Karl Barth

Karl Barth (tamka bart; 10 Mei 1886 - 10 Desemba 1968) alikuwa mwanatheolojia wa Ukristo wa kireformed kutoka nchini Uswisi. Barth anajulikana zaidi kwa ufafanuzi wake wa Waraka kwa Warumi, kwa nafasi yake katika Kanisa la Ungamo huko Ujerumani wakati wa utawala wa Adolf Hitler, kwa utungaji wa Azimio la Barmen   na hasa kwa muhtasari wake mkubwa wa Elimu ya Imani ya Kanisa (Church Dogmatics, Kirchliche Dogmatik)   iliyochapishwa kwa juzuu nyingi kati ya miaka 1932-1967.   

Sawa na wanatheolojia wengi wa Kiprotestanti wa kizazi chake, Barth alielimishwa katika teolojia ya kiliberali iliyoathiriwa na Adolf von Harnack, Friedrich Schleiermacher na wengine.  Baada ya masomo, alianza kazi yake ya uchungaji katika kijiji cha Safenwil ambako wakazi wengi walifanya kazi viwandani; huko alijulikana kama "Mchungaji Mwekundu wa Safenwil"  na alizidi kukatishwa tamaa na Ukristo wa kiliberali ambao alikuwa amefundishwa ndani yake. Hii ilimfanya aandike toleo la kwanza la kitabu chake Waraka kwa Warumi (aka Warumi I), kilichochapishwa mwaka wa 1919, ambamo aliazimia kusoma Agano Jipya kwa njia tofauti.

Barth alianza kujulikana kimataifa tangu kuchapishwa mnamo 1921 chapa ya pili ya ufafanuzi wake, Waraka kwa Warumi, ambamo alijitenga na theolojia ya kiliberali waziwazi. 

Aliwashawishi wanatheolojia wengi muhimu kama vile Dietrich Bonhoeffer ambaye aliunga mkono Kanisa la Ungamo, na Jürgen Moltmann, Helmut Gollwitzer, James H. Cone, Wolfhart Pannenberg, Rudolf Bultmann, Thomas F. Torrance, Hans Küng, na pia Reinhold Niebuhr na Jacques Ellul pamoja na waandishi wa riwaya kama vile Flannery O'Connor, John Updike, na Miklós Szentkuthy.

Barth pia alikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa juu ya maadili ya Kikristo ya kisasa,   akiathiri kazi ya wanamaadili kama vile Stanley Hauerwas, John Howard Yoder, Jacques Ellul na Oliver O'Donovan.

Maisha ya awali na elimu 
Karl Barth alizaliwa tarehe 10 Mei 1886, huko Basel, Uswisi. Wazazi wale walikuwa Johann Friedrich "Fritz" Barth (1852-1912) na Anna Katharina (Sartorius) Barth (1863-1938).  Karl alikuwa na ndugu wa kiume wawili, Peter Barth (1888-1940) na Heinrich Barth (1890-1965), na dada wawili, Katharina na Gertrude. Fritz Barth alikuwa profesa wa theolojia na mchungaji. Karl alianza masomo yake kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Bern, na kisha kuhamishiwa Chuo Kikuu cha Berlin aliposoma chini ya Adolf von Harnack, na kisha kuhamia kwa muda mfupi Chuo Kikuu cha Tübingen hadi kumaliza masomo yake huko Marburg aliposoma chini ya Wilhelm Herrmann (1846-1922). 

Kuanzia mwaka 1911 hadi 1921, Barth alihudumu kama mchungaji wa Reformed katika kijiji cha Safenwil katika jimbo la Aargau. Mnamo 1913 alimwoa Nelly Hoffmann, msanii aliyepiga fidla. Walikuwa na binti mmoja na wana wa kiume wanne, wawili kati yao walikuwa wasomi na wanatheolojia wa Biblia Markus (Markus Barth--6 Oktoba 1915 - 1 Julai 1994) na Christoph Barth (Christoph Barth--1917-1986). Baadaye alikuwa profesa wa theolojia huko Göttingen (1921–1925), Münster (1925–1930) na Bonn (1930–1935), nchini Ujerumani. Alipokuwa akihudumu huko Göttingen alikutana na Charlotte von Kirschbaum, ambaye aliendelea kuwa karani na msaidizi wake kwa muda mrefu; alishiriki sana katika uandishi wa kazi yake kuu, Elimu ya Imani ya Kanisa.  Barth alifukuzwa nchini Ujerumani mnamo 1935 baada ya kukataa kutia sahihi Kiapo cha Uaminifu kwa Adolf Hitler akarudi Uswizi na kuwa profesa huko Basel (1935-1962).

Kuachana na theolojia ya kiliberali 
Mnamo Agosti 1914, wakati wa kuanza kwa Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia, Karl Barth alisikitika kupata taarifa kwamba walimu wake wa chuo kikuu alioheshimu, akiwemo Adolf von Harnack, walikuwa wametia saini " Tamko la Wasomi wa Ujerumani tisini na tatu kwa Ulimwengu uliostaarabika" ambamo walitetea matendo ya Ujerumani vitani;  kwa sababu hiyo, Barth alihitimisha kwamba hataweza kufuata uelewa wao wa Biblia na historia tena.

Waraka kwa Warumi 
Barth alianza ufafanuzi wake kuhusu Waraka kwa Warumi () mnamo mwaka 1916 alipokuwa bado mchungaji huko Safenwil. Toleo la kwanza lilitolewa mnamo 1919.  Kutokana na kitabu hicho, Barth alialikwa kufundisha theolojia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Göttingen. Barth aliamua mnamo Oktoba 1920 kwamba hakuridhika na toleo la kwanza na alianza kazi ya kulisahihisha na kutunga upya akamaliza toleo la pili kwenye Septemba 1921.   Hasa katika toleo la pili la mwaka 1922, Barth alitoa hoja kwamba ufunuo wa Mungu katika maisha, kifo, na ufufuko wa Yesu unakataza na kuangusha jaribio lolote la kumshirikisha Mungu na tamaduni, mafanikio, au mali za kibinadamu. Umaarufu wa kitabu hicho ulisababisha kuchapishwa tena na tena katika lugha kadhaa.

Azimio la Barmen 

Mnamo 1934 Kanisa la Kiprotestanti la Ujerumani lilitafuta njia ya kuwa na msimamo kuhusu utawala wa chama cha Hitler nchini. Barth alihusika kwa kiasi kikubwa kuandika Azimio la Barmen ()  Azimio hilo lilikataa ushawishi wa Unazi juu ya Ukristo wa Ujerumani kwa hoja kwamba uaminifu wa Kanisa kwa Mungu wa Yesu Kristo hauruhusu kukubali ukuu wa mabwana wengine, kama vile Kiongozi wa Ujerumani, Adolf Hitler.  Barth alituma tamko hili kwa Hitler mwenyewe. Azimio hilo lilikuwa mojawapo ya hati za msingi za Kanisa la Ungamo na Barth alichaguliwa kuwa mshiriki wa uongozi wake (Bruderrat - baraza la ndugu).

Barth alilazimishwa kujiuzulu kutoka kwa uprofesa wake katika Chuo Kikuu cha Bonn mnamo 1935 baada ya kukataa kula kiapo kwa Hitler. Kisha akarudi Uswisi alikozaliwa, ambako alipewa uprofesa wa theolojia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Basel. Gazeti la Neue Zürcher Zeitung lilichapisha ukosoaji wake wa 1936 dhidi ya mwanafalsafa Martin Heidegger aliyeunga mkono Wanazi.  Mnamo 1938 alimwandikia barua mwenzake Mcheki Josef Hromádka ambamo alisema kwamba wanajeshi waliopigana dhidi ya Ujerumani ya Nazi walikuwa wakitumikia kazi ya Kikristo.

Maandishi yake 
 The Epistle to the Romans (, 1st ed., 1919)
 The Epistle to the Romans (, 1922). E. C. Hoskyns, trans. London: Oxford University Press, 1933, 1968 
 The Word of God and The Word of Man (, 1928). New York: Harper & Bros, 1957. ISBN 978-0-8446-1599-8; The Word of God and Theology. Amy Marga, trans. New York: T & T Clark, 2011.
 Preaching Through the Christian Year. H. Wells and J. McTavish, eds. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1978. ISBN 0-8028-1725-4
 God Here and Now. London: Routledge, 1964.
 Fides Quaerens Intellectum: Anselm's Proof of the Existence of God in the Context of His Theological Scheme (written in 1931). I. W. Robertson, trans. London: SCM, 1960; reprinted by Pickwick Publications (1985) 
 Church and State. G.R. Howe, trans. London: SCM, 1939.
 The Church and the War. A. H. Froendt, trans. New York: Macmillan, 1944.
 Prayer according to the Catechisms of the Reformation. S.F. Terrien, trans. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1952 (Also published as: Prayer and Preaching. London: SCM, 1964).
 The Humanity of God, J.N. Thomas and T. Wieser, trans. Richmond, VA: John Knox Press, 1960. ISBN 0-8042-0612-0
 Evangelical Theology: An Introduction. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1963.
 The Christian Life. Church Dogmatics IV/4: Lecture Fragments. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1981. ISBN 0-567-09320-4, 
 The Word in this World: Two Sermons by Karl Barth. Edited by Kurt I. Johanson. Regent Publishing (Vancouver, BC, Canada): 2007
 "No Angels of Darkness and Light," The Christian Century, 20 January 1960, p. 72 (reprinted in Contemporary Moral Issues. H. K. Girvetz, ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1963. pp. 6–8).
 The Göttingen Dogmatics: Instruction in the Christian Religion, vol. 1. G.W. Bromiley, trans. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1991. ISBN 0-8028-2421-8
 Dogmatics in Outline (1947 lectures), Harper Perennial, 1959, 
 A Unique Time of God: Karl Barth's WWI Sermons, William Klempa, editor. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press.
 On Religion. Edited and translated by Garrett Green. London: T & T Clark, 2006.

Dogmatics za Kanisa katika tafsiri ya Kiingereza 
 Volume I Part 1: Doctrine of the Word of God: Prolegomena to Church Dogmatics, hardcover:
 , softcover:  (German: 1932)
 Volume I Part 2: Doctrine of the Word of God, hardcover: , softcover:  (German: 1938)
 Volume II Part 1: The Doctrine of God: The Knowledge of God; The Reality of God, hardcover: , softcover:  (German: 1940)
 Volume II Part 2: The Doctrine of God: The Election of God; The Command of God, hardcover: , softcover:  (German: 1942)
 Volume III Part 1: The Doctrine of Creation: The Work of Creation, hardcover: , softcover:  (German: 1945)
 Volume III Part 2: The Doctrine of Creation: The Creature, hardcover: , softcover:  (German: 1948)
 Volume III Part 3: The Doctrine of Creation: The Creator and His Creature, hardcover: , softcover:  (German: 1950)
 Volume III Part 4: The Doctrine of Creation: The Command of God the Creator, hardcover: , softcover:  (German: 1951)
 Volume IV Part 1: The Doctrine of Reconciliation, hardcover: , softcover:  (German: 1953)
 Volume IV Part 2: Doctrine of Reconciliation: Jesus Christ the Servant As Lord, hardcover: , softcover:  (German: 1955)
 Volume IV Part 3, first half: Doctrine of Reconciliation: Jesus Christ the True Witness, hardcover: , softcover:  (German: 1959)
 Volume IV Part 3, second half: Doctrine of Reconciliation: Jesus Christ the True Witness, hardcover: , softcover:  (German: 1959)
 Volume IV Part 4 (unfinished): Doctrine of Reconciliation: The Foundation of the Christian Life (Baptism), hardcover: , softcover:  (German: 1967)
 Volume V: Church Dogmatics: Contents and Indexes, hardcover: , softcover: 
 Church Dogmatics, 14 volume set, softcover, 
 Church Dogmatics: A Selection, with intro. by H. Gollwitzer, 1961, Westminster John Knox Press 1994, 
 Church Dogmatics, dual language German and English, books with CD-ROM, 
 Church Dogmatics, dual language German and English, CD-ROM only,

Marejeo

Vyanzo 
 Bradshaw, Timothy. 1988. Trinity and Ontology: A Comparative Study of the Theologies of Karl Barth and Wolfhart Pannenberg. Rutherford House Books, reprint, Lewiston; Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press for Rutherford House, Edinburgh, 1992.
 
 Bromiley, Geoffrey William. An introduction to the theology of Karl Barth. Grand Rapids, Mich. : William B. Eerdmans, 1979.
 Buclin, Hadrien, Entre culture du consensus et critique sociale. Les intellectuels de gauche dans la Suisse de l'après-guerre, Thèse de doctorat, Université de Lausanne, 2015.
 Busch, Eberhard. Karl Barth: His Life from Letters and Autobiographical Texts. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1976.
 .
 Chung, Paul S. Karl Barth: God's Word in Action. James Clarke & Co, Cambridge (2008),  .
 Chung, Sung Wook. Admiration and Challenge: Karl Barth's Theological Relationship with John Calvin. New York: Peter Lang, 2002.  ISBN 978-0-820-45680-5.
 Chung, Sung Wook, ed. Karl Barth and Evangelical Theology: Convergences and Divergences. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2008. ISBN 978-0-801-03127-4.
 Clark, Gordon. Karl Barth's Theological Method. Trinity Foundation (1997, 2nd ed.), 1963.  ISBN 0-940931-51-6.
 Fiddes, Paul. 'The status of women in the thought of Karl Barth', in Janet Martin Soskice, ed., After Eve [alternative title After Eve: women, theology and the Christian tradition], 1990, pp. 138–55. Marshall Pickering
 Fink, Heinrich. "Karl Barth und die Bewegung Freies Deutschland in der Schweiz." [Doctoral dissertation.] "Karl Barth und die Bewegung Freies Deutschland in der Schweiz : Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor scientiae theologiae (Dr.sc.theol.), vorgelegt dem Senat des Wissenschaftlichen Rates der Humboldt-Universitaaet zu Berlin." Berlin, H. Fink [Selfpublisher], 1978.
 Galli, Mark (2000). "Neo-Orthodoxy: Karl Barth". Christianity Today.
 Gherardini, Brunero. "A domanda risponde. In dialogo con Karl Barth sulle sue 'Domande a Roma' (A Question Answered. In Dialogue with Karl Barth on His 'Questions in Rome')". Frigento (Italy): Casa Mariana Editrice, 2011.  ISBN 978-88-9056-111-5.
 
 Gorringe, Timothy. Karl Barth: Against Hegemony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
 Hunsinger, George. How to Read Karl Barth: The Shape of His Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
 Jae Jin Kim. , Lit Verlag, 1992.
 Mangina, Joseph L. Karl Barth: Theologian of Christian Witness. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2004.
 McCormack, Bruce. Karl Barth's Critically Realistic Dialectical Theology: Its Genesis and Development, 1909–1936. Oxford University Press, USA (27 March 1997),  
 McKenny, Gerald. "The Analogy of Grace: Karl Barth's Moral Theology." Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.  ISBN 0-19-958267-X.
 Oakes, Kenneth. Karl Barth on Theology and Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
 Oakes, Kenneth. Reading Karl Barth: A Companion to Karl Barth's Epistle to the Romans. Eugene: Cascade, 2011.
 Webster, John. Barth. 2nd ed., London: Continuum, 2004.
 Webster, John, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Karl Barth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Viungo vya nje 
 Publications by and about Karl Barth in the catalogue Helveticat of the Swiss National Library
 
 
 
 
 Karl Barth-Archiv
 Primer on Karl Barth's Church Dogmatics
 One Year With Karl Barth A year-long project promoting discussion and application of Barth's Church Dogmatics.
 Article on Barth and Visual Art
 Karl Barth: Courageous theologian article from Christianity Today
 Karl Barth Hub to organizations and resources associated with Karl Barth
 Newspaper clippings about Karl Barth in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Waliofariki 1968
Waliozaliwa 1886
Wanateolojia wa Uswisi
Ukalvini