Falsafa

Falsafa (kutoka Kigiriki φιλοσοφία filosofia = filo, pendo la sofia, hekima) ni jaribio la kuelewa na kueleza ulimwengu kwa kutumia akili inayofuata hoja za mantiki. Kwa hiyo ili kutengeneza falsafa yako kunahitajika kuwa na hoja za msingi, hoja zilizojaa hoja (akili), kisha kuiweka falsafa yako kwa jamii ili waisome na kuielewa. Wapo watakaokubaliana na wewe kulingana na hoja zako na wapo watakaokupinga kutokana na hoja zako vilevile.

Falsafa huchunguza mambo kama kuweko na kutokuweko, ukweli, ujuzi, uzuri, mema na mabaya, lugha, haki na mengine yoyote. 

Tofauti na dini, imani au itikadi, njia ya falsafa ni mantiki inayoeleza hatua zake ikiwa tayari kuchungulia upya kila hatua iliyochukua. Kwa hiyo falsafa ni njia ya kuuliza maswali na kutafuta majibu.

Katika lugha ya kila siku neno "falsafa" mara nyingi linachukuliwa kutaja jumla ya mafundisho au imani ya mtu au kundi la watu, kwa mfano "falsafa ya chama fulani", "falsafa ya maisha yangu" na kadhalika. Lakini kwa jumla fikra hizo hazistahili kuitwa "falsafa". Ila tu kuna makundi ya wanafalsafa wanaopendelea mielekeo tofauti na kuhusu haya inawezekana kutumia neno "falsafa ya fulani" kwa kutaja matokeo ya kazi yao.

Matawi ya falsafa 
Falsafa jinsi inavyoendeshwa kwenye vyuo vikuu huwa na matawi kadhaa kama vile:
 mantiki kama elimu ya kutafakari na mfululizo wa dhana
 maadili ni elimu ya kutenda mema
 metafizikia ni elimu ya vyanzo vya kuwepo, uhai na maarifa 
 epistemolojia ni elimu ya ufahamu na mipaka ya yale tunayoweza kujua

Aina za falsafa 
Kuna mbinu nyingi za falsafa zilizoendelea kulingana na mazingira ya utamaduni ambako wanafalsafa waliishi. Mara nyingi falsafa imeendelea karibu na dini, ndani ya dini au kwa mchanganyiko na dini mbalimbali.

Lakini falsafa inachunguza pia matamko ya dini na kuuliza maswali juu ya maana ya matamko haya.

Wanafalsafa muhimu wa Asia walikuwa Konfutse na Lao Tze katika China na Buddha katika Uhindi.

Chanzo cha falsafa katika Ulaya kilitokea katika ustaarabu wa Ugiriki ya Kale. Wanafalsafa wa huko waliweka misingi mingi kwa dunia ya baadaye pamoja na misingi ya sayansi ya sasa. Kati ya majina mashuhuri ni Plato na Aristoteli.

Wanafalsafa

Wanafalsafa wa Ugiriki ya Kale 
 Pythagoras
 Sokrates
 Plato
 Aristoteles
 Epikur
 Galenos

Wanafalsafa wa mapokeo ya magharibi 
 Agostino wa Hippo
 Severini Boesyo
 Thomas Aquinas
 Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio
 Niccolo Machiavelli
 Thomas Hobbes
 René Descartes
 John Locke
 Baruch Spinoza
 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
 George Berkeley
 David Hume
 Immanuel Kant
 Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 Auguste Comte
 Georg Wilhelm Frederich Hegel
 Arthur Schopenhauer
 Mary Wollstonecraft
 Friedrich Engels
 John Stuart Mill
 Søren Kierkegaard
 Karl Marx
 Friedrich Nietzsche
 Jacques Maritain

Wanafalsafa wa kisasa kutoka Ulaya na Marekani 
 Bertrand Russell
 Ludwig Wittgenstein
 Jean-Paul Sartre
 Simone de Beauvoir
 Ayn Rand
 Karl Popper
 Willard Van Orman Quine
 Eugene T. Gendlin
 Noam Chomsky
 Rudy Garns

Wanafalsafa wa Afrika 
 Plotinus
 Zera Yakobu

Wanafalsafa wa Asia 
 Konfutse (Confucius)
 Lao Tze
 Siddharta Gautama (Buddha)
 Acharya Madhwa (Madhavacharya)
 Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
 Al-Ghazali
 Zhu Xi

Tazama pia
Wanafalsafa nchi kwa nchi

Marejeo
A. Mihanjo, Falsafa na Usanifu wa Hoja, Salvatorianum, Morogoro 
A. Mihanjo, Falsafa na Ufunuo wa Maarifa, Salvatorianum, Morogoro

Marejeo mengine
Vyanzo (google books)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Utangulizi

 Blumenau, Ralph. Philosophy and Living. 
 Craig, Edward. Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. 
 Harrison-Barbet, Anthony, Mastering Philosophy. 
 Russell, Bertrand. The Problems of Philosophy. 
 Sinclair, Alistair J. What is Philosophy? An Introduction, 2008, 
 Sober, Elliott. (2001). Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. 
 Solomon, Robert C. Big Questions: A Short Introduction to Philosophy. 
 Warburton, Nigel. Philosophy: The Basics. 
 Nagel, Thomas. What Does It All Mean? A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy. 
 Classics of Philosophy (Vols. 1, 2, & 3) by Louis P. Pojman
 The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill by Edwin Arthur
 European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche by Monroe Beardsley
 Cottingham, John. Western Philosophy: An Anthology. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008. Print. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies.
 Tarnas, Richard. The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View. 

Kwa eneo

Mashariki
 A Source Book in Indian Philosophy by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Charles A. Moore
 Hamilton, Sue. Indian Philosophy: a Very Short Introduction. 
 Kupperman, Joel J. Classic Asian Philosophy: A Guide to the Essential Texts. 
 Lee, Joe and Powell, Jim. Eastern Philosophy For Beginners. 
 Smart, Ninian. World Philosophies. 
 Copleston, Frederick. Philosophy in Russia: From Herzen to Lenin and Berdyaev. 

Afrika
 Imbo, Samuel Oluoch. '3'An Introduction to African Philosophy. 

Uislamu
 Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings edited by Muhammad Ali Khalidi
 

Historia

 
 Higgins, Kathleen M. and Solomon, Robert C. A Short History of Philosophy. 
 Durant, Will, Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers, Pocket, 1991, 
 

Ya kale
 Knight, Kelvin. Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre. 

Karne za kati
 The Phenomenology Reader by Dermot Moran, Timothy Mooney
 Kim, J. and Ernest Sosa, Ed. (1999). Metaphysics: An Anthology. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
 

Karne za mwishomwisho
 Existentialism: Basic Writings (Second Edition) by Charles Guignon, Derk Pereboom
 Curley, Edwin, A Spinoza Reader, Princeton, 1994, 
 Bullock, Alan, R. B. Woodings, and John Cumming, eds. The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thinkers, in series, Fontana Original[s]. Hammersmith, Eng.: Fontana Press, 1992, cop. 1983. xxv, 867 p. 
 Scruton, Roger. A Short History of Modern Philosophy. 

Ya sasa
 Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings by James Baillie
 Appiah, Kwame Anthony. Thinking it Through  – An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy, 2003, 
 Critchley, Simon. Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. 

Makala muhimu

  
 
 
 The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy by Robert Audi
 The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (10 vols.) edited by Edward Craig, Luciano Floridi (available online by subscription); or
 The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy edited by Edward Craig (an abridgement)
 ; in 1996, a ninth supplemental volume appeared that updated the classic 1967 encyclopedia.
 International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
 Directory of American Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
 Routledge History of Philosophy (10 vols.) edited by John Marenbon
 History of Philosophy (9 vols.) by Frederick Copleston
 A History of Western Philosophy (5 vols.) by W. T. Jones
 History of Italian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Eugenio Garin. Translated from Italian and Edited by Giorgio Pinton. Introduction by Leon Pompa.
 Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies (8 vols.), edited by Karl H. Potter et al. (first 6 volumes out of print)
 Indian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
 A History of Indian Philosophy (5 vols.) by Surendranath Dasgupta
 History of Chinese Philosophy (2 vols.) by Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde
 Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming by Chan, Wing-tsit
 Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy edited by Antonio S. Cua
 Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion by Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs
 Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy by Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam
 A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English by John A. Grimes
 History of Islamic Philosophy edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman
 History of Jewish Philosophy edited by Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman
 A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries by Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
 Ayer, A.J. et al., Ed. (1994) A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
 Blackburn, S., Ed. (1996)The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
 Mauter, T., Ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy. London, Penguin Books.
 Runes, D., Ed. (1942). The Dictionary of Philosophy. New York, The Philosophical Library, Inc.
 Angeles, P.A., Ed. (1992). The Harper Collins Dictionary of Philosophy. New York, Harper Perennial.
 
 Hoffman, Eric, Ed. (1997) Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
 Popkin, R.H. (1999). The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. New York, Columbia University Press.
 Bullock, Alan, and Oliver Stallybrass, jt. eds. The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. xix, 684 p. N.B.: "First published in England under the title, The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought." 
 Reese, W. L. Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought''. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1980. iv, 644 p.

Viungo vya nje 
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project 
 PhilPapers – a comprehensive directory of online philosophical articles and books by academic philosophers
 Philosophy Timeline 
 Map of Western Philosophers
 Philosophy Magazines and Journals
 
 Philosophy (review)
 Philosophy Documentation Center
 Popular Philosophy
 An introduction to philosophy (in unsimple english)