John Henry Newman

John Henry Newman, C.O. (London, Uingereza, 21 Februari 1801 - Edgbaston, Birmingham, 11 Agosti 1890) alikuwa padri na kardinali wa Kanisa Katoliki baada ya kuacha ukasisi wa madhehebu ya Anglikana akiwa tayari maarufu nchini kote kutokana na mahubiri na maandishi yake.

Alitangazwa na Papa Benedikto XVI kuwa mwenye heri tarehe 19 Septemba 2010 halafu Papa Fransisko alimtangaza mtakatifu tarehe 13 Oktoba 2019.

Sikukuu yake huadhimishwa tarehe 9 Oktoba.

Maisha 
John Henry alikuwa wa kwanza kati ya watoto 6 wa mwenye benki John Newman na Jemina Foundrinier, mwenye asili ya Ufaransa.

Alipata elimu bora karibu na London akaathiriwa na mchungaji wa Kikalvini hata akashikilia msimamo wa Kiprotestanti kwa uamuzi ambao baadaye aliuita wongofu wake wa kwanza 1816.

Mwaka 1817 alijiunga na Trinity College huko Oxford akawa shemasi wa Kianglikana mwaka 1824.

Mwaka 1828 alifanywa paroko wa kanisa la chuo kikuu kwa jukumu la kuwachunga wanachuo; wakati huohuo alijitosa katika masomo ya falsafa na teolojia.

Baada ya kuwa profesa wa Oxford na kasisi wa Anglikana (Church of England) mwenye mwelekeo wa Kiinjili, Newman alipata kuwa kiongozi wa Oxford Movement. Kundi hilo la Waanglikana lilikusudia kurudisha Kanisa la Uingereza kwenye imani na ibada za Kikatoliki.

Miaka 2 baada ya kuacha ukasisi na hatimaye Anglikana yenyewe, alijiunga na Kanisa Katoliki moja kwa moja (9 Oktoba 1845).

Mwaka 1847 alipata upadirisho akaanzisha shirika la Waoratori mjini Birmingham.

Alichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa (1851 - 1858) uundaji wa Catholic University of Ireland, ambayo leo inaitwa University College, Dublin na ni chuo kikuu kinachoshinda kwa ukubwa vingine vyote vya  Ireland.

Baada ya kufanya uchungaji tena, mwaka 1879 aliteuliwa na Papa Leo XIII kuwa kardinali.

Kama mwandishi wa teolojia na fasihi ya Kiingereza, Newman ni maarufu hasa kwa simulizi la maisha yake Apologia Pro Vita Sua (1865–1866), kwa Grammar of Assent (1870), kwa shairi The Dream of Gerontius (1865), ambalo lilitiwa muziki na Edward Elgar mwaka 1900 kama oratorio.

Kati ya tenzi zake, maarufu zaidi ni Lead, Kindly Light na Praise to the Holiest in the Height (kutoka Gerontius).

Juu ya kaburi lake yameandikwa maneno ya Kilatini aliyoyachagua mwenyewe kama muhtasari wa maisha yake aliyoyaona kama safari kuelekea ukweli: Ex umbris et imaginibus in veritatem (Kutoka vivuli na mifano hadi ukweli).

Sala yake
Mungu wangu uliyetuumba,
ulijua kwamba wewe tu unaweza kutushibisha;
basi umeamua kujifanya chakula na kinywaji chetu.

Fumbo abudiwa kuliko yote! Huruma ya ajabu kuliko zote!

Wewe mwenye utukufu, uzuri, nguvu na utamu kuliko wote
ulijua fika kwamba chochote kingine
kisingeweza kutegemeza umbile letu lisilokoma, mioyo yetu dhaifu;
kwa hiyo ulitwaa mwili na damu ya kibinadamu, hivi kwamba,
vikiwa mwili na damu ya Mungu, viweze kuwa uhai wetu...

Naja kwako, Bwana, sio tu kwa sababu pasipo wewe sina raha,
si tu kwa sababu najitambua ninakuhitaji,
bali kwa sababu neema yako inanivuta
nikutafute kwa ajili yako mwenyewe, kwa jinsi ulivyo mtukufu na mzuri.

Naja kwa uchaji mkubwa, lakini kwa upendo mkubwa zaidi.

Maandishi 
Akiwa Mwanglikana
 The Arians of the Fourth Century (1833)
 Tracts for the Times (1833–1841)
 British Critic (1836–1842)
 On the Prophetical Office of the Church (1837)
 Lectures on Justification (1838)
 Parochial and Plain Sermons (1834–1843)
 Select Treatises of St. Athanasius (1842, 1844)
 Lives of the English Saints (1843–44)
 Essays on Miracles (1826, 1843)
 Oxford University Sermons (1843)
 Sermons on Subjects of the Day (1843)

Akiwa Mkatoliki
 Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (1845)
 Retractation of Anti-Catholic Statements (1845)
 Loss and Gain (novel – 1848)
 Faith and Prejudice and Other Unpublished Sermons (1848–1873; collected 1956)
 Discourses to Mixed Congregations (1849)
 Difficulties of Anglicans (1850)
 The Present Position of Catholics in England (1851)
 The Idea of a University (1852 and 1858)
 Cathedra Sempiterna (1852)
 Callista (novel – 1855)
 The Rambler (Catholic periodical)]] (editor) (1859–1860)
 Apologia Pro Vita Sua (religious autobiography – 1864; revised edition, 1865)
 Letter to Dr. Pusey (1865)
 The Dream of Gerontius (poem) (1865)
 An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent (1870)
 Sermons Preached on Various Occasions (various/1874)
 Letter to the Duke of Norfolk (1875)
 Five Letters (1875)
 Sermon Notes (1849–1878)
 Select Treatises of St. Athanasius (1881)
 On the Inspiration of Scripture (1884)
 Development of Religious Error (1885)

Mengineyo
 Historical Tracts of St. Athanasius (1843)
 Essays Critical and Historical (various/1871)
 Tracts Theological and Ecclesiastical (various/1871)
 Discussions and Arguments (various/1872)
 Historical Sketches (various/1872)
 Addresses to Cardinal Newman and His Replies, with Biglietto Speech (1879)

Madondoo
 Realizations: Newman's Own Selection of His Sermons (edited by Vincent Ferrer Blehl, S.J., 1964). Liturgical Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-8146-3290-1
 Mary the Second Eve (compiled by Sister Eileen Breen, F.M.A., 1969). TAN Books, 2009. ISBN 978-0-89555-181-8

Tazama pia
Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo
Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko

Tanbihi

Marejeo 
 
 Bellasis, Edward (1892).
 Chadwick, Owen (1987). The Victorian Church: Part One 1829–1859
 Connolly, John R. (2005). John Henry Newman: A View of Catholic Faith for the New Millennium. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-3222-9
 Faught, C. Brad (2003). The Oxford Movement: A Thematic History of the Tractarians and Their Times, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-02249-9.
 
 Herring, George (2002). What Was the Oxford Movement?
 Ker, Ian and Merrigan, Terrence (eds) (2009). The Cambridge Companion to John Henry Newman. Cambridge University Press.
 Kings, Graham (2010). "The Ambiguous Legacy of John Henry Newman: Reflections on the Papal Visit 2010" 
 
 Strachey, Lytton (1918). Eminent Victorians
 Trevor, Meriol (1962). Newman: The Pillar of the Cloud and Newman: Light in Winter (two-volume biography)
 Turner, Frank M (2002). John Henry Newman: The Challenge to Evangelical Religion . Yale University Press.
 Steven Aguzzi (2010). John Henry Newman's Anglican Views on Judaism. Newman Studies Journal 7:1

Viungo vya nje

Kesi ya kumtangaza mtakatifu 
 The Cause for the Canonisation of John Henry Cardinal Newman 
 1996 article on the canonisation process
 Promulgation of Newman as venerable (kwa Kilatini)
 Hotuba ya Benedikto XVI katika kumtangaza mwenye heri  19.09.2010

Vyama vya Newman 
 Oxford University Newman Society 
 University College Dublin Newman Society 
  Newman University College, Birmingham, England
 Cardinal Newman Catholic Secondary School, Toronto, Canada

Maisha na maandishi 
 Newman Reader – Works of John Henry Newman
  Presentation by Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger
 John Henry Newman: Portraits
 Newman & The Second Vatican Council, by Christopher Butler
 Christina Rossetti's Cardinal Newman
 National Institute for Newman Studies, Pittsburgh, PA 
 "Un uomo finito": website for the theater play about John Henry Newman and Giovanni Papini (kwa Kiitalia)
  Statement on the failure of exhumation 
 John Henry Newman: Becoming Rome’s First Ecumenical Saint by Richard Bennett and Michael De Semlyen

Waliozaliwa 1801
Waliofariki 1890
Wanateolojia wa Uingereza
Washairi wa Kiingereza
Mapadri
Waoratori
Watawa waanzilishi
Makardinali
Watakatifu wa Uingereza