Kitaumande

Vitaumande ni ndege mbuai wa jenasi mbalimbali wa nusufamilia Surniinae katika familia Strigidae. Ndege hawa ni wadogo kuliko bundi (sm 12-28) na wana rangi ya kahawa au kijivu pamoja na miraba au madoa.

Vitaumande hula panya na wanyama na ndege wadogo wengine na hata watambaazi wadogo, popo, samaki, wadudu na nyungunyungu. Kulingana na spishi huwinda wakati wa alasiri au alfajiri au hata mchana na pengine usiku.

Jike huyataga mayai 2-7 katika tundu lililoachwa na ndege au mnyama mwingine, mara nyingi lile la kigong'ota au zuakulu. Spishi fulani huchimba vishimo katika ardhi au nyingine hutaga ndani ya matundu katika miamba, kingo za mito au majengo makuukuu au hata ndani ya vishimo vya sungura.

Spishi za Afrika
 Athene noctua, Kitaumande wa Athena (Little owl)
 Athene superciliaris, Kitaumande wa Madagasska (White-browed owl)
 Glaucidium albertinum, Kitaumande-mlima (Albertine owlet)
 Glaucidium capense, Kitaumande Miraba (African barred owlet)
 Glaucidium c. ngamiense, Kitaumande wa Ngami (Ngami owlet)
 Glaucidium c. scheffleri, Kitaumande wa Scheffler (Scheffler's owlet)
 Glaucidium castaneum, Kitaumande Kahawiachekundu (Chestnut owlet)
 Glaucidium etchecopari, Kitaumande wa Kodivaa (Etchecopar's owlet)
 Glaucidium perlatum, Kitaumande Madoa (Pearl-spotted owlet)
 Glaucidium sjostedti, Kitaumande Mkia-miraba Sjöstedt's barred owlet)
 Glaucidium tephronotum, Kitaumande Kidari-chekundu (Red-chested owlet)

Spishi za mabara mengine
 Aegolius acadicus (Northern saw-whet owl)
 Aegolius funereus (Tengmalm's or Boreal owl)
 Aegolius gradyi (Bermuda saw-whet owl) - imekwisha sasa
 Aegolius harrisii (Buff-fronted owl)
 Aegolius ridgwayi (Unspotted saw-whet owl)
 Athene blewitti (Forest owlet)
 Athene brama (Spotted owlet)
 Athene cunicularia (Burrowing owl) – pengine inawekwa katika Speotyto
 Athene c. amaura (Antiguan burrowing owl) – imekwisha sasa (mnamo 1905)
 Athene c. guadeloupensis (Guadeloupe burrowing owl) – imekwisha sasa (mnamo 1890)
 Glaucidium bolivianum (Yungas pygmy owl)
 Glaucidium brasilianum (Ferruginous pygmy owl)
 Glaucidium brodiei (Collared owlet)
 Glaucidium californicum (Northern pygmy owl)
 Glaucidium castanotum Chestnut-backed owlet)
 Glaucidium castanopterum (Javan owlet)
 Glaucidium cobanense (Guatemalan pygmy owl)
 Glaucidium costaricanum (Costa Rican pygmy owl)
 Glaucidium cuculoides (Asian barred owlet)
 Glaucidium gnoma (Mountain pygmy owl)
 Glaucidium griseiceps (Central American pygmy owl)
 Glaucidium hardyi (Amazonian pygmy owl)
 Glaucidium hoskinsii (Baja Pygmy Owl)
 Glaucidium jardinii (Andean Pygmy Owl)
 Glaucidium minutissimum (Least au East Brazilian Pygmy Owl)
 Glaucidium mooreorum (Pernambuco Pygmy Owl)
 Glaucidium nana (Austral Pygmy Owl)
 Glaucidium nubicola (Cloud-forest Pygmy Owl)
 Glaucidium palmarum (Colima Pygmy Owl)
 Glaucidium parkeri (Subtropical Pygmy Owl)
 Glaucidium passerinum (Eurasian Pygmy Owl)
 Glaucidium peruanum (Pacific au Peruvian Pygmy Owl]])
 Glaucidium radiatum (Jungle Owlet)
 Glaucidium sanchezi (Tamaulipas Pygmy Owl)
 Glaucidium siju (Cuban Pygmy Owl)
 Glaucidium tucumanum (Tucuman Pygmy Owl)
 Micrathene whitneyi (Elf Owl)
 Xenoglaux loweryi (Long-whiskered Owlet)

Spishi za kabla ya historia
Athene megalopeza (Mwisho wa Pliocene ya Rexroad, MMA) – pengine inawekwa katika Speotyto
Athene veta (Mwanzo wa Pleistocene ya Rebielice, Poland)
Athene angelis (Kati mpaka mwisho wa Pleistocene ya Castiglione, Korsika)
Athene trinacriae (Pleistocene)
Athene cf. cunicularia (Pleistocene ya Barbuda, Bahari ya Karibi) – pengine inawekwa katika Speotyto
Athene cf. cunicularia (Pleistocene ya Visiwa vya Cayman, Bahari ya Karibi) – pengine inawekwa katika Speotyto
Athene cf. cunicularia (Pleistocene ya Jamaica, Bahari ya Karibi) – pengine inawekwa katika Speotyto
Athene cf. cunicularia (Pleistocene ya Kisiwa cha Mona, Bahari ya Karibi) – pengine inawekwa katika Speotyto
Athene cf. cunicularia (Pleistocene of Puerto Rico, Bahari ya Karibi) – pengine inawekwa katika Speotyto
 Athene cretensis (Cretan Owl, mwisho wa Quaternary ya Kreta, Bahari ya Mediteranea)

Picha

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