Chad

Chad (pia: Chadi) ni nchi huru iliyoko Afrika ya Kati. Imepakana na Libya, Sudan, Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati, Kamerun, Nigeria na Niger.

Mji mkuu ni Ndjamena.

Jiografia 

Sehemu kubwa ya eneo lake ni jangwa na nchi yabisi. Kusini kuna kanda lenye hali ya hewa ya kitropiki, lakini ardhi yenye rutuba inayofaa kwa kilimo ni asilimia 3 tu za eneo lake lote .

Kaskazini kuna milima ya Tibesti. 

Katikati liko beseni la ziwa Chad lililokuwa kati ya maziwa makubwa kabisa duniani lakini limepungua sana, hasa mwishoni mwa karne ya 20.

Historia 

Katika milenia ya 7 KK kulikuwa na watu wengi sana katika beseni hiyo.

Katika historia kabla ya ukoloni watu wa kaskazini waliwafanyia vita watu wa kusini na kuteka wafungwa kama watumwa. Hivyo hadi leo uhusiano kati ya kusini na kaskazini ya nchi ni mgumu.

Tangu mwaka 2003 petroli imekuwa inaongoza kati ya bidhaa zinazopelekwa nje ya nchi badala ya pamba.

Tangu mwaka huo Mgogoro wa Darfur nchini Sudan umevuka mpaka na kuvuruga Chad pia. Ikiwa kati ya nchi zinazoongoza duniani kwa ufukara na ufisadi, ilipata shida kupokea wakimbizi kwa mamia elfu. 

Ingawa kulikuwa na vyama vingi vya siasa na mapigano ya kisiasa pamoja na majaribio ya mapinduzi, mamlaka ilibaki imara mikononi mwa Rais Déby na chama chake, Patriotic Salvation Movement, hadi alipouawa mwaka 2021.

Watu 

Wakazi walikuwa 15,500,000 mwaka 2018.

Jinsi ilivyo katika nchi mbalimbali za kanda la Sahel kuna aina mbili za wakazi ndani yake: 
 Kaskazini wako hasa watu walioathiriwa sana na utamaduni wa Uislamu (55% za wakazi wote, wengi wakiwa Wasuni). Mifano ni Waarabu (12.3%), Wafulbe, Wahaussa, Wazaghawa na wengineo. Wengi wao walikuwa wafugaji na sehemu ya makabila inaendelea hadi leo maisha ya kuhamahama.
 Kusini wako hasa watu wanaofuata Ukristo (41%, Wakatoliki wakiwa wengi kidogo kuliko Waprotestanti) au dini asilia za Kiafrika (1%) kama Wasara (27.7%). Wengi wao hulima.

Kwa jumla leo kuna makabila zaidi ya 200 nchini, ambayo hutimia lugha na lahaja zaidi ya 100 (angalia orodha ya lugha hizo). Asili yao ni Afrika Mashariki, Afrika ya Kati, Afrika Magharibi na Afrika Kaskazini vilevile. 

Lugha rasmi ni Kiarabu na Kifaransa.

Tazama pia
 Orodha ya miji ya Chad
 Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi
 Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu
 Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu
 Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa
 Demografia ya Afrika

Tanbihi

Marejeo

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 "Background Note: Chad". September 2006. United States Department of State.
  Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); "[http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915                                                   
 Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: On a encore du travail à faire]  [http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915                                                  
 Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: On a encore du travail à faire] ", Tchad et Culture 256.
 Botha, D.J.J. (December 1992); "S.H. Frankel: Reminiscences of an Economist", The South African Journal of Economics 60 (4): 246–255.
 Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures. Lawrenceville: Africa World Press. ISBN 0-86543-757-2
 
 "Chad". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2006, 6 March 2007. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.
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 East, Roger & Richard J. Thomas (2003); Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders. Routledge. ISBN 1-85743-126-X
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  Gondjé, Laoro (2003); "[http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article231                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
 La musique recherche son identité]    ", Tchad et Culture 214.
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 Lange, Dierk (1988). "The Chad region as a crossroad" (PDF), in UNESCO General History of Africa – Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century, vol. 3: 436–460. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03914-8
   (PDF). . N. 3. September 2004.
 Macedo, Stephen (2006); Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1950-3
  Malo, Nestor H. (2003); "[http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article236                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
 Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche]    ", Tchad et Culture 214.
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 Young, Neil (August 2002); An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father").

Viungo vya nje 

 Vya serikali
  Serikali ya Chad 
  Official presidency site 
 Chief of State and Cabinet Members 

 Vingine
 
 Chad country study from Library of Congress
 
 Chad profile from the BBC News
 
 Key Development Forecasts for Chad from International Futures

Chad
Nchi za Afrika
Umoja wa Afrika
Nchi zinazotumia lugha ya Kifaransa
Nchi zinazotumia Kiarabu