Resistant malaria spreading in South East Asia
23 July 2019
Malaria parasites resistant to key drugs have spread rapidly in South East Asia, researchers from the UK and Thailand say. The parasites have moved from Cambodia to Laos, Thailand and Vietnam, where half of patients are not being cured by first-choice drugs. Researchers say the findings raise the "terrifying prospect" drug-resistance could spread to Africa. However, experts said the implications may not be as severe as first thought. Malaria is commonly treated with a combination of two drugs - artemisinin and piperaquine. The drug combo was introduced in Cambodia in 2008. But by 2013, the first cases of the parasite mutating and developing resistance to both drugs were detected, in western parts of the country. The latest study, published in the Lancet Infectious Diseases, analysed blood samples from patients across South East Asia. Inspecting the parasite's DNA showed resistance had spread across Cambodia and was also in Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. It had also picked up further mutations, making it even more problematic. In some regions, 80% of malaria parasites were drug resistant. "This strain has spread and has become worse," Dr Roberto Amato, from the Wellcome Sanger Institute, told BBC News. No. A second study, published in the same journal, showed half of patients were not being cured with standard therapy. However, there are alternative drugs that can be used instead. "With the spread and intensification of resistance, our findings highlight the urgent need to adopt alternative first-line treatments", Prof Tran Tinh Hien, from the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, in Vietnam, said. That could include using different drugs alongside artemisinin or using a combination of three drugs to overcome resistance. Huge progress has been made towards eliminating malaria. However, the development of drug resistance threatens that progress. The other issue is if the resistance spreads further and reaches Africa, where more than nine in 10 cases of the disease are. "This highly successful resistant parasite strain is capable of invading new territories and acquiring new genetic properties, raising the terrifying prospect that it could spread to Africa, where most malaria cases occur, as resistance to chloroquine did in the 1980s, contributing to millions of deaths," Prof Olivo Miotto, from the Wellcome Sanger Institute and University of Oxford, said. The findings will not change much in people's day-to-day life in the Greater Mekong Subregion, in South East Asia. Tackling malaria is about more than just picking the right treatment after an infection. All the efforts around controlling the mosquitoes that spread the disease will not change. However, the researchers say the drugs people are given after an infection should change. The studies also show genetic analysis of malaria parasites can help doctors keep one step ahead of emerging drug-resistance in order to give patients the right treatment. The spread of resistance is set against the backdrop of falling cases in the region. "These parasites are scary beasts, there's no doubt," Prof Colin Sutherland, from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, said. "However, I wonder if these parasites are not very fit because the population as a whole is crashing." In Cambodia there were: - 262,000 cases of malaria in 2008 - 36,900 cases of malaria in 2018 So, while the drug-resistant parasite has undoubtedly spread, it is not necessarily a global threat, according to Prof Sutherland. "The implications are not as severe as we might think," he said. There are about 219 million cases of malaria around the world each year. Symptoms include cycles of feeling cold and shivering followed by a high temperature with severe sweating. Without treatment, the parasite can lead to breathing problems and organ failure. The disease kills about 435,000 people every year - most of them are children under the age of five. Follow James on Twitter.
Malaria is commonly treated with a combination of two drugs - artemisinin and piperaquine. The drug combo was introduced in Cambodia in 2008. But by 2013, the first cases of the parasite mutating and developing resistance to both drugs were detected, in western parts of the country. The latest study, published in the Lancet Infectious Diseases, analysed blood samples from patients across South East Asia. Inspecting the parasite's DNA showed resistance had spread across Cambodia and was also in Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. It had also picked up further mutations, making it even more problematic. In some regions, 80% of malaria parasites were drug resistant. "This strain has spread and has become worse," Dr Roberto Amato, from the Wellcome Sanger Institute, told BBC News.
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What is happening?
No. A second study, published in the same journal, showed half of patients were not being cured with standard therapy. However, there are alternative drugs that can be used instead. "With the spread and intensification of resistance, our findings highlight the urgent need to adopt alternative first-line treatments", Prof Tran Tinh Hien, from the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, in Vietnam, said. That could include using different drugs alongside artemisinin or using a combination of three drugs to overcome resistance.
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Does this mean the disease is becoming untreatable?
Huge progress has been made towards eliminating malaria. However, the development of drug resistance threatens that progress. The other issue is if the resistance spreads further and reaches Africa, where more than nine in 10 cases of the disease are. "This highly successful resistant parasite strain is capable of invading new territories and acquiring new genetic properties, raising the terrifying prospect that it could spread to Africa, where most malaria cases occur, as resistance to chloroquine did in the 1980s, contributing to millions of deaths," Prof Olivo Miotto, from the Wellcome Sanger Institute and University of Oxford, said.
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What's the concern?
The findings will not change much in people's day-to-day life in the Greater Mekong Subregion, in South East Asia. Tackling malaria is about more than just picking the right treatment after an infection. All the efforts around controlling the mosquitoes that spread the disease will not change. However, the researchers say the drugs people are given after an infection should change. The studies also show genetic analysis of malaria parasites can help doctors keep one step ahead of emerging drug-resistance in order to give patients the right treatment.
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What does this change for people living there?
The spread of resistance is set against the backdrop of falling cases in the region. "These parasites are scary beasts, there's no doubt," Prof Colin Sutherland, from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, said. "However, I wonder if these parasites are not very fit because the population as a whole is crashing." In Cambodia there were: - 262,000 cases of malaria in 2008 - 36,900 cases of malaria in 2018 So, while the drug-resistant parasite has undoubtedly spread, it is not necessarily a global threat, according to Prof Sutherland. "The implications are not as severe as we might think," he said.
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Is this the whole picture?
There are about 219 million cases of malaria around the world each year. Symptoms include cycles of feeling cold and shivering followed by a high temperature with severe sweating. Without treatment, the parasite can lead to breathing problems and organ failure. The disease kills about 435,000 people every year - most of them are children under the age of five. Follow James on Twitter.
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How bad is malaria?