Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma ( <scp>ARIA</scp> )‐ <scp>EAACI</scp> Guidelines—2024–2025 Revision: Part I—Guidelines on Intranasal Treatments
Year: 2025
Type: article
Language: en
Topic: Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
Authors and affiliations:
raw_author_name: Bernardo Sousa‐Pinto
raw_affiliation_strings: CINTESIS@RISE—Health Research Network, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto  Porto Portugal
MEDCIDS—Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto  Porto Portugal
raw_author_name: Jean Bousquet
raw_affiliation_strings: ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma)  Montpellier France
Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology  Berlin Germany
Institute of Allergology Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität Zu Berlin  Berlin Germany
ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma), Montpellier, France
Institute of Allergology Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität Zu Berlin Berlin Germany
raw_author_name: Rafael José Vieira
raw_affiliation_strings: CINTESIS@RISE—Health Research Network, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto  Porto Portugal
MEDCIDS—Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto  Porto Portugal
raw_author_name: Holger J. Schünemann
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Biomedical Science Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele  Milan Italy
Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact &amp; Department of Medicine McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada
Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology  Berlin Germany
Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
raw_author_name: Torsten Zuberbier
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact &amp; Department of Medicine McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada
Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology  Berlin Germany
Institute of Allergology Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität Zu Berlin  Berlin Germany
Institute of Allergology Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität Zu Berlin Berlin Germany
Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
raw_author_name: Antonio Bognanni
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Biomedical Science Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele  Milan Italy
Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact &amp; Department of Medicine McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada
Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
raw_author_name: Alkis Togias
raw_affiliation_strings: Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH  Bethesda Maryland USA
Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
raw_author_name: Boleslaw Samolinski
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards, Allergology and Immunology Medical University of Warsaw  Warsaw Poland
Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards, Allergology and Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
raw_author_name: Arunas Valiulis
raw_affiliation_strings: Clinic of Asthma, Allergy and Chronic Lung Diseases  Vilnius Lithuania
Institute of Clinical Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences Medical Faculty of Vilnius University  Vilnius Lithuania
Institute of Clinical Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
Clinic of Asthma, Allergy and Chronic Lung Diseases, Vilnius, Lithuania
raw_author_name: Sian Williams
raw_affiliation_strings: International Primary Care Respiratory Group IPCRG  Edinburgh UK
International Primary Care Respiratory Group IPCRG, Edinburgh, UK
raw_author_name: Anna Bedbrook
raw_affiliation_strings: ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma)  Montpellier France
ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma), Montpellier, France
raw_author_name: Wienczyslawa Czarlewski
raw_affiliation_strings: ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma)  Montpellier France
Medical Consulting Czarlewski  Levallois France
Medical Consulting Czarlewski, Levallois, France
raw_author_name: Maria Jose Torres
raw_affiliation_strings: Allergy Unit Málaga Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Malaga University, ARADyAL  Malaga Spain
raw_author_name: Mohamed H. Shamji
raw_affiliation_strings: Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group and Allergy and Clinical Immunology Imperial College London  London UK
Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group and Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Imperial College London, London, UK
raw_author_name: Mário Morais‐Almeida
raw_affiliation_strings: Allergy Center CUF Descobertas Hospital  Lisbon Portugal
Allergy Center, CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
raw_author_name: G. Walter Canonica
raw_affiliation_strings: Asthma &amp; Allergy Unit IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano  Milan Italy
Department of Biomedical Science Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele  Milan Italy
Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
Asthma &amp; Allergy Unit IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano Milan Italy
raw_author_name: Leticia de las Vecillas
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Allergy Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ)  Madrid Spain
Department of Allergy, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
raw_author_name: Mark S. Dykewicz
raw_affiliation_strings: Section of Allergy and Immunology Saint Louis University School of Medicine  Saint Louis Missouri USA
Section of Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
raw_author_name: Cristina Jacomelli
raw_affiliation_strings: “Respiriamo Insieme” Association, Asthma &amp; Allergy Center  Padova Italy
“Respiriamo Insieme” Association, Asthma &amp; Allergy Center Padova Italy
raw_author_name: Ludger Klimek
raw_affiliation_strings: Center for Rhinology and Allergology Allergology &amp; Rhinology Department  Wiesbaden Germany
Department of Otolaryngology, Head &amp; Neck Surgery Universitätsmedizin Mainz  Mainz Germany
Department of Otolaryngology, Head &amp; Neck Surgery Universitätsmedizin Mainz Mainz Germany
raw_author_name: Lucas Leemann
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Political Science University of Zürich  Zürich Switzerland
raw_author_name: Olga Lourenço
raw_affiliation_strings: RISE‐Health, Department of Medical Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior  Covilhã Portugal
raw_author_name: Yuliia Palamarchuk
raw_affiliation_strings: Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) Atmospheric Composition Research  Helsinki Finland
Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Atmospheric Composition Research, Helsinki, Finland
raw_author_name: Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos
raw_affiliation_strings: Allergy Department 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens  Athens Greece
Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
raw_author_name: Ana Margarida Pereira
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MEDCIDS—Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto  Porto Portugal
PaCeIT—Patient Centered Innovation and Technologies, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine University of Porto  Porto Portugal
MEDCIDS—Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal
raw_author_name: Marine Savouré
raw_affiliation_strings: Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal)  Barcelona Spain
CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)  Barcelona Spain
Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)  Barcelona Spain
Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
raw_author_name: Sanna K. Toppila‐Salmi
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Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Eastern Finland and the North Savo Wellbeing Services County  Kuopio Finland
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Eastern Finland and the North Savo Wellbeing Services County, Kuopio, Finland
Department of Allergy, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Inflammation Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
raw_author_name: Maria Teresa Ventura
raw_affiliation_strings: Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council (ISPA‐CNR)  Bari Italy
University of Bari Medical School  Bari Italy
University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (ISPA-CNR), Bari, Italy
raw_author_name: Juan José Yepes‐Nuñez
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School of Medicine Universidad de los Andes  Bogotá D. C. Colombia
raw_author_name: Alvaro A. Cruz
raw_affiliation_strings: Fundacao ProAR and (Faculdade de Medicina da) Universidade Federal da Bahia  Salvador Bahia Brazil
Fundacao ProAR and (Faculdade de Medicina da), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
raw_author_name: Giorgio Ciprandi
raw_affiliation_strings: Casa di Cura Villa Montallegro Allergology Department  Genova Italy
Casa di Cura Villa Montallegro, Allergology Department, Genova, Italy
raw_author_name: Bilun Gemicioglu
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Institute of Pulmonology and Tuberculosis Istanbul University‐Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine  Istanbul Turkey
raw_author_name: Mattia Giovannini
raw_affiliation_strings: Allergy Unit Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS  Florence Italy
Department of Health Sciences University of Florence  Florence Italy
Allergy Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
raw_author_name: Brigita Gradauskiene
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Immunology and Allergology Lithuanian University of Health Sciences  Kaunas Lithuania
Department of Immunology and Allergology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
raw_author_name: Tuomas Jartti
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine University of Turku, Turku University Hospital  Turku Finland
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
raw_author_name: Miloš Jeseňák
raw_affiliation_strings: Comenius University  Bratislava Slovakia
Institute of Clinical Immunology and Medical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pulmonology and Phthisiology Jessenius Faculty of Medicine  Martin Slovakia
University Teaching Hospital Martin  Martin Slovakia
Institute of Clinical Immunology and Medical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pulmonology and Phthisiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Martin, Slovakia
University Teaching Hospital Martin, Martin, Slovakia
raw_author_name: Piotr Kuna
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Division of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
raw_author_name: Violeta Kvedariene
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Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Chest Diseases and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine Vilnius University  Vilnius Lithuania
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Chest Diseases and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
raw_author_name: Désirée E. Larenas‐Linnemann
raw_affiliation_strings: Center of Excellence in Asthma and Allergy Médica Sur Clinical Foundation and Hospital  México City Mexico
raw_author_name: Amir HA Latiff
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Allergy &amp; Immunology Centre Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
raw_author_name: Yousser Mohammad
raw_affiliation_strings: Al‐Sham Private University Pharmacy Department  Damascus Syria
National Center for Research in Chronic Respiratory Diseases, Collaborating With WHO—EMRO Tishreen University School of Medicine  Latakia Syria
National Center for Research in Chronic Respiratory Diseases, Collaborating With WHO—EMRO Tishreen University School of Medicine Latakia Syria
raw_author_name: Ken Ohta
raw_affiliation_strings: Japan Antituberculosis Association (JATA) Fukujuji Hospital  Tokyo Japan
Japan Antituberculosis Association (JATA), Fukujuji Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
raw_author_name: Padukudru A. Mahesh
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Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSSAHER Mysuru, Mysore, Karnataka, India
raw_author_name: Isabella Pali‐Schöll
raw_affiliation_strings: Departement of Biological Sciences and Pathophysiology University of Veterinary Medicine  Vienna Austria
Departement of Biological Sciences and Pathophysiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
raw_author_name: Oliver Pfaar
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raw_author_name: Frederico S. Regateiro
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Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal
Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal
UBIAir—Clinical &amp; Experimental Lung Centre and CICS‐UBI Health Sciences Research Centre University of Beira Interior  Covilhã Portugal
Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
raw_author_name: Nicolas Roche
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Pneumologie AP‐HP Centre Université de Paris Cité, Hôpital Cochin  Paris France
UMR 1016 Institut Cochin  Paris France
Pneumologie AP‐HP Centre Université de Paris Cité, Hôpital Cochin Paris France
raw_author_name: Luís Taborda‐Barata
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Immunoallergology Cova da Beira University Hospital Centre  Covilhã Portugal
UBIAir—Clinical &amp; Experimental Lung Centre and CICS‐UBI Health Sciences Research Centre University of Beira Interior  Covilhã Portugal
raw_author_name: Charlotte Suppli Ulrik
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Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark
Department of Respiratory Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
raw_author_name: Marylin Valentin Rostan
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raw_author_name: Giovanni Viegi
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Pulmonary Environmental Epidemiology Unit, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
raw_author_name: Luo Zhang
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Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
raw_author_name: Tari Haahtela
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Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
raw_author_name: Ivan Cherrez‐Ojeda
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Universidad Espíritu Santo  Samborondón Ecuador
Department of Allergology & Pulmonology, Respiralab Research Group, Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador
raw_author_name: Juan Carlos Ivancevich
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Servicio de Alergia e Immunologia, Clinica Santa Isabel, Buenos Aires, Argentina
raw_author_name: Nikolai Khaltaev
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Global NCD Platform, Geneva, Switzerland
raw_author_name: Arzu Yorgancioglu
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Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey
raw_author_name: Baharudin Abdullah
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raw_author_name: Mona Al‐Ahmad
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Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
raw_author_name: Maryam Ali Al‐Nesf
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raw_author_name: Rita Amaral
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Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences Porto Health School, Polytechnic Institute of Porto  Porto Portugal
Department of Women's and Children's Health, Paediatric Research Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden
MEDCIDS—Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto  Porto Portugal
Department of Women's and Children's Health, Paediatric Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
MEDCIDS—Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal
raw_author_name: Julijana Asllani
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Internal Medicine University of Medicine  Tirana Albania
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine, Tirana, Albania
raw_author_name: Karl‐C Bergmann
raw_affiliation_strings: Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology  Berlin Germany
Institute of Allergology Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität Zu Berlin  Berlin Germany
Institute of Allergology Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität Zu Berlin Berlin Germany
raw_author_name: Jonathan A. Bernstein
raw_affiliation_strings: Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine University of Cincinnati College of Medicine  Cincinnati Ohio USA
Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
raw_author_name: Michael S. Blaiss
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Pediatrics Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University  Augusta Georgia USA
Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
raw_author_name: Fulvio Braido
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI) University of Genoa  Genoa Italy
Respiratory &amp; Allergy Clinic IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino  Genoa Italy
Respiratory &amp; Allergy Clinic IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa Italy
Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
raw_author_name: Paulo Camargos
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Pediatrics, Medical School Federal University of Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte Brazil
Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
raw_author_name: Pedro Carreiro‐Martins
raw_affiliation_strings: NOVA Medical School/Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC)  Lisbon Portugal
Serviço de Imunoalergologia Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central/ULS São José  Lisbon Portugal
NOVA Medical School/Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Lisbon, Portugal
raw_author_name: Thomas Casale
raw_affiliation_strings: Division of Allergy/Immunology University of South Florida  Tampa Florida USA
Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
raw_author_name: Lorenzo Cecchi
raw_affiliation_strings: SOS Allergology and Clinical Immunology USL Toscana Centro  Prato Italy
SOS Allergology and Clinical Immunology, USL Toscana Centro, Prato, Italy
raw_author_name: Alessandro Fiocchi
raw_affiliation_strings: Allergy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)  Rome Italy
raw_author_name: Antonio F. M. Giuliano
raw_affiliation_strings: Department of Internal Medicine ‘A. Murri’ and Unit of Geriatric Immunoallergology University of Bari Medical School  Bari Italy
Department of Internal Medicine 'A. Murri' and Unit of Geriatric Immunoallergology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
raw_author_name: George Christoff
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Faculty of Public Health, Sofia Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
raw_author_name: Ieva Cirule
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Latvian Association of Allergists, University Children Hospital, Riga, Latvia
raw_author_name: Jaime Correia de Sousa
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Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
raw_author_name: Elisio M. Costa
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CINTESIS@RISE, Biochemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy and Competence Center on Active and Healthy Ageing, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
raw_author_name: Stefano Del Giacco
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Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital "Duilio Casula", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
raw_author_name: Philippe Devillier
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raw_author_name: Dejan Dokic
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Medical Faculty Skopje, University Clinic of Pulmology and Allergy, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
raw_author_name: Elham Hossny
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Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
raw_author_name: Tomohisa Iinuma
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Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
raw_author_name: Carla Irani
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Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, St Joseph University, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
raw_author_name: Zhanat Ispayeva
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Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Kazakhstan Association of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
raw_author_name: Kaja Julge
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Institute of Clinical Medicine, Children's Clinic, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia
raw_author_name: Igor Kaidashev
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Poltava State Medical University Immunology &amp; Allergology Department Poltava Ukraine
raw_author_name: Kazi S. Bennoor
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Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
raw_author_name: Helga Kraxner
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Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Sach's Children and Youth Hospital, Södersjukhuset  Stockholm Sweden
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Department of Pediatric Respiratory Diseases and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Division of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Department of Clinical and Laboratory Immunology, Allergology and Medical Genetics, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT)-National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
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Croatian Pulmonary Society, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Diseases, Zagreb, Croatia
raw_author_name: Lan Le Thi Tuyet
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Allergy Unit “D Kalogeromitros”, 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National &amp; Kapodistrian University of Athens “Attikon” University Hospital Athens Greece
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Clinic for Pulmonary Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbian Association for Asthma and COPD, Belgrade, Serbia
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Division of Respiratory Disease and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
raw_author_name: Andre Moreira
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EPIUnit‐Institute of Public Health University of Porto, and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR)  Porto Portugal
Serviço de Imunoalergologia Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João  Porto Portugal
EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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Rhinology Unit &amp; Smell Clinic, ENT Department Hospital Clínic  Barcelona Spain