Can we tell if Donald Trump has a high IQ?
11 October 2017
Question: How often does President Trump talk about IQ? Answer: All the time. When Mr Trump recently boasted that his IQ was higher than Secretary of State Rex Tillerson's, it was part of a pattern. In 2013, he tweeted that his IQ was "much higher" than Barack Obama and George W Bush. He has also claimed a higher IQ than comedian Jon Stewart and British star of The Apprentice, Lord Sugar. Despite this, Mr Trump has never revealed his own IQ. So can we work it out? An Intelligence Quotient is a score given to someone after taking an intelligence test. There is no single "IQ test" - Mensa accepts results from more than 200 tests, including its own. Some tests last an hour, while some have no time limit. Dr Frank Lawlis, the supervisory psychologist of American Mensa, says they usually test spatial, quantitative, and verbal skills. Broadly, spatial questions are about shape and measurement; quantitative questions are mathematical; and verbal questions are about words - for example, how one word is similar to another. Mensa accepts those who score in the top 2%. That equates - very roughly - to an IQ of 130. - 1. What is the four-digit number in which the first digit is one-fifth the last, and the second and third digits are the last digit multiplied by 3? (Hint: The sum of all digits is 12) - 2. Jane went to visit Jill. Jill is Jane's only husband's mother-in-law's only husband's only daughter's only daughter. What relation is Jill to Jane? - 3. Which of the words below is least like the others? The difference has nothing to do with vowels, consonants or syllables. MORE, PAIRS, ETCHERS, ZIPPER *Answers are shown below "I don't recall ever coming across a list of presidents and their IQs," says Dr Barbara A Perry, director of presidential studies at the University of Virginia's Miller Center. "But you can easily find a list of presidents inducted into Phi Beta Kappa in their universities." Founded in 1776, Phi Beta Kappa honours "the best and brightest liberal arts and sciences undergraduates from 286 top schools across the nation". Of the 44 presidents, 17 have been Phi Beta Kappa members. Bill Clinton, George H W Bush, and Jimmy Carter were the most recent. Dr Perry puts forward, among others, Herbert Hoover ("a very, very bright scientist, a geologist"), Woodrow Wilson ("our only PhD president"), and William H Taft ("a brilliant lawyer"). And, although a president's IQ has never been confirmed, in 2006 the University of California estimated that John Quincy Adams was the most intelligent of all presidents. Dr Perry also says some presidents have undeserved reputations. "Gerald Ford was viewed as being a klutz, because he would trip in public, but that was so unfair. "He had an undergraduate degree from the University of Michigan, where he was from, he was an Eagle Scout, he went to Yale Law School, and he was a star footballer on top of that." She also says that intelligence is only part of what makes a good president. "It was the Supreme Court justice Oliver Wendell Holmes who famously said Franklin Delano Roosevelt had 'a second class intellect but a first class temperament'. "Roosevelt was re-elected in '36 by two-thirds of the electorate." "I would put Warren Harding in that category," says Dr Perry. "He was a journalist by training." This is awkward... "Some of my best friends are journalists!" says Dr Perry, laughing. "And my brother is. But my point is, he wasn't from Harvard or Yale, and he wasn't a brilliant lawyer who ended up on the supreme court." "If he ever releases his IQ, I just have a feeling - especially since he is daring Tillerson to release his - that it's higher than people would presume," says Dr Perry. "People who don't like him say 'oh he's such an idiot, oh he's so stupid'. But I bet you it's higher than we might realise." Professor Fred I Greenstein, professor of politics emeritus at Princeton University, lists six qualities that bear on presidential performance. They are: public communication, organisational capacity, political skill, vision, cognitive style, and emotional intelligence. "Trump scores low on emotional intelligence, cognitive style, vision, and organisational capacity," says Dr Perry. "Where he has been superb, in order to win the presidency, is public communication and political skill." - 4. Tabitha likes cookies but not cake. She likes mutton but not lamb, and she likes okra but not squash. Following the same rule, will she like cherries or pears? - 5. What is the number that is one more than one-tenth of one-fifth of one-half of 4,000? - 6. In a foot race, Jerry was neither first nor last. Janet beat Jerry, Jerry beat Pat. Charlie was neither first nor last. Charlie beat Rachel. Pat beat Charlie. Who came last? *Answers are shown below Dr Perry also points out Mr Trump's business career - "he obviously had a certain native intelligence to be successful, such as he was" - and his degree from The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. But - whether Mr Trump's IQ is high or low - Dr Lawlis from Mensa says it doesn't tell you everything. "If you take someone we consider to be a genius like Einstein, he would probably not do well on an IQ test, because he thinks outside the box," he says. "He could probably think of a dozen answers to one question." Either way, the time for talking may soon be over - Mensa has offered to test both Mr Trump and Mr Tillerson's IQ. - 1.1,155 - 2.Jane's daughter (Jane's mother's husband is Jane's father, his daughter is Jane, and Jill is her daughter) - 3.Zipper (the others can be anagrammed into the names of cities: Rome, Paris, Chester) - 4.Cherries (Tabitha only likes food with two syllables) - 5.41 - 6.Rachel Get news from the BBC in your inbox, each weekday morning
An Intelligence Quotient is a score given to someone after taking an intelligence test. There is no single "IQ test" - Mensa accepts results from more than 200 tests, including its own. Some tests last an hour, while some have no time limit. Dr Frank Lawlis, the supervisory psychologist of American Mensa, says they usually test spatial, quantitative, and verbal skills. Broadly, spatial questions are about shape and measurement; quantitative questions are mathematical; and verbal questions are about words - for example, how one word is similar to another. Mensa accepts those who score in the top 2%. That equates - very roughly - to an IQ of 130.
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What is IQ?
"I don't recall ever coming across a list of presidents and their IQs," says Dr Barbara A Perry, director of presidential studies at the University of Virginia's Miller Center. "But you can easily find a list of presidents inducted into Phi Beta Kappa in their universities." Founded in 1776, Phi Beta Kappa honours "the best and brightest liberal arts and sciences undergraduates from 286 top schools across the nation". Of the 44 presidents, 17 have been Phi Beta Kappa members. Bill Clinton, George H W Bush, and Jimmy Carter were the most recent. Dr Perry puts forward, among others, Herbert Hoover ("a very, very bright scientist, a geologist"), Woodrow Wilson ("our only PhD president"), and William H Taft ("a brilliant lawyer"). And, although a president's IQ has never been confirmed, in 2006 the University of California estimated that John Quincy Adams was the most intelligent of all presidents. Dr Perry also says some presidents have undeserved reputations. "Gerald Ford was viewed as being a klutz, because he would trip in public, but that was so unfair. "He had an undergraduate degree from the University of Michigan, where he was from, he was an Eagle Scout, he went to Yale Law School, and he was a star footballer on top of that." She also says that intelligence is only part of what makes a good president. "It was the Supreme Court justice Oliver Wendell Holmes who famously said Franklin Delano Roosevelt had 'a second class intellect but a first class temperament'. "Roosevelt was re-elected in '36 by two-thirds of the electorate."
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Who were the smartest presidents?
"I would put Warren Harding in that category," says Dr Perry. "He was a journalist by training." This is awkward... "Some of my best friends are journalists!" says Dr Perry, laughing. "And my brother is. But my point is, he wasn't from Harvard or Yale, and he wasn't a brilliant lawyer who ended up on the supreme court."
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And who were the least smart?
"If he ever releases his IQ, I just have a feeling - especially since he is daring Tillerson to release his - that it's higher than people would presume," says Dr Perry. "People who don't like him say 'oh he's such an idiot, oh he's so stupid'. But I bet you it's higher than we might realise." Professor Fred I Greenstein, professor of politics emeritus at Princeton University, lists six qualities that bear on presidential performance. They are: public communication, organisational capacity, political skill, vision, cognitive style, and emotional intelligence. "Trump scores low on emotional intelligence, cognitive style, vision, and organisational capacity," says Dr Perry. "Where he has been superb, in order to win the presidency, is public communication and political skill."
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So where does Donald Trump fit in?