The Express. — London, England, 1847-10-04 00:00:00

Eh* pit . MAILS. mell‘ kir The &may the Sim Plate, Monte Tideo, Teenage. aud Steam Arra, will be made up on the The ler M* Noe* Megrim, lisemeda. and the United Thigh win he mei 014: the swab* the tth October. The mini Ise Mr, L. Menem, embc, end Mesita , will be moat. en the sift Ith, Warr. The embed Memel vie Ilenelhee, to the Mediterranean. Ww.A12:11.1. bale Men IVO Ise., will be mole up on the The ea Utile xedie. tobals. Om Ow Mexico, Hominnia, the MmeneiNt. era he made yip ea deemendagetthe I 7 th Oct Wen ober. The emelmel ladle ctibnimotafts.orm" laMen d* Tent, isels„ilemp•Men.smt Meek andliemptee. will be mit up ea the meralwat M the Ilth Osether. The melte tar Near&ma Mask Tee Dieme n% Lead. and 11. , fenhaierUl be made op am thie~m Mew let November. TO 000211.0NDINTIA Wm.. Mr Me Ly.m. MAO. IMM at Ms Boamle-MMA by Om MM. ea Me My of pubikarbm • 111011 Willi IT L 07111011.11110 0 1. Ists Day —Mont.. 17 Ws. poi 10 ; Itters•••• rah. pest 110 Tallomi•—/lorsiag,= au. p. . 11 ; Win. siio per 11 LONDON, MONDAY, OCT. 4. Ir is very startling, and not very comprehensible, to observe the conflicting currents of two contrary and opposing tides, that have prevailed in the opinions and acts of uur public men and legislators of late years on commercial questions. To set trade free of its fetters, remove fiscal obstructions, abolish prohibitions, and even sacrifice large interests to the still larger interests of the public, have been the tendencies and achieve ments of men, ministers and legislators. And yet, beneath this broad and rapid stream of free trade has run another current, in a precisely opposite direction, fettering commerce and interchange in its most impor tant element—viz., credit; and not merely in credit, but what is equally important and more unjust, in the medium of all trade and exchange, actual currency and money. There cannot be a doubt but that the pursuit and realisation of these contrary principles has caused much evil and many obstructions to arise in both. And this has been even more the case, from the cir cumstance that we have allowed these contrary prin ciples to prevail, and to operate, of course diversely, in this very same sphere of credit. We have, in fact, applied the most stringent law of restriction and monopoly to one kind and portion of credit, and have given the utmost scope and facilities to another kind. The credit we have fettered, too, is unfortunately that of poorer and humbler and more industrious classes. The credit we have left free, is that of the speculator, the mighty operator in enterprise or trade. And now the outcry and the tendency is, not to loosen the bonds which fetter minor credit, but to extend the restrictive system, and apply its ligatures to the larger limbs and even to the very wings of trade, in order to tie up and regulate all, and, in fact, allow no commer6 cial movement except by act of parliament. The banking business, the entire trade in money, having been effectually fettered, it is found to be of very little use, unless the employer of money be fettered too. The bankers being already in limbo, the proposal is to thrust railway companies and directors into the same narrow space. This would be outrageously unfair and impracticable, unless the merchant be made to feel the same restric tion. If the railway companies be accused of burying gold in the bowels of English earth, it is not denied that the gold fructifies there, and for the exclusive benefit of England. If the liberty of doing this be denied, how shall it be lawful to sink millions in foreign ventures, in Cuban or Mexican mines,incutting isthmuses at the other side of the globe, or even in paying for China tea or Java sugar? The same political economy which considers money to be absorbed and fixed in a railroad, one day to pay a dividend, must admit that a similar amount of money is far more lost in the consumption of luxuries like tea and sugar. Three-fourths of the railroad capital is spent in bread and cheese, the necessaries of life for laboureis. There is, in fact, no comparison. Fetter the merchant in the use of his capital and in his command of credit you cannot, unless, indeed, he is made to publish periodical accounts of his lia bilities and assets. The thought is idle. Credit, in its large operations, cannot be interfered with. The great nostrum of the day, as yet indeed but in embryo, but which we may soon expect to see full born, seems to be, that there must be preserved a certain quantity of floating capital, in proportion to the credit operations of the country, and that its abmsp tion into fixed capital most be prevented, if neenenry and if possible, by law. We fear that most erroneous ideas are entertained of the floating capital of a country, of its functions, accumulations, and of the distinct line supposed to separate it from fixed capital. One should think, from much that we hear argued, that, before the invention of railroads, the monied savings of each year were allowed to accumulate in short bills or loans, or in hoards or reserves. One should think that there were no investments, no factories or establishments built, at home or abroad, and that the industrious man never went farther than the savings bank With the fruits of his economy. Then, what is floating capital—what fixed ? An exchequer bill is considered floating capital ; a railroad share fixed. What is the difference between them at this moment, when the Bank will advance money no more upon one than on the other ? A good commercial bill, when the Bank is willing to discount it, or when the exchanges have left suffi cient . quantity of gold to discount it, is floating capita. In the present day it is fixed, sunk, as mach as the money spent in building London-bridge. Water is fixed or floating, according to the 'temperature. At so many degrees it floats, at so many less it freeze& Credit is the temperature which rules capital, and according to the degree of which it floats or fixes. At the present moment everything is fixed capital, bat gold, which nobody possesses, and which, as fruitless, no one Mom to possess ; and the Bank, or the government, no more than individuals. To complain that the want of floating capital has produced the want of credit, is just as if one said that the solidification of the river into ice was the cause of the low degree of tempera tare. Restore but credit, and yon will soon have plenty of capital and all kinds of capital afloat. Now, we do not say that there should be opened, either suddenly or gradually, a fictitious source of credit, or that the state, to return to our metaphor, should undertake to keep the temperature of creffit at a high degree. All we desire is, that the regulation of credit should be governed by the proper barometer of commerce, that the immense and vital power of giving value to floating capital, or denying it, and of fixing the rate of interest to be paid for that stamp of value, should not be entrusted to a set of men, not only privileged to affix or withhold that stamp, but for wd— to regulate their granting or refusal of it by the state of the bullion market, a thing as distinct front national credit as it is from the .lax of the stars. We are no enemies to a convertible currency. Quite the contrary. But the means and the surety of conversion ought to be provided for in some other way than by the present state of the law, which in hours of distress nullifies credit, instead of facilitating it, sus pending sad fixing floating capital, indeed of increas ing it; which raises the rate of interest, not according to the real scarcity of money, but of that very small proportion and kind of it which flies abroad in times of famine and distress, and which can only be brought back at a price fixed by parliament, and possibly be neath its real value at the time, this very virtual prohibition of gold being made to act as the signal for refusing credit and otherwise obstructing and dis tressing the operations of the mercantile world. We cannot but think the demand of a parliamentary committee to inquire into this mass of doubt and error as fair and as urgent, as any demand ever made of the legislature. To understand the Italian question—at the present moment, the field on which the policies of the dif ferent states of Europe meet, and from which new alliances and enmities may arise, extending in their influence far beyond the confines of Italy—it is neces sary to cast a retrospect on the past interference of the Five Powers in the affairs of that peninsula. It is well known that the events of the French and Belgian revolutions occasioned great agitation in Italy about the time of the election of the late Pope. At 1 1 the same time the Roman finances and administration were in such disorder, that when the inhabitants of the Ecniagrlainse against the papal government, the • v iiiii7j 7 4l7tfer ° , 7 7),Te:f ththee'icoaientanmpa raluiwereotoof th e m u l :l 2 l P :te al te a r til'dtbz.ho wen: bbsared under awn =abominable system of adman- in vain to keep back. At the view of albstiClD, that it was unfair and impossible to demand whose resemblance to the emperor strui solosimion or tranquillity unless these abuses all persons spontaneously raised their he Imo sew and reformed. out " Vive ] ' Em rear ! Viva la Lil Ragland, which bad never troubled itself in Roman cries only ceased when the carriage was • • affairs, was formally requested by the Austrian government to lend her advice and countenance in the reform of the Roman states. England had proved a useful intermediary between the conflicting and extreme opinions and views of the absolutist Powers on one side, and of France on the other, in the affairs of Belgium. And it was hoped ' that England's interference would be equally advan tageous and pacific in the circumstances of Italy. Ac-1 cordingly our Florentine ambassador went to Rome. The result was a joint memorandum to the Pope, re commending or insisting on certain reforms, the very memorandum and the very reforms which the French government and its organ now resuscitate, and recom mend as a panacea equally applicable to 1847 as to 1831. The most flagrant abuses of the Roman adminis tration existed in the judicial system and in that of taxation. A new system to be substituted for the old was pointed out, and became the subject of several paper decrees, afterwards suspended. In order to give some guarantee of the observance of these fairer and more liberal principles, the Roman states were divided into delegations and communes. The communes were to have each a municipal council, two-thirds to be chosen out of the landed proprietors and ecclesiastics, the remaining third out of the mercantile class. To these munici palities the budget of the year was to be submitted for examination. Then, each delegation was to have an upper and superior council, consist ing of one delegate for every 20,000 inhabitants, elected by the municipalities. This edifice was to I have been crowned by a Junta, chosen by the pro vincial councils, and to sit at Rome, whilst the Pope, for his especial enlightenment, was to appoint a coun cil of state, consisting solely of laymen, such as the King of SARDINIA had formed. Atter a certain lapse of time, and a few edicts of partial reforms, Pope GREGORY shrunk front eats hing this system, though recommended by the Five Powers. He dec lared that he could not think of a lay council; that the cities of the Romagna were merely desirou of power, in order to use it against him, and to lay the foundation of their complete in dependence. Instead of reforming, the Pope had recourse to the sword. He raised troops and volun teers, by means of loans from Messrs. Rorliscutnn and other capitalists, attacked the national guards of the towns of the Romagna, and even fought a battle at Ceeena, after which the troops of his Holiness com mitted as many ravages and cruelties as the mercenary troops of the middle ages. The Austrian government, though it had signed the memorandum and recom mended the system of reform, when fearful of French outbreak,afterwards supported the Pope in setting these recommendations at nought. France looked on and refused to interfere, as LOUIE PHILIPPE had then suc ceeded in mastering the liberal spirit of his nation. Whilst the English envoy, declaring that the whole business had been a farce to amuse and cheat the Italians oat of their just rights, shook the duet of Rome off his feet, and took his departure for Florence with a frank epistle of adieu that will be long remem bered in Italy, and will immortalise the name of Somme. The present Pope is in a far different position from his predecessor. Such concessions have not been forced from him. He has come forward to make them of his own will and generosity. He has raised no loans to pay troops to ride down his subjects. He need be in no fear that the citizens of the Romagna would make use of any new liberties in order to separate their province from the dominion of so liberal a potentate. The Pope and his people are in perfect understanding with each other, and it would seem that they can devise rights and institutions for themselves, more aptly than the envoys of Austria, or France, or England. The French government and its organ declare he the system of 1831, which we have shown to be in most respects the Prussian one. Now we deem the Prussian system to have one great defect. It develops municipal and local liberties in the people, whilst the sole centralising and uniting force is in the government. It thus forces all liberal opposition to the government to espouse local and dis uniting principles, throws the strong and the growing power of the commonwealth to the side of disunion and federalisation, keeping merely the weak and old powers of king and government to defend the cause of union. It would be far prefer able to create in the popular body itself a class of gurwal representatives, interested in union and cen tulleation. Without such, Prussia cannot be kept together as a monarchy, nor can the rich and distant province of the Romagna be kept in any other way united to the distant, poor, and greedy district round the cit of Rome. The - basis of the system proposed by the memo randum of 1831 may do, with its Frenchifled plan of commercial and provincial councils. But if there is not something more than a Junta and a council of state in the capital, the papal states will fall asunder. Despotism and violence have hitherto kept them toge ther by force. To effect this by liberal and moral means, requires more fairness and skill than the Aus ' trian and French envoys of 1831 seem to have possessed. is The agitation for electoral reform in France is as suming a scale and proportions which excite the se rious attention of the government, u is manifested by the manner in which the popular demonstrations now developed in the provinces are noticed in the ministe rial journals, which, from the singular number, have risen lately to the dual, by the creation of the Con serrateur under the teetering care of the secret service fund. The journals of Friday and Saturday of all opinions are filled with the reports of, and comments on, these reform banquets. The latest manifestation of this sort is that of Orleans, where 300 assem bled on the 27th ult., under the • of M. Abbatocci, president of the Chaasbir of the Cour Royale, and deputy of the Loiret Asset the assembly were mayors, magistrates, judges of the tribunals, oole nels and inferior officers of the national guard, members of councils general, municipal conned% sad a sounder able numberof leading members of anatomises. et Do put tee, amens whom MM. Roger, Marie, and Cremieux, were conspicuous. The usual toasts were receive d with enthusiasm : " The revolutions of 1789 and 1830," " Electoral reform," " Public honesty," " No tional honour," " The sovereignty of the people," &o. What renders these demonstrations more serious is, that they now incorporate all shades of the opposition I including that of the left centre, with which M. Thieve is idened. The Constilationnel, the National, and the Gazette do France, the organs of extreme and mean opinions are eq ually favourable to the move ment I'he journals of the court and cabinet, the ,1 Debate and the infant Consercateur, are alone in opposing them. A canons incident is related as occurring at, sad after, the late review of the troops by the King In the ' Place de Carrousel: It was in favour of M. Bebin surgeon-major of his regl meat, and of issarichal- lod e-logii Dupeyroux, two old and excellent officers, whose services had been forgotten, that r K. de Grammont addressed the King in direct terms at the farewell review, winery to the regulations which require that all demands should, be preferred through the regular simnel. The minister Maimed. as already stated, on the soloed of the Bth Hussars a disciplinary punishment, which the latter foresaw, but which he considered it his duty to expose himself to, in order to obtain the reparation of a for getfulness, which had all the character of se injustice. The ourabls reception, however, given to M. de Grammont's demand was an implied revocation of the arrest inflicted on that officer by the minister of war, and the colonel dined the same day at the Tuileries, on the King's invitation. The spirit which animates the cabinet of the Tuile ries, in relation to the policy pursued by the Pope, may be collected from the fact that the vocal or in strumental performance of Rossinis celebrated hymn to Pius IX. is prohibited by the police in all public places et amusement in Pans. It was announced to be sung at the Chateau des Mars, in the Champs Elysees, on Monday and Tuesday, but, greatly to the disappointment of the audience, the agents of the go feet of police interfered and silenced the artists. This hymn is now the national anthem of Italy. The latent feeling in France towards the Emperor Napoleon may be collected from the following inci dent which occurred after the funeral ceremony of the ex-King of Holland, at St. Leu, near Paris. The Prince of Montfort (sou of the ex. King of Westpha lia), who attended the ceremony, was the object of the warmest acclamations. His carriage, which con tained besides the Princess NW/tilde, another lady of the family, said to be one of Lucien's daughters, and the Duke de Padoae, had to work its passage through the crowd, which the National Guards and the vete , of the Imperial army : drawn up in line, but who - service, endeavoured iew of the prince, • struck every one, sir bats, and cried Liberte !" The - out of sight. ttai ekl' dectees appeared 1 .R 036 "141 The kam to the 27_ —_ of the hfsrt national importance. .in the Gazette ea do s6th and 27th, the effect . of which would ap jeer I* had to a complete fiscal reform. The ONO alibis decree's are :—l. A large reduction of AO ee tobacco preparatory to a complete & hell. dal of that monopoly. 2. The establishment of hook esporities for the punctual payment of the inte• reit of public debt. 3. The oak of the remainder of the property • of the secular clergy ; and, 4, the sale of the municipal property. If any proof were de sired to demonstrate to whata depth ofpublic contempt the government has fallen, a more striking one could not be given than the fact that the promulgation of these most important financial measures bad not the effect of raising the funds by the smallest fraction of a centime. The Threes closed at 26, exactly the same as the preceding days. The journals contain no other news of much public importance. Private letters (proceeding from the moderado party) say that Colonel Gurrea,the aide-de camp of Espartero, and the bearer of the letter of the ex-regent, had a private audience of the Queen, at which her Majesty listened with coldness to an ad dress which he spoke, which was scarcely concluded when she rose with vivacity and withdrew without uttering a single word in answer. These letters re sles:irtit the progress'sta party to be so divided that ero would fi nd it difficult to exert any useful • uence over it. A large mass of journals and correspondence has arrived from Italy. Letters from Rome to the 24th ult., are received. The Prince of Canino was put under arrest in that city on the 23rd. The prince had arrived in Rome a few days previously from Venice, having been conductedto the pontifical frontier by an escort :Austrian Dragoons. His present arrest has bee by a charge-arising out Of the proceed ingNr e he d 7th and Bth Sept, which we have already reported. Advices received in Rome from Naples re port that the royal troops had been•worsted by the insurgents at Campo-Basso, in Calabria, where 200 were killed or wounded. Cardinal Serra-Cassano, Archbishop of Capua, had arrived in Rome from Naples on a mission to the Pope, the object of which was reported to be to induce his holiness to issue an apostolic letter enjoining obedience to the government on the population of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. It was said that the pontiff replied that he would comply with this demand on the con dition that the King of Naples should previously grant a general amnesty, and adopt the same system of reforms as had been resolved on in the states of the church. A correspondent of the .Vmaohore, writing from Rome on the 23rd, says that the greatest anxiety prevailed there in consequence of the anpouncement of the wish of Cardinal Ferretti to retire from the ministry. Although Cardinal Amat, Legate of Bo logna, had, it was said, been offered the post of secre tary of state, the friends of progress were not alto gether without hopes of persuading Cardinal Ferretti to remain in office. A ministerial crisis at Rome at the present moment was regarded as a most critical , event. The utmost tranquillity, however, prevailed in the capital and the provinces. A treaty of commerce favourable to the coasting trade was in negotiation with Naples. A similar ar rangement had been already made with Tuscany and Sardinia. His Holiness had signified his intention of abolish ing capital punishment for various classes of crimes for which it is now inflicted. Accounts from Naples to the 24th say, that the at tention of the government is distracted between the brigands and the insurgents. Negotiations with the former are conducted in the manner usual between hostile armies. Truces) and armistices are agreed on, and personal conferences have even taken place be tween the royalist general and the leaders of the brigands, each pledging themselves to the safety of the other. With the insurgents the conflict is one of mutual extermination, no quarter being given nor exchange of prisoners allowed by the royalists, and consequeotly none by the insurgents. Accounts from Sicily say that Syracuse, Catena, and Melazzo, were in the hands of the insurgents, including the fortress or citadel of the last city. The army had suffered great losses, which were avenged by the execution of twenty persons per day charged with insurrection or suspected of disaffection. A royal ordonnance published at Naples ordered that all vessels of commerce, including steamers, must hold 'hemselves ready at the disposition of the government to be used as transports. The government uses its power not only to stop the circulation of intelligence, but makes its Journal the vehicle for the circulation of falsehoods calculated to intimidate the population. Thus it published that Romeo, the well-known chief of the insurgents, had been shot. The person executed was a nephew of the chief. The insurgents of Calabria assume the name of reformists, and have raised the Guelpliic flag, a red cross on a white field. Their cockade is the Italian tri o color, green, white, and red. In all places they reduce the price of salt, and increase that of tobaxo. Letters from Modena say that an invasion by the troops of Austria was hourly expftted. The barrier of the duchy erected on the bridge of the Po at Brea. cello had been removed to facilitate their . On the 12th, the most impudent attempts h been made to provoke a general explosion, so as to afford a pre text for an incursion of the A ustrians. The carbimers overran the town, entering the shops, insulting the people, and wounded several passengers in the streets. The provincial council of Bologna have voted a sum equivelent to 1,300/. to aid in arming the national guard of that province. Advice, from Verona say that troops, including cavalry and infantry, amountiv tin 16,000, had arrived in that city to reinforce the Lola bardo-Venetian army. -The Augsburg Gazette, under the date of Rome, Sept. 13, says that " a hymn had been composed to celebrate the success of the insurgents in Sicily, and was to have been sung publicly in the gardens of the Villa Borghese, and that a crisis was athsnd, for that the old pontifical volunteers had refused to oomply with the order of the government to give up their arms, and that in the province of Ascali the cea.l turbos had assumed a menacing attitude." We have,' as above stated, direct advices from Rome twelve days later than this, which are altogether silent on such events. There is little doubt that they are ground less fabrications of Austrian agents. A Piedmontese ship of war bad sailed for Civita Vecchia, with orders to lie at anchor there, subject to the orders of the Sardinian minister at Rome. Letters from various parts of the Lombardo-Vene tian tartan speak of movements of large bodies of troops towards the frontiers. Since wirg the above we have received the Nowa/404 a Marseilles paper, whisk contains the following letter from Naples, dated so recently as the 26th ult.: ▪ la ay letter of the 23rd I informed you that the insurrec tisa was erestantly making progress, but at present I can WRITS yea that in Puglia, particiduly, it has a vary serious aspe ct. At Messina the government arrested M. Grano, one of the mast respectable pawns of the city by his birth and talents. At Malan° M. Pinks one of the richest men of the country, has also been arested. Persons who live in the neighbourhood of the Chateau of St. Flak assert that for some days past they hays heard fasillmies, which leads to a supposition that executions base taken place in that fortress. General Statella, who has the Musinand of the troops sent to Calabria, has just repre mafied to the King that in all the places through which he hand the people very devoted to - his Majesty, bat legligled against . ths abuses of the authorities, and the gendarmerie. lie has denounced M. Sal ami. gas Ai the principal officers of that force, as having been gulag Oran cruelty. This officer has been impended, and ie tale bansia to trial. The King, by a telegraphic des. pink has suopesded the execution of several persons who la him kb filo hands of the royal troops, and revoked the lesitniss efesero.martisl. The King is constantly en reastagggsnoes with the Minister Pietracatella, and it thee the object of them is the promulgation of aseftil reforms. The Gazzettt di Firenze publishes a decree of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, dated 24th ult., ordering the immediate armament of the civic guard, and naming the officers destined to command it. Advices have arrived from various parts of the Me diterranean by the Levant mail, with lettere from our torreeporidents of the dates, Athens, 20th, and Con stantinople, 17th ult. The funeral of M. Coletti was conducted with the utmost pomp in the presence of 50,000 people. The journals say that the whole po pulation of Attica came to Athens to witness the so lemnity. A royal ordonnanoe prescribed a national mourning of five days. The news previously received of the appointment of General Teavellas, Minister of War, to the office of President of the Council, are con firmed. M. Glarakis, Minister of Public Instruction, holds the portfolio of Foreign Affairs. Thus itappears that no new name had been as yet introduced into SAY EVENING, OCTOBER 4, 1847. the cabinet. Letters from Peeress ay that Grivss, on 'being ordered by the Turkish government to retire to Janina, replied that he was an lonian sub ject, and under the protection of the British consuL Such is the report given in the French ministerial correspondence, for the correctness of which we do not vouch. In the same letters it is said that he had enrolled 500 or 600 partisans. The official news of the death of Coletti had not been received at Constantinople on the 17th, but it was known that his malady was mortal. The inent rection in Albania was considerel as virtually quelled by the lately% gained victory. The fire at Pero, men tioned in our letters of the 14th, caused the destruc tion of property to the estimated value of twenty millions of piastres. The approach of the cholera created the greatest alarm. It raged at Trebisonde. Tiflis was almost deserted by its inhabitants. A portion of the people betook themselves to the fields. The epidemic raged with great violence within a radius of about one hundred miles around that city. One of the cooks of the steamer from Trebisonde to Constantinople died of cholera in the lazaretto on the 15th, but no new case had appeared among the passengers, who were in quarantine on the 17th. The relations of the governments of Turkey and Greece remained unchanged. The authorities of Greek consuls were everywhere suspended. The expiration of the month's notice given by the Porte was approaching, when the Greek coasting trade would be stopped. Notwithstanding the majority obtained by the Greek cabinet in the late elections, revolts were everywhere breaking out in the pro vinces. Beset with difficulties at home and abroad, the situation of the government at Athens was becom ing more and more precarious. Letters from various parts of Switzerland continue to bring intelligence which excites lively apprehen sions respecting the internal peace of the confedera tion. The cantonal governments of the Sonderbund have begun to assume a position of obstinate antago nism to the Diet. The Landsgemeinde, of Schwyz, the largest of the cantons of the league, was assembled on the 27th ult., and passed votes against obeying the resolutions of the Diet for the dissolution of the sepa rate league and the exclusion of the Jesuits,by.an Im mense majority ; only 360 out of 7.000 voterifxnve their voices for submission to the federal legislature. The Landsgemeindes of the cantons of Uri,tnterwald, and Zug, were to have assembledon Sunday last for the same purpose, and no doubt was entertained that they would come to a like vote. Votes were•also passed at the meeting in Schwyz, giving, unlimited powers to the government of the-canton to make warlike prepa rations, and appointing the Landamman Abyberg com mander-in-chief of the cantonal troops, and Lieut.- Col. Abyberg commandant of the Landsturm. CONSTANTINOPLE, SEPT. 17. The exequaturs have now been withdrawn from all the Greek consuls in Turkey, and in a few days the coasting trade will be suppressed. Yesterday a cabinet council was held at the Porte, at,whieh Reschid Pacha, the grand vizier, presided. The principal subject of discussion was the Tux°. Greek question. It is said that the Turkish ministry have determined on the measures to be employed after the sup pression of the coasting trade, and that they are to be of the most stringent kind. Coletti's illness has produced a cer tain sensation here; but it is not at all supp3sed that, even though he should die, the relations between Turkey and Greece will improve. Matters have now proceeded too far, and the old hereditary hatred of the Greeks to their former oppressors has been roused to an extent not easily appeased. Tho Turks are too calm and dignified to express noisily their opinion on the subject; but they are not • whit the less decided to exact retribution for the insults and indignities to which, during the last eight months, they have been sub jected by the Athenian cabinet. The fast news from Albania gives the account of fresh successes which the Sultan's troops obtained over the rebels in that province. Rappo, the lieutenant of Dpuleike, the chief of the revolt, is now • fugi tive in the woods near Beret. The whole of the army of 3,000 men which he had under his orders has been dispersed. The battle in which Rappo was over thrown was fought at Beret. Rsppo took up a posi tion at the foot of the mountain, facing Malacastro, and in front of the Turkish camp. Ris head-quarters were at the village of Signs, in the centre of the celebrated pass of the same name. The imperial army under Darbhor Pacha, con sisted of six battalions of infantry, eight pieces of mountain artillery, a squadron of cavalry, and three thousand irregu lar troops. A battalion of infantry, two squadrons of ca valry, and three thousand irregulars, formed a corps of re serve, and were placed close to the pass of Signs ; and a bat talion of infantry, two squadrons of cavalry, two pieces of ar tillery, and a thousand irregular troops were kept to defend the camp. At half-past three in the afternoon the attack commenced. A body of Turkish light troops advanced against the extreme left of the insurgent army which rested upon the village of Sadroitzka. Notwithstanding the diffi cult nature of the ground, which was rocky and broken, and a severe fire from the enemy, the Sultan's troops carried the village at the point of the bayonet. The rebels then began to retire, and they were driven from hill to hill, and ravine to ravine, as far as Pricks, which is situated at the gorge of the terrible pass of Signe. This was Rappo's stronghold, and here he made a gallant defence. Numbers of the Turkish soldiers fell, and, for a moment, the chances of the day were doubtful, bat a body of irregular troops, composed of mountaineers, in the pay of the Sultan, gained the heights above the pass, from whence they opened a mur derma fire upon the insurgents. This produced the greitest disorder amongst the rebels, and the corps of reserve, which had hitherto remained inactive, being ordered up at thin crisis by Darbhor Pacha, completed the confusion amongst the enemy. In their panic they blocked up the only plane open for their retreat, so that great slaughter was committed amongst them by the imperial troops. Rappo, his adopted son, his harem and the rest of the household, took ad vantage of the darkness which had now come on and fled Into the woods in the neighbourhood. The pursuit was con tinned throughout the night, and was only discontinued when the total rout of the rebels was assured. Darbhor Pacha, a few days afterwards, marched his forces to Antonia for the purpose of communicating with the blockading squadron, and from thence proceeded to Argyrocastre to form a junction with the troops under Ishmael Pasha. Thus, has the rebellion terminated in Albania, and a wholesome lesson been given not only to the inhabitants of the pro vince, but to those foreign agents by whom principally the insurrection was excited. ANTICIPATION OF 7HE OVERLAND INDIA MAIL. By the arrival of our despatches yesterday we are put in possession of intelligence from India to the following dates :—Bombay, August 31 ; Calcutta, August 20 ; and Madras, August 24. The mail was brought from Suez by the Ariel, which reached Malta on the night of the 24th. The Ardent took the mail from Malta on the 25th, for Marseilles. The intelli gence received is not of more than the average im portance of the last few mails. The following is from the SUMMARY OP THE BOMBAY TIMES. Our chronicle continue, to be as indifferently sup plied as ever with exciting events since peace re turned. The grounds of the apprehensions expe rienced by many from the large reductions making and being made in the army have been al together removed ; the hopes excited by the financial improvement* procured by them have fallen short of the reality. The total augmentation which had occurred in the company's army betwixt 1838 and 1846 amounted to above 100,000 men, with 834 E uro pean commissioned officers, at an extra charge of about a million and a quarter sterling. his does not include Queen's mop, of which there were in 1838 18 regiments, costing 236,9301., and in 1846, 26, costing about a million and a quarter, including war charges. The total reduction proposed, or already com pleted, amounts to four, not six, Queen's corps, as for merly understood; and as three European regiments have, within these seven years, been added to the com pany's army, this will leave us 4,000 more European troops than we possessed at the opening of the seven years war. The total reductions, Queen's troops in cluded,)smount to about 47,000 men, leaving us still an army stronger by . above 60,000 men than in 1838. The reductions in all will save the state about 1,116,0001. a year. The list of officers remains as be fore-834 stronger than in 1838 ; while the extremely young, the invalid, aged, and inefficient, have been withdrawn—leaving our army composed of picked soldiers, as perfect in discipline and appointments as any the world contains, and so strongly officered that it could be augmented to any amount our exigencies required at the shortest possible notice. On the north-west frontier above Meerut we have a force of 50,000 rank and file, with 100 guns,—in which are comprised three regiments of dragoons, eight regi ments of European infantry, and twenty-one com panies of artillery-10,000 Enropeans in all, in excel lent health and the highest pomade state of discipline. - - • - The utmost care has been bestowed in taking advan tage of the cool and healthy stations our now frontier leaves at our disposal, so as to keep the men in the highest spirits and finest condition; our most popular and convenient cantonments being on the n'ew line of defence. The total gain by recent arrangements is larger by much than was supposed. The military reductions amount, as already stated, to a million and a sixth ; the Lahore tribute to 220,0001.; the re venue from our newly-acquired districts to 400,0001.; the increased duty on opium gives 100,0001. ; saving by the prevention of smuggling along our north-west frontier 120,0001., or a grand total of precisely two millions sterling a year. Our net revenues have, since 1838, increased by above two millions ; our ex penditure ought scarcely to be larger now, unless on the account of Scinde and the greater magnitude of oar army, than in 1838, or about one million, leaving an estimated balance available for public purposes, were the sword "allowed to sleep in the scabbard, of nearly three millions sterling a year. In the Punjaub everything continues quiet as usua is l. An additional regiment of Europeans, H. M.'s 53rd, to be moved from Ferozepore to Lahore, IL M.'s 14th Dragoons from Umbrdlah occupying the quarters in Ferozepore vacated by the infantry. The Governor of Peshawar has forbidden the holding of durbars on Sundays, and the Lahore government have issued an intimation preventing all labour on public works. These things have been done spontaneously, in com pliment to us and our Sabbath : it is not a twelve month since we ourselves ventured on a similar measure in Bengal. The various tax-gatherers who had been complained against for oppressing the villagers have been dismissed. The Barber has of its ownaccord issued a proclamation against the practice of suttee ; and ano ther forbidding all requisitions by the army from the people such as were wont to be made. A tariff of charges for carriage and assistance of all kinds has been issued, at which troops may hire on the march from the villagers around. The people who had suf fered from the troops on their march into the Haza rd/ country were directed to be reimbursed from the local treasuries, and the officer commanding the troops was required to make good all that he and his men had made free with on pain of instant dismissal. As an evidence of the perfect tranquillity prevailing, our soldiers had got permission to visit the city of Lahore, from which hitherto they have wisely been excluded. Dost Mahomed has sent a vakeel from I Cabool to pay his respects to Major Lawrence st Lahore. He was very graciously received, and the l attaches of the embassy se hospitably entertained by the Sikh chiefs as to be unable next day to pre sent themselves in public. Though the old Ameer, to please the more inveterate of his subjects, is constantly talking of preparing to make war on us, his anxiety ever since his restoration to be on cordial terms with us is quite notorious. Before we expelled him from his country he declared his preference for our friendship before that of any power in existence, and his readiness to make any sacrifice for our sakes short of that of embroiling him self with all his neighbours. The sentiment seems never to have slept in his bosom through all his vicis situdes, and before another year is out we may look for an exchange of envoys betwixt Calcutta and Cabool. A steamer would leave on the 10th for Kurra chee, to remain at the disposal of Sir C. Napier, who will, it is understood, proceed in the course of the month with his family direct to Europe. The country generally is healthy—the troops anxious for the publication of the reliefs. The Indus flotilla has been disabled by the damage lately sustained by the Satellite. We have no particulars since our last in reference to the navigation of the river. The .Governor General has granted permission to Shandad Khan, one of the late Ameers of Hydmbad, to quit Surat, where he has hitherto been detained captive in the castle, to join his brethren in Bengal. The Ameer was subjected to separate confinement on being sus pected of having countenanced some attacks by the Beloochees on our river steamers. His guilt was never proved or admitted. It will be remembered that some time since Shere Mahomed, Ameer of Kbyr pore, surrendered himself to Colonel Lawrence, at Lahore, and experienced the kindness and sympathy due to his misfortunes. We have every reason to be lieve Lord Harding* as deeply alive to the injustice inflicted on the Smirk princes, and as anxious as any man to have the blot of the conquest cast on our annals removed, could he conquer the bugbear of consistency which constrains his friends to persist in wrong. The ex-ruler of Nepaul, after a quiet residence of some months within the British territory, about the end of July collected a force of Affghans and Nepaulese amounting to about 3,000, and entered his former dominions, in the belief that the army would join him, and his friends rise and assist him in regaining his authority. These hopes seemed to have been held out to him as a lure, with the view of placing him in the hands of his rival, and obtaining the destruction or dispersion of his followers, and the extinction of all hopes of restitution. Oa the 28th July, five regi ments sent from Katmandoo, under his own son and the Chief Justice of the Court of Right, to meet him, took his camp by surprise, and fell furiously on his troops about daybreak, leaving 100 (some accounts say 500) dead upon the spot, dispersing the rest, and carrying off the ex-king himself a prisoner. The British government have recognised the new ruler, and there is little likelihood of there being more dis turbances in this quarter for the present.—ln the dis tricts of Goomsoor and Golcondah, matters aremuch as formerly : there is perfect quietness at present, but we are assured by our Madras contemporaries that there is but small chance of its long continuance. We have so often had alarms from these parts which proved groundless or excessive, that we are content with good while it lasts. A party of the robbers who have occasioned of late so much annoyance in Raj pootanah, have been seized. Jowaheer, cousin of Dhoongur, the great leader, was overtaken in the desert by Lient. Showers. After stoutly defending themselves two were killed and seven made prisoners, including the chief. There have been at Bombay an unusual num ber of topics of interest and local agitation in the course of the mouth, of which the affairs of the Indian navy constitute the chief. The dentition of a frightful amount of departmental mismanage ment, by which government bad in the article et sail alone lost from five to ten thousand pounds a year, was mentioned in our last. It now appears that though warning after warning has been given, and complaint on complaint made, on the subject, ne heed has been paid to them. The neglect of the tied-ruc tion of the younger officers, and contempt of anything like the pursuits of science, were also referred to; sad it is now affirmed that ou the arrival of the pressa superintendent the libraries supplied by the mart et directors for the ship of instruction were sneered at, and the officers told they might find better employ ment for their time than reading a parcel of books: the superintendent seems not to read, and assuredly cannot write one word of English grammatically. la 1838 the court of directors positively forbade the em ployment of officers from the merchant navy so long as any of their own were unemployed: since 1839, eleven merchant seamen have been placed in berths over the heads of commissioned officers, numbers of whom are always idle. All regulations for discipline and advancement in the service have been abolished, and the favourites of the superintendent are hoisted into pls•es of preferment over all claimants — those not his favourites being treated as miadmais. The most absolute despotism and capricious tram, have endured till the whole service is in a state at avowed disgust. Instead of officers being informed of the charges the superintendent has against them, a system of tale-bearing and espionage is kept up beret and secret informations sent home to the court of directors, who thereon are induced to dismiss officers of merit from their service without the establishment of a single charge against them, or blemish attaching to their character, save in the imagination of their supreme commander. The case on which all this has been exposed is that of Lieut. Bird, an officer univer sally respected in the service, who had obtained sick leave to the Neilgherry hills, and on receiving some despatches which were expected to contain the announcement of his elevation to the rank of commander, found himself dismissed the ser vice without a trial or a charge. The let ter of the court, afterwards in part published, stated that they would have preferred trying him by court-martial, bat now removed him because he no longer enjoyed the confidence of the superintendent— that is, was not a toady or favourite ; reminding him that in 1843 the Cleopatra steamer had touched a coral reef while under his command, and that he had in 1845 given offence to Sir C. Napier. How these matters were reported at home cannot be known, but the fact is, that the Cleopatra touched the reef one night when it was the captain's hours of rest, the vessel being under charge of newly promoted officers from trading ships, no bottom being found a few fathoms off from the reef : for this he was tried by court-martial at the time, and fully and honourably acquitted. The offence given to Sir C. Napier was occasioned by the Berenice being sent to sea, to pre vent missing the overland mail from Bombay to Suez, when she had some dozens of earnp-stools on board which ought to have been lauded. Sir Charles was annoyed at first, but declared his entire satisfaction with Mr. Bird after the matter had been explained to him. The you nger officers of the navy having memorialised the court of directors on the subject, were summoned to the pre sence of the superintendent, and desired to withdraw their memorials, being told that if they declined they would be held guilty of mutiny, and tried by court. martial, a pretty clear sign the superintendent was conscious of the mischief he had done. A man satis fied that all was right would have best put down dis content by courting investigation, and when the charges against him were examined and shown to be groundless, punishing, if he thought fit, those who brought them. The officers persisted, and their me morial will reach England by the present mail Unless the present system of arbitrary and irrespon sible dealing be put an end to, the Indian navy will be utterly ruined. It will be recollected that it consists of between forty and fifty vessels of war, of which fifteen are seagoing, and twelve river steamers, the majority of the former being of from seven hundred and fifty to fourteen hundred tons burthen, and from two hundred and fifty to four hundred and fifty horse-power, of two sloops of war, four brigs, nix schooners, and three cutters, with an establishment of between one hundred and one hundred and fifty commissioned officers. These cost the country, tear and wear of vessels in cluded, above three hundred thousand pounds a year. The officer against whom all these complaints are made is Sir Robert Oliver, a post-captain in the royal navy, and who has for nine years occupied the post of superintendent of the Indian navy at a salary of four thousand pounds a year. He is understood to have great interest with the court of directors, and has long enjoyed the confidence of the local government, who respect his uprightness, zeal, assiduity, and decision, and are little competent judge of marine affairs. A more grievous system of tyranny and oppression than that now disclosed is nowhere to be found. Sir Robert Oliver is one of those old-fashioned gen tlemen who consider absolute authority and in cessant mystery-making indispensable to good government in the naval department of the service; and a mind naturally humane and upright seems to have become spoiled by the unlimited indulgence which so few can withstand. Some months since, he got government to refuse permission for the erection of buildings on ground about to be reclaimed from the sea, and promising to be productive of revenue to them, because it interrupted his view, though half a mile away from him. The proceedings of the Su preme Court have formed the next subject of agi tation. Sir Erskine Perry has, since the lamented demise of Sir David Pollock, acted as chief justice, and been the sole judge on the bench. He opened the criminal sessions by an address excellent in part, but which concluded by recommending savings banks amongst people who can neither rend nor write—have neither clothes nor habitations, and manage to support themselves on a few handfuls of vegetables and rice— for from such are the bulk of our criminals drawn; and jeered at the government as known only to the people rie collectors of taxes and punishers of crime. The last criminal sessions have been characterised throughout India as a string of indiscretions. Bom bay contains from three to four hundred thousand in habitants, and has of late years had two police courts and three judges: in the economy now prevalent, one judge has been retrenched and a court disabled, so that about six thousand cases have annually to be dealt with by a single tribunaL This measure has also been greatly censured. The Governor and Com mander-in-Chief of Bombay continue in the Deccan : they proceed to Satter& and the blahabuleshwar Hills after the rains, and return to Bombay in the cold weather. The Surat steamer, the property of the Bombay Steam Navigation Company, has just arrived: the Dwarka is immediately expected, and the Bombay is by this time on her way. Two other steamers are building at Bombay for the company, r who will then have six vessels on the coasting trade. The mail meant to have been despatched from Bom bay on the 27th, has been detained to the 31st August, the Overland Mail from London of the 24th July not I l having arrived till the evening of the 30th. The following are a few additional items of news : at Calcutta, the steamer Fire Queen had at last been sold, government being the purchaser for eighty-five thousand rupees.—Baboo Radhacaunt Date, an Rim of the general assembly's school, having satisfied him self of the truth of the Christian religion, and wishing to embrace it, had taken up his abode within the walls of the institution. Baboo Ramchand Butt, the father of the lad, had caused a writ of habeas corpus to be issued against Mr. Ogilvie, the superin tendent of the institution, founding the application grounded upon the minority of Radhaesant Letters from Tirhoot and Jessore state that the indigo prospects were much more favourable than bad been anticipated.—A despatch had been received at Madras from the court of directors, directing that servants of the government, civil and military, should abstain from interference with the religious concerns of the natives. This seems to have been in answer to the first memorial addressed by the Hindoos of Madras to the court of directors. A copy of the above-men tioned despatch had bees transmitted by the Bengal government to that of Madras, desiring certain parti culars on this interesting question.—Ragovaloo, the convert to Christianity, who had been long wavering between the faith of his fathers and that of his adop tion, had returned to his family. He was not, how ever, likely to be received back into the caste he bad forsaken. Our Hyderabad intelligence acquaints us (says the Madras Spectator of the 16th ult.) that an Arab un dergoing his trial before the court of Mahomed Fyzoolla drew a poignard on the judge, and would have injured him, bat that a person present inter rupted the blow, at the expense of a wound to him self. Three fingers of the latter party are said to have been cat off. The assailant was apprehended and sent tee the entices, from whence his fellow Arabs, instigated by their chieftains, were said to have formed a design of rescuing him by force ; the (utwal meanwhile preparing for resistance. In the first report of the matter conveyed to us it appeared that the culprit had been handed over to his chiefs, and government gained the credit of allowing that compromise. Later accounts, however, induce us to believe that, although the chiefs were very earnest in pressing for his transfer to them, they have not yet obtained the consent of the executive, which le re presented as strenuous in the maintenance of its authority. If the latter statement proves authentic, we shall hail iris an omen Of goocl things necoreer since such an example of ,resolute opposition, n the will of the Arabs is as novel, on the part of Or* Hy derabad government as it is necessary to the presets vatioa of order and the administration of justice in t 111• 16.i for bad be gnha ginm as pp a l y s a tl us of te are an . Le e in x t e t r h us c e is& c h T can w th h at o a leso it p m ro ulA e p y e vi r i?e nn eene b ; cation of the Nizam's authority ever his mercenaries would soon cause the turbulent spirit of the capital to subside. From current transactions we learn that the loan project has not been altogether abandoned. Some of the Sonars are still contemplating the com pletion of their proportion of the loan, amounting to thirty-three lakha of rupees, but they want an assur ance for the repayment from Rajah Snmboo Purshadi who hesitates about compliance with their demand, well knowing that he is but the agent of another hear tiei ln rtt d ana tha ycoa t nu h rthe e reo can nricety n wi e n i as th th e eh r own ediallipttiohicyntsthihisassimhz signed. e . A l n yuL ti nor e x ert e y i Ali Khan and Mr. Dighton, towards the close of last month, and some arrangement may then Poolb l Y have been entered into. 'fhe two latter parties are to provide 17 lakha of rupees, if their original design ohfolLoclard r good binutgethis, which is, is lep a e s n be d f o o n re th sta e co ted n , curr a : v a ri es uncertain matter. Loss OP THE STEAMER CLEOPATRA, AND NEARLY 300 Livas.—The circumstances attending the destruction of this ill•fated vowel will meet likely ever remain a mystey. The Cleopatra, it is stated, from her peculiar for m o f build and other circumstances, was not so well adapted fur the ea- via in which she was commissioned as others. She mea sured nearly SOO tons burthen. and carried four guns. She steamed from Bombay en the 14th of April last, with orders fur Singapore, and had on board nearly 200 convicts. Her crew comprised 70 persons, the chief portion of whom were Europeans. There was also a detachment of Marines on board, who had the safe keeping of the convicts. Amongst the officer' in charge of the ship ma ho mentioned —Captain J. A. Young, Commander ; Lteut. Eden, Lieut. Ralph, Mr. F. W. Nott, Mr. T. G. Carr Wing-master (son of the Venerable Bishop of Bombay), and Mr. J. Seedy, son of Captain Seedy, R. N. Four days after the departure from Bombay, a fearful hurricane came which continued with unabated violence three days—the 17th, 18th, and 19th. Great havoc was occasioned in all directions among the shipping. It is very probable that the Cleopatra had, at the time of encountering the storm, reaclwd the Malabo,: coast, off which, tkere is too much sewn to I*