The Express. — London, England, 1851-09-16 00:00:00

Wit erpretiti. TO CORRIISPOSPINTe. • Mead &Mee of " The Ynpreon . eentastee Se one inenhore • Golese." le sobikobei every Tomboy sod 'tide, ow. be shwa fir pd. Oarettneateeststoolni fen "The topreen" Lesion Coestas men sun be et the oh" hoeverbretreet. !, The tido& es the thy of pabnentten. RION WATER AT LONDON BRIDOE. Ting be.........Ahenins. 51.2 as Tegssairw—almiss. 616 In. LONDON, TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 16. THERE is ono line of conduct and profession, • which, had they pursued, would have places! the i Oatwis princes Ina position to command the respect of all truly liberal and really moderate men. This I was to disavow the principle of legitimacy, to deny that they ever aspired to be masters of France by the I sole right of ancient descent or of divine right, but i to make their claim by virtue of the election and , compact of lbeitO, which established a constitutional ; and popularly elected monarch and dynasty. With ; sore or loss of truth might they plead, that I whilst IWO was the result of the full and fair j judgment of the whole population of France, against which there could bo no appeal, the 1 revolution of ISIS was a surmise, not in reality ap- • proved of by the majority of the French. From the nation, then drunk, the Oats:ass princes might have &visa ed to the nation sober, and in this attitude awaited the voluntary restoration of the constitu tional and citizen monarchy by the French people. We do not say that this would be attended with teueeess, but it mould be an intelligible and dignified candidature, grateful to their friends, pious to their father's memory, and honourable to themselves. In stead of this, we find the ORLEANS princes coquetting with every party, and permitting themselves to be identified with every principle, flattering the legiti mists by allowing it to he believed that they assent to their dogma, and look one day to reign by it, when the Duke of BORDEAUX shall have been no more, and shall have lett no issue, flattering at the same time the republicans be the pretence that M. DE JOIN VI LLI: might act the faithful President of the Republic as it stands, and, of course, leaving it to be uoderstood by the old friends of the OttLEANS family, that these byways sought to power would not prevent the princes from being true in the end to the memarelay of the middle classes. It cannot be said that Louts NAPOLEON assumes an attitude much more frank. His public policy, that of his gel-eminent, has been to all intents and purposes an OteLs.tss policy, equally jealous of the people, of the legitimists, of constitutional and liberal countries and causes abroad ; to narrow the franchise, mistrust the people, restrict and smother all expression of opinion whether by the press, or in associations of men, who happen not to be privileged politicians. No monarch or monarch's minister could be more narrow or restrictive than those of Loris Nvimetos's republic. All political demonstratiou having been thus driven from the surface, breaks out inwardly. With the press silenced and associations prohibited, we see the inevitable result, in secret meetings of men to consult upon flair condition and prospects. These are espied, discovered, and magnified into plots. Against any date men who meet to talk of the way its which their country has been rubbed of its freedom, the police can of course get up quite as good a else as the Tames gets up against roman. or exile follow; su that France, under LOUIS N A POLEoN, has retrograded not merely to its cor rupt condition under Lot Is PHILIPPE, but to the alnweit Austrian I, , yinte established by the elder D4ol their priests, their gaolers, and their lawyers. let if the desire be to escape from this, at least under the guidance of known men and parties, whither is the Frenchman to fly? Time moderate republicans, the Dreariens and the CAVAIGNACS, have abetted and defended the expedition to Rome and the policy pursued by the French generals and government in Italy. Yet, step beyond these repub kale, modenielme, mud you fall amongst men who have made political capital out of socialism, and who arc bound, upon attaining power, to try some mode of turning capital, without consulting its rightful owner, to the advantage of the working classes. In fact, to whatever !mint of the political or social horizon the rational Frenchman turns, lie finds no thing that is not calculated to fill him with disgust oral disipair. And it is for this reason, we believe, that the majority of the French, if consulted, would vote fur bearing all their present ills in their present state, than fly to others, of which they un tortunutely have had some experience. The repub lic as it is, and bouts 11aPoLEom as he is, we believe to be the predominant Isiah, in thought, for it amounts not ton wish, of those large and indifferent masses which constitute the pith and the industry and the true intelligence of France. The official journals of Paris carefully inform us that of NZ, ream dr des tcpartenonts /9 have expressed a desire to have the present constitution changed. How many have done this merely to enable LOUIS NAPOLEON to be elected we du not learn. The Tows, however, assures us that these 715 declarations are all against the republic and republicanism, and the conclusion which it draws is, that the French arc living uuder institutions that 16-17ths of them condemn'. We could give no better example of how English journalists reason about France. The Cunard's oi:oft% rater in France, like the rural grand juries in Eng land, or the provincial councils in Prussia, arc exclusively composed of notables ; and in France, where there are half a million of officials, of officials, the old officials of the monarchy. That these old gentlemen should exreas a wish for the revision of the constitution or its obliteration, can be cause of little surprise. But that the Times should swell them into 16-17ths of the French peo ple, is certainly a wonderful piece of political arith metic. if it said l-lith or 1-30th, it would have been nearer the truth. There existed little doubt as to what the upper and old official classes in France or in Prussia desire. They want the restoration of the old order of things—the traditional monarchy, as the cant of conservatism now bath it. But why not have consulted the municipal councils? A great many of them volunteered to give their opinions, but the minister repressed the idea, telling them it was unconstitutional. Something, however, might have been augured from the unanimous ex pression of municipal councils throughout France, whilst nothing whatever is to be learned or con cluded from the recorded opinion of an exclusively upp.T and official class. We are by no means advocates of the present French republican constitution, still less of the way in which it is worked. But before people talk of revising • constitution, they should try honestly how it works, instead of first fahifying and then condemning it. We stand up neither for the existing constitution nor its Par.sitirm All we can say is, that we see nothing better either in men or things, proposed to the French people, nor do we perceive t ha t the French people prefer any of those worse things to the bad things they enjoy. As to the great mass of the French. we believe them perfectly indifferent to either monarchy or republic, and so wearied by the bad conduct of those who have undertaken to admi nister either, yet to unable to stand up, use ex ertion, and govern themselves, that they are ready to accept the most peaceable and most acceptable !? nihr—whiala. we believe, is precisely LOUIS NAPOLEON. Ora ininiedies relative to the recent discovery of gold in MOW' is necessarily imperfect; and although in woe the amounte may be over being the hturhible con condtaat f of mineral memare—there =milisient widows for believing the fact. mem we meet not only the discovery I to be it that he imeemery, but a more seism and aged& et the amount, vane, and leportnese the . Ike tie more dr emestasse et fading some wisest in lamps on the swim of the ensik or in dad imitedded la the sand of rivers, se not tedisient prod of melt abundant, ere nay reward the enteeprise of Wives tame. eventeally the enrich the mitay and antime meet intending ed. Ilidimary is remildases the leelvhem itiml et et the sauna distaisi tame the ofd hee tsmil. to the thosethe et the eml trlikederiss. of It le which appears first to have suggested the idea of gold mines in that part of Australia; and thus it is pleasing to find science become the grading star to results which may eventually ffeve of pot bowie quence to Great Britain. The produce of California has tarried sion, but a " great fact," and if indiViduall have not acquired Alit madden wealth' _ Aisle golden dreams anticipated, still wo outset wridipele the fact that millions of treasure ham been poured into the United States, affording thereby the sinews to new enterprise in the different yells of and improvement. But in the reesv i 4 6ll.6 sl the vast amount of gold which California has yielded and still yields, there is obviously a de grac of barbarous unskilfulness in the process, which we fully expect will not be the case in Aus tralia. Instead of the labour of individuals singly or in gangs being directed solely to the recovery of the treasure, if such there be, and with tools and ap pliances the reverse of scientific, and with all that misery and privation, recklessness and immorality, incidental to an isolated community, governed by one idea—that of gain—we anticipate in Australia a wisely directed use of capital and skill which shall concentrate individual energy, and introduce some kind of systematic procedure. In this manner may in some degree be obviated those evils conspicuous in California, disgraceful to mankind, if not oppro brious to the country which produces them, and which, if regarded by us with indifference there, cannot if repeated in one of our own colonies be viewed, by a people sober and decent, without some scruples of remorse and indignation. We have no doubt of the law being held in respect by English men, even when employed in so questionable a pursuit as gold-finding—in its very nature demoralising; but we expect the government of England will do more than the United States have done in a similar case—look after the welfare of the people, and introduce such local authority as may prevent such scenes of vice, depravity, and irreligion as may . reflect on us as a soar and religious people. There is very little gained by warning our colonists, or those here who may be disposed to emigrate in quest of treasure. 'they would not listen, even it one rose from the dead to point out the disappoint ment they shall suffer, the privations they shall en dure. Much less can any reasoning or argument, founded on example or experience, be supposed to deter them. The idea of acquiring wmlth with out labour or industry is one which has and will always delude the human mind. The expectation of finding gold by . so simple a process as washing the sand of a river, or by only . looking for and picking it up, as a child picks up pebbles on the seashore, is too alluring to be overcome by the cold dictates of caution and experience. The imagi nation, running riot in a field so pleasing as this colours and distorts cyan' , feature, making the wish father to the thought, and carefully conceals from view the painful accosmies which have so often damped the most ardent aspirations of the Californian digger—the cost of living in an artificial community, the bodily labour necessary to obtain even one day's subsistence, the misery of "life in the diggings," the precariousness of the pursuit, the dread of murder or robbery, and the exposure to perilous changes of burning heat and pinching cold without the power to escape from the one or find refuge front the other. _ _ Abandoning, therefore, as a hopeless and thankless task the vocation of adviser to men in pursuit of gold, we call upon the government not to stem the tide, but to regulate it by a wise and prudent hand, so that what should prove a blessing. may not become a curse. And if the expectations of great treasure be actually realised, a thing highly probable, we can perceive no better mode of turning the discovery to our advantage, without shame or reproach, than by encouraging the direction of English capital to the scene. fhe results, by . skilful means, may not only prove far more lucrative, but in the existence of re spectable mining companies, properly organised, we have a guarantee of a peaceable and industrious po pulstion; and we see no reason why, in the neigh bourhood of Bathurst, the mining population may not live as harmoniously as in Wales. In the first instance, when men arc crazed by wild notions of sudden wealth, there may be, we grant, a difficulty in binding them by the sober laws of industrial pur suit; but when a few months' experience shall teach them, as it has done in California, that ordinarily all that can be expected from individual adventure is a precarious living, they will be glad to unite them selves with bodies of men, associated with whom they will secure protection and the sure reward of well regulated industry. In the meanwhile the certain result of this sudden discovery of gold will be to excite the community in Australia, and seduce them from their quiet ordinary pursuits. And in all probability the galvanic in fluence will extend to Great IlAtuin, and induce many to seek their fortunes in our own colony who have hesitated to trust their lives to the lawless com munity in California. At this moralists may shako their heads, wise men look grave, divines sigh with reproachful sorrow, while political economists, and the money power, reason, speculate, and anticipate a deviation from that pleasing equilibrium which keeps stocks steady and exchanges regular, still such disco veries, with all due reverence, have somewhat the aspect of providential agency. insensibly but surely acting on the destiny of the human race. The love of country is one of the strongest influences which awn; s mankind, and were there not some more powerful motive to counteract it, emigration would be an event unknown. Poverty and misery are evils which drive mankind from their country, because self-preservation is a more powerful instinct than patriotism ; and if grinding poverty induce Irishmen to leave their fatherland, endeared to the= with all its social misery, so shall wo find the love d gain induce our own population to seek their fortune in Australia. Avarice is a stronger passion than love of country. And it may be added that all the great discoveries of modern times, bearing on locomotion, do not only tend to civilise the human race, to enlighten and instruct them, to enlarge their sphere of enjok meat, but to disperse mankind over the face of the globe, and second the effects of mineral discoveries to the same end now and in ages past. It was the El Dorado which by its magical sound opened up the unknown regions of the American continent ; and the fruit thereof is the grand, active, civilised republic of the United States. The peopling of California evidently depends on the same cause and who can foresee what prodigious effects the dis covery of the auriferous strata about Bathurst may have eventually on the . prosperity of Australia, in tempting undecided emigrants thither to bend their steps ! The evils attending so alluring a discovery are unquestionably great, but they are only transi tory. There are few evils without some compensating good; and wo augur eventually great prosperity to Australia ; greater prosperity because peopled by Englishmen and governed by English laws—above all, peopled by those who know, as a fundamental principle, that the government of their country de pends on themselves, in respect to the laws, and to those who administer them. The evils attending so alluring a discovery cannot be permanent ; because, in the nature of things, tIS sus name be " diggers." Those who work with the spit and cradle, or ply the pickaxe, must eat sad be clothed • and dire necessity must discover a way of supplying their wants. Mankind must still sow and rearolllllll and spin. Moreover these who thirst bevorid maw* for the bitter waters of gain, shall be the first, pubria, to discover that the El Dorado of Bathurst is Ifterortaas, capricious and deceitful, and that while ame Mau more than a living, ninety-nine obtain lem, and Mat in hope and fear, not in certaintrzi ra nollesa Such is the history of Californian hard-work ing and industrious are ewe •.a and admistence; but then, it appears, hard wash anti ledmtry are necessary. In the Taller of the ibianeento *there fore, if wo go with ontannded ELI feel the trammels of them lowa aammila the acquire ment of wealth WI can MP UM mope their tyranny than Me ow swaps the kw of gra ! eitation,_ or INV Obi natant law which I binds the most *di with away : So we EMI Mums auk mumt a gt r t: ease in Australia. The hum Of gold are excepting to the rule. Nature is mai se lavish of her as to strew the ground with gold as with stones. By presenting such nch specimens, like angels' visits, she only allures ns to industry--to work, to dig, wash, or rock the cradle. The rule itself is the dust, the scattered particles concealed from view, deep in the sand of the river, or embedded in quarts hard as iron, in the bowels of rocks impervious to aught rave the pick or blasting. That dust can only be got by Ilabour. Some tons must be turned over and washed before the sweating digger can realise his ounce par day. He obtains his reward, such as it is, but it is truly the kew•rd of labdur and indlistry as a nse &snide wage. But then this is not the easy kind of lifts the great body of gold-seekers look for. Like mendicants, they expect a living, nay a fortune, by 4 simply exploring the ground, or being idle. They are willing to take daily exercise, like an Iriah damper; but to dig, sweat, and work day after day, and for long hours, is a reality they never once reckoned on. ' We may be sure, therefore, if the tido of popula tion for a time set in strong to Bathurst, when the conditions of the adventure be known by dire expe rience (which dissipates many a pleasing day dream), the tide shall soon turn back again, or leave, what is more to be desired, a population to settle perma nently, and turn their skill and industry to more laudable pursuits. In the meantime, we must bo prepared to hear of a great deal of misery and pri vation. A sudden appreciation of all consumable articles, the want of such conveniences of life as must ensue to those rushing into an unpeoplcd dis trict, must spread for a time a great deal of wretchedness. But these evils will, in due course of time, cure themselves. As to crime and Lynch law, let them not, in the words of ,St. Paul, " be so much as heard amongst you "—amongst you, the immediate offspring of a race of men who fear God and honour the law. Whatever be thought of the discovery, in a moral or economical point of view, it is somewhat singular that so important a discovery as the real treasures of California should be so speedily followed by one far more directly interesting to us. It is well known that many dissatisfied with the peaceful, unexciting labours of commerce and agriculture, have fled from Australia to take their chance in California; and great must be their surprise when they learn that in transporting themselves they had turned their backs on a second California lying at their feet tempting to exploration. If no other benefit arise from the discovery, at least emigration to California will in all probability cease : for what can be more pernicious and exhairiting to a rising colony than the loss of its population in such a cause ? THE EXPRESS, TUESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 16, 1851. FRANCE. PARIS, MiThDAT EVZNING. The ceremony of laying the foundation-stone of the central market-places has been accomplished in perfect tranquillity. An enormous crowd thronged all the streets in the neighbourhood of St. Eustriche ; the old fragments of wall which still remain of demo lished houses were densely bestrid by adventurous blouses; and all windows, balconies, and roofs look ing on the site of the projected buildings swarmed with gay groups, animated by the brilliant sunshine. On tho faces of some of the houses a sort of scaf folding of improvised balconies was fixed to accommodate spectators. The instant the red crested helmets of the escort of carabinters were descried a murmur arose, which soon swelled into cries of various political import, some giving uprorious vivats for tho President, and others equally vigorous shouts in favour of the republic. On the whole, however, Louis Napoleon had reason to be satisfied with his reception. The President and his staff, with a numerous es cort of carabineers and dragoons, having arrived in front of the church, a procession of the clergy issued from the door of that fine old edifice to perform the religious part of the ceremony. The Pre fect of the Some then handed to the President the box containing the medals, and the plate engraved with an inscription commemorating the act. After reading tho inscription the prefect presented tho plate to tho architects, who placed it together with the coins and medals in the box to be enclosed in the foundation-stone. The box was then filled with wax, enclosed in the stone, and secured with a lid in lead. The President then proceeded to seal the ends of a bronze cross which was fixed over the aperture in the stone with the object of securing the box more completely, and put mortar into the four holes in which the extremities of the cross were inserted. The curate of St. Eustache having made an appropriate discourse, the Prefect of the Seine made a speech, to which the President replied in the following words: Gentlemen,—During forty years it has been in contem plation to erect a vast monument destined to preserve from the inclenumey of the seasons that numerous class which suffers daily in order to furnish Paris with the provisions necessary for its existence. But thanks to the enlightened direction of the Minister of the Interior, thanks to the energetic concurrence of the municipal coun cil of Paris and of its worthy head, thanks to the decision of the National Assembly, this work, which I have so long wished for, is at length on the eve of accomplishment. The construction of these markets, a real benefit for humanity, facilitates the furnishing of Paris with provision., and calls into concurrence for that object a greater number of dr partments. It is not a work purely municipal, for Paris is the heart of France, and the more its life is active and powerful the more it communicates with the rest of the country. In laying this first stone of an edifice of which the destination is so eminently popular, I deliver myself with confidence to tho hope that, with the support of good citizens, and with the protection of Heaven, it will be given to us to lay upon the soil of France some foundations whereupon will be erected a social edifice sufficiently solid to offer a shelter against the violence and mobility of human passions. - - - - - The President announced to tho Minister of the Interior, the Prefect of the Seine, and the Prefect of the Police that they were raised to the dignity of commanders of the Legion of Honour. The quantity of troops concentrated in the neigh bourhood of the site was very considerable. Iwo squadrons of dragoons and two companies of the gendarmerie mobile occupied the Place des Victoires. Other detachmentslwere posted at different points of the quarter, which abounds with a working popu lation. After the ceremony was finished the President, at half-past one, returned along the quay of the Tuile ries in an open caleche, escorted by a strong detach ment of cuirassiers. As he passed before the gate of the Carrousel he was assailed with stunning cries of .4 Vivo la Republique r from a large crowd, which had assembled there apparently for that purpose. Two of these sticklers for the republic were arrested on the spot, and conducted across the river to the prefecture of police. The significant allusion of tho President, at the close of his speech, as to the prolongation of his powers, is the subject of much comment. The Committee of Permanence held this morning an extraordinary sitting, which was presided over:by M. Benoist d'Azy. Rather more than 20 members were present to hear M. Loon Faucher's expla nations with regard to the subjection of the de partment of the Ardeche to state of siege. The committee expressed themselves satisfied with the arguments alleged by the Minister of the Interior, and, after a short and calm debate, adjourned till Thursday. A legitimist conference took place a few days ago at the Chateau de Noiziel, Seine and Manic, the re sidence of the Duke de Levis. MM. Ilerryer and Noailles were present. The object of the meeting was the reconciliation of the contending fractions of the legitimist party. A new socialist journal, the Revolution, has depo sited its caution money, and is to appear on the 18th. Tho Conran/au/and publishes copious extracts from the report of the committee appointed to in quire into the administration of forests since 1830. The report of M. Troplong is highly favourable to Louis Philippe, and dwells on the wasteful and ruinous administration of the republic. In the secret consiatory held at Rome on the sth, the Pope has appointed to the bishopric of Arras Monseigneur de Parisis, translated from the see of Langres, and to the bishopric of St. Claude M. Mabile, vicar-general of Montauban. The trial of the Agen conspiracy has ended in the condemnation of Oauzence to one year's imprison ment, and in the acquittal of the three other pri soners. SPAIN. MADRID, S.vv. 10. The diplomatic world is occupied with the nep tiations between France, Engknd, and Spain for taint representation to the government of the United tates, to induce the latter to act with energy against the piratical expeditions directed from its states against Cuba. In case these design should be overtly fomented, an alliance offensive and de: &wire, for the protection of the rights of nations cm this question, will, it is said, be formed between the three governments above-mentioned. The Zurich Gazette states that the mission con- I , tided to M. Brenier, at Berne, is explained by the following extract of a letter from Pans: The difficulties which hare arisen relative to the quern ' den of the °lnterns' duties between the southern states of Germany and Switscrland are regarded with great interest hare. For same years past a treaty between France and Seritaerland has been in contemplation, but Berne ha+ been always opposed to it. At present I understand that Berne appears more favourably disposed, and in France the govern ment is prepared to make sacrifices even at the expense of the protective system now in force. M. Buffet the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, hopes to profit by the dif ferences to which I have alluded above. ITALY. LOMBARDY. The Venice Gazettegi;Wn; follows the itinerary of the Emperor of Austria : _ . His majesty will arrive at Verona on the 11th, and stay I there until the 18th ; on the 19th he will make an ezeur ' sion to Mantua by rail, and return to Verona in the even ' ing. On the 20th he will set out for Pesehiera, and visit Rive. on the Lago di Garda; on the 21st he will visit I)efenzano, Brescia, and Monza, where he will stay until the 23rd, and then set out for Milan, return the same even ing to Monza, visit Milan again on the following day. stay lat Monza the whole of the With, proceed by sail to Como on the 26th, visit the principal points of the lake, return to Monza, where he will pass the 27th. On the 28th his Ma jesty will go to Varese, Laveno, and the Lago Maggiore ; 1 and, thence from Sesto Calende to Somma ; on the Ist of Octo`ser to M.ilpensa, where he will stay until the 3rd, and I afterwards return to Monza. His Majesty will commence his return on the sth. RCME. The Venice Casette quotes a letter from. Rome, stating that the railway question meets with great favour among the members of the Roman govern ment, and that a plan is under consideration to gua rantee 6 per cent. to a French and Belgian comismy upon a line connecting Ancona with Rome and Mo dena. A new extraordinary commission has been named by his Holiness for the reform of the code of laws now in vigour, and the re-organisation of the tribunals. It is composed of Cardinals Antonelli (president), Marini, and Bofondi, Monsignor Martel, and Monsignor Bastoli. The expenses of the police department for the current year have been increased by 3,360 scudi (17,100 fr.) NAPLES. A letter from Rome, of the 6th, states that his Holiness the Pope has sent 4,000 seudi (21,000 fr.) to Naples for the relief of the victims of the late earthquake in Basilicata. Our correspondent writes as follows : NAPLES, Sari. 0. From what is taking place at Vienna, coupled with the tenacity with which his Neapolitan Majesty holds on to the present degraded government, we may expect, ere long, a decree abolishing the constitution. The infamous Pecche meda, the minister of police, continues his course, and pro secutes his war of vengeance against constitutional opinion with a vigour :worthy of a better cause. More illegal ar rests, and fresh degradations of the courts of justice, fol low .ach other " hot and foot." A mau named Aversans, one of the condemned of the trials called those of Sept. 5, declared in the public court-yard of the prisoners, that his statements were all false ; that to save himself be had said what the police agent told him to say; in fart, that he hail allowed himself to be corrupted. Shortly after, his irons were taken off and be received the royal pardon. His companions were removed to Ischia. These men, as I have &f ore stated, are sent to the galleys for shouting " Long live the constitutional King," in opposition to a mob paid to cry " Down with the consti tution." An unknown example of injustice characterised this trial, since the judges actually condemned to irons fur periods of 20 and 2.5 years some men fur whom the public pro secutor only asked a slight correctional sentence. Such dar ing crime and injustice, at such a moment as the present, is a clear illustration that the King intends to do what ho likes at home, knowing he can have support front without if necessary. Mazzini need not trouble himself to send either agents or printed protest., or addresses, to this part of Italy. Pecchemeda is doing; his work more effectually. The present government is nothing more than a republican manufactory, by royal authority. I have reported from time to time the progress of our Sicilian claims, and I am now happy to state the question is satisfactorily cleared up, I think with great credit to the Foreign-office. It will be remembered alter the labours of the mixed commhsion at Messina, the representatives at the court of Naples of France, Prussia, and Great Britain met a Neapolitan commission for the final adjustment of demands which the agents of the Neapolitan government had already admitted in Sicily. It was sought en the part of the Neapolitan deputies to reduce the claims by five per cent. It was also further urged that no interest should be paid, and finally that the accorded money should be paid with an illegal Sicilian stock. Sir W. Temple found him self alone in resistingthese reductions,' which came with ill grace from a government whose official agents had already accorded, after a careful examination and considerable diminution of original demands, the various sums already fixed by the Messina commission. For some time past the representatives of France and Prussia have ceased to be national, and I may say with perfect confidence Sir W. Temple is the only diplomatic agent who really repre sents his country, and that Englishmen are the only foreign ers really respected in the kingdom of the Two Swam. I have simply to add, that through the energetic representa tiom of the foreign office the Neapolitan government now accords all that was originally asked ; and ere long the claimants may exact, in legal money, the sums accorded at Messina, with interest thereon, up to the present time. It is gratifying to knew that every opportunity has been given to the Neapolitan government to investigate every indivi dual claim, and that our proceedings throughout have been essentially those of a friendly power. His Neapolitan Majesty, in opposition, I suppose, to the policy of Piedmont, has lately granted some of the many demands made by the Roman Church to punish offences of religion—such as absence from the confessional, non-observ ance of festal, the mass, &c, &c.—in fact, a " Holy Office " will be instituted in Naples, and a power given to the church which hitherto the sovereigns have resisted. You will see this act followed up in other Italian states, and the inquisition again cursing religion and peopling the dungeons. The dishonest governments of Italy can only exist aided by the corruption of the church. Austria, and even Protestant l'russia (I speak of the existing govern. ments), will countenance similar aggression of the Homan church; one of the features of modern despotism is the re production of those laws and institutions which in past time* chained the mind and degraded the man. Yesterday the great national Asia of Piedigrotta took place. The greatest tranquillity prevailed. GERMANY. TREATY BETWEEN IgwsslA AND HANOVER. Of the 14 separate articles (referred to in yester• day'. .E.rpress), the substance is as follows: 1. The present treaty is extended to the government of Brunswick, its assent to it being assumed. The Hanoverian harbour of Geestemunde is excluded from the territory of Zollverein till the harbour of Bremen is incorporated with it. The exclusion of the islands be , longing to Hanover is subjected to further negotiations. 2. Each party reserves the power of increasing the transit duties on beer end brandy according to the scale of the &annul. As to the taxes and transport duties on beer and brandy for the county of Hobnstein and the diatrict of Elbingerode, the present conditions with Pnusia shall continue to exist. 3. Hanover imposes • penalty of 10 linters per cwt. on the exportation of salt into the neighbouring territories; the sale of salt to subjects of such territories is prohibited, and the police are bound to prevent such sale or expor tation. fhc police of the neighbouring states have in this respect the same powers ea that of the state of Hanover. In every Hanoverian salt work a close account is to be kept, not only of the quantity taxed, but of the quantity sold, the purchasers and place purchased for to be entered A. Fixes the conditions on which salt may be sold in the border districts. 201 b. per year is allowed as the calcula tion for the consumption of each inhabit sot yearly, exclu sive of salt for medical purposes, or what has been rendered useless for consumption. B. Specifies these districts by name. 4. The contracting parties agree to establish common re gulations in future for levying the tolls on the Weser, and will enter Into negotiations for their reduction or sus pension, provided it an be effected without prejudice to the frontier duties. An agreement on this point as being based on special circumstances Is not to be regarded as binding for other rivers. 6. On the northern frontier of Hanover from Harburg to UM, the following duties are to be levied : Foals under one year thaler per head. Lean oxen for feeding COWS 1 10 He Hume retains by another clause of as article the right te iron rails far the railways of the state not yet free of duty. 6. Harmed= iron sad metals sent toHamburg,Bremen, and Gesseemade, and re-imparted into the territory of the mg Meer *se glassy the identity of the wares Wag prom& deola w aisthei may also be re-imported on the some ammlitithe three maths. L Gaols Iwo's& ithe tie depth et the Hanoverian her booth la the Ethe se the Wow, without otherwise touching the territory of the Zollvereia, may he re-exported by water without payment of transit don The romalsier et the article spaeihm the roads between Brews, Ilisnwig. ami Leer, en width it is permitted to Hanover to leyy the nee of transit tell all by its pre sent treaty with the Eallyerein. 8. In so far as the harbour of Harbert cannot continue to exist under the seems of both the contracting parties, a depilt for merchandise, ememilins Moths provisions of article 9, shall be erected there. Exceptions from the regulations of the Zoliverein which may be made for facilitating the traffic between Altona or Hamburg, and the Zollverem, before the Ist of January, 1884, Hanover may adopt for the traffic through Harburg. 9. The town of Emden is secured the privileges guaran teed it by the Treaty of Vienna of the 9th of June, 1815, if it does not prefer being made a depiit under the present treaties, to the enjoyment of such privileges. On both aides it is understood that the commercial con nexion of East Friesland with the Interior of the Union is to be facilitated as much as possible consistent with security for the amount of the Union revenue. 10. The retiring pensions of the officers of the Customs displaced by the Union of the Zollverein with the Stcder verein, will be placed to the coilectivc accountof the Union. Only the actually paid amount of the pensions is to be brought to that account. The whole sum is not to exceed the amount fixed by the treaties of 1835 and 1841. Hanover is not to bear any part of the pensions paid in consequence of former regulations of the Zellverein. 11. Hanover undertakes to raise the import duties on the articles specified in the Appendix, to the scale therein fixed, at latest by the Ist of March, 1853. (This appendix has not been given.) 12. Prussia undertakes to procure by mediation the assent of those states to the present treat, with which it has to renew the treaty of the Zollverem. Hanover will invite Oldenburg and Schaumburg-Lippe to accede to this treaty, and to a simultaneous understanding fur acummon Customs administration ; also to an agreement to the measures taken to prevent the smuggling of salt into the neighbouring states. The conditions of articles 8 and 11, and those of the sepa rate articles 5 and 7, stipulated for Hanover, arc also se cured for the Duchy of Oldenburg and the Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe, in case they accede to this treaty. 13. Prussia will immediately commance negotiations with the rest of the states of the Zollverein for the renewal of the existing treaties, and take the necessary measures to facilitate those negotiations. Hanover will take part with Prussia is those negotiations with an equality of vote. 14. 1u the negotiations specified is the last article I'russia and Hanover agree to reduce the scale of import duties to the following sums : 1. On French Brandy Colli, 5 do. do. Syrup 2 do. do. Leaf tobacco 4 do. do. Tea 8 do. do. Wine in casks 2. The tax on beet-root sugar is to be raised to such a proportion to the import duty on foreign sugar and syrup, that the sante revenue raised in the Zollvercin on native and foreign sugar for the three years front 1817 to 1849, per head of the population, is to be at least main tained. 3. The abatement to wine merchants to b• reduced to a just proportion. 4. A fair drawback is to he allowed to the builders of sea ships, with regard to the present reduction of duties on the metals used in ship-building; the drawback to be charged to the common account of the Union. 5. The export duty on wool is reduced to one-third of a thaler per centuer. An understanding will be come to on other reduction • the tariff that may be consistent with the security of the revenue. The foregoing separate articles are to be ratified at the same time with the articles of the treaty concluded and signed this day. OTTO VON MA! VON BuDEtscitwlNGit. A. VON MUNCIIII.IIXhi:N. W. I'UN 11.0131EIL3TEIN. Berlin, Sept. 7, 1851. AUSTRIA. VIENNA, SEPT. 12. Baron Charles Rothschild (of Naples) has arrived here. With regard to the new loan numerous subscrip tions, both home and foreign, arc announced at many bankers, the purchasers considering the course of issue as well as the other conditions of the loan (as the issue of Series Aat 924, and Series 13 at 974) very satisfactory. Notwithstanding this the Five per Cents. have been firmly maintained, while the Two-aud-a-lialf per Cents. have risen. HOLLAND. The session of the States General of Holland was closed on Saturday, with the following speech, deli vered by the Minister of the Interior: Gentlemen,—The King has charged me to declare the closing of your present parliamentary session. In addition to the ordinary business, a great number of important laws have been submitted to your examination ; and, as to other lam, which time did not permit to be presented, they are now prepared, and can be discussed in the next session. Several laws relative to the financial administration, the interests of our manufactures, the justice and defence of the country, have been voted; the commercial law, the law regulating the taking of property fur causes of public utility, and the laws on the promotion, resignation, and pensioning of officers of the anny and navy, have attracted your particular attention. Important branches of constitutional law and administration are esta blished by these laws. Thus you lend your co-operation, with calm and becoming zeal, to the foundation of institu tions commanded by the fundamental law, and to the intro , duction of ameliorations required by our situation. The zealous co-operation, full of solicitude and prudence, which you have afforded to the government, guarantees to us that we are in a path of which the interest of the nation is the only end. In continuing thus, the government and repre sentatives.may flatter themselves that the results, seen and appreciated by a nation whose union makes its force, will respond to the proposed object. In the name of the king, I pronounce the closing of the present session of the States General. HUNGARY. A letter from Pesth, of the 7th inst., says: The rescript of the emperor ordering the revision of the constitution had alarmed the Jews of Hungary lest such a change might interfere with the equality which they at present enjoy before the law, notwithstanding their reli gious belief. In consequence, the Israelite population of Pesth a few days back sent a deputation to the lieute , nant-geueral of the kingdom of Hungary to expre s s their disquietude on the subject. His excellency assured them that they need not feel any uneasiness, as it was the firm determination of the emperor that the rights of all citizens should be respected. In consequence, the Jews of Pesth the next day celebrated in their central synagogue a service of thanksgiving, closing the whole proceedings by singing in chorus the national hymn of Austria. LATEST FOREIGN EXCHANGES. (By Et4trle Telegraph.) - . - BRUSSELS, SEPT. 15.—Belgian Five per Cents., 100; ditto Four-and-a-Half per Cents., 93; Ex change on London, 25.171. ANTWERP, SEPT. 15.—Five per Cent. Metalliqucs, 78/ ; ditto Ardoins, 13/. Three per Cent. Interior, 34. Russian Four-and-a-Half per Cents., 100. Ex change on London, 25.17 t. AMSTERDAM, SEPT. 13.—Five per Cent. Metal liques, 731; Two-and-a-Half per Cent. Belgians, —; Five per Cent. Ardoins, 14 3-16. Three per Cents. Interior, 341; Russian Four-and-a-Half per Cents., • Two-and-a-Half per Cent. Integrals, 58 5-16. Exchange on London, 11.87 i. MADRID, SEPT. 9.—Three per Cents., 361; after Bolsa, 361 c. Four per Cents., 151 ; after Boise, Five per Cents., 171.; after Bolas, 171. Coupons, n; after Bolsa, 81 c. Passives, 6 7-16; after Bolsa, 6 7-16. Bank of St. Ferdinand, —• a ft er Boise, 100. Exchange on London, after Bolal, 510. ...peeing 'Minna. Lowest Mang I pee Oasts... U93 55 70 33 90 53 33 53 90 5 per Cents 9l 70 91 63 91 80 91 33 91 70 5 per Cents. Nair Loan ... ... ... ... ... 4 per Oat.. 4i pa Cents ... Exchange= Landon: sleight. 25 154 ; 00 day; 24 93. Belgian, 5, 1850 Do. S. 1041 Do. 45 Do. 25 Piedmont 0 p.Ct. SO .. Bank Shane PARA Sr% IL Tit llasay. • LORD For Monza. Paws, SIP?. lb.—Versailles (right bank), 248 75; ditto (left bane). 25; Pule and Orissa, IRO 60 ; Paris and Roma. —; Rouen and Haws, —— ; MarseWes and Avignon, 203; Illisabonne and Bole, 180; arise, ISO ; Boulogne and Aralann 10o; 011111112111 end Bordeassz, ; Northern. 460; Paris end ntrasboug. 235; tours and Mates. 213 75; Monteseau and Troyes, 103. GREAT SCARCITY exists in tho district of Oest mark, province of Wermeland, in Sweden, and the Ulu bitanta are actually obliged to crush the bark of trees and eat it, mixed with green rye, chopped up like straw for bones. A fortnight ago, u a young girl named Ilsnadoltor, of Elks, was returning from a mill with a sack containing a small quantity of flour, ,she was stopped by three _young men, who demanded of her to give it u p t o tham. She re fused ; whereupon they beat her with sticks until she was dead, and then devoured the flour. Two of the marina were shortly after arrested. All three belong to respecta ble familia. FATAL. ACCIDENT El THE STRAND.—Yesterday afternoon, about 4 o'clock, a Chelsea omnibus, No. 6,838, was proceeding at a furious rate to round the cab stand, and when opposite the corner of Pickett-place it came in contact with a poor man, a vender of lead pencils, and knocked him down, both wheels of the vehicle paring obliquely over his head and neck. The unfortunate man was quickly placed in a cab and removed to King's College Hospital, where it was ascertained that death must have been instantaneous, the head being dreadfully fractured on the right side, and the vertebra of the neck broken. The driver of the omnibus wu at once taken into custody, and removed to Bow-street. THE OVERLAND MAIL, (BY TELEGRAPHIC DESPATCH.) (1 , 11031 OCR OWN COIMESiONDENT.) MARSEILLES, Serf. IG [%] 5.30 A. The Indian mail arrived yesterday at 6.30 p.m. The dates from Calcutta are August 7; China, July 24. No news of importance. Exchange at Calcutta, 2s. 04d. to 2s. WA. The Pacha was wrecked, on the 21st of July, on the Formosa Bank; 1(1 men drowned, amongst whom are the third officer and two first-class pi,- PERSIA. (From the Ilerais4 Pcsl.) It is some time since tho affairs of Central Asia have occupied much of the attention of Enro., 'Die Russo-Persian expedition against Ilerat carried Lord Auck land into Atighanistan, and while our armies were there, more than one column of c very British newspaper was tilled with news, or reports of some kind, from that country and its vicinity ; but, sine the withdrawal of our troops, an occasional brief notice of Bost Maho:netl's wherealsout is all that the Indian bi-monthly has brought, and nothing has reached us through any other channel. But an event of no small interest has occurred in that quarter, which 1713 V he attended with consequences of high importance Yar Mahomed Khan, the ruler of Herat, who defended that city ceminst the Persians in 113:1, has just died, and the country) he governed with much vigour is, in consequence, looked upon by all its neighbours as an hereditas jacens, which is free to the first who can seize and hold it. Kohundil Khan, the half-brother of Dust Ma homed, who governs Kandahar, has sent our force to seize it. Another is moving down from Bukhara and the Oxus. And we cannot suppose that Dost Malionwd, who had gut possession of Bulkh, and was in force in that quarter, will look on with indifference. Ho is nearest to it by position. Herat, it is to he obterved, has, since the days of Ahmed Shah Abdali, been considered as a dependency of the Alf ghan Empire, and was held as such by Var Mahorucd, though he was, de facto, quite independent. But the Persians also have claims on Herat, to realise and to enforce which they laid siege to the place in INN. They aro preparing to avail themselves of the opportunity afforded by tar Mahotued's death, to occupy the city, and as much of its territory as they can. The Rimini tribes of the mountains, who are Slice" liko the PCIVLIIIA, will not be sorry to see the city in the hands of co-religionists, their association with the Affrhans, who are mostly Seances, being anything but cordial, and this the Persians well know. _ . Now, here is a very pretty piece of Asiatic embroilment, and, if the matter rested with the Asiatics, wo should be well content to look on and watch the issue, as a part of the world's history which very little concerned us. But it so happens that Itussia has just now a little quarrel of her own in that particular part of Asia. She sonic time ago occupied and established a depot upon a small island off the coast of :•lui.euderait, and nut very far from Asterahad. The plea was to have a port or refreshing place for vessels employed in protecting trade, and we suppose she will add, in urucr to curry favour with our agitators, for suppressing the horrible traffic iu human flesh, which is largely carried on by the Turkomans of that vicinity. This port was looked with great jealousy by both 1 urkomans and Persians, and the latter remonstrated frequently, but without effect. Not very lung ago, a partyof Turkomans waded over from the main land and destroyed the Russian depot, overpowering the sinall detachment left to guard it. The Turkomans had to cress Persian ter ritory to effect this, and there was other ground for sus pecting that the Persians connived at, if they did not aid, the enterprise. The consequence was a demand from Russia that the Persian Governor of Mazenderan should be removed. The Persians rained at lira, but succumbed when the Russian government insisted. Nut content with this, the Emperor has sent is force of about .),000 men to land in that part of the Caspian, and punish the Turko mans, and this force having fore;bly occupied Asterabad, is now operating up the Atrak river on the direct line to Mushid and Ilerat. The Persians. hitherto, have viewed this force and its operations with great jealousy; but, under the prospect of acquiring Herat, consequently upon the death of Yar Mahorned, it is by no means impossible that cordiality may be restored between the court of Persia and the ambassador from 'Petersburg, and then we may see Herat besieged again, and perhaps occupied, by a Attire:l-Persian army— the very danger to meet which the twouty millions of money and thousands of lives were expended between iKtd and 1842. Ws presume not yet to speculate upon these events and their consequences; it will suffice at present to state the facts, and leave the public to ponder over them. STEAM TO AUSTRALIA. The government has advertised for tenders for conveying the Australian mails in screw steamers, either of wood or iron, via the Cape of Ciood Hope, once every two months. It is probable that the object of the government in this is to gratify a very general wish that screw steam navigation should receive some national encouragement, and that means should be taken to facilitate emigration to Australia by renderiim the voyage to that country more rapid than when performed in sailing vessels, and less ex pensive than when a portion of it has to be performed by an overland route and the rest in paddle-box steamers. To imagine that the government believe that the Cape route to Australia is the best, that the screw can at present tit:du ally compete with :the paddle-box, or that the Australian mail scheme contemplated in the advertisement alluded to, was the only one that would ever be necessary, is absurd. This advertisement appeared before the gold discoveries in Australia had received any confirmation. There is no doubt that after a few more advices have ar rived from New South Wales that the attention of the public and the government will be directed with intense interest as to the most practicable means of effecting an im mediate rapid communication with Australia. The only two routes that can be considered are those by way of India and Panama, because lines of paddle-box mail steamers traverse portions of these routes. To communicate with Sydney through Panama would require, probably, a new company to be formed and new steamers to be built to cover a distance of 7,9G8 miles from Sydney to Panama.. To communicate with Sydney eastward the distance that would have to be covered is only 4,500 miles between Sydney and Singapore, and the Peninsular and Oriental Company have already steamers in the eastern seas that could immediately cover the distance. If an immediate rapid intercourse with Australia, thdrefore, were imperatively demanded, the country and the government would naturally turn their attention to the Indian overland route. Even if tho Bat hurst gold discoveries do not increase the passenger traffic on the overland India route from England, the traffic be tween India and China with Australia will enormously in crease, and render a steam-packet line between Singapore and Sydney remunerative. Now, the question with the go vernment, al to the establishment of a mail steam-packet communication with Australia is one of expense, and the question with the Peninsular and Oriental Company, as to the establishment of a line of steamers between Singapore and Sydney, is one of interest. A very short time will decide whether it would not be worth while fur the Peninsular and Oriental Company to run a steamer down to Sydney in connexion with their Singapore line—say every other month—and convey a mail for a sum that the govern ment would be willing to allow. Six times every year wo should then have a very rapid intercourse with New South Wales. Such an arrangement need not interfere with the mail packet communication with Australia, tie the Cape, by means of screw steamers, which will answer many important purposes. COLLISION ON TILE CALEDONIAN RAILWAY.—About 12 o'clock on Thursday last, the second division of the down train from London to the north, which left about 9 o'clock on Wednesday evening, met with an accident at Kirtle bridge, near Gretna, about 17 miles from Carlisle, the con sequences of which wero happily of a trifling nature. It appears that • train of empty trucks had come from Beat lock towards Carlisle, and, not expecting tho London train at the time, was crossing the line for the purpose of attach ing an additional number of empty waggons from the Kirtlebridge siding, when the passenger train, with sixteen carriages hove in sight. Tho engine of the latter was immediately reversed, and every effort made to avoid a collision, but the momentum had not been entirely over come when the two engines came into contact. Tho number of passengers in the train at the tune of tho accident is believed to have been about 200. The rate of speed before the trucks train was discovered was about 30 miles an hour. Beyond the continued blowing of the whistle, few of the passengers noticed anything out of due course until the collision took place, when the heads of the people were violently knocked against the backs of the carriages and into each others' faces. Most of the injuries eln• tained were consequently cuts or contusions on the head and face, from which, and from the sudden alarm, many were rendered temporarily insensible ; but they all speedily recovered to express their thankfulness at their miraculous escape. In all, it is believed, that from 30 to 40 persons have been hurt, but almost all of them slightly—at least such is the case with those belonging to Glasgow. The engineer and stoker jumped oft the passenger train when they saw that a collision was inevitable; but they had previously turned off the steam and applied the breaks with all their power. Those in charge of the empty train be came completely paralysed when they saw the passenger train advancing on the same line of rails, and did nothing to avert the collision. Possibly by this time it was out of their power to make any effectual effort. Fortunately none of the passenger carriages were thrown off the line. All the passengers agree in stating that • more reckless colli sion—in broad daylight, too, and with a train which was known to be on its way—or a more merciful escape, has never occurred. What the railway officia/s can say for themselves remains to be seen. ----- EASTERN UNION RAILWAY.—Last week the Trowee extension of this company's line was opened by the direc tors, and on the day of the Yarmouth races, a train of .300 persons from Colchester, Ipswich, and other places were taken over it to Yarmouth, without change of carriages. STIRLING AND DUNFERMLINE RAILWAY: The Anon extension of this line is going forward rapidly, and the bridge over the Devon at Cambia is completed.