Jongoobahari

Majongoobahari (pia hujulikana kama jongoo la pwani,  kojojo, kojokojo, babaje, kiazi, matiti) ni wanyama wa baharini kwenye ngeli Holothuroidea katika faila Echinodermata (wanyama ngozi-miiba). Jongoobahari wana ngozi ngumu na mwili mrefu wenye via vya uzazi moja iliyo na matawi. Wanyama hawa wanapatikana kwenye sakafu za bahari duniani kote, wakiwa wamegawanyika kwenye spishi zipatazo 1,717. Nyingi ya hizi spishi zinapatikana eneo la Asia-Pasifiki. 

Majongoobahari yana mchango muhimu kwenye mfumo wa ekolojia wa bahari kwa kusaidia kuzungusha virutubishi na kuvunjavunja mabaki na uchafu wa kioganiki wa baharini hivyo kuruhusu bakteria kuendelea na mchakato wa kuvunjavunja. Majongoobahari hukusanywa kwa ajili ya chakula japo baadhi ya spishi zinalimwa kwa kilimo cha majini. Majongoobahari yanayookotwa yanajulikana kwa majina mengi yakiwemo trepang, namako, bêche-de-mer au balate.

Kama walivyo wanyama ngozi-miiba wote, majongoo-bahari pia wana mjengo wa mwili wa ndani (kiunzi ndani) chini ya ngozi ambao mara nyingi unakua kwa muundo wa vifupa vidogo vidogo vya kihadubini vinavyounganishwa na tishu unganishi. Kwenye spishi nyingine mjengo wa mwili unakua kama visahani vyembamba vinavyofunika mwili. Spishi za kipelagia kama Pelagothuria natatrix (oda Elasipodida, familia Pelagothuriidae) hazina mjengo wa mwili. 

Kwa lugha ya Kiingereza jongoobahari huitwa 'sea cucumbers', ikimaanisha matango bahari kutokana na kufanana kwao na matunda ya mtango.

Jongoobahari wa Afrika Mashariki

Actinopyga capillata, Mbura (Zanzibar) (Hairy sea cucumber)
Actinopyga echinites, Mbura (Zanzibar) (Brownfish)
Actinopyga lecanora, Mbura (Zanzibar) (White-bottomed sea cucumber)
Actinopyga mauritiana, Mburakhaki au Kijini (Zanzibar) (Surf redfish)
Actinopyga miliaris, Dole au Kijini (Zanzibar) (Hairy blackfish)
Bohadschia argus, Barango
Bohadschia atra, Tambi (Zanzibar)
Bohadschia maculisparsa, Tambi (Zanzibar)
Bohadschia subrubra, Dole (Zanzibar)
Bohadschia vitiensis, Kichupa (Zanzibar)
Holothuria atra, Jongoo Mweusi au Kichupa (Zanzibar) (Black sea cucumber)
Holothuria coluber, Kichupa (Zanzibar)
Holothuria edulis
Holothuria cf fuscogilva, Barangu Mwamba (Zanzibar) (White teatfish)
Holothuria fuscopunctata, Shirimeni (Zanzibar) (Elephant-trunkfish)
Holothuria isuga, Pauni (Zanzibar)
Holothuria lessoni, Myeupe (Zanzibar) (Golden sandfish)
Holothuria leucospilota, Jongoo Mweusi Mwembamba au Pauni (Zanzibar) (Black Tarzan)
Holothuria nobilis (Jongoo), Pauni (Zanzibar) (Black teatfish)
Holothuria sp. (Type Pentard), Barangu (Zanzibar) (Flower teatfish)
Holothuria scabra, Jongoo Kijivu au Nanasi (Zanzibar) (Sandfish)
Holothuria spinifera, Jongoo Kahawia au Sankude (Zanzibar) (Brown sandfish)
Stichopus sp., Tairi (Zanzibar)
Stichopus hermanni, Spinyo Mama (Zanzibar) (Curryfish)
Thelenota ananas, Jongoo Nanasi au Spinyo Baba (Zanzibar) (Pineapple sea cucumber)
Thelenota anax, Jongoo Mkubwa (Giant sea cucumber)

Picha

Mwainisho wa kisayansi
Mwainisho wa kisayansi kadiri ya World Register of Marine Species:
 nusungeli Actinopoda Ludwig, 1891
 oda Dendrochirotida Grube, 1840
 familia Cucumariidae Ludwig, 1894
 familia Cucumellidae Thandar & Arumugam, 2011
 familia Heterothyonidae Pawson, 1970
 familia †Monilipsolidae Smith & Gallemí, 1991
 familia Paracucumidae Pawson & Fell, 1965
 familia Phyllophoridae Östergren, 1907
 familia Placothuriidae Pawson & Fell, 1965
 familia Psolidae Burmeister, 1837
 familia Rhopalodinidae Théel, 1886
 familia Sclerodactylidae Panning, 1949
 familia Vaneyellidae Pawson & Fell, 1965
 familia Ypsilothuriidae Heding, 1942
 oda Elasipodida Théel, 1882
 family Elpidiidae Théel, 1882
 familia Laetmogonidae Ekman, 1926
 familia †Palaeolaetmogonidae Reich, 2012
 familia Pelagothuriidae Ludwig, 1893
 familia Psychropotidae Théel, 1882
 oda Holothuriida Miller, Kerr, Paulay, Reich, Wilson, Carvajal & Rouse, 2017 
 familia Holothuriidae Burmeister, 1837
 familia Mesothuriidae Smirnov, 2012
 oda Molpadida Haeckel, 1896
 familia Caudinidae Heding, 1931
 familia Eupyrgidae Semper, 1867
 familia Gephyrothuriidae Koehler & Vaney, 1905
 familia Molpadiidae Müller, 1850
 oda Persiculida Miller, Kerr, Paulay, Reich, Wilson, Carvajal & Rouse, 2017 
 familia Gephyrothuriidae Koehler & Vaney, 1905
 familia Molpadiodemidae Miller, Kerr, Paulay, Reich, Wilson, Carvajal & Rouse, 2017
 familia Pseudostichopodidae Miller, Kerr, Paulay, Reich, Wilson, Carvajal & Rouse, 2017
 oda Synallactida Miller, Kerr, Paulay, Reich, Wilson, Carvajal & Rouse, 2017 
 familia Deimatidae Théel, 1882
 familia Stichopodidae Haeckel, 1896
 familia Synallactidae Ludwig, 1894
 nusungeli †ArthrochirotaceaSmirnov, 2012
 oda †Arthrochirotida Brandt, 1835
 familia †Palaeocucumariidae Frizzell & Exline, 1966
 nusungeli Paractinopoda Ludwig, 1891
 oda Apodida Brandt, 1835Small text
 familia Chiridotidae Östergren, 1898
 familia Myriotrochidae Théel, 1877
 familia Synaptidae Burmeister, 1837

Matumizi

Chakula
Jongoobahari wamekua wakitumika kama chakula kwa miaka mingi, soko kubwa likiwa kusini mwa China. Baadhi ya spishi ambazo huliwa sana ni:
Holothuria nobilis
Thelenota ananas
Actinopyga echinites
Actinopyga palauensis
Holothuria scabra
Holothuria fuscogilva
Actinopyga mauritiana
Stichius japonicus
Apostichopus californicus
Acaudina molpadioides
Isostichopus fuscus

Dawa
Jongoobahari husemekana wanatumika kama dawa ya kutibu magonjwa mbalimbali yakiwemo maumivu ya viungo na kasna japo hakuna ushahidi wa kisayansi kuthibitisha hayo. Utafiti unaendelea ili kujua labda baadhi ya kompaundi zilizopo kwenye jongoobahari zinaweza kua na tabia za kuzuia magonjwa kama kansa.

Tanbihi

Majongoobahari