The Gambia: Africa's new Islamic republic
22 January 2016
The West African nation of The Gambia was declared an Islamic republic, in December, by its president. What are the implications for its people, and the region in general? Gambia's President, Yahya Jammeh, declared his West African country an Islamic republic, at a political rally, on 11 December - making it Africa's second, after Mauritania. The president justified his announcement by saying he was breaking from The Gambia's colonial past. The announcement was unexpected and similar to President Jammeh's decision to leave the Commonwealth in 2013 (after 48 years membership), which he also justified as an effort to fully decolonise. These announcements came at moments when President Jammeh's international relations but also domestic politics were increasingly strained, not helped by a deteriorating economy with a growing public-debt burden, which according to the IMF, reached about 100% of GDP at the end of 2014. President Jammeh had enjoyed close relations with Libya's late leader Muammar Gaddafi, and Tripoli provided significant aid and cash. And, in July 2009, the president bestowed The Gambia's highest order, the Grand Commander of the Order of the Republic of The Gambia, on Gaddafi. But President Jammeh surprised everybody in February 2011 by calling on him to resign as the Arab Spring began to hot up. Losing Gaddafi's money punched a big hole in The Gambia's budget. The president also broke off relations with Taiwan, in 2013, after it refused to provide more money to bail him out. He had probably hoped China would reward him for rupturing relations with Taipei, but this has not happened. The Gambia also ended relations with Iran, in 2010, resulting in the cancellation of trade and aid projects such as the $2bn (PS1.2bn) agreement to supply The Gambia with heavy and commercial vehicles. This has left The Gambia needing new allies. Turkey is one of the few that remains loyal, and President Jammeh went to Ankara on a state visit in 2014. The Turkish Armed Forces have trained the Gambian gendarmerie force since 1991, and Gambian soldiers train in Turkey to this day. Wooing the Gulf States and improving relations with Saudi Arabia seems to be part of President Jammeh's search for new friends. The Gambia announced in December it would accept Rohingya refugees from South East Asia as part of its "sacred duty", hoping this and becoming an "Islamic republic" opens cheque books and replaces past allies such as Libya, Iran and Taiwan. In December 2016, President Jammeh faces presidential elections. Playing up his Islamic credentials helps internationally but will also have a resonance domestically as 90% of Gambians are Muslim. Given that President Jammeh's announcement appears to have been made on a whim, there is a lot of uncertainty on what type of "Islamic republic" The Gambia will become. - born in May 1965 - seized power in a coup in 1994 - vowed to stay in power for "a billion years", if God wills - claimed in 2007 he could cure Aids and infertility with herbal concoctions - warned in 2008 that gay people would be beheaded - declared The Gambia an Islamic republic in 2015 The country still has a secular constitution and a legal system based on English common law. Some aspects of traditional law and Sharia also apply,  but Sharia does not apply to non-Muslims without consent. A 4 January 2016 executive directive that all female government staffers must cover their hair during office hours was quickly rescinded after its sparked anger among opposition leaders, activists and pro-democracy groups. The state broadcaster now regularly describes The Gambia as an "Islamic republic", and the country's Supreme Islamic Council has welcomed the change of status. It is not clear if the introduction of fully fledged Sharia is planned (non-Muslims were reassured in December) and whether there will be a referendum to amend the secular constitution. But the national flag will certainly be changed to reflect the country's new status. It is unlikely to have any impact immediately, as tourism is a prime source of revenue and President Jammeh runs the country with an iron fist. It is more likely frustrated young Gambians will over time become even more vulnerable to being radicalised because this "Islamic republic" will offer little new and growing inequality, poverty and the lack of jobs will remain pervasive. Relations with neighbouring Senegal are poor, and The Gambia is isolated within the regional bloc, the Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas). An attempt by Ecowas, in 2015, to introduce term limits on presidents from the region was blocked by President Jammeh and his Togo counterpart, but highlighted their isolation. President Jammeh has ruled the country since seizing power through a coup in 1994 and seems to have no ambition to retire from being The Gambia's leader. Longer-term, the biggest single threat to The Gambia is climate change as Banjul risks becoming Atlantis because of rising sea-levels. Already, prime beaches are being visibly degraded, and this is impacting tourism. Relations with the West are already poor because of concerns about human rights abuses: - The Gambia has pulled out of the Commonwealth because of pressure over its rights record - The US has suspended The Gambia's participation in the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) over rights issues - In December 2015, the EU halted some $16m (PS11m) in development assistance because of human rights The Gambia had already expelled the EU charge d'affairs, in June. The Gambia was never really strategic to the West, which is mostly indifferent to what happens there. Dr Alex Vines OBE is Head of the African Programme, Chatham House.
Gambia's President, Yahya Jammeh, declared his West African country an Islamic republic, at a political rally, on 11 December - making it Africa's second, after Mauritania. The president justified his announcement by saying he was breaking from The Gambia's colonial past. The announcement was unexpected and similar to President Jammeh's decision to leave the Commonwealth in 2013 (after 48 years membership), which he also justified as an effort to fully decolonise. These announcements came at moments when President Jammeh's international relations but also domestic politics were increasingly strained, not helped by a deteriorating economy with a growing public-debt burden, which according to the IMF, reached about 100% of GDP at the end of 2014. President Jammeh had enjoyed close relations with Libya's late leader Muammar Gaddafi, and Tripoli provided significant aid and cash. And, in July 2009, the president bestowed The Gambia's highest order, the Grand Commander of the Order of the Republic of The Gambia, on Gaddafi. But President Jammeh surprised everybody in February 2011 by calling on him to resign as the Arab Spring began to hot up. Losing Gaddafi's money punched a big hole in The Gambia's budget. The president also broke off relations with Taiwan, in 2013, after it refused to provide more money to bail him out. He had probably hoped China would reward him for rupturing relations with Taipei, but this has not happened. The Gambia also ended relations with Iran, in 2010, resulting in the cancellation of trade and aid projects such as the $2bn (PS1.2bn) agreement to supply The Gambia with heavy and commercial vehicles. This has left The Gambia needing new allies. Turkey is one of the few that remains loyal, and President Jammeh went to Ankara on a state visit in 2014. The Turkish Armed Forces have trained the Gambian gendarmerie force since 1991, and Gambian soldiers train in Turkey to this day. Wooing the Gulf States and improving relations with Saudi Arabia seems to be part of President Jammeh's search for new friends. The Gambia announced in December it would accept Rohingya refugees from South East Asia as part of its "sacred duty", hoping this and becoming an "Islamic republic" opens cheque books and replaces past allies such as Libya, Iran and Taiwan. In December 2016, President Jammeh faces presidential elections. Playing up his Islamic credentials helps internationally but will also have a resonance domestically as 90% of Gambians are Muslim.
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Why did The Gambian president declare the state an Islamic republic?
Given that President Jammeh's announcement appears to have been made on a whim, there is a lot of uncertainty on what type of "Islamic republic" The Gambia will become.
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What are the practical implications for individuals and society in the country?
It is unlikely to have any impact immediately, as tourism is a prime source of revenue and President Jammeh runs the country with an iron fist. It is more likely frustrated young Gambians will over time become even more vulnerable to being radicalised because this "Islamic republic" will offer little new and growing inequality, poverty and the lack of jobs will remain pervasive.
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Does it make it more likely that fundamentalism and extremism will take hold?
Relations with neighbouring Senegal are poor, and The Gambia is isolated within the regional bloc, the Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas). An attempt by Ecowas, in 2015, to introduce term limits on presidents from the region was blocked by President Jammeh and his Togo counterpart, but highlighted their isolation. President Jammeh has ruled the country since seizing power through a coup in 1994 and seems to have no ambition to retire from being The Gambia's leader. Longer-term, the biggest single threat to The Gambia is climate change as Banjul risks becoming Atlantis because of rising sea-levels. Already, prime beaches are being visibly degraded, and this is impacting tourism.
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What impact will it have on the region?
Relations with the West are already poor because of concerns about human rights abuses: - The Gambia has pulled out of the Commonwealth because of pressure over its rights record - The US has suspended The Gambia's participation in the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) over rights issues - In December 2015, the EU halted some $16m (PS11m) in development assistance because of human rights The Gambia had already expelled the EU charge d'affairs, in June. The Gambia was never really strategic to the West, which is mostly indifferent to what happens there. Dr Alex Vines OBE is Head of the African Programme, Chatham House.
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What does it mean for the West?