Input: What are the titles of one of Kam W. Leong's publications in Journal of Controlled Release?

Context:
Publications of Kam W. Leong
Publications of Kam W. Leong :chronological alphabetical combined bibtex listing:
K.W. Leong, Synthetic mast-cell granules as adjuvants to promote and polarize immunity in lymph nodes (2013) [PDF]
K.W. Leong, Tuning Physical Properties of Nanocomplexes through Microfluidics-Assisted Confinement (2013) [PDF]
K.W. Leong, Nucleic acid scavengers inhibit thrombosis without increasing bleeding (2013) [PDF]
K.W. Leong, Nanotopography as modulator of human mesenchymal stem cell function (2013) [PDF]
K.W. Leong, Efficacy of engineered FVIII-producing skeletal muscle enhanced by growth factor-releasing co-axial electrospun fibers (2013) [PDF]
Zhao, F. and Veldhuis, J. J. and Duan, Y. J. and Yang, Y. and Christoforou, N. and Ma, T. and Leong, K. W., Low Oxygen Tension and Synthetic Nanogratings Improve the Uniformity and Stemness of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Layer, Molecular Therapy, vol. 18 no. 5 (2010), pp. 1010-1018 [abs]
Kadiyala, I. and Loo, Y. H. and Roy, K. and Rice, J. and Leong, K. W., Transport of chitosan-DNA nanoparticles in human intestinal M-cell model versus normal intestinal enterocytes, European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 39 no. 1-3 (2010), pp. 103-109 [abs]
Wang, Y. and Quek, C. H. and Leong, K.W. and Fang, J., Synthesis and Cytotoxity of Luminescent InP Quantum Dots, MRS Symposium Proceeding, vol. 1241E (2010)
Jiang, X. and Zheng, Y. and Chen, H. H. and Leong, K. W. and Wang, T. H. and Mao, H. Q., Dual-Sensitive Micellar Nanoparticles Regulate DNA Unpacking and Enhance Gene-Delivery Efficiency, Adv Mater (2010)
Ho, Y. P. and Leong, K. W., Quantum dot-based theranostics, Nanoscale, vol. 2 no. 1 (2010), pp. 60-68 [PDF] [abs]
Phua, K. and Leong, K. W., Microscale oral delivery devices incorporating nanoparticles, Nanomedicine, vol. 5 no. 2 (2010), pp. 161-163
Grigsby, C. L. and Leong, K. W., Balancing protection and release of DNA: tools to address a bottleneck of non-viral gene delivery, Journal of the Royal Society Interface, vol. 7 (2010), pp. S67-S82 [abs]
Chalut, K. J. and Kulangara, K. and Giacomelli, M. G. and Wax, A. and Leong, K. W., Deformation of stem cell nuclei by nanotopographical cues, Soft Matter, vol. 6 no. 8 (2010), pp. 1675-1681 [abs]
Chen, S. and Jones, J. A. and Xu, Y. and Low, H. Y. and Anderson, J. M. and Leong, K. W., Characterization of topographical effects on macrophage behavior in a foreign body response model, Biomaterials, vol. 31 no. 13 (2010), pp. 3479-91 [PDF] [abs]
Yim, E. K. F. and Darling, E. M. and Kulangara, K. and Guilak, F. and Leong, K. W., Nanotopography-induced changes in focal adhesions, cytoskeletal organization, and mechanical properties of human mesenchymal stem cells, Biomaterials, vol. 31 no. 6 (2010), pp. 1299-1306 [PDF] [abs]
Yow, S. Z. and Quek, C. H. and Yim, E. K. F. and Lim, C. T. and Leong, K. W., Collagen-based fibrous scaffold for spatial organization of encapsulated and seeded human mesenchymal stem cells, Biomaterials, vol. 30 no. 6 (2009), pp. 1133-1142 [abs]
Kunder, C. A. and John, A. L. S. and Li, G. J. and Leong, K. W. and Berwin, B. and Staats, H. F. and Abraham, S. N., Mast cell-derived particles deliver peripheral signals to remote lymph nodes, Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 206 no. 11 (2009), pp. 2455-2467 [abs]
Ho, Y.P. and Chen, H.H. and Leong, K.W. and Wang, T.H., Combining QD-FRET and microfluidics to monitor DNA nanocomplex self-assembly in real-time, J Vis Exp (2009), pp. 1432
Kulangara, K. and Leong, K. W., Substrate topography shapes cell function, Soft Matter, vol. 5 no. 21 (2009), pp. 4072-4076 [abs]
Chakraborty, S. and Liao, I. C. and Adler, A. and Leong, K. W., Electrohydrodynamics: A facile technique to fabricate drug delivery systems, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 61 no. 12 (2009), pp. 1043-1054 [abs]
Oney, S. and Lam, R. T. S. and Bompiani, K. M. and Blake, C. M. and Quick, G. and Heidel, J. D. and Liu, J. Y. C. and Mack, B. C. and Davis, M. E. and Leong, K. W. and Sullenger, B. A., Development of universal antidotes to control aptamer activity, Nature Medicine, vol. 15 no. 10 (2009), pp. 1224-1228 [PDF] [abs]
Chen, H. H. and Ho, Y. P. and Jiang, X. and Mao, H. Q. and Wang, T. H. and Leong, K. W., Simultaneous non-invasive analysis of DNA condensation and stability by two-step QD-FRET, Nano Today, vol. 4 no. 2 (2009), pp. 125-134 [PDF] [abs]
Ho, Y. P. and Chen, H. H. and Leong, K. W. and Wang, T. H., The convergence of quantum-dot-mediated fluorescence resonance energy transfer and microfluidics for monitoring DNA polyplex self-assembly in real time, Nanotechnology, vol. 20 no. 9 (2009), pp. - [abs]
Liao, I. C. and Chen, S. L. and Liu, J. B. and Leong, K. W., Sustained viral gene delivery through core-shell fibers, Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 139 no. 1 (2009), pp. 48-55 [abs]
Lou, Y. L. and Peng, Y. S. and Chen, B. H. and Wang, L. F. and Leong, K. W., Poly(ethylene imine)-g-chitosan using EX-810 as a spacer for nonviral gene delivery vectors, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, vol. 88A no. 4 (2009), pp. 1058-1068 [abs]
Chew, S. Y. and Mi, R. and Hoke, A. and Leong, K. W., The effect of the alignment of electrospun fibrous scaffolds on Schwann cell maturation, Biomaterials, vol. 29 no. 6 (2008), pp. 653-61 [abs]
Chen, H. H. and Ho, Y. P. and Jiang, X. and Mao, H. Q. and Wang, T. H. and Leong, K. W., Quantitative comparison of intracellular unpacking kinetics of polyplexes by a model constructed from quantum Dot-FRET, Molecular Therapy, vol. 16 no. 2 (2008), pp. 324-332 [abs]
Chan, B. P. and Leong, K. W., Scaffolding in tissue engineering: general approaches and tissue-specific considerations, European Spine Journal, vol. 17 (2008), pp. S467-S479 [abs]
Tsurushima, H. and Yuan, X. and Dillehay, L. E. and Leong, K. W., Radiation-inducible caspase-8 gene therapy for malignant brain tumors, International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, vol. 71 no. 2 (2008), pp. 517-525 [abs]
Bowman, K. and Sarkar, R. and Raut, S. and Leong, K. W., Gene transfer to hemophilia A mice via oral delivery of FVIII-chitosan nanoparticles, Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 132 no. 3 (2008), pp. 252-259 [abs]
Choi, J. S. and Leong, K. W. and Yoo, H. S., In vivo wound healing of diabetic ulcers using electrospun nanofibers immobilized with human epidermal growth factor (EGF), Biomaterials, vol. 29 no. 5 (2008), pp. 587-96 [abs]
Liao, I. C. and Liu, J. B. and Bursac, N. and Leong, K. W., Effect of Electromechanical Stimulation on the Maturation of Myotubes on Aligned Electrospun Fibers, Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering, vol. 1 no. 2-3 (2008), pp. 133-145 [abs]
Prow, T. W. and Bhutto, I. and Kim, S. Y. and Grebe, R. and Merges, C. and McLeod, D. S. and Uno, K. and Mennon, M. and Rodriguez, L. and Leong, K. and Lutty, G. A., Ocular nanoparticle toxicity and transfection of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium, Nanomedicine-Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine, vol. 4 no. 4 (2008), pp. 340-349 [abs]
Tan, S. C. W. and Pan, W. X. and Ma, G. and Cai, N. and Leong, K. W. and Liao, K., Viscoelastic behaviour of human mesenchymal stem cells, Bmc Cell Biology, vol. 9 (2008), pp. - [abs]
Chalut, K. J. and Chen, S. and Finan, J. D. and Giacomelli, M. G. and Guilak, F. and Leong, K. W. and Wax, A., Label-free, high-throughput measurements of dynamic changes in cell nuclei using angle-resolved low coherence interferometry, Biophysical Journal, vol. 94 no. 12 (2008), pp. 4948-4956 [abs]
Haider, M. and Cappello, J. and Ghandehari, H. and Leong, K. W., In vitro chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells in recombinant silk-elastinlike hydrogels, Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 25 no. 3 (2008), pp. 692-699 [abs]
N. Bursac and Y. H. Loo and K. Leong and L. Tung, Novel anisotropic engineered cardiac tissues: Studies of electrical propagation, Biochemical And Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 361 no. 4 (October, 2007), pp. 847 -- 853, ISSN 0006-291X [abs]
Chen, Beiyi and Dang, Jiyoung and Tan, Tuan Lin and Fang, Ning and Chen, Wei Ning and Leong, Kam W. and Chan, Vincent, Dynamics of smooth muscle cell deadhesion from thermosensitive hydroxybutyl chitosan, Biomaterials, vol. 28 no. 8 (2007), pp. 1503 - 1514 [027] [abs]
Chen, B. and Dang, J. and Tan, T. L. and Fang, N. and Chen, W. N. and Leong, K. W. and Chan, V., Dynamics of smooth muscle cell deadhesion from thermosensitive hydroxybutyl chitosan, Biomaterials, vol. 28 no. 8 (2007), pp. 1503-14 [abs]
Park, D. J. and Choi, J. H. and Leong, K. W. and Kwon, J. W. and Eun, H. S., Tissue-engineered bone formation with gene transfer and mesenchymal stem cells in a minimally invasive technique, Laryngoscope, vol. 117 no. 7 (2007), pp. 1267-71 [abs]
Tsurushima, H. and Yuan, X. and Dillehay, L. E. and Leong, K. W., Radioresponsive tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosisinducing ligand (TRAIL) gene therapy for malignant brain tumors, Cancer Gene Therapy, vol. 14 no. 8 (2007), pp. 706-716 [abs]
Chai, C. and Leong, K. W., Biomaterials approach to expand and direct differentiation of stem cells, Molecular Therapy, vol. 15 no. 3 (2007), pp. 467-480 [abs]
Zhang, Y. and Chai, C. and Jiang, X. S. and Teoh, S. H. and Leong, K. W., Fibronectin immobilized by covalent conjugation or physical adsorption shows different bioactivity on aminated-PET, Materials Science & Engineering C-Biomimetic and Supramolecular Systems, vol. 27 no. 2 (2007), pp. 213-219 [abs]
Song, R. J. and Liu, S. Q. and Leong, K. W., Effects of MIP-1 alpha, MIP-3 alpha, and MIP-3 beta on the induction of HIV Gag-specific immune response with DNA vaccines, Molecular Therapy, vol. 15 no. 5 (2007), pp. 1007-1015 [abs]
Yim, E. K. F. and Liao, I. C. and Leong, K. W., Tissue compatibility of interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation fibrous scaffold: Evaluation of blood compatibility and biocompatibility, Tissue Engineering, vol. 13 no. 2 (2007), pp. 423-433 [abs]
Sharma, B. and Williams, C. G. and Kim, T. K. and Sun, D. N. and Malik, A. and Khan, M. and Leong, K. and Elisseeff, J. H., Designing zonal organization into tissue-engineered cartilage, Tissue Engineering, vol. 13 no. 2 (2007), pp. 405-414 [abs]
Chua, K. N. and Tang, Y. N. and Quek, C. H. and Ramakrishna, S. and Leong, K. W. and Mao, H. Q., A dual-functional fibrous scaffold enhances P450 activity of cultured primary rat hepatocytes, Acta Biomaterialia, vol. 3 no. 5 (2007), pp. 643-650 [abs]
Chua, K. N. and Chai, C. and Lee, P. C. and Ramakrishna, S. and Leong, K. W. and Mao, H. Q., Functional nanofiber scaffolds with different spacers modulate adhesion and expansion of cryopreserved umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, Experimental Hematology, vol. 35 no. 5 (2007), pp. 771-781 [abs]
Yim, E. K. F. and Pang, S. W. and Leong, K. W., Synthetic nanostructures inducing differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into neuronal lineage, Experimental Cell Research, vol. 313 no. 9 (2007), pp. 1820-1829 [abs]
Chew, S. Y. and Mi, R. F. and Hoke, A. and Leong, K. W., Aligned protein-polymer composite fibers enhance nerve regeneration: A potential tissue-engineering platform, Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 17 no. 8 (2007), pp. 1288-1296 [abs]
Tsurushima, H. and Yuan, X. and Dillehay, L. E. and Leong, K. W., Radio-responsive gene therapy for malignant glioma cells without the radiosensitive promoter: Caspase-3 gene therapy combined with radiation, Cancer Letters, vol. 246 no. 1-2 (2007), pp. 318-323 [abs]
Dang, J.M. and Leong, K. W., Myogenic induction of aligned mesenchymal stem cell sheets by culture on thermally responsive electrospun nanofibers, Advanced Materials, vol. 19 no. 19 (2007), pp. 2775-2779
Dai, H. and Jiang, X. and Tan, G. C. and Chen, Y. and Torbenson, M. and Leong, K. W. and Mao, H. Q., Chitosan-DNA nanoparticles delivered by intrabiliary infusion enhance liver-targeted gene delivery, International Journal of Nanomedicine, vol. 1 no. 4 (2006), pp. 507-522 [abs]
Le Visage, C. and Kim, S. W. and Tateno, K. and Sieber, A. N. and Kostuik, J. P. and Leong, K. W., Interaction of human mesenchymal stem cells with disc cells - Changes in extracellular matrix biosynthesis, Spine, vol. 31 no. 18 (2006), pp. 2036-2042
Ong, S. Y. and Dai, H. and Leong, K. W., Inducing hepatic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in pellet culture, Biomaterials, vol. 27 no. 22 (2006), pp. 4087-4097
Bright, C. and Park, Y. S. and Sieber, A. N. and Kostuik, J. P. and Leong, K. W., In vivo evaluation of plasmid DNA encoding OP-1 protein for spine fusion, Spine, vol. 31 no. 19 (2006), pp. 2163-2172
Yim, E. K. and Wan, A. C. and Le Visage, C. and Liao, I. C. and Leong, K. W., Proliferation and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell encapsulated in polyelectrolyte complexation fibrous scaffold, Biomaterials, vol. 27 no. 36 (2006), pp. 6111-22 [abs]
Luong-Van, E. and Grondahl, L. and Chua, K. N. and Leong, K. W. and Nurcombe, V. and Cool, S. M., Controlled release of heparin from poly(epsilon-caprolactone) electrospun fibers, Biomaterials, vol. 27 no. 9 (2006), pp. 2042-2050
Dang, J. M. and Leong, K. W., Natural polymers for gene delivery and tissue engineering, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 58 no. 4 (2006), pp. 487-499
Li, J. and Li, X. and Ni, X. P. and Wang, X. and Li, H. Z. and Leong, K. W., Self-assembled supramolecular hydrogels formed by biodegradable PEO-PHB-PEO triblock copolymers and alpha-cyclodextrin for controlled drug delivery, Biomaterials, vol. 27 no. 22 (2006), pp. 4132-4140
Yim, E. K. F. and Wen, J. and Leong, K. W., Enhanced extracellular matrix production and differentiation of human embryonic germ cell derivatives in biodegradable poly(epsilon-caprolactone-co-ethyl ethylene phosphate) scaffold, Acta Biomaterialia, vol. 2 no. 4 (2006), pp. 365-376
Chew, S. Y. and Hufnagel, T. C. and Lim, C. T. and Leong, K. W., Mechanical properties of single electrospun drug-encapsulated nanofibres, Nanotechnology, vol. 17 no. 15 (2006), pp. 3880-3891
Zhang, Y. and Chai, C. and Jiang, X. S. and Teoh, S. H. and Leong, K. W., Co-culture of umbilical cord blood CD34(+) cells with human mesenchymal stem cells, Tissue Engineering, vol. 12 no. 8

Answer: Sustained viral gene delivery through core-shell fibers and Gene transfer to hemophilia A mice via oral delivery of FVIII-chitosan nanoparticles.


Input: What was the Buckeyes' record in their first game of the season?

Context:
The 1951 Ohio State Buckeyes baseball team represented the Ohio State University in the 1951 NCAA baseball season. The head coach was Marty Karow, serving his 1st year.

The Buckeyes lost in the College World Series, defeated by the Texas A&M Aggies.

Roster

Schedule

! style="" | Regular Season
|- valign="top"

|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 1 || March 16 || at  || Unknown • San Antonio, Texas || 15–3 || 1–0 || 0–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 2 || March 17 || at B. A. M. C. || Unknown • San Antonio, Texas || 7–8 || 1–1 || 0–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 3 || March 19 || at  || Clark Field • Austin, Texas || 0–8 || 1–2 || 0–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 4 || March 20 || at Texas || Clark Field • Austin, Texas || 3–4 || 1–3 || 0–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 5 || March 21 || at  || Unknown • Houston, Texas || 14–6 || 2–3 || 0–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 6 || March 22 || at Rice || Unknown • Houston, Texas || 2–3 || 2–4 || 0–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 7 || March 23 || at  || Unknown • Fort Worth, Texas || 4–2 || 3–4 || 0–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 8 || March 24 || at TCU || Unknown • Fort Worth, Texas || 7–3 || 4–4 || 0–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 9 || March 24 || at  || Unknown • St. Louis, Missouri || 10–4 || 5–4 || 0–0
|-

|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 10 || April 6 ||  || Varsity Diamond • Columbus, Ohio || 2–0 || 6–4 || 0–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 11 || April 7 ||  || Varsity Diamond • Columbus, Ohio || 15–1 || 7–4 || 0–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 12 || April 14 ||  || Varsity Diamond • Columbus, Ohio || 0–1 || 7–5 || 0–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 13 || April 20 ||  || Varsity Diamond • Columbus, Ohio || 10–9 || 8–5 || 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 14 || April 21 || Minnesota || Varsity Diamond • Columbus, Ohio || 7–0 || 9–5 || 2–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 15 || April 24 || at  || Unknown • Oxford, Ohio || 3–4 || 9–6 || 2–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 16 || April 27 || at  || Hyames Field • Kalamazoo, Michigan || 2–3 || 9–7 || 2–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 17 || April 28 || at Western Michigan || Hyames Field • Kalamazoo, Michigan || 5–7 || 9–8 || 2–0
|-

|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 18 || May 1 || at  || Unknown • Athens, Ohio || 7–6 || 10–8 || 2–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 19 || May 4 ||  || Varsity Diamond • Columbus, Ohio || 12–6 || 11–8 || 3–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 20 || May 5 || Purdue || Varsity Diamond • Columbus, Ohio || 14–4 || 12–8 || 4–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 21 || May 8 ||  || Varsity Diamond • Columbus, Ohio || 6–8 || 12–9 || 4–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 22 || May 9 || at Dayton || Unknown • Dayton, Ohio || 11–2 || 13–9 || 4–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 23 || May 12 ||  || Varsity Diamond • Columbus, Ohio || 6–5 || 14–9 || 5–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 24 || May 12 || Indiana || Varsity Diamond • Columbus, Ohio || 5–2 || 15–9 || 6–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 25 || May 15 || Ohio || Varsity Diamond • Columbus, Ohio || 6–0 || 16–9 || 6–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 26 || May 18 || at  || Northwestern Park • Evanston, Illinois || 1–3 || 16–10 || 6–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 27 || May 19 || at Northwestern || Northwestern Park • Evanston, Illinois || 10–3 || 17–10 || 7–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 28 || May 22 || at Cincinnati || Carson Field • Cincinnati, Ohio || 8–4 || 18–10 || 7–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 29 || May 25 ||  || Varsity Diamond • Columbus, Ohio || 4–1 || 19–10 || 8–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 30 || May 25 || Michigan || Varsity Diamond • Columbus, Ohio || 3–6 || 19–11 || 8–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 31 || May 30 || Miami (OH) || Varsity Diamond • Columbus, Ohio || 3–4 || 19–12 || 8–2
|-

|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 32 || June 1 || at  || Old College Field • East Lansing, Michigan || 8–0 || 20–12 || 9–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 33 || June 2 || at Michigan State || Old College Field • East Lansing, Michigan || 9–8 || 21–12 || 10–2
|-

|-
|-
! style="" | Postseason
|- valign="top"

|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 34 || June 8 || Western Michigan || Varsity Diamond • Columbus, Ohio || 1–0 || 22–12 || 10–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 35 || June 8 || Western Michigan || Varsity Diamond • Columbus, Ohio || 2–4 || 22–13 || 10–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 36 || June 9 || Western Michigan || Varsity Diamond • Columbus, Ohio || 3–2 || 23–13 || 10–2
|-

|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 37 || June 13 || Oklahoma || Omaha Municipal Stadium • Omaha, Nebraska || 8–9 || 23–14 || 10–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 38 || June 13 || Texas A&M || Omaha Municipal Stadium • Omaha, Nebraska || 2–3 || 23–15 || 10–2
|-

Awards and honors
Dick Hauck
 First Team All-Big Ten

Stewart Hein
 First Team All-Big Ten

References

Ohio State Buckeyes baseball seasons
Ohio State Buckeyes baseball
Big Ten Conference baseball champion seasons
Ohio State
College World Series seasons

Answer: They won their first game with a score of 15-3.


Input: When did Simon English become the leader of the National Party?

Context:
Sir Simon William English  (born 30 December 1961) is a New Zealand former National Party politician who served as the 39th prime minister of New Zealand from 2016 to 2017. He had previously served as the 17th deputy prime minister of New Zealand and minister of finance from 2008 to 2016 under John Key and the Fifth National Government.

A farmer and public servant before entering politics, English was elected to the New Zealand Parliament in  as the National Party's candidate in the Wallace electorate. He was elevated to Cabinet in 1996 and in 1999 was made minister of finance, although he served for less than a year due to his party's loss at the 1999 general election. In October 2001, English replaced Jenny Shipley as the leader of the National Party (and consequently as Leader of the Opposition). He led the party to its worst defeat at the 2002 general election, and as a consequence, in October 2003 he was replaced as leader by Don Brash.

In November 2006, after Brash's resignation, English became deputy leader under John Key. After National's victory at the 2008 general election, he became deputy prime minister and was also made minister of finance for the second time. Under English's direction New Zealand's economy maintained steady growth during National's three terms of government. He became a list-only MP after stepping down as an electorate MP at the 2014 general election.

John Key resigned as leader of the National Party and prime minister in December 2016. English won the resulting leadership election unopposed and was sworn in as prime minister on 12 December 2016. His tenure was only ten months, and included a three-month election campaign. In the 2017 general election, National won the largest number of seats but fell short of a majority. The parties holding the balance of power declined to support the existing government, and English was subsequently replaced as prime minister by Jacinda Ardern, leader of the Labour Party. English initially continued on as Leader of the Opposition, but resigned as leader of the National Party on 27 February 2018 and left parliament two weeks later.

Early life
English was born on 30 December 1961 at Lumsden Maternity Centre in Lumsden. He is the eleventh of twelve children of Mervyn English and Norah (née O'Brien) English. His parents purchased Rosedale, a mixed sheep and cropping farm in Dipton, Southland from Mervyn's uncle, Vincent English, a bachelor, in 1944. English was born in the maternity unit at Lumsden.

English attended St Thomas's School in Winton, then boarded at St. Patrick's College in Upper Hutt, where he became head boy. He played in the first XV of the school's rugby team. English went on to study commerce at the University of Otago, where he was a resident at Selwyn College, and then completed an honours degree in English literature at Victoria University of Wellington.

After finishing his studies, English returned to Dipton and farmed for a few years. From 1987 to 1989, he worked in Wellington as a policy analyst for the New Zealand Treasury, at a time when the free market policies favoured by Labour's finance minister Roger Douglas (known collectively as "Rogernomics") were being implemented.

English joined the National Party in 1980, while at Victoria University. He served for a period as chairman of the Southland branch of the Young Nationals, and became a member of the Wallace electorate committee. After moving to Wellington, he served for periods on the Island Bay and Miramar electorate committees, respectively.

Fourth National Government (1990–1999)

At the 1990 general election, English stood as the National candidate in Wallace, replacing the retiring Derek Angus, and was elected with a large majority. He would hold this seat, renamed Clutha-Southland in 1996, until 2014. He and three other newly elected National MPs (Tony Ryall, Nick Smith, and Roger Sowry) were soon identified as rising stars in New Zealand politics, and at various points were dubbed the "brat pack", the "gang of four", and the "young Turks". In his first term in parliament, English chaired a select committee into social services. He was made a parliamentary under-secretary in 1993, serving under the Minister of Health.

First period in cabinet (1996–1999)
In early 1996, English was elevated to cabinet by Prime Minister Jim Bolger, becoming the Minister for Crown Health Enterprises and Associate Minister of Education (to Wyatt Creech). He was 34 at the time, becoming the cabinet's youngest member. After the 1996 general election, the National Party was forced into a coalition with New Zealand First to retain government. In the resulting cabinet reshuffle, English emerged as Minister of Health. However, as a condition of the coalition agreement, NZ First's Neil Kirton (a first-term MP) was made Associate Minister of Health, effectively becoming English's deputy. This arrangement was described in the press as a "shotgun marriage", and there were frequent differences of opinion between the two ministers. After their relationship became unworkable, Kirton was sacked from the role in August 1997, with the agreement of NZ First leader Winston Peters.

As Minister of Health, English was responsible for continuing the reforms to the public health system that National had begun after the 1990 general election. The reforms were unpopular, and health was perceived as one of the government's weaknesses, with the health portfolio consequently being viewed as a challenge. English believed that the unpopularity of the reforms was in part due to a failure in messaging, and encouraged his National colleagues to avoid bureaucratic and money-focused language (such as references to "balance sheets" and "user charges") and instead talk about the improvements to services the government's reforms would bring. He also rejected the idea that public hospitals could be run as commercial enterprises, a view which some of his colleagues had previously promoted.

By early 1997, as dissatisfaction with Bolger's leadership began to grow, English was being touted as a potential successor, along with Jenny Shipley and Doug Graham. His age (35) was viewed as the main impediment to a successful leadership run. National's leadership troubles were resolved in December 1997, when Bolger resigned and Shipley was elected to the leadership unopposed. English had been a supporter of Bolger as leader, but Shipley reappointed him Minister of Health in her new cabinet.

English was promoted to Minister of Finance in a reshuffle in January 1999, a position which was at the time subordinate to the Treasurer, Bill Birch. After a few months, the pair switched positions as part of Birch's transition to retirement, with English assuming the senior portfolio. In early interviews, he emphasised his wish to be seen as a pragmatist rather than an ideologue, and said that the initiatives of some of his predecessors (Roger Douglas's "Rogernomics" and Ruth Richardson's "Ruthanasia") had focused on "fruitless, theoretical debates" when "people just want to see problems solved".

Opposition (1999–2008)

After the National Party lost the 1999 election to Helen Clark's Labour Party, English continued on in the shadow cabinet as National's spokesperson for finance. He was elected deputy leader of the party in February 2001, following the resignation of Wyatt Creech, with Gerry Brownlee being his unsuccessful opponent.

Leader of the Opposition
In October 2001, after months of speculation, Jenny Shipley resigned as leader of the National Party after being told she no longer had the support of the party caucus. English was elected as her replacement unopposed (with Roger Sowry as his deputy), and consequently became Leader of the Opposition. However, he did not openly organise against Shipley, and according to The Southland Times "there was almost an element of 'aw, shucks, I'll do it then' about Mr English's ascension".

Aged 39 when he was elected, English became the second-youngest leader in the National Party's history, after Jim McLay (who was 38 when elected in 1984). He also became only the third Southlander to lead a major New Zealand political party, after Joseph Ward and Adam Hamilton. However, English failed to improve the party's performance. In the 2002 election, National suffered its worst electoral defeat ever, gaining barely more than twenty percent of the vote. English described it as "the worst day of my political life". Both party insiders and the general public were split as to how much to blame him for the loss, but most of the party believed that English would be able to rebuild National's support.

By late 2003, however, National's performance in opinion polls remained poor. The party had briefly increased its popularity in the year following the election, but by October its support had fallen to levels only slightly better than what it achieved in the last ballot. English also appeared in a boxing match for a charity against entertainer Ted Clarke. This did not boost his polling or that of the National party either, with suggestions that it devalued his image as a serious politician. Don Brash, former governor of the Reserve Bank and a relative newcomer to politics, began to build up support to replace English. On 28 October, Brash gained sufficient backing in Caucus to defeat English in a leadership contest.

Shadow cabinet roles and deputy leader
On 2 November 2003, when Brash changed responsibilities for certain MPs, English became National's spokesman for education, ranked at fifth place in the party's parliamentary hierarchy. He remained in parliament after the 2005 election. In his new shadow education portfolio, English performed strongly, and remained a party favourite despite his election defeat as leader in 2002, eventually being returned to the finance portfolio in August 2004 as deputy spokesman (while still retaining responsibility for education).

In November 2006, Brash resigned as leader. English was considered as a potential replacement leader (running against John Key) or deputy leader (against incumbent Gerry Brownlee) in the ensuing leadership election. However, a contest was avoided when the MPs agreed a Key/English ticket would run unopposed in a display of party unity. English took over the deputy leadership and the finance portfolio in the Key shadow cabinet.

Fifth National Government (2008–2017)

Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance (2008–2016)

At the 2008 election, English was re-elected by his electorate, winning by a margin of about 15,500 votes. He became Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand and Minister of Finance in the fifth National Government, being sworn into office on 19 November 2008 and continued to serve in those roles until becoming Prime Minister on 12 December 2014. He was also made Minister of Infrastructure in National's first term of government and Minister responsible for Housing New Zealand Corporation and minister responsible for the New Zealand flag consideration process in its third.

He was comfortably re-elected in Clutha-Southland in the 2011 election but opted to run as a party-list candidate in 2014.

The pairing of John Key as leader of the National Party and English as his deputy has been compared to that of Bob Hawke and Paul Keating (in Australia) and Tony Blair and Gordon Brown (in the UK).

English acceded to the role of Finance Minister in the continuing wake of the financial crisis. In response to New Zealand's rising debt, English made budget deficit-reduction his main priority. His first budget outlined three focuses in New Zealand's financial recovery: "improving the business environment and removing roadblocks to growth; investment in productive infrastructure; and improving the way government works". One of his first acts was creating the National Infrastructure Unit, charged with formulating a plan for infrastructure projects and investments. He commissioned a government-wide spending review, with an aim to reducing government expenditure—with the exceptions of a two-year stimulus package and long-term increases on infrastructure spending.

In April 2011, the Opposition criticised English for suggesting that New Zealand businesses could use New Zealand's low wages to help it compete with Australia. The National Government campaigned for re-election in 2011 on its economic record. The Government boasted growth for five consecutive quarters up to mid-2010, totalling 1.6% of real GDP.

Strong growth resulted in a surplus of $473 million for the 2015/16 financial year, projected to rise to $8.5 billion by 2020/21. In his 2016 Economic and Fiscal Update address, English stated that reducing debt and tackling the costs of the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake were higher priorities than reducing rates of tax.

Allowances issue
In 2009, the media, including TVNZ and TV3 revealed that English was receiving about NZ$900 a week as part of a living allowance for ministers, to live in his own NZ$1.2 million Wellington home. At the time, English also received $276,200 in his annual salary as Deputy Prime Minister. It was also revealed other ministers with homes in the capital city were also claiming accommodation allowances. On 3 August 2009, Prime Minister John Key started a review of the housing allowances claimed by cabinet ministers. English subsequently paid back $12,000 and only claimed about $24,000 a year in living allowances. The Auditor-General's office said in September 2009 that they were making "preliminary enquiries" into parliamentary housing expenses in response to a letter of complaint from Progressive party leader Jim Anderton. Two days later English stated that he would no longer take up any housing allowance and had paid back all the allowance he had received since the November 2008 election.

Prime Minister (2016–2017)

John Key resigned on 12 December, and endorsed English as his successor in the resulting leadership election. Following the drop-out of both Judith Collins and Jonathan Coleman from the leadership election, English was sworn in as the 39th Prime Minister of New Zealand on 12 December 2016.

English appointed his first cabinet on 18 December. In a reshuffle, he appointed Steven Joyce to succeed him as Finance Minister, while most ministerial portfolios remained the same.

In February 2017, English did not attend Waitangi Day commemorations at the historic treaty grounds, reportedly in response to the Ngāpuhi iwi's decision to stop the Prime Minister from speaking at the marae. Ngāpuhi have protested the Government's negotiation of the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA), which the iwi believe infringes upon Māori sovereignty, and thus does not adhere to the Treaty of Waitangi. English had been invited to attend in an official capacity; his non-attendance was criticised by a Ngāpuhi elder and Opposition leader Andrew Little.

In his first overseas trip as Prime Minister, English travelled to Europe to discuss trade ties, including a prospective New Zealand–European Union free trade agreement. He first travelled to London on 13 January 2017 to meet British Prime Minister Theresa May. Discussing trade relations, English said the two nations were "natural partners" and would "continue to forge ties" after the UK's withdrawal from the EU. He also arranged to meet with London Mayor Sadiq Khan, Belgian Prime Minister Charles Michel and German Chancellor Angela Merkel.  In a meeting with Merkel, English received crucial backing from Germany for a trade deal with the EU. On 16 January, English stated that his government would continue to promote TPPA, despite the United States' decision to withdraw from the agreement. He explained that Southeast Asian countries would now be treated as a priority in negotiations—he also asserted that the United States was ceding influence to China by its rejection of the trade pact.

At a press conference at the Beehive on 1 February 2017, English announced that the 2017 general election would be held on 23 September. The Prime Minister later confirmed that his party would approach ACT, United Future and the Māori Party if confidence and supply agreements were required to form a government following the election. In his second cabinet reshuffle on 24 April, English appointed Gerry Brownlee as his new Foreign Affairs Minister; he also promoted Nikki Kaye to the portfolio of Education Minister, and moved Mark Mitchell into the cabinet to become Defence Minister. The reshuffle was perceived as an election preparation.

On 13 February 2017, English welcomed Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull to Wellington. The two leaders reaffirmed their shared trade agenda, and discussed changes to the Australian citizenship pathway which will affect permanent residents originating from New Zealand.

On 19 June, it was reported that Todd Barclay, who succeeded English as MP for Clutha-Southland, had clandestinely recorded one of his employee's conversations the previous year, and that John Key's leaders' budget was used to pay a confidential settlement after the employee resigned. English admitted that he had been aware of the illegal recording and the settlement, and thus implicated in the scandal.

During the 2017 National campaign launch, English introduced a $379 million social investment package including digital learning academies for high school students, more resources for mathematics, and boosting support for teaching second languages in schools, and maintaining National Standards in the school curriculum. Prime Minister English also sought to defend National's financial management and economic track record and claimed that the opposition Labour Party would raise taxes. Early opinion polling had forecast a poor showing in the election for the Labour Party, but in early August 37-year-old Jacinda Ardern took over as Labour leader and seemingly energised younger voters.

At the 2017 general election, National won the largest share of the party vote (44.4%) and the largest number of seats (56) in the House Representatives. However, National lacked enough seats to govern alone due to two of the party's support partners, the Māori Party and United Future, losing their parliamentary seats. In response, English stated that the party would be entering into talks to form a coalition with New Zealand First. Following talks with the two largest parties, New Zealand First entered a coalition arrangement with the Labour Party. English was succeeded as prime minister by Jacinda Ardern on 26 October.

Opposition (2017–2018)

Leader of the Opposition
English was re-elected as National Party leader on 24 October 2017. At the time of his re-election, English announced his intention to stay on as leader until the next general election. On 13 February 2018, however, he stood down as National Party leader due to personal reasons, and instructed the party to put into motion the processes to elect a new leader. He also retired from Parliament. English's resignation followed weeks of speculation that he would step aside for a new leader. On 27 February, he was succeeded as party leader by Simon Bridges as the result of the leadership election held that day.

Post-premiership
In 2018, English joined the board of Australian conglomerate, Wesfarmers. English serves in Chairmanships of Mount Cook Alpine Salmon, Impact Lab Ltd and Manawanui Support Ltd. He is also a director of The Instillery, Centre for Independent Studies and The Todd Corporation Limited, and is a member of the Impact Advisory Group of Macquarie Infrastructure and Real Assets.

Political and social views

English is regarded as more socially conservative than his predecessor, John Key. He has stated his opposition to voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, same-sex civil unions, and the decriminalisation of prostitution. As Prime Minister he opposed any "liberalisation" of abortion law.

In 2004, English voted against a bill to establish civil unions for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples. In 2005, he voted for the Marriage (Gender Clarification) Amendment Bill, which would have amended the Marriage Act to define marriage as only between a man and a woman. English voted against the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill, a bill that legalised same-sex marriage in New Zealand. However, in December 2016 he stated, "I'd probably vote differently now on the gay marriage issue. I don't think that gay marriage is a threat to anyone else's marriage".

In 2009, English voted against the Misuse of Drugs (Medicinal Cannabis) Amendment Bill, a bill aimed at amending the Misuse of Drugs Act so that cannabis could be used for medical purposes.

Personal life
English met his future wife, Mary Scanlon, at university. She was studying medicine at the time, and became a general practitioner. Both her parents were immigrants, her father being Samoan and her mother Italian, born on the island of Stromboli. They have six children: a daughter and five sons.

English is a practising Roman Catholic, but has stated that he considers his religious beliefs personal and thus separate from politics.

In June 2002, English took part in TV3's Fight For Life, a celebrity boxing fundraiser to raise money for the Yellow Ribbon anti-youth-suicide campaign, influenced by the death of a teenage nephew in 1997. He lost a split decision to former university colleague Ted Clarke.

Honours
In the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours, English was appointed a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services of over 27 years to the State.

See also

List of New Zealand governments
Politics of New Zealand

References

External links

Profile at National Party
Profile on Parliament.nz
Releases and speeches at Beehive.govt.nz

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1961 births
21st-century New Zealand politicians
Candidates in the 2017 New Zealand general election
Deputy Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Leaders of the Opposition (New Zealand)
Living people
Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand farmers
New Zealand finance ministers
New Zealand list MPs
New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates
New Zealand National Party MPs
New Zealand National Party leaders
New Zealand Roman Catholics
New Zealand people of Irish descent
People educated at St. Patrick's College, Silverstream
People from Dipton, New Zealand
People from Lumsden, New Zealand
Prime Ministers of New Zealand
University of Otago alumni
Victoria University of Wellington alumni
Knights Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit

Answer: October 2001.


Input: What algorithm is engaged in the PLMS-PPIC method?

Context:
\section{Introduction}\label{S1}

The multiple access interferences (MAI) is the root of user
limitation in CDMA systems \cite{R1,R3}. The parallel least mean
square-partial parallel interference cancelation (PLMS-PPIC) method
is a multiuser detector for code division multiple access (CDMA)
receivers which reduces the effect of MAI in bit detection. In this
method and similar to its former versions like LMS-PPIC \cite{R5}
(see also \cite{RR5}), a weighted value of the MAI of other users is
subtracted before making the decision for a specific user in
different stages \cite{cohpaper}. In both of these methods, the
normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithm is engaged
\cite{Haykin96}. The $m^{\rm th}$ element of the weight vector in
each stage is the true transmitted binary value of the $m^{\rm th}$
user divided by its hard estimate value from the previous stage. The
magnitude of all weight elements in all stages are equal to unity.
Unlike the LMS-PPIC, the PLMS-PPIC method tries to keep this
property in each iteration by using a set of NLMS algorithms with
different step-sizes instead of one NLMS algorithm used in LMS-PPIC.
In each iteration, the parameter estimate of the NLMS algorithm is
chosen whose element magnitudes of cancelation weight estimate have
the best match with unity. In PLMS-PPIC implementation it is assumed
that the receiver knows the phases of all user channels. However in
practice, these phases are not known and should be estimated. In
this paper we improve the PLMS-PPIC procedure \cite{cohpaper} in
such a way that when there is only a partial information of the
channel phases, this modified version simultaneously estimates the
phases and the cancelation weights. The partial information is the
quarter of each channel phase in $(0,2\pi)$.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows: In section \ref{S4}
the modified version of PLMS-PPIC with capability of channel phase
estimation is introduced. In section \ref{S5} some simulation
examples illustrate the results of the proposed method. Finally the
paper is concluded in section \ref{S6}.

\section{Multistage Parallel Interference Cancelation: Modified PLMS-PPIC Method}\label{S4}

We assume $M$ users synchronously send their symbols
$\alpha_1,\alpha_2,\cdots,\alpha_M$ via a base-band CDMA
transmission system where $\alpha_m\in\{-1,1\}$. The $m^{th}$ user
has its own code $p_m(.)$ of length $N$, where $p_m(n)\in \{-1,1\}$,
for all $n$. It means that for each symbol $N$ bits are transmitted
by each user and the processing gain is equal to $N$. At the
receiver we assume that perfect power control scheme is applied.
Without loss of generality, we also assume that the power gains of
all channels are equal to unity and users' channels do not change
during each symbol transmission (it can change from one symbol
transmission to the next one) and the channel phase $\phi_m$ of
$m^{th}$ user is unknown for all $m=1,2,\cdots,M$ (see
\cite{cohpaper} for coherent transmission). According to the above
assumptions the received signal is
\begin{equation}
\label{e1} r(n)=\sum\limits_{m=1}^{M}\alpha_m
e^{j\phi_m}p_m(n)+v(n),~~~~n=1,2,\cdots,N,
\end{equation}
where $v(n)$ is the additive white Gaussian noise with zero mean and
variance $\sigma^2$. Multistage parallel interference cancelation
method uses $\alpha^{s-1}_1,\alpha^{s-1}_2,\cdots,\alpha^{s-1}_M$,
the bit estimates outputs of the previous stage, $s-1$, to estimate
the related MAI of each user. It then subtracts it from the received
signal $r(n)$ and makes a new decision on each user variable
individually to make a new variable set
$\alpha^{s}_1,\alpha^{s}_2,\cdots,\alpha^{s}_M$ for the current
stage $s$. Usually the variable set of the first stage (stage $0$)
is the output of a conventional detector. The output of the last
stage is considered as the final estimate of transmitted bits. In
the following we explain the structure of a modified version of the
PLMS-PIC method \cite{cohpaper} with simultaneous capability of
estimating the cancelation weights and the channel phases.

Assume $\alpha_m^{(s-1)}\in\{-1,1\}$ is a given estimate of
$\alpha_m$ from stage $s-1$. Define
\begin{equation}
\label{e6} w^s_{m}=\frac{\alpha_m}{\alpha_m^{(s-1)}}e^{j\phi_m}.
\end{equation}
From (\ref{e1}) and (\ref{e6}) we have
\begin{equation}
\label{e7} r(n)=\sum\limits_{m=1}^{M}w^s_m\alpha^{(s-1)}_m
p_m(n)+v(n).
\end{equation}
Define
\begin{subequations}
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{e8} W^s&=&[w^s_{1},w^s_{2},\cdots,w^s_{M}]^T,\\
\label{e9}
\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!X^{s}(n)\!\!\!&=&\!\!\![\alpha^{(s-1)}_1p_1(n),\alpha^{(s-1)}_2p_2(n),\cdots,\alpha^{(s-1)}_Mp_M(n)]^T.
\end{eqnarray}
\end{subequations}
where $T$ stands for transposition. From equations (\ref{e7}),
(\ref{e8}) and (\ref{e9}), we have
\begin{equation}
\label{e10} r(n)=W^{s^T}X^{s}(n)+v(n).
\end{equation}
Given the observations $\{r(n),X^{s}(n)\}^{N}_{n=1}$, in modified
PLMS-PPIC, like the PLMS-PPIC \cite{cohpaper}, a set of NLMS
adaptive algorithm are used to compute
\begin{equation}
\label{te1} W^{s}(N)=[w^{s}_1(N),w^{s}_2(N),\cdots,w^{s}_M(N)]^T,
\end{equation}
which is an estimate of $W^s$ after iteration $N$. To do so, from
(\ref{e6}), we have
\begin{equation}
\label{e13} |w^s_{m}|=1 ~~~m=1,2,\cdots,M,
\end{equation}
which is equivalent to
\begin{equation}
\label{e14} \sum\limits_{m=1}^{M}||w^s_{m}|-1|=0.
\end{equation}
We divide $\Psi=\left(0,1-\sqrt{\frac{M-1}{M}}\right]$, a sharp
range for $\mu$ (the step-size of the NLMS algorithm) given in
\cite{sg2005}, into $L$ subintervals and consider $L$ individual
step-sizes $\Theta=\{\mu_1,\mu_2,\cdots,\mu_L\}$, where
$\mu_1=\frac{1-\sqrt{\frac{M-1}{M}}}{L}, \mu_2=2\mu_1,\cdots$, and
$\mu_L=L\mu_1$. In each stage, $L$ individual NLMS algorithms are
executed ($\mu_l$ is the step-size of the $l^{th}$ algorithm). In
stage $s$ and at iteration $n$, if
$W^{s}_k(n)=[w^s_{1,k},\cdots,w^s_{M,k}]^T$, the parameter estimate
of the $k^{\rm th}$ algorithm, minimizes our criteria, then it is
considered as the parameter estimate at time iteration $n$. In other
words if the next equation holds
\begin{equation}
\label{e17} W^s_k(n)=\arg\min\limits_{W^s_l(n)\in I_{W^s}
}\left\{\sum\limits_{m=1}^{M}||w^s_{m,l}(n)|-1|\right\},
\end{equation}
where $W^{s}_l(n)=W^{s}(n-1)+\mu_l \frac{X^s(n)}{\|X^s(n)\|^2}e(n),
~~~ l=1,2,\cdots,k,\cdots,L-1,L$ and
$I_{W^s}=\{W^s_1(n),\cdots,W^s_L(n)\}$, then we have
$W^s(n)=W^s_k(n)$, and therefore all other algorithms replace their
weight estimate by $W^{s}_k(n)$. At time instant $n=N$, this
procedure gives $W^s(N)$, the final estimate of $W^s$, as the true
parameter of stage $s$.

Now consider $R=(0,2\pi)$ and divide it into four equal parts
$R_1=(0,\frac{\pi}{2})$, $R_2=(\frac{\pi}{2},\pi)$,
$R_3=(\pi,\frac{3\pi}{2})$ and $R_4=(\frac{3\pi}{2},2\pi)$. The
partial information of channel phases (given by the receiver) is in
a way that it shows each $\phi_m$ ($m=1,2,\cdots,M$) belongs to
which one of the four quarters $R_i,~i=1,2,3,4$. Assume
$W^{s}(N)=[w^{s}_1(N),w^{s}_2(N),\cdots,w^{s}_M(N)]^T$ is the weight
estimate of the modified algorithm PLMS-PPIC at time instant $N$ of
the stage $s$. From equation (\ref{e6}) we have
\begin{equation}
\label{tt3}
\phi_m=\angle({\frac{\alpha^{(s-1)}_m}{\alpha_m}w^s_m}).
\end{equation}
We estimate $\phi_m$ by $\hat{\phi}^s_m$, where
\begin{equation}
\label{ee3}
\hat{\phi}^s_m=\angle{(\frac{\alpha^{(s-1)}_m}{\alpha_m}w^s_m(N))}.
\end{equation}
Because $\frac{\alpha^{(s-1)}_m}{\alpha_m}=1$ or $-1$, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{\phi}^s_m=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \angle{w^s_m(N)} &
\mbox{if}~
\frac{\alpha^{(s-1)}_m}{\alpha_m}=1\\
\pm\pi+\angle{w^s_m(N)} & \mbox{if}~
\frac{\alpha^{(s-1)}_m}{\alpha_m}=-1\end{array}\right.
\end{eqnarray}
Hence $\hat{\phi}^s_m\in P^s=\{\angle{w^s_m(N)},
\angle{w^s_m(N)+\pi, \angle{w^s_m(N)}-\pi}\}$. If $w^s_m(N)$
sufficiently converges to its true value $w^s_m$, the same region
for $\hat{\phi}^s_m$ and $\phi_m$ is expected. In this case only one
of the three members of $P^s$ has the same region as $\phi_m$. For
example if $\phi_m \in (0,\frac{\pi}{2})$, then $\hat{\phi}^s_m \in
(0,\frac{\pi}{2})$ and therefore only $\angle{w^s_m(N)}$ or
$\angle{w^s_m(N)}+\pi$ or $\angle{w^s_m(N)}-\pi$ belongs to
$(0,\frac{\pi}{2})$. If, for example, $\angle{w^s_m(N)}+\pi$ is such
a member between all three members of $P^s$, it is the best
candidate for phase estimation. In other words,
\[\phi_m\approx\hat{\phi}^s_m=\angle{w^s_m(N)}+\pi.\]
We admit that when there is a member of $P^s$ in the quarter of
$\phi_m$, then $w^s_m(N)$ converges. What would happen when non of
the members of $P^s$ has the same quarter as $\phi_m$? This
situation will happen when the absolute difference between $\angle
w^s_m(N)$ and $\phi_m$ is greater than $\pi$. It means that
$w^s_m(N)$ has not converged yet. In this case where we can not
count on $w^s_m(N)$, the expected value is the optimum choice for
the channel phase estimation, e.g. if $\phi_m \in (0,\frac{\pi}{2})$
then $\frac{\pi}{4}$ is the estimation of the channel phase
$\phi_m$, or if $\phi_m \in (\frac{\pi}{2},\pi)$ then
$\frac{3\pi}{4}$ is the estimation of the channel phase $\phi_m$.
The results of the above discussion are summarized in the next
equation
\begin{eqnarray}
\nonumber \hat{\phi}^s_m = \left\{\begin{array}{llll} \angle
{w^s_m(N)} & \mbox{if}~
\angle{w^s_m(N)}, \phi_m\in R_i,~~i=1,2,3,4\\
\angle{w^s_m(N)}+\pi & \mbox{if}~ \angle{w^s_m(N)}+\pi, \phi_m\in
R_i,~~i=1,2,3,4\\
\angle{w^n_m(N)}-\pi & \mbox{if}~ \angle{w^s_m(N)}-\pi, \phi_m\in
R_i,~~i=1,2,3,4\\
\frac{(i-1)\pi+i\pi}{4} & \mbox{if}~ \phi_m\in
R_i,~~\angle{w^s_m(N)},\angle
{w^s_m(N)}\pm\pi\notin R_i,~~i=1,2,3,4.\\
\end{array}\right.
\end{eqnarray}
Having an estimation of the channel phases, the rest of the proposed
method is given by estimating $\alpha^{s}_m$ as follows:
\begin{equation}
\label{tt4}
\alpha^{s}_m=\mbox{sign}\left\{\mbox{real}\left\{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{N}
q^s_m(n)e^{-j\hat{\phi}^s_m}p_m(n)\right\}\right\},
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation} \label{tt5}
q^{s}_{m}(n)=r(n)-\sum\limits_{m^{'}=1,m^{'}\ne
m}^{M}w^{s}_{m^{'}}(N)\alpha^{(s-1)}_{m^{'}} p_{m^{'}}(n).
\end{equation}
The inputs of the first stage $\{\alpha^{0}_m\}_{m=1}^M$ (needed for
computing $X^1(n)$) are given by
\begin{equation}
\label{qte5}
\alpha^{0}_m=\mbox{sign}\left\{\mbox{real}\left\{\sum\limits_{n=1}^{N}
r(n)e^{-j\hat{\phi}^0_m}p_m(n)\right\}\right\}.
\end{equation}
Assuming $\phi_m\in R_i$, then
\begin{equation}
\label{qqpp} \hat{\phi}^0_m =\frac{(i-1)\pi+i\pi}{4}.
\end{equation}
Table \ref{tab4} shows the structure of the modified PLMS-PPIC
method. It is to be notified that
\begin{itemize}
\item Equation (\ref{qte5}) shows the conventional bit detection
method when the receiver only knows the quarter of channel phase in
$(0,2\pi)$. \item With $L=1$ (i.e. only one NLMS algorithm), the
modified PLMS-PPIC can be thought as a modified version of the
LMS-PPIC method.
\end{itemize}

In the following section some examples are given to illustrate the
effectiveness of the proposed method.

\section{Simulations}\label{S5}

In this section we have considered some simulation examples.
Examples \ref{ex2}-\ref{ex4} compare the conventional, the modified
LMS-PPIC and the modified PLMS-PPIC methods in three cases: balanced
channels, unbalanced channels and time varying channels. In all
examples, the receivers have only the quarter of each channel phase.
Example \ref{ex2} is given to compare the modified LMS-PPIC and the
PLMS-PPIC in the case of balanced channels.

\begin{example}{\it Balanced channels}:
\label{ex2}
\begin{table}
\caption{Channel phase estimate of the first user (example
\ref{ex2})} \label{tabex5} \centerline{{
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\multirow{6}{*}{\rotatebox{90}{$\phi_m=\frac{3\pi}{8},M=15~~$}} & N(Iteration) & Stage Number& NLMS & PNLMS  \\
&&&&\\
\cline{2-5} & \multirow{2}{*}{64}& s = 2 &  $\hat{\phi}^s_m=\frac{3.24\pi}{8}$ & $\hat{\phi}^s_m=\frac{3.18\pi}{8}$ \\
\cline{3-5} & & s = 3 & $\hat{\phi}^s_m=\frac{3.24\pi}{8}$ & $\hat{\phi}^s_m=\frac{3.18\pi}{8}$ \\
\cline{2-5} & \multirow{2}{*}{256}& s = 2 &  $\hat{\phi}^s_m=\frac{2.85\pi}{8}$ & $\hat{\phi}^s_m=\frac{2.88\pi}{8}$ \\
\cline{3-5} & & s = 3 & $\hat{\phi}^s_m=\frac{2.85\pi}{8}$ & $\hat{\phi}^s_m=\frac{2.88\pi}{8}$ \\
\cline{2-5} \hline
\end{tabular} }}
\end{table}
Consider the system model (\ref{e7}) in which $M$ users
synchronously send their bits to the receiver through their
channels. It is assumed that each user's information consists of
codes of length $N$. It is also assumd that the signal to noise
ratio (SNR) is 0dB. In this example there is no power-unbalanced or
channel loss is assumed. The step-size of the NLMS algorithm in
modified LMS-PPIC method is $\mu=0.1(1-\sqrt{\frac{M-1}{M}})$ and
the set of step-sizes of the parallel NLMS algorithms in modified
PLMS-PPIC method are
$\Theta=\{0.01,0.05,0.1,0.2,\cdots,1\}(1-\sqrt{\frac{M-1}{M}})$,
i.e. $\mu_1=0.01(1-\sqrt{\frac{M-1}{M}}),\cdots,
\mu_4=0.2(1-\sqrt{\frac{M-1}{M}}),\cdots,
\mu_{12}=(1-\sqrt{\frac{M-1}{M}})$. Figure~\ref{Figexp1NonCoh}
illustrates the bit error rate (BER) for the case of two stages and
for $N=64$ and $N=256$. Simulations also show that there is no
remarkable difference between results in two stage and three stage
scenarios. Table~\ref{tabex5} compares the average channel phase
estimate of the first user in each stage and over $10$ runs of
modified LMS-PPIC and PLMS-PPIC, when the the number of users is
$M=15$.
\end{example}

Although LMS-PPIC and PLMS-PPIC, as well as their modified versions,
are structured based on the assumption of no near-far problem
(examples \ref{ex3} and \ref{ex4}), these methods and especially the
second one have remarkable performance in the cases of unbalanced
and/or time varying channels.

\begin{example}{\it Unbalanced channels}:
\label{ex3}
\begin{table}
\caption{Channel phase estimate of the first user (example
\ref{ex3})} \label{tabex6} \centerline{{
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\multirow{6}{*}{\rotatebox{90}{$\phi_m=\frac{3\pi}{8},M=15~~$}} & N(Iteration) & Stage Number& NLMS & PNLMS  \\
&&&&\\
\cline{2-5} & \multirow{2}{*}{64}& s=2 &  $\hat{\phi}^s_m=\frac{2.45\pi}{8}$ & $\hat{\phi}^s_m=\frac{2.36\pi}{8}$ \\
\cline{3-5} & & s=3 & $\hat{\phi}^s_m=\frac{2.71\pi}{8}$ & $\hat{\phi}^s_m=\frac{2.80\pi}{8}$ \\
\cline{2-5} & \multirow{2}{*}{256}& s=2 &  $\hat{\phi}^s_m=\frac{3.09\pi}{8}$ & $\hat{\phi}^s_m=\frac{2.86\pi}{8}$ \\
\cline{3-5} & & s=3 & $\hat{\phi}^s_m=\frac{2.93\pi}{8}$ & $\hat{\phi}^s_m=\frac{3.01\pi}{8}$ \\
\cline{2-5} \hline
\end{tabular} }}
\end{table}
Consider example \ref{ex2} with power unbalanced and/or channel loss
in transmission system, i.e. the true model at stage $s$ is
\begin{equation}
\label{ve7} r(n)=\sum\limits_{m=1}^{M}\beta_m
w^s_m\alpha^{(s-1)}_m c_m(n)+v(n),
\end{equation}
where $0<\beta_m\leq 1$ for all $1\leq m \leq M$. Both the LMS-PPIC
and the PLMS-PPIC methods assume the model (\ref{e7}), and their
estimations are based on observations $\{r(n),X^s(n)\}$, instead of
$\{r(n),\mathbf{G}X^s(n)\}$, where the channel gain matrix is
$\mathbf{G}=\mbox{diag}(\beta_1,\beta_2,\cdots,\beta_m)$. In this
case we repeat example \ref{ex2}. We randomly get each element of
$G$ from $[0,0.3]$. Figure~\ref{Figexp2NonCoh} illustrates the BER
versus the number of users. Table~\ref{tabex6} compares the channel
phase estimate of the first user in each stage and over $10$ runs of
modified LMS-PPIC and modified PLMS-PPIC for $M=15$.
\end{example}

\begin{example}
\label{ex4} {\it Time varying channels}: Consider example \ref{ex2}
with time varying Rayleigh fading channels. In this case we assume
the maximum Doppler shift of $40$HZ, the three-tap
frequency-selective channel with delay vector of $\{2\times
10^{-6},2.5\times 10^{-6},3\times 10^{-6}\}$sec and gain vector of
$\{-5,-3,-10\}$dB. Figure~\ref{Figexp3NonCoh} shows the average BER
over all users versus $M$ and using two stages.
\end{example}

\section{Conclusion}\label{S6}

In this paper, parallel interference cancelation using adaptive
multistage structure and employing a set of NLMS algorithms with
different step-sizes is proposed, when just the quarter of the
channel phase of each user is known. In fact, the algorithm has been
proposed for coherent transmission with full information on channel
phases in \cite{cohpaper}. This paper is a modification on the
previously proposed algorithm. Simulation results show that the new
method has a remarkable performance for different scenarios
including Rayleigh fading channels even if the channel is
unbalanced.

Answer: The normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithm.


Input: What is the scaling form for the alternative order parameter O?

Context:
\section*{Dynamical Behaviour of $O$ in Lattice Gases}

The dynamical behaviour of the anisotropic order parameter  $m$ [see Eq.~\eqref{eq:def-m} in the Letter] following a quench to the critical point is well described by
the Gaussian theory for all the three lattice gas models studied, $i.e.,$ driven lattice gas with either constant (IDLG) or random (RDLG) infinite drive and equilibrium lattice gas (LG). In other words, in the short-time regime, $m \sim t^{1/2}$ [see Eq. \eqref{eq:mt}] and the Binder cumulant $g$ of the lowest transverse mode [defined in Eq. \eqref{eq:binder}] is zero in this regime. The alternative order parameter $O,$ however, distinguishes between the driven (IDLG, RDLG) and the equilibrium (LG) lattice gases.

In order to understand  this, we first write the phenomenological scaling form for $O$,  analogous to Eq. \eqref{eq:scalingass} in  the Letter,
\begin{eqnarray}
O (t, L_{\parallel} ; S_\Delta) = L_{\parallel}^{-\beta/[\nu(1+\Delta)]} \tilde f_O (t/L_{\parallel}^{z/(1+\Delta)} ; S_\Delta).\quad
\label{eq:Oscalingass}
\end{eqnarray}
We already remarked that, in the LG, this scaling form is not compatible with the prediction $O \sim t^{1/8}  L_{\parallel}^{-1/2}$ of the Gaussian theory.  However, following Ref. \cite{AS2002}, it can be argued that, at short times, the only dependence of $O$ on the system size $L_{\parallel}$ is of the form $O \sim L_\parallel^{-1/2}$ which is very well confirmed by numerical simulations. Accordingly,  the generic behaviour of $O$ can be assumed to be
\begin{eqnarray}
O \sim t^{\alpha} L_\parallel^{-1/2}, \label{eq:O}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\alpha$ is a phenomenological exponent to be determined. This, along with Eq. \eqref{eq:Oscalingass}, implies $\tilde f_O(x) \sim x^{\alpha}.$ Comparing the finite-size behaviour in Eq.~\eqref{eq:O} with Eq.~\eqref{eq:Oscalingass} one actually infers,
\begin{eqnarray}
\alpha &=& \frac{1+ \Delta -2 \beta/\nu}{2 \, (4- \eta)}. \label{eq:alpha}
\end{eqnarray}
This equation, together with the hyperscaling relation $\Delta - 2 \beta/\nu= - \eta$ in two spatial dimensions, shows that the prediction $\alpha = 1/8$ of the Gaussian theory [see Eq. \eqref{eq:Ot}] can be obtained only when $\eta=0,$ which is the case for the IDLG (exactly) and the RDLG (approximately) but not for the LG.

On the other hand,  Eq.~\eqref{eq:alpha} predicts $\alpha = 1/10$ upon substituting the values of the critical exponents corresponding to the Ising  universality class (LG). This is consistent with the numerical simulation results presented in the main text, see Fig. \ref{fig:ising}(b) therein.

\begin{figure}[th]
\vspace*{0.2 cm}
 \centering
 \includegraphics[width=10 cm]{./compare_binder.pdf}

\caption{Comparison between the temporal evolution of the Binder cumulants $g$ corresponding to the $12^{th}$ transverse mode, $i.e.,$ with $n_\perp =12,$ in the LG (lowest curve), IDLG and RDLG (two upper curves) on a $32 \times 32$ lattice. \label{fig:b}}
 \label{fig:binder}
\end{figure}

The emergence of this new value $1/10$ of the exponent $\alpha$ must be traced back to the non-Gaussian nature of higher fluctuating modes in the LG. In fact, even though the lowest mode behaves identically in all the three models we considered,  characterized by the same behaviour of $m$, higher modes show a significant difference in the non-driven case.

To illustrate this, we measured the Binder cumulants of higher modes which is defined  analogously to Eq.~(11), using transverse modes other than the first, i.e., with $\mu=\tilde \sigma(0,2 \pi n_\bot/L_\bot)$ and $n_\bot>1.$
 Figure \ref{fig:b} compares the same for all the three lattice gases for the mode with $n_\perp =12$ on a $32 \times 32$ lattice. Clearly, the curve corresponding to the LG (lowest, blue) departs from Gaussian behaviour $g=0$ (in practice, $e.g.,$ $|g| \lesssim 0.005,$ corresponding to the shaded gray area) much earlier than it does for the IDLG  or RDLG (two upper curves, red and green respectively).

Accordingly, the different dynamical behaviour of $O$, which involves a sum over all modes, can be attributed to the non-Gaussian nature of the higher modes in the LG.
Such a departure is not entirely surprising. In fact, for higher modes, mesoscopic descriptions such as the ones in Eqs. \eqref{eq:L-DLG} or \eqref{eq:g_evol} are not expected to hold, while the anisotropy at the microscopic level could be the mechanism leading to the Gaussianity of higher modes in the driven models.

Answer: O(t, L_{\parallel}; S_\Delta) = L_{\parallel}^{-\beta/[\nu(1+\Delta)]} \tilde f_O(t/L_{\parallel}^{z/(1+\Delta)}; S_\Delta).


Input: Which air unit did Goodwin command during the initial landings of Marines on Saipan?

Context:
Hugh Hilton Goodwin (December 21, 1900 – February 25, 1980) was a decorated officer in the United States Navy with the rank of Vice Admiral. A veteran of both World Wars, he commanded escort carrier  during the Mariana Islands campaign. Goodwin then served consecutively as Chief of Staff, Carrier Strike Group 6 and as Air Officer, Philippine Sea Frontier and participated in the Philippines campaign in the later part of the War.

Following the War, he remained in the Navy and rose to the flag rank and held several important commands including Vice Commander, Military Air Transport Service, Commander, Carrier Division Two and Commander, Naval Air Forces, Continental Air Defense Command.

Early life and career

Hugh H. Goodwin was born on December 21, 1900, in Monroe, Louisiana and attended Monroe High School there (now Neville High School). Following the United States' entry into World War I in April 1917, Goodwin left the school without receiving the diploma in order to see some combat and enlisted the United States Navy on May 7, 1917. He completed basic training and was assigned to the battleship . Goodwin participated in the training of armed guard crews and engine room personnel as the Atlantic Fleet prepared to go to war and in November 1917, he sailed with the rest of Battleship Division 9, bound for Britain to reinforce the Grand Fleet in the North Sea.

Although he did not complete the last year of high school, Goodwin was able to earn an appointment to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland in June 1918. While at the academy, he earned a nickname "Huge" and among his classmates were several future admirals and generals including: Hyman G. Rickover, Milton E. Miles, Robert E. Blick Jr., Herbert S. Duckworth, Clayton C. Jerome, James P. Riseley, James A. Stuart, Frank Peak Akers, Sherman Clark, Raymond P. Coffman, Delbert S. Cornwell, Frederick J. Eckhoff, Ralph B. DeWitt, John Higgins, Vernon Huber, Albert K. Morehouse, Harold F. Pullen, Michael J. Malanaphy, William S. Parsons, Harold R. Stevens, John P. Whitney, Lyman G. Miller and George J. O'Shea.

Goodwin graduated with Bachelor of Science degree on June 3, 1922, and was commissioned Ensign in the United States Navy. He was subsequently assigned to the battleship  and took part in the voyage to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, before he was ordered to the Naval Torpedo Station at Newport, Rhode Island for submarine instruction in June 1923. Goodwin completed the training several weeks later and was attached to the submarine . He then continued his further training aboard submarine  and following his promotion to Lieutenant (junior grade) on June 3, 1925, he qualified as submariner.

He then served aboard submarine  off the coast of California, before he was ordered for the recruiting duty to San Francisco in September 1927. While in this capacity, Goodwin applied for naval aviation training which was ultimately approved and he was ordered to the Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida in August 1928. Toward the end of the training, he was promoted to lieutenant on December 11, 1928, and upon the completion of the training in January 1929, he was designated Naval aviator.

Goodwin was subsequently attached to the Observation Squadron aboard the aircraft carrier  and participated in the Fleet exercises in the Caribbean. He was transferred to the Bureau of Aeronautics in Washington, D.C. in August 1931 and served consecutively under the architect of naval aviation William A. Moffett and future Chief of Naval Operations Ernest J. King.

In June 1933, Goodwin was ordered to the Naval War College at Newport, Rhode Island, where he completed junior course in May of the following year. He subsequently joined the crew of aircraft carrier  and served under Captain Arthur B. Cook and took part in the Fleet exercises in the Caribbean and off the East Coast of the United States.

He was ordered back to the Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida in June 1936 and was attached to the staff of the Base Commandant, then-Captain Charles A. Blakely. When Blakely was succeeded by William F. Halsey in June 1937, Goodwin remained in Halsey's staff and was promoted to Lieutenant Commander on December 1, 1937. He also completed correspondence course in International law at the Naval War College.

Goodwin was appointed Commanding officer of the Observation Squadron 1 in June 1938 and attached to the battleship  he took part in the patrolling of the Pacific and
West Coast of the United States until September 1938, when he assumed command of the Observation Squadron 2 attached to the battleship .

When his old superior from Lexington, now Rear Admiral Arthur B. Cook, was appointed Commander Aircraft, Scouting Force in June 1939, he requested Goodwin as his Aide and Flag Secretary. He became Admiral Cook's protégé and after year and half of service in the Pacific, he continued as his Aide and Flag Secretary, when Cook was appointed Commander Aircraft, Atlantic Fleet in November 1940.

World War II

Following the United States' entry into World War II, Goodwin was promoted to the temporary rank of Commander on January 1, 1942, and assumed duty as advisor to the Argentine Navy. His promotion was made permanent two months later and he returned to the United States in early 1943 for duty as assistant director of Planning in the Bureau of Aeronautics under Rear admiral John S. McCain. While still in Argentina, Goodwin was promoted to the temporary rank of Captain on June 21, 1942.

By the end of December 1943, Goodwin was ordered to Astoria, Oregon, where he assumed command of newly commissioned escort carrier USS Gambier Bay. He was responsible for the initial training of the crew and was known as a strict disciplinarian, but the crew appreciated the skills he taught them that prepared them for combat. Goodwin insisted that everyone aboard has to do every job right every time and made us fight our ship at her best.

During the first half of 1944, Gambier Bay was tasked with ferrying aircraft for repairs and qualified carrier pilots from San Diego to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, before departed on May 1, 1944, to join Rear admiral Harold B. Sallada's Carrier Support Group 2, staging in the Marshalls for the invasion of the Marianas.

The air unit, VC-10 Squadron, under Goodwin's command gave close air support to the initial landings of Marines on Saipan on June 15, 1944, destroying enemy gun emplacements, troops, tanks, and trucks. On the 17th, her combat air patrol (CAP) shot down or turned back all but a handful of 47 enemy planes headed for her task group and her gunners shot down two of the three planes that did break through to attack her.

Goodwin's carrier continued in providing of close ground support operations at Tinian during the end of July 1944, then turned her attention to Guam, where she gave identical aid to invading troops until mid-August that year. For his service during the Mariana Islands campaign, Goodwin was decorated with Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V".

He was succeeded by Captain Walter V. R. Vieweg on August 18, 1944, and appointed Chief of Staff, Carrier Division Six under Rear admiral Arthur W. Radford. The Gambier Bay was sunk in the Battle off Samar on October 25, 1944, during the Battle of Leyte Gulf after helping turn back a much larger attacking Japanese surface force.

Goodwin served with Carrier Division Six during the Bonin Islands raids, the naval operations at Palau and took part in the Battle of Leyte Gulf and operations supporting Leyte landings in late 1944. He was later appointed Air Officer of the Philippine Sea Frontier under Rear admiral James L. Kauffman and remained with that command until the end of hostilities. For his service in the later part of World War II, Goodwin was decorated with Legion of Merit with Combat "V". He was also entitled to wear two Navy Presidential Unit Citations and Navy Unit Commendation.

Postwar service

Following the surrender of Japan, Goodwin assumed command of Light aircraft carrier  on August 24, 1945. The ship was tasked with air missions over Japan became mercy flights over Allied prisoner-of-war camps, dropping food and medicine until the men could be rescued. She was also present at Tokyo Bay for the Japanese surrender on September 2, 1945.

Goodwin returned with San Jacinto to the United States in mid-September 1945 and he was detached in January 1946. He subsequently served in the office of the Chief of Naval Operations until May that year, when he entered the instruction at National War College. Goodwin graduated in June 1947 and served on Secretary's committee for Research on Reorganization. Upon promotion to Rear admiral on April 1, 1949, Goodwin was appointed Chief of Staff and Aide to Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet under Admiral William H. P. Blandy.

Revolt of the Admirals

In April 1949, the budget's cuts and proposed reorganization of the United States Armed Forces by the Secretary of Defense Louis A. Johnson launched the wave of discontent between senior commanders in the United States Navy. Johnson proposed the merging of the Marine Corps into the Army, and reduce the Navy to a convoy-escort force.

Goodwin's superior officer, Admiral Blandy was call to testify before the House Committee on Armed Services and his harsh statements for the defense of the Navy, costed him his career. Goodwin shared his views and openly criticized Secretary Johnson for having power concentrated in a single civilian executive, who is an appointee of the Government and not an elected representative of the people. He also criticized aspects of defense unification which permitted the Joint Chiefs of Staff to vote on arms policies of individual services, and thus "rob" the branches of autonomy.

The outbreak of the Korean War in summer 1950 proved the proposal of Secretary Johnson as incorrect and he resigned in September that year. Also Secretary of the Navy, Francis P. Matthews resigned one month earlier.

Later service

Due to the Revolts of the admirals, Blandy was forced to retire in February 1950 and Goodwin was ordered to Newport, Rhode Island for temporary duty as Chief of Staff and Aide to the President of the Naval War College under Vice admiral Donald B. Beary in April 1950. Goodwin was detached from that assignment two months and appointed member of the General Board of the Navy. He was shortly thereafter appointed acting Navy Chief of Public Information, as the substitute for Rear Admiral Russell S. Berkey, who was relieved of illness, but returned to the General Board of the Navy in July that year. Goodwin served in that capacity until February 1951, when he relieved his Academy class, Rear admiral John P. Whitney as Vice Commander, Military Air Transport Service (MATS).

While in this capacity, Goodwin served under Lieutenant general Laurence S. Kuter and was co-responsible for the logistical support of United Nations troops fighting in Korea. The MATS operated from the United States to Japan and Goodwin served in this capacity until August 1953, when he was appointed Commander Carrier Division Two. While in this assignment, he took part in the Operation Mariner, Joint Anglo-American exercise which encountered very heavy seas over a two-week period in fall 1953.

Goodwin was ordered to the Philippines in May 1954 and assumed duty as Commander, U.S. Naval Forces in the Philippines with headquarters at Naval Station Sangley Point near Cavite. He held that command in the period of tensions between Taiwan and China and publicly declared shortly after his arrival, that any attack on Taiwan by the Chinese Communists on the mainland would result in US participation in the conflict. The naval fighter planes under his command also provided escort for passing commercial planes. Goodwin worked together with retired Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, then-Ambassador to the Philippines, and accompanied him during the visits to Singapore, Bangkok and Saigon in January 1955.

On December 18, 1955, Goodwin's classmate Rear admiral Albert K. Morehouse, then serving as Commander, Naval Air Forces, Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD), died of heart attack and Goodwin was ordered to CONAD headquarters in Colorado Springs, Colorado to assume Morehouse's position. While in this capacity, he was subordinated to Army General Earle E. Partridge and was responsible for the Naval and Marine Forces allocated to the command designated for the defense of the Continental United States.

Retirement

Goodwin retired on June 1, 1957, after 40 years of active service and was advanced to the rank of Vice admiral on the retired list for having been specially commended in combat. A week later, he was invited back to his Monroe High School (now Neville High School) and handed a diploma showing that he had been graduated with the class of 1918. He then settled in Monterey, California where he taught American history at Stevenson school and was a member of the Naval Order of the United States.

Vice admiral Hugh H. Goodwin died at his home on February 25, 1980, aged 79. He was survived by his wife, Eleanor with whom he had two children, a daughter Sidney and a son Hugh Jr., who graduated from the Naval Academy in June 1948, but died one year later, when the Hellcat fighter he was piloting collided with another over the Gulf of Mexico during training.

Decorations

Here is the ribbon bar of Vice admiral Hugh H. Goodwin:

References

1900 births
1980 deaths
People from Monroe, Louisiana
Military personnel from Louisiana
United States Naval Academy alumni
Naval War College alumni
United States Naval Aviators
United States Navy personnel of World War I
United States Navy World War II admirals
United States Navy vice admirals
United States submarine commanders
Recipients of the Legion of Merit

Answer: VC-10 Squadron.


Input: Who compiled the 88-page letter to the HHS regarding vaccine safety?

Context:
A special tribute to Del Bigtree (pictured) and his team at ICAN for his stunning 88 page letter to the HHS regarding vaccine safety. As Del reported - in the latest edition of Highwire - the letter, in response to an earlier reply from the then acting Director National Vaccine Program Office, Melinda Wharton, took virtually a year to compile, and is a meticulous piece of research. Most sensationally they researched the HHS claim through US government archives that at least some pediatric vaccines had been trialed against genuine placebo, and came to a negative conclusion. Not only that, they established that none of the vaccines those vaccines had been trialed against had ever been trialed against genuine placebo either. At the end of the line the toxic products were only being compared with other toxic products, rather than against saline.
Leave aside the sceptics, for any believer in the vaccine program as a necessary intervention in public health, this should be a devastating finding. Fundamentally, the research into the safety of any of the products before marketing was simply not there. The manufacturers apparently had no faith that their proto-products could withstand this scrutiny, and for the rest they just did not care: under the alleged imperative of protecting the population it seems anything went. So even before all the sham monitoring procedures and reviews which Del and his team dismantle in forensic detail we are left with the proposition that none of the present products being given to US children – and frequently other children across most of the developed world – have any meaningful pre-marketing safety data all. If you are believer in the program you have been let down: if you wanted a program with any pretensions to safety - supposing such a thing to be possible - it looks like you would have to start from scratch. The manufacturers did this: the governments, the politicians and the regulators (internationally) let it happen.
This damning document is published simultaneously with a demand in the UK from the Royal Society for Public Health (which I had never heard of) to shut down comment about vaccines on the web. It echoes calls from Seth Berkley of GAVI, Heidi Larson of the Vaccine Confidence Project and the European Parliament. The pamphlet airily dismisses concerns that vaccines have side effects or that you could possibly have too many. It is pure public relations, and if the RSPH claims to be "independent" it also admits that the publication was paid for by Merck, a detail which was reported by British Medical Journal and the Guardian, but not true to form by the BBC. We have, in truth, been building to this moment for two decades: as the evidence piles up that every single aspect of the program lacks integrity or is simply rotten to the core all the perpetrators can do is call for the silencing of their critics, and maintain the products are safe because they say so.
Please help give the ICAN letter the widest possible distribution, particularly to politicians.
"The outcome of disease always depends both on the virulence of the pathogen and the health of the individual immune system."
Nope. This makes no sense. Lots of people who seemed vibrant will get a very severe case of the same illness that a vulnerable baby overcomes in a day.
And under the germ theory it doesn't matter how strong your immune system *was*. Once it's been overcome by the pathogen it is every bit as weak as anybody else's with that pathogen.
What you say makes no sense. There's no reason for me to reply to you again.
"Why do you think that within a few years (not many) of the introduction of the vaccines for them, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, tetanus, diphtheria, Hib disease, and chickenpox (and others) almost entirely disappeared?"
Why do you keep asking this question when I've already provided the answer hundreds of times? Why are you so desperate to believe the people who you already recognize are harming our children?
Why would Walter Reed be any more trustworthy than Paul Offit or Senator Pan? Why would Jenner or Pasteur?
And you went no way to explaining my arguments against germ theory. If we are attacked by billions of viruses every day then if even a tiny fraction of them are pathogenic then we couldn't possibly survive. And even if we could, we would already be immune rendering every vaccine pointless. Once we had survived our first few days on earth, then we could never get sick again.
If that's wrong then we must conclude that precisely 0% of germs are pathogenic.
Plus your comment about the immune system completely misunderstood my point. The immune system does not allow us to overcome our math problem. In fact, it makes it worse.
You did provide one solitary example of a patient with what are presumably yellow fever symptoms but you didn't say whether they had been given any toxic medical treatments.
And like I said before, the whole "incubation period" is more than a little suspicious. Clearly they never found what they thought they would and just rigged the results to tell them what they want to hear.
Like every other germ theorist/vaccine promoter in history.
Many kinds of bacteria are constantly evolving and changing, like flu viruses. Others are more stable over time, like the yellow fever virus. Those that change develop new ways of infiltrating the cells of the organism being attacked (from our point of view, from its unconscious point of view, it's just carrying out its need to replicate, which it can only do inside the cells of its host). The changes which allow it to better infiltrate are more successful and result in more viruses with those traits.
Our immune system is designed to detect and destroy potentially dangerous invading pathogens. Many bacteria are usually harmless and absolutely necessary. The minority are dangerous, and most people's immune systems do a good job of analyzing them and killing them, often with no signs of disease. Others experience a clinical infection, and the immune system usually mounts a successful attack on them.
The outcome of disease always depends both on the virulence of the pathogen and the health of the individual immune system. Vaccines are usually effective in giving immunity to the targeted diseases. They also have many dangers which everyone should be aware of, and vaccines should be avoided whenever possible. But in the case of the most dangerous diseases, everyone should learn about them and think about what he wants to do to protect himself and his children from them, considering all the factors involved. And no one can have 100% certainty that he has made the right decision, but that's life. But if you live in the Congo and many people around you are currently dying of yellow fever, then that means that you yourself are at risk of being bitten by a loaded mosquito and getting, often dying, of yellow fever. The yellow fever vaccine is very effective at preventing yellow fever. From there, each person must make a choice.
At the end of this stage there is a remission of two or three days. About 80% of those with clinical disease recover at this point, with permanent immunity. The other 20% enter the toxic stage, with a return of the fever, black vomit (coffee-ground emesis), diarrhea, a slowing of the pulse (Faget's sign), jaundice, yellow eyes, yellow skin, and failure of the kidneys, liver, and heart. The patient gets a strange hiccup (like with Ebola, a related disease), falls into a coma, and dies. About half of those patients who enter the toxic stage dies, even now, even with the best of hospital care. The Faget's sign can also occur at the end of the first stage.
You asked specifically about the symptoms of the Americans on Dr. Reed's team who got yellow fever in Cuba in 1900. I'll give the passage from The American Plague (162-5), which describes the course of Jesse Lazear's illness. "In his logbook, Lazear wrote an unusual entry on September 13. In all cases before those, page after page of records, Lazear had used the soldier's name and simply the date he was bitten, with no other attention to the mosquito. A one-line entry with a name and a date. On that day, however, in his elegant hand, Lazear did not write the soldier's name, but instead wrote 'Guinea Pig No. 1.' He went on to write that this guinea pig had been bitten by a mosquito that developed from an egg laid by a mosquito that developed from an egg laid by a mosquito that fed on a number of yellow fever cases: Suarez, Hernández, De Long, Ferández. It was a precise, detailed history that proved beyond doubt that the mosquito was loaded with the virus when it bit a healthy soldier...(If he had entered his name, then his death would have been considered medical suicide by the insurance company, and his wife and two children would not have gotten any payment.) For the next few days, Lazear's life continued much as it had over the last few months in Cuba. He fed and cared for the mosquitoes in the lab. ..Then he began to lose his appetite. He skipped a few meals in the mess hall. He didn't mention it to anyone, nor did he ask to see one of the yellow fever doctors; instead, he worked hard in the lab trying to ignore the oncoming headache.
"On September 18, he complained of feeling 'out of sorts,' and stayed in his officer's quarters. His head pounded and L. decided to write a letter. ..(he wrote to his mother, and referred to his one-year old son Houston and the baby his wife Mabel was about to have: they were staying with his mother in the US). ..That night, L. started to feel chilled as the fever came on. He never went to sleep but worked at his desk all through the night, trying to get all the information about the mosquitoes organized. By morning, he showed all the signs of a severe attack of yellow fever. The camp doctors made the diagnosis, and L. agreed to go to the yellow fever ward. ..L. was carried by litter out of the two-room, white pine board house in which he had lived since he and Mabel first arrived in Cuba. ..(In the yellow fever ward, in a separate one-room building), Lena Warner (the immune nurse who had survived the yellow fever in 1878, when she was nine, and was found in her boarded-up house by a former slave who first thought she was dead, and carried her to safety) nursed J.L., recording his vitals. (I put up a link to his case record and vital signs last week. The surgeon general required that this record be made for every yellow fever patient.)... (On September 25,) Lena Warner braced L's arms with all of her weight, shouting for help. Still he bolted from the bed, darting around the small frame-wood room as wildly as a trapped insect beating against glass. Two soldiers ran into the ward, pinning L to his bed, tying restraints around his wrists and elbows. ..Warner sponged his body with iced whiskey and water. She recorded his temperature, which had held at 104 degrees for days, on the chart beside his bed. ..(Warner watched him sleep.) But the quiet did not last. L's body began to lurch, and black vomit rolled from his mouth; through the bar hanging above his hospital cot. He writhed in the bed, and his skin grew deep yellow. His 104 temperature slowly fell, leveling out 99 degrees, and JL died at 8:45 p.m. at the age of thirty-four."
As is obvious, there are many problems with vaccines. But, that being said, most of them usually work for a period of time to prevent the targeted diseases. The basic science behind vaccines is correct. Why do you think that within a few years (not many) of the introduction of the vaccines for them, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, tetanus, diphtheria, Hib disease, and chickenpox (and others) almost entirely disappeared? In the case of the routine childhood diseases, this was a bad thing, but it is a true thing.
Vaccines usually don't cause any obvious reactions. While they usually prevent the diseases, and that's why people continue to get them. With the increasing vaccination schedule, more and more are severely and permanently damaged, and it is immoral to mandate any vaccine for anyone for this reason. But it would also be immoral to prohibit vaccines for those who want them enough to take the risk.
Your article said as though it had any probative value that 90% of those who get pertussis had been vaxxed. The old DPT vaccine was MUCH more effective at preventing pertussis, but it was so dangerous (again, not to most, but to many), that developed countries replaced it with the acellular version, DTaP. From the beginning about twenty years ago, it was clear that it was not very effective and that huge numbers of vaxxed people got pertussis anyway, including my daughter who got pertussis at eight month old after having gotten three DTaPs. The pertussis vaccine continues to be very dangerous, and I do not recommend that anyone get it. It used to be a killer disease, but evolved to become much milder, to the extent that the disease is very rarely dangerous (usually only to newborns under three months old), while the vaccine is very dangerous. And they're trying to see how they can go back to the old DPT. This does not show that vaccine science has collapsed, but rather that the vaccine they developed to replace the DPT turned out to be much less effective than they first thought, while continuing to be much more dangerous than they first thought.
Your article extrapolated from that that modern medical science in general has collapsed, but that, again, is going too far. A older woman in Mexico City who is like my mother to me had a pacemaker inserted about two months ago to aid her failing heart, and it has restored her to optimism and energy, when she was despondent, weak, and close to death. I took my daughter to the dentist yesterday, who said she has three wisdom teeth coming in and that she said that the lower right one was sore. So, although I am cautious about X-rays, I made an appointment for a panoramic X-ray in a month to assess the wisdom teeth, and, if it seems appropriate, I'll take her to an oral surgeon to have one or more extracted under IV sedation, in his office, if possible (the dentist thought that it would be). And I am confident that there will be no serious problems, but this is thanks to technology and training in modern medicine that haven't been available for that long.
I think that everyone should inform himself on all medical procedures before agreeing to anything, but I also think that he should have access to any medical procedure which is reasonable (and opinions can differ as to that).
One problem is that you have not said how you think people should protect themselves against tetanus, bacterial meningitis, and yellow fever in the relevant cases, for example. These are diseases which healthy, well-nourished people used to die from very readily.
If most people stopped vaxxing and the mortality from these diseases rose to something like pre-vaccine levels, do you think they should just accept dying from them?
I put that in a separate paragraph because it is the crucial issue.
balinaheuchter Air Traffic Control You Tube - Colin Campbell example of - How to "Fudge a Nudge" -"Deal" or "No Deal" "Not in a month of Sundays" "No exceptions/no compromise?" -make a trade off -do an exception- everyone get's a good deal /good outcome!
Hans, you are right that we are looking at one of the biggest crimes in all history. When I read the story of that poor girl who was so healthy and is now confined to a wheelchair after getting her third Gardasil shot I could not believe that Merck could produce such a toxic vaccine and give it out to girls like it was something they absolutely had to have only to be mislead and made into cripples. Merck should be prosecuted for the damage they have done to so many girls who got the Gardasil vaccine and were physically debilitated for life. There is a place for the people who perpetrated this crime on young girls and women and it is called hell. They have destroyed people's lives and gotten away with it. My heart goes out to those who have suffered this damage for no damn good reason except to help make huge profits for Merck!
Here is the reason that the germ theory is nonsense.
1) Everyday we are bombarded with billions of germs. Presumably at least some of them are of the kind that germ theorists believe are dangerous (otherwise we would have to conclude that none of them are dangerous). So how do we survive?
2) Let's just say that we ignore 1 and imagine that, by way of magic, none of the billions of viruses we get bombarded with are pathogenic but all those that are are tucked away somewhere. Ok. But presumably they reside in sick people right? So where are there lots of sick people? Doctor offices and hospitals! So everybody must be dying the moment they enter these places right?
3) I love this one because I have never seen anybody else ever raise it. Under the germ theory there are no negative feedbacks. This makes a stable biological system by definition impossible. The immune system is *not* a negative feedback it is the opposite. It actually reinforces our math problem because the immune system will weaken as the number of pathogens increase.
There is no way of resolving this problem without a discontinuity. A Deus ex Machina as The Almighty Pill so beautifully put it. So the germ theory is quite literally, mathematically impossible.
There is as much chance of it being true as 2+2 = 5.
There are plenty of other massive problems with germ theory such as why did things like SARS and bird flu magically disappear? Why do we have the symptoms that we do? Is our body controlling the symptoms to help fight the germs and if so, why would suppressing the symptoms with antibiotics or Tamiflu be considered a good idea? If the virus is causing the symptoms then why would it cause these kinds of things?

Answer: Del Bigtree and his team at ICAN.