Konstantino Mkuu

Konstantino Mkuu (jina kamili: Flavius Valerius Constantinus; Niš, 27 Februari 272 – İzmit, 22 Mei 337) alikuwa Kaisari wa Dola la Roma tangu mwaka 306 akitawala peke yake tangu 324.

Anakumbukwa kama mtawala aliyefaulu kumaliza kipindi cha vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe na kukubali Ukristo kama dini huru katika dola.

Alihamisha mji mkuu kutoka Roma kwenda Bizanti iliyoitwa baadaye Konstantinopoli.

Alivyoingia utawala 
Baba yake Constantius alikuwa mmojawapo wa makaisari wanne walioshirikiana pamoja katika utawala wa dola. Baada ya kifo cha baba jeshi lake likamtangaza Konstantino kuwa Kaisari pia, lakini bila mawasiliano na wengine. Hata hivyo alikubaliwa kama Kaisari mdogo akihusika na majimbo ya Gallia na Britania.

Mwaka 311/312 fitina kati ya makaisari ilikuwa vita na Konstantino alilenga kupanua himaya yake. Mpinzani wake alikuwa hasa Maxentius aliyekaa Italia. Konstantino aliweza kumshinda kwenye mapigano kwenye daraja la Milvio mjini Roma.

Inasemekana kabla ya mapigano hayo alipatwa na ndoto alipoona msalaba wa Yesu Kristo katika jua akasikia sauti, "Utashinda chini ya alama hii!". Baadaye vikosi vya Konstatino vilikuwa na bendera iliyoonyesha herufi za chi-rho ambazo zilimaanisha jina la "Kristo".

Ushindi huu ulimfanya Konstantino awe mkuu wa nusu ya magharibi ya Dola la Roma.

Uhuru kwa Wakristo 

Hadi mwaka 311 Wakristo waliteswa vikali kwa amri ya Kaisari Diokletiano. Konstatino alibadilisha siasa hii baada ya ushindi na kukubali Ukristo kwa mara ya kwanza kama dini iliyoruhusiwa rasmi, akafaulu pia kupata kibali cha Kaisari mwenzake.

Mwaka 313 alikutana na Licinius, Kaisari wa mashariki ya dola. Pamoja makaisari hao wawili walipatana kutoa tamko la Milano lililotangaza mwisho wa dhuluma dhidi ya Wakristo: "Baada ya kukutana hapa Milano sisi Kaisari Konstantino na Kaisari Licinius tumeamua kuwapa Wakristo pamoja na watu wote uhuru wa kuchagua dini yao ili Mungu wa mbinguni atupe fadhili zake."

Konstantino hakufanya Ukristo kuwa dini rasmi na yeye mwenyewe hakupokea ubatizo hadi muda mfupi kabla ya kifo chake.

Hakuna hakika kuhusu sababu zake: inajulikana ya kwamba mama yake Helena Mtakatifu alikuwa Mkristo lakini hakuna hakika alikuwa na athira gani katika malezi ya mwanawe.

Mtawala wa pekee 
Tangu mwaka 316 Konstatino alianza kugongana na kaisari mwenzake wa mashariki Liceinius baada ya huyu kuonekana anasaidia mipango ya uasi dhidi ya Konstantino. Mwaka 324 alimshinda na kumkamata akawa mtawala wa pekee.

Hapa aliamua mara moja kuhamisha mji mkuu kutoka Roma kwenda Bizanti. Alitumia pesa nyingi kwa ujenzi wake na kuitangaza rasmi mwaka 330.

Aliratibu upya utawala wa dola akaweka misingi iliyoweza kudumu kwa miaka mingi baada yake.

Hata hivyo alipaswa kutetea mipaka ya dola dhidi ya Wagermanik na dhidi ya Waajemi.

Konstantino na Kanisa 
Konstantino alionekana mapema kama msaidizi wa Wakristo. Machoni pa Wakristo mageuzi yale yalikuwa kama miujiza ya Mungu, kwa kuwa tangu Kaisari Nero (mnamo mwaka 64) mateso ya Wakristo yalikuwa yamerudia tena na tena. Sasa yalikwisha, na Wakristo walipewa nafasi ya kusikilizwa na Kaisari mwenyewe.

Mwaka 321 Kaisari alitangaza Jumapili kama "siku ya jua" kuwa sikukuu na ofisi za serikali zilipumzika.

Mwaka 325 alialika maaskofu wa Kanisa lote kwa mtaguso wa kwanza wa Nisea. Mtaguso mkuu huu ulikuwa mkutano wa kwanza wa maaskofu wa Kikristo kutoka pande mbalimbali za dola la Roma na hata nje yake. Mkutano uliamua kuhusu masuala mablimbali ukakubali kanuni ya imani ya Nisea inayoendelea kutumika kanisani hadi leo.

Konstantino alivutwa kuitisha mtaguso huo ili kuingilia farakano kati ya Wakristo kuhusu Arius na mafundisho yake.

Kwa kukosa ujuzi wa mambo hayo, Kaisari alishawishwa mara kumkataa Arius asiendelee kufundisha, mara kumkataa mpinzani wake mkuu, askofu Atanasi na kuwaamuru waondoke katika mji wa Aleksandria.

Kanisa la Waorthodoksi lilimtangaza Konstantino kuwa mtakatifu.

Tazama pia
Orodha ya Makaizari wa Roma
Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo
Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko

Marejeo

Vyanzo vya kale 
 Athanasius of Alexandria.
 Apologia conta Arianos (Defence against the Arians) ca. 349.
 Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Apologia Contra Arianos. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 14 Agosti 2009.
 Epistola de Decretis Nicaenae Synodi (Letter on the Decrees of the Council of Nicaea) ca. 352.
 Newman, John Henry, trans. De Decretis. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 28 Septemba 2009.
 Historia Arianorum (History of the Arians) ca. 357.
 Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Historia Arianorum. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 14 Agosti 2009.
 Sextus Aurelius Victor, Liber de Caesaribus (Book on the Caesars) ca. 361.
 Codex Theodosianus (Theodosian Code) 439.
 Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes2 (in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, [1905] 1954. Complied by Nicholas Palmer, revised by Tony Honoré for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R.W.B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at University College London  and the University of Grenoble . Accessed 25 Agosti 2009.
 Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at AncientRome.ru. Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.
 Codex Justinianus (Justinianic Code or Code of Justinian).
 Scott, Samuel P., trans. The Code of Justinian, in The Civil Law. 17 vols. 1932. Online at the Constitution Society. Accessed 14 Agosti 2009.
 Krueger, Paul, ed. Codex Justinianus (in Latin). 2 vols. Berlin, 1954. Online at the University of Grenoble . Accessed 28 Septemba 2009.
 Epitome de Caesaribus (Epitome on the Caesars) ca. 395.
 Banchich, Thomas M., trans. A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores. Canisius College Translated Texts 1. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2009. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis . Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.
 De Rebus Bellicis (On Military Matters) fourth/fifth century.
 Eunapius, History from Dexippus first edition ca. 390, second edition ca. 415. [Fragmentary]
 Eusebius of Caesarea.
 Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) first seven books ca. 300, eighth and ninth book ca. 313, tenth book ca. 315, epilogue ca. 325.
 Williamson, G.A., trans. Church History. London: Penguin, 1989. ISBN 97801404453350
 McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Church History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 28 Septemba 2009.
 Oratio de Laudibus Constantini (Oration in Praise of Constantine, sometimes the Tricennial Oration) 336.
 Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Oration in Praise of Constantine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 16 Agosti 2009.
 Vita Constantini (The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine) ca. 336–39.
 Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 9 Juni 2009.
 Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine. 2009. Reprint of Bagster edition [1845]. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-93-0.  
 Cameron, Averil and Stuart Hall, trans. Life of Constantine. 1999. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814924-7.
 Eutropius, Breviarium ab Urbe Condita (Abbreviated History from the City's Founding) ca. 369.
 Watson, John Henry, trans. Justin, Cornelius Nepos and Eutropius. London: George Bell & Sons, 1886. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 28 Septemba 2009.
 Rufus Festus, Breviarium Festi (The Abbreviated History of Festus) ca. 370.
 Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People. Canisius College Translated Texts 2. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2001. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis. Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.
 Jerome, Chronicon (Chronicle) ca. 380.
 Pearse, Roger, et al., trans. The Chronicle of St. Jerome, in Early Church Fathers: Additional Texts. Tertullian, 2005. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 14 Agosti 2009.
 Jordanes, De origine actibusque Getarum [Getica] (The Origin and Deeds of the Goths) ca. 551.
 Mierow, Charles C., trans. The Origins and Deeds of the Goths. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1915.
 Online at the University of Calgary. Accessed 28 Septemba 2009.
 The Gothic History of Jordanes. 2006. Reprint of 1915 edition. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-77-0.  
 Lactantius, Liber De Mortibus Persecutorum (Book on the Deaths of the Persecutors) ca. 313–15.
 Fletcher, William, trans. Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died. From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 9 Juni 2009.
 Libanius, Orationes (Orations) ca. 362–65.
 Optatus, Libri VII de Schismate Donatistarum (Seven Books on the Schism of the Donatists) first edition ca. 365–67, second edition ca. 385.
 Vassall-Phillips, O.R., trans. The Work of St. Optatus Against the Donatists. London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1917. Transcribed at tertullian.org by Roger Pearse, 2006. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 9 Juni 2009.
 Edwards, Mark, trans. Optatus: Against the Donatists. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1997.
 Origo Constantini Imperiatoris (The Lineage of the Emperor Constantine) ca. 340–90.
 Rolfe, J.C., trans. Excerpta Valesiana, in vol. 3 of Rolfe's translation of Ammianus Marcellinus' History. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1952. Online at LacusCurtius. Accessed 16 Agosti 2009.
 Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII (Seven Books of History Against the Pagans) ca. 417.
 XII Panegyrici Latini (Twelve Latin Panegyircs) relevant panegyrics dated 289, 291, 297, 298, 307, 310, 311, 313 and 321.
 Philostorgius, Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) ca. 433.
 Walford, Edward, trans. Epitome of the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, Compiled by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.
 Praxagoras of Athens, Historia (History of Constantine the Great) ca. 337. [Fragmentary]
 Socrates of Constantinople (Socrates Scholasticus), Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) ca. 443.
 Zenos, A.C., trans. Ecclesiastical History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 14 Agosti 2009.
 Sozomen, Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) ca. 445.
 Hartranft, Chester D. Ecclesiastical History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.
 Theodoret, Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) ca. 448.
 Jackson, Blomfield, trans. Ecclesiastical History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.
 Zosimus, Historia Nova (New History) ca. 500.
 Unknown, trans. The History of Count Zosimus. London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.

Vyanzo vya kisasa 
 Alföldi, Andrew. The Conversion of Constantine and Pagan Rome. Translated by Harold Mattingly. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948.
 Anderson, Perry. Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism. London: Verso, 1981 [1974]. ISBN 0-86091-709-6
 Arjava, Antii. Women and Law in Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-815233-7
 Armstrong, Gregory T. "Church and State Relations: The Changes Wrought by Constantine." Journal of Bible and Religion 32 (1964): 1–7.
 Armstrong, Gregory T. "Constantine's Churches: Symbol and Structure." The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 33 (1974): 5–16.
 Barnes, Timothy D. "Lactantius and Constantine." The Journal of Roman Studies 63 (1973): 29–46.
 Barnes, Timothy D. Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1
 Barnes, Timothy D. The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-7837-2221-4
 Barnes, Timothy D. "Constantine and the Christians of Persia." The Journal of Roman Studies 75 (1985): 126–136.
 Bowman, Alan K. "Diocletian and the First Tetrarchy." In The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire, edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, and Peter Garnsey, 67–89. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-30199-8
 Cameron, Averil. "The Reign of Constantine, A.D. 306–337." In The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire, edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, and Peter Garnsey, 90–109. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-30199-8
 Cameron, Averil and Stuart G. Hall. Life of Constantine. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999. Hardcover ISBN 0-19-814917-4 Paperback ISBN 0-19-814924-7
 Carrié, Jean-Michel & Rousselle, Aline. L'Empire Romain en mutation- des Sévères à Constantin, 192–337. Paris: Seuil, 1999. ISBN 2-02-025819-6
 Christol, M. & Nony, D. Rome et son Empire. Paris: Hachette, 2003. ISBN 2-01-145542-1
 Corcoran, Simon. The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, AD 284–324. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-815304-X
 Curran, John. Pagan City and Christian Capital. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000. Hardcover ISBN 0-19-815278-8 Paperback ISBN 0-19-925420-6
 Dagron, Gilbert. Naissance d'une Capitale: Constantinople et ses instititutions de 330 a 451. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1984. ISBN 2-13-038902-3
 Digeser, Elizabeth DePalma. The Making of A Christian Empire: Lactantius and Rome. London: Cornell University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8014-3594-3
 Downey, Glanville. "Education in the Christian Roman Empire: Christian and Pagan Theories under Constantine and His Successors." Speculum 32 (1957): 48–61.
 Drake, H. A. "What Eusebius Knew: The Genesis of the "Vita Constantini"." Classical Philology 83 (1988): 20–38.
 Drake, H. A. "Constantine and Consensus." Church History 64 (1995): 1–15.
 Drake, H. A. "Lambs into Lions: Explaining Early Christian Intolerance." Past & Present 153 (1996): 3–36.
 Drake, H. A. Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8018-6218-3
 Elliott, T. G. "Constantine's Conversion: Do We Really Need It?" Phoenix 41 (1987): 420–438.
 Elliott, T. G. "Eusebian Frauds in the "Vita Constantini"." Phoenix 45 (1991): 162–171.
 Elliott, T. G. The Christianity of Constantine the Great . Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press, 1996. ISBN 0-940866-59-5
 Elsner, Jás. Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press (Oxford History of Art), 1998. ISBN 0-19-284201-3
 Fowden, Garth. "Between Pagans and Christians." The Journal of Roman Studies 78 (1988): 173–182.
 Fowden, Garth. "The Last Days of Constantine: Oppositional Versions and Their Influence." The Journal of Roman Studies 84 (1994): 146–170.
 Fubini, Riccardo. "Humanism and Truth: Valla Writes against the Donation of Constantine." Journal of the History of Ideas 57:1 (1996): 79–86.
 Gibbon, Edward. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1952 ("Great Books" collection), in 2 volumes.
 Goldsworthy, Adrian. How Rome Fell. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2009. Hardcover ISBN 978-0-300-13719-4
 Grant, Robert M. "Religion and Politics at the Council at Nicaea." The Journal of Religion 55 (1975): 1–12.
 Guthrie, Patrick. "The Execution of Crispus." Phoenix 20: 4 (1966): 325–331.
 Harries, Jill. Law and Empire in Late Antiquity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-41087-8 Paperback ISBN 0-521-42273-6
 Hartley, Elizabeth. Constantine the Great: York's Roman Emperor. York: Lund Humphries, 2004. ISBN 978-0-85331-928-3.
 Heather, Peter J. "Foedera and Foederati of the Fourth Century." In From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms, edited by Thomas F.X. Noble, 292–308. New York: Routledge, 2006. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-32741-5 Paperback ISBN 0-415-32742-3
 Helgeland, John. "Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173–337." Church History 43 (Juni 1974): 149–163.
 Jones, A.H.M. Constantine and the Conversion of Europe. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1978 [1948].
 Jordan, David P. "Gibbon's "Age of Constantine" and the Fall of Rome" History and Theory 8:1 (1969), 71–96.
 Lenski, Noel, ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Hardcover ISBN 0-521-81838-9 Paperback ISBN 0-521-52157-2
 Lieu, Samuel N.C. and Dominic Montserrat. From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine Views; A Source History. New York: Routledge, 1996.
 Mackay, Christopher S. "Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian." Classical Philology 94:2 (1999): 198–209.
 MacMullen, Ramsay. Constantine. New York: Dial Press, 1969. ISBN 0-7099-4685-6
 MacMullen, Ramsay. Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100–400. New Heaven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0-300-03642-8
 MacMullen, Ramsay. Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-300-07148-5
 Mattingly, David. An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire. London: Penguin, 2007. ISBN 978-0-14-014822-0
 Nicholson, Oliver. "Constantine's Vision of the Cross." Vigiliae Christianae 54:3 (2000): 309–323.
 Odahl, Charles Matson. Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge, 2004. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-17485-6 Paperback ISBN 0-415-38655-1
 Pears, Edwin. "The Campaign against Paganism A.D. 324." The English Historical Review 24:93 (1909): 1–17.
 Pohlsander, Hans. "Crispus: Brilliant Career and Tragic End". Historia 33 (1984): 79–106.
 Pohlsander, Hans. The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge, 2004a. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-31937-4 Paperback ISBN 0-415-31938-2
 Pohlsander, Hans. "Constantine I (306 – 337 A.D.) ." De Imperatoribus Romanis (2004b). Accessed 16 Desemba 2007.
 Potter, David S. The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge, 2005. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-10057-7 Paperback ISBN 0-415-10058-5
 Rees, Roger. Layers of Loyalty in Latin Panegyric: AD 289–307. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-924918-0
 Rodgers, Barbara Saylor. "The Metamorphosis of Constantine." The Classical Quarterly 39 (1989): 233–246.
 Scheidel, Walter. "The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires". In Scheidel, ed., Rome and China: Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-975835-7
 Seidel, Lisa. "Constantine 'and' Charlemagne." Gesta 15 (1976): 237–239.
 Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge, 2001. ISBN 0-415-23944-3
 Storch, Rudolph H. "The "Eusebian Constantine"." Church History 40 (1971): 1–15.
 Treadgold, Warren. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2
 Udoh, Fabian E. "Quand notre monde est devenu chretien", review, Theological Studies, Juni 2008
 Veyne, Paul. L'Empire Gréco-Romain, Paris: Seuil, 2005. ISBN 2-02-057798-4
 Veyne, Paul.Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien, Paris: Albin Michel, 2007. ISBN 978-2-226-17609-7
 Warmington, Brian. "Some Constantinian References in Ammianus." In The Late Roman World and its Historian: Interpreting Ammianus Marcellinus, edited by Jan Willem Drijvers and David Hunt, 166–177. London: Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0-415-20271-X
 Weiss, Peter. "The Vision of Constantine." Translated by A.R. Birley in Journal of Roman Archaeology 16 (2003): 237–59.
 Wiemer, Hans-Ulrich. "Libanius on Constantine." The Classical Quarterly 44 (1994): 511–524.
 Williams, Stephen. Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. New York: Routledge, 1997. ISBN 0-415-91827-8
 Woods, David. "On the Death of the Empress Fausta." Greece & Rome 45 (1988): 70–86.
 Woods, David. "Where Did Constantine I Die?" Journal of Theological Studies 48:2 (1997): 531–535.
 Wright, David H. "The True Face of Constantine the Great." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 41 (1987): 493–507

Marejeo mengine

Viungo vya nje 

 
 Letters of Constantine: Book 1, Book 2, & Book 3
 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Constantine I
 12 Byzantine Rulers  by Lars Brownworth of Stony Brook School (grades 7–12). 40 minute audio lecture on Constantine.
 Constantine I in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
 Constantine the Great A site about Constantine the Great and his bronze coins emphasizing history using coins, with many resources including reverse types issued and reverse translations.
 House of Constantine bronze coins Illustrations and descriptions of coins of Constantine the Great and his relatives.
 BBC North Yorkshire's site on Roman York, Yorkshire and Constantine the Great
 This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Constantine I relating to Christianity.
 Professor Edwin Judge discusses Constantine's legacy for a Centre for Public Christianity vodcast 
 Constantine's time in York on the 'History of York'

Waliozaliwa 272
Waliofariki 337
Makaizari wa Roma
Watakatifu wa Serbia