. 32) : An officer of the board of works, observing the emaciated condition of the labourers, reported that, as an engineer, he was ashamed of allotting so little task-work for a day's wages, while, as a man, he wet ashamed of requiring so much. The exhausted state of the workmen was one canoe of the small tThe I tuf pe wor n k t ditze l ,c e m n pred h e eustamed omr,eoneynex.geromed.; cowering over his turf fire during the inclement season of the year; and exposure to the cold and rain on the roads, without sufficient food or clothing, greatly contributed to the prevailing sickness. The account here given of the Irish peasant relates not merely to his condition in the year of famine, but to kis normal condition. He is unfitted by habitual underfeeding, and by the hopeless non-exertion of his inventive faculties in an industrial direction, to over come the difficulties with which a settler in a new land has to contend. The passage we have quoted explains why, in Canada and the United States, Irishmen are found gregariously crouching in con tented and squalid poverty in the larger towns, while independence, and even wealth,are the certain reward of the enterprising spirts who plunge into the bush. The formation of new Irish colonies is not the cure for Irish destitution, as the helpless crowds who have this year died off in Canada and New Brunswick like sheep perishing of the rot, attest. When the popula tion of Ireland has been, by whatever means, restored to a healthy condition, emigration on a large scale — systematic colonisation—may prevent a recurrence of such awful scenes as we have Jost witnessed ; but to have recourse to it at the present moment would be like bleeding a patient reduced to the last stage of weakness. On these grounds we agree with the reviewer in think ing that ministers judged w isely in refusing at the time to adopt emigration under government auspices as one of their Irish remedies. We cannot, however, agree with him when he asserts that government exercised sufficient superintendence and control over what he would have us believe was the spontaneous Irish emi gration of 1847. It is a ridiculous abuse of language to call this year's emigration from Ireland spontaneous. As well might we call the flight of a panic-stricken multitude from a city of the plague spontaneous. Nor was fear the only inducement to the hundreds of thousands of Irish who ha"e this year sought refuge ,cross the Atlantic. Their panic was industriously moaned , —the means, not of temporary support in America THE EXPRIt3B, MONDAY YENING, DECEMBER 2/7, 1847. bat of paying their purge to its Awes, provided— by landlords who wished to relieve their over-peopled estates. Emigration on a large axle—colonisation in any circumstances—is a political, not a mere pri vate enterprise, and as such, falls legitimately under the management of government. But in a season like the present, when despairing multitudes, eager to run to the most unknown regions to escape from impending starvation, were beset on one hand by the " touters" of vessels to which no merchant would entrust his goods, and on the other by landlords willing to compound for the support sf a lumber of paupers by paying their passage to any distant shore whence their dying groans could not reach their cars, the precautions taken by government to restrain such abuses were lamentably inadequate. " Several additional emi gration agents," says the reviewer, " were ap pointed to Liverpool, and to different Irish ports i" and the annual vote in aid of colonial funds for the relief of destitute emigrants " was increased from 1,0001. to 10,0001." " Sereral additional agents!" " 10,0001. 1 ." This was all that government could afford to do for the protection of more than 200,000 individuals, frantic with terror, and beset by the un scrupulous solicitation and intimidation of crimps for ill-provided emigration vessels and unscrupulous landlords eagerly bent upon " ahovehing out their paupers." Tams is an old French edict against the walling and fortifying of small towna, because, saith the decree, it brings the enemy about them, whom they are finally unable to keep out. There are a great many prejudices and opinions amongst us, strong and durable enough, the best way to destroy which would be to endeavour to fortify them by reasoning, or to draw a circumvallation of argument around them. It is dangerous to draw the attention of the reasoner, the great foe of old and Whak opinions, to such points. "It brings the enemy about them." A chapter on the rights of primogeniture in Mr. M'CuLLocw's recent work, on " Succession to pro perty," strikes us very much in this light. It is an attempt to defend by supererogatory reasoning, what is petty enure in traditional habits, and is in reality weakening, and calling in question that,wbich for the moment no one attacks. . Mr. M'Cum.oca's arguments for accumulating pro perty on the head of the eldest son, are not singular in common converse, but appear to ns, we confess, provokingly absurd in print. " All experience tells us," says the Professor, that security agaimt want is the most powerful obstacle to enterprise and indus try." Therefore the true way to render a population industrious is to begin by disinheriting ninety-nine hundredths of it, and rendering it utterly destitute. If they have a fair hope of subsistence, they are in imminent danger of becoming paupers ; whereas, if they start as paupers, they have an irresistible incen tive to become rich. _ Surely, it is a great pity that a maxim so profound, so benevolent, lied so wise, should be confined t, the mere enactment of a law of primogeniture. Why let any one of the population be poisoned by wealth, or have his faculties benumbed by competence ? What an injustice it is to let any man be so injured by suc cession to property, which is so manifestly baneful! The only just conclusion from such premises, would be the adoption of the St. Simonian law, by which the state alone inherited, and children were considered those of the community, not of any particular parent. Mr. M'Cuu.oca, inwever, would object to this. lie sees peculiar uses in a few rich individuals, who, however unindustrioas and torpid in their faculties, are still serviceable, as decoys and gilded signs to tempt the poorer portion of the population to labour and strive after wealth. The rich are also useful, it appears, in diffusing a taste for elegancies and refine ments. " A man of from 3,0001. to 10,0001. can hardly fail to supply subsistence to a great many most ingenious persons." Now, we beg to differ with Mr. M'CULLOCH, and to be of the opinion, that a great number of moderate fortunes are quite as con ducive, both to civilisation, refinement, and the exist ' ence of ingenious arts, as a small number of very large fortunes. In Etgland,large fortunes are spent in horses, either of the turf or the hunt. They Rive subsistence to that ingenious class, of which Mr. CROCKFORD was the representative, and beget whole armies of usurers and sharpers for one lover of refinement, or artistic exellence. The French are a country of moderate fortunes, and very few colossal ones, because they have no rights of primogeniture. Are the French less civilised, lees productive of elegancies, less given to re- 1 finement, or less abounding in ingenious persons ? But, says Mr. M'Cimuuclr, "the manner of living which the rich render fashionable prevents the growth of the sordid sod miserly habits that are subversive of every generous impulse." Now, this opinion of the professor, coupled with the opinions before quoted, plainly establishes the doctrine that there are only two classes and kinds of people worth cherish ing —viz., the very poor and the very rich. The former are to be left quite destitute, in order that they may be furiously industrious and frugal, at their very wits' end to provide food, and at last to get wealthy. On the other hand, the rich are to be very rich, in order that they may be quite above such sordid 'habits as those of frugality or prudence. The latter class are to be few, in order merely to serve as examples and beacons to their inferiors. And when they die, they are to take care that only one of their offspring succeed to the privileged position and ideas, the remainder being con signed to the destitute extreme, in order to sharpen their wits and establish that desirable division of mankind into nineteen poor devils for every one fat nabob. Not only is the population to be parcelled out into these two classes, but a quite different kind of mo rality is provided for both. What is virtue in the i one s vice in the other. The habits worthy of all praise in one class are sordid in another, whilst the decree " that man should earn his bread by the sweat of his brow " is to be completely set aside by philo sophers who consider themselves wiser than the utterer of that edict, in order that the very rich may diffuse a taste for elegance and employ ingenious persons. That a political economist of our day should thus ignore the existence of a middle-class is certainly very strange. That he should deny all moral value to small fortunes, and find no social or political virtue to which they specially contribute, is stranger still; and that he should be so utterly blind to the current of human events and to the common results of everyday experience and philosophy as to run counter to all, and to set up the creed of the four teenth century as the rule of the nineteenth, ie strangest of all. Notwithstanding this criticism, we wish by no means to come forward with a proposal to divide land I perforce among children, as is tho case in France. There are various inconveniences, incident to gavel kind as well as to the feudal predilection for the eldest brother. We only wish to protest, in any re consideration of the state of the law, against the line of argument with which Mr. M'CuLtoctt would bol ster up the droit d'ainesse. CONFESSIONS of convicts, when not corroborated by 1 1 other witnesses, are not much to be relied upon. The majority of criminals belong to the uneducated or im perfectly educated classes, who are particularly subject to irregular and exceptional motives. PATRICK REID, the murderer of the WRAITHS and their servant, ap pears to be exactly the man capable of thinking that a good-natured lie tending to save the life of an asso ciate ;would be on the whole a praiseworthy action, and a kind of set-off to three murders. What is known of his alleged confession, too, is as yet so vague and uncertain, that it would be premature to build positive conclusions upon it. Looking, however, to the evideace adduced at the late trial, and at the previous trial of REID, in July last, it must be admitted that the statement attributed to him harmonises so well with what was told by many of the witnesses as to establish a strong presumption that NVCABR'S oom plicity did not go farther than concealment of a mur der which he only discovered after it had been per petrated. The confession attributed to REID would appear to exculpate M'Csae. even from such . connivance. It states that M'CABE knocked at the outer door while REID was busy with his victims; that REID opened the door and told him, as if he had been one of the family, that they wanted nothing ; and that MARE at once went away. The statements of Weser, and his subsequent conduct, are not inconsistent with this story. He stated in court, when examined as a wit ness on the former trial, that when REID opened the door he recognised him, and that blood and some thing else which he saw through the partial opening of the door excited his suspicion as to the real nature of Run's business dare. M'CABE's evidence and REID'S oonfession are cooaistent. Let as now look to *Cam's subsequent conduct. He was sitting is • publinhouse a few hours dterveards, when some person came in with the news of the murder. He at ones exclaimed that he knew of it, and described the three corpses. When taken into custody he struck the table with his hand, and ex claimed, " I see where I have missed it ; I ought to have told of that strange man, but now he is gone and I am here." The incautious admission of his knowledge, and a somewhat exaggerated ac count of its extent, is in perfect keeping with the incontinent habits of speech of his coun trymen, supposing him to be innocent of any thing but a desire to screen the murderer: but is inconsistent with the watch a guilty partner in a pre meditated murder would keep on his words. A number of witnesses spoke to both M'Cnee and REID being near WRAITH'S house at the time of the murder, but not one spoke to their having been ever seen in company with orepeaking to each other previous to its commission, and only one to their having been seen together about the time of or a little after the murder. That ono is the little girl, HALLAS; and after reading her distinct and positive evidence, it is scarcely possible to acquit M'Cnee of a more intimate knowledge of what had been done than ho has yet admitted, er than REID is said to have attributed to him. Still, even with this testimony, nothing more can be considered as clearly substantiated against him than that having discovered the crime, he was in duced by the perpetrator not to inform or give evidence agalhst him. In corroboration of this view, we may advert to the miserable failure of the attempt to prove that a piece of an old garter found in M'Cnßes house had be longed to the murdered girl, and the equally strained testimony by which it was sought to show that there had been a blood-spot on his coat, and that his stockings had been recently washed. The case standing thus, we can scarcely conceive it possible that the last sentence of the law will be allowed to be executed on M'Cnee, even though further investi- oration should fail to establish more convincingly his innocence. Some sharp remarks have been made on the con duct of REID'S counsel at the trial with reference to these matters. It is asserted that Mr. SEYMOUR had been previously informed of REID's confession, excul pating M'CABE from any participation in the crime. If this statement be strictly true, the line of argument taken up by that gentleman in his defence of REID was utterly unwarrantable and inexcusable. He will in this case, have sought to shift the charge of murder to WCABE from his client, with the perfect knowledge that his client had spontaneously, deli berately, and unequivocally declared his own guilt and M'enne's innocence. Such an attempt to sacrifice an innocent man in order to procure the escape of a mur derer would be even more culpable than the notorious effort to transfer the imputation of Lord WILLIAM RUSSELL'S murder from Couevoisiee to the innocent maid servant, till now the most revolting piece of Old Bailey effrontery on record. The counsel for COUR^ voisme might lay the flattering unction to his soul that nobody was likely to believe his insinuation against the maid servant. But the counsel for REID saw WARE placed in circum stances of suspicion likely enough to predispose the jury to believe in his guilt. We speak hypothetically, for, in the present hear say state of public knowledge respecting the confes sion attributed to Rain, and Mr. SEYMOUR'S know ledge of it, we are reluctant to believe that a member of a learned and respectable professien can have so far forgotten what be owes to himself and others. But even though it should ultimately appear that REID'S confession is lees distinct in its exculpation of M'CABE than has been reported, or that Mr. SEVmoun was ignorant of it, still we must say that, in attempting to persuade the jury that M'Cnee was the murderer, he exceeded his limited service, and gravely compro mised the rights of that individual. The duty of a counsel in a criminal case, we take it, is to say for his client what his client would say for himself if he had the ability. The counsel has to learn from his client what he wishes to say in his own behalf; to compare it with the testimony of the wit nesses adduced against him, and those who can be brought forward to substantiate his statements; and then, bringing into play his own knowledge of the law, and experience of what intelligent men will or will not believe, so to shape his story to the court and jury as to give his client the best chance of es caping. A practising lawyer advertises himself as ready to undertake any case ; he is not entitled to refuse one because he believes or knows the party to be guilty; it is part of the risk of his profession to be called on to whitewash bad causes. Such is the position in which the mode of conducting the busi ness of courts of law in our country places barris ters. As laymen we plead guilty to a (perhaps puerile and fantastical) doubt as to how far gentlemen familiar with such practices can altogether escape a certain taint or bias. That, however, is not the pre sent consideration ; we give the members of the bar the full benefit of their delicate position. Bat in behalf of society we maintain that there are certain limits which, with all their anxiety to discharge their duty to their clients, and all their natural ambition to obtain the reputation of skilful and successful advo cates, they are not entitled to transgress. And with out entering exhaustively into the inquiry, we hold that while they are entitled to do all they can to serve their own black sheep, they are not entitled to en danger the sheep of others, whether white or black. It is time that the ribald license of the Old B ailey bar were effectually checked. Some of the " bright peculiar stars " of that sphere take upon them to worry and harass honest but not educated or quick-witted men, confused with their unwonted position, by irrelevant and vexatious questions, and when they have confused them to indulge in all sorts of imputations at their expense. The same worthies scruple not by impertinent and offen aive allusions to subject modest and v;rtuous women to the most cutting pain for the offence of appearing in voluntarily as witnesses against their scoundrel clients. On offences like these, grave though they be, it is now unnecessary to enlarge. Public indignation has been excited by them, and their repetition for the future, if not checked by the presiding judge, whose proper office it is, will be put down effectually by some other means. But the injustice of sacrificing another accused party in order to screen the counsel's more immediate clientia an offence less obvious to many, though perhaps still more criminal. Mr. SEYMOUR S business on the trial for the Mirfield murders was to do his beet for his client REID ;he had no right to throw out impu tations or insinuations against ItPCntie. That person, even assuming him to be guilty, was entitled to be judged on the strength of the evidence, and of what the counsel for the prosecution and defence, under the correction of the judge, might say of it. Mr. SEY MOUR had no right to say a word about him, or the court to hear it. Had Mr. SEYMOUR been in the witness-box, his hearsay evidence would not have been listened to; had he come forward, without being retained for the prosecution, to speak as a counsel against the accused, he would not have been listened to. What right does his being retained for the defence of one of the accused give him to volunteer an appear ance as prosecutor of the other ? In the most lenient view of the case, Mr. SEYMOUR has been guilty of a grave abuse of hie privilege as a barrister. If the more aggravated view shall be ulti mately substantiated it will not be easy to find lan guage too strong for the condemnation of his offence. I IIEnE is no royal road to agricultural improve ment. It is the result of capital, labour, and skill applied to the soil patiently for many years in succes sion. It is far more easy to give an impulse to the trade than to the husbandry of a country, for the cultivators of land, living in a state of comparative isolation, do not advance their art under the stimulus of competition with the same readiness persons employed in other industrious avocations exhibit. Indeed, in the present day, when agriculture has be come a popular topic, nothing is more common than to hear it pronounced ex cathedra that " farmers require more education," that they " should study the sciences " which may be made directly applicable to farming, and mach more of the same sort. Now, we by no means deny that more intelligence and general knowledge than are possessed by the great body of farmers might be usefully brought to the business of farming, nor do we undervalue the use of science to the agriculturist, but there are other and more prosaic obstacles to agricultural improvement in this country. The nature of such obstacles is indi cated by the demand for a legal "tenant-right," so generally made by English farmers. It may shortly be designated as insecurity of tenure. The yearly tenants, who occupy three-fourths of the broad lands of " merry" England, are uncertain of reaping where they have sown. They may be, and often are, turned out of their farms at six months' notice, though they have capital sunk in the farm which re presents a beneficial interest beyond the rent of several years' purchase. No man can farm for a sinigle year ; he must necessarily, if he means to hr. by his business, make outlays not to be recovered for one, two, three, or more years onward ; and this is constantly the case with every moderately good farmer of the present day. It is plain then that wfien a farmer is turned out of his farm without having a few years' previous intimation he leaves be hind him a considerable portion of his own capital, which is so much gain to the landlord. Now, doubtless, the great majority of English land lords would scorn to take advantage of their tenants in this way, but they have the absolute power to do so, and such things occur so often as to prove to the great body of English farmers that their actual condition is one of much peril. Hence the demand for tenant-right leases being generally and resolutely refused by most land owners, and they will probably persist in such refusal until we have a period of low prices. In the meantime, it is well that the public should under stand the questions at issue between landowners and tenant-farmers in the discussion on " tenant-right?' At a recent meeting of the East Kent Farmers' Club, Mr. LATTIMORE, from Hertfordshire, stated several CAM in which tenants had been most unfairly robbed of their property by sudden notices to quit. It has often been said that private agreements between land lords and tenants constitute the proper mode of arrang ing the tenant-right question; but one case mentioned by Mr. LATTIMORE shows the difficulties by which such agreements are beset. A farmer had farmed highly under an agreement that if ho received notice to quit his farm he should be paid for all im provements of which he had not received the full benefit, the amount to be settled by arbitration in the usual manner. The tenant, an able man, took a part in politics actively, in aid of the free-trade move ment ; the landlord disliked this, and notice to gait was given in consequence. Of course the tenant required to be paid for his improvements according to the terms of his agreement; he nominated au arbitrator, and called upon the landlord to name one also. This the landlord absolutely refused to do, or to make any payment whatever. Nothing remained to the tenant but to enforce his claim by an action at law, which he commenced three years ago, and he has been met with every sort of technical difficulty which the ingenuity of the landlord's special pleader could suggest, so that, up to this moment, he had been unable to force him to a trial upon the merits. The tenant, however, is a mon of spirit and property, who, though baffled for a time by legal quibbles, will probably, in the end, drag the recusant landlord be fore a jury. Bat had the tenant been a more humble one he would long since have abandoned his agree ment and his capital in despair. In this ease, the farm was re-let, at an advanced rent, to a farmer of very slender capital, who has for three years in suc cession grown large crops without any manure. He has, in fact, been taking out the capital left by his predecessor. He also stated - A recent instance in Hens, where an excellent tenant, after 15 years' occupation, received notice on the 25th of Aug. last to quit his holding (upwards of 400 acres of land) on the 29th of Sept. following, and the unfortunate tenant was com pelled to sell off his stock and; produce at 35 days' notice, at a ruinous sacrifice, without being able to obtain by law one shilling for ill the draining and improvements effected thereon. This occurred in consequence of the death of the farmer proprietor, who had only a life iatereat in the estate. This gen•leman died in the early part of 1817. The estate then came into the possession of a Gentleman in Lincoln, who had thus availed tams& of the pre , ent state of the law to appropriate the improvements effected upon the estate with out any compensation whatever. In the last case the tenant had a notice to quit at Ladyday, 1847, a few weeks after the present owner had come into possession, and he was told that it was merely formal, and that he was not to be dis possessed. He, therefore, made no preparation for leaving. In August he was told that if he intended to go on he must pay an addition of 20 per cent. on his rent, and adopt a system of farming different from that he had hitherto pursued with advantage to himself and improvement to the farm, and which, moreover, was less suited to the peculiarities of soil and situation. The landlord in this case is Col. SIBTFIORP, M.P. for Lincoln, a high professing "farmers' friend." On this case, Mr. LarrimonE said, and the public will agree with him, . . " • ' ' • • He thought they would admit that an absolute necessity existed for some legislative enactment to give the requisite security to the industrial floating capital of the tenant farmers of the country. As to the manner of carrying it out, he thought the simpler mode to give cheap and speedy justice would be to avoid litigation altogether. Let ► fair arbitration take place, and in the event of ►ny difficulty arising, the barrister presiding over the local courts for the recovery of email debts in each county, should be empowered to give a final award. At a meeting of farmers and landowners held a few weeks since at Bridgwater, for the purpose of dis cussing the tenant-right question, one of the speakers, Mr. FRANCIS, gave a very similar illustration of the necessity for some legal protection to the tenant farmers. He said : The observations made by the viee•ehairman had reminded him of a friend of his, who some years ego took an estate for twenty-one years, and laid out three or four thousand pounds upon d; but he died before he had been four years in occu pation, and his family were obliged to give it up. And another case was also brought to his mind. Some two years ago, a farmer residing in this neighbourhood, and who rented from year to year, made considerable outlay, on the faith of hi. landlord being an honourable man. That person bad never advocated leases nor tenant right, but said that if a farmer had a good landlord that was all he could want. He (Mr. Francis) cautioned him against proceeding too far with his improvements without security that he would he repaid the capital expended ; but he still. went on, and it was only a week age that be had informed him (Mr. Fran cis) that a surveyor had been over his land, and his rent had been increased ten shillings an acre, the only alterna tive given him being to quit the estate if he refused to pay the advance. And Mr. FRANCIS added, that one of the conse quences of the insecurity in which English farmers exist is, that men of scientific knowledge and great capital were kept out of agricultural pursuits, to the loss of the public and the landowners themselves. Surely, with these things standing on record, it is too much to assert that no protection for the tenants' ca pital is required beyond that which may be conceded by landlords of their own free will. In considering this question, it mast be remembered that the laws which regulate the relations of landlord and tenant have been made by landlords alone, and that dewing the last fifteen years, the character of agriculture—of British agriculture—has undergone a great change. The capital of tenant-farmers invested in the soil is larger than at any former period, and represents bene ficial interest, which ought to be protected by law. I The temporary alarm produced in Paris by the re ports of the King's indisposition had in some measure subsided towards the end of the week. On Friday the Bourse was firm, and prices in general rose. With respect to the rumours which affected the Bourse and created general uneasiness, we have merely to repeat and confirm what we have already stated. His ma jesty Louis Philippe enjoys his usual good health. On Friday there was a meeting of the deputies who support the cabinet, at the Hotel des Affaires Etrangeres, and in the evening M. Guizot gave a grand dinner, followed by a reception which was un usual brilliant and most numerousded. Near ly ly 400 deputies bad arrived i n Paris on Satur day. To day (Monday) the sitting preparatory to the ceremony of Tuesday was to be held at the Palais Bourbon. To-morrow (Tuesday) the Kis% is to proceed in state, at one o'clock, to open the sesinen of the chambers, and to deliver the speech. MM. Colloredo-Wallsee and De Radowitz, the Austrian and Prussian ambassadors to the conferences which are or were to be held on Swiss affairs at Neufchatel, arrived on Friday in Paris. The reform banquet at Rouen took place on Saturday; it was attended by nearly 2,000 persons. Reform banquets have been held on a grand scale at Vienne and Gre noble. The electors of the second arrondissement of Paris are preparing a reform banquet for next month, to be held, it is said, at the Chateau Rouge. Lord Brougham left Paris yesterday, for his chateau at Cannes. A private correspondent of the Coneerrateur an nounces the departure of the Duke d'Aurnale from Algiers for Oran. " This unexpected departure," adds the correspondent of the Conserrateur, "has given rime to many conjectures. It was said at Algiers that Abd-el-Kader bad definitively refused to submit to the conditions which the Emperor Milky Abclerrah man desired to impose on him. Abd-el-Kader appears resolved to attempt anew the chances of a struggle against the Moors. One of his soldiers had been to the camp of General Lsmoriciike, and had there given the assurance that the ex-Emir was decided to commence the attack during the night, and to fall unexpectedly on each of the separate camps, in such a manner as to overthrow them one after the other, being too weak to keep the field against all his ene mies united. Our readers will understand that in each a conjuncture the presence of the governor general may have a decisive influence on the events. On the other hand it was said, it is true, that Lieute nant-General Lamoriciere was shortly to leave for Paris to take part in the 'about.; of the amnion; and that the Duke d'Aumale bad to proceed to Oran, in order to come to an understanding with General Cavaignae, who will be charged ad interim with the government of the province. This reason is no doubt excellent, but we do rot the less believe that it is not it which hes moat contributed to hasten the departure of the prince." There was no Bourse in Paris on Saturday. We have numerous letters and journals from vari ous parts of Italy. The Turiu journal of the 20th publishes the proclamation of the death of the ex- Empress Maria Louisa, and the declaration of the suc cession of the Infante Charles Louis of Bourbon, late Duke of Luce*, to the principalities of Parma, Pia cenza, and Guastalla. We have already explained that this event will, under the terms of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815, confirmed by a later one of 1844, in volve the separation of Pontremoli and its terri tory from the arch-duchy of Tuscany and its annexa tion to Parma. The recent agitation and preparations for armed resistance when such a transfer was feared as a consequence of the cession of Lucca to Tuscany will not be forgotten, and accordingly serious fears are entertained for the tranquillity of this border dis trict of the states. Letters from Milan of the 18th say that serious dis turbances had broken out at Reggio (in the Mo denese) and Modena, in consequence of the refusal of the sovereigns of that duchy to pin the customs league. It was reported that a collision between the people and the troops had taken place, and that several were killed and wounded. The first serious discussion which took place in the new Roman council of state, and the re sult of which we have already reported, has developed A difference of opinion between the majority of that body and those who are supposed to express the sentiments of the Pope. The question was the pub licity of the debates. Count Luigi Mastai, a nephew of the Pope, spoke against it, declaring t hat it would constitute a serious encroachment on the prerogatives of the sovereign. The president reminded the council that his holiness had already expressed himself unfa vourably in regard to the publicity of the debates. After speeches is favour of publicity, by Councillors Lauri and M. Minghetti, the question, being put to the vote, was earned in favour of publicity by a majority of 20 to 4. Letters from Genoa of the 16th say that a general amnesty will certainly be proclaimed on New Year's (lay. It is stated also, but with doubt, that the Jesuits will be expelled from Piedmont, and a charter granted. A story was current that Charles Albert said to Lord Minto, "If I were a free agent I should long since have been a constitutional king." ' The Roman journals again announce the approach ing evacuation of Ferrara. Cardinal Ciacchi, who was staying at Pesaro, was, they affirm, orde red to return to his poet at Ferrara to assist at the evacua tion. The legate of Bologna was ordered to send to Ferrara a detachment of Swiss troops to take the posts to be evacuated by the Austrians. Letters from Naples of tho 16th announce the con tinued prevalence of popular demonstrations in that city and in Sicily, indicating the same fermentation as we have so often lately reported. On the evening of the I4th, at Naples, ady of several hundred citizens paraded the town, shouting aloud the usual popular cries in favour of the Pope, the Italian league, reform, &a. They proceeded by the main street, the Via Toledo, to the hotel of the Nuncio, where they repeated these cries. They next returned to the palace, near which they were encountered by the police and the military, and a collision ensued, in which several were wounded. A gendarme., wounded by a sword-cane, soon after wards died. One police-soldier was killed in the square, and two others dangerously wounded. The assembly was not dispersed until eight o'clock. At Messina, Marshal Landi, whose previous acts had rendered him so obnoxious, finding it impossible to re main with safety in his usual residence, withdrew into the fortress, where, with the garrison, he shut himself up. All communication between the fortress and the town had ceased. The Duke of Serra Capriole arrived on the 16th at Naples. Letters from Parma of the 18th report that a nu merous assemblage of the people took place on that day in front of the Hotel of the Regency, and that loud acclamations were heard in favour of reform. A committee of the inhabitants waited on the Council of Regency with an address, signed by several hundred citizens, demanding, on the part of the inhabitants, the institution of a national guard, administrative and military reform, and a constitu tion. The regency answered that, in the absence of the sovereign of the state, they bad no powers to act, and that they could only maintain order and canoe the laws to be respected until the arrival of the Duke. The S;tnaphorat of Marseilles, on the authority of a letter from Leghorn, says : " The Hereditary Prince of Sardinia is appointed generalissimo of the army, president of the council of 'ministers, and governor of Turin, in the room of the Count de la Tour." The Madrid mails to the 19th arrived in Paris on Sunday. That of the 20th was duo on Satur day, but had not arrived when our correspon dent closed his despatches. There was a meeting of the deputies on ,the 17th, on the subject of the charges to be preferred against M. Salamanca. On the question as to whether the subject should be brought before the Chamber, and an inquiry be de manded, it was carried in the affirmative by a majority of 105 to 44. Some of the friends of M. Salamanca are said to have voted for the inquiry, at his imme diate request. The responsible editor of the Clamor Publico, who was under prosecution for a libel, has solicited and obtained from the government the abandonment of the prosecution. The Heraldo congratulates the government on its generosity. A Madrid letter of the 18th says : Although the mist positive assurances had been given that Gaueral Espartero would be here by the end of the month, a most gracious invitation having been sent to him by Queen Isabella, an opinion is now expressed that the General, on his arriving in Paris, and reading an account of the debate in the Spanish Chamber of Deputies on the 16th, will retract his intention. He cannot, it is said, take his seat in the senate without repelling the charge brought against hint by M. Mon, and he would be unwilling to make ha re-appearance in hie own country the signal for recrimi nation. Under the circumstances the spirit of M. Men is much censured here, for it is thought that he might have done justice to. and even eulogised the Queen-Mother, with out indulging in a charge of ingratitude and calumny against Espartero. Some persons even go so far so to suppose that the remarks of M. Mon were made for the very purpose of inducing Espartero to abandon his intention of returning to Madrid. The friends of General Herren say that he regrets as much as anybody the warmth of M. Mon on the occasion in question, and that, so far as he is concerned, General Es partero may reckon on a kind reception. The Infanta Dona Luisa, Duchess of Sega, daughter of Don Francisco de Paula, the uncle of Queen Isabella, was safely delivered of a son at Madrid, on the 17th. It is announced that the King, who is the uncle of the young prince, will be his godfather, and the Queen his godmother. It is stated in a Madrid letter of the 18th that large remittances of specie had been recently received by the Band of St. Ferdinand. A full amount of the debate in the Cortes, on the 16th, on the subject of payments from the Harannah treasury--a question upon which it was thought pro per to make a personal debate on Espartero—will be found in another column, as will also the letter of our Madrid correspondent. The advices from Switzerland contain little matter 'of prominent interest. The cantonal government of the states of the Souderbund were in process of form ation, and in every case the liberal party were in a majority. At Lucerne, Dr. Steiger had been chosen vice-avoyer in the grand council. A committee' of eleven was elected to form a project for the revision of the cantonal constitution. Friburg has named two new deputies to the Diet, Dr. Bossard, a well known junsconsult, and Mr. Page. These delegates are instructed to concur in a vote for the re vision of the Pact, and to apply for a redaction of the war contribation which has been decreed against the canton. In the new grand council of the Valais, the liberal party is also in a large majority. Since writing the above we have received the Swiss journals of the 22nd. Lucerne has named Dr. Steiger and the avocet Pl. Meyer delegates to the Bid. FRANCE.—PaiIO.DEc.23.--Ponnity. A large body of Poles *mumbled on Frida, at the a rt beet, to present to Prince Curtoeyski the medal ri tma Polish Historical Committee has had s t ruc k is the eminent merits of the prince, and in commemknassZ ss Zo the important services he has rendered to his Onlltry7o prince, surrounded by his family, received the d eD , e from the Literary Society, from the Historical C4 2 11 „_ of Paris, and from that of London, which readily e s ,""" in this national manifestation. Th e remnants (lir, army of Poland, as well as of the Polish Diet, ni si present, represented the struggles of Poland, h is .„1.7 sags, and her rights. A group of you ng P oles, up et the Hotel Lambert, and the pupils of th e Cheillot, were also present. M. T. blorre s si , President of the Historical Committee, formerly tr, ter of Foreign Affair., having presented th e Ranykowski, formerly a member of the nitios s i^ meat, read the address of the Literary Society of p Colonel Se. toss that of the London committee. Th s " 11 fled bat aflectiog reply of the prince produced sushi s ,, k as to cause many of the persons present to shed tsam — ir medal, wide was engraved by M. Bane, b ears ea sill verse the pro fi le of Prince Curt .ryski, w i t h Ms ir: " Virtuti in-oolumi; Boeietas Historica," &e, m reverse —" g, serse—" Adamo Principi Csartoryseio, mad pis. g m Mumma' Polonaruat fervido tutori, Mitaarattei Hakii tails Vilnenaia, 1803; coroitori Gyinassii C 1805 vindici reruns patrianim, 1815; Doti Prolk.:M. auntie, 1830. Nunc cuspid exultantis civi forti isma we , fortune composite, ob flduciam mums inside." TAHITIANS IN Paßfu.—Admiral Brut hai l some young Tshitions to Paris, e dest of sh twice 16, is a nephew of Queen Posture, thel and is amid Twit They are all dressed like pupils of the schools, bat TIM ' allowed to wear a bat, probahly se a mark of moped 1 ,5: royal blood. The boys are directed by an officer dam: who acts as their interpreter. At present they mag o iLu melees in sight-seeing, but will soon begin their studio."' have visited several theatres sod bonbon !Mom gat contents of which they are particularly &fish government has taken upon itself the char ge an d s their education. FRENCH COLONIAL SUOAR.—The Chamber oleo, melee of Nantes, with reference to the sum • reesmmends that the duty on the sugars of 13,te a tt other French pessessions beyond the Capes shall beea* to 20L per 100 kilogrammes, and those of the Freaky& rican Colonies to 25f. On the native sugars it as duetion to 301. per 100 kilos; on foreign sugars,6, within the Came, a reduction to 30f. ; and on foray from places beyond the Capita to 25f. It further reesea a i the suppression of types and classifications of sA bit French or foreign, with the maintenance of As to the entry of refined sugars ; and it advises the Ma r * by one half of the duties on coffee and cocoa. PRUSSIA.—ACTTON TO RECOVER A LATE BM REIGN STSTE or GEGRANY.—An important ease 11,4 nutted on the 17th mat. to the Civil Tribunal of Mesta a Prussia, being . nothing less than an action to recoveraMa, pality which, forty years ago, was one of the avert* eft of Germany. Prince Frederick IV., of Salm-KENT L E, mended that Prince Alfred Constantine, of should bo obliged to giro up all his possessions, cca= • bet the two provinces of Ahold and Bochaus, to which aft seeded in August last. Prince Frederick based his claw on the fart that Prince Alfred is the issue of a rani ' which his father, Prince Alfred Florentine, contra* 1810 with Mlle. Rossi, of Ajaccio, niece of Napolree, ra marriage being a mixallianee, and in consequence paw he contended that all the territory forming the pea l pality of Salm-Selm ought, by virtue of the laws of a old German empire, to pass to him, as the only legiti heir. To this the Prince of Salm Salm replied that, at ty period at which his father mended Mlle. Rossi, he was member of the confederation of the Rhine; that, eau quently, he was married according to the French civil sat which establishes equality of rights fur all, without dais lion of birth and rank ; ant that, therefore, the lam of is old German empire were not applicable to the owe. Tle Prince of Salm-Salm further contended that, even if marriage of his father should be considered morganatic, a principality could not be inherited by Prince Froderieale opponent, for that he himself had married a lady wheisra noble, Mlle. Provos, of Bordeaux, daughter of a French eitizea ; and that, consequently, according to laws which he had himself invoked, be could have no . to possess the principality of Salm-Salm, nor even tb Salm-Kyrburg, of which he calls Manta the proprietor. tribunal held the first answer presented on behalf of Prince of Salm-Salm to be sufficient, and accordingly • missed the application of the Prince of Salm K 1 entre, demning him to pay the coats. The Prince of Salm-K - immediately appealed against this decision to the High of Appeal of Munster. HAMBURG, Dec. 21.—The state of trade ie settled. The accounts of failures in England, Frau Belgium, and Holland, create mistrust among us. he New York, too, our reports are most unsatiafict.ry &mai has there risen to 15 per cent. ; it is true no fresh tides have taken place, but the general state of trade k bre means cheering. ' The weather here is very cold,* gnat of the Elbe is already frozen over, and the Kolbnia firm, that the market people bring all their govds on Mae The London mail, brought by the John Bud ma brach by land from Cuxhaven. The Queen of Scotland leis morning at hall-put ten, but was obliged to - now, together:with the Rob Roy, at archer in Several other steamers and vessels bare beer turn, in consequence of the very high wind. BAVARIA —MuNica DEc. 18.—I of the internal affairs of Bavaria, . correspondence of the above date, says :—"' is impending which forebodes great changes in the stet h well known that Prince Wellentein will be sent r 19th to Wartburg, for the purpose of requesting tl/ Prins to assume the regency in the absence of who is to undertake a prolonged journey to Italy. RUSSIA.—VALOIS OF IMPORT AND EXPO! IN 1846.—1 n 1846 there were exported over the Asiatic boundaries : For abroad ..........» ».»»»....». 9a,650,964k. To Poland ..... 2,339,911 To FLalaed imported from abroad ^-• • vessel W. answe;ed Morning at hal:-past ten, but was obliged to Ireton, tali now, together:with the Rob Roy, at anchor in the Itedeel Several other steamers and vessels hare been obliged tee turn, in consequence of the very high wind. BAVARIA.—MUNICH, l)En. 18.—On the Win of the internal affairs of Bavaria, the Deutsche Zeitrafsi correspondence of the above date, says :—" A state dig is impending which forebodes great changes is then*. is well known that Prince Wallerstein will be seat als 19th to Wartburg, for the purpose of requesting the fee ' Prince to mourns the regency in the absence of the Li who is to undertake a prolonged journey to Italy. RUSSIA.—VALOIS OF IMPORT AND EXPORT 'NH IN 1846.—1 n 1846 there were exported over the Buys Asiatic boundaries : For abroad To Poland 3 , 3 3 3. H6 To Finland 103.714. 1 11" Imported from abroad ........... KWH^ From Poland From Finland 55 55. 86,903,713,11. Gold and slicer coin, and In bars, imported from abroad. From Poland 11,217,716 _ rApirteatoimenniimcinhun ..----...... 12,971,117 Tu Poland 08,14 13,061,971 Sum total of import and export trade is therefore ... .. _ . ... .. _.. . 213,989,907 In 1843 the sum tota l . of import and export trade was The surplus of 1846 of import and export trade is 564.411 The exportation of the principal articles of manna compared with the two preceding years, gives the felon results: 1844 1843 1546 Hemp 2,970,633 2,841,710 2,695,631 pi ' Flax Tallow Potash Wool Brushes 70,450 81,638 WAN Iron 83,342 81,963 126,611 . =dad banyan! 1,330,645 1,594,149 935,526 WON limber Raw hides. 1,018,038 1,313,027 1,119,1 n • Rinds Lather 794,789 921,093 1,101,192 • Own 16,340,023 16,527 731 28,939,916 • CHlNA.— Captain Sir Edwa r d Belcher Oh I his narrative of the voyage of H.M.S. Semarang, sa of his visit to the Ty-pin-san group of islands in the als„ sea. This group was never before visited by Emmons • consists of flee members, namely, Ty-pin.san, koomall T-drah. boo, Y-kinsiih, and 00-ga-mee. The folleedg• the remarks which he makes on the inhabitants: *ls ft scribing the principal features which seem to mph fads rector of the people of this hitherto unknown, of nal. visited g.oup, termed Meia-co-ehimalis by the authsdllt! will be immediately apparent how rely near they 610 11 mate, in general, to the inhabitants of LooChoe.o'T hy tailed by MacLeod and Basil Hall in the vomel e : Majesty's ships Aloeste and Lyra. Like those oN offensive islanders, their physical appearance muchness. that of the Koreans and Japanese; their dress she of a similar loose robe, of varied pattern, kayieg 101/ o r, sleeves, and which is secured about the waiat by• Wm. Like them, also, they strain back their long bla ck is secured in an elegant top-knot, through which tior their ornamental hair-pins, or kamesashes sad masa* former bearing an ornamental head, evidently cepialB Bl l. small hexepetaloid flower, a species of Xyria, no*ieed island ; the latter is a slender instrument with a 180 , 1 16 , extremity, serving various purposes, for sulfa sti ll cleaner, to even that of chopstick. These ossameseseL gold or silver, according to the rank of the wen9a the females only the latter is worn, alai instal d row spatulate form, it resembles a long mustardipsq_. a slightly curved point. On state occasions the graelle, red, yellow, or blue cape of o ffi ce ; and in paranoia! customs of the Chinese their women are strictly eseleisk, i It would be an easy task to designate this people Infi tea-drinking old women, imbecile and apattedei Te^,, energy and enterprise, living in contentment on a FINE islands the value and facilities of which they are Mg: tinily ignorant of, and of whose position and res6ollllM are unable to take advantage. But on contssid4l B ! with the insidious, fawning, and deceitful Ciis st i t the nesse and vindictive bloodthirsty Malaya, l i. 4, but fancy their character amiable and their OM' lone to be envied. Their food is extremely simPiell'W chiefly of the batata, rite, and other vegetable'. l'" ^ o g the produce of the deep, including mollusceas as the cuttle-fiah (Sspio), the large clam ( 7 rider.* ' and others. In their adaptation of the shells, whisk ' in this region, for various household and other play considerable ingenuity ; two instances in eti g ,:: cited my attention, and are worthy of notice. Mg in the use of a valve of the large clam shell just 11 110 '. for the purpose of swinging the gates to their ya, they place it under the heel of the main post, in tbe of which it revolve, upon its point with ease, and 6 1 8; end being confined to the standard by a nest IN grommet of rattan, served fer the hinge; it Wei smoothly. The second instance was the „ , a teakettle out of the well-known trumpet ealla variegatus), the operculum forming the lid, "1, 1 7 1 1 the spout, and a wooden hook, let in upon the piw_, .. a the lewia for lifting stones, forms the handle. Iv' ' . ll vessel was adopted several times for our conves answered its purpose admirably. They appear le