The Express. — London, England, 1851-04-26 00:00:00

PPP"' THE EXPRESS, SATURDAY EVENING, APRIL 28, 1851. I place, suraeon to Bartholomew's Hospital ; James Pim 67, St. James's-street, surrriral instrument soaker, • XL—Cotton. Sir James Atu.uon, Lord Provost of Glsagovr, Glasgow; rotten maaufaetterer ; Thomu Ashton, Hyde Cheshire, asdon spinner; W. Gray, Mayor of Holton, Whe.ttliad, Hokon, cotton spinner; (icons Jackson, Corporation-road, Carlisle, cotton. spinner; J. .6.spinal Turner. Idanehoter, cotton spinner. - - - Xll.—Woollen and Worsted. Samuel Addinuton, 10-i, St. Martin's-lane, and Stroud, woollen merchant ; Henry Brett, Wood-street, Chcapsiole, and "fodder4fleld, woollen merchant ; John Cooper, J. P. I,eols, woollen merchant and mlnufaeturer Henry Forbes, Bradford, merchant • GeoNe Lawton, Meeklehurst, near Ashton-under-Lyne, manufacturer; Thulium Mar ling, Stroud, retired manufacturer. " THE AGRICULTURAL DISTRICTS. EAST YORKSHIRE. TO THE EDITOR OF TIIE DAILY NEWS. SlR,—.ln the East Riding of Yorkshire we have ~ . an entirely different character of roil and surface to i that which prevails in the West Riding. 'Lite eastern i side is bounded throughout by the German Ocean. 1' The wolds, a magnificent assemblage of chalk I . hills, reaching the sea at Flamborough Head, but divided from the sea from Bridlington southward to the Humber by the low Hat district of Holderness,! seem, like some convulsion a n portio e o ot of the Lincolnshire by shire welds,mighty 1 severed '. during so Humber and its rich broad banks. The Holderness ,J district next the sea is in many respects analogous to ' the fen districts of Lincolnshire. The wolds have • been described as the South Downs on a large scale, and their rounded uniform outline is similar to the chalk formation in other parts of the island. In this respect they offer a striking contrast to the oolitic range of hills lying on the north-west. • The East Riding has well defined natural boun daries, that of the south being the River Humber, and the lower portion of the Ouse ; on the east is the German Ocean; and the rivers Ilarford, Der went, and Ouse, surrounding, on the north and west • sides, with the exception of some eight or ten miles from Stamford-bridge to York. The Riding con- • tains 711,000 acres, which geologically consists of three districts, viz., Ist, the eastern portion of the Vale of York, the great part of that vale being com prised within this Riding. This district belongs to the new red sandstone formation, but is covered so much by drift, gravel, and diluvial deposits, that for agricultural purposes it partakes very little of the characteristics of the new red sandstone. The soil and surface of this district are very various. There is also a belt of liar clay, extending front llowsham to Brough, on the Humber, and having a breadth of I about two miles ; and the land is of a most tenacious nature. Northward lies,—first, a tract on the infe rior (polite, and then the upper oolite begins on the edge of the wolds near North Grimatone, and forms a succession of hills by Langton Wold to Witham and Talton. The land un the oolites con sists of turnip and barley soils, and is equally well adapted fior either pasturage or tillage. A large part of the Vale of York consists of a le vel diluvial tract, crossed in a few plans by beds of clay . and gravel. Between Pocklington and Market Weighton there is a liand of chalky ;navel running along the base of the \Vold hills, which, though ori ginally a poor hungr y soil, has in many places, by good management, been converted Into useful and arable land. Beyond this gravelly tract lies a belt of poor ferrugiuous sand which has not been anywhere cultivated with success. Recently, how ever, heavy dressings of clay and marl have been applied to the extent of from NO to 1.50 cubic yards per acre, with sonic promise of better results. Chem are about 15,000 acres of this land which may, and probably will, thus he eventually reclaimed. The second geological division is the wold or chalk district, which extends front Flamborough Head to Acklamn—a distance of Omit thirty miles, and known as the high wolds, while the lower wolds reach front Hug gate, in a south-eastern direction, towards the Humber, and terminating at Ilessle, a distance of 21) miles. These chalk hills are steep towards the Vale of Pickering on the north, and to wards the Vale of York on the west, but slope gra dually towards the south-east until they dip beneath the alluvial land of llolderness. At the north of the wolds, the highest point of elevation is SOHO feet above the sea level, falling to about 500 feet above the sea at the southern extremity. The dip of the stratum is towards the east, and the district is de scribed generally as consisting of two or three long pandlel ridges running cast and west, having on their summits a large extent of Hat table-land. This table-land is covered with diluvial soil, eighteen inches or two fesi thick, and harming a deep, dark soloured loam, having a mixture of clay. It is wor thy of note that the soils here resting on the chalk do not partake largely of the nature of the rock on which they rest, many of them having no more than from two to five per cent. of calcareous matter. Geo- I twists have accounted for this by the theory that I the diluvial beds of Holderness have been carried by, enormous masses of water over the western. escarp omit of the wolds, furrowing them into deep east and west valleys, and leaving on the level and ele vated portions of the wolds a deposit of diluvial sedi ment. The average breadth of this district is about six miles. This theory is confirmed—that deep bedsl of gravel wear in several places upon the welds, and along the line of the valleys. The third geological division is the Holdernesa district. This tract is somewhat Hat, having an in clination front the coast towards the south-west ; the, soil is chiefly clay, and the sea yearly makes consi- &Table encroachments, as much, it is said, as three I feet per annum on an average. Though consisting generally of clay, the soils of Holderness arc moat various, and an equal variety in their management is tbund to exist. In a few places there is gravel and I sand, and the Carrs form a tract of peaty fen land of 1,700 acres, adjoining the river Hull. The laud in llulderness generally requires drainage, and that improvement has been partially executed, though usually the drains have been laid too shallow. Much of this tract is still in grass, about two-thirds only being under the plough. So late us 1512 the East Riding was designated as entirely a grazing and breeding country. The liolderness cattle, which have had much share in turning the modern York shire short-horn, is believed to have been introduced into the district from !Miami and the former pre valence of black and white cows seems to attest the accuracy of this reputed origin. For many years Past , pine-bed short-horns from the Tees have been used in Holderness for crossing the native cattle of the district, and the result has been the creation of a (large -framed sort of cattle, more remarkable for milking than bir fatte ' g qualities. The large . Yorkshire bay horses, still much used for carriage horses, are chiefly bred in Holderness : in accordance with the improvld taste of the day these horses are now three parts thorough-bred, and many small farmers now take to Howden horse fair in September two or three voung horses of great value, Indeed, I believe that 'farmers have of late wars too much overlooked the profit to be obtained' from breeding well-bred horses; the only drawback is that they re main long on hand, not being usually saleable till four or five years old. Agriculturally, however, the Wold district is the most important and the most improved of this Riding. Here there is much good fanning, but I did not find it so general as in the same kind of soil in Lincolnshire ; neither are the \Vold farmers of York shire remarkable for the same degree of enterprise which is a characteristic of the Vold thrmers of Lin . coltishire. In Arthur Young's time (1770) he thus !speaks of a part of the Wold district :—lletween ' Dritfield and Bridlington the country is chiefly open \Voids ' • the soil is indifferent and lets from 2s. to I 75. G per acre. but in the Mehl:tares it is much dearer. Across the Nrolds large tracts were left in an uncultivated state. producing rents front -Id. toils. per acre. And he says," They plough up the turf and sow icicley or more often oats, and then leave . the soil to gain of itself a new sward ; and this is their management every six years." The farms were then from 30/. to 1001. a Year. no turnips were grown, and seventh farmers joined their Hocks together for the purpose of folding. Sir Digby Le gard, of Gunton, writing to Arthur Young of the system then pursued on the \Voids, says : .. 'fhe gene ral use made of the open Weld land is to stock with sheep, and cultivate a small part of it with the plough. But by this tillage at a great distance from the farm laws. a, which are situated at the foot of the hills, it is , impracticable ter the farmer to get his dung conveyed thither at any moderate expense. lie never attempts it : all the manure this land gets is from the sheep fold; and were he content to plough no more than ' he can thus well improve by twice folding, it would . lie well; but he has been accustomed every year to plough up a fresh inn of his sharp - walk, to take a crop or two. and. then let it lie 15 or 20 years, • till the natural grass has again formed a kind of turf , ' but it will sometimes be 40 years before the land is ' completely sodded over." The rate of increase ordsuch a ~,a,•l . MU'. nut melee titan three:cid, fe,nr baslwls , of oats sown rettruing only twelve bushels to the acre at harvest : and Sir Malty estimated that six times the quantity of corn thee grown might be ob tained. In that very district large crops of wheat, barley, and yuts an• now grown, and the land lets at I'IA.NOFOItTES IN THE GLASS PALACE. I IMPORTANT MEETING OF EXHIBITORS. Messrs. I'ollard, the eminent pianoforte makers, Lest evening a large meeting was herd at the basing just completed the instruments male by them fur the Trevor Arms Tavern, Knightsbridge, when many most approaching Exhibition, have invited an inspection of the influential manufacturers and commercial men were pre sans.' before the y are plated in the building. Messrs. Cot- sent, to the number of about 340. The meeting was craw lards' contributions consist of five pianofortes, differing in ye -seed at two hors' notice, and wait composed of gentle form and construction, hut all crual in their respective men whom it was stated represented goods for lizkiltition to merits and excelleuces. The instruments in question range the value of half a million. Mr. Inns NIINToN, of Soho from the cheap michrocord en or cottage, in pine-wood case, square, and Dovedale, Worcestershire, moved that .'tester French-polishes', up to the costly horizontal grand, in which F.Lt.torr lloote, Esq., of the Green-lane Works, Sheffield, all possible perfectionof touch and toae is acquired. The piac- t ake the chair ; seconded by It leer CAILIt, woe` Priehraterrdon. being almost the antalkat- 'Used piano- The CUAIENIAN said: Gentlemen, This meeting is forte made, little larger than the piccolo, is remarkable for its convened to taken into consideration the policy and pros purity and volume of tone and elastic touch—it is, indeed, pricey of addressing the Itnyal Commissioners on the subject surprising how an instrument so satisfactory in these re. of the admission of exhibitors into the building during the verve, and so extensive in compass (61 octaves), can be pro- continuance of the Exhibition. There is something so ductal in so small • space ; while the appearance of the : extraordinarily strange in the exclueien of the very men white deal wood, set off by • brilliant Vint of French who have made the Exhibition what it is, that I cannot for polish, is light and elegant in the extreme, having almost a moment suppose that there will he the least objection on the elf-et of satin wood. Another instrument similar to the part of the royal commissioners, if the case be properly this. bat in • mop• expensive rosenoed case will be exhi- stated to them, to granting admission to exhibitors. The bited. There will also he • cabinet pianoforte, in • hand- • extraordinary expense of attending and getting up by the Borne carved oak ease, in the Louis (historic style, cape- exhibitor., both iu time and money. can hardly be cow eially noticeable for the excellence of its touch and the ceived, and as the benefit they will derive is very quer. pe elect setion of the dampers—two points in which cabinet tionable, it appears to me monstrous that the exhihitom pianofortes sr.. almost invariably defective—while in tone should be excluded. And I much fear, after the m at*, it is far •upvri.n. to the generality of such instruments.' noyances that most of us have hail connected with this Still proweding in an twee tiding scale, we next come to a six. Exhibition, that if we be excluded the building, unless rano nof the square semi-errand pianoforte--a superior de- we purchase • season tieket, that no commissioner will ever have another opportunity fur such a display. We did eels erreption ..f granel-otuare, of lorth which we . suppose some little—l was going to say reward , bat Coll era were the originator.. The square semi-grand to . who hwe now refer, is in all respects a super b in - / I will not use the term—at least, that we should have the strum. nt. The ease is of very fine walnut-tree' opportunity of witnessing the page - antry of the court, of weer!. with mawiee carving, in the Italian style, seeing our beloved Queen, and of joining in some way in surround. el ley aI. hail. of fotoons, and standing ' the expressions of the loyalty peosewed by the great bulk 64.1 trove.. 'I to sternal., however, are subordinate I, of the exhibitors—(great cheering)—for I feel assured—and to the musical , teeliene., of the interior, which is such 1 1 spealt as a contributory—that the country manufacturers a... h is , Ws , r seen attained in any Ascription of instru- i are loyal to the it heart.' core—;vociferous cheering)— m• re? short of the leerironee: grand. holes el we have tried firmly attached to the institutions of their country, and en env grind pierodorte• rah riot, in purity of tone, power, I anxious to maintain in this peaceful struggle of indus and r, hue nolo .1 tom h. to this square S. liii.ffT2lltl. The trams rivalry the honour of our country. We did last awl runt Important of Messrs. Conant: Exhibition in- expect that we should have had an opportunity of evincing st eu e n ent., is I specimen of the horizontal grand pianoforte,' the feelings by which we are actuated, and it appears to me eseeedingly bad taste, after inviting gentlemen to come the newt per As-t and nsniplete of all the various forms of th. peaveoforte. 1 leis iwtrument is junked f,frr o,va from distant shores--probably from the East Indies —and to gay to them—You have brought your goods over here for The approprosse to the object in fief, is I oostrachal of our 'retitle:item, it is true; we have provided you with • tree Hillis!. oak, sleguntly carved oand elaborately gilt, some house ; we have invites' you to our native soil ; but we what oi the style ot the. boar (Minn. period. The comjwis of will not let you even witness your own exhibit., and corn th. instrument is serculMia%l. , , from A to A. Ito tone, full, seas h, and powerful, is. the middle and 1011.1 Witt. lip- Parr your goods with ours. ante ss you pay us three guineas. power of an organ , white as . That appears to me to be something so contrary wen ems,• ially struck with the aelminehle equality tierrairas to talltitnoll sense. need so injurious CIS% to the Exhi bition itself, that I should he, as an Englishman, but the a bolo , showing that the roost elaborate Can: wham , +l that they should :eluded. This morning I has les.es dosed on the finishing awl regulating of the oral rims. set. m,utioned to a gentleman, (r ri em Atneca, the situation in M. Br...tweet have prepared four pianofo ring rtes whieh they were placed, and said I was afraid they might have an indifferent notionof England in consequence of the all of thee W but erivental gruel form, diffe t h e of the rttcri,,r, and continuos drain me their pone ; and the reply was, e. If with ..nnr sarseti.olls in the initi•neal mechanism. you had hrs. in, it,ll to N.•vr York, and the Exhibition TM y ear all line enstruntrol'', of the fast CASs a . grit lean thrown open to you fr...., the Stites would have to neasiesl s %empower. Two are in eases of Arnhem, rime from one end to another with shame." (Hear.) weed ; ea, plain; the other very richly gilt. awl remarkable Mr. Mt:iron, after a starch to the same effect, moved Foe the. I. smiled 'waded apharanee of the groin. This --" That this meeting appoint a deputation to wait upon iuslrum nt was the sally nn. quite eiuideti... l sit , the !loyal Commissioner.. and respectfully to urge upon ~r foe lis ,„„ : them the question eef alienating the exhibitor. ewe the lot of of ~„. higlu st wskr ;t h e fi rst is a haPl7r„roii,„iti„. May and during the touting:oar of tit. Exhibition." set that the excess of which in the run- Mr. 11. %erre, in • short speech, seconded the motion. T. Burdett Turtem, Esq., mayor of Sheffield ; Mr. De tin. oral piano. fringe vtly wnounts birdie an d Lana' of Alfred-place, I:enemy-omen.; Mr. Elmer ; Mr. a lequol asol serape.. vole, so racessary Air rants. bd. playing. The touch i. firm, yet elastic, and ea. N e wton, of the patent offiee, (•hancery-lane; all spoke ewer. readily to the engem of the player. There is snow to the *sun. effect and at :treat length. It) w the of th e . .„ iikti The motion was do ie put 31111 carried unanimously. It was then moved and as . ..reeled, and carried unani the ameellsearel. by which it is expected he eseunte.nwt the. tnously, that the. chairman, Mr. Minton. and Mr. Riley 7...`l f thaw i tier 4,5. n. I'ollanl. j u n w: trnin 7 a,.. 1 7 , " h. ' Carr appointed u deputation. with power to add to their ve number, to wait upon the royal commissioners to-morrow. attained ,M• ultimatum of perfesi• . and I , use Mr. Roberts, of the Arm of Sharp. Roberts, and Co., of Manchester; Mr. Garten, of Exeter ; Mr. Barrett. of the wed pianofortes is a ca.- 01, hone. while (or the fourth instrioneent walnut. tree wowl i. the material made use ..f. 'I his latter is a re. I'rus.ian Silesia ; amt acme g.'t.tlemrn from mart. iii line r in ,eee e ...... the g statedothertPah, r .: th. s instrnmrnt. air egsal in lbe it musical use Wits, and we ; . el cpes moat iv...it the. meeting from France, America, Ibellem, who acre anti:epee to be l . es " ? 1 potation ; but the meeting thought it a tidy maiutain the genially-aihnitted superiority of English pint of 11.111.11;Id the laiseur should be undertaken by pianofortes in all the essential qualities of substantial minus ;nu e' .. . n .li h perfection future and of tune and touch, but if it be Tie aeljenmeed until seven this evening. possible, teelv.mee their already high npistation. The Messrs. Evert, equally celebrated as rankers of pimento:ries awl harps. will exhibit in both carmine., sad doubly as I:ie.:lisle and French mama:wow. es. They will contribute in all SOMl•Vilivr.• edema twenty instruments-- weevil pianofortes unit eight harp, tram their Lombok house, LIST OF JURORS FOR TuE UNITED K INGIIO3I. (Front i.t ght. T.—Mining. Quarr M, talliirsdrid Operation., and SI incral Product.. and the r. nt tinder from their Parht t.Wbli•hmu •nt. Thy hiauofnrtrs will emilerise instrument. of variont. kinds and foori. • incluolong of tlorir gramd pianoollstirs, son r.to rniosl to pohlir ...an itlayrrs for thrir ggmrahlr tumuli awl (hr.-low and di.tiurt ooftnnt. mrtallir coati', tor moist' .-11 ralrnlatoll 100 In• to art! twainst an ono lor.tral aro oonopaninivoit. Ihrro• will ;ilso. le .jort • It. Or Eiarol.• prisiriplo• of ololitor strin 4 ing, lit which a grraler Irorzth of string and r onsolurtit tone and pow rr are gainrol in small upright instruoursits -nor of tin bring valasloottnl in 3 noscnonnl rasr, elalooralrly itd.tid nab r. Sir 11. 1h- li Iletlie, F.R.S., 2/1. Jermyli-strut, Direetor.liesieraloir the 11t4ilomiral Survey of the United kiluttlum. &e. ; M. Farthiv. F.R.S., Royal Insti tutimt. Alheniarle—treet. of Closmi.try to the Itoval Invtitutiun W. lervran. F. 0.5., Sarkville.street. Dirt etor of the 1:...1.wievl Sun. y 'l'..ylor, Falmouth, Mineral Surveyor to the Duchy of 61131wa11. IL—Chemical and l'harntierutieul l'FOre4•11•1111111 1.11)(111Ct• generally. Jamb 11 , 11. M.P.. I. Pharmaceutist ; Thomas Graham, ELLS., 1, Ibiribm-square, Proftseor of Chemistry, University College; John !dereer, F.C.S., Oakcissaw, near At crington, Lineashire, calico printer ; 11. 1.. I'attiusnl, EA'.s.. 10, Grey-str,t, Neweastle-upun- Tyse, chemical numuliseturcr. 111. -Sulotanees used as Food. Rir J. P. Boileau, Bart., ELLS., 211, Upper Brook-strect, agriculturist; Js•ph I). Hooker, M.D., R.N., ELLS., Royal Garden.. Kew, I„rtani•t; Dr. Lindley, ELLS., 21, Itegent-strod, Pridassor of Botany, Cniv.•rslty College. IV.—Vi getable illl/1 Arllniali Staled:they. chiefly used in N;u,ufartum as Implement., or for Ornament. Pr0f....0r Richard Owen, ELLS., College of Surgeons, Lineolu''-inn-tields. Curator to the College of Surgeon; Dr. Royle. 1.R.5.. Lot India linen', ln•adenhall-stmt, Profi,:or of Mat. ria Medina, King's College; Professor Sony, F.R.S.. Tavistoelowtuare, eturermi Chemistry, ut .\ddi+rundw•; N. Wallich, M.D., ELLS., 4, Upper Outer-anal, Bollonl-square, forni. riy Curator of the lkitanied (lard, 11, V.—)lachine. for direct use, including Carriages, and Railway and Naval Mechanism. Fairbaini, Maneltester, ineelainii.l engineer; John Taney, ppyr Ouilford street, Itussell..quarr, consulting engineer; John Hick. mechanical cn gineer ; 11. Nlaudslay, 1, Cheltenham-place, Lambeth, me chanical engineer; Rev. E. Moseley, M.A., ELLS., Orti., Privy Council, Invector of Schools, and for merly is eo liss o r of Mechanic. at King'. College; Robert Napier, Glasgow, mechanical en.iine•r and ship builder. V. a.. -Sub-Jury for Carriages, J. Holland. 2is. Oxford-street. coach builder; Earl Jer sey. :04, Berkeley-suare, formerly Nlaster of the Horse; T. Hutton, Summer-bill, Dublin, cuaeh builder. B ‘‘• LK or ENtill.Poll SILK mos THE (iitmtT l E x Bes•rs. James llouhlsworth and Co., of Nlaiichister, have pi.t compli-tril, with the Jacquard loom, I of English silk. supposed to hr the first mat• nil of the loud ever arid to the loons. The eireurn iil4lo, • under whirl. the present fabric ha. been proiltieed will Iv- to public, as well as to the advocates' of native prorlurtions. Mrs. Whitby, a lady of fortune residing in Hampshire. coneviving mane year. :igo that silk worm. could in suec.wfully reanal in On. country, under tok the isperinient, with the t lbw of 311ralirillir native . About I I %oar, :Igo worms were bred mi the' ~tale of Newland. bit that purpose. awl mulberry plants were ohtaimal Inini %grill, of the l'hilippine variety. The silkworms were fed under the superintentlimee of Mrs. Whitby herself, r o il the vbs. gathered awl wound by her own maid, For 11 years she 1151Miril ti,, i-%llrritlirilt with estr.wrilinary singleness of purpose. 31111 it is aid that her belief of the prim-tie ibility of ioweis•frilly inakin4 this an .A -1.11.6,4 silk-producing counter ririewil into conviction. She on the Oth .tugu.t led. One of her daughters, Mrs. West, of Ittithin Castle, writ a quantity of the silk produced smiler thew eircumstancis to Messrs. Mulch. orth to he ciiiiverteil into a banner. anil it is likely to ti.rure 34 one Of Ili k- most beautiful and elaborate produ e . toots of the Jacquard Mom. Tihe centre piei-e if 3 group of three figures npreweiting Britannia in the act of he stowing a ellnaßll ltioill two youths who are engaged in rev)- it. tin' silk. stn ion: vital trail pattern •OllTUUtitl. the group. in Which the mulberry leaf is conspicuous. The ,odours Arr Willi, green, unit crimson. On a wroll under neath the figures i• the motto •• l'a lma non .it,, Bili tzen t, - ,•• . . .11. „,... u tr on of th.• .bsiza in the I.kosi has nstuinul ..al..int I VI. -Mannl:souring Machines and Tools. lii.O.st pattern cards. and it is said that the whole prepara. Charles Gavoinne Ntaelea, Leeds. IllOrhunical engineer : lion of the design has cost '-'OB/., of which the cant. alone John Penn. Greenwich, mechanical engineer; George Kai,. taken 101. }tenni.% F.It.S.„ Whitehall-place. mechanical engineer; THE EMPSltnit or RUSSIA has decided that n T. 1:. Sewell, Carrington. near Nottingham. lace manu facturer ; Protiwitir 11. Willis, 1.R.5., Cambridge, Pro. commission of manufactun•no and 131OU of isei.n., . mulct fooor echanics the pr ney eside of Count Kleintuieliel, din...tor-general of pulilic works. shall Is -ent to the Ealiiliiii.ot at London. ji l d 1 merhanieal of Mengineer.; 11,njantin lothergill, Manchester. shall Oat France to examine the principal nv facturina ' V 1 I.—Civil Enginucrinc. .%rchitectural. and Building rotabli.hments. The Enliven's. Ito. 4h° .11 Val,' that ouch'' Contrivances. of his subjwts as nkiy visit I.olllloa may pew through. 11r. Neil Arnott, F.H.8., Beiltioril-sipiare, llnctor of M..sdi- Franc.. on undergoing certain fornialdies. ! sine; I. K. Brunel. F. 11.5., Duke-stmt, Weatminater, .1' •-•J M It mil .1 Flt 8 8 On'at G • itir. Eurtiton or Arstitts Is about to present to ( :, i , v ,, i ,, 1 ,.' n ,F i :1r r ,...,,, in . ,, - ,,:, ' w ,i ii ,,„,. i; t . ,: , ' F.H.s., I T r i r ' , st : Quivu Victoria a number of album., epee., rating thu pt'. it 1 . aen ..pLase. lii.lioNrate. Arehitert. ruliar sustain... of all the ditfen•nt populati.ms of the Ana- Vlll.—Mayal Architecture and Military Engineering ; tnut empire, together a ith the moon of the national dill, Into &Wms ore executed by some of the tirot artists of . Ordnance. Amami'', and Accoutrements. litinow. The alumni awe to moire in the Espoiiitiori. I Majur-Genend Sir John Burgoyne k.( .U.. 8,, Pal:-mall,, Insmator-tieneral of Fortifications; A. F. Cryan', F. 11.5., It tNEIVN I. try.. --The Echo Rityymailiin gives th e Lloyd'. it T 1 Exchange. Principal Shipwright Surveyor at following notice of a ouperh contriloution to the Great Es• 1 1,1,,,,r a ; 4,:y o r-tieneral Sir W. 3lorrison, K.C.8., M.P.. hilin o w. just rompleted at lloyewt. After alluding to the . E.g.w., N., 16. Sayill,row , lion. Eaot India Company's eapo.a•nnt a. a grata' and noble idea alwat to he solemnly service; Sir Baldwin Walker, K.C.8.„ 66, Westbouriic ...i• uninati il. the E. 100 slys . '.Our o a t , I,,, n lity will not terms, Surecyor-tieneral of the Naiy. be A.k.a.% la the gnat movement which haw agitates' all part- .d Ow 6,06..4 y jui kt . •rh ‘ . 1.., ,„„,„,f,,,un.. w. bong IX.—Agricultural and liankulturrl 31i/chines and Imple ments. its pride. and whieh • rico ill our day. toga ithatanding the comm.-aka "is"..it n a, we lase ~.".6,,,,,a. 0 4 ,, ~,,0 . ,„. Colonel Ciialloner, 11, t • harles-treet, Berlickyoquan.: B. T. Brandreth Gibbs. 11311 Mown - stet : re A. Ilannuond, ni. la to nearly 1....1100 women in our own district mail thu . se Wrotacre ILII. Bougham. Nortiiiik : Juoh. Locke, M.P., inane lately aurrounilinir it. will be nobly a s, on 1 Oa kinks of the Timm. , and will. vt. 'hare no doubt. F.1{.8., 6. ('helve-terrace, Reiterat'..purk : W. Miles. ,d. 3 t honour on the town of Ili). us. Ate uly „ a h.h. ratr a in I M.P.. Leigh t ourt. near Bristol :. P. Pusey, M.l'.. F.1t.8., Fitaland for the (moot.. t %1.... try of glarl.ll Mathilth..l Pu..Y• near EAn..shm; J. V. Shelley, l'Aus*,is.l.l-lAArh• rbe :led in this m,,,,... Th ., , Da .. ,ta , . suo.es : 11. S. Thmup..iii, Moat Ilan. near York. hop.'. w ill assuna ll y 'hand hy thosewfut! n like 1 X.—Philosophical Instruments and proctor. depending mat.omm, Italie been in nnitted to examine the upon their use; Musical, liorological, and Surgical In-' beautiful fabric. douined for the I.wid on carnation, stranumtA I, M. mt.'. .• 1 •1 1 " •1 ,"n .. and l'aanY. A ~,,,,, g il'... :irti,li f c 0,,. Sir Ilfarkl firewater. F.R.5..1, Dorset -street. Manchester tri:iiiteu ny thu lam i. A .up rn )ry,..“ Ili I.Lts It lac, tom- spArl. and st. AllaTOWs, Fit shire. N. 8., Principal of the n i s tina of A 'ante ..twin. .howl. an orwitiveati 3 flounce more 1 I nis..rsity, St. Andrews: Sir John llcrwhel, Hart., than M isehr. in .6-1 , 61. a N'nh....11111 aril. Im...turn, I FICA.. 5.. Illarlermeeet, Ming. r of the Mint : W. 11. ha. ii i n manufactured i .pre-s_ ly tar the 'hub,. or s o ., r-' Miller, F.R.8., Scr i mp s t e rrace. Carob...kW , l'rufeiour of ....t. a devemlant of the royal hon.. of Stuart. Its. booty ; Mineralogy : lies. H. AlOtitalLLll6. D.D. 1.R.5., Athe. fit ...la anything of the: kind we. hate before wyn. The ; nmoni Club. and 11. Loudon - wad, Beading; J. Olitshict, sc.:., i. of fairy Bolan,. and elegance. The sbawl---eli. I F.R.S., Clb...rsatitry. Grrenwith. Observer in Grvcnwich tio, itdied kr the titbits.s of it. eisitioositiou--Se3n in each , olaierrators : I'nd...or Putter. 1.11.5.. Univerrity Coll4e, cot a..t the cypher of the Ouch, . of Somer. t :mil the family ' London. Profeoor :of Natural Philosophy. ew i.'i. Mon. united to the arms of En4lautl. The anuorka ' Sub-Jury A. for Musical Instruments. on ot. rings, and the Watto of the. Order of Cie Garter suss I W Sterinlale Bonnet. 15. Ituos-U-place, Ftaroy..mptare, laimiit•im them, an. I.`ll,:ith., with _ r, at ab . .!i:y. The !ante Pr.4 ,,, 0r at tilt' Royal Academy of 31ude ; Sir Ir. B.ahop, en.' ,-:1.. "moat. aes at ea. lon all :: e ari.!.. ...iimp: inn the , i, ttnlbmiiiite-,•n • -t. ilyde Park. lll , :tur of Min& ; SOO. ,soc , r; The design. for ed. prisltsinkai atm tarnished Iy ; Satan. 91,6 r, at l'ortlauil-stnet; ant ! 4 t. Ann's, ( hertory, 11 rota.. an arti.t of European reputation. sho La. ',....0 011.04 of the _VbaPel. Moral ; Dr. Wyliki tl.ki We'd m..•: fortunate in basing his idea. h"utituill tamed eat I hourne-terrafe. Itiwtor or Music, and l'rufessor at the I, NI Penny. - The Echo emu iudi ahy a a;insaing a belief Howl Academy of Mu-dc. My. 'his work will be one sat the moot remarkable obyeets al J. nulsJui7ll. for Sargind Instruments. its kind in the Exhibiti on . an d c moot fail to place • M.' J. 11. Oren'. E.ic s _,_ Had:. Y. alittaknr%. l'eYsid , n! CoI• l'apay in the arm rank of lace nianufac",un rs. leg• of Sonoma; W . Lawrence, F. 118., Whitchall- and Velvet. Samuel Courtauld, 2, Carey-lane, Chcapside, crape manu facturer ; Thomas Jt &oat, Coventry, ribbon manufacturer; George Tawke Kemp, 31, Spital-square, silk manufacturer; Charles Warwick, 132, Cheapside, silk merchant ; Thomas Winkworth, Gresham Club, King William-street, City, silk manufacturer. XI V.—Manufactures from Flax and Hemp. William Cbrirler, Seemour-hill. &drag, bleacher ; John M‘Master, Guildf rd, Banbridge, Ireland, manufacturer ; John Moir, Dundee, manufacturer ; Charles Tee, Pindar Oak, Barnsley, manufacturer; John Wilkinson, J.P., Leeds, flax spinner. XV.LMixed Fabrics, including Shawls. but exclusive of Worsted Goods (('lass XII.) W. Clahhurn, Norwich, manufacturer; John R. Lavan ehy, 6, New Burlington-street, silk mercer ; John Mor gan, Grecnlaw, Paisley, manufacturer ; Titus Salt, Brad ford, manufacturer; Frederick Schwann, Huddersfield, merchant ; William Prinsep, :39, Glouce.ter-gartleas. XVl.—Lcather, including Saddlery and Harness, Skins, Fur, Feathers, and flair. lion. Col. George Anson, 2d, Hill-street, Berkeley square; J. 13. Bevington, Neekinger Milk Bermondsey, leather manufacturer; John Foster, 16, Wignmre-strut, Cavendish-square, florist and feather manufacturer ; J. W. Newman. At 21.11, saddler and harness manufacturer; J. A. Nicholay,l.2, Oxford-stret, furrier to her Majesty, XV 11.—Paper and Stationery, Printing, and Bookbinding. Thoina. De ht Rue, 11(3, Dunhill-row, ornamental sta. ' tionery manufacturer; Viscount Mahon, 11, Grosycnor-place ; C. Venable', Plomer-hill House, I High Wycombe, and Hampton Gres.. near Oxford, a re tired paper manufacturer ; C. Whittingham, Chiswick, priter. XI 111.—Woven, Spun, Felted, and Laid Fabrics, when shown as specimens of Priating or Dyeing, John Hargreaves, Aorington, Lancashire. calico printer; Alexander Harvey, G asgow, dyer; C. Swaisland, Crayford, Kent, printer; Henry Tucker, 30, Gre.harn-street, silk manufacturer ; Edmund Potter, Manchester, calico printer. XI X.—Tapestry. including Carpets ,md Floor-cloth., Lace and Embroidery, Fancy and Industrial Work.. D. Diddle, ((I, Oxford-street, lacctuaii; Richard Birkin, Nottingham, lace manufacturer; Peter Graham, 37, Ox ford-street, carpet manufacturer; Thomas Simeox Lea. J.P. Astley 11.11, Stourport, carpet manufacturer; Robert Lind say, Blfast, %twod and mbroillen.ll muslin manufacturer. KN.—Articles of Clothing, for immediate, personal, or domcaic uu•. ....... _ T. Brown, 40, Woovl-stroet, stniw hat manufacturer and milliner ; T. Christy, Id, Gracechurch-street, heaver and silk hat manufacturer; William Felkin, Mayor of Not tingham, the Park, Nottingham, hosiery manufacturer ; E. Smith, GO, Old Uncut-street, tailor. X XL—Cutlery and Edge Tools. Joseph it. Durham, thi, Ostiiril-strm, cutler to 11.R.1f. Prinis. Albert ; Mr. Alderman Terre, Sheffield, cutlery and wlgc tool 112.2.1141i1CtUrer ; Lord Wharnc lfft, Lower Brook ad net. XXll.—iron and General Hardware. Arthur Adams, Walsall, hardware merchant ; W. Bird, 5, Martin's-1.m,•, Cannon-street, City, iron merchant ; W. Dyee, IL.A. 2, Fitzroy-wintry, artist ; Sterling Howard, ShetiLlil, grate manufacturer; Henry Can Wart, Bir mingham, agent and factor ; G. Shaw, Birmingham, pa tent agent. XXIII.- -Working in Precious Metals, and in their imita tion, Jewellery, mad all articles of Vertu and Luxury not includeil in the other Classes. James Garrard, 31, Panton-street, Haymarket, Prim , : Warden of Goldsmiths' Company; John Gray, 5, Billiter square, City, silversmith and plater ; Ilenry 'Cope, M.P , Pireaffilly; Westley Bich:ink, Birmingham, formerly plater and jeweller, chairman of the liirntingliain EXIIiI,VAUSI in 111449. XXlV.—(aaw. It. 1.. Chance. ham, glom manuf.lc• turti ; Itolx•rt Oloharil, 2, Crewcut, Illackfriarii, am ma nufacturt.r; I:. 11. 11.iblock, M.l'., •i, Hyde-park-place; lo,nl 1k• Nlauley, F.R.S., 21, St. I.tmes't-phici.. XXV.—Ceratnac Manufacture•, China, Porcelain, Earth!•u- ware, ste. Duke of Argyll, Stafford House, St. James's, and Ross math ; W. Mortlock, 114, Regent-street, Waterloo-place. china manullieturer ; Baring Wall, Esq., M.P., F.R.S., 11, Berkley-square: John A. Wise, Clayton Dail, Newcastle undersLyne, Staffordshire. XX Vl—Detoration, Furniture, and Upholstery, including Paper ILingiturs, Papier Mach, and Japanned Omsk. Ural Ashburton, 82, Piccadilly; John Lewis Aubert. 71, Coleman-street, City, paper-stainer; J. 0. Crace, 11, Wig more-strut, venilkli,itiare, 111111*C decorator ; John Jueloint, 49, Wald mne-place, manufacturer of composition and 'mem marl, ornaments; Edward Snell, 27. Albemarle street, upholster and cabinet-maker: John Webb, 8, Old Bond-street, upholsterer 111111 cabinet-maker. XXVII. lanufattures in Mineral Substances, used for l • Building or Decoration, as in Marble, Slate, Porphyries, Cements, Artificial Stoie.s, &r. Professor Austell, F.R.S., 17. Manchester-street, Man chiwter-oprire, Professor of Gisilogy, King's Collease George Godwin, F. ICS . Alexander-square, Brompton ; Sir Chas. Lenin'', Bart, Ells., M.P., Id, Charles -street, lkwkelev square : Lord tiudeley, Doversstravt. XXVlll.—Nlanufactures from Animal and Vegetable Substances, not bring Woven or Felted, or included in other Sections. J. E. Gray. F.R.S., British Museum, Curator, Natural History Dejoartment, British Museum; Dr. E. Linkcster, F.R.S., Ohl Burßuxton-street, S•rretary to the Ray Societe; F. J. Miller, 7, Millh:ink-street, oil merchant ; T. A.. Wise, M.D., lion. E.1.C.5., 15, Devonshire-place, surgeon, 11.E.1.C.5. XX I X.—Miarelluneouv liinufactures and Small Wares. Lord Canning, 10, Grosvenor-square; Arthur Hearty, F. 11.5., 17, Manehester-street, Gray's inn-roacl, Vir..-1.,- %iolvnt of the Botanical Society ; Warren De la Rue, F.C.S., 110, llunhill•ruw, manufacturer of orna• , mental stationery; J. J. Mechi, 4, Leadenhalbstreet, maker of dr,sing cutler. XX X. - Sculpture, Models, and I'Ledic Art. C. It. Cis ker, lt. A.. Bank of England, architect ; Lord Colborne, 19, t, Berklevolillare ; J. Gibson, Rome, sculptor; W. Newton, Braid; Micomm, keeper of the medals ; A. W. l'ugiu. St. Augustine, Wrst Clitf, Rams gate, areliitect ; Richard Redgrave, R.A., 18, Hyde-park gate Suth, Kensington Gore, artist; W. Wyon, 8.A., her Majesty's Mint. medalist. Dr. I.von Playfair, special illommisiiuner in charge of the department of juries. Lieutenant Ward, ILk.. ticcietary to the department of juries. PROTECTION OF INVENTIAS. —We understand that Mr. Robert Stephenson, Dr. Lyon Mayfair, Mr. Web. tail., and Mr. I'. Le Neave Foster have been appointed by site Attorney-General, under the provisions of the Protec tion of Inventier. Act, the commbsioners fur deciding upon according certificates of registration to exhibitors di.siiiius of availing themselves of the benefit which this act confers. The ',election of such a body of gentlemen is calculated to afford the most complete sati,fietion to exhibitors of unpa. tented invention•. MONSTER TAIILE-CLOTH Fon SOVER'S SYMPOsII:3I. —This extraordinary specimen of English manufacture ar rived front Ilarn,lvy on Monday night last. Its length is :507 feet, breadth 8 tint, weight 2 cwt., and cost upwards of .10/. •—•• THE SCOTCH PROTECTIONIST DINNER.—The Svds mem thus speaks of the protectionist banquet at Edinburgh on Tuesday:—Seven hundred of the Scottish protectionists, after long preparation and mutt whipping and spurring, bravely dined together last night—eating a capital dinner in token of their grief, and drinking foreign wines in dere liction of their principles. It was 4 well uot-up muster of a n spertable but very small section of our countrymen. Any one knowing aught of Scotland will see at a glance that but • fraction not only of the property and the opinion, but even of the land and the toryism of Scotland were represented at last night's dining tabl e s. Beyond the chairman, there were but two or three of our greater class of proprietors (although some eseuseil themselves on the plea of that unfailing accom paniment of distress, " the gout " (and the presence of Lord John Scott, as croupier, only rendered more marked the trasrace and the known opposition of his brother and of the other natural leaders of the tort landed aristocracy of Scotland. In a word, last night s muster showed but the divided and disheartened rem mist of a party which, when entire and energetic, was overmastered at the polling-booth and everywhere else, and which, for anything that was last night said or shown, has not gained any new around of hope or a single presentable recruit. Still it must not be forgotten that the party, though small and stationary, is strong in dais interest ; and that as it was only by union and effort that it was beaten before, union an 4 effort may be again required to preserve the (nth* of our Vietory. Sr. HELENS StrtsGs Buie.---At a meeting of depositors of the St. Helens Savings Bank, held at the Eh dun, on Saturday hat, a committee of sic was ap pointed to confer with the trustees in order to ascertain what progress has been made in disposing of the property of the Johnson., as well as to inquire into what prospect there is of an early liquidation of remaining claims. This measure has been adopted inasmuch as the depositors are not in possession of any definite information as to the actual state of affairs. It is now If; months since the discovery of the disastrous state of the bank, anti but fa. Rd. in the pound has tos, a paid. al:hough it was at tint stated that the tre,r,ts am! ris .rages had 11 WV. iu the bawls of v 0,:4 0 .1 meat. Since that tiny have reef iced about Filial, net by the sale of John Johnson's furniture, and it has been ruin.rtared that Johnson's property has since been disposed of. The committee are to meet the depositors at the Fleece on Tu. 'lay evening, the 6th of neat month, to give • repast of the it interview with the trustees.— Lirerpool Mercury, ' rents varying irom IBS: to 2ds. per acre. Of the LITERATURE. whole increased produce noir derived from the land ithere can be no doubt the lan\llord has obtained by xote , v . . , . ..orth ...ionefra; Arlen:rural, heononacat and far the ' • share. • - r, to l In i7B a 4 r g a es l3 t viter system of 'managing the Wold land commenced. Marshal, in his " Rural Eco nomy-Of Yorkshire," published in that year, states and regrets that so much promising land had been so long suffered to remain in sheepwalk or rabbit warren. ' Then Sir Christopher Sykes commenced the planting, enclosing, and reclaiming his land on the `Colds, and introduced a better system of culture, providing more shelter for cattle, and so forth. The high price of corn which soon after occurred led to the breaking up much of the sleepwalk, the rent, varying front 6s. to 12s. per acre, depending chiefly whether the tenant was or not permitted to break up the old sheep-walk with which the large farms abounded. Then turnips had only been grown on the Wolds for twenty years, though they had been common in Norfolk more than a century. Another account of this district was published in Strickland's Survey in 1812, at the very height of the war prices. Wheat was then 1225. a quarter, barley 665, oats 445., and beans 725. Yet during the previous twenty-four years of high prices agricultural enterprise on the Wolds was only very moderate, and furnishes conclusive evidence that high prices do not induce high cultivation. Then' two-thirds of the land was under the plough. Strick land says, This district, till of late years, had eon• tinned for ages in the open field state ; and a few townships still remain so. They were usually di- I sided pretty equally into a tillage field, a common pasture, a sltcepwalk (which never came under the plough), and an outfield, from which a crop • of oats was taken every third, fourth, or fifth year, and which was left without either 1 manure or grass seeds, to he pastured with sheep till it came into the course to 1w ploughed up. About two-thirds of the country was given up to pasturage, and one-third to. grain, producing at the saute time winter provisions for their stock. Unfortunately, those beautiful sheep-walks and pastures which, after so many ages, had become verdant and , fertile.beyond any to be met with on the other downs' or heaths of the kingdom, held out an irresistible temptation to modern avarice, and, under the plea of improvement, they have been ploughed out. Unless the breaking up had been followed by good cultiva tion, it would scarcely have been an improvement, for these pastures enabled the occupier to keep a large flock, and to well manure his arable land. But the high prices of grain induce) the breaking up the pasture and growing corn upon it long alter the pro duce had fallen to a rate far too low to be profitable,' except whilst prices were.-very high. At that time l the course of tillage was three crops of grain and a hare killow, so that When the pasture was diminished by breaking up, there was also reduction of manuring power, while the tillage land had been in creased. Since 1812, the management of land on the Welds has undergone great improve ment, is admitted on all hands. slowing that it is with low prices, not with high, that our greatest and most striking progress in husbandry has been made. Indeed, lam firmly convinced that the high prices of the war materially retarded agri cultural improvements, by leading occupiers to ex pect remuneration from comparatively small crops. The system described by Strickland has now been abandoned, and the four-course, or Norfolk course of cropping, generally adopted in its stead; all the old pastures having teen now converted into tillage land. As on most chalk soils bone manure has been one of the chief agents of improvement. When first in- troduced 01 or 70 bushels of bone dust were used to the acre, at the cost of 2s. a bushel, but more re-' tenth - farmers los-ame satisfied that from 12 to 16 bushiAs to the acre would produce as good a crop of turnips as the enormous quantities originally . used. And, now. by treating the lames with sulphuric acid four or five bushels of bones have been found to grow good crops of turnips MI the Wolds. White and hybrid turnips are more usually grown than swedes, the latter being only planted on the deep Wold lands and that in comparatively small proportion. The ridge system of cultivating turnips after the Northumberland plan was originally adopted on the %Voids, but it has been found that a plant cannot be obtained, so certainly on ridges as when the seed is drilled on the flat. Immediately after the other autumn work had been done the Wold farmers plough up their wheat stubbles, and leave the land expissal to the winter's frost. But even on the deep %Vold, theydo not plough a furrow deeper than about four inches, and on the thinner soils the depth is still less; neither did I meet with any instance in which the subsoil is used on this sort of land. I be lieve that it is to their persisting in shallow tillage that the Weld farmers owe the throwing out in winter of the wheat and clover plants, of which I Leant a good deal of complaint. After the wheat • gobble has been ploughed, by the end of Novem ber manure to the amount of ten or twelve loads to the acre is carted on and spread over the land as evenly as possible, and then ploughed in. In March the land is harrowed, dragged, and rolled, "and lett until May. when the turnips are drilled 27 inches apart. This invariably produces a Letter plant than the ridge system, for on these chalk hills the My and the drought are the two great obstacles to turnip growing. Great attention is paid to hoeing the turnips, which are sometimes let at 3s. lid. per lacre to men who has them, employing children to single out the plants. Occasionally women are coi ployed in turnip hoeing, at Is. a day. The horse hoe is also used, both before and after hand-hoeing, to remove the weeds, and pulverise the soil between 1 I the drills. These turnips are fed off by sheep, and oats sown in the place of burley, as in N'orfolk. As I' may lie imagined, the oat sowing is often very late; . but I was told that good cropsof oats arc obtained even where the seed has been sown as late as the rith or 16th of May. Barley was once inure general than at present; but it is said to diminish the following wheat crop more than oats, which is probably f rue ; unit is due to the want of sufficient condition in i land. One half of the spring corn crop is , I sown with clover, that having been found to fail if repeated oftener than once in eight years ; the other half, after the oats or barley come oft, Iwing prepared ' . for white turnips, which are sown early, so us to be .' fed off in the autumn, and come nu wheat with the .Iclover ley. Very few beasts arc fed on the Weld • I farms, thought the practice is somewhat on the in .. crease, and I have no doubt will increase. under the influence of modenite prices ; for it is quite obvious that the Wold land requires mote help than it can receive from sheep alone in order to become us pro . ductive as it ought to be. At present a large lair . tion of their straw is wasted by the Weld farmers l lt has been truly said, " that huge piles of • straw may be seen perhaps half a mile front • the homestead, left for mouths on the very I spot where a portable machine has threshed r it, in all the disorder occasioned by that • rather disorderly . process; and even in the stack • yard no care Is taken by stacking it, much • being wasted by the wet, and much by the wind." • March is the season of peril for the wheat plant, when frosty nights and warm sunny days alternate, l as the wheat is apt to low) its hold upon the soil and • die off. Then the serrated roller is of great use, and 1 is constantly used with excellent effect. Soot, rape ) dust, or gUltllo, is also used ea a top dressing fur their 1 wheat by the best farmers. i In 1812 the produce of wheat in this district was • estimated at from 12 to 21 bushels to the acre; at • present the wheat is said to have advanced to from • 24 to 321)11,11(.1, per acre. And this increase seems • borneout by the nut that from Driffield, one of the most important market towns of the district, the export of wheat to Hull, Wakefield, &c., increased from 04,0410 quarters in 1619 to 15,000 quarters in lO3B,and to 26,000 quarters in Ibl4. And while wheat has gone on steadily increasing, barley and oats, etqx.ciallv the former, have been diminishing. The growtft of sanfoin, once very general on the Wolds, has now in a great measure been discontinued, though I could not hear any satis factory reason for the disuse of this useful plant to the occupier of a chalk soil The sheep kept on the Wolds are strong I.4:k:esters, a few amateurs only keeping South Down sheep. A few, probably an increasing number of farmers, fat off their wether hogs Lt a year Or Pi roont:rsold, tai eac rarrio7it; sell them as stores, after having been once shorn. The farmers are nearly all tenants from year to year. Wages are high; the best labourers receiving 19s. and upwards per week. A MIDLAND-COUNTIES FARMER. Swint Ity JAites F. Si r . ,riiiissox. 111.wkwoods.. The author of these two volumes is known to the scientific, and, let us hope, to at least the younger portion of the agricultural public, by his work on "Agricultural Chemistry and Geology." He tells us, in his second chapter, that before ilia departure from England he had been requested by the governor and House of Assentbly of New Brunswick to visit that province, with the view of dratyia4 up a report on its agricultural capabilities, for presentation to his Excellency. In the course of the journey he made in performance of this task, Mr. Johnson passed through Nova Scotia, traversed New Brunswick, and visited a part of Up •r Canada and the northern and eastern states of the American Union. The dis tinctive feature of his volumes is the large extent to which agricultural Ihets and observations are inter spersed with the ordinary continents of enlightened travel. Mr. Johnson was eminently qualified for agricultural observation by his professional pursuits, and he lets given his information with that speciality, scope, and fulness, without which it is impossible to %ran a correct estimate of the real character, capa bilities, and future economical prospects of a country. Ile remarks in his preface that he is persuaded that the means in regard to which individuals in the United States possess really correct and precise agri cultural information, are very local and limited, while the majority are insensibly inclined to give credence to any exaggeration, provided its tendency be the patriotic one of exalting the greatness of their country. The stony region of Nova Scotia, abounding in granite and clay-slate, had to be crossed before our traveller could reach New Brunswick ham Halifax, where he landed. This peoviewe depends, however, only in a small degree upon its agrieull ure—lumber ing, fishing, and mining, forming a considerable pro . portion of its resourees. The most htvoured part of Nova Scotia, in point of productiveness. an the dyke -1 alluvial lands of the Bay of Fundy, which are to this province and New Brunswiek what the earses of Gowrie and Falkirk an, to Scotland, and the warped lads of Lincolnshire to Eastern England. The land derived its name from its having been laid dry by a succession of dykes, which for the last two centuriest have been gruaually advancing beyond each other towards the bay. It averages nine tolls, and some times produces eighteen tons of potatoes to the acre, and some of it has been tilled Lill years without manure. The selliog price is, ut peesent, from lith to 131. per acre. Mr. Johnson considers that Nova Scotia has a tine future before it, an opinion which • is encouraged by his account of the vA ammo or xiivA scoy:A. A farmer on the south Mountains will cut down lum ber on his farm, and convey it with his own horses to the show. of the 1,4. With or without the aid of a carpenter he will lay down the lbws ~f a ship. lie will build it him self, with the help of his son.; he will even do the smith's work with his own hands. lie will tga'w his farm to buy the materials, and will right himself. Ile will then load it with fin-wood from his own Linn, awl him,lf mil the ship to Bosnia, and sell cargo s or both; or he will take a freight thence to the West lu,li, if he can get it, and return in due • •to pay oil his incumbrances—or to at his farm, if he have been unsuccessful, sad begin the world anew. New Brunswick contains an area of eighteen mil lion times, of which about live millions are at present unfit for agricultural purposes. Its population is es timated at two hundred and ten thousand, about one third less than that of Nova Scotia, although its geo graphical extent is twice that of lie sister province. The lumber trade of Brunswick sprang up as settlers increased, and an apparently inexhaustible article of import was drawn trom the boundless forests which stretched unintemuptedly over the entire surface of the proyiece. The cutting down of the trees, and their transport down the river, gave healthy em ployment to many men; the raising food for these called agricultural industry into play; the export of the lumber employed shipping, and afforded the means of paying lite the British manufactures and Vest India protium imported in return ; while the profits of the merchants en:dell towns and public buildings, drew foreign capital into the province. and sustained and carried it forward to its present con dition. But the continuance of such a trade was in its nature limited. Land cleared of timber does not soon cover itself again with market able trees. Every year removed the seene of the woodman's labours farther up the Main rivers, and into more remote creeks and tributaries, addiug to the labour of procuring and to the cost of the Itrss when brought to the place of 141411101 i The colo nists had now sold all the timber which could be produced at the average prices or a mutter of years; and must have higher terms or stiller a diminution of profits. 'the Eva:di:salon of our autism duties for bade the former part of the alternative, and now that the New Brunswiekers experienee the natural effects of exhausted stores of timber they blame the British commercial policy. They would act more wisely in condeinning the system of home bounties which has tempted them to cut down within a few years what might have afforded a handsome animal revenue as well as an inexhaustible material for the colonial dockyard. The evil will not, perhaps, be to great, after all. The lumbering trade long overshadowed and lowered the social cunditiou of all classes en gaged in other pursuits ill the province. It dis couraged fanning, invited rash speculation, and de moralised large numbers of young men whom it attracted to the woods, trained to extravagant habits, and rendered unfit for steady labour. The social phenomena which presented themselves in New Brunswick, upon this (Wine of a staple branch of industry, were very curious, and gave rise to much apprehension. When the demand for timber became less, and the employment of labourers was con sequently diminished, a comparatively extensive emi gration began to take place. Indisposed to continuous farm work, the lumberer left the protium, us our navigators wander front country to country, to seek employment in Maine, or elsewhere. towards the west, where their peculiar employment could be obtained. Even the pine tiwests of iWorgia were nut too distant for their love of tree adventute. Unable to shake off their incumbrances at home, many of the embarrassed owners of tiaras IMIStell(11 to leave them, some in the hands of their creditors, without even the form of a sale, and made for the new states in the west. That such native-burn and old settlers were leaving the peuvincie ill considerable numbers was construed into alt indieut• that the country was inferior as a place of residence to that to which they emigrated. The departure of the hum berers was a necessary consequenee of the cessation of their favourite employment, and it was forgotten that the rural habits of these UICII as a laxly, and the dis heartened and embarrassed condition of the encum bered harmers, rendered the departure of neither class a real loss to the province; that the departure of both was, in fact, necessary, ill order that the social stato might have a fair chance of returning to a cheerful, healthy, and energetic condition. The following pas sage contains an account of the emit: of pursuing THE I.l:Miti:lt lit In lumbering, a man goes into the woods in winter, cute down trees, and haul, them to a brook, down which, when the spring freshet. come, he con float them to the main river, and thence to the saw-mills of the merchant to whom he sells them.* If a man does that upon his own farm or at no great distance from it, and by tke aid of his own family only, all he gets by the wood is pure gain —if in the mean time be has been living on the produce of his own farm. But if he goes to a distance from W. own farm, tend has been obliged to hire labourers., or has done so with the view of enlarging his own operations, he must apply to the mer chant fier an advance of stores adequate to the win ter's consumption. The cost of these stores and the wages of his men are deducted Bunt the value of the wood he has 4;1 , 11411.11 and if the price of wood be not very low, be may still have a handsome swishes. Such circumstanees still lure him On, till an unfa vourable winter come,, and he is not successful in cutting as good lumber, or in a. large a quantity us usual, or in hauling it to the floating-place ; ter u very lute spring, or a very shallow water, present him getting it to market. Then his debt to the merchant fur stores, and for moil to pay his men, must stand over till another year, and has farm is mortgaged as security fur the payment. Meanwhile this (arm has been more or lees neglected, and has been every year growing less produce. llis wood must be floated an spring, when his crops ought to be put into the ground. Ile has been absent he winter, when new land might have been cleared. His mind is occupied with other cares; ho does not settle to his agricultural pursuits, and they are therefore Nulty conducted, even when he is ut home to super ' int:ad them. Ar.d, whit P eirg in the worts, employer and employed live on the most expensive food. Thee scorn anything hut the fattest pork from the 'United States, and the finest Oenessee Hoar. The more homely food, therefore, which their unii farms produce becomes distasteful to them, and thus expensive and even immoral habits are introduced