The Express. — London, England, 1851-08-23 00:00:00

LITERATURE. 3foratoos or Latter Day Sointo; a Cullom/wary flish.ra. 011iee of the National Illustrated Library. 19S, Strand. Wu suppose that there is no breach of anybody's confidence in saving that this volume is the produc tion a l)r. Charles Mackay. That clear and liberal minded writer had his attention directed to the "Mormons" when engaged on an inquiry into the question of " labour and the poor" at Liverpool. The result is before us in a very interesting and curious history. Though, by-the-bye, we must protest in lintine against " Joe ginitles being called, as he is both in the title page and in the advertisements, the "American Mahomet." In the present state of European knowledge and European opinion, any such view of %Memel as is implied in a comparison of him to our present hero the founder of Nlonnon ism, can only appear very- illiberal and very ignor ant : of course, this observation does not apply to the author, but only to the humbler functionary who ever he was, who hit on this unfortunate piece of clap-trap, and who, doubtless, is innocently un conscioua of all that has been said about the old Arabian prophet from Grotius and Reland to Wash ington Irving. Now-a-days this sort of thing ought to be left to told women and the authors of university prize essays. Who are the Mormons—and what have they done? The Nlornions are a sect called formally the Latter- Day Saints, numbering 31/0,101) people, and occupy ing a state in America called lkseret, in New Cali fornia—nearly as large as England. They have a thorough organisation, spiritual and temporal, and aro as prosperous as, und perhaps superior in their energy to. any body of people living. Now here is what a contemporary would calla " great fact." Ikre we have a certain result accomplished which certainly is a good one. For if work be the distinctive feature of the age, as everybody pronounces it, here arc the hest workers • if faith be the distinctive avant of the age, as everybody saes likewise, a hy, here arc the latest body of men who have fought and suffered for the faith that thee profess. Accordingly. if we want to know %hue :Mormonism means (which, we appre hend to be the Object of sensible people), we must begin by recognising it as a real product of the age. Let us try and forget that poor Joe Smith is called a " prophet." The contrast between the words " prophet " and " Smith" indeed is such as to be peireptible to people of very (ordinary powers of humour—in fact, might readily afford delight to what Thackeray calls a " boorish wag." Perhaps, also. no history would be so attractive to, so provoca tive of the powers of, tenth-rate Gibbons' and tenth rate Voltaire as this history of Nlormomism. Let us leave all that kind of thinebehind 114, and, imitating the impartiality which we are happy to say charac terises l)r. Mackay's narrative. endeavour to learn what there is to be learned from this singular phenomenon. Joseph Smith was horn the son of poor farmer people in Sharon, Windsor, county Vermont, United States, in the year Dee:). lie seems to have been des tined to be a farmer, and to have grown up in an obscure enough way. It is important to notice that his youth was spent in the midst of all sort of secta rian din—in the wildest hubbub of contending sects. Ho was quite uneducated, it would seem also. Coupling these facts we shall he able to guess what strange shapes auv devotional impulses of his would be likely to take. Now, what sort of devo tional impulses had he ? That he had some such appears perfectly clear. Dr. Mackay considers hum to have behoved in his own mission long after waAs. And the fact is perfectly plain that in his youth he had a genuine interest in the subject of religion. We heir of his having "visions" and believing in divine communications--sick delu sions certainly—hut the capability of experiencing that form of delusion, shows the possession of the feeling. A man will scarcely fancy that lie Potts an angel who does not believe that angels exist : Luther would not have flung his inkstand at the devil unless a previous faith had convinced him that this appa rition was likely to be really the fiend. Or, to use another illustration, the sheerest hypochondriac who imagines himself made of glass, moist have been tolerably impressed with the reality of glass before hand. 'We should be inclined to say, therefore, that poor Joe Smith had some basis sf devotiontil feeling as the foundation of his character. This must be taken into account of course along with turbid ignorance and all the unfortunate facts of his position us life—if it be as. 'lined his influence on masses of people will be natural enough and—historically viewed—by no rut an. impress dented. But simply saying that he was a sheer unpo , tor will account fur nothing; sheer impostors don't take that line of hu.iness. No form of fanaticism whatever has as yet procet did from Capel-court, or been founded by a low attorney. However. it was not long before Joe developed himself in a manner not to be applauded as far as purt of it is concerned. For it is now that we Legin to hear for the first time of the - Book of Mormon, which gave its name to the sect. In 1n27 the news went about, that. inspired by a vision, he bad searched under ground and found some " plates, ap parently of god." This immediately attracted attention. What and whence were the " plates?" Joe sod Joe's disciples 'one or two of whom now made their appearance:. asserted that they contained, written in Egyptian characters., what may be de scribed as an additional Bible : but here is its de scription by Parks- P. Pratt. one of the " apostles :" The 11 soli of Mormon euutains the history of the ancient inhAitints of .trn. wets a breech of the house of of Joseph; of whom the Indians are still a r• 7tir.st ! . but the principal nation of thins having (.open in b.itth . in the fourth or fifth century, one of their prophet.. wlt se name was Mormon, saw at to molts an abridgment of tht.r ltistory, their proplise;es, aid it dot trine, which hi engraft' on plats*, and afterwards faux Lain, the f.:l into the hands of Lib inn Moroni, oho, tieing hunted be bis enemies. was dirceted to dept-it the record safely is; tea earth. with a promise from God that it should Ist preserewd. dud slivuld be brought to loan in the latter days of wino. of a ta,xttilr tuaisw• wbv should P.Cb% the land *re mode shout the year 420, on a bill thin cc'.. che....riu county, where it was peewees artery until it 0.. s brought to light by no less than thi ministry of rug' le. and translated by inspiration. Aud tat street Jcliotati bore mord of the came to amen • :Lwow*, %Liu &fiats it to the world. This is an odd account oertaiuly. The book in question is extant iu a single volume in the British Museum: it is dead) nothing but en imitation of scriptural language, and as little like an inspired wolk as possible. Now, how are we to account fur its production ? The American oppouenta of the met dee that it is fouuded on u historical romance, wriven by an American author some 'ears before smith. tcmc. 1./r. Mackay gives the statements of all pl.rt:es on the in Itter, and decides in favour of the let'. r of accounting fur it. We certainly agree with him; Joe Smith's minsion thus commences its fitkie • career tain•ed with fraud- Fraudulent tit was in the external pirapArriviliti of his Itissim on starting. But we must remember that this invention of the "Book of Mormon" was not the sole caw* of his influence: the essence of the mote slits in this. that belief in the " Book of Mor mon" involved a belief in the Bible itself—a conti nheion or supplement to which it professed to be. If he was socceostill. he succeeded by virtue of what was Rood in his work. not what was - had in it. Per haps At most consistent way of explaining his pro ecedinßa to suppose that. with an honest intention of doing a good work, he adopted what was frandu- hat as strategy to help Lim on in it. Utter rotten- I nes- tbarut..? we should be loathe to impute to an 'nigh) from which good to many of our fellow r''.`:ttara his conic. Pity rather belongs to the hide. skinewd. wild-heartid Yankee—pour semi-in spired bkekhead, and semi-devout knave! A: all events. there were hundreds of his country who did believe good of him, who. living near 1 1. :bright him stiil an inspired superior being. To .run!,n‘ns he preached constantly , and, a• far as we men Presehed a form of Christianity—preached dogmatic doctrines of Christianity—dwelling ta' 4 h on one article of his doctrine, a coming milk's " Mae." Joe taught, "are the latter days." ;Le"Rtipg millennium? What is that but a form of "*" Pia Progress doctrine—the "good time coin- Ina —which the verse of Ili. Mackay has circulated re v.i laWTtlY ? We think that we should not be . . rwroft. in definirg this rel4ion of the Mormons flhatical or irupernatural form of the Pr= a xtrine. Their hymn s , for in s tance, are the THE EXPRESS, SATURDAY EVENING, AUGUST 23, 1851. productions, yet strictly suited to their time and audience. Take the fullinsing: I'm a Saint, I'm a Saint, on the rough world wide, The earth is my home; and my Go I is any guide! Up, lip, with the truth, 1,1 its ismer henai the knee; I am s, lit, I ant omit, and ,11VAti1111 is ft,. ' I fear not old priesteraft, its dogmas can't awe: I've a chart for to steer by, that tells me the law, — And nc'er as a coward to falsehood I'll kneel, While Nlormon tells truth, or God'', prophets reveal! Up. up, with the truth, let its power touch the mind, And I'll warrant we'll soon leave the selfish behind. Lp, up, with the truth, let its power bend the knee, I am sent ! I am sent ! dying Bab'lun, to thee, I am sent ! I am sent ! take this warning and flee. Or the jingling verses that succeed to it : The God that others worship is not the God fur me ; lie has no parts nor body, und cannot hear nor sec But I've a God that lives a`save— A God of Power and of Love— A God of Itevelation—oh, that's the God for me ; Oh, that's the God for me ; oh, that's the God for me ! A church without apostles is not the church for me ; ' It's like a ship damaged, afloat upon the sea ; But I've a church that's always led By the twelve stars round its head ; A church with good foundations—oh, that's the church for me ; Oh, that's the church for me ; oh, that's the church forme. There is something painfully ludicrous about this; yet we must remark that in proportion to its appa rent ridiculousness must be the faith of the poor fellows who conceive it a fit embodiment for what is saddest and most earnest in their being. To resume Joe's history. The first location which his followers found was in Jackson county, Missouri. Here they bean to thrive, as indeed they thrived everywhere, famously. But there were rival sects end fierce persecution to contend with. Methodists, baptists, and Camplellites were furious against them; l a wild party of these zealots dragged Joe from his bad at night, and tarred and feathered hint, In May, 15.31. the community left Missouri, and migrated to Illinois. Here they built their city, Nauvoo, or "the Beautiful," a city with a large temple for their worship, with 15,090 inhabitants, with, indeed, every prospect of a peaceful and prosperous existence. Joe I was the spiritual and temporal head of the place. and was now at the summit of his carver. But in testine discord began. One " Sidney Higdon " broached a scandalous doctrine about "spiritual wives." An anti-Smith faction started a newspaper called the "Nouse° Expositor," and calumniated the chief vilely. Joe's admirers destroyed the office in a riot; the newspaper people fled to the neighbouring town of Carthage, and applied fur a warrant against Joe and his rether Hiram. They surrendered themselves on a promise of protection from the governor—Ford, and while in prison, waiting tltcir trial, were murdeted by a mob of their enemies, who broke in on them armed with muskets. Joe at tempted to escape by , the window, was struck by two bullets, and fell oat on the ground. They propped his body against a well that stood there, and shot at it again. This was on the 2:tit of June, 1 , 411, when Joe was 39 years of age. After Joe's death troubles increased. The Mor mons had to wander away westward. and their ene mies reduced the town of Nauvoo to ashes. They crossed the Mississippi, and set out for the " Great Salt Lake City," away beyond the Rocky Moun tains. By everybody's admission this passage is one of the most extraordinary things on record. They began their march in mid-winter, when the " cold was intense." they suffered, from cold, and ague, and plague, and hunger, and the Indians ; and they ended by founding another city, and establishing what is now a most flourishing and prosperous state. For a very interesting detail descriptive of this ppaas+ssaage, we refer the reader to the description of a Colonel Kane of the United states, quoted in Dr. Mackay's history, at great length. (See p. 190 to 241.) This history is written from the liberal point of view, and in the whole in a strong spirit of sympathy. Dr. Mackay preserves a neutrality in speaking of Joe Smith," the extraordinary founder of this movement ; he hesitates to consider him an irredeem able impostor; and as far as we can see cannot hate Joe" 'heartily. Ilis tone is calm and cautious generally. The style is perspicuous, lively, and chaste. By the by, let UN note an error which lie lies committed in one part of the work. He talks of "SoameJenyns, whose life was writen by Dr. Johnson," Dr. Johnson never wrote a biography of Soame Je nyns who died in 1757, three years offer the doctor. Nor is there anything to couple their names but the fact, that when herons published his Inquiry into the Origin of Evil, Johnson most mercilessly and brilliantly exposed its preteution and emptiness, in the best of all his reviews. We refer our readers to this interesting volume fur a fuller account of the Mormon history. That the movement is one of the greatest ...,f modern times cannot be denied; that it is genuine as a belief nobody can doubt. Nor will a deep inquirer hesitate to admit that—monstrous and uncouth as is the shape it has assumed—the real spirit of the belief itself is another instant* of the vitality of the protestant faith. That the said sloap should be so questionable —that real devotional feeling should find so strange and apparently deformed an embodiment in the 19th century is an instructive commentary on the way in which orthodoxy does its work. As a recent writer in lb, fthold Iftrds on the subject remarked: Orthodoxy should consider whose fault it is that Joe Szaithism could crset itself into a sect : orthodoxy should look at the three hundred thousand souls, and, refl. et on them. The ruling powers of the world should stoop to learn lessons of these things. Balsam learned somethinu very important from the speaking of his poor ass. The ass saw the angel when respectable Bulaam could nut. In Roman history, when anything terrible was happening to the republie, we find —6/.03 lorotas est! Things are bad in deed when the very us has to have his say! An observation which seems to us to be a key to the whole movement. The thatoe, of Greece, frog the Earliest Records e 0 ehr Close of the l'eloponessmu , War. By E. Pococut, Sir Lion t- Noon Tsn.ruc all, JOHN T. Burr. Esq., and the Rev. J. B. 0rn..., M A. (funning Vol. XV. of the Second Edition of the " Eivveopedia Metropolitan."). Griffin and Co., Loudon and iribuirow. The annals of literature do not record an enter prise of loftier or more liberal aim than that which proposed and accomplished the production of the Entycloptedia Metropolitan." '.ever before had commercial skill and resource dared to venture upon an alliance at once so changeful and honourable as that which then united them with a band of philo sopher*. historians, and poets, large enough to repre sent in full-orbed splendour the culture, power, and progress of the age. But this last thought—the idol of pr.fgress—is fatal to the finality of any literary work not resting its claims exclusively upon the force of genius or the refinements of taste. The moving world carries men's thoughts forward with it ; new : events and new necessities impel men on the ! one hand to re-explore the records of human experience ; and. on the other, to search out new dis coverless in nature, and find new power. in art. To keep paoe with knowledge thus expanding in two ! directions, to escape the risk of becoming a mere' way-mark of a past age, it is necessary that our en evelopsedias should find, in the skill and ability of tlisir proprietors, a sort of sap. capable of endowing i l them with sufficient organic life to throw off effete elements and assimilate new nourishment from the materials lying around. The world cannot afford to lose the vast treasures of profound instruction and • brilliant thought laid up in such a stork as the '• Masi tropulitana." containing treatises which, if lost, no money could reproduee; but• while some of the ar ticks included in that work could only be touched to be spoiled, there are others, nut perliaps inferior to them at first, which cannot be reprinted in their original state. The sense in which the present pro prietors of the " Metropolitana" have comprehended their duty to its authors. to the public, and to their property, deserves unqualified praise. In proposing to publish a second edition they have not followed the accustomed course of bringing the work down" to the present date of science by notes contradicting the text. or interposed parenthetical sentences destroying all continuity of thought. Some treatises have been re-written, of course. by the original authors, some have been replaced by worthier productions. and the whole mass of materials has been redeemed from the confusion of an alphabetical arrangement and ordered methodically under sub jects. The stately but inconvenient quarto form has also been abandoned for a portable size ; a broad page displays the text in a bold type, with the convenience of sidj notes, and an abundance of really pertinent illustrations. Of coarse this arrangement renders separate Malodors accorible to the public, and thus extends their utility Ihr beyond the class able to command the entire encyclopaslia. The large heart of Coleridge would have dilated meld he have seen the work in whi,h he felt so much intereq so th wor thily brought before the wiin. 1 The " Early History of tin ece " just published in the second edition appears under the care of Mr. , Poeocke, one of the original contributors, and in cludes lalfourd's Life of Alcibiades, and his beautiful 'papers on the Grecian painters and sculptors; Mr.. ; Ottley's amusing account of the social life of the ' ancients; and his lives of Lyeurgus, Dram, and Solon. The volume opens with an examination of the strange influence of a wild mythology over a race so man- , culine in intellect as the Greeks. The legends of the gods and heroes, so intimately mingled with the traditions of the Hellenic nation, are next eloquently ' and simple related by the aid of the Homeric poems. Upon this portion of the work Mr. Pococke has brought to bear the inferential results of German philology, and throws great light upon the origin of the Greeks by identifying their myths with the remote Indian theogonies. In execution this chapter is as skilful as it is unpretending, and it may be usefully contemplated as an instance of learning without pedantry, and a criticism which knows when to believe as well as when to doubt. The history, properly so called, succeeds ; then the aesthetic and so ' ctal chapters already mentioned; and an ample chro ' nology closes the work. The engravings, which are of the first order, are one hundred and forty in ' number. We can only, in conclusion, express our gratification that the " Paievelopiedia Metropolituna" I has fallen into the hands of men able and willing to ' make not only the most, but the best of its capabili s lities ; for under no other circumstances could such ; a volume as this be offered to the public under double the price. for distinguishing these two gentlemen we have not met with before, :mil believe it to be original Ile tinyn fisappointed indeed a ill the public be if the government do not recommend her I Majesty to he graciously pleased, as a special mark of national favour, to cooler on them, as an heredi tury boon of honour to their respective families, the dignity of a baronetcy. The addition of Crystal le fore their respective surnames, thus—Sir Joseph Crystal Paxton, Bart.; Sir Charles Crystal Fox, Bart.—would, probably, not be too great a distinctive mark of honour, in order to associate their 1111111C9 with the Exhibition." Titles and names are so much matters of taste, that we can give no opinion upon this matter, though, if Messrs. Paxton and Fox do not object to the proposition, we du do not see why ;the world should. THE AGRICULTURAL DISTRICTS. EXPERIMENTAL FARMING.-RURAL PROSPEC7S. An incident of thepast fortnight in the rural world has been Mr. Meches yearly gathering together of guests at Tiptree in Essex, to view his farming establishment and his crops, and to witness Home trials of foreign agricultural implements, or at least implements of foreign origin. The reported trials of, implements arc interesting, so fur as they relate to'. novel mechanism. In trials of American ploughs against English ploughs, the result is, us every agri culturist who has even the transatlantic implement, and knows aught of the state of husbandry in the United States, would expect, namely, that the Ame rican plough is of light draught and performs its work roughly, and in a way that no English flintier would think of ploughing his own land. This merely proves that the American implement is adapted to the actual state at which American husbaudry has arrived, which does not require the deep ploughing and elaborate cultivation which are the only means of successfully managing an English farm. How far it might be better for the American farmers to adopt our more efficient tillage is a matter for their s own consideration and experiment, and will, we doubt not, receive ample attention from the intelli gent American agriculturists who are now in this country. It is mere pedantry to institute compari sons between implements of different countries, or even different localities, and to determine on their absolute merits, without reference to the local pecu liarities to which they have been adapted. It is to trials of implements which circumstances render likely to prove useful additions to our own agricul tural machinery that the practical fanners of thin country will look with most interest; and such a trial is that of the reaping machines made at Mr. Mechi's farming feast. The reaping ma chine which proved successful, that of Mr. M.Connack, of the United States, is said to be ca pable of reaping 20 acres of corn a day ; and assum ing that to be a correct statement, the subject of reaping by machinery becomes one of great interest to our farmers. Ner is this machine, should it be found successful in constant WW, s, costly as to prevent its general adoption, the price being about gat. or 30/. Many circumstances concur at this time to render it important to the advancement of hus bandry, to expedite and cheapcin the getting in the harvest. In the first place, there has always been difficulty in obtaining hunds entmb, the lahour of the several districts being seldom sufficieet for the purpose, so that most of our corn-growing comities have depended upon strangers, chiefly on Irish la- Isimera, for housing their groin. Recent events in Ireland have greatly lessened the supply of Irish la bour, and there seems to be every probability that henceforth we shall year by year receive less assist ance from that qearter in harvesting the grain grown in England and Scotland. If grain can be reaped by machinery, it will greatly lessen the pressure upon the flamer in the mummer season, when everything wants immediate attention ; and one most valuable result of releasing his labourers from the toil of reaping by hand will be the greater force he will have at his disposal for' hoeing the root crops. In the southern parts of ' England, where, from the nature of the climate, turnips cannot be sown so early as in the north, tur nip hoeing is almost invariably interrupted by hea ve:sit work, and is thus either performed imperfietly or left altogether undone. And root cropping must necessarily he extended as farmers become, as they are rapidly becoming, alive to the necessity of in creasing the bulk of their grain crops, which can only be done by improved tillage and addit • I manure, to be obtained mainly by more root and • green cropping. We do not see any statement of the debtor and en:- ditor account of his farming operations, which, under the taunts of his rural critics, Mr. Mechi is under stood to have promised to the world, but that per I imps is necessarily postponed until a later periml of I the year. That experimental farming should be profitable farming is by no means necessary to en- • !title men, who undertake to try new plans :it'd prac tices, to the thanks of the agricultural community. Their efforts arc like those of the experimental chemist or met:ha:list, they educe principles, they show what may be done by means of mound agents or new machinery, arid it is the business of the ! practical :farmer, knowing what can be done, to lOW ' whether he can perform it profitably. This should be kept steadily in view, as otherwise the often 'sanguine expectations and partial fail ures of, the rural experimentalists are as likely to bring really useful and new practices into disrepute with prohssional fanner', us to induct them to vary their established routines. Of this Mr. Meehi is an ' example. Ile has adopted and advocated many plans which he has subsequently found it well to abandon, and while stimulating, to a certain extent, - the spirit of inquiry amongst the farmers of his dis trlct, he has also excited not a little acrimonious opposition. With one exception, however, there is POSTAGE ON BOOKS TO NOVA SCOTIA.— nothing more in Mr. Meehi's farming than Ilia of General rust-office, August, 1/431.—The Lords of her Ma- many others who have not sought or obtained noto jetty'. Treasury having authorises!, by warrant, the eaten- . ' sacra to Nova Scotia of the reduced rates of postage, and the n"Y• Ile drains deeply; he deepens his soil, than regulations recently established for hooks trsinsm:tted by roughly cultivates it, and supplies it largely with the Post to the British colonies in the West Indies, &c., in manure of the best quality ; and all these things an future all printed books, lIIBBBZi/WB, reviews, and pamphlets constant) and quietly done by hundreds and thou (whether British, colonial, or foreign), may be sent by post I sands o f farmers, who make no noise, and are in between the United Kingdom and Xuva Atone, at the bil lb rat , portage, t . e d, ihie k et hot auenced only by the natunsl motive of making their lowing exceediug lb. in weight, rid. ;ditto, exceeding ; and business pay. The novelty in his system consists of , not exceeding I lb., ; ditto, eaceeding l lb., and not cx- rearing sena feeding cattle, and feeding sheep and seeding 2 it., 2s. ; ditto, exceeding 2 lbs., and not exceed- pigs on boards, that is, on a sort of train: lista 3 1 1 / 9 , 3,. ; and so on, increasing one shilling for every work over a vault, into which their drop additional pound or fraction of a pound ; provided, how- . full and remain, until the accumulation of ever, that the following conditi , ms be carefully observed : Pmg% 1. Every such packet must be sent without a cu- three or four months is removed. The objects of, ver or in a cover open at the ends or sides. 2. It must this plan are to avoid the neceseityof using the straw contain a single lomat only (whether printed book, of the farm for litter, and to apply it, when cut up magazine, review, or pamphlet), the several . sheets into chaff, to the feeding a much larger number of or parts thereof, where there are more tnan one, animals than could otherwise be kept from the pro being sewed or hound together. 3. It must not exceed two feet in length, breadth, width , ur depth. 4 . It must have duce of tee farm. But even this does not enable such no writing or marks upon the cover, or its contents, except a quantity of live stock as Mr. Mechi feeds to be kept I the name and address of the person to whom it msy be sent. without large purehases of meal and similar food. It 3. The postage must be prepaid in full, by affixing outside merely saves the purchaing of straw for litter, which, the packet or its cover, the proper number of stamps. If a ft er asan i y i t l h l, in - g e l l se st as by ch fa e rm apl ( Lan u el l, c , on k % ,. .. t en p ien rn t ' bo st u o tt charges) 4 o ti f thsehaablzotte,ae:annddititomresubt.dva.ialoautcedh,inthaellpare,kpie,ctinsust Te.be prevent any obstacle. to the regular trahismis.ion of letter., than their own straw will provide litter for. Who-' any officer of the Post-office may delay the transmission of tier this plan, of which Mr. Huxtable was the first I say such picket fur a time not exceeding 24 hour from the modern exponent—fur the plan is not new —will an time at which the sum', would otherwise have been for swer th . e . urrat: of individual .. farmer , ii is a subject warded by him. As no book 01:18 be sent by any route which would entail an expense transit postage on the for intlivi uu calculation ;it is simply a question of department, these regulations apply only to hooks, &c. sent pounds and pence. But that it is a Plan which will by the British contract packets direct to Halifax. The be extensively adopted we do not believe; and there i above instructions are not to extend to or interfere with the are various objections to it. One reporter of transmiscion of printed votes and proceedings of parliament, Mr . Nee ds meeting sap, " Some difficulty / • 8 s ti ll or of printed pepsin allowed to pass by the post under the ' newspaper privilege, all of which will continue subject to found in fixing the ammonia evolved from the pig ', the existing regulations. genes;" and this we believe to be an insuperable ob- Barret oe Poaeolseti aT PLYnoette—On Fri- jeetion to this plan, and will effectually prevent all day morning information was given that seven on eight who wish to see their stock living in comfort from I porpoises which had come up Lora on the previous night at adopting it. High keep—and r. Meal * * scale of eleven cl, kk, had remained there in a deep pit just above • tig is very high—will doubtless counteract the • M o' the iron bridge, during low water. and were at that tint e ((ten, a.m.) to be seen rolling about just below Rahn= injurious tendency of the bad atmoaphere in which Point. Two spurting gentlemen immediately went afloat, the animals live : it Ls certain that for that purpose and with the aid of three other boats, were enabled by extra food must be given, which is so far a dedue "libelling occasionally with their oar., to keep the d on from profit. • porpoises from going down with the tide, until about n en it is, to sat the least, doubtful whether ar , one o'clock, when the water had so (Sr receded that 'the depth under the bridge did not admit of their large a p ro p ortion of feeding stock is the most profit passing until the tide again Sowed. The tort* of boats able mode of raising grain. The question the pro*. was now considerably augmented, and spectator s and tical farmer asks is, what does each two-year-old shooters crowded the bridge and neighbouring quays with every description of fire-arms that could be obtained ewer, reared and fed in this way coat ? and the an at the momeht. The word was now given to row up et, when given, will probably show that there is a in line, and commence the attack—bullets, marbles, and loss on feeding each animal which must be carried Snggethoni /we to Reward a!? th. EsAibitore. By STEY/11111 shot flew about as thick as hail ; and as often as one took to the account of the grain. 'I his is the main de tit ay. Adams. effect, it was followed by loud cheers, until up turned feet in the system of many of our best far- The writer of this pamphlet, foreseeing that to dis- i one of tke laze" porpoocs in its last struggle, which, men of the eastern counties and elsewhere, who miss all the exhibitors in good humour to their homes I tared b y d us i a l l ie t . e m ,L t i d , o h n f a i' earlf.rns n pot fm nuf : l 7, regard their animals as manure-making machines, next October, will require much tact and delicucy,l„,„n, n ) ::„ l t „:: ashore. Hoetamee werenow m . 0.. merely, and are content to feed them at a loss, or at has come forward, like a man of public spirit, with his Imerited, and a. (Attu as any of these monsters showed their all events with no profit, for the sake of the manure. quota of advice. He sees that the M.LO2 difficulty dorsal him and huge hacks above the water they disappeared The s tock; of fat steck is relatively lower than that of will be with that great body who cannot be claosed as quick:, after receiving two or three additional bullets; store the farmer who louisahead will inquire the n,,t re t urn i ng tide more pr i t ad „en end ia t i, o d f .ri urr . r ii sgost, amongst the most mentoriuus, and thinks that their but whether he cannot by keeping a breeding stock e patriottsm and loyalty in coming forward on the first others took t h e a d v ." e of the K eg o f water, an d met h secure all the advantages in the way of manure he j proposition of the commissioners ought not to go un- their escape. Their length eras as follows lift could obtain by feeding seek. This he will ea sly , rewarded. He therefore proposes to consider the ! 2iu. ; second, 11 ft. lin. ; third, lOn. pia. The weight of do by keeping hie breeding stock in high condition,' lath of October as the morrow of a at battle whoa No. 2 was within a few pounds of b cwt.; and the girth be tween eight and nine feet. The skin is thick, tough, and whiCh is the true way of making it profitable. By the spoil is distributed. Of course Prince Albert, as Mr. Medd'', plan, and inde'e ' d by any system which soft, mach resembling India rubber, and makes, when cotnmander-in-chief, should take the largest share; mant a, sertioeable overcoats; inside there is a coat- adopts house feeding exclusively, the farmer ignores but as, in Mr. Geary's view, he can receive no more' iwg of blubber about two inches deep, which, when boiled, the advantages of manuring his land by means of than he already possesses, Albert-gate might be con- =Oil* excellent W.l.—Exeter paper. folding his sheep upon the land, and this has been,' stituted an ornamental commemorative arch, and, Cohoxi.u. WOOD GLIODS.—So large a quantity of and is, one of the main elements of agricultural im be surmounted with a statue. The rank and timber and wood goods generally has been unloaded in the provement in this country. On the light soils sleep wood i, that exertion, arrived from British North file should receive a medal, to be made of cry ' s- can be folded and fed on the land throughout the tallised saver, in a star-like form. To the ° ar m:mnnow muisoritio have bees on Amut tbe p rm art shite of the in d o ec rd k er an t t . vear, and on the stronger soils they may also be so and staff special rewards should be given, especially, obtain the measurement and Arial mem= of the goods in rowed and fed during the summer and autumn to Mr. Paxton sad Mr. Fox. Mr. Geary's propose) Mae to meet the requirements of the trade. months. And a breeding flock well fed will be of FINE ARTS. THE New REMORANOT AT TILE NATIONAL LEltY.—The trustees of the National Gallery seem to be thoroughly following out the Scotch principle that " every little makes a mickle." By slow degress, and at protracted periods, insignificant additions are made to the too scanty store of the national collec tion. We have naught to say against the snail's pace at which the advance is made; on the contrary, the slower the speed in the present direction the, better. The fact is, we have quite as many Dutch and Flemish pictures as we want just now. The only reason which can be given for the late purchase I - 'poems to be that an over-anxiety exists to have in time a round dozen of Itembrandts, without much care whether they are imitortant or valuable. If we were to have an old Jew staring at as uncomfortably out of a canvas, why not have done the thing handsomely, and have acquired the Turbaned nubbin sold last year at the King of The World in its Workshop ; a Critical Examination of Holland's sale. There was something unequivocally Me Fabrics, Machinery, and Works or Art contained In fine in his swaggering gait, and sparkling in his the Great Exhibition. By JAMEY WARD. W. S. Orr puckered visage. Something of the kind is doubt and Cu. less still to be traced in the portrait which has just' This volume is a second edition of one lately pub- ous ted lished under the title of " The Wealth of the World the its companion . from its wonted nook in 1 pant the collection. But, even in the comparison here in its Workshops." It is not without difficulty that challeng ed , the advantage is decidedly in favour of we have gathered from the somewhat vaguely- our lira[ worded and uninethodical, although rather clever, acquaintance. In Jew nailer one, the Co. is clear, mellow, and done, if the expression i intreduction, written for the present edition, the fact a l lowable, ht at one go; Hebrew number two, that this is an attempt to aid its readers—whether tin over the manufacturer, the artisan, or the consumer— t • contrary, is obscure, smudgy, and scumbnal. Evidently the painter himself was to gain some actually available benefit from dissatisfied with the result ; the head seems their visits to the Glass Palace; for, maintains Mr. to be a fixture to the wall, a gainst which Ward at the outset, "take the mass of what are according to the shadow, he , was nin g. called, practical, minds, as a body they are nearl y Beneath the grey splotch which surrounds the y ellow as inapt to appreciate and apply improvements as the toque, is still visible the form of a head-dress , ori mere loungers and idlers who saunter through the chiefly much larger. And finally, Rembranes 'round , treasure-stored avenues of the building. They will hand hignature, which seems generally with him an look with perhaps a shrewder eve at the several ob- exulting flourish, is omitted as well as the date. 3001. jests upon the production of which they may . have is, it is said, the figure at which this picture was been partially engaged; but the result, in a majority knocked down to the trustees. Let us hope that the' of eases, will prove little more than a ne g ative ; the y little portrait of Van Eyck, which is also announced must wait for the thinking few to lead them, fron t 114 a p . urchaw, is on th e . whole a less . rash bargain. whom all practical know:edge of a valuable nature is derived." Having premised that we are not Ramat:me Caerooxs.—A Russian gentleman, answerable for the construction of the preceding M. Louchinanoff, has just opened to the public, at the sentence, which is copied rerltatim front tztge Music-hall, Store-street, a series of pictures, said to be 2 a the "Introduction ," we cannot but think the original sketches of the cartootibut lampton-court. that this book is not eminently calculated to Like oar precious cartoons in composition, and attain the object in view. Useful it may, and we identical in number, these certainly are, but hope will, prove to many ; but front the frequent use beyond this all similarity ceases. The de er the term " practical' in the introduction, the . signs are feeble, the colouring flimsy, and reader is naturally led to expect something more of i the expression null. Every one who more or method—something more "practical" in the book less frequents places where art is gathered, itself than is to be found there. To give an Inatome like any other matter of merchandise, knows how —Wh ere little more than 100 pages are divided glowingly . are described the beauties, imaginary • into 13 different chapters, one objects to be retold or otherwise, of the wares. M. Louchmanuff has (in that beaded " Plate, Sheffield plate, electro- i gone a more round-about way than usual, not only plate - ) what Homer relates as to "the ships of ! enlisting Vasari and de Quincy, whose names are Tyre" being "in the habit of visiting the Isles of I whimsically Itussianised to Veisari and Kensy, but Greece, in order to seduce or kidnap young Greeks. also pressing into service Professor Sheviroff himself. whom they sold in the Asiatic market as slaws,. Suffice it to say that we know of no more uuintelli or to be told, in " the words which the poet puts intoigible medley than that which is supposed to the mouth of Eumams," that these " Phenician I enlighten one on the subject of these paintings. The pirates effected their purpose by exhibiting !canvasses themselves only serve to puzzle one MOM. a gold chain, Or some other costly and The space's, and iu some Pleasure the spirit of the Wring toy, before the wandering eves of the I general composition, in the originals may yet be simple and unwary Greeks." But it IM a more !found here, but the drawing of the heads and limbs grateful tusk to show the reader some of the merit, r herders on the burlesque. The figures stand ill at of the book, which are not few. In answer to the ease, though cuiioudy in !OHM parts imitating the (injection that the Exhibition, however calculated to 'true posture Raphael gave them. On a careful re bring about beneficial results had its opening been view it is discovered that each canvas has been delayed until the times were ripe to take advantage in the first instance cut up into narrow slips, thereof, ispremature,MnWard asserts hisopinion that like the original cartoons, which have bete isubse "lt has taken place at precisely the right time; it is quently sown again. Instead of the illustrated a natural consequence of a preceding cause. The border, there is a tasteless, ochre-coloured pattern, error on the part of several of its opponents consists evidently of' a date posterior even to the figures. On in mistaking it for a cause instead of a consequence. ' the whole, the impression they leave is that they have The elements to produce such a result have been long been executed by some descendants or scholars of Ber at work, and something of the kind has been quietly ' nardVon Orlayur Michael Coxis,the masters who were and gradually developing itself in the practical and originally entrusted with the tusk of transferring the calculating mind of the world for these years past, , designs of Raphael to the arras-tapestry. 'I heat the although the latter may be, in some degree, • present designs originate in some tracerypattern startled at its peculiar aspect and bearing. In seems to be the only probable explanation of their fine, I view the Exhibition as a natural compliment origin. The canvas, which is neither sized nor primed, to the preceding movements of material industry." seems to be of that coarse description still in use Having compared the Exhibition and the cutnpe. 'ltaly, and employed for canvas manufacture. The !Pion raised by it to a field of battle and the move- !derider coat of colour of these cartoons scents fast ments of armies, he says:—" It is simply a trans-' fading from its coarse-grained texture. fer of skill and industry—from bullets of lead I to bales of cotton, mail li eu of conflict- ing armies we arc destined, fur some time at least, to endure conflicting tariffs. The move ments of the industrial and military forces of the world have, therefore, &en in nearly parallel lines; and there is this condition attached to the movement, that those who wish to do justice to themselves and to their fellow-members of the community must become thoroughly prepared fur the industrial conflict, or they will be thrust to the rear, or trodden down by their more disciplined competitors." The following passage as to the use to be derived from the exhibition of row muterials is of interest : Another feature equally titeerviug of notice, however, is the coutrihutious of raw materiel , . As the hater compose the of all our nnoutsctures, it ie iudi:pentsl;a; that we should forma correct jud2meutOf their relltive excellence, and not depend upon caprice or secident for our supplies. Hitherto this has been the case, for the merchant has made the latter dependant spoil Lis exports, and not shaped his exports so as to bring back the best specimens of the raw material. Fur in,tance, we export a great quantity of ma nufactured articles to the Brazils, and to secure a return cargo our ship, art laden, perhaps, with ro‘twood, although a finer quality of that material say Ix found elsewhere, which w•mld prove highly adfillatagtOttbV our cabinet-ma kers. The same remark . partially applicable to the bulk of raw materials, which materially retards the excellence of eau general industry. The Exhibition has evoked from every quarter of the globe th , .• finest special, ns of it- raw productions, and has afforded an uppununity of examining them •• cheek by jowl,' —an opportunity of immense utility to the industrial interests of tue country. The coneumer now will nut content Liuntlf with receiving comparatively bad timber from Caned s, inferior bark from France, and mediocre linseed from Prno..ia ; but u he ranges his eye round the Exhibition, he will intro .-cliately detect the where. &bouts of the flout qualities of each of these important ar ticles. The same remark may be applied to the iron, the lead. the copper, the UM the minera l., and, indeed, to the whole range of our eintriloutiuus. Having thus glanced at the aim and purpose of Mr. Ward's production, we have only to observe that this is but the first inbtalment, unit is devoted to metals, maChinerv, and glasa„ Containing articles un the following subjects, wlycb, as;couneeted with the Exhibition, bare from time to time rteci%ed notice in these columns :—Steel, auords, guns, and pistols, percussion caps, copper, brass, and mixed metals, steel pens, pm-making and wire-drawing, needles, buttons, plate, Shetfield plate, and el(etro-plate. typo graphy, lithography, stereotype, machinery, &e., ag ricultural implenu:nts, glass. more value to the succeeding crop than any dres sing or manure. Of this we have rs strik ing in-bince under our owe li!.I%IVIWLItiOO, 11111.- half a a field of clover by having been folded it night, the 'sheep during the day having the fang' of t h e wh,,k, field, the ether half wan dressed with good manure, and the whole tidal down with wheat. At this time the growing crop on the 1411101 land promises to yield fully one-third more than the inanuivd land. There are many first-rate Eimer's, especially on the strong soils, who are coming to the opii 11111 l that it answers their purpere better to keep a smaller quality of feeding stock, and to use I artificial manures and extra tillage instead of so (much yard manure as they have here•ofore thought indispensable. Of come this is only applitublobo the best classes of farmers, for by far the majority keep too little stock. To what extent it will pay the light farmer to feed in the house or to buy wil -1 ficial manure, must be a matter for the calculations of each, and will depend on a variety of coesider ations ; but the quantity of stuck permanently kept 011 a term must, for the most part, depend upon the resources of the farm Ibr providing for them. Ti breeding stock the board healing plan is altogether inapplicable, and we apprehend it will not bu ex tensively adopted. Such nutetings as Mr. %chi's; have their use quite apart front the merits or demerits of his fanning, they bring men together who might not otherwise have net, anal they elicit expression's of opinion which it is wholesome for our fanners to hear. 'rims Prince Frederick of Holstein, who was a guest un this rscasion, said s" Many foreigners had enter tained prejudires 'ignitest this country, prejudices weaved to a great extent which formerly excluded commercial intercourse between Englishmen and themselves; but these prejudices were now being re- MOVed. " . 111iN is more to the purpnce than the KO teetionist twaddle with which Essex farmers are oreasionally amused when they 1111.14 together. And Mr. Meld himself' made these sound remarks :•-•-" Ile could not agree with those who surd that the lower corn was in price, the Ices they should grow." It was said the land was to go out of cultivation. Why, when a gins! farm was likely to he vacant there were ten applicants for it. The farms which would not let were undrained farms -fines which had no aecommodati tor the breeding of stock ur were • crowded with elm trees, the value of which was only lid. u foot. If he was told there was no money 1111proVe with, he replied thin in all such eases, the money were not found, either Icy the owner or the occupier, the farm must pass into other hands." And this is well enough understood Icy fanners and landlords, of which Sir James Graham's recent reply to the application of his tenants for reductions or rent furnishes§ an example. Sir James says, that the tenants are at liberty to Nurreqder their farms, and if he is willing to propose a new agreement he will notify it within a immut able time; but, in the event of 1111 surrender of a tenant's existing contract, Sir James will timelude that the present contract is to continue. We have not heard how many of the Netherby tenants have accepted the offer; but we doubt whether many will do so who do not feel that their oecuputiona arc more than they have means to manage properly. And this is really the best way of nettlin g the con tracts between landlords and ter ants ; and where that landlord is ready to give leases and fair tennis in other respects, a teined. cannot fairly object to an entirely new arrangement. (In this point Mr. Kinnear, a Scotch advocate, in a re cently published tract, makes mane apposite, and, to the tenants, useful oleservuti 111 l s. After stating that the tenants themselves use partly to blame for "still adhering to the misfiirtune of their situation,' in allowing the ghost of protection, now inevitably dead, to haunt and torment them, by the hope, the impossible hope, of its revival, and so preventing an adjustment of their engagement's to altered eireuutstanecs, Mr. Kinnear says ••-" - to what extent it may be necessary that such modification of rents should go, it is beyond may present purpose to inquire. Only this is deur, that it must go in all future transactisus to such a point us will leave to the tenant the ordinary rate of commercial profit on his capital and skill, acid only assign that fret surplus • to the proprietor in that name of rent. Whit that • may fairly umeunt to is evidently a twitter on which the most skilled and experienced can lay down no general rule. Every case: must depend on its own special circumstances, anal of these none but the par ' nes interested are entitled, or indeed awn, judge." And he add*—" nut snout it is undeniable that high prices enable large returns to be drawn from the I hind, and since west palpably the tenant share's not in them, the question tunics to he—who dote '.' 7 That is the real question, anal the time has come when it must neither be shrunk from being put, nor be suffered to remain unanswered, and the • answer plainly is—the landlords. The eomptition which ruins their tenantry enriches them ; the air - plus profits of every new application of skill, of • every new expenditure of capital, of every rise natu ral er artificial, in the prigs: of the produce of the earth, ve,s into their pockets alone ; by no set of theirs, with no trouble to them, nor, it is just to add, of necessity, through. any seeking of theirs, hut WS the; natural consequence of their per and the in evitable result of the laws of eurtinieree." It4w than are tenants to protect themselves against such rum petition? Simply by insisting, first, on rational stipulations, and offering such rents as on an average of mac assns and priers they may reavatably expect to be able to pay, and then requiring to be 'scurf:al by leases of esenpattent duration. They must enter into their (reenacts with a reliance on their own skill and resources, and on the soundness el their b•wriness !estimates, and not look fur favours and eleemesvmary allowances from landlords when prices fall, or . there may lie partial failures of crops; and, ulster, roll, let them enter into defined and positive engagements before they undertake their farms. Prieits are 114 W • settling at about the rates; they will probably range in ordinary 'seasons, sand farmers founding their ad eulatious On lin•sent prices cannot go far wrong. What they have to take cure of is, not to plate them selves at the merty of the proprietors by hiking 11140 s: land than they have capital to manage, act that they have such secure tenures as will enable them to get buck with a fair pro , it the capital they may invest on their farms. The prescut prospect of the grewing crops is generally good, though the heavy rules and stormy weather of the lust. fortnight have dune some injury to the wheat, where the crops are very bulk' or the situation exposed; anal the utusettleacstate of the atmosphere oecusions some anxiety about the har lamb But these are the cures whilch basset the hus bandman, and are amongst the contingencies against which he must protect himself by careful and delibe rate calculation. APPOINIMLST To OfiVERNMI.VI' 011 , 1t:f.s.—By en act mussel in the late session an alteration is effected au the appointment t, others held at the pleasure of the crown. FTAIDI Iftflry VIII. warrants of appointments were neces sary to he framed under the great seal ; they are by this act dispensed with, and the offices of the clerks to the signet and pricy seal are altolished with comp:mat' to Mt holders. The duty of the signet office nawaining it to he performed byp the S. tretary of litate. The Treasury may regulate the Privy beal Office, and fix the salaries. The act will take effect on the :41st of lAcertiber next. STATIeTICS t, PSIti.I.OIEN7sItY ,:urioat paper hss been published with the rotas of the House of Con:loc., enumerating the Iltveral divisions that took place during the sessihn of 1451, just clam!. By this return it appears that the “Ecelesiustleal Titles Assump tion Dill " was nut cnly the mist important, but by fur the mutt troghicsome measure of the session. The numhcr of divisions altogether amount to no km than forty-eight un the several rcisdings and clauses. The second greater num ber of divisions w.is in committee of supply, which amount to twenty-eight divisions altogether, is far from an unusual number, and which is not to Ise wondered at, when the greet numb.ir of items included in the miscellaneous esti mates are tonsil:red, mid when it is well known that in no other part of the husiir es of the house &TS the Commons more naturally—and properly--jesdous, than in the voting of the public money. It is worthy of remark, however, that notwithstanding these 44 divisions on the !Iva.) , 1..44.-e, nut a single item was altered or cut down from the very economical and curetal prepositions thst were submitted to the house from the beellta dlpiltilLsellte of the government. The third elms of measure. that gave rise to the greatest number of divisions was the question of admitting the Jew. to parliament. Besides the divisions on the bill itself. there was no less then eight , livishou on the personal case of Mr. David Salmons, and one respecting Baron liotlsselOW IJIMIGRANTs AND LIBEILVISib AntICAN4.— Yor Lentil wrs printed a parliamentary papa •Imminit the number of immigrants and liberated Africa. admitted auto the West Indian colonies and Mauritius during the peso 1819, 1140, and Viol. In the three years the total to the Wait Indies smuslierad 12,616, and to the Mauritius 18,000. Scam 'were landed at Jamaica dirges from a captured Maths lIE Mr. tive . _ ane cres rays raw' ft at tad