Hildegarda wa Bingen

Hildegarda wa Bingen, O.S.B., kwa Kijerumani Hildegard von Bingen, kwa Kilatini Hildegardis Bingensis (Bermersheim vor der Höhe, Rhineland, Dola Takatifu la Kiroma, 1098 hivi  - Bingen am Rhein,  17 Septemba 1179). alikuwa mwanamke mmonaki, mwanafalsafa na mtunzi wa vitabu vya aina mbalimbali kutoka Ujerumani wa leo.
 
Toka zamani abesi huyo anaheshimiwa na Kanisa Katoliki, halafu na Waanglikana na Walutheri kama mtakatifu. 

Papa Benedikto XVI alithibitisha utakatifu wake tarehe 10 Mei 2012 na kumtangaza mwalimu wa Kanisa tarehe 7 Oktoba 2012. 

Sikukuu yake huadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe 17 Septemba.

Maisha
Hildegarda alizaliwa Bermersheim vor der Höhe, Rhineland, 1098 hivi, na Hildebert na Mekthilde katika familia tajiri ya kisharifu kama mtoto wa kumi, mgonjwa tangu mwanzo.

Katika kitabu chake Maisha, Hildegarda anasimulia kwamba alianza kupata njozi akiwa na miaka 3 tu, na kwamba alipofikia miaka 5 alianza kutambua ni karama kutoka kwa Mungu.

Labda kwa sababu hiyo wazazi wake walimtoa kwa Mungu akiwa na umri wa miaka 8, amtumikie utawani kulingana na Kanuni ya Mt. Benedikto, wakamweka kwa malezi ya kiutu na ya Kikristo kwanza chini ya Uda wa Gölklheim, mjane aliyewekwa wakfu, halafu  chini ya Jutta wa Sponheim, aliyekwisha kuvikwa  shela katika monasteri changa ya wanawake Wabenedikto.

Hakuna kumbukumbu za miaka 24 aliyoishi na Jutta.

Kwa vyovyote, walikuwa wamejifungia huko Disibodenberg, katika msitu wa  Palatinate. Jutta pia alikuwa na njozi, jambo lililovutia wengi kumtembelea.

Jutta alimfundisha kusoma na kuandika, lakini hakuweza kumsaidia katika ufafanuzi wa Biblia.

Inawezekana kuwa wakati huo ndio alipojifunza muziki na kuanza utunzi wake.Hildegarda alivikwa kimonaki na askofu Oto wa Bamberg akaweka nadhiri mwaka 1115.

Baada ya Jutta kufariki mwaka 1136, Hildegarda alichaguliwa na wamonaki wenzake kwa kauli moja kushika nafasi yake kama "magistra" (yaani mwalimu na kiongozi) wa jumuia yao ya kike.

Hapo alitimiza kazi yake kwa kutumia vipawa vyake kama mwanamke mwenye elimu na maisha ya Kiroho ya hali ya juu, akikabili vema majukumu ya uongozi. Alilenga hali bora jumuiani kwa busara na kiasi inavyodaiwa na Kanuni ya Mt. Benedikto.

Baada ya miaka michache, kutokana pia na wingi wa miito iliyojitokeza kujiunga naye, alimuomba Abati Kuno wa Disibodenberg aweze kuhamia hali ya kifukara zaidi huko Rupertsberg.

Alipokataliwa, alimkimbilia Askofu mkuu Henry I wa Mainz: hatimaye akakubaliwa na abati akahamia na wenzake 20 hivi katika monasteri ya Rupertsberg mwaka 1150, ambapo paroko mmonaki Volmar akawa muungamishi na pia karani wake pamoja na sista Richardis wa Strade.

Mwaka 1165 Hildegarda alianzisha monasteri nyingine huko Eibingen, upande wa pili wa mto Rhine, akawa abesi wa zote mbili na kustawisha hasa maisha ya pamoja, elimu na liturujia. Alichochea watawa washindane katika kupeana heshima, kutumikiana na kutenda mema.

Njozi
Ingawa Hildegarda alisema haiwezekani kuyasimulia aliyojaliwa kujua kwa mwanga wa Mungu kupitia hisi zake na alisita kuyashirikisha mwaka 1141, akiwa na miaka 42, alisadiki Mungu amemuagiza ayaandike yote.

Hata hivyo aliendelea kusitaakitamani uthibitisho wa watu wenye hekima kwa kuogopa amedanganyika.

Alipoomba shauri la Mt. Bernardo wa Clairvaux, alimuandikia: “Njozi inateka nafsi yangu yote: siioni kwa macho ya mwili bali inanitokea katika roho ya mafumbo… Natambua maana ya dhati ya maneno ya Zaburi, ya Injili na ya vitabu vingine, kama nilivyoonyeshwa katika njozi. Hiyo inawasha kama mwali wa moto katika kifua changu na katika roho yangu na inanifundisha kuelewa matini kwa dhati”. Alijibiwa kwamba asijali sana njozi, ila aendelee kutenda mema kwa bidii.

Kitabu cha Maisha yake kilianza kuandikwa na Godfrey wa Disibodenberg chini ya usimamizi wa Hildegarda.

Kati ya Novemba 1147 na Februari 1148, wakati wa Sinodi ya Trier, Papa Eugenio III alipata habari za maandishi hayo akayathibitisha kuwa mafunuo ya Roho Mtakatifu, akimruhusu kuandika njozi zake na hata kuhubiri hadharani, tofauti na kawaida ya wanawake wa wakati ule.

Tangu hapo alizidi kuheshimiwa akaitwa “nabii wa kike wa Kijerumani”. Kwa mamlaka ya kiroho aliyopewa tena na Papa Adrian IV na Papa Aleksanda III, miaka yake ya mwisho alisafiri sana ili kusema na taifa la Mungu, bila kujali uzee wake na ugumu wa safari. 

Katika nyanja za miji na katika makanisa makuu, kama vile ya Koln, Trier, Liège, Mainz, Metz, Bamberg na Würzburg, wote walimsikiliza kwa makini, hata alipozungumza kwa ukali, kwa kuwa waliamini ni mjumbe wa Mungu.

Watu wengi wa kila aina, wakiwemo maaskofu, maabati na watawala, walimuomba shauri. Ndiyo sababu tuna barua zake nyingi, karibu 400. Humo tunashuhudia alivyozingatia matukio ya wakati ule, akiyafafanua kwa mwanga wa fumbo la Mungu.

Kaisari Fredrick I aliposababisha farakano ndani ya Kanisa kwa kukubali Maantipapa walau watatu dhidi ya Papa Aleksanda III, Hildegarda hakusita kumuandikia alichosikia katika njozi: “Utajutia mwenendo huo mwovu kama wa mtu asiye na Mungu na anayenidharau! Sikiliza, ee Mfalme, ukitaka kuishi! La sivyo upanga wangu utakuchoma”.

Zimetunzwa hotuba 58 alizozitoa kwa masista wenzake kama ufafanuzi wa Injili ambazo zilitumika katika sikukuu za mwaka wa liturujia.

Nje ya monasteri alijitahidi kuimarisha imani na maisha ya Kikristo. Alihimiza hasa wamonaki na wakleri kuishi inavyodaiwa na wito wao, lakini alipinga sana Wakatari waliotaka urekebisho mkali wa Kanisa. Aliwalaumu kwa kujaribu kupindua umbile halisi la Kanisa akawakumbusha kwamba urekebisho halisi unategemea roho nyofu ya toba na mchakato mgumu wa wongofu kuliko mabadiliko ya miundo tu.

Maandishi yake yalitokana hasa na mang’amuzi yake ya juu katika sala, hivyo yanajitokeza kwa udhati, usahihi na upekee wa mitazamo. Kwa kutumia mawazo na maneno ya mazingira yake, na zaidi lugha ya kishairi na ya kifumbo, alifafanua Maandiko matakatifu kwa mwanga wa Mungu na kuhusiana na maisha yalivyo. Ndiyo sababu wale wote waliomsikiliza walijisikia haja ya kuishi Kikristo kweli.

Njozi zake zina maana kubwa upande wa teolojia, zikihusu matukio makuu ya historia ya wokovu na kufanana na zile za manabii wa Agano la Kale. Kwa mfano, kitabu chake maarufu zaidi, “Scivias” (yaani “Zijue Njia”), njozi 35 zinajumlisha habari za kuanzia uumbaji wa ulimwengu hadi mwisho wa nyakati.

Kwa hisia yake ya kike Hildegarda katika kiini cha kitabu chake anafafanua ndoa ya fumbo kati ya Mungu na binadamu iliyofanyika katika [[umwilisho[[. Juu ya msalaba iliadhimishwa arusi ya Mwana wa Mungu na Kanisa lililojazwa neema ili liweze kuzaa watoto wa Mungu wengine katika upendo wa Roho Mtakatifu.

Vitabu vingine viwili vinaripoti pia njozi zake: “Kitabu cha Stahili za Maisha” na “Kitabu cha Kazi za Mungu”, ambacho wengi wanakiona kuwa bora kuliko vyote.

Akiwa msanii, alitunga tenzi, antifona na nyimbo ambazo zilikusanywa kwa jina la “Muziki wa Ulinganifu wa Mafunuo ya Kimbingu” na kutumika kwa furaha monasterini, zikieneza hali ya utulivu.

Maandishi yake mengine, yakizungumzia hata utabibu, sayansi na isimu, yanaonyesha wingi wa elimu uliokuwemo katika monasteri ya kike ya Karne za Kati, nayo yaliathiri watu wengi, yakichangia upyaisho wa teolojia, liturujia, sayansi na muziki.

Hakuna mwanamke wa Karne za Kati anayeweza kushindana naye kwa wingi na ubora wa maandishi wala kwa upana wa mada alizozijadili.

Tena ndani mwake mafundisho na maisha yalilingana kabisa. Akilenga kutimiza matakwa ya Mungu nyuma ya Kristo, alitekeleza maadili yote mfululizo na kwa bidii, akitegemezwa na vitabu vya Biblia, liturujia na Mababu wa Kanisa awe mali ya Bwana tu kadiri ya Kanuni ya Mt. Benedikto.

Masista wenzake waliomzunguka alipofariki Bingen am Rhein tarehe 17 Septemba 1179, walisema kuwa waliona miali miwili ya mwanga kutoka angani na kupitia chumba chake.

Mwanamke huyo anazidi kusema leo kwa upendo wake kwa Kristo na kwa Kanisa (ambalo hata wakati wake alijeruhiwa na dhambi za watoto wake), kwa ujasiri wake katika kutambua ishara za nyakati, kwa jinsi alivyopenda viumbe, kwa utabibu wake na kwa sanaa zake.

Filamu juu yake 
 Patricia Routledge, "Hildegard Von Bingen In Portrait: Ordo Virtutum."
 Margarethe von Trotta, "Vision - From the Life of Hildegard von Bingen"

Tazama pia
Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo
Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika
Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko

Tanbihi

Vyanzo
Primary sources
Editions and manuscripts of Hildegard's works
Hildegardis Bingensis, Opera minora. edited by H. Feiss, C. Evans, B. M. Kienzle, C. Muessig, B. Newman, P. Dronke, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 226 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2007), ISBN 978-2-503-05261-8
Wiesbaden, Hessische Landesbibliothek, Hs. 2 (Riesen Codex) or Wiesbaden Codex (ca. 1180–85)
Dendermonde, Belgium, St.-Pieters-&-Paulusabdij Cod. 9 (Villarenser codex) (ca. 1174/75)
Otto Müller Verlag Salzburg 1969: Hildegard von Bingen: Lieder (modern edition in adapted square notation)
München, University Library, MS2∞156
Leipzig, University Library, St. Thomas 371
Paris, Bibl. Nat. MS 1139
Beate Hildegardis Cause et cure, edidit L. Moulinier, Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 2003, CXVII + 384 p.
Hildegardis Bingensis, Epistolarium pars prima I-XC edited by L. Van Acker, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 91A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1991)
Hildegardis Bingensis, Epistolarium pars secunda XCI-CCLr edited by L. Van Acker, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 91A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1993)
Hildegardis Bingensis, Epistolarium pars tertia CCLI-CCCXC edited by L. Van Acker and M. Klaes-Hachmoller, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis XCIB (Turnhout: Brepols, 2001)
Hildegardis Bingensis, Scivias. A. Führkötter, A. Carlevaris eds., Corpus Christianorum Scholars Version vols. 43, 43A. (Turnhout: Brepols, 2003)
Hildegardis Bingensis, Liber vitae meritorum. A. Carlevaris ed. Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 90 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1995)
Hildegardis Bingensis, Liber divinorum operum. A. Derolez and P. Dronke eds., Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 92 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1996)
Hildegard of Bingen, Two Hagiographies: Vita sancti Rupperti confessoris, Vita sancti Dysibodi episcopi, ed. and trans. Hugh Feiss & Christopher P. Evans, Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations 11 (Louvain and Paris: Peeters, 2010)

Other sources
Friedrich Wilhelm Emil Roth, "Glossae Hildigardis", in: Elias Steinmeyer and Eduard Sievers eds., Die Althochdeutschen Glossen, vol. III. Zürich: Wiedmann, 1895, 1965, pp. 390–404.
Analecta Sanctae Hildegardis, in Analecta Sacra vol. 8 edited by Jean-Baptiste Pitra (Monte Cassino, 1882).
Patrologia Latina vol. 197 (1855).
Explanatio Regulae S. Benedicti
Explanatio Symboli S. Athanasii
Homeliae LVIII in Evangelia.
Hymnodia coelestis.
Ignota lingua, cum versione Latina
Liber divinorum operum simplicis hominis (1163-73/74)
Liber vitae meritorum (1158–63)
Libri simplicis et compositae medicinae.
Physica, sive Subtilitatum diversarum naturarum creaturarum libri novem
Scivias seu Visiones (1141–51)
Solutiones triginta octo quaestionum
Tractatus de sacramento altaris.

Marejeo

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 Moulinier, Laurence, "Naturkunde und Mystik bei Hildegard von Bingen : der Blick und die Vision", Actes du Symposium der Theophrast-Stiftung, "Mystik und Natur", Salzbourg, Universitätsbibliothek, 16–18 novembre 2007.
 Moulinier, Laurence, "Aspects de la maternité chez Hildegarde de Bingen", dans La madre. The Mother, Actes du colloque international "La mère", Université de Lausanne, 23–25 novembre 2005, Florence, SISMEL, 2009, p. 215–234.
20.
 Moulinier, Laurence, "La vie d’une âme, la voix d’une sœur", Introduction à Elisabeth de Schönau, Visions, traduit du Latin par Jean-Pierre Troadec, Paris, Le Cerf, 2009, p. 9–31.
 Moulinier, Laurence, "Maternità spirituale e direzione di coscienza secondo Ildegarda di Bingen", dans G. Filoramo (éd.), Storia della direzione spirituale, II. L'età medievale, a cura di Sofia Boesch Gajano, Brescia, Morcelliana, 2010, pp. 185–204.
 Moulinier, Laurence, "La Terre vue par Hildegarde de Bingen (1098–1179)", dans Aux origines de la géologie, de l’Antiquité au Moyen Age, Actes du colloque international 10–12 mars 2005, Paris Sorbonne (Paris IV), textes réunis sous la direction de Claude Thomasset, Joëlle Ducos et Jean-Pierre Chambon, Paris, Honoré Champion, 2010, p. 205–230.
Newman, Barbara.  “Hildegard of Bingen: Visions and Validation.”  Church History 54 (1985): 163–175.
.  “‘Sibyl of the Rhine’: Hildegard’s Life and Times.” Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World. Edited by Barbara Newman. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998.
.  Sister of Wisdom: St. Hildegard’s Theology of the Feminine. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987.
Newman, Barbara. Voice of the Living Light. California: University of California Press, 1998.
Reed-Jones, Carol. Hildegard of Bingen: Women of Vision. Washington: Paper Crane Press, 2004.
Richert-Pfau, Marianna.  “Mode and Melody Types in Hildegard von Bingen’s Symphonia.”  Sonus 11 (1990): 53–71.
Ruether, Rosemary Radford. Visionary Women. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2002. 6–13.
Schipperges, Heinrich. Hildegard of Bingen: healing and the nature of the cosmos. New Jersey: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997.
The Life and Works of Hildegard von Bingen. Internet. Available from http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/hildegarde.html; accessed 14 Novemba 2009.
Tillman, June-Boyce. “Hildegard of Bingen at 900: The Eye of a Woman”. The Musical Times 139, no. 1865 (Winter, 1998): 31–36.
Underhill, Evelyn. Mystics of the Church. Pennsylvania: Morehouse Publishing, 1925.

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General commentary
Burnett, Charles and Peter Dronke, eds. Hildegard of Bingen: The Context of Her Thought and Art. The Warburg Colloquia. London: The University of London, 1998.
Cherewatuk, Karen and Ulrike Wiethaus, eds. Dear Sister: Medieval Women and the Epistolary Genre. Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993.
Davidson, Audrey Ekdahl. The Ordo Virtutum of Hildegard of Bingen: Critical Studies. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 1992. ISBN 1-879288-17-6
Dronke, Peter. Women Writers of the Middle Ages: A Critical Study of Texts from Perpetua to Marguerite Porete. 1984. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Flanagan, Sabina. Hildegard of Bingen: A Visionary Life. London: Routledge, 1998. ISBN 0-7607-1361-8
King-Lenzmeier, Anne H. Hildegard of Bingen: An Integrated Vision. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2001.
Newman, Barbara. Sister of Wisdom: St. Hildegard’s Theology of the Feminine. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
Newman, Barbara, ed. Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World. Berkeley: University of California, 1998.
Pernoud, Régine. Hildegard of Bingen: Inspired Conscience of the Twelfth Century. Translated by Paul Duggan. NY: Marlowe & Co., 1998.
Schipperges, Heinrich. The World of Hildegard of Bingen: Her Life, Times, and Visions. Trans. John Cumming. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1999.
Wilson, Katharina. Medieval Women Writers. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1984.
On Hildegard's illuminations
Fox, Matthew. Illuminations of Hildegard of Bingen. Santa Fe, NM: Bear & Company, 1985. ISBN 1-879181-97-5
Harris, Anne Sutherland and Linda Nochlin, Women Artists: 1550–1950, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Knopf, New York, 1976. ISBN 0-394-73326-6
Background reading
Barber, Richard. Bestiary: MS Bodley 764. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1999.
Boyce-Tillman, June. The Creative Spirit: Harmonious Living with Hildegard of Bingen, Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-8192-1882-0
Butcher, Carmen Acevedo. Man of Blessing: A Life of St. Benedict. Brewster, MA: Paraclete Press, 2006.
Bynum, Caroline Walker. Holy Feast and Holy Fast: the Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
Bynum, Caroline Walker. Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity, 200-1336. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995.
Chadwick, Whitney. Women, Art, and Society, Thames and Hudson, London, 1990. ISBN 0-500-20354-7
Constable, Giles Constable. The Reformation of the Twelfth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Dronke, Peter, ed. A History of Twelfth-Century Western Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Holweck, the Rt. Reverend Frederick G., A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints, with a General Introduction on Hagiology. 1924. Detroit: Omnigraphics, 1990.
Lachman, Barbara. The Journal of Hildegard of Bingen: A Novel. New York: Crown, 1993.
Lachman, Barbara. Hildegard: The Last Year. Boston: Shambhala, 1997.
McBrien, Richard. Lives of the Saints: From Mary and St. Francis of Assisi to John XXIII and Mother Teresa. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2003.
McKnight, Scot. The Real Mary: Why Evangelical Christians Can Embrace the Mother of Jesus. Brewster, MA: Paraclete Press, 2006.
Newman, Barbara trans. Symphonia: A Critical Edition of the "Symphonia armoniae celestium revelationum. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1988.
Newman, Barbara. God and the Goddesses. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1911-2
O’Donohue, John. Anam Ċara. New York: HarperCollins, 1998.
Ohanneson, Joan. Scarlet Music. Hildegard of Bingen: A Novel. New York: Crossroad Publishing Company, 1997.
Pelikan, Jaroslav. Mary Through the Centuries: Her Place in the History of Culture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.
Sacks, Oliver. Migraine: Understanding a Common Disorder. 1985. Reprint. London: Vintage Books, 1999.
Santos Paz, José Carlos, ed. La Obra de Gebenón de Eberbach. Firenze: SISMEL-Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2004.
Sherman, Bernard D. “‘Mistaking the Tail for the Comet’: An Interview with Christopher
Silvas, Anna. Jutta and Hildegard: The Biographical Sources. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-271-01954-9
Sweet, Victoria. "Hildegard of Bingen and the Greening of Medieval Medicine." Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1999, 73:381–403.
Sweet, Victoria. "Rooted in the Earth, Rooted in the Sky: Hildegard of Bingen and Premodern Medicine." New York: Routledge Press, 2006. ISBN 0-415-97634-0
Ulrich, Ingeborg. Hildegard of Bingen: Mystic, Healer, Companion of the Angels. Trans. Linda M. Maloney. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1993.
Ward, Benedicta. Miracles and the Medieval Mind. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1987.
Weeks, Andrew. German mysticism from Hildegard of Bingen to Ludwig Wittgenstein : a literary and intellectual history. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993. ISBN 0-7914-1419-1

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 Hildegard Center for the Arts, A Faith Based Fine Arts Center in Lincoln Nebraska
International Society of Hildegard von Bingen Studies
A Hildegard FAQ Sheet 
Hildegard Von Bingen

Hildegard of Bingen Documents, History, Sites to see today, etc.

Source
Discography
Biography and Prayers of Hildegard
Another discography
Church of St. Hildegard in Eibingen, Germany with information about Hildegard von Bingen and the Eibinger Hildegardisshrine 
The Reconstruction of the monastery on the Rupertsberg

Young, Abigail Ann. Translations from Rupert, Hildegard, and Guibert of Gembloux. 1999. 27 March 2006. 
McGuire, K. Christian. Symphonia Caritatis: The Cistercian Chants of Hildegard von Bingen. 2007. 14 July 2007. 
 * From Katya Sanna's blog
 "Brooklyn Museum: Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art: The Dinner Party: Place Setting: Hildegarde of Bingen", describes the Hildegarde Place Setting in Judy Chicago's work called "The Dinner Party".

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