Access to pediatric trauma centres in Canada: a population-based retrospective cohort study
Year: 2025
Type: article
Language: en
Topic: Trauma and Emergency Care Studies
Authors and affiliations:
raw_author_name: Alexandra Lapierre
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Carmel Awlise
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Gabrielle Freire
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Natalie L. Yanchar
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Roger Zemek
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Marianne Beaudin
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Antonia Stang
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Matthew Weiss
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Sasha Carsen
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Isabelle Gagnon
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Brett Burstein
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Melanie Berube
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Thomas Stelfox
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Suzanne Beno
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Melanie Labrosse
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Emilie Beaulieu
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Simon Berthelot
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Terry Klassen
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Barbara Haas
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Bourke W. Tillmann
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Fran Priestap
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Neil Merritt
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe
raw_author_name: Lynne Moore
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Lapierre, Awlise, Moore), and Research Center CHU de Québec (Lapierre, Berube, Beaulieu, Berthelot, Moore), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Freire), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program (Freire), Peter Gilgan Institute for Research and Learning, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Surgery, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Yanchar), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Zemek), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Pediatric Surgery (Beaudin), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine, and Community Health Sciences (Stang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Pediatrics (Weiss, Beaulieu, Berthelot), Université Laval, Québe