Ubepari

Ubepari ni mfumo wa uchumi ambamo biashara, viwanda na vitegauchumi vingine vinatawaliwa na watu binafsi kwa kiasi kikubwa na kwa lengo la kupata faida. Nafasi ya serikali ni ndogo. Vilevile lengo la kuhudumia jamii katika mahitaji yake haliongozi mipango. 

Kati ya sifa za ubepari kuna ulimbikizaji wa mtaji, ushindani katika soko huria na kazi zinazolipwa mshahara. 

Katika mfumo huo, pande zinazokabiliana zinapanga zenyewe bei kwa makubaliano, bila kuingiliwa na mamlaka yoyote ya nje.

Ubepari una viwango tofauti vya uhuru huo, kadiri ya nchi:Kiingereza kinaainisha laissez-faire capitalism, welfare capitalism, crony capitalism na state capitalism.

Historia
Kihistoria, ubepari uliwahi kuwepo tangu zamani kwa namna mbalimbali, lakini ulianza kutawala baada ya mifumo ya Karne za Kati za Ulaya kupitwa na wakati na mapinduzi ya viwanda kushika kasi. Ubeberu, ukoloni, halafu utandawazi vimefanya ubepari uenee duniani kote. 

Katika karne ya 20 ubepari ulishindana na mfumo mbadala wa ukomunisti ambao ulitia mkazo juu ya majukumu ya serikali katika uchumi mpaka kuwanyima wananchi nafasi ya kuwajibika. Hata hivyo, baada ya kushinda, ubepari pia umeingiza uchumi wa dunia katika hali tete, kama ilivyojitokeza mwanzoni mwa karne ya 21.

Watetezi wa ubepari wanasisitiza kwamba mfumo huo unaleta ustawi wa jamii ulio mkubwa kuliko ule unaoletwa na mifumo mingine yoyote, kiasi kwamba hatimaye wote wanafaidika, si matajiri tu. Critics of capitalism variously associate it with economic instability, 

Wengi wanapinga hoja hiyo kwa kuonyesha umati unaokosa kazi na huduma za msingi kutokana na pesa kutiwa maanani kuliko binadamu na mazingira kutumika kuliko uwezo wake wa kustahimili.. Kanisa Katoliki limejitokeza kwa namna ya pekee kati ya dini mbalimbali kukosoa ubepari  kama ulivyokosoa na hatimaye kuangusha ukomunisti wa Ulaya Mashariki (1989) likiongozwa na Papa Yohane Paulo II.

Tanbihi

Marejeo

Marejeo mengine

  Alperovitz, Gar (2011). America Beyond Capitalism: Reclaiming Our Wealth, Our Liberty, and Our Democracy, 2nd Edition. Democracy Collaborative Press. ISBN 0984785701
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mayfield, Anthony. "Economics", in his On the Brink: Resource Depletion, Debt Collapse, and Super-technology ([Vancouver, B.C.]: On the Brink Publishing, 2013), pp. 50–104. N.B.: The author, as well, frequently discusses aspects of economics and capitalism elsewhere (passim.) in the book.
 
 Panitch, Leo, and Sam Gindin (2012). The Making of Global Capitalism: the Political Economy of American Empire. London: Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-742-9
 
  Polanyi, Karl (2001). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Beacon Press; 2 edition. ISBN 080705643X
 Roberts, Paul Craig (2013). The Failure of Laissez-faire Capitalism: towards a New Economics for a Full World. Atlanta, Ga.: Clarity Press. ISBN 978-0-9860362-5-5

Viungo vya nje

 
 Center on Capitalism and Society at Columbia University
 Center for the Study of Capitalism at Wake Forest University
 Commonwealth Club of California-Dr. Yaron Brook and Dr. David Callahan: Is Capitalism Moral? A Debate – October 22, 2012
 Basic Characteristics of Capitalism from textbooksfree.org

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