Metal-free pyridinium salts with strong room-temperature phosphorescence and microsecond radiative lifetime.
Hakkarainen, Eetu; Lin, Hao-Cheng; Nechaev, Anton A.; Peshkov, Vsevolod A.; Eskelinen, Toni; Chang, Kai-Hsin; Liao, Tzu-Hao; Chen, Po-Yu; Koshevoy, Igor O.; Lin, Hao-Wu; Chou, Pi-Tai; Belyaev, Andrey; Chemical science 16 (2025) 17261–17267; doi:10.1039/d5sc03813h

data_1575474
_publ_section_title
;
 Metal-free pyridinium salts with strong room-temperature phosphorescence
 and microsecond radiative lifetime.
;
_journal_issue                   37
_journal_name_full               'Chemical science'
_journal_page_first              17261
_journal_page_last               17267
_journal_paper_doi               10.1039/d5sc03813h
_journal_volume                  16
_journal_year                    2025
_chemical_formula_moiety         '4(I), 4(C10 H16 N O3)'
_chemical_formula_sum            'C40 H64 I4 N4 O12'
_chemical_formula_weight         1300.55
_space_group_crystal_system      monoclinic
_space_group_IT_number           14
_space_group_name_Hall           '-P 2yn'
_space_group_name_H-M_alt        'P 1 21/n 1'
_atom_sites_solution_hydrogens   geom
_atom_sites_solution_primary     iterative
_audit_creation_date             2024-11-04
_audit_creation_method
;
Olex2 1.5
(compiled 2021.07.19 svn.r715e62df for OlexSys, GUI svn.r6380)
;
_audit_update_record
;
2024-11-05 deposited with the CCDC.	2025-08-15 downloaded from the CCDC.
;
_cell_angle_alpha                90
_cell_angle_beta                 98.931(3)
_cell_angle_gamma                90
_cell_formula_units_Z            1
_cell_length_a                   6.3438(2)
_cell_length_b                   12.3508(4)
_cell_length_c                   15.0717(4)
_cell_measurement_reflns_used    10245
_cell_measurement_temperature    120(11)
_cell_measurement_theta_max      34.0260
_cell_measurement_theta_min      2.1200
_cell_volume                     1166.57(6)
_computing_cell_refinement       'CrysAlisPro 1.171.42.80a (Rigaku OD, 2023)'
_computing_data_collection       'CrysAlisPro 1.171.42.80a (Rigaku OD, 2023)'
_computing_data_reduction        'CrysAlisPro 1.171.42.80a (Rigaku OD, 2023)'
_computing_molecular_graphics    'Olex2 1.5 (Dolomanov et al., 2009)'
_computing_publication_material  'Olex2 1.5 (Dolomanov et al., 2009)'
_computing_structure_refinement  'SHELXL 2019/3 (Sheldrick, 2015)'
_computing_structure_solution    'olex2.solve 1.5 (Bourhis et al., 2015)'
_diffrn_ambient_environment      N~2~
_diffrn_ambient_temperature      120(11)
_diffrn_detector                 'Hybrid Pixel Array Detector'
_diffrn_detector_area_resol_mean 10.0000
_diffrn_detector_type            'HyPix-Arc 100'
_diffrn_measured_fraction_theta_full 0.999
_diffrn_measured_fraction_theta_max 0.835
_diffrn_measurement_details
;
List of Runs (angles in degrees, time in seconds):

  # Type    Start    End  Width  t~exp~   \w     \q     \k     \f   Frames
  1  \w     29.00  70.00   0.50    8.00    --    8.95-152.00 167.00   82
  2  \w    -21.00  15.00   0.50    8.00    --   -7.54 -99.00-120.00   72
  3  \w    -20.00  21.00   0.50    8.00    --   -7.54 -99.00-180.00   82
  4  \w    -17.00  60.00   0.50    8.00    --   -7.54  57.00 150.00  154
  5  \w    -23.00  15.00   0.50    8.00    --   -7.54 -99.00 150.00   76
  6  \w    -14.00  29.00   0.50    8.00    --   -7.54  77.00 -60.00   86
  7  \w    -20.00   6.00   0.50    8.00    --    8.95 -99.00 -90.00   52
;
_diffrn_measurement_device       'four-circle diffractometer'
_diffrn_measurement_device_type  'SuperNova, Dualflex, HyPix-Arc 100'
_diffrn_measurement_method       '\w scans'
_diffrn_measurement_specimen_support 'MiTeGen micromount'
_diffrn_orient_matrix_type
'CrysAlisPro convention (1999,Acta A55,543-557)'
_diffrn_orient_matrix_UB_11      -0.0185379000
_diffrn_orient_matrix_UB_12      -0.0565035000
_diffrn_orient_matrix_UB_13      0.0024512000
_diffrn_orient_matrix_UB_21      0.1099562000
_diffrn_orient_matrix_UB_22      -0.0084728000
_diffrn_orient_matrix_UB_23      0.0159720000
_diffrn_orient_matrix_UB_31      -0.0193665000
_diffrn_orient_matrix_UB_32      0.0061047000
_diffrn_orient_matrix_UB_33      0.0447991000
_diffrn_radiation_monochromator  mirror
_diffrn_radiation_probe          x-ray
_diffrn_radiation_type           'Mo K\a'
_diffrn_radiation_wavelength     0.71073
_diffrn_reflns_av_R_equivalents  0.0271
_diffrn_reflns_av_unetI/netI     0.0258
_diffrn_reflns_Laue_measured_fraction_full 0.999
_diffrn_reflns_Laue_measured_fraction_max 0.835
_diffrn_reflns_limit_h_max       9
_diffrn_reflns_limit_h_min       -9
_diffrn_reflns_limit_k_max       18
_diffrn_reflns_limit_k_min       -16
_diffrn_reflns_limit_l_max       19
_diffrn_reflns_limit_l_min       -23
_diffrn_reflns_number            14690
_diffrn_reflns_point_group_measured_fraction_full 0.999
_diffrn_reflns_point_group_measured_fraction_max 0.835
_diffrn_reflns_theta_full        25.242
_diffrn_reflns_theta_max         33.902
_diffrn_reflns_theta_min         2.142
_diffrn_source                   'micro-focus sealed X-ray tube'
_diffrn_source_current           1.4
_diffrn_source_power             0.07
_diffrn_source_type              'SuperNova (Mo) X-ray Source'
_diffrn_source_voltage           50.0
_exptl_absorpt_coefficient_mu    2.734
_exptl_absorpt_correction_T_max  1.00000
_exptl_absorpt_correction_T_min  0.95783
_exptl_absorpt_correction_type   multi-scan
_exptl_absorpt_process_details
;
CrysAlisPro 1.171.42.80a (Rigaku Oxford Diffraction, 2023)
Empirical absorption correction using spherical harmonics,
implemented in SCALE3 ABSPACK scaling algorithm.
;
_exptl_crystal_colour            'clear colourless'
_exptl_crystal_colour_lustre     clear
_exptl_crystal_colour_primary    colourless
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn    1.851
_exptl_crystal_description       needle
_exptl_crystal_F_000             640
_exptl_crystal_size_max          0.171
_exptl_crystal_size_mid          0.101
_exptl_crystal_size_min          0.023
_refine_diff_density_max         0.945
_refine_diff_density_min         -0.504
_refine_diff_density_rms         0.100
_refine_ls_extinction_method     none
_refine_ls_goodness_of_fit_ref   1.049
_refine_ls_hydrogen_treatment    constr
_refine_ls_matrix_type           full
_refine_ls_number_parameters     141
_refine_ls_number_reflns         3938
_refine_ls_number_restraints     0
_refine_ls_restrained_S_all      1.049
_refine_ls_R_factor_all          0.0269
_refine_ls_R_factor_gt           0.0225
_refine_ls_shift/su_max          0.002
_refine_ls_shift/su_mean         0.000
_refine_ls_structure_factor_coef Fsqd
_refine_ls_weighting_details
'w=1/[\s^2^(Fo^2^)+(0.0236P)^2^+0.5833P] where P=(Fo^2^+2Fc^2^)/3'
_refine_ls_weighting_scheme      calc
_refine_ls_wR_factor_gt          0.0517
_refine_ls_wR_factor_ref         0.0535
_reflns_Friedel_coverage         0.000
_reflns_number_gt                3483
_reflns_number_total             3938
_reflns_threshold_expression     'I > 2\s(I)'
_cod_data_source_file            d5sc03813h2.cif
_cod_data_source_block           7
_cod_depositor_comments
'Adding full bibliography for 1575468--1575476.cif.'
_cod_database_code               1575474
_shelx_shelxl_version_number     2019/3
_chemical_oxdiff_formula         C20H20N1O4I1
_chemical_oxdiff_usercomment     'gas-phase, rt, de-dcm+meoh'
_shelx_estimated_absorpt_t_max   0.940
_shelx_estimated_absorpt_t_min   0.652
_olex2_refinement_description
;
1. Fixed Uiso
 At 1.2 times of:
  All C(H) groups, All C(H,H) groups
 At 1.5 times of:
  All C(H,H,H) groups, All O(H) groups
2.a Secondary CH2 refined with riding coordinates:
 C7(H7A,H7B), C8(H8A,H8B), C9(H9A,H9B)
2.b Aromatic/amide H refined with riding coordinates:
 C1(H1A)
2.c Idealised Me refined as rotating group:
 C6(H6A,H6B,H6C), C10(H10A,H10B,H10C)
2.d Idealised tetrahedral OH refined as rotating group:
 O1(H1), O2(H2), O3(H3)
;
_olex2_submission_special_instructions 'No special instructions were received'
_oxdiff_exptl_absorpt_empirical_details
;
Empirical correction (ABSPACK) includes:
- Absorption correction using spherical harmonics
- Frame scaling
;
_oxdiff_exptl_absorpt_empirical_full_max 1.157
_oxdiff_exptl_absorpt_empirical_full_min 0.937