Pi (namba)

Pi (jina la herufi ya Kigiriki π) ni namba ya duara kwa maana ya uwiano wa urefu wa mzingo na ule wa kipenyo.

Jinsi ilivyo kawaida kwa herufi mbalimbali za Kigiriki, Pi pia inatumika kama kifupisho kwa ajili ya maarifa na dhana za hesabu na fisikia. 

Imejulikana hasa kama namba ya duara. Ikiandikwa inanaza 3.141592653589793238462643.... lakini haiwezi kuandikwa kamili kwa kuongeza tarakimu baada ya nukta maana hakuna mwisho. Namba za aina hii zisizo sehemu ya namba nyingine au ambazo haziwezi kuonyeshwa kuwa wianisho safi baina namba kamili huitwa namba zisizowiana.

Chamkano cha 22/7 ni karibu zaidi na Pi na 355/113 ni karibu zaidi tena.

Wanahisabati duniani husheherekea sikukuu ya Pi tarehe 14 Machi au pia 22 Julai.

Tanbihi 

  English translation by Catriona and David Lischka.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , English translation by Stephen Wilson.
 
 
 
 
 . [http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3029284 issue 3 Jan/Feb], issue 4 Mar/Apr, issue 5 May/Jun

Marejeo 

 
 Borwein, Jonathan and Borwein, Peter, "The Arithmetic-Geometric Mean and Fast Computation of Elementary Functions", SIAM Review, 26(1984) 351–365
 Borwein, Jonathan, Borwein, Peter, and Bailey, David H., Ramanujan, Modular Equations, and Approximations to Pi or How to Compute One Billion Digits of Pi", The American Mathematical Monthly, 96(1989) 201–219
 Chudnovsky, David V. and Chudnovsky, Gregory V., "Approximations and Complex Multiplication According to Ramanujan", in Ramanujan Revisited (G.E. Andrews et al. Eds), Academic Press, 1988, pp 375–396, 468–472
 Cox, David A., "The Arithmetic-Geometric Mean of Gauss", L' Ensignement Mathematique, 30(1984) 275–330
 Delahaye, Jean-Paul, "Le Fascinant Nombre Pi", Paris: Bibliothèque Pour la Science (1997) ISBN 2-902918-25-9
 Engels, Hermann, "Quadrature of the Circle in Ancient Egypt", Historia Mathematica 4(1977) 137–140
 Euler, Leonhard, "On the Use of the Discovered Fractions to Sum Infinite Series", in Introduction to Analysis of the Infinite. Book I, translated from the Latin by J. D. Blanton, Springer-Verlag, 1964, pp 137–153
 Heath, T. L., The Works of Archimedes, Cambridge, 1897; reprinted in The Works of Archimedes with The Method of Archimedes, Dover, 1953, pp 91–98
 Huygens, Christiaan, "De Circuli Magnitudine Inventa", Christiani Hugenii Opera Varia I, Leiden 1724, pp 384–388
 Lay-Yong, Lam and Tian-Se, Ang, "Circle Measurements in Ancient China", Historia Mathematica 13(1986) 325–340
 Lindemann, Ferdinand, "Ueber die Zahl pi" , Mathematische Annalen 20(1882) 213–225
 Matar, K. Mukunda, and Rajagonal, C., "On the Hindu Quadrature of the Circle" (Appendix by K. Balagangadharan). Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 20(1944) 77–82
 Niven, Ivan, "A Simple Proof that pi Is Irrational", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 53:7 (July 1947), 507
 Ramanujan, Srinivasa, "Modular Equations and Approximations to π", Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, XLV, 1914, 350–372. Reprinted in G.H. Hardy, P.V. Seshu Aiyar, and B. M. Wilson (eds), Srinivasa Ramanujan: Collected Papers, 1927 (reprinted 2000), pp 23–29
 Shanks, William, Contributions to Mathematics  Chiefly of the Rectification of the Circle to 607 Places of Decimals, 1853, pp. i–xvi, 10
 Shanks, Daniel and Wrench, John William, "Calculation of pi to 100,000 Decimals", Mathematics of Computation 16(1962) 76–99
 Tropfke, Johannes, Geschichte Der Elementar-Mathematik in Systematischer Darstellung (The history of elementary mathematics), BiblioBazaar, 2009 (reprint), ISBN 978-1-113-08573-3
 Viete, Francois, Variorum de Rebus Mathematicis Reponsorum Liber VII. F. Viete, Opera Mathematica (reprint), Georg Olms Verlag, 1970, pp 398–401, 436–446
 Wagon, Stan, "Is Pi Normal?", The Mathematical Intelligencer, 7:3(1985) 65–67
 Wallis, John, Arithmetica Infinitorum, sive Nova Methodus Inquirendi in Curvilineorum Quadratum, aliaque difficiliora Matheseos Problemata, Oxford 1655–6. Reprinted in vol. 1 (pp 357–478) of Opera Mathematica, Oxford 1693
 Zebrowski, Ernest, A History of the Circle: Mathematical Reasoning and the Physical Universe'', Rutgers Univ Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0-8135-2898-4

Viungo vya nje 

 
 "Pi" at Wolfram Mathworld
 Representations of Pi at Wolfram Alpha
 Pi Search Engine 2 billion searchable digits of , , and 
 
 

Namba