LexiconShiftInnovations/SinhalaWikipediaArticles huggingface dataset:
ලිබද අවධානය යොමු කිරීමෙන් මනාව තහවුරු වන්නේ සන්නිවේදන අධ්‍යයන නම් නව විෂය අධ්‍යයනය පිලිබද සමාරම්භය ජර්මන් නාසි වාදයත් සමග ඇමරිකාවට සංක්‍රමණය වන විද්වතුන්ගෙන් සිදු වන බවය.ඇල්බට් අයින්ස්ටයින්, එරික් එරික්සන්, ජෝන් වෝග් නියුමාන්, කර්ට් ලෙවින් ආදී  විශිෂ්ට ගනයේ විද්වතුන්ද මෙම විද්වතුන් අතරට ඇතුලත් විය. එපමනක්ද නොව 'ෆැන්ක්ෆර්ට්' ගුරුකුලයද ඒ අතර විය. මෙම නිසා ඇමරිකාව තුළ විශ්ව විද්‍යාල කේන්ද්‍ර කර ගනිමින් විශාල ශාස්ත්‍රීය ප්‍රබෝධයක් ඇති වන්නට අවශ්‍යය පදනම සකස් විය. සන්නිවේදන අධ්‍යන ඇමරිකාව තුළ ඇති වන්නට අවශ්‍යය පසුබිම සැකසෙන්නේද  මේ පසුබිම තුළය.  විශේෂයන්ම එහිදී සමකාලීන විද්වතුන්ගෙන් සමන්විත චිකාගෝ ගුරුකුලය හා රොකෆෙලර් පදනම මගින් වැදගත් මෙහෙවරක් සිදු කරන ලදි.ඉන් පසුව එය ක්‍රමිකව වර්ධනය වෙමින් විශ්ව විද්‍යාල පාඨමාලාගත අධ්‍යයනයක් ලෙස වර්ධනය වීම සිදු විය. ඒ සදහා විල්බර් ශ්‍රාම්ගේ මැදිහත්වීම බෙහෙවින් කැපී පෙනේ.තවද හැරල්ඩ් ලැස්වෙල් විසින්  සිදු කරන ලද ප්‍රචාරණය පිලිබද පර්යේෂණත් ඇතුලුව ලෝක යුධ සමයේදී ලැස්වෙල් විසින් කරන ලද සන්නිවේදන අධ්‍යයන ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ ඉදිරි ප්‍රගමනයට අවශ්‍යය අඩිතාලමක් සේ සැලකිය හ
ැකිය. එසේම් කර්ට් ලෙවින්ගේ දොර‍ටුපාල සංකල්පය හා කණ්ඩායම් සන්නිවේදනය පිලිබද පර්යෙෂණත් සේම පෝල් ලැසාස්ෆෙල්ඩ්ගේ සන්නිවේදන පර්යේෂණ මෙවලම් හා ක්‍රමවෙද අතුලුව හවුලන්ඩ් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද පර්යේෂණ අතර "පෙළබවීම්" පිලිබද පර්යේෂණ සෘජුව සන්නිවේදනය හා සම්බන්ධ වූ අතර එමගින්  මෙම නව විෂය ක්‍රමිකව න්‍යායාත්මකව අභිවර්ධනය වූ ආකාරය හදුනා ගත හැකි වේ.මෙසේ ක්‍රමිකව මෙම නව විෂය විවිධ සමාජ ශාස්ත්‍රවල විද්වතුන්ගේ දායකත්වය නිසා කාලීන වශයෙන් වැදගත්කමක් දරන විෂයක ලෙස සමාජ ශාස්ත්‍ර විෂයන් අතරට එක් වෙමින් ඉතා කෙටි කාලයක් තුල විශාල සංවර්ධන මාවතක් ඔස්සේ ගමන් කරමින් අද වන විට විශාල පිරිසකගේ වැඩි අවධානයක් ලබා ගත් විෂයක් බවට පත් වී ඇති අන්දම මනාව තහවුරු වේ.ආශ්‍රිත ග්‍රන්ථසමන්ත හේරත් [2009], සන්නිවේදන අධ්‍යයන ඉතිහාසය, කොළඹ 10, ඇස්.ගොඩගේ සහ සහෝදරයෝLerner Daniel, Schramm Wilbur [1967] “Communication and change in the developing countries”, Hawaii, University press of Hawaii.Jowett, Garth S. and Victoria O’ Donnell [1986] Propaganda and Persuasion, Newbury Park Calif. SageRogers Everett M. [1994], A History
of communication study, New York, The Free press.Holmes David [2005], Communication Theory, London, sage.Festinger Leon [1957], A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, Stanford, Stanford University Press.Anderson A. James, [1996], Communication theory [epistemological Foundations], New York, The Guilford press.McQuail Denis [2000], McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory, London, sage.මෙම ලිපිය පරිවර්තනය කළ යුතුය  කරුණාකර මෙම ලිපිය සිංහල භාෂාවට පරිවර්තනය කිරීමෙන් දායකවන්න.මෙම ලිපිය පිරිමි අළු බඳුන තරගාවලිය පිලිබඳ වේ.  කාන්තා තරගාවලිය සඳහා, කාන්තා අළු බඳුන තරගාවලිය බලන්න.  වෙනත් භාවිත සඳහා, අළු බඳුන තරගාවලිය (බහුරුත්හරණය) බලන්න.අළු බඳුන තරගාවලියඅළු බඳුන ජයග්‍රාහී කණ්ඩායමට ලැබෙන කුසලානය.රටවල් ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව එංගලන්තයපරිපාලකජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලයආකෘතියටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට්පළමු තරගාවලිය1882–83මිලඟ තරගාවලිය2025කණ්ඩායම් ගණන02වත්මන් ජයස්මාරකය හිමිකරුවඩාත් ජයග්‍රාහී ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව (33 වතාවක්) එංගලන්තය (32 වතාවක්)වඩාත් ලකුණු ඩොනල්ඩ් බ්‍රැඩ්මන් (5,028)වඩාත් කඩුළු ශේන් වෝන් (195)vteThe Ashes is
a Test cricket series played between England and Australia. The Ashes are regarded as being held by the team that most recently won the Test series. If the test series is drawn, the team that currently holds the Ashes retains the trophy. The term originated in a satirical obituary published in a British newspaper, The Sporting Times, immediately after Australia's 1882 victory at The Oval, their first Test win on English soil. The obituary stated that English cricket had died, and "the body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia".[1] The mythical ashes immediately became associated with the 1882–83 series played in Australia, before which the English captain Ivo Bligh had vowed to "regain those ashes". The English media therefore dubbed the tour the quest to regain the Ashes.After England had won two of the three Tests on the tour, a small urn was presented to Bligh by a group of Melbourne women including Florence Morphy, whom Bligh married within a year.[2] The contents of
the urn are reputed to be the ashes of a wooden bail, and were humorously described as "the ashes of Australian cricket".[3] It is not clear whether that "tiny silver urn" is the same as the small terracotta urn given to the MCC by Bligh's widow after his death in 1927.The urn has never been the official trophy of the Ashes series, having been a personal gift to Bligh.[4] However, replicas of the urn are often held aloft by victorious teams as a symbol of their victory in an Ashes series. Since the 1998–99 Ashes series, a Waterford Crystal representation of the Ashes urn (called the Ashes Trophy) has been presented to the winners of an Ashes series as the official trophy of that series. Irrespective of which side holds the tournament, the urn remains in the MCC Museum at Lord's; it has however been taken to Australia to be put on touring display on two occasions: as part of the Australian Bicentenary celebrations in 1988, and to accompany the Ashes series in 2006–07.An Ashes series i
s traditionally of five Tests, hosted in turn by England and Australia at least once every two years. There have been 70 Ashes series: Australia have won 33, England 32 and five series have been drawn.ඉතිහාසයප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: 1882-83 අළු බඳුන තරගාවලියෆ්‍රෙඩ් ස්පර්ෆෝර්ත්, 1882 අළු බඳුන තරගාවලියේ තරගාවලි වීරයා.The first Test match between England and Australia was played in Melbourne, Australia, in 1877, though the Ashes legend started later, after the ninth Test, played in 1882. On their tour of England that year the Australians played just one Test, at the Oval in London. It was a low-scoring affair on a difficult wicket.[5] Australia made a mere 63 runs in its first innings, and England, led by A. N. Hornby, took a 38-run lead with a total of 101. In their second innings, the Australians, boosted by a spectacular 55 runs off 60 deliveries from Hugh Massie, managed 122, which left England only 85 runs to win. The Australians were greatly demoralised by the manner of their
second-innings collapse, but fast bowler Fred Spofforth, spurred on by the gamesmanship of his opponents, in particular W. G. Grace, refused to give in. "This thing can be done," he declared. Spofforth went on to devastate the English batting, taking his final four wickets for only two runs to leave England just eight runs short of victory.When Ted Peate, England's last batsman, came to the crease, his side needed just ten runs to win, but Peate managed only two before he was bowled by Harry Boyle. An astonished Oval crowd fell silent, struggling to believe that England could possibly have lost to a colony on home soil. When it finally sank in, the crowd swarmed onto the field, cheering loudly and chairing Boyle and Spofforth to the pavilion.When Peate returned to the pavilion he was reprimanded by his captain for not allowing his partner, Charles Studd (one of the best batsman in England, having already hit two centuries that season against the colonists), to get the runs. Peate hum
orously replied, "I had no confidence in Mr Studd, sir, so thought I had better do my best."[6]The momentous defeat was widely recorded in the British press, which praised the Australians for their plentiful "pluck" and berated the Englishmen for their lack thereof. A celebrated poem appeared in Punch on Saturday, 9 September. The first verse, quoted most frequently, reads:Well done, Cornstalks! Whipt usFair and square,Was it luck that tript us?Was it scare?Kangaroo Land's 'Demon', or our ownWant of 'devil', coolness, nerve, backbone?On 31 August, in the Charles Alcock-edited magazine Cricket: A Weekly Record of The Game, there appeared a mock obituary:SACRED TO THE MEMORYOFENGLAND'S SUPREMACY IN THECRICKET-FIELDWHICH EXPIREDON THE 29TH DAY OF AUGUST, AT THE OVAL"ITS END WAS PEATE"1882 අළු බඳුන තරගාවලිය පිළිබඳව ද ස්පෝර්ටින්ග් ටයිම්ස් සඟරාවේ තිබූ ලිපියක්.On 2 September a more celebrated mock obituary, written by Reginald Shirley Brooks, appeared in The Sporting Ti
mes. It read:In Affectionate RemembranceofENGLISH CRICKET,which died at the Ovalon29 August 1882,Deeply lamented by a large circle of sorrowingfriends and acquaintancesR.I.P.N.B.—The body will be cremated and theashes taken to Australia.Ivo Bligh promised that on 1882–83 tour of Australia, he would, as England's captain, "recover those Ashes". He spoke of them several times over the course of the tour, and the Australian media quickly caught on. The three-match series resulted in a two-one win to England, notwithstanding a fourth match, won by the Australians, whose status remains a matter of ardent dispute.[තහවුරු කර නොමැත]In the 20 years following Bligh's campaign the term "the Ashes" largely disappeared from public use. There is no indication that this was the accepted name for the series, at least not in England. The term became popular again in Australia first, when George Giffen, in his memoirs (With Bat and Ball, 1899), used the term as if it were well known.[7]Th
e true and global revitalisation of interest in the concept dates from 1903, when Pelham Warner took a team to Australia with the promise that he would regain "the ashes". As had been the case on Bligh's tour 20 years before, the Australian media latched fervently onto the term and, this time, it stuck. Having fulfilled his promise, Warner published a book entitled How We Recovered the Ashes. Although the origins of the term are not referred to in the text, the title served (along with the general hype created in Australia) to revive public interest in the legend. The first mention of "the Ashes" in Wisden Cricketers' Almanack occurs in 1905, while Wisden's first account of the legend is in the 1922 edition.අළු නැවත ගෙන ඒමේ තරගාවලියගරු. අයිවෝ බ්ලිග්Later in 1882, following the famous Australian victory at The Oval, Bligh led an England team to Australia, as he said, to "recover those ashes". Publicity surrounding the series was intense, and it was at some time during this
series that the Ashes urn was crafted. Australia won the First Test by nine wickets, but in the next two England were victorious. At the end of the Third Test, England were generally considered to have "won back the Ashes" 2–1. A fourth match was played, against a "United Australian XI", which was arguably stronger than the Australian sides that had competed in the previous three matches; this game, however, is not generally considered part of the 1882–83 series. It "is" counted as a Test, but as a standalone. This match ended in a victory for Australia.1884 සිට 1896After Bligh's victory, there was an extended period of English dominance. The tours generally had fewer Tests in the 1880s and 1890s than people have grown accustomed to in more recent years, the first five-Test series taking place only in 1894–95. England lost only four Ashes Tests in the 1880s out of 23 played, and they won all the seven series contested.There was more chopping and changing in the teams, gi
ven that there was no official board of selectors for each country (in 1887–88, two separate English teams were on tour in Australia) and popularity with the fans varied. The 1890s games were more closely fought, Australia taking their first series win since 1882 with a 2–1 victory in 1891–92. But England dominated, winning the next three series to 1896 despite continuing player disputes.The 1894–95 series began in sensational fashion when England won the First Test at Sydney by just 10 runs having followed on. Australia had scored a massive 586 (Syd Gregory 201, George Giffen 161) and then dismissed England for 325. But England responded with 437 and then dramatically dismissed Australia for 166 with Bobby Peel taking 6 for 67. At the close of the second last day's play, Australia were 113–2, needing only 64 more runs. But heavy rain fell overnight and next morning the two slow left-arm bowlers, Peel and Johnny Briggs, were all but unplayable. England went on to win the series 3–2 af
ter it had been all square before the Final Test, which England won by 6 wickets. The English heroes were Peel, with 27 wickets in the series at an average of 26.70, and Tom Richardson, with 32 at 26.53.In 1896 England under the captaincy of W. G. Grace won the series 2–1, and this marked the end of England's longest period of Ashes dominance.1897 සිට 1902Australia resoundingly won the 1897–98 series by 4–1 under the captaincy of Harry Trott. His successor Joe Darling won the next three series in 1899, 1901–02 and the classic 1902 series, which became one of the most famous in the history of Test cricket.Five matches were played in 1902 but the first two were drawn after being hit by bad weather. In the First Test (the first played at Edgbaston), after scoring 376 England bowled out Australia for 36 (Wilfred Rhodes 7/17) and reduced them to 46–2 when they followed on. Australia won the Third and Fourth Tests at Bramall Lane and Old Trafford respectively. At Old Trafford,
Australia won by just 3 runs after Victor Trumper had scored 104 on a "bad wicket", reaching his hundred before lunch on the first day. England won the last Test at The Oval by one wicket. Chasing 263 to win, they slumped to 48–5 before Jessop's 104 gave them a chance. He reached his hundred in just 75 minutes. The last-wicket pair of George Hirst and Rhodes were required to score 15 runs for victory. When Rhodes joined him, Hirst reportedly said: "We'll get them in singles, Wilfred." In fact, they scored thirteen singles and a two.[8]The period of Darling's captaincy saw the emergence of outstanding Australian players such as Trumper, Warwick Armstrong, James Kelly, Monty Noble, Clem Hill, Hugh Trumble and Ernie Jones.පුරාවෘත්තයේ නිමාවAfter what the MCC saw as the problems of the earlier professional and amateur series they decided to take control of organising tours themselves, and this led to the first MCC tour of Australia in 1903–04. England won it against the odds,
and Plum Warner, the England captain, wrote up his version of the tour in his book How We Recovered The Ashes.[9] The title of this book revived the Ashes legend and it was after this that England v Australia series were customarily referred to as "The Ashes".1905 සිට 1912England and Australia were evenly matched until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Five more series took place between 1905 and 1912. In 1905 England's captain Stanley Jackson not only won the series 2–0, but also won the toss in all five matches and headed both the batting and the bowling averages. Monty Noble led Australia to victory in both 1907–08 and 1909. Then England won in 1911–12 by four matches to one. Jack Hobbs establishing himself as England's first-choice opening batsman with three centuries, while Frank Foster (32 wickets at 21.62) and Sydney Barnes (34 wickets at 22.88) formed a formidable bowling partnership.England retained the Ashes when they won the 1912 Triangular Tourname
nt, which also featured South Africa. The Australian touring party had been severely weakened by a dispute between the board and players that caused Clem Hill, Victor Trumper, Warwick Armstrong, Tibby Cotter, Sammy Carter and Vernon Ransford to be omitted.[10]1920 සිට 1933After the war, Australia took firm control of both the Ashes and world cricket. For the first time, the tactic of using two express bowlers in tandem paid off as Jack Gregory and Ted McDonald crippled the English batting on a regular basis. Australia recorded overwhelming victories both in England and on home soil. They won the first eight matches in succession including a 5–0 whitewash in 1920–1921 at the hands of Warwick Armstrong's team.The ruthless and belligerent Armstrong led his team back to England in 1921 where his men lost only two games late in the tour to narrowly miss out of being the first team to complete a tour of England without defeat.1924 අළු බඳුන තරගාවලියේ පළමු තරගය.England won onl
y one Test out of 15 from the end of the war until 1925.[11][12]In a rain-hit series in 1926, England managed to eke out a 1–0 victory with a win in the final Test at The Oval. Because the series was at stake, the match was to be "timeless", i.e., played to a finish. Australia had a narrow first innings lead of 22. Jack Hobbs and Herbert Sutcliffe took the score to 49–0 at the end of the second day, a lead of 27. Heavy rain fell overnight, and next day the pitch soon developed into a traditional sticky wicket. England seemed doomed to be bowled out cheaply and to lose the match. In spite of the very difficult batting conditions, however, Hobbs and Sutcliffe took their partnership to 172 before Hobbs was out for exactly 100. Sutcliffe went on to make 161 and England won the game comfortably.[13] Australian captain Herbie Collins was stripped of all captaincy positions down to club level, and some accused him of throwing the match.Australia's ageing post-war team broke up after 1926, w
ith Collins, Charlie Macartney and Warren Bardsley all departing, and Gregory breaking down at the start of the 1928–29 series.Despite the debut of Donald Bradman, the inexperienced Australians, led by Jack Ryder, were heavily defeated, losing 4–1.[14] England had a very strong batting side, with Wally Hammond contributing 905 runs at an average of 113.12, and Hobbs, Sutcliffe and Patsy Hendren all scoring heavily; the bowling was more than adequate, without being outstanding.In 1930, Bill Woodfull led an extremely inexperienced team to England.Bradman fulfilled his promise in the 1930 series when he scored 974 runs at 139.14, which remains a world record Test series aggregate. A modest Bradman can be heard in a 1930 recording saying "I have always endeavoured to do my best for the side, and the few centuries that have come my way have been achieved in the hope of winning matches. My one idea when going into bat was to make runs for Australia."[15] In the Headingley Test, he made 33
4, reaching 309* at the end of the first day, including a century before lunch. Bradman himself thought that his 254 in the preceding match, at Lord's, was a better innings. England managed to stay in contention until the deciding final Test at The Oval, but yet another double hundred by Bradman, and 7/92 by Percy Hornibrook in England's second innings, enabled Australia to win by an innings and take the series 2–1. Clarrie Grimmett's 29 wickets at 31.89 for Australia in this high-scoring series were also important.Australia had one of the strongest batting line-ups ever in the early 1930s, with Bradman, Archie Jackson, Stan McCabe, Bill Woodfull and Bill Ponsford. It was the prospect of bowling at this line-up that caused England's 1932–33 captain Douglas Jardine to adopt the tactic of fast leg theory, better known as Bodyline.බිල් වුඩ්ෆුල්ගේ පන්දුවකට හැරල්ඩ් ලෝර්වුඩ් පහර දෙන ආකාරය.Jardine instructed his fast bowlers, most notably Harold Larwood and Bill Voce, to bowl at the bodie
s of the Australian batsmen, with the goal of forcing them to defend their bodies with their bats, thus providing easy catches to a stacked leg-side field. Jardine insisted that the tactic was legitimate and called it "leg theory" but it was widely disparaged by its opponents, who dubbed it "Bodyline" (from "on the line of the body"). Although England decisively won the Ashes 4–1, Bodyline caused such a furore in Australia that diplomats had to intervene to prevent serious harm to Anglo-Australian relations, and the MCC eventually changed the Laws of cricket to curtail the number of leg side fielders.Jardine's comment was: "I've not travelled 6,000 miles to make friends. I'm here to win the Ashes".[16]Some of the Australians wanted to use Bodyline in retaliation, but Woodfull flatly refused. He famously told England manager Pelham Warner, "There are two teams out there. One is playing cricket; the other is making no attempt to do so" after the latter had come into the Australian room
s to express sympathy for a Larwood bouncer had struck the Australian skipper in the heart and felled him.[17]1934 සිට 1953On the batting-friendly wickets that prevailed in the late 1930s, most Tests up to the Second World War still gave results. It should be borne in mind that Tests in Australia prior to the war were all played to a finish. Many batting records were set in this period.The 1934 Ashes series began with the notable absence of Larwood, Voce and Jardine. The MCC had made it clear, in light of the revelations of the bodyline series, that these players would not face Australia. It should be noted that the MCC, although it had earlier condoned and encouraged[තහවුරු කර නොමැත] bodyline tactics in the 1932–33 series, laid the blame on Larwood when relations turned sour. Larwood was forced by the MCC to either apologise or be removed from the Test side. He went for the latter.Australia recovered the Ashes in 1934 and held them until 1953, though no Test cricket was
played during the Second World War.As in 1930, the 1934 series was decided in the final Test at The Oval. Australia, batting first, posted a massive 701 in the first innings. Bradman (244) and Ponsford (266) were in record-breaking form with a partnership of 451 for the second wicket. England eventually faced a massive 707-run target for victory and failed, Australia winning the series 2–1.[18] This made Woodfull the only captain to regain the Ashes and he retired upon his return to Australia.In 1936–37 Bradman succeeded Woodfull as Australian captain. He started badly, losing the first two Tests heavily after Australia were caught on sticky wickets. However, the Australians fought back and Bradman won his first series in charge 3–2.The 1938 series was a high-scoring affair with two high-scoring draws, resulting in a 1–1 result, Australia retaining the Ashes. After the first two matches ended in stalemate and the Third Test at Old Trafford never started due to rain. Australia then
scraped home by five wickets inside three days in a low-scoring match at Headingley to retain the urn. In the timeless Fifth Test at The Oval, the highlight was Len Hutton's then world-record score of 364 as England made 903-7 declared. Bradman and Jack Fingleton injured themselves during Hutton's marathon effort, and with only nine men, Australia fell to defeat by an innings and 579 runs,[19] the heaviest in Test history.The Ashes resumed after the war when England toured in 1946–47 and, as in 1920–21, found that Australia had made the better post-war recovery. Still captained by Bradman and now featuring the potent new-ball partnership of Ray Lindwall and Keith Miller, Australia were convincing 3–0 winners.Aged 38 and having been unwell during the war, Bradman had been reluctant to play. He batted unconvincingly and reached 28 when he hit a ball to Jack Ikin; England believed it was a catch, but Bradman stood his ground, believing it to be a bump ball. The umpire ruled in the Austr
alian captain's favour and he appeared to regain his fluency of yesteryear, scoring 187. Australia promptly seized the initiative, won the First Test convincingly and inaugurated a dominant post-war era. The controversy over the Ikin catch was one of the biggest disputes of the era.In 1948 Australia set new standards, completely outplaying their hosts to win 4–0 with one draw. This Australian team, led by Bradman, who turned 40 during his final tour of England, has gone down in history as The Invincibles. Playing 34 matches on tour—three of which were not first-class—and including the five Tests, they remained unbeaten, winning 27 and drawing 7.Bradman's men were greeted by packed crowds across the country, and records for Test attendances in England were set in the Second and Fourth Tests at Lord's and Headingley respectively. Before a record attendance of spectators at Headingley, Australia set a world record by chasing down 404 on the last day for a seven-wicket victory.The 1948