The Express. — London, England, 1851-09-06 00:00:00

THE A TiIRT-J CAOURNAL II LUnATED TALOGUE Of TUE GREAT EXIIIIII [ION Of Mit. TM. , Intertwine sad voltiOde i Awes is maw ready Ow &beery at the prier of One Gana, eleavatty ba•nd. It eass44 .4 44 Noe, oci tohminr e••••••iar• 0 1 nearly 2,1109 Werke a' Art .ad Art- Me•tif.rture . wetlier Int li • rants at Castrate, • ilieory of the Zabnh on (ni ;Andrei by Lair Mitevior snd Inten.r Vetere , . and Emy+. by et ver.d ;fowl frafereare •• tb• hada.. object. of the ishiblias. m ff i sa am:kat/no for tote robust!. sdebabh; se ft cannot he W and ti,ere in no &SI,: of Its lovely Increasing in 'aloe. Ile habeas .111 he aappbed by nay bwiselar In toss to sowstey. Publiabrr : Gawp Virma, 13 Patersoster-row. bon or•bn•bed. THE lONIAN ISLANDS ; What the y have Loet and tufty. *new the 711rty-th• Time Adallabb alum of Y• lard BO Csimbibeera not to 0 morn Ibon. In reply to • a•Ulbd" The baba lauds nadir britialt Pt•I•008." Lades: by Aim rusgray, Plowllay ; sad all beak- Vie erfirefigs. TO CORRILSPON DENTS. • geeing Ultima el Kamen," =Maiming be ranis =ening% isinetts," Is =UMW =err lissdar mad row Mgt; is dm for past. A i lmeitsinnestslatissaid tor Isprom," Girl= Erni( paper, mad bs st the Miss, 10, Bomssr=stran, by two o'clock os tae air se 1110 H WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE. Taw Dat—Slernea. lIA. 7e. Akerson" Ilk. 44 ts. rt4,101/110W—Monshig, On. tee Alternate. le. lats. LONDON, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 6. anxious to procure his " Company" to be registered as a joint stock company, in order that it might come under the Winding-up Acts, but the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies refused to register it, and the Court of Queen's Bench decided that such refu sal was correct. He then ;elicited a private act, which he has at last obtainer to antinuise the Moo, hition of this company, and the winding up of its affairs under the general law for winding up abortive and insolvent joint stock companies. An order for that purpose has been made by the Court of Chancery, and the report to which we re ferred was a meeting in the Musters' office, to appoint an official manager. The legal difficulties having been removed, there will be nothing peculiar in the winding-up of the affairs of the " National Land Company ;" the land will be sold, the debts and liabi lities discharged, and the surplus, if any, divided amongst the subscribers of the 130,000 shares. Practically, the effect of the proceeding will be to protect Mr. O'CosNon personally from the demands of individual subscribers for the return of their sub scriptions; and henceforth there will be little to dis tinguish the termination of this scheme from that of hundreds of others, which have found their final resting place in the Master's office, save the low estate and poverty of the deluded subscribers. But, as chroniclers of the events of the day, we can not let this scheme pass into oblivion without placing on record some of its circumstances and details as illustrative of that which was at one time an exten sively The prevalent popular delusion. scheme originated at a timo when work wu in the manufacturing districts, and Mr. (Mosso% who had become the political leader of a section of the operatives of those districts, seems to have conceived the plan of relieving the distresses of his adherents and increasing his own political im portance by converting the unemployed manufac turing operatives into peasant proprietors. To "go upon the land" was the panacea held out in sundry chartist publications and at most chartist meetings for the evils of non-employment. Not a doubt was entertained by the deluder or the deluded that the end sought was desirable, and the only question was how to attain it. To place men who were either paupers or on the verge of pauperism upon their own freehold farms, there to provide for their own happy , maintenance, was worthy of the Hibernian genius of the propounder of the land scheme. Indeed, the idea was, from first to last, thoroughly Irish. No Englishman would have thought of relieving poverty by giving the poor man without capital a few acres of land, subject to a rent twice as great as its market value. Yet such was Mr. O'CoNNott's plan. The company was to consist of 1,10,000 shares of U. Gs. each, and no individual subscriber was to hold less than two, or more than four shares. With the money thus obtained, land was to be, and was, in fact, purchased, and laid out in allotments of two, three, and four acres each, corresponding with the diff,Tent classes of two, three, and four share holders. On every allotment a cottage and outbuildings were to be erected, and a sum of money by way of farm ing capital of 71. 10s. per acre was to be allocated to each lot of land. IT would be rash to conclude that even the pm sent insurrection in Cuba has been put down, al. though the capture of fifty of Lorzz's followers the act of re-embarking certainly creates struggler*• babilities of such a result. Their execution excites feelings of disgust, and reminds one too painfully of those acts of wholesale slaughter so often perpetrated by Spanish generals, in some instances upon English men. Who does not recollect the shooting of BOYIL/ and his companions, and the difficulty with which our liberals swallowed their resentment ? Our countrymen, however, who risked or lost their lives in combating the hellish tyranny of FERDINAND were embarked in a far more noble and disinterested cause than the young Americans who invaded Cuba. A wild and vague desire to increase the dominions of their country, and hoist its Hag per fat ma arias over all adjoining territories, together with a cer tain amount of gain and personal honour, seemed the only aim of these adventurous spirits. It does not even appear certain that a majority of the Creoles, or native planters of the island, desire to fling off the Spanish yoke. The feeling is not universal even in that class, which, if it secured its political ascendancy and independence of Spain, must neces sarily lean upon MOM other power for the force re quisite to keep down the slave population, and give security to the island. But however little we sympathise with the in *urgent' or approve of the conduct of these Ameri can adventurers, who bring war and invasion upon a country upon such insufficient and unwarrantable grounds, we must still maintain the opinion already expressed by us, that Spain and its govern ment are chiefly to blame for this confusion, in security, and bloodshed. had Spain condescended to conciliate the wishes and consult the interest of any class in the island, it might have counted upon their support; and the very fact would have deterred thole buccaneers from their attempt. But when Spain persist. in keeping up, in the midst of countries and continents, all free, all emancipated, all admit ting the people to a largeshare of government—when Spain persists in subjecting her own island to the old tvinic of Mrs. Mother Country and her agents— when absolute military rule is alone persevered in, and the colony manifestly and avowedly adminis tered with the sole aim of enriching Spanish offi cials, beside the sending home a large tribute, it is utterly impossible that the men of property and in telligence, born upon the island, can bear to be, fear after year, treated like sheep, shorn, and olded, and penned up, without more than a kind of animal account being made of them. As the quarrel stands, and as the Spaniards con duct themselves, it is evident that the Americans will end by conquering the island, unless European powers interfere. If beaten in fifties, they will come to hundreds. Defeat will exasperate, and those executions of prisoners which awe Spaniards, will but exasperate and embolden Anglo-Americans: the must efficient trumpet for Cubun annexation will undoubtedly he Admiral IlesziLut's massacre. The question is, ought we to interfere? It may be desirable to retain Cuba fur Spain, in the hope that Spain may govern it rationally. But, in that very uncertain hope, are we to risk a war with men of our own race and blood, for a nation from whom we have reaped nothing hut contumely and ingrati tude ? Our view of the matter ought tote very much that of the northern states of the Union, who dread the annexation of Cuba as a slave state, thereby in creasing the powers of and perpetuating the slave holding. slave-cultivated region, and giving, it is to be feared, the greatest encouragement to slave breed ing within the States themselves. But. on the other hand, it is undeniable that we would be great gainers by the Creoles acquiring ascendancy. It would put an end, not to slavery in deed, but to the slave-trade. TURNBULL long since assured us that the native planters would re joice in any law putting an end tothe negro im portation. And the wonder is, that the Americans who have obtained lands iu Cuba should desire to overturn the Spanish government, under which they can import slaves and enjoy monopolies, which even under annexation were hopeless. At all events there ate ample reasons for us not being over-zealous in the maintenance of Spanish domination, and from our not being Quixotic in interference. The French republicans, at least their government, would no doubt think it reason enough for interfering, that they are supporting it monarchy and putting down a rePublic. 'fhev are quite fixdish and knavish enough to go to the )lavannah on the same principle which brought them to Rome. But such motives would not do fur a British parliament or a British public. The prospectus promised that the shareholders, who ultimately numbered 70,000, should all be lo cated on their " freehold? within four years; how that was to be accomplished is not very obvious. The actual process was, when an estate had been bought, laid out iu lots of two, three, or four acres, and built upon, that a ballot, or more properly a lottery drawing, should take place amongst all the members of the respective classes who had paid up their subscriptions in full, to determine who should be the first fortunate holder of his own freehold. The prizeholders were then put into possession, under the liability to pay a per petual rent charge of i per cent. on the sum ex pended in locating them. This amounted, as it ap peared from the evidence before the committee, on un average to 1001. per acre. The number of per sons located, out of the 70,000 seeking location, was , never more than 900, and of these very few were ever able or willing to pay any rent at all. Mr. O'Cose.sou, in whom the legal ownership of the estates had been vested, has repeatedly distrained fur rent, and, so far as the scheme had been reduced into r metice, it promised to exhibit in several of our English counties a fee-simile picture, on a small scale, of Irish pauperised occupiers of land. The notion seems to have been, that when one of these pauper colonies was established, the rent charges which the colonists were liable to pay could be mortgaged or sold, and the money so obtained laid out in fresh purchases to be allotted, built upon, balloted for, and mortgaged in the same manner, and that in this aay an endless source of means liar settling paupers on their own freeholds had been discovered. Ibis golden dream, however, vanished at its inception, for the first settlers could p no rent-charges, and not a shilling could be raised upon the lands first purchased. That such a scheme, or any scheme, for creating a chum of holders of small patches of land, from the produce of which they are to derive, or attempt to derive, a subsistence, should fail, is rather a subject fur congratulation, for its success could only produce misery and pauperism of the moat hopeless kind. FRANCE. Faun a report of proceedings in the office of the Matter in Chancery, which appeared in our columns the other day , it will be seen that "the National Land Company"—that enormous bubble wherewith Mr. FRAIMUS O'Coxxoa a few years ago deluded himself and a great number of the working classes— has arrived at that bourne from whence no " coin- poly" returns—an order fur dissolution under the Winding-up Acts. Some three years ago this scheme I formed the subject of a purliamentar) inquiry, which wigs undertaken with a strung notion, both in the House of Commons and out of doors, that something like a fraud for his own advantage had been coin-' milted by Mr. O'Cosson on the subscribers to the Lind Cotiquny. The investigations of the committee and of the aertnuitants employed under its sanction, however, proved that, though the utmost confusion sub sisted in the amount.' and the most surprising ignorance I and incapacity prevailed amongst the managers, there was no reason for imputing fraud or malvena- I ties to any of the parties concerned. la fact, the ' accountants showed. very much to the astonishment, I we believe, of Mr. O'Cosson himself, that there was a couinderable balance doe to him from the "'Company." The scheme was proved to be a delusion, and there was nothing to show that the managers had not honestly tried to carry an impossibility into exe cution. There were also on the committer a con siderable number of members personally friendly to Mr. O'('osisoe. This committee reported that the National Land Company did nut fall within the prin cipks of the Frieudly Sueieties, that it was an illegal scheme (as being a land lottery), and that it would not tultil the expectations held out by the directors to the shareholders. The committee then stated the result of their examination of the accounts. and re commended that powers should be granted to the parties interested in the scheme, if they should so desire. to wind up the undertaking and relieve them from the penalties to which they had incautiously subjeeted themselves. After this report, the bubble, of course, was burst ; and the subscribers and members. whose faith in Mr. OTitxmott had before been a good deal shaken, haie from time to time instituted proceedings against him to recover back their subscriptions, and such pnweedings were in general successful. To escape the consequexces of such d e mand s from all the wilw.cribers—for the money subscribed had been laid out in the purchase of land, building outrages, and the like, and was as to three-fourths d it irrecoverably lost—Mr. O'Cormon became is believed—=stated that they, the committee, were'' sot a ildtherative body, and that it was no • part of !heir duty to interfere in general polities. Without approving the English policymthis respect, he would remark that it was of very long standing. , It dated as far back es Queen Elisabeth, and the .late of England did not permit a minister to inter- ! him with refugees so long as they did nothing to Mono the public peace of the country which gave lima an asylum. He was decidedly of opinion that thresignittee ought not to interfere in so delicate a ffer. ' The proposal was rejected. It is neverthe less rumoured this morning that M. Baroche has addressed a diplomatic note to the English govern aWiit on tEI Subject. Nothing farther took place of any importance. General Le Flo, one of the qutestors of the Assem bly, has intimated to the self-styled Committee of Surveillance that they cannot be permitted to hold their meetings in the Palace of the National Assem bly. The Moniteur contains a decree of the President of the Republic promulgating the convention of April 12th, 18,51, between France and Portugal for the re ciprocal protection of copyright in literature and works of art, and of property in distinctive trade marks. M. Brenier's mission to Berne is said to relate to certain violations of the Swiss frontier by Austria. Arrests are still going on in Paris, and it is said that they are to be continued upon a large scale. They have hitherto been effected in rather a whole sale manner. The police have gone to various sus pected cafe, and arrested everybody they found there. In the garden of the Cafe de La Nouvelle France, in the Faubourg Poissonniere, they arrested 60 persons, chiefly Germans; in the Café Mandard, 8 ; in the Café de Frankfort, Rue Coquilliire, 28; in the Cafe de la Haute Saone, Rue de Grcnelle, 9; and in the Café Nogues, Hue des Moulins, 21. In the latter caf the Commissioner of Police was about to include the waiter in his list, but, after some hesitation, he in quired whether the waiter was much wanted in the house, and on being told that he was, he suffered him to remain. Many of the prisoners, after being interrogated and producing their passports, have been already set at liberty, but about 200 are now in the Maras prison. A large number of police agents are spread about in the different quarters inhabited by the working classes, to watch their impressions with regard to the arrests, and hourly reports are sent by these agents to the prefecture . M. Lacrosse's account of the " Paris Plot " is in teresting in two respects. In the first place, it clearly appears not to be the horrible conspiracy for the murder of all the officers of the French army which the Adele denounced some days ago, and moreover the germ of the Potrie's story seems evidently to be what has taken place among the military in the department of the brume, and to which M. Lacrosse attaches no great importance. The following incredible story is told by the As sernbVe : While the agents of justice were pursuing their search is the offices of the nit du Troscrd. 111. Carri., member of the Court of Appeal, and brother-in-law of M. d'Anthoine, who had just been arrested, presented himself in the mom where the commissary of police was sealing up the papists which had been seised. One letter, which seriously com promised M. Lecke Rollin, had just been read and plated on the mantel-piece, when suddenly the commissary of po lice mused it. That functionary immediately caused a third person, who was present, to be searched, but all endeavours to find the missing letter wets fruitless. From the magisterial character of M. Curd, on whom suspicions naturally fell, the com missary of police dared not order him to be searched, sad he soon alter left the room. We may add, that an other circumstance is of a nature to give consistency to the suspicions of the commissary ; the examining magistrate having asked M. d'Anthoine where he resided, M. Cam hastily replied that his brother in-law lived with him. At a later period, on a search being male at the residence of M. Cart+, it was found that M. d'Anthoine did not reside with his brother-in-law, but occupied an apartment in another part of the city, where the police agents discovered some very important documents connected with the affair. A declaration of all these circumstances has been drawn up, and sent to the Minister of Justice, who will probably charge the Court of Cessation to examine into the matter. It must be understood that we only repeat the reports which have reached us, but we may add that the sews was generally regarded as certain during the evening. It was M. Carre who conducted the prosecution of the conspirators in the affair of Boulogne before the House of leers in 1840. The number of arrests of persons accused of being implicated in the plot is now 178. It is said that a personage of some importance has been arrested at Strasbourg. 1 he oracular Debats speaks as follows of the Prince de Joinville : The important points which we maintain arc these: The candidature of the I'rince de Joinville dues not at present exist; for that it should exist, it would be n for the prince to accept it, and this he has not done. WI lit some day exist? We cannot tell. We do not desire it. But if it were evidently required for the safety of France—if at a given moment this candidature were to offer itself as the only means of conciliating the votes of the party of order, and of warding off the double danger of anarchy and of a dictatorship, we do not think that in accepting it the Prince de Joinville would be unfaithful to the policy of his family, to the policy of the King, his father, to that policy of devotedness and self-sacrifice which has ever placed the interests and the wishes of France above everything else. On another subject, of still more practical interest and importance, the same article speaks with un- PARIS, FRIDAY EVEXING. wonted clearness and energy : Although there is no authentic report of what One last word. What disturbs theeoatillaionnel is, o tlr t t h i e t a u lre tu aLly p sees i ! i n en t t he o P n Joinvill e t an opponent sees it,e passed yesterday in the Committee of Permanence, the different accounts of their proceedings so nearly com i ng f ri the ce /te e public. election the votes of the party of order divided correspond, that their substantial accuracy can between the Prince de Joinville and Prince Louis Napo scarcely be doubted. A short discussion took place Icon. It assumes that the latter will be a candidate. This upon the question whether the members should un- is a completely gratuitous assumption, having no more r j e s a i li nv ty w a e t i p u rznt l t e an re t v h is e io e n an u d e id st a i t o u n re mu l t tPrince ho so l e d d e dertake to observe strict secrecy with respect to their debates • and, according to several and we are not the persons, whilst that question is pending, reports, the affirmative was at one time to make way for questions of illegality and coups d'eta4. voted by a show of hands. But it being proposed But in case the revision should be defiuitively rejected, that a notice of their resolution to keep their debates would the President allow himself to be made a candidate ? Would he accept an unconstitutional prorogation ? Would secret should be inserted in the Moniteur, it was allg he think he had a right to accept it, in spite of his oath ? gested that such a course might occasion groundless There is nothing to prove that he would. We can even excitement, and lead the public to imagine that some aver that up to this time his acts and his Official alarming intelligence had been revealed to the core- words tend to prove the contrary. M. Louis Napoleon mittec. It was ultimately decided that in case is no longer the man of Strasbourg.and of Boulogne, we re any incorrect reports of their proceedings i t s i e ,e at, ri to his 7 has h imself t hi rit B l; aft l e ie r should be published, their president, in the hastened to Paris. On the request of the provisional name of the committee, should insert a contradiction government, who thought his presence dangerous at in the Munitear. M. Lacrosse, a vice-president of the that time, he once more quitted France. On tne occasion Assemble, who presided, made a general statement of of his first election as a member of the Constituent the political situation of the country, in the course of Assembly, 4y,ht!electoedo in torneakmnetrieienlVriaennl sees which, alluding to the late arrests, he said He did nut return till tw'o nn months re an ni er the days of June, that, being informed that the Central Committee of when all was tranquil. He returned to accept the conga- London had established several committees, the tutional candidature for the presidency of the republic, and, government had caused the u tter to b e since his nomination, whatever intentions may have been watched, and finding that their object was to pro- imputed are faithful nl to to t i t ' : and to his before ori:i `; Wait ' th, authorises gate anarchical doctrines in France and in ot her the Cortstitutionsel to believe that, even if the revision countries, principally in Germane, a descent had should be rejected, he would be, or allow himself to be, been made by the police upon their places of re- brought forward as a candidate ? We will not add a word sort. This descent had led to the arrest of a certain more. number of individuals, among whom were several At a time when, foreseeing . and admitting the ine- German refugees, at whose residences papers of vitable rejection of the revision, the daily efforts of 1 a very compromising nature had been seized. M. La- an influential party—backed, as it must be confessed, 1 crosse added that the government had reason to by no small amount of public opinion—are directed' think that one of the principal agents of the London to prove the constitution a thing of little account, and committee had been arrested at Strasbourg, while to inculcate the doctrine that both the constitution on his way to Germany, and that proclamations and and the oath to observe it may be easily got rid of documents sufficient to show the tendencies of these by a direct appeal to the appeal to the people, this, I revointionary committees had been found upon him. coming from the Dusts, is very plain and si gn ificant I He also said' that the most perfect tranquillity pre- speaking. The golden rule in the conduct of that railed both in Paris and the departments. In the journal ts ever to be upon the winning side, and it Heinle some attempts had been made to corrupt the seldom indeed hazards an opinion unaccompanied by soldiery, but with little success. The revolutionary a large escort of saving clauses and excepti ona l re , agentshad succeeded in some few instances, and serrations. two private soldiers had deserted, and one had corn- I Several of the members of the Municipal Council mined suicide in order to escape the chastisement ,of Montmartre have sent in their resignation to the that awaited them. Prefect of the Seine. They assign as the motive for With regard to the industrial state of the country, this proceeding their dissatisfaction at the conduct of M. Lacrosse was happy to announce to the committee the mayor, who had proposed and carried, by a ma that two of the pnncipal classes of their manufac- jority of Bto 6, a motion in favour of the revision of turn, the jewellers and cabinet-makers, who had the constitution, contrary to the law, which declares feared that they should be at a stand-still in the municipal councils incompetent to discuss political winter, would be able to find employment , questions. for their numerous workmen, in consequence The mayor of the commune of Ouchamps has been of large orders resulting from the London Exhibi- suspended by the prefect of Loir and Cher, upon the tion. Owing to the prolongation of the Rue de Re alleged ground that he had openly profe ssed prin vole the building trade was exceedingly active in all civics contrary to public order, and hai made him pacts of Paris. The harvest, NI. Lacrosse de- self an agent of anarchical propagandism. scribed as an average one, which, he added,' Magne, minister of Public Works, arrived at (broaching a questionable doctrine of political Prague on the 30th August, by railway, from economy) was the most satisfactory state of things Dresden, on his way to Vienna. for the producer and the buyer, and consequently , M. Thiers has arrived in Paris to-day, from the for the consumer. Pyrenees. A member proposed that the committee should The metallic reserve of the Bank of France has request the minister for foreign affairs to re- increased i millions in Paris, and about of a mil monstrate with the English government on the 1 lion in the provinces. The discount accommodation subject of the refugees in Loudon, who, he said, , has fallen off I f millions in Paris. and increased If were treated with too much indulgence, and millions in the departments, the amount of the former allowed to conspire against all established event- , being 33,303,983 fr., and of the latter 64,e17,021 fr. meats. Another member—General Changarnter, it On the side of the liabilities the notes in circulation have declined I millions in Paris, and increased 31 mlllbae in the branch banks. The account-current rot the treasury has increased 4 millions, the present amount being 125,334,000 fr. Private accounts cur rent have increased in I'aris 41 millions, and in the departments 21 millions, the amount of the former being 92,983,845 fr., and of the latter 32,925,650 fr. The whole amount of the metallic reserve at present is 6191 millions, to 5341 millions of notes in circu lation. At the Bourse the Five per Cents. rose 30c., closing at 94.30, and the Three per Cents. rose 35e., and closed at 5645. THE EXPRESS, SATURDAY EVHDWP, SEPTEMBER 6,185 L BELGIUM. The Oficial Moniteur of yesterday (Friday) pub lishes the decree closing the session and also that dissolving the Senate, the electoral colleges for the re-election of which are convoked for the 27th inst. The Chamber of Representatives and the Senate are to meet on November 4th. SPAIN. MADRID, Avo. 31. The Madrid Gazette publishes the official returns of the revenue for the month of July last. The amount woe 71,310,279 rests, being 12,644,664 reale I leas than in the corresponding month in 1850. ITALY. LOMBARDY.—Count Alexander Arrivabenc, an ex-officer of the Hangwitz regiment, who resigned his commission in 1848, has been brought to Mantua, and will be tried by the Milan court martial for high treason. He is the brother of the Count Renaud Arrivabenc, now in exile at Stumm, upon whom corporal punishment was inflicted by the Austrian government. GERMANY. PRUSSIA. BERLIN, SErr. 2. On Sunday, the 31st ult., the Provincial Diet of Neumark Brandenburg and of the Nlargravate of Nicderlansitz was held. The solemnity is remarked as having been inure simple than in past times. The members wore no costumes. M. Flottwell, the pre sident, addressed the meeting in a short and most formal speech, handing at the same time to the Diet's marshal, Count Arnim, the propositions the govern ment has pointed out for the consideration of the Diet. These consist of the subjects I have enume rated in former communications, all touching pro vincial interests. One article only, the fourth, is re mailable, inasmuch as it puts the new Cowhide Ordnunq of the 11th March, 1830, whereby the l'ro vincial ijiets are in law abolished, into the hands of these very Diets, that thereby it may undergo " ne cessary alterations." The speech of Count Arnim, in answer to that of the president, was as follows : I receive with thanks from your hands in the name of the Assembly the propositions of his Majesty's government. I say with thanks, fur a field of profitable action is now opened in two directions: Ist. To give new movement, after many years stagnation, to affairs which exclusively interest separate provinces ; and 2ndly. To take into consideration questions and institutions which have a general importakee and differently affect different provinces, that they may, after our deliberations, be laid before another organ (the chambers) to receive from thence life and activity. It is here you see distinctly asserted that the deli berative competency of the Diets is to embrace every subject of home interest throughout all Prussia. Foreign affairs arc alone excluded from their consul tations. What then will be left for the chambers to do ? Why to register and to countersign the acts of the Diets. If they should not be content with this subordinate part, they must necessarily oppose the Diets ; hence must ensue conflict. And hence, should the government retain its present domineer ing ascendancy, a pretext will be furnished for abolishing the chambers altogether. This, if the parliament will not consent to be a mere registry court, is the object, I have no doubt, already in view. Protests against the Diets, however, still continue to be made. Another from M. Vincke appears in the Cunaldnannel of to-day, in which that deputy declares that the Diets have been, by the 66th article of the Genseinde Ordnung of March, 1850, expressly abrogated, and concludes by saying that he can take no part in the elections, as by so doing he should violate the oath ho had solemnly made on the 6th February to maintain the constitution. SEPT. 3. There is a very long government denksehrilt pub lished today in the Preussische Zeituw, nearly filling the whole paper, on the subject of the new commu nal law, pointing out defects and suggesting altera tions. This has been submitted to the consideration of the Brandenburg Diet. If this subject, however, which has a range and an importance co-extensive with the whole kingdom of Prussia, be among those local and provincial matters with which the Diets, it was said, were alone to be occupied, what subjects can be considered beyond their competency ? The Constitutionet Zeitung of this evening pub lishes the following act of the bund of the 18th of August, touching the right of interference on the part of the federal authority in the affairs of the separate states, for the purpose of maintaining gene ral order and security. Art. 1. As the object of the German confederation con sists in maintaining the independence and inviolability of the German states and the inward and outward peace and security of Germany, but as also the constitution of the build, by virtue of its inseparable connexion with the constitution of the separate states is to be regarded as an essential part and parcel of these, so any attack made upon the Bund or its con stitution constituting an attack made upon the separate states and their constitutions, every enterprise directed against the existence, the integrity, the security of the German bund in the separate confederate states, in violation of existing or future laws, will be dealt with and punished as high treason. Art. 2. The separate states pledge themselves to each other to deliver up any individual who may conspire or excite revolt against the sovereign, or against the exist ence, the integrity, the constitution, or the security of any other confederate state, excepting in case such indi vidual should be the subject of the state required to deliver him up, or be on his trial, or under punishment for an other crime by him committed. If the enterpri se o f suc h person should bo directed against several confederates states, he is to be delivered up to that state which has Ent made the demand. TRIALS OF LOCOMOTIVES ON THE SEM. MERINO (AUSTRIAN) MOUNTAINS. An interesting competition of engineering skill took place a few days ago, between Peyerbaeh and Eich berg, stations on the Austrian and Styrhui Railway. The prize was the sum of 20,000 ducats, offered by the imperial government for the most efficient locomotive engine for working the traffic between Gloggnitz in the Arch-Duchy of Austria, and Marzzusehlag, in Styris, the route lying across the Semmering hfountains. These heights which were long thought to present en insur mountable obstacle to railway communication be tween the afor , nentioned provinces of the empire, crossed railroad whose are now __ by • .. line is a aeries of curves adapted tor the sake of obtaining gentle gradients than a direct track would have afforded. The d between Olotzg nits and Maruuschlag, however, has still an inclination of one in forty, and it was found advisable to offer special inducements to engine-makers to exert their skill with re fereneeto the peculiar demands of this steep line. On the 13th ult., the imperial commission presented themselves at Peyerbach to witness the trials. Four engines were on the spot, namely, the Bindohoua, from the engine manufactory of the Vienna and Gloggnitz Railway Company; the Neu stadt, by M. Wenzel Uunther, at Neustadt ; the by M. H. A. Von Maffei, of qunich ; and the Seraing, by John Cocktvill and Co., the Belgian firm. Conformably to the conditions of the programme, the engines were first tested with reference to their capability of being brought up when descending the slopes. The Bavaria was first tested, in the descent of a curve whose radius was 600 feet and iutlination I in 40. This engine, while travelling 20 miles an hour, was brought up at a given signal in the apace of 36 yards, having glided that distance under the breaks. The Seraing ran over the same ground at the rate of 22 miles an hour, and was brought up in SO yards. The Neustadt was stopped in 60 yards, while running 20 miles an hour. The Bindobona ran at a speedot 16 miles an hour, and ran 140 yards before it could be stopped. This portion of the trial being con cluded, the engines were tested as to their ability to con vey bads up the incline. The conditions prescribed that the locomotives should convey a load of 2,500 centners (about 115 tons) up an incline having an ascent of one in 40, with a speed of not less than six miles an hour. The Bavaria again led the way, and with a load of 2,610 cent . ners accomplished the task at a mean speed of 10 miles an hour. The Seraing followed with • load of 2,532 ceutners, and performed the distance at the rate of 51 miles an hoar. The Bindoboaa and Neu . stall% each with the minimum lead of 2,500 centiters, made the ascent at the required rate of six miles an hour. With the exception of the Bindobona , neither of the en gins injured the permanent way; that engine, however, strained the iron rails to a considerable degree, causing a sensible depression. After these preliminary contests, the Bavaria was the first selected to run thirteen journeys from Peyerbach to Biehberg, a distance of 6,400 yenta, up an meat of 1 in 40. The engine itself weighed 861 centners. The first journey, the slowest of the series, was accomplished in 24 minutes, the swiftest occupied 19 minutes. The load started with on the first journey was 3,060 centners, which was gradually increased till the 20th journey, which was made to ni minutes, with an attached load of 3,402 centners. The consumption of wood varied from 14 to 18 centners ; these figures, however, include the consumption of the re turn journey, which are not distinguished iu the statement. The Bavaria having succeeded iu her first twelve of the twenty experimental journies prescribed in the con ditions, was declared exempt from further trial. However, to crown hie performances, her engineer weighted her with 4,000 centners, and on the 22nd of Aug., accompanied by a large number of professional men, drove her the same distance up the strongly-curved incline in eight and twenty minutes. The steam pressure was con stant between 9811 s. and Wilbs. The trials of the Neustadt and Seming have been partially interrupted. The latter engine weighs 1,000 centners, and with a load of 2,445 centners has effected the ascent once in 25 and once in 23 minutes. The Neustadt is a much heavier machine ; it took four and six minutes longer than the Seraing to make the journey, and once stuck fast in the road. Its load, how ever, was 2,740 centners. The competition is not concluded, but at present the Bavaria is surpassing all rivals. THE PUBLIC DEBTS AND STANDING ARMIES OF TILE EUROPEAN STATES. (Prom the Kohler Zeitung.) The paper money now in actual circulation in Europe represents a value of 1,261,428,520 dollars. The total of the public debt is by fur larger ; it amounts to 11,397,006,000 dollars. Great Britain (without the colonies) hears nearly one-half of this gigantic burden, viz., 5,000,000,000 dollars. The British army numbers 129,000 men ; the fleet is composed of 678 vessels, with 18,000 guns. The detail of the debts and armies of the other European States is as follows : Spain.—Debt, 1,300,000,000 dollars; army, 160,000 men; fleet, 50 vessels, with 721 guns. Austria.—Debt, 1,100,000,000 dollars; fleet, 156 vessels (including gunboats), with 600 guns. Russia and Poland.—Debt, 733,000,000 dollars; army, 700,000 men ; fleet, 175 vessels and 410 gunboats, with 7,000 guns. The Netherlands. —Debt, 731,000,000 dollars; army, 50,000 men ; fleet, 123 vessels, with 2,500 guns. Prussic —Debt, 180,000,000 dollars; army, 121,000 men (war footing, 492,000 men); fleet, 47 vessels and gunboats, with 114 guns. Prance.—Debt, 1,330,000,000 dollars ; army, 263,463 men ; fleet, 328 vessels, with 8,000 guns. Belgium.—Debt, 165,000,000 dollars; army, 90,000 men; fleet, 5 vessels, with 36 guns. Portugal.—Debt, 160,000,000 dollars ; army, 38,000 men ; fleet, 36 vessels, with 700 guns. Papal States.—Debt, 120,000,000 dollars ; army, 19,000 men; fleet, 5 vessels, with 21 guns. Sardinia.—Debt, 120,000,000 dollars; army, 38,000 men; fleet, 60 vessels, with 900 guns. Naples.—Debt, 100,000,000 dollars; army, 48,000 men; fleet, 15 vessels, with 484 guns. Bavaria.—Debt, 82,000,000 dollars; army, 57,000 men. Denmark.—Debt, 80,000,000 dollars ; army, 20,000 men ; fleet, 33 vessels, with 1,120 guns. Saxony.—Debt, 43,500,000 dollars ; army, 25,000 men. Turkey.—Debt, 40,000,000 dollars; army, 220,000 men; fleet, 66 vessels, with 800 guns. City of Hamburgh.—Debt, 31,000,000 dollars ; army, 1,800 men. Grand Duchy or Baden.—Debt, 33,000,000 dollars; army, 18,000 men. Hanover.-30,368,000 dollars; army, 21,000 men. Wurtemburg.—Debt, 28,000,000 dollars; army, 19,000 men. Greece.—Debt, 2.3,000,000 dollars; army, 8,900 men ; Beet, 31 vessels, with 1.11 guns. Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin—Debt, 10,000,000 dollars; army, 4,700 men. Grand Duchy of Tuscany.—Debt, 10,000,000 dollars; army, 12,000 men; fleet, 10 vessels, with 15 guns. City of Frankfort.—Debt, 7,000,000 dollars ; army, 1,300 men. Duchy of Brunswick.—Debt, 6,800,000 dollars; army, 3,000 men. Grand Duchy of Ilesse-Darmstadt.—Dcbt, 6,200,000 dol lars; army, 42,000 men. Electoral Ilcsse.—Debt, 6,000,000 dollars ; army, 11,000 men. City of Lubcck.—Debt, 6,000,000 dollars; army, 490 men. Duchy of Smce-Weimar.—Debt, 4,000,000 dollars ; army, 2,000 men. Duchies of Schleswig and llolstein.—Dcbt, 4,000,000 dol lars; ao army ; no nary. Duchy of Anhalt Dessau and Koethen.—Debt, 3,500,000 dollars ; army, 700 men. City of Bremen.—Debt, 3,000,000 dollars; army, 500 men. Duchy of Saso-Coburg-Gotha.—Debt, 2,556,000 dollars; army, 1,200 men. Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen.—Debt, 2,500,000 dollars ; army, 2,400 men. Duchy of Nassau.—Debt, 2,000,000 dollars ; army 3,500 men. Duchy of Parma.—Debt, 1,800,000 dollars ; army 5,000 Ducky of Anhalt-Bernburg.—Debt, 1,500,000 dollars ; army, 300 men. Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg.— Debt, 1,500,000 dollars; army, 1,000 men. Norw.iy.—Debt, 1,500,000 dollars; army, 23,000 men ; fleet, 160 vessels, with 560 guns. Grand Duchy of Oldeuburg.—Debt, 1,200,000 dollars ; army, 600 men. Landgravate of Hesse llomburg.—Debt, 860,000 dollars ; army, 350 men. Principality of fichwarzburg-Itudolstedt.—Debt, 252,000 dollars ; army, 540 men. Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. Debt, 60,000 dollars; army, 450 men. Danubian Principalities.—No debt : annual tribute to Turkey, 3,000,000 piastres ; army, 6,800 men. Servia.—No debt ; tribute, 2,000,000 piastres ; army, 3,000 men. Sweden.—No debt ; army, 34,000 men; fleet, 310 vessels, with 2,400 guns. Duchy of Modena.—No debt ; army, 3,500 men. Principality of Lippe-Detmold.—No debt ; army, 820 men. - - Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelits.—No dobt ; army, 800 men. Pnncipality of Reuss.—No debt ; army, 74, men. Principality of Lippe-Schaumburg.—No debt; army, 430 men. Principality of Waldek.—No debt ; army, 520 men. Prineimility of Lichtenstein.—Nn debt ; army, 60 men. Switzerland.—No debt • army, 69,500 men, a small num ber of whom only is in act ual service. Republic of Sun Marino.—No debt, and no army. CUBA. Several letters have been received by English city houses from their correspondents at Havannah, which tend to confirm the impression that the fatal affair going on when the mail left would be entirely ended in the course almost of a few hours. The following extract of a letter, written in pencil, just as the mail was closing, seems to convey intelligence later than any of the accounts in the New York papers: Havannah, Aug. 17, 8 cm. This moment, u the mail is closing, the Almendans has come in from Marie!, with a number of wounded Spa nish troops, and report says that yesterday they had a se vere action with the Americans, in which 180 of the latter were shot and Lopez wounded. They also say (Spanish boasting possibly) that they expect to destroy the remainder to-day. l'hey, no doubt, have the power as far us numbers go, as we believe the miserable invaders are surrounded by the regular troops as by a hive of bees. Another writer, whose letter is dated the previous day, gives also the following unfavourable account of the expedition: Havannab, Aug. 16. We are very sorry to inform you that another piratical expedition, headed by the notorious Nareiseo Lopez, has again invaded our Island, having landed on the morning of the 13th current, about 50 or 60 miles to the westward of our harbour. The exact number is not known, but they are estimated at 700 or more, and these having managed to take possession of a very strong position before the government troops could arrive at the spot, it has been very hard work to dislodge them. The rumours are very contradietiry, and a good many lives have been lost on both sides, each tarty having fought with great determination. We think, how ever, that this expedition is pretty well done up, from their having been so hardly pushed by the Spanish troops, and from the fact of their having commenced to quarrel among themselves, and complain of their having been cheated by Lopez and his companions. By this time the most part of them must be destroyed, not only by the troops, hut by the country people themselves, who, instead of assisting Lopes and his gang, have proved themselves their worst enemies. This moriliag the admiral arrived from the coast in • steamer, having picked up four launch loads 01 the pirates, in all .50, who were trying to make their escape, and at this moment the whole are being shot. It is said another expedi tion is expected from New Orleans, and if they come they will share the same fate. Business, as a matter of course, is quite stopped, and the excitement very great. We have, therefore, nothing at all to report regarding commercial transactions further than that sugars do not appear to give away in the least. The stock is getting reduced, and we are o f opinion that prices have seen their lowest figure here this season. The corning crop may be a fair one, but decidedly not so large as that of WO 51. Exchange has rapidly gone up to 10 per cent. premium, and the chances are that it will yet go higher. DR. ACIIILLI has intimated at one of the meetings of the Evangelical Alliance, that he intends to prosecute Dr. Newman for libel at the commencement of next term. FIRE IN DRL'ET-LaNE.—Last night, at a few minutes past ten, • tire broke out in the premises of MT'. Trotter, a cork manufacturer and bookbinder, near the theatre, in Drury-lane. The names, originating in the basement story, gained fast hold upon the upper part of the house with great rapidity, and although the engines of the parish and the London brigade were promptly on the spot, the lire raged for an hour and • half, leaving the pre mises nearly destroyed and their contents consumed. Vbe Court. BALMOItAL, THURSDAY, SEPT. 4. Prince Albert went out deer stalking yesterday. Her Majesty and the Princess Royal rode with his Royal Highness to the forest, and then returned to Balmoral. In the afternoon her Majesty, accompanied by the Prince of Walisi, visited the Duchea of Kent at Abergeldie. The Countess of Desert and the lion. Miss Byng were in attendance. There was no addition to the royal dinner party yes terday. Despatches were sent nfr yesterday from the Colonialmflico to the Governors of the North American colonies. (From last night's Gosttee.l HOLYROOD-PALACE, AUG. 28. Tho Queen was this day pleased to confer tho honour of knighthood upon the Hight Hon. W. Johnston, of Kirkhill, Lord l'rovobt of Edinburgh. OSBORNE-HOUSE, AUG. 25.—This day had au dience of her Maiesty : 'I he Baron Bentinck, Envoy Extra ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary from the King of the Netherlands, to deliver his credentials ; to which he was introduced by Viscount Palmerston, G.C.B. her Ma jesty's Secretary of State fur Foreign Affairs. FOREIGN-OFFICE, SEPT. 4.—The Queen has been pleased to approve of Mr. Gideon S. Holmes as Consul at the Cape of Hood Hope for the United States of America. COMMISSION SIGNED BY TILE LORD LIEUTENANT or Someasar.—James Hylton de Cardonnel Lawson, gent., to be cornet in the North Somerset Regiment of Yeomanry Cavalry, vice Webster promoted. Dated Sept. 3, ISM. TUE DUKE Or CAMBRIDGE has presented the committee of the Cambrilge Military Asylum, to be erected in memory of his Royal Highness the late Duke, with an eligible site for the proposed asylum, a building for the re ception and maintenance of 40 widows of non-commissioned officers and privates of her Majesty's land forces. The public subscriptions already received arc sufficient to induce the committee to commence forthwith the erection of the asylum. SHEFFIELD CUTLERS' FEAST. On Thursday-, the Cutlers' Company held their annual festival on the inauguration of their newly-elected Master, W. Webster, Esq. In the morning the company attended Divine Service at the Parish Church, and went to the Town-hall, where the new officers were sworn in. About tour o'clock the guests invited to the banquet began to assemble at the hall. It was six o'clock, however, hetet* they sat down to dinner. The banquet was provided in the sumptuous style which distinguishes the entertainments of the company. The Master Cutler was supported by Lord Wharncliffe, the lion. Mr. Wortley, Sir T. W. White, Bart., E. B. Denison, Esq., M.l'., John Parker, Esq., and J. A. Roe buck, Esq., members for the borough ; le Mayor of Shef field, the Rev. T. Sale, vicar of Sheffield; W. Walker, Esq., Judge of the County Court; Wilson Overend, Esq., W. Jeffcock, Esq., of High Mules; the Mayor of Doncas ter, Captain Gleeson, of the Royal Artillery; Captain Cresswell, and Lieutenants Inglis and Lowe, of l'rinco Albert's Own Hussars; the Rev. E. S. Humphrey, chaplain of the company ; James Wilson, Esq., law clerk of the company ; Captain Howell, representing the Royal Com missioners, &e. The usual loyal toasts having been given from the chair, as also the hcalths of " the Duke of Norfolk and the house of Howard," "the Duke of Devonshire," "Earl Fitz william," the "Earl of Effingham," and "Lord Wham cliffe " _ _ ..... Lord WIIAILNCLIFFE—It is now many years—indeed, it was before this spacious hall was built, that I first accepted an invitation to this feast. I have since met you on various occasions and under different circumstances, but I am able with no small pleasure to say that I never met you with more satisfaction than on the present occasion. (Cheers.) We have been assembled in this hall in much less cheerful times, when a gloom hung over the community, and even the most sanguine were in some degree dispirited with the 'pros pects of the material interests of the country. I out not going to tell you that you are now prosperous. I have lived long enough to know that Englishmen do not like to be told of their prosperity. It seems a denial of that indispensable birthright which every Englishman boasts—the privilege of grumbling. But this I may venture to say, I trust, without trespassing upon that neutrality which is sacred to meetings of this character, that, at any rate, the revival of the trade of' Sheffield is a proof that the cunning of its arti sans is not lost, and that their energy and skill have still means of commanding a market. (Cheers.) I never much doubted this, and I take the present aspect of affairs as a confirmation of our better hopes. But my attention has this year been turned to that point with more than ordi nary interest. Among the many recollections we all must retain of this remarkable year—this year of the jubilee of arts and manufacturing industry, there is none that I shall cherish with greater satisfaction than that of having been thought worthy of selection to preside over the jury to which was committed the investigation of that depart ment of this Great Exhibition in which the trade over which this corporation is set was especially concerned. (Hear, hear.) You will believe me when I say that, when that proposal was first made to me, I had conic hesitation in accepting it. I felt, as 1 stated to the commissioners, that although I lived iu the neighbourhood, and had heard much iu a general sense, of its manufactures, nevertheless I had no peculiar knowledge of its details. And for me to pre sume to offer an opinion on the question of the merits of the works of the artizans of Sheffield, would he an unrea sonable presumption. But I was answered that if I under . took the'duty eshould have well qualified colleagues to re move any such objection. I consented to act, oust however I may have discharged those duties, I may venture to say, without revealing those secrets of the jurors which I am bound to keep within my own breast, that my duty in connection with that office satisfied me, ad it must satisfy every man who took the trouble to examine the display made at the Exhibition, that the portion belonging to Shef ' field sustained the reputation of the town for the supe riority of those manufactures in which its population isem ployed—(cheers)—and proved that there was no lack of that skill and perfection which had marked the produc tions of this town in former times. (Cheers.) But lam bound to add, and I am not about to flatter you so far as to conceal the fact—l say I ant hound to add, that in looking over other parts of that singular building, that you are not without formidable competitors. (Hear, hear.) No man can look at the productions of France, the Zollverein of Germany, Belgium, and the United States, without seeing that they have made a most material progress in productions of this description. I cannot doubt, uutwith standing that, that we have here resources, energy, and skill sufficient to enable you to maintain your position, if you only conduct your trade with prudence, and I must add, also, with harmony; for I believe that no trade of any description can he expected to nourish, if it has not in the first place energy and industry, and, in the next place, if it is not conducted with harmony. And I trust that we shall hereafter see, as the result of a generous rivalry which has been excited by the singular and inernorulile events of this year, a still higher and speedier progression in the manu factures of Sheffield. (Loud cheers.) The MAYOR of Sheffield briefly gave—" The ntombers of the Royal Commission of the Exhibition of Industry of All Nations," which was acknowledged by Capt. Bowel-1.. Lord WHARNCLIFFE proposed the health of the Master Cutler, who returned thanks. W. F. DIXON, Eso., proposed "the Vicar and Clergy of Sheffield," and th; toast was acknowledged in suitable terms by the Vicar. 'WILSON OVEREND, Esq., gave the "Health of the members of the. West-Riding." (Cheers.) E. B. DENISON, Esq., M.P., in returning thanks said, I had the honourof being invited in the eourseof last autumn, by the Lord Mayor of York and others, to meet his Royal Highness Prince Albert, who went to York for the purpose, no doubt, of recommending the exhibition which you have all witnessed this season; and on being called upon to return thanks on behalf of the House of Commons, I ventured to say that the oiler elves and manufacturers of Yorkshire would nut be found wanting when the time sh'uld arrive ; for I felt that every man would do his duty. You have all done we'l at the Exhibition. You have done yourselves isreat credit and have got great honour, but do not fancy that you are superior to all the world. Depend upon it that lie who fancies he has arrived at a state of perfection is sure to be beaten in the race. Take credit for what you have done. Trot it be a strong stimulant to future exertion; and I doubt not with respect to Sheffield, or with respect to any other part of the king dom, retaining your energy, perseverance, and skill, you will still maintwn your superiority ; but without these ek meats depend upon it you will fail. For, as the noble lord has said, the world is thrown open to competition, and the race must be severe. Your knowledge has, within the last six months, been manifested to others, and, perhaps, taken away to foreign countries. It is to he hoped that in return you have learned much from them, by which you will profit, so that in the end, I believe, this great oxhibition will contribute materially to the advancement of science and of civilisation, and add to the comfort of the population of this country. (Cheers.) I represent a constituency containing the greatest variety of interests in the kingdom ; for, in point of fact, I may say that the West Riding is an epitome of the whole king dom, in every description of interest, trade, and manufac ture, that can possibly be imagined. Well, now then, I want to ask a question, to which, I thine, I can anticipate the answer. What is the state of the West Riding of York shire? Is it, or is it not, comparatively apeuking, pros perous? Is it not advancing in wealth? I. it nut ad vancing in ? Is it not advancing in science? Are not the working classes of this great community enjoying daily increased comforts to what they did 20 or 30 years ago ? (Cheers, and a cry of "Yes, Or five years atfo.") If you answer " yea," then, I ask you to what is it owing? I venture, with all humility, to sug gest that it is owing to that commercial policy which was adopted by that great statesman—(loud cheers)—who took the helm of government just ten years ago. It was in 1841, exactly ten years since, that he, who I may be per mitted to call my private and intimate friend, Sir Robert Peel, took the reins of state. It was he, who with his comprehensive mini. and abundant courage, dared to lay down awl recommend for the adoption of parliament . and the kingdom, a distinct and new line of L pon that I will not detain you. I only wish to call your attention to a fact—to carry you to the end of ten years— awl ask what is the result W that policy ? (Cheers.) Why does any men living doubt that it has been of the greatest possible value to the whole of her Majesty's subjects? There is one interest--I say it with pain, I say it with grief—that is still labouring under disadvantage?, but which I firmly believe will still survive the incinvenienect of that pre, and becomea then, ubuo y l a ik n e t m at ov o e th r. er (C ti c e rs h . e ) s T of hat i nd til u it s t t ry, in- I .