Argentina imposes currency controls to support economy
2 September 2019
Argentina has imposed currency controls in an attempt to stabilise markets as the country faces a deepening financial crisis. The government will restrict foreign currency purchases following a sharp drop in the value of the peso. Firms will have to seek central bank permission to sell pesos to buy foreign currency and to make transfers abroad. Argentina is also seeking to defer debt payments to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with the crisis. In an official bulletin issued on Sunday, the government said that it was necessary to adopt "a series of extraordinary measures to ensure the normal functioning of the economy, to sustain the level of activity and employment and protect the consumers". The central bank said the measures were intended to "maintain currency stability". It also said that while individuals can continue to buy US dollars, they will need to seek permission to purchase more than $10,000 (PS8,223.50) a month. The measures will apply until the end of this year. Argentina has been struggling with a financial crisis, which was exacerbated by the president's defeat in a recent primary poll. The peso fell to a record low last month after the vote showed that the business-friendly government of President Mauricio Macri is likely to be ousted in elections in October. Mr Macri was elected in 2015 on promises to boost Argentina's economy with a raft of liberal economic reforms. But the country is in a deep recession. It has one of the world's highest inflation rates, running at 22% during the first half of the year. Argentina's economy contracted by 5.8% in the first quarter of 2019, after shrinking 2.5% last year. Three million people have fallen into poverty over the past year. Ordinary Argentines have traditionally had little faith in their own currency, preferring to convert their spare pesos into dollars as soon as they can. They don't trust financial institutions much either, so they resort to what is locally known as the "colchon bank" - that is, stuffing their dollars under the mattress. Anecdotal stories abound of people keeping money buried in the garden, hidden in the walls or even stuffed in heating systems - occasionally with disastrous consequences if there is an unexpected cold snap. When you consider Argentina's history of rampant inflation and currency volatility, they arguably have a point. But it does mean that any restrictions on people's ability to buy dollars have an enormous psychological impact. The $10,000 ceiling for dollar transactions is certainly generous in comparison with past actions. People still have bad memories of the "corralito", imposed in 2001, which stopped all withdrawals of dollars from bank accounts for a whole year. The only serious attempt to wean Argentines off their dollar dependency dates back to the 1990s under President Carlos Menem, when the peso's value was fixed by law at parity with the dollar. But that put the financial system under severe strain, leading to the economic meltdown of 2001-02. The country is struggling to stave off its fifth debt default in 30 years. Last week, it said it would seek to restructure its debt with the IMF by extending its maturity. This would give the country more time to pay back the money it owes to the IMF. Rating agencies, including Standard & Poor's and Fitch, decided that amounted to a default and downgraded the country's credit ratings. Whatever happens in Argentina, the risk of financial contagion is low, say analysts. Even in the rest of Latin America, markets are unlikely to suffer. The US-China trade war and the slowdown in global growth are much more of a threat. The move will probably help to slow down the depletion of Argentina's foreign currency reserves in the run-up to the presidential election in October. But it is a policy reversal for Mr Macri, who lifted capital controls in December 2015. This sets "a worrying precedent", according to Edward Glossop, Latin America economist at Capital Economics. Left-wing candidate Alberto Fernandez, the likely victor of next month's vote, has advisers who are sympathetic to capital controls, he said. "The fact that these have now been introduced by President Macri could make it easier for Mr Fernandez to justify using them in the longer term," he added.
In an official bulletin issued on Sunday, the government said that it was necessary to adopt "a series of extraordinary measures to ensure the normal functioning of the economy, to sustain the level of activity and employment and protect the consumers". The central bank said the measures were intended to "maintain currency stability". It also said that while individuals can continue to buy US dollars, they will need to seek permission to purchase more than $10,000 (PS8,223.50) a month. The measures will apply until the end of this year.
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What has the government said?
Argentina has been struggling with a financial crisis, which was exacerbated by the president's defeat in a recent primary poll. The peso fell to a record low last month after the vote showed that the business-friendly government of President Mauricio Macri is likely to be ousted in elections in October. Mr Macri was elected in 2015 on promises to boost Argentina's economy with a raft of liberal economic reforms. But the country is in a deep recession. It has one of the world's highest inflation rates, running at 22% during the first half of the year. Argentina's economy contracted by 5.8% in the first quarter of 2019, after shrinking 2.5% last year. Three million people have fallen into poverty over the past year.
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What triggered the current crisis?
Ordinary Argentines have traditionally had little faith in their own currency, preferring to convert their spare pesos into dollars as soon as they can. They don't trust financial institutions much either, so they resort to what is locally known as the "colchon bank" - that is, stuffing their dollars under the mattress. Anecdotal stories abound of people keeping money buried in the garden, hidden in the walls or even stuffed in heating systems - occasionally with disastrous consequences if there is an unexpected cold snap. When you consider Argentina's history of rampant inflation and currency volatility, they arguably have a point. But it does mean that any restrictions on people's ability to buy dollars have an enormous psychological impact.
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How is the move likely to be received?
The $10,000 ceiling for dollar transactions is certainly generous in comparison with past actions. People still have bad memories of the "corralito", imposed in 2001, which stopped all withdrawals of dollars from bank accounts for a whole year. The only serious attempt to wean Argentines off their dollar dependency dates back to the 1990s under President Carlos Menem, when the peso's value was fixed by law at parity with the dollar. But that put the financial system under severe strain, leading to the economic meltdown of 2001-02.
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How does this compare with previous crisis measures?
The country is struggling to stave off its fifth debt default in 30 years. Last week, it said it would seek to restructure its debt with the IMF by extending its maturity. This would give the country more time to pay back the money it owes to the IMF. Rating agencies, including Standard & Poor's and Fitch, decided that amounted to a default and downgraded the country's credit ratings. Whatever happens in Argentina, the risk of financial contagion is low, say analysts. Even in the rest of Latin America, markets are unlikely to suffer. The US-China trade war and the slowdown in global growth are much more of a threat.
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How bad can Argentina's crisis get?
The move will probably help to slow down the depletion of Argentina's foreign currency reserves in the run-up to the presidential election in October. But it is a policy reversal for Mr Macri, who lifted capital controls in December 2015. This sets "a worrying precedent", according to Edward Glossop, Latin America economist at Capital Economics. Left-wing candidate Alberto Fernandez, the likely victor of next month's vote, has advisers who are sympathetic to capital controls, he said. "The fact that these have now been introduced by President Macri could make it easier for Mr Fernandez to justify using them in the longer term," he added.
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How will this affect Argentina's forthcoming election?