The Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area, also known as Champaign–Urbana and Urbana–Champaign as well as Chambana (colloquially), is a metropolitan area in east-central Illinois.  As defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the metropolitan area has a population of 222,538 as of the 2020 U.S. Census, which ranks it as the 207th largest metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. The area is anchored by the principal cities of Champaign and Urbana, and is home to the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, the flagship campus of the University of Illinois system.

 the OMB defines the metropolitan area (officially designated the Champaign–Urbana, IL MSA) to consist of Champaign County and Piatt County. Until 2018, Ford County was considered a part of the metropolitan area.

Journalists frequently treat the metropolitan area as just one city. For example, in 1998, Newsweek included the Champaign–Urbana Metropolitan Area in its list of the top ten tech cities outside of Silicon Valley. Champaign–Urbana also ranked tenth as one of the top twenty-five green cities in the United States, in a 2007 survey made by Country Home magazine.

Urban core development
A number of major developments have significantly changed downtown Champaign since the beginning of the 21st century. Beginning in the 1990s, city government began to aggressively court development, including by investing millions of dollars in public funds into downtown improvements and by offering developers incentives, such as liquor licenses, to pursue projects in the area. The 9-story M2 on Neil project is such an example. The project began in 2007 by taking down the facade of the deteriorated Trevett-Mattis Banking Co. which previously occupied the building site. The facade was retained on the M2 building. Residents first began to lease space in the M2 in the winter of 2009. The M2 includes not just condos for residential occupation, but also retail and office space in its lower floors, a common trend in new developments in the urban core. Across the street, a 9-story Hyatt Place boutique hotel opened in the summer of 2014. In the Campustown area adjoining the University of Illinois, the new 24-story highrise apartment building 309 Green was ostensibly completed in the fall of 2007 but had partial occupancy at least through the fall of 2008. It is  tall, making it a full 3 stories higher than the older 21-story Tower at Third, the first contribution to the Urbana–Champaign skyline. The Burnham 310 Project, at 18 stories, which is also taller (in overall height), was finished in the fall of 2008 and includes student luxury apartments and a County Market grocery store. Burnham 310 connects downtown Champaign to Campustown. In 2013–14, four other mixed-use buildings (apartments above commercial) have been built in Campustown, with heights of 26, 13, 8, and 5 stories. On the University of Illinois campus, Memorial Stadium has gone under major renovation, with construction of new stands, clubs, and luxury suites. Across Kirby Avenue, the Assembly Hall, first built in 1963 and renamed the State Farm Center as part of a major renovation begun in 2014, continues to be the home of Illinois basketball and has resumed hosting concerts and other performing arts after renovation was completed in late 2016. In the late 2000s, the restoration of the Champaign County Courthouse bell tower capped the expansion and renovation of Courthouse facilities and provided a striking focal point in downtown Urbana. These, among other developments, have given the Twin Cities a more urban feel.

Outlying areas

The outlying parts of the metropolitan area differ from the suburban areas of many other metropolitan areas. Instead of a sprawling suburban skirt that encircles the urban area, the urban area abuts large swaths of farmland, with small to medium-sized villages that originated as farming communities. But, as the willingness of professionals to commute longer distances has increased in recent decades, new residential developments have arisen on their edges, dotting the surrounding landscape. Some of these villages are home to as many as 5,000 residents or more, but most are significantly smaller.

Most of these outlying communities, such as Savoy, Mahomet, St. Joseph, Tolono, and arguably Rantoul and Monticello as well, are dependent on Champaign and Urbana for economic and infrastructure support. Predominantly, these cities and villages lie in Champaign County. These areas are populated to a substantial extent with commuters who work in Champaign or Urbana, but reside outside the two cities. Because higher paid professors, doctors and technology professionals who work for the University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, the many clinics and hospitals in town, or in the Research Park, are more likely to maintain cars for commuting longer distances and to afford owner-occupied single-family housing, these areas lacking in mass transit and high-density rental projects often have a higher median household income than Champaign or Urbana.

In addition to residential developments in the surrounding, formerly agricultural communities, residential neighborhoods are also growing up in unincorporated areas within a short radius of the city limits, while the cities themselves are also expanding to annex areas of new development. While the annexed areas benefit from municipal services, developments that are willing to forego city sewer systems, libraries and police protection can enjoy the lower tax rates the surrounding townships levy, as fewer services are provided. Areas currently under construction extend as far as around Rising Road west of I-57 and north and east of Willard Airport. Some of this land is in Champaign Township, while some has been annexed to either Champaign or Savoy. Additional land development is occurring north of I-74 in land annexed by both Champaign and Urbana. On the eastern side of the city of Urbana, new business developments such as a Meijer, a planned Menards, and a commercial center with many restaurants and services have broken ground, as well as more suburban housing.

The issue of land development is often hotly contested by local governments. In addition to arguments for and against development, the question of potential annexations, which remove property tax revenues from the surrounding townships while increasing the urban tax base (but also the demands on urban services) is a point of constant strife between the cities and the surrounding townships. On the other hand, the availability of higher-valued housing in areas belonging to the townships or surrounding villages, which is paid for by workers earning their money within the urban infrastructure also represents a movement of potential tax dollars from Champaign and Urbana to their dependent areas.

Tourism and recreation

Museums
Champaign County Historical Museum.  Located in the Historic Cattle Bank built in 1858. Features exhibits on the history of the area and the midwest as a whole.
Museum of the Grand Prairie. Features historic exhibits on life in the early midwest.
Krannert Art Museum. Art Museum featuring both modern and classical art. Many changing exhibits.
Orpheum Children's Science Museum. A hands on science museum for children.
Spurlock Museum. Over 46,000 artifacts on display focusing around human culture and history throughout the world. Features some of the largest exhibits on Native North American and South American history in the nation.
Monticello Railway Museum. Railroad museum with exhibits focused on central Illinois. Main attraction is the operating tourist railroad.

Parks and recreation
Champaign Park District features many parks, hiking trails, and biking trails in the city of Champaign.
Urbana Park District includes exercise and biking trails, Crystal Lake, a sculpture park, and other public facilities in the city of Urbana.
Robert Allerton Park a private estate donated to the university consisting of a large manor house (now a conference center), formal gardens, and natural woodlands and prairie. Open to the public.

Colleges and universities
The University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign is located jointly in Urbana and Champaign and is the flagship campus for the University of Illinois system.
Parkland College is a community college located in Champaign.

Health
The Champaign-Urbana Metro area has two hospitals located less than a mile apart near University Avenue in Urbana. The Carle Foundation Hospital, and OSF Heart of Mary Medical Center, with a combined total of over 550 physicians. Both hospitals provide various specialized services, and Carle Hospital currently has a Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, a Level I Trauma Center, and a medical helicopter service. Both hospitals have struggled to maintain their tax-exempt status with the State of Illinois.

Carle Clinic Association was purchased by the Carle Foundation in 2010.  It was renamed Carle Foundation Physician Services, and it maintains several locations next to the hospital, as well as other locations within Champaign-Urbana and other East Central Illinois cities. Christie Clinic, another smaller multi-specialty group practice, is headquartered in downtown Champaign. They are largely affiliated with OSF, but not as closely linked as their Carle counterparts are.

Both hospitals and clinics are affiliated with the University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana, part of the larger University of Illinois College of Medicine, which has campuses in Chicago, Peoria, Rockford, and Urbana. The college has a teaching presence at both hospitals, although the facilities are somewhat more extensive at Carle Foundation Hospital.

Piatt County, which is included in the Champaign-Urbana Metro Area, also has a hospital. Kirby Medical Center is a general medical and surgical facility located in Monticello. Both Carle Clinic and Christie Clinic have satellite facilities located at Kirby.

Arts and culture

The Champaign-Urbana Metropolitan Area is home to many theatres. The University is home to three theatre venues; Foellinger Auditorium, the State Farm Center and the Krannert Center for the Performing Arts. While the Assembly Hall is primarily a campus basketball and concert arena, the Krannert Center for the Performing Arts is considered to be one of the nation's top venues for performance and hosts over 400 performances annually. Built in 1969, the Krannert Center's facilities cover over four acres (16,000 m2) of land, and features four theatres and an amphitheatre.

The Historic Virginia Theatre in downtown Champaign is a public venue owned by the city of Champaign and administered by the Champaign Park District. It is best known for hosting Roger Ebert's Film Festival which occurs annually during the last week of April. The Virginia also features a variety of performances from community theatre with the Champaign Urbana Theatre Company, to post box-office showings of popular films, current artistic films, live musical performances (both orchestral and popular), and other types of shows. First commissioned in 1921, it originally served as a venue for both film and live performances, but became primarily a movie house in the 1950s. Occasional live events were held during the 1970s and 1980s, including a live production of "Oh, Calcutta" and performances by George Benson, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Missing Persons, and the Indigo Girls. GKC Corporation closed the Virginia as a movie house on February 13, 1992, with the final regular film being Steve Martin's "Father of the Bride". The theatre once again began holding regular live performances when it was leased to local gospel singer David Wyper in 1992. The Champaign-Urbana Theatre Company was formed to perform major musicals and opened their first season with "The Music Man" that June. Control passed to the Virginia Theatre group in 1996 and the theatre became a non-profit public venue. The Champaign Park District assumed control of the facilities in 2000. Its original Wurlitzer theatre pipe organ has been maintained by Warren York since 1988 and is still played regularly.

The Art Theater in downtown Champaign began as Champaign's first theatre devoted to movies, the Park, in 1913, and was a small venue showing films not normally playing at the box office. The theatre was the only single-screen movie theatre with daily operation as a movie theatre in Champaign-Urbana. The theater ceased operations on October 31 of 2019. The Virginia, which hosts Roger Ebert's Annual Overlooked Film Festival, is also single-screen, but only opens for special showings and events. Rapp and Rapp's 1914 Orpheum Theatre closed in the mid-1980s and now houses a children's science museum.
Parkland College in Champaign features a small theatre called the Parkland College Theatre and a planetarium called the William M. Staerkel Planetarium.

The area has originated a great deal of musical talent, including REO Speedwagon, Head East, Dan Fogelberg, and Alison Krauss, as well as HUM, Starcastle, Poster Children, Hardvark, The Moon Seven Times, Braid, AMASONG, Castor, National Skyline, Love Cup, Absinthe Blind, Headlights, American Football, and The Beauty Shop. Some lesser known artists like Alma Afrobeat Ensemble, Zirafa and Spinnerty, d-Lo, Bozak, Melodic Scribes, DJ Librarian, UC Hiphop, and Zmick are also worthy of note on simply a local scale. Champaign-Urbana is relatively well known for producing a rich array of emo, college rock, and black metal.

Opening in 1990 in the heart of downtown Champaign, the Blind Pig Co on Taylor St was one of the first businesses to lead the renaissance of the formerly deserted downtown district. The Blind Pig catered to the budding music community, and indeed fostered many of the local bands. Live music was featured 5 nights a week, and grunge and indy rock bands like the Afghan Whigs, Smashing Pumpkins, Liz Phair, Pavement and Everclear performed there on numerous occasions. Blues legends like Luther Allison, Ronnie and Lonnie Brooks, Otis Clay and Robert Cotton were also featured, as were international acts like I.K. Dairo, Diblo Diballa, the Five Blind Boys, Malathini and the Mohatella Queens, and Tabuley Rochereau.

The Blind Pig closed as a music venue in 1998, but re-opened as a craft beer bar in 2004, and a microbrewery in 2009.

The cities now host Pygmalion Music Festival on an annual basis, presented by the Nicodemus Agency and Krannert Center for the Performing Arts. Past performers include Iron and Wine, The Books, Yacht, Rjd2, Yo La Tengo, Black Mountain, Asobi Seksu, Times New Viking, of Montreal, Danielson, Man Man, Okkervil River, Andrew Bird, Questlove, and more. The 2010 festival took place September 22–25.

The twin cities have a large number and variety of restaurants from long-standing breakfast and pizza traditions to newer, high-end dinner spots with "Chicago-style" aspirations. There is a wide representation of cuisines as well as many vegetarian and vegan choices. This has led to state-wide, mentioned on "Best of Illinois" lists, and regional recognition, receiving the Midwest Living magazine's 'Greatest Food Town' award in 2017

Media
Besides many print outlets, commercial radio stations, and TV stations, Champaign-Urbana has several academic, homegrown and not-for-profit media outlets.
WEFT 90.1 FM is a community radio station begun by a group of radio enthusiasts, artists, and community-minded individuals working together to realize the potential of bringing a variety of programming and people together behind one frequency. Since 1981, WEFT has broadcast music from around the world and East Central Illinois, news, and public affairs on shows hosted by an all-volunteer staff of air shifters. It also airs programming from national sources including Pacific.
WRFU-LP is a low power community radio station owned and operated by Radio Free Urbana.  The station was built by hundreds of volunteers from the region and around the country in November 2005 at the ninth Prometheus Radio Project barnraising.  WRFU broadcasts music, news, public affairs, and political activism (usually left-leaning) to listeners at 104.5FM.
Illini Media, located at 5th and Green in campustown, is home to the college's alternative radio station WPGU 107.1. The Illini Media Building is also home to the Daily Illini, the student-run daily newspaper, and Buzz Weekly which has quickly become a popular source for arts & entertainment news in the Champaign-Urbana area.
Smile Politely, an online magazine focused on arts, entertainment and alternative news, opened in 2007 and is seen as the successor to previous print efforts like The Octopus, and The Hub Weekly.

Transportation
In 2009, the Champaign-Urbana metropolitan statistical area (MSA) ranked as the fourth highest in the United States for percentage of commuters who walked to work (9 percent). In 2013, the Champaign-Urbana MSA ranked as the eleventh lowest in the United States for percentage of workers who commuted by private automobile (78.4 percent).  During the same year, 7.9 percent of Champaign area commuters walked to work.

Interstate 74 runs east–west through Champaign and Urbana. Interstate 57 runs north–south through the west part of Champaign. Interstate 72 terminates at Champaign. U.S. Routes 45 and 150 pass through the cities as well, and Illinois Routes 10 and 130 originate in Champaign and Urbana, respectively.

The Champaign-Urbana area is served by the Champaign-Urbana Mass Transit District, which has its main interchange at Illinois Terminal.  While primarily serving Rantoul and Danville respectively, Champaign County Area Rural Transit System and Danville Mass Transit also provide connecting service to the Illinois Terminal. Illinois Terminal also provides service by Greyhound Lines, Burlington Trailways, and the Amtrak City of New Orleans, Illini and Saluki routes, making it a regional transportation hub.

The University of Illinois Willard Airport in Savoy on the south side of Champaign provides air service through American Eagle.

Sports
While greater Champaign-Urbana does not feature any professional sports teams, the University of Illinois fields many teams which compete in the Big Ten Conference. Memorial Stadium and the State Farm Center (formerly the Assembly Hall) are both located in the south-east portion of Champaign. Memorial Stadium is a football arena where the Fighting Illini football team plays, and the State Farm Center is the home of the highly successful Fighting Illini basketball team.  The NFL's Chicago Bears played in Memorial Stadium for the 2002 season while Soldier Field was being modernized and refurbished.

The city of Champaign has been working with the Frontier League to create a privately owned professional baseball team. The team was scheduled to start playing in the 2009 baseball season, but was delayed in 2008 to the 2010 season at the earliest.  Since then however, there has been no development on the matter.

The University of Illinois hosted the 2013 NCAA Division I Men's and Women's Tennis Championships in May at the Kahn Outdoor Tennis Complex next to the Atkins Tennis Center and Eichelberger Field just south of Florida Avenue in Urbana. The Illini Men's Tennis team won the 2003 NCAA tennis championships and is highly ranked nationally.

Since 2009, Champaign-Urbana has been the home of the Illinois Marathon.

Notable people

The following people are from the Champaign–Urbana Metropolitan Area or attended the University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign:

American Football, rock group
Philip Anderson, Nobel Prize winner in Physics
Marc Andreessen, software engineer; co-writer of the Internet browser Mosaic
John Bardeen, two-time Nobel Prize winner in Physics
Bonnie Blair, Olympic speedskater
Emily Blue, pop singer
Braid, rock group
Dick Butkus, hall of fame NFL football player, played for U of I
Iris Chang, book author, historian
Roger Ebert, film critic
Dave Eggers, writer
Jennie Garth, actress, director
Red Grange, Illinois football RB, Chicago Bears RB, NFL Hall of Famer, #1 Big Ten Icon
Steven Hager, founder of the Cannabis Cup, editor-in-chief of High Times magazine
George Halas, founder/former owner of the Chicago Bears
Erika Harold, Miss America 2003
Hugh Hefner, founder of Playboy
Nick Holonyak Jr., inventor of the visible light-emitting diode
Hum, rock group
Mannie Jackson, owner of the Harlem Globetrotters
Robert L. Johnson, founder of BET
Shahid Khan, CEO/owner of Flex-N-Gate and owner of the Jacksonville Jaguars
Alison Krauss, bluegrass singer
Jonathan Kuck, Olympic speed skater
Don Laz, Olympic pole vault medalist
Ang Lee, filmmaker
Jimmy John Liautaud, owner of the sandwich chain Jimmy John's
Ludacris, rapper
Jack McDuff, jazz organist and organ trio bandleader
Tatyana McFadden, five-time US Paralympian winning 17 medals and 18 IPC World Championship medals
Tracey Meares, law professor
Nichole Millage, Paralympic volleyball player
Nick Offerman, actor, writer, humorist, carpenter
Nina Paley, cartoonist, illustrator, and blogger
Ron Popeil, infomercial inventor
C.W. Post, breakfast cereal magnate
Richard Powers, writer
Katherine Reutter, Olympic speed skater
Blake Schilb, an American professional basketball player
Daniel B. Shapiro, former US Ambassador to Israel
Hamilton O. Smith, won Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978
REO Speedwagon, rock group
Starcastle, progressive rock group
Sasha Velour, an American drag queen and winner of Rupaul's Drag Race in 2017
David Ogden Stiers attended high school in Urbana (with Roger Ebert)
Thelma Strabel, novelist
James Tobin, won Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1981.
David Foster Wallace, writer
George Will, political columnist
Stephen Wolfram, founder and CEO of Wolfram Research & Wolfram Alpha
Timothy Zahn, Hugo-award-winning author attended U of I and began his writing career there

Tony Khan, All Elite Wrestling chairman and head booker

Notes

External links

 Champaign-Urbana LocalWiki
 University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign
 Champaign-Urbana Community Fab Lab

Geography of Champaign County, Illinois
Geography of Ford County, Illinois
Geography of Piatt County, Illinois
Metropolitan areas of Illinois
Regions of Illinois

Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area


Combat, or fighting, is purposeful violent conflict between two or more persons, groups or organizations, often intended to establish dominance over the opponent. The term "combat" typically means armed conflict between military forces in war. The more general term "fighting" can mean any violent conflict, including boxing and wrestling matches. Combat violence can be unilateral, fighting means that there is at least a defensive reaction. But the terms are often used synonymously.

War

Combat


The Emmy Awards are United States television production awards which are given out each year. They are the television version of the Academy Awards. The first Emmy Awards were given out on January 25, 1949 at the Hollywood Athletic Club. Shirley Dinsdale was the very first person to be given an Emmy in the first awards ceremony.

Three organizations give Emmy Awards:

 The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences gives the award for American prime time entertainment (not including sports).
 The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences gives the award for daytime, sports, news, and documentary programming.
 The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences gives the award for programming that is created outside the United States.

The best-known of the awards are the Primetime Awards (some of which are named "Creative Arts Emmys") and the Daytime Emmy Awards.

The Emmy Awards is a statuette of a woman with wings holding an atom. It was created by television engineer Louis McManus, using his wife as a model. The trophies are made by a company that has a manufacturing site at the El Dorado Correctional Facility, a prison in El Dorado, Kansas.

Other websites
 Primetime Emmy Awards
 Daytime Emmy Awards
 International Emmy Awards
 Emmy Awards  at the Internet Movie Database

Emmy Award


The Amsterdam School (Dutch: Amsterdamse School) is a style of architecture that arose from 1910 through about 1930 in the Netherlands. The Amsterdam School movement is part of international Expressionist architecture, sometimes linked to German Brick Expressionism.

Buildings of the Amsterdam School are characterized by brick construction with complicated masonry with a rounded or organic appearance, relatively traditional massing, and the integration of an elaborate scheme of building elements inside and out: decorative masonry, art glass, wrought ironwork, spires or "ladder" windows (with horizontal bars), and integrated architectural sculpture. The aim was to create a total architectural experience, interior and exterior.

Different Modern Movements in the 1920s
Imbued with socialist ideals, the Amsterdam School style was often applied to working-class housing estates, local institutions and schools. For many Dutch towns Hendrik Berlage designed the new urban schemes, while the architects of the Amsterdam School were responsible for the buildings. With regard to the architectural style, Michel de Klerk had a different vision than Berlage. In the magazine "Bouwkundig Weekblad 45/1916" Michel de Klerk criticized Berlage's recent buildings in the style of Dutch Traditionalism. In this context, the Stock Exchange by Berlage of 1905 can be seen as the starting point of Traditionalist architecture. From 1920 to 1930 different parallel  movements developed in the Netherlands:
 Traditionalism (Kropholler, partly Berlage)
 Expressionism (de Klerk, Kramer)
 De Stijl (Rietveld, Oud, van Doesburg with manifesto De Stijl/1917 against the "Modern Baroque" of the Amsterdam School)
 Rationalism (van Eesteren, van Tijen, Merkelbach with manifesto De-8/1927 against the Amsterdam School)
 Constructivism (Duiker, van der Vlugt)
 The specific Brick-Cubism by Dudok and Berlage.

The Expressionist architecture of the Amsterdam School was the most successful style of the 1920s. For many foreign architects, Amsterdam was the "Mecca" for new town extensions. But the Traditionalist movement lasted longer, until the 1950s, thanks to the so-called Delft School, represented by Martinus Granpré Molière at the Delft University of Technology. In the 1960s the Rationalist movement was dominant. In a well-known speech, the Dutch Rationalist, Willem van Tijen declared the Amsterdam School a warning example for architects (published in Forum 9/1960-61). After the death of Piet Kramer in 1961, no architectural institution or museum was interested in his Expressionist work. For that reason, all his drawings, blueprints and models were burnt.

Origins of the Amsterdam School
The Amsterdam School had its origins in the office of architect Eduard Cuypers in Amsterdam. Although Cuypers was not a progressive architect himself, he gave his employees plenty of opportunity to develop. The three leaders of the Amsterdam School Michel de Klerk, Johan van der Mey and Piet Kramer all worked for Cuypers until about 1910. In 1905 Amsterdam was the first city to establish a building code, and the city hired Johan van der Mey afterwards, in the special position as "Aesthetic Advisor", to bring artistic unity and vision to its built environment.

Van der Mey's major commission, the 1912 cooperative-commercial Scheepvaarthuis (Shipping House), is considered the starting point of the movement, and the three of them collaborated on that building. The most Amsterdam School buildings are found in this city. The movement and its followers played an important role in Berlage's overall plans for the expansion of Amsterdam.

The most important architects and virtuoso artists of the Amsterdam School were Michel de Klerk and Piet Kramer. Other members included Jan Gratama (who gave it its name), Berend Tobia Boeyinga, P. H. Endt, H. Th. Wijdeveld, J. F. Staal, C. J. Blaauw, and P. L. Marnette. The journal Wendingen ("Windings" or "Changes"), published between 1918 and 1931, was the magazine of the Amsterdam School movement.

After De Klerk died in 1923, the style lost its importance. The De Bijenkorf Store in the Hague by Piet Kramer from 1926 is considered to be the last example of "classic" Amsterdam School Expressionism.

The influence of the Amsterdam School continued in the Dutch East Indies, where one of its leading proponents was the pioneering Indonesian architect Liem Bwan Tjie.

Interior design
The Amsterdam School style spread beyond architecture to encompass interior design, with the result that items ranging from furniture and carpets to lamps and clocks were produced. Interest revived in the 1970s as well as at the beginning of the 21st century.

References

Bibliography
Wim de Wit, The Amsterdam School - Dutch Expressionist Architecture 1915-1930, The MIT Press, Cambridge Mass. 1983
Maristella Casciato, The Amsterdam School, 010 Publishers, Rotterdam 1991
Joseph Buch, A Century of Architecture in The Netherlands, NAI Publishers, Rotterdam 1995
Martijn F. Le Coultre, Wendingen 1918-1932, V+K Publishing, Blaricum 2001 [Dutch edition]
Wendingen, Dutch architecture and art magazine. Expressionist architecture is the main theme: Amsterdam School (de Klerk, Kramer), Mendelsohn, Finsterlin, Feininger et al. Edited in Amsterdam and Santpoort, 1918–1932. Countermovement to the De Stijl movement in 1917.

External links

 Archimon
 The Amsterdam School museum, located in Het Schip
 Amsterdamse School (in Dutch)
 Amsterdam School of architecture outline and pictures
 Guided tour + photographs

Brick Expressionism
Dutch architectural styles
Buildings and structures in Amsterdam
Brick buildings and structures
Expressionist architecture
Modernist architecture in the Netherlands
20th-century architectural styles
Articles containing video clips

Amsterdam School


Catacombs are man-made subterranean passageways for religious practice. Any chamber used as a burial place is a catacomb, although the word is most commonly associated with the Roman Empire.

Etymology and history
The first place to be referred to as catacombs was the system of underground tombs between the 2nd and 3rd milestones of the Appian Way in Rome, where the bodies of the apostles Peter and Paul, among others, were said to have been buried. The name of that place in Late Latin was L.L. fem. nom. pl. n. catacumbas (sing. catacumba) a word of obscure origin, possibly deriving from a proper name or a derivation of the Greek phrase cata cumbas, "near the quarries". The word referred originally only to the Roman catacombs, but was extended by 1836 to refer to any subterranean receptacle of the dead, as in the 18th-century Paris catacombs. The ancient Christians carved the first catacombs from soft tufa rock. (ref)" (World Book Encyclopedia, page 296)

All Roman catacombs were located outside city walls since it was illegal to bury a dead body within the city, providing "a place…where martyrs' tombs could be openly marked" and commemorative services and feasts held safely on sacred days.

Around the world

Catacombs around the world include:

 Austria – Catacombs of St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna
 Czech Republic – Catacombs of Znojmo
 Bosnia and Herzegovina – Catacombs of Jajce
 Egypt – Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa (or Kom al Sukkfa, Shuqafa, etc.) in Alexandria
 United Kingdom  – Catacombs of London and others
 Finland – Catacombs of the Helsinki Orthodox cemetery at Hietaniemi cemetery
 France – Catacombs of Paris. Mine workings were used at end of the 18th century and had no religious purpose other than as an ossuary for storing the bones of cleared graveyards.
 Greece – Catacombs of Milos
 Italy – Catacombs of Rome; Catacombs of Naples; Capuchin catacombs of Palermo, Catacombs of Syracuse and others
 Malta – Catacombs of Malta
 Peru – Catacombs of Lima
 Philippines - Catacomb of Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery
Spain – Catacombs of Sacromonte in Granada
 Serbia - Petrovaradin Fortress catacombs
 Tunisia - Catacombs of Sousse
 Ukraine – Odesa Catacombs
 United States - Old St. Patrick's Cathedral
There are also catacomb-like burial chambers in Anatolia, Turkey; in Sousse, North Africa; in Syracuse, Italy; Trier, Germany; Kyiv, Ukraine. Capuchin catacombs of Palermo, Sicily were used as late as the 1920s. Catacombs were available in some of the grander English cemeteries founded in the 19th Century, such as Sheffield General Cemetery (above ground) and West Norwood Cemetery (below ground). There are catacombs in Bulgaria near Aladzha Monastery and in Romania as medieval underground galleries in Bucharest. In Ukraine and Russia, catacomb (used in the local languages' plural katakomby) also refers to the network of abandoned caves and tunnels earlier used to mine stone, especially limestone.

In Italy, possible Catacombs are also located in Alezio, beside the Sanctuary of Santa Maria dell'Assunta, as well as the basement of .

Decorations
Catacombs, although most notable as underground passageways and cemeteries, also house many decorations. There are thousands of decorations in the centuries-old catacombs of Rome, catacombs of Paris, and other known, some of which include inscriptions, paintings, statues, ornaments, and other items placed in the graves over the years.

Most of these decorations were used to identify, immortalize and show respect to the dead. Decorations in the catacombs of Rome were primarily decorated with images and words exalting Christ or depicting scenes from the Old and New Testaments of the Bible.
Much of the sculpture work and art, other than engravings on the walls or tombs, has been preserved in places such as the Museum of Saint John Lateran, Christian Museum of Berlin University, and the Vatican.

Three representations of Christ as Orpheus charming animals with peaceful music have been found in the catacombs of Domatilla and St. Callista. Another figure was made of gilded glass and dates back to the fourth century, featuring Jesus with the world balanced in his hand and a scroll at his feet.

Inscriptions
Although thousands of inscriptions were lost as time passed, many of those remaining indicate the social rank or job title of its inhabitants; however, most of the inscriptions simply indicate how loving a couple was, or the love of parents and such. A common and particularly interesting one found in Roman catacombs is the Ichthys, or "Monogram of Christ" which reads ΙΧΘΥΣ, standing for "Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior".

Bacteria
In recent years unique strains of bacteria have been discovered that thrive in catacombs, inducing mineral efflorescence and decay. These include Kribbella sancticallisti, Kribbella catacumbae, and three types of non-thermophilic (low-temperature) Rubrobacter.

See also
Cemetery
Crypt
 Ossuary
"The Cask of Amontillado"
Underground city
Necropolis

Notes

References
 Blyton, Enid "Five go to Smuggler's Top" Hodder and Stroughton (1945)
 Éamonn Ó Carragáin, Carol L. Neuman de Vegvar Roma felix: formation and reflections of medieval Rome Ashgate (14 March 2008)  p. 33 Roma Felix: Formation and Reflections of Medieval Rome
 Nicholson, Paul Thomas (2005) "The sacred animal necropolis at North Saqqara: the cults and their catacombs" In Salima Ikram (ed) Divine creatures: animal mummies in Ancient Egypt. American University in Cairo Press, 2005 pp. 44–71.

External links

The Catacombs of Saint Sebastian
The Catacombs of Naples
The Catacombs of Odesa
The Catacombs of Paris
Catacombs
The Catacombs of Saint Callist
Subterranean Britannica
The Catacombs of Lima, Peru

Cemeteries
Subterranean buildings and structures

Catacombs


Romulus and Remus were the legendary founders of Rome. In Roman mythology they were twin brothers, children of Rhea Silvia and the god Mars.

Birth and youth
Rhea Silvia was the daughter of Numitor Silvius, king of Alba Longa, a legendary town founded by Ascanius, son of Aeneas, prince of Troy. When Numitor's brother Amulius became king by force, he made Rhea Silvia a Vestal Virgin, so she would not have children who could be kings instead of him. But the god Mars seduced her and she had the twins Romulus and Remus. Rhea Silvia was punished, and her sons were thrown into the Tiber, but were saved by the river god Tiberinus, who also saved Rhea Silvia and married her. Romulus and Remus were found by a she-wolf who suckled them. A woodpecker fed them. The brothers were later found by a shepherd, Faustulus, who raised them.

The founding of Rome
Once they were grown, Romulus and Remus founded the city of Rome. However, the twins had an argument about where to start Rome. Romulus favored the Palatine Hill, but Remus favored the Aventine Hill. They decided to settle the disagreement by asking the gods. Each brother stood on his respective hill. Remus saw six birds fly overhead, and Romulus saw twelve. However, Remus countered that he had seen the birds first. Nonetheless, Romulus started to build a wall around his city. Then, Remus jumped over the wall as an insult to his brother. Angered, Romulus killed Remus. He regretted it, and took Remus to Amulius's palace, and buried him there.

Other websites

Roman mythology
Twin people
Kings of Rome

Romulus and Remus


आंतरजालावर मुशाफिरी करण्यासाठी लागणारी संगणक आधारीत प्रणाली

न्याहाळक   (वेब न्याहाळक) हा एक software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to easily navigate their browsers to related resources.

Although browsers are primarily intended to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems.

मुख्य न्याहाळक आहेत इंटरनेट एक्सप्लोरर, फायरफॉक्स, सफारी, गुगल क्रोम व ओपेरा.

इतिहास

The history of the web browser dates back to the late 1980s, when a variety of technologies laid the foundation for the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991. That browser brought together a variety of existing and new software and hardware technologies.

The introduction of the NCSA Mosaic web browser in 1993 – one of the first graphical web browsers – led to an explosion in web use. Marc Andreessen, the leader of the Mosaic team at NCSA, soon started his own company, named Netscape, and released the Mosaic-influenced Netscape Navigator in 1994, which quickly became the world's most popular browser, accounting for 90% of all web use at its peak (see usage share of web browsers).

मायक्रोसॉफ्टनेही इंटरनेट एक्सप्लोरर हा वेब न्याहाळक १९९५ मधे काढला. (also heavily influenced by Mosaic), initiating the industry's first browser war. By bundling Internet Explorer with Windows, Microsoft was able to leverage its dominance in the operating system market to take over the web browser market; Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002.

ओपेरा हा वेब न्याहाळक १९९६ मधे सुरू झाला. although it has never achieved widespread use, having 2% browser usage share as of August 2009 according to Net Applications, it has a substantial share of the fast-growing mobile phone web browser market, being preinstalled on over 40 million phones. It is also available on several other embedded systems, including Nintendo's Wii video game console.

In 1998, Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation in an attempt to produce a competitive browser using the open source software model. That browser would eventually evolve into Firefox, which developed a respectable following while still in the beta stage of development; shortly after the release of Firefox 1.0 in late 2004, Firefox (all versions) accounted for 7.4% of browser use. As of August 2009, Firefox has a 23% usage share.

Apple's Safari had its first beta release in January 2003; as of July 2009, it has a dominant share of Apple-based web browsing, accounting for just over 4% of the entire browser market. Its rendering engine, called WebKit, is also running in the standard browsers of several mobile phone platforms, including Google Android, Nokia S60 and Palm WebOS.

The most recent major entrant to the browser market is Google's WebKit-based Chrome, first released in September 2008.  As of August 2009, it has a 3% usage share.

Function
The primary purpose of a web browser is to bring information resources to the user. This process begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) , into the browser. The prefix of the URI determines how the URI will be interpreted. The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: and identifies a resource to be retrieved over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Many browsers also support a variety of other prefixes, such as https: for HTTPS, ftp: for the File Transfer Protocol, and file: for local files. Prefixes that the web browser cannot directly handle are often handed off to another application entirely. For example, mailto: URIs are usually passed to the user's default e-mail application, and news: URIs are passed to the user's default newsgroup reader.

In the case of http, https, file, and others, once the resource has been retrieved the web browser will display it. HTML is passed to the browser's layout engine to be transformed from markup to an interactive document. Aside from HTML, web browsers can generally display any kind of content that can be part of a web page. Most browsers can display images, audio, video, and XML files, and often have plug-ins to support Flash applications and Java applets. Upon encountering a file of an unsupported type or a file that is set up to be downloaded rather than displayed, the browser prompts the user to save the file to disk.

Information resources may contain hyperlinks to other information resources. Each link contains the URI of a resource to go to. When a link is clicked, the browser navigates to the resource indicated by the link's target URI, and the process of bringing content to the user begins again.

Features

Available web browsers range in features from minimal, text-based user interfaces with bare-bones support for HTML to rich user interfaces supporting a wide variety of file formats and protocols. Browsers which include additional components to support e-mail, Usenet news, and Internet Relay Chat (IRC), are sometimes referred to as "Internet suites" rather than merely "web browsers".

All major web browsers allow the user to open multiple information resources at the same time, either in different browser windows or in different tabs of the same window. Major browsers also include pop-up blockers to prevent unwanted windows from "popping up" without the user's consent.

Most web browsers can display a list of web pages that the user has bookmarked so that the user can quickly return to them. Bookmarks are also called "Favorites" in Internet Explorer. In addition, all major web browsers have some form of built-in web feed aggregator. In Mozilla Firefox, web feeds are formatted as "live bookmarks" and behave like a folder of bookmarks corresponding to recent entries in the feed. In Opera, a more traditional feed reader is included which stores and displays the contents of the feed.

Furthermore, most browsers can be extended via plug-ins, downloadable components that provide additional features.

User interface
Most major web browsers have these user interface elements in common:
 Back and forward buttons to go back to the previous resource and forward again.
 A refresh or reload button to reload the current resource.
 A stop button to cancel loading the resource. In some browsers, the stop button is often merged with the reload button.
 A home button to return to the user's home page
 An address bar to input the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) of the desired resource and display it.
 A search bar to input terms into a search engine
 A status bar to display progress in loading the resource and also the URI of links when the cursor hovers over them, and page zooming capability.

Major browsers also possess incremental find features to search within a web page.

Privacy and security आणि सुरक्षा
Most browsers support HTTP Secure and offer quick and easy ways to delete the web cache, cookies, and browsing history. For a comparison of the current security vulnerabilities of browsers, see comparison of web browsers.

Standards support
Early web browsers supported only a very simple version of HTML. The rapid development of proprietary web browsers led to the development of non-standard dialects of HTML, leading to problems with interoperability. Modern web browsers support a combination of standards-based and de facto HTML and XHTML, which should be rendered in the same way by all browsers.

हेसुद्धा पहा

लेखात प्रयूक्त संज्ञा

शब्दाचा विशेष संदर्भ/अर्थ छटा

इंग्रजी मराठी  संज्ञा

References

बाह्य दुवे

आंतरजाल न्याहाळक

आंतरजाल न्याहाळक


The citron (Citrus medica) is a species of citrus fruit. It usually has a thick rind and small sections. Originally, the tree came from Southeast Asia. Today it is mainly grown in Sicily, Morocco, Crete, and Corsica, as well as Puerto Rico. The tree can grow to a size of about 3 metres. The fruit can grow to a size of about 25 cm in length, and about 4 kg in weight. The pulp of the fruit is hardly ever used. The rind is used. It is made into an additive for cooking. Jam can also be made from the rind. The rind is also used to make vegetable oil, which is used for perfumes.

Generally, it is eaten preserved or in bakery goods, such as fruitcakes. (The candied peel rather than the fruit is often used in cooking.) In some cultures, it is made into a fruity tea. Pliny the Elder states that in his time , the citron could only be grown in Media and Persia (HN xii.7). The Romans tried to transport it into the Roman Empire in tightly packed pots, but failed, according to Pliny. There is evidence, however, which shows it was cultivated in the Mediterranean during Pliny's lifetime. Zohary and Hopf believe this tree was first domesticated in India. They think that its wild forms, along with those of the mandarin and pomelo, were the original citrus species.

The citron has many names in different countries; one popular reference is Cedrat, which is the French name for the fruit. Theophrastus referred to the citron as the Persian or Median Apple, and the fruit later came to be known as the Citrus Apple. Pliny calls the tree the Assyrian, or the Median, "apple" (the generic Greco-Roman name for globose fruits). Other citrus crops were not introduced to the Mediterranean basin until Islamic times.

In many languages other than English, a normal lemon is called a "citron" and a Lime is called a "limon". Although the East Asian citrus fruit yuzu (also called yuja) is sometimes called a citron, it is actually a separate species, Citrus junos.

Cultivation and uses
The citron fruit is slow-growing. The citron tree is typically grown from cuttings that are two to four years old; the tree begins to bear fruit when it is around three years old. The fruit is oblong in shape, and sometimes as much as six inches in length. Its skin is thick, somewhat hard, fragrant, and covered with protuberances; the pulp is white and subacid.

In Pliny's time the fruit was never eaten (it began to be used in cooking by the early 2nd century), but its intense perfume was used, penetrating clothes to repel noxious insects (compare Citronella).

In Hebrew, the citron is known as the etrog (). It is one of the Four Species used during the holiday of Sukkot each fall. The role of the citron in that holiday was portrayed in the Israeli movie Ushpizin. Citrons that have been bred with lemon (in order to increase output per tree and make the tree less fragile) are not kosher for use as part of the Four Species.

In South Indian cuisine, especially Tamil cuisine, citron is widely used in pickles and preserves. In Tamil, the unripe fruit is referred to as 'narthangai', which is usually salted and dried to make a preserve. The tender leaves of the plant are often used in conjunction with chili powder and other spices to make a powder, called 'narthellai podi', literally translating to 'powder of citron leaves'. Both narthangai and narthellai podi are usually consumed with 'thayir sadam' (Curd Rice - Yogurt Rice).

In Korea, it is used to create a syrupy tea (called Yuja cha) where the slices of whole fruit are eaten with the sweet tea. The fruit is thinly sliced (peel, pith and pulp) and soaked or cooked in honey or sugar to create a chunky syrup. This syrupy candied fruit is mixed with hot water as a fragrant tea, where the fruit at the bottom of the cup is eaten as well. Often perserved in the syrup for the cold months, Yuja tea served as a source of fruit in winter. It is also popular in Taiwan, where it is known as 柚子茶 (Youzi cha).
[Note: The Korean Yuja is the same as the Japanese Yuzu 柚子 and must be different from the citron being described in this article. The Japanese Yuzu = Citrus junos.]

Notes

Related pages
List of Citrus fruits

Other websites
 Citrus medica used as a medicinal plant.

Citron


{{ExamplesSidebar|35%|
 I like blue skies and fluffy clouds.
 He is a nice man.
 It was a very 'cold day.
 My friend is very tall with brown eyes
 They are good people.}}

An adjective'' is a word that describes a noun or pronoun.  Nouns are words that name a place, a person, a thing, or an idea. An adjective is a word that gives more information about the noun that goes with it. It is a part of speech.

Often, the adjective is before the noun it describes.  Sometimes an adjective is not followed by a noun:
 The sky is blue. The joke she told was so nice, I could not stop laughing all day.

 It is still an adjective, because we could have "the blue sky", "the funny joke", and "the crazy man". The adjective is still describing the noun though they are not side by side.
 There is a tall man.
An adjective is a word that gives instant information about a noun to make a clear picture of the noun in the mind of the reader and create a feeling  to the writer.

 Comparative and superlative
Sometimes there are different forms of the same adjective. If one joke makes a person laugh more than another joke, then that joke is funnier. This is called the comparative form.  The day that is colder than any other is the coldest day. This is the superlative form of "cold". Some adjectives need additional words when we want to compare them. For instance, one car may be cheaper than another, but the second car may be more reliable (we use "more reliable", instead of "reliabler"). Reliable means worthy of trust.

The rule is:

For short adjectives ending in a consonant like "cold," "black," or "fast," one adds the suffix er to make a comparison of greater magnitude. Example: "The North Pole is colder than Florida." The greatest possible comparison is made by adding the suffix est. Example: "The North Pole is the coldest place on the Earth." For long adjectives like intelligent, conscientious, comprehensive, one uses the word more to make a comparison of greater magnitude. Example: "Children are more intelligent than adults."

A superlative makes the greatest possible comparison.  One uses the word most. Example: "She is the most conscientious person I have ever known."

 Nouns as noun modifiers

In the English language, it is possible for a noun to modify (describe) another noun. Example: take the noun "angel" and the noun "face." Put them together and the result is "angel face." The first noun is acting as an adjective, because it is giving us information about the second noun.

 Adjectives and adverbs
Adjectives are words we use to describe the noun.  Simple words like "warm" and "fat" are adjectives commonly used in writing.  One can make adverbs from some adjectives by adding the suffix ly'''.  Example: take the adjective "beautiful," the adverb is beautifully. One can do it the other way around: take an adverb like "presumably," the adjective is "presumable".  "Presumable innocence" means the accused is assumed to be innocent until proven guilty.

The adjective "guilty" becomes the adverb "guiltily" and vice versa (the opposite), the adverb "guiltily" becomes the adjective "guilty."

100 Adjectives used in Basic English
able • acid • angry • automatic • beautiful • black • boiling • bright • broken • brown • cheap • chemical • chief • clean • clear • common • complex • conscious • cut • deep • dependent • early • elastic • electric • equal • fat • fertile • first • fixed • flat • free • frequent • full • general • good • great • gray • hanging • happy • hard • healthy • high • hollow • important • kind • like • living • long • male • married • material • medical • military • natural • necessary • new • normal • open • parallel • past • physical • political • poor • possible • present • private • probable • quick • quiet • ready • red • regular • responsible • right • round • same • second • separate • serious • sharp • smooth • sticky • stiff • straight • strong • sudden • sweet • tall • thick • tight • tired • true • violent  • warm • wet • wide • wise • yellow • young

Other websites

Parts of speech

Adjective


Ang Simbahang Katolikong Romano sa Pilipinas adunay kasaysayan sa kasi 500 ka tuig, ug kini ang ikaduhang labing karaan nga monoteistang tinuohan sa Pilipinas.

Ang Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines mao ang opisyal nga organisasyon sa episkopadong Katoliko sa Pilipinas ug ang Catechism for Filipino Catholics mao ang nasodnong katesismo sa nasod.

Bohol

Ang mga Paring Bol-anon o Bohol Clergy sa Ininggles mao ang hugpong sa mga pari sa simbahang Katoliko sa Bohol, sa Philippines.  Kasagaran naa sa mga parokya sa duha sa Diyoseses sa Bohol nga ang Diocese of Tagbilaran ug  Diocese of Talibon, samtang adunay ubay-ubay kanila nga gawas sa province, sama sa Manila, Mindanao, Canada, South America ug United States, isip obispo or pari.

Mga obispo

 Julio Cardinal Rosales, D.D. - first Bishop of Tagbilaran
 Most Rev. Manuel Mascariñas, D.D. † - second Bishop of Tagbilaran
 Most Rev. Onesimo Gordoncillo, STL, D.D.  - third bishop of Tagbilaran, now Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Capiz
 Most Rev. Felix Zafra, D.D. † - former Bishop of the Diocese of Dipolog and fourth bishop of the Diocese of Tagbilaran
 Most Rev. Christian Noel, D.D.  - first Bishop of the Diocese of Talibon
 Most Rev. Leopoldo Tumulak, D.D.  - fifth Bishop of Tagbilaran
 Most Rev. Leonardo Medroso, JCD, D.D.  - sixth and current Bishop of the Diocese of Tagbilaran
 Most Rev. Jesus B. Tuquib, STD, D.D.  - Archbishop of Cagayan de Oro
 Most Rev. Mariano Garces Gaviola, JCD, D.D. † - former Archbishop of Lipa
 Most Rev. Miguel F. Cinches, S.V.D.,D.D.  - Bishop-Emeritus of Surigao
 Most Rev. Juan de Dios M. Pueblos, D.D.  - Bishop of the Diocese of Butuan
 Most Rev. Alfredo Baquial, D.D. † - former Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Davao
 Most Rev. Zacarias C. Jimenez, D.D.  - Bishop of the Diocese of Pagadian
 Most Rev. Arturo M. Bastes, S.V.D.,D.D.  - Bishop of the Diocese of Sorsogon
 Most Rev. Romulo G. Valles, STL, D.D.  - Bishop of the Diocese of Kidapawan  Archbishop Jesus Toquib Of Cagayan
 Most Rev. Antonieto D. Cabajog, JCL, D.D.  - Bishop of the Diocese of Surigao
 Most Rev. Crispin Barette Varquez D.D.- 14th Boholano Bishop - Bishop of Borongan
 Most Rev. Bernardito C. Auza, JCL, STD, D.D. - 15th  Boholano Bishop - Apostolic Nuncio to Haiti

Paring Bol-anon Tagbilaran (PB Tagbilaran)

 Msgr. Jeffrey Malanog, JCL - Vicar General Diocese of Tagbilaran/Parish Priest St. Joseph Cathedral
 Msgr. Cirilo Darunday, Jr. - Parish Vicar Sta. Cruz Parish Dao District, Tagbilaran City
 Msgr. Jesus B. Ligason - Spiritual Director Pre-college Seminarians IHMS
 Msgr. Melquiades Agunod -Resident Priest
 Msgr. Gorgonio Zapatos
 Msgr. Felipe Digal Parish Vicar Immaculate Conception parish Baclayon, Bohol
 Fr. Jose Cecil Lobrigas - Chancellor
 Fr. Ronaldo Amora - Diocesan Oeconomus
 Fr. Ruel Pangan - Hospital Chaplain
 Msgr.Ranulfo F. Nazareno - Hospital Chaplain , Resident Priest Saint Vincent Ferrer Parish Calape
 Msgr.Margarito Gonzaga
 Fr. Avelino Onyot Parish Priest Bool, Baclayon
 Fr. Vicente Nunag III - Immaculate Conception Parish Baclayon, Bohol Parish Priest
 Fr. Feliciano Nalzaro - Parish Priest Immaculate Heart of Mary Parish Taloto
 Fr. Jose "Joesum" Sumampong - Parish Priest Our Lady of Good Voyage Parish
 Fr. Victor Bompat -  Assistant Hospital Chaplain
 Fr. Andres "Andy" Ayco -  Assistant Parish Priest, Tagbilaran City
 Fr. Danilo Maniwan - Parish Priest, Panglao, Bohol
 Fr. Valentino U. Pinlac, STL - Parish Priest, Dauis, Bohol
 Fr. Ruel Tumangday - parish Priest Cawayanan, Tubigon, Bohol
 Fr. Desiderio "Kiking" Magdoza - Parish Priest Cabilao, Island Loon, Bohol
 Fr. Belarmino "Butch" Palapar - Parish Priest Tiptip
 Fr. Bonifacio "Boy" Espeleta, Jr. - School Director Sacred Heart Academ/ Assistant Parish Priest Loon, Bohol
 Fr. Fermin Bugtong - Parish Priest Our Lady of Good Voyage Parish De La Paz Cortes, Bohol
 Fr. Julius C. Lupot - Chaplain Mansasa
 Fr. Gerardo  "Jingboy" Saco - Parish Priest Our Lady of Lourdes Parish Kofc
 Fr. Marlon Lumanas - Parish Priest Corella, Bohol
 Fr. Reuben "Daves" Angcla - Parish Priest, Our Lady of Mount Carmel Parish, Balilihan, Bohol
 Fr. Alger Angcla - Loboc, Bohol
 Fr. Leonel Grado - Catagbacan, Loon, Bohol
 Fr. Renato Regis - Catagbacan, Loon, Bohol
 Fr. Patricio "Pat" Galon - Parish Priest
 Fr. Ranulfo "Nol" Docabo - Further Studies Europe
 Fr. Martin Lupiba, PhD - Rector, Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary
 Fr. Crisolito Geangan - Procurator, Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary
 Fr. Claverlito Migriño- Prefect of Discipline, Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary
 Fr. Absalon Florenosos-  Spiritual Director, Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary
 Fr. Crisolito Geangan- Formation Director (Pre-college), Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary
 Fr. Irvin Garsuta- Music Director, Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary

Study Leave
Fr. Harold Parilla - Licentiate in Canon Law, Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome
Fr. Niño Maconrey Supremo - Licentiate in Canon Law, University of Santo Tomas, Manila
Fr. Milan Ted Torralba, PhL, JCL - MA in Cultural Heritage and Doctorate in Canon Law, University of Santo Tomas,Manila

___

Paring Bol-anon Talibon (PB Talibon)1986-2009

MOST REV. CHRISTIAN VICENTE F. NOEL, D.D. - Bishop of Talibon
 Msgr. Ignacio "Inday" Reyes, PhL, JCL, EV - Parish Priest (Cathedral of the Most Blessed Trinity, Talibon, Bohol)
 Fr. Mario Ombao - Parish Priest (Cabulao, Mabini)
 Fr. Antonio Tutor Jr. - Parish Priest (Bagacay, Talibon, Bohol) and Chancellor (Diocese of Talibon)
 Fr. Adolfo Dagohoy Jr. - Vice Chancellor (Diocese of Talibon)
 Fr. Chito Lozada - Social Action Director (Diocese of Talibon)
 Fr. Leonilo Lopena - Parish Priest (Trinidad, Bohol)
 Fr. Teotimo Ugpo - Parish Priest (Bien-unido, Bohol)
 Fr. Jonas Redulla - Director (Holy Child Academy, Bien-unido, Bohol)
 Fr. Presciano Boncales - Parish Priest (Ubay, Bohol)
 Fr. Ranulfo Bernaldez - Parish Priest (Carlos P Garcia-Pitogo, Bohol)
 Fr. Donald Boncales - Parish Priest (Biabas, Ubay, Bohol)
 Fr. Alfredo Amora Jr. - Parish Priest (San Pascual, Ubay, Bohol)
 Msgr. Julio Renegado, HP - Resident Priest (Mabini, Bohol)
 Fr. Jesus Frederick Camacho - Parish Priest (Mabini, Bohol)
 Fr. Reynaldo Omamalin - Parish Priest (La Union, Candijay, Bohol)
 Fr. Reynald Evangelista - Parish Priest ( Cogtong, Candijay, Bohol)
 Fr. Silvano Evangelista - Parish Priest (Candijay, Bohol)
 Fr. Victor Rubia - Parish Priest (La Hacienda, Alicia, Bohol)
 Fr. Jonathan Pacudan, JCL - Parish Priest (Anda, Boho)
 Fr. Gilbert Añana - Parish Priest (Guindulman, Bohol)
 Fr. Gregorio Mendez - Parish Vicar (Guindulman, Bohol)
 Fr. Basilio Auxtero - Resident Priest (Candijay, Bohol)
 Fr. Eutiquio Boyles - Parish Priest (Alicia, Bohol)
 Fr. Guissepe Trabajo - Parish Priest (Duero, Bohol)
 Fr. Victor Alen Caresosa - Parish Vicar (Anda, Bohol)
 Fr. Paulito Amplayo - Parish Priest (Guinacot, Guindulman, Bohol)
 Fr. Asterio Felisilda - Quasi Parish Priest (Payao, Duero, Bohol)
 Msgr. Orencio Jubac, EV - Parish Priest (Jagna, Bohol)
 Fr. Rimar Mabanag - Director (Holy Child Academy, Ubay, Bohol)
 Fr. Eusebio Soliano - Parish Priest (Aguining, Pitogo, Bohol)
 Fr. Serelle Timoteo Reyes - Director (Virgen del Pilar Academy, Pilar, Bohol)
 Fr. Epifanio Gupita - Parish Priest (Lonoy, Jagna, Bohol)
 Fr. Carmelo Aguhar - Parish Vicar (Carmen, Bohol)
 Fr. Ariel Lantaca - Parish Priest (Abachanan, Sierra Bullones, Bohol)
 Fr. Alberto Makinano - Parish Priest (Sierra Bullones, Bohol)
 Fr. Nazario Tiempo Jr. - Priest Priest (Bugsoc, Sierra Bullones, Bohol)
 Fr. Cosme Damian Almedilla - Parish Priest (Pilar, Bohol)
 Fr. Dale Duallo - Parish Priest (Carmen, Bohol)
 Fr. Jose Perez - Quasi Parish Priest ( Nueva Vida Este, Carmen, Bohol)
 Fr. Raul Cuyag - Director (St. Paul Academy, Inabanga,Bohol)
 Fr. Jose Pompie Solana - Parish Priest ( Dagohoy, Bohol)
 Fr. Eutemio Espina - Parish Priest (San Miguel, Bohol)
 Fr. Joemarie Gavas - Parish Vicar( San Miguel, Bohol)
 Fr. Diosdado Ranara - Parish Priest (Mahayag, San Miguel, Bohol)
 Fr. Edu Deligero - Parish Priest (Danao, Bohol)
 Fr. Diozalde Cuyag - Parish Vicar (Talibon, Bohol)
 Fr. Felix Tabigue - Parish Priest (Inabanga, Bohol)
 Fr. Pablito Saludes - Parish Priest (Pasanan, Inabangga, Bohol)
 Fr. Joselito Eronico - Parish Priest (Bugtong Lubi, Inabanga, Bohol)
 Fr. Matias Gonzalez - Parish Priest (Buenavista, Bohol)
 Fr. Alexander Auxtero - Parish Priest (Getafe, Bohol)
 Fr. Avelino Plete - Parish Priest (San Agustin, Talibon, Bohol)
 Fr. Reynaldo Casenas - Santo Niño Institute (Getafe, Bohol)
 Fr. Paulo Perenio - Resident Priest (Inabangga, Bohol)
 Fr. Ursolo Aparicio - Resident Priest (Inabanga)
 Fr. Jan Ricarte Cristal - Parish Vicar (Jagna, Bohol)
 Fr. Ulysses "Tata" Dispo - Parish Vicar (Sierra Bullones, Bohol)
 Fr. Armand Bayron - Formator (IHMSeminary, Tagbilaran City)

Study Leave:
 Fr. Jonas Achacoso - Licentiate in Canon Law, University of Navarre, Spain
 Fr. Edward Karaan, STL, MA, JCL - Doctorate in Canon Law, University of Santo Tomas, Manila
 Fr. Jose Conrado Estafia, PhL, MA - Doctorate in Philosophy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila

Abroad:
Archbishop Bernardito "Barni" Auza, JCL, STD, DD - Apostolic Nuncio to Haiti
Fr. Bernard Rañoa - Diocese of San Diego, California
Fr. Edwin Tutor - Diocese of San Diego, California
Fr. Jovencio Ricafort - Diocese of San Diego, California
Fr. Arnulfo Tadena - Diocese of San Diego, California
Fr. Arlou Buslon - Archdiocese of Newark, New Jersey
Fr. Cormac Lacre - Diocese of Sacramento, California
Fr. Geraldo "Aldo" Rañin - Diocese of Sacramento, California
Fr. Sherwin Colaste - Diocese of Sacramento, California
Fr. Archelito Fernandez - Diocese of Tulsa, Oklahoma
Fr. Orencio Mumar - Diocese of Tulsa, Oklahoma
Fr. Nilo Nalugon - Diocese of San Angelo, Texas
Fr. Antonio Castro, STL - Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston, Texas
Fr. Cirino Buñao - Diocese of Rockville Centre, New York
Fr. Roland Pacudan - Diocese of Honolulu, Hawaii
Fr. Raymond Estillore - Arquidiocesis de Santiago, Chile
Fr. Deodoro Caga - Diocese of St. Catharines, Niagara Peninsula, Ontario, Canada
Fr. Pio Sombilon - Diocese of Grandfalls, Newfoundland, Canada
Fr. Julian Asucan - Diocese of Burlington, Vermont
Fr. Melquiades "Melky" Bayron - Diocese of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

Military Chaplains:
Fr. Sergio Surigao
Fr. Alfredo Macua
Fr. Manolo Mendez

Luzon:
Fr. Simplicio Apalisok Jr.
Fr. Mark Estillore
Fr. Gumersindo Adlaon
Fr. Ondoy Evangelista
Fr. Dennis Salazar

Mindanao:
 Fr. Alberto Uy, STL - Professor, St. John Mary Vianney Seminary, Cagayan de Oro City
 Fr. Ramonito Hilot - Malaybalay, Bukidnon

SOMEWHERE:
         Fr. Manuel Barajan
         Fr. Feliciano Bernales
         Fr. Floro Hinacay
         Fr. Rogelio Mendez
         Fr. Abelardo Vallejos
         Fr. Ondoy Rosales
         Fr. King Vaño

HEAVEN BOUND:
                   + FR. AQUILINO ABRAU + FR. FEODOR AVENIDO + FR. GENEROSO BASTES + FR. ELPEDIO APARICIO +
                   + FR. TEODORICO BAJAO + FR. FELIX CUBELO + FR. SIMPLICIO CAMACHO + FR. DOMINGO "BOY" BOISER +
                   + MSGR. SATURNINO FELICITAS, HP + FR. JOSE MORATA

P. s. Kon adunay nahikalimtan kana wala tuyoa sa nagsulat palihug ipuno lang ani....wa ko sugoa.....
Tagapaglayag sa Saktong Pag-ayo: }
Kalibutan:                       }
Mapa:                            }
Letra:                           }
Radio:                           }
Channel:                         }si alias Rj or Lancekeeper or Santikeeper tinuod nga si(SANTIAGO ROSEQUE CUIZON III Born Linya:                           } January 01 1990 Alive) naa karon sa F.B Cabahug St, Ibabao Mandaue Longwin 6014
Tagabantay:                      }Naa sa Visayas usa ka Dakong Tagapag subay sa Kinatas-an sa party
Tagaturo:                        }New Generation na Born In New Savior.. SANTIAGO ROSEQUE CUIZON III
Tagapag-payo:                    }Taga Mandaue Cebu city sa Region VII PHILIPPINES PILIPINAS FILIPINO.
TagaBantay Kalawakan dissasters,:} sa Burgos Alang-Alang  ST. Tresosas Gepanganak. 25 na siya karon.

Paring Bol-anon Manila (PB Manila)
 Fr. Elpidio "Boy" Biliran, Jr., parish priest, Manila
 Fr. Joseph Biliran, parish priest, Diocese of Novaliches, Quezon City
 Fr. Giovanni Biliran, Chaplain, Philippine Coast Guard (Manila)
 Fr. "Tiloy" Castino, Chaplain, Camp Crame, Quezon City
 Fr. Jude Besinga, Chaplain, Camp Crame, Quezon City
 Fr. Victor Emmanuel "Bobot" Clemen - Parish Priest, San Bartolome Parish, Novaliches Bayan, Diocese of Novaliches, Quezon City
 Fr. Simplicio "Peon" Apalisok, Jr. - former Parish Priest, Mount Carmel Parish, Project 6, Diocese of Cubao, Quezon City
 Fr. Emigdio "Migs" A. Paredes - Chaplain, Veterans Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City
 Fr. John Bosco Abellana - Parish Priest, Our Lady of Good Voyage, Camarin, Novaliches, Quezon City

Paring Bol-anon Mindanao (PB Mindanao)
 Msgr. Crisologo "Cris" B. Manongas - Vicar General, Archdiocese of Zamboanga
 Fr. Emmanuel "Bobong" Gonzaga - Parish Priest, Davao City
 Fr. Zenon Ampong - Parish Priest, Davao City
 Fr. Jovilo "Jovil" Bongay - Parish Priest, Panacan, Davao City
 Fr. Victor "Bobot" Gilay - Parish Priest, San Pedro Cathedral, Davao City
 Fr. Amado "Ding" Vaño -  Archdiocese of Zamboanga
 Fr. Michael "Amai" Gementiza - Archdiocese of Zamboanga

 Fr. Roger Apigo - Archdiocese of Zamboanga
 Fr. Sixto Vistal - Archdiocese of Zamboanga
 fr. Ramonito Hilot; Diocese of Pagadian

Paring Bol-anon USA and CANADA (PB USA & CANADA)

 Msgr. Floro Arcamo - Pastor, Star of the Sea Church , San Francisco, California
 Msgr. John Pernia - Retired, Archdiocese of San Francisco, California, USA
 Fr. Eugene D. Tungol - Pastor, Church of the Epiphany , San Francisco, California, USA; Chairman, Council of Priests, Archdiocese of San Francisco
 Fr. Manuel "Boboy" Curso - Pastor, Holy Angels Church , Colma, California, USA
 Fr. Jovencio Ricafort - Pastor, Mater Dei Catholic Church , Chula Vista, California
 Fr. Clarito "Boy" Rara - Chaplain, Houston, Texas
 Fr. Bernard Rañoa - Administrator of Sacred Heart Parish ,  Brawley, California
 Fr. Avelino "Val" Vale - Associate Pastor, St. Michael Church , Crowley, Louisiana
 Fr. Arnold Zamora - Star of the Sea Parish , San Francisco, California
 Fr. Gaudioso Zamora - Palm Beach, Florida
 Fr. Rex Roberto Familar - Orlando, Florida
 Fr. Blair Lope M. Sabaricos - Associate Pastor, Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Church Point, Louisiana, USA
 Fr. Antonio Castro, - Pastor, St. Hyacinth Catholic Church ,  Archdiocese of Galveston - Houston, Texas
 Fr. José Roel Lungay - Pastor, St. Genevieve Church, Slidell, Louisiana
 Fr. Fernando "Dodong" Po - Parochial Vicar, Church of St. Elizabeth, Wyckoff, New Jersey
 Fr. Domingo Orimaco - Pastor, Our Lady of the Pillar Church , Half Moon Bay, California
 Fr. Alner Uy Nambatac - Associate Pastor St. Hilary of Poitiers Church , Mathews, Louisiana 70394
 Fr. Aurelio Luzon, Jr. - Associate Pastor Annunziata Parish , Houma, Louisiana 70363
 Fr. Edwin Tutor, Associate Pastor, St. Charles Parish, South San Diego, Imperial Beach, 990 Saturn Boulevard, San Diego, California 92154
 Fr. Roland Pacudan, composer of IHMS, We Love You, the IHMS alma mater song, is now based in Kailua, Hawaii, and assigned to the Our Lady of Perpetual Help parish and St. Anthony de Padua Parish .
 Fr. Joel Cantones - Pastor, St.John the Baptist Church , Edgard, Louisiana, USA
 Fr. Roque "Khing" Vaño - Pastor, San Diego, California, USA
 Fr. Robustiano Morgia - Associate Pastor, St. Maria Goretti Church, New Orleans, Louisiana; Chaplain of the Filipino Apostolate, Archdiocese of New Orleans
 Fr. Danilo Digal - Pastor, Our Lady of Prompt Succor, Chalmette, Louisiana, USA
 Fr. Robustiano Morgia - Associate Pastor, St. Maria Goretti Church, New Orleans, Louisiana
 Fr. Bernardito Getigan - Diocese of San Angelo, Texas, USA
 Fr. Nilo Nalugon - Diocese of San Angelo, Texas, USA
 Fr. Felix Cubelo † - Diocese of San Angelo, Texas, USA
 Fr. Floro Hinacay - Diocese of San Angelo, Texas, USA
 Fr. Jaime Parnada - USA
 Fr. Edito Amora - USA
 Fr. Silvano Amora - New Jersey, USA
 Fr. Cromwell Cabrisos - Orlando, Florida, USA
 Fr. Faron Calumba - Hartford, USA
 Fr. Rolando Caverte - San Francisco, California, USA
 Fr. Gabriel Mision - USA
 Fr. Rustico Centino - USA
 Fr. Malaquias Fuerzas - USA
 Fr. Joseph D. Lim - Chaplain, United States Air Force, Texas, USA
 Fr. Benito Manding - Pastor, Diocese of San Jose, California
 Fr. Florente Mendaña - USA
 Fr. Petronilo "Jun" Ligtas - USA
 Fr. Melchisedech "Edick" Monreal - USA
 Fr. Arecio Pesquira - USA
 Fr. Asiscio Podelino - Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
 Fr. Sabino "Ado" Rebosura, III - Morgan City, Louisiana USA
 Fr. Manuel Recera - Chicago, Illinois, USA
 Fr. Jonas Romea - USA
 Fr. Leoncio Santiago - Chicago, Illinois, USA
 Fr. TQ Solis, Jr. - Ocala, Florida, USA
 Fr. Vicente Tungol - Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
 Fr. Vicente Valles - Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
 Fr. Marino Aguhar - Houston, Texas, USA
 Fr. Arturo Auza - Tampa, Florida, USA
 Fr. Nonoy Lugo - Dallas, Texas, USA
 Fr. Alexander Concon - Chicago, Illinois, USA
 Fr. Evencio Gallego - Stockton, California, USA
 Fr. Gabriel Mission - Los Angeles, California
 Fr. Hilario Soliva - New York City, New York, USA
 Fr. Cirino Dodong Buñao - [ Church of the Blessed Sacrament,Valley Stream, New York]
 Fr. Eugenio Solera - West Babylon, New York
 Fr. Jesus Camacho - USA
 Fr. Toribio Villacastin † - Flushing, New York, USA
 Fr. Edwin Ruano - Orlando, Florida, USA
 Fr. Virgilio Chagas † - New Jersey
 Fr. Jed Sumampong C.P. - Pastor St. Paul of the Cross Church, Atlanta, Georgia
 Fr. Jesus Besinga
 Fr. Justino "Loloy" Estoque, Jr.
 Fr. Jesus Labor - Novato, California
 Fr. Peter Balili- Hospital Chaplain, ARMC, CA,; also Graduate Student at the ULV, Los Angeles, CA
 Fr. Julian "Ian" Asucan - Diocese of Burlington, Vermont
 Fr. Arlou Buslon - Archdiocese of Newark, New Jersey
 Fr. Cormac Lacre - Diocese of Sacramento, California
 Fr. Sherwin Colaste - Diocese of Sacramento, Californiaa
 Fr. Geraldo "Aldo" Rañin - Diocese of Sacramento, California
 Fr. Melquiades "Melky" Bayron - Diocese of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
 Fr. Pio Sombilon - Diocese of Grandfalls, Newfoundland, Canada
 Fr. Deodoro "Along" Caga - Diocese of Grandfalls, Newfoundland, Canada

Society of the Divine Word
 Rev. Alphonse M. Mildner, SVD, first rector of IHMS (1950 - 1960); also founder of the Divine Word College of Laoag in 1946
 Fr. Antonio "Tony" Pernia, SVD - Superior General of the 16th SVD General Chapter (6 years)
 Fr. Florante S. Camacho, SVD - former President, Holy Name University; President, Philippine Tarsier Foundation
 Fr. Ernesto Lagura, SVD - President, Holy Name University
 Fr. Valentino D. Darunday, SVD
 Fr. Emigdio Fabiosa, SVD
 Fr. Jingjong Rocha, SVD
Msgr. Arturo Bastes, SVD  - Bishop of Romblon
 Fr. Joey Sepe, SVD
 Fr. Femio Sombrio, SVD
 Fr. Ezequiel Mahinay, SVD
 Fr. Martin Mandin, SVD
 Fr. Julius Glenn Lopez, US
 Fr. George Decasa, US
 Fr. Florencio Lagura, US
 Fr. Gil Espuelas, US
 Fr. Ramon Bolatete - Canada
 Fr. Gerardo Gudmalin
 Fr. Roger Bag-ao
 Fr. Giovanni Biliran
 Fr. Emmanuel Sarabia
 Fr. Eugene Docoy

Mga reperensya

Fr. Sammy Clarin, SVD

Tan-awa usab
Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines

Mga sumpay sa gawas
Episcopal Commission for the Biblical Apostolate
CBCP Monitor
 Paring Bol-anon Blogsite
 PBWWW Profile
 Bishops of the Philippines
 Retired Bishops of the Philippines
 Ecclesiastical Territories of the Philippines
 Paring Bol-anon Music
 Paring Bol-anon WWW
 Paring Bol-anon Music Station

Pilipinas
Kristyanismo sa Pilipinas

Simbahang Katoliko sa Pilipinas


Frequency is how often an event repeats itself over a set amount of time.

In physics, the frequency of a wave is the number of wave crests that pass a point in one second (a wave crest is the peak of the wave).

Hertz (symbol Hz) is the unit of frequency.

The relationship between frequency and wavelength is expressed by the formula:

where v is speed and  (lambda) is wavelength. The formula for the frequency of light waves is  where the c is the speed of light.

All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light in a vacuum but they travel at slower speeds when they travel through a medium that is not a vacuum. Other waves, such as sound waves, travel at much much lower speeds and can not travel through a vacuum.

Examples of electromagnetic waves are: light waves, radio waves, infrared radiation, microwaves, and gamma waves.

Visualizing electromagnetic waves
Different types of electromagnetic waves have different frequencies.

Example

One way to visualize this is if there were two trains traveling at the same speed, but the size of the train cars was smaller on one train than the other. If someone picked something that was not moving, like a signpost, and then counted how many train cars passed the sign post in one second for each train, they would know the frequency of cars passing in each train. The number and frequency of train cars passing the sign post would be different, because the train with smaller train cars would have more train cars passing the sign post in a second than the train with larger train cars. Knowing how many cars passed the sign post in one second, and knowing the speed of the train, one could figure out mathematically the size of each train car for each train.

For example, if the train was moving at 10 miles per second, and 10 train cars passed in one second, then each train car would be 1 mile long. If the other train was also moving at 10 miles per second and 20 train cars passed in one second, then one would know that each train car was 1/2 of a mile long for that train. This example shows that knowing the frequency of an electromagnetic wave gives you the wavelength, since all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light so that c = v (lambda) where v is frequency and lambda is wavelength, and c is the speed of light. Therefore, another way of expressing frequency is to say frequency is c over lambda.

References

Physical quantity
Basic physics ideas
Wave physics
Mechanical vibrations

Frequency


Nigerian (na Igbo: Onye Niageria) bu ndi si n'ala ma obu n'obodo Naigeria. Ndi Naijeria nwere otutu asusu; Hausa, Yoruba na Igbo.

Skills and knowledge are the driving forces of economic growth and social development. Despite
the current high level of unemployment, harnessing Nigeria's young demography through
appropriate skill development efforts provides an opportunity to achieve inclusion and productivity
within the country. Large-scale skill development is the main policy thrust of the N-Power
Programme.
N-Power is also linked to the Federal Government's policies in the economic, employment and
social development arenas. N-Power addresses the challenge of youth unemployment by providing
a structure for large scale and relevant work skills acquisition and development while linking its
core and outcomes to fixing inadequate public services and stimulating the larger economy. The
modular programmes under N-Power will ensure that each participant will learn and practice most
of what is necessary to find or create work. The N-Power Teacher Corp involves a massive
deployment of 500,000 trained graduates who will assist to improve the inadequacies in our
public services in education, health and civic education. Some of these graduates will also help in
actualising Nigeria's economic and strategic aspirations of achieving food security and self-
sufficiency.
N-Power will also be a platform for diversifying the economy. N-Power is preparing young
Nigerians for a knowledge economy where, equipped with world-class skills and certification, they
become innovators and movers in the domestic and global markets. Nigeria will have a pool of
software developers, hardware service professionals, animators, graphic artists, building services
professionals, artisans and others. N-Power also focuses on providing our non-graduates with
relevant technical and business skills that enhance their work outlook and livelihood.
In sum, N-Power is segmented as follows:
N-Power Teachers Corps- 500,000 graduates
N-Power Knowledge – 25,000 non-graduates
N-Power Build- 75,000 non-graduates

Nigerian


Not to be confused with the king of Scotland Macbeth of Scotland

Macbeth is a play by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote three types of plays: histories, comedies and tragedies. Macbeth is his shortest tragedy. Shakespeare wrote it between 1603 and 1607, during the reign of King James I of England.

In the play, the characters of Macbeth, Macduff, and Duncan are roughly based on records of real people. Shakespeare read these records in Holinshed's Chronicles, a history book from 1587. However, the things that happen in the play are very different from what happened in real life.

Characters
 Duncan – King of Scotland
 Malcolm – Duncan's eldest son
 Donalbain – Duncan's youngest son
 Macbeth – A general in the army of King Duncan, Thane of Glamis, then Thane of Cawdor and later King of Scotland
 Lady Macbeth – Macbeth's wife, later Queen of Scotland
 Banquo – Macbeth's friend and fellow general in Duncan's army
 Fleance – Banquo's son
 Three Witches
 Macduff – Thane of Fife
 Lady Macduff – Macduff's wife
 Macduff's son
 Ross, Lennox, Angus, Menteith, Caithness – Thanes
 Seyward – General of the English forces
 Young Seyward – Seyward's son
 Seyton – Macbeth's servant
 Three Murderers
 Porter – in charge of the gate at Macbeth's castle
 English Doctor
 Scottish Doctor – Lady Macbeth's doctor
 Gentlewoman – Lady Macbeth's servant

Story

Act 1
The first characters we see in the play are the three Witches. They talk to each other in a mysterious way, and agree to meet with Macbeth on the heath. This scene includes the famous line "fair is foul, and foul is fair", a subject which becomes a main part of the play.

In Act 1 Scene 2, there is a war going on. King Duncan is at a camp, listening to reports from the battlefield. An injured officer (some scripts say a captain, others a sergeant) is brought in. He saved Malcolm's life. The officer tells Duncan about the battle. He says that it was going badly, until Macbeth fought his way to the rebel leader Macdonald and disembowelled him. But as soon as that happened, the Norwegians, led by their king Sweno, also attacked. They were joined by a traitor, the Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth and Banquo fought bravely until they were defeated. Duncan is pleased by the news. He orders that the Thane of Cawdor be executed and his title given to Macbeth.

In I.iii, the Witches appear again. They talk about using their powers on humans, and it becomes clear that they have a lot of power, but they cannot kill people. Macbeth and Banquo are returning from the battlefield to Forres, and meet the witches. Banquo is amazed by the way the witches look, because they look like women but they have beards. Macbeth is not afraid and asks them what they are. They do not answer him, but greet him as the Thane of Glamis, the Thane of Cawdor and the future King. Macbeth is surprised, because he knows that he is not the Thane of Cawdor, and does not think he will ever become the King. Banquo asks the witches what his future will be like. They answer in riddles, saying that he will be "lesser than Macbeth, and greater", "not so happy, yet much happier", and that he will be the father to a line of kings. Then the witches disappear.

Ross and Angus come to find Macbeth, and tell him that the King has given him the title of Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth is surprised and happy, but he starts thinking of ways to become king. This frightens him, because he thinks that the only way he can become king is to murder Duncan.

In I.iv, Macbeth and Banquo return to Forres and Duncan thanks them for their courage and hard work. He also says that his son Malcolm will be his heir. Macbeth realizes that he will have to get past both Duncan and Malcolm to become king. Duncan says he is going to Macbeth's castle for the night.

In I.v, Lady Macbeth is reading a letter from Macbeth that tells her about the witches and their prophecy. She is very excited, and starts planning to murder Duncan. A messenger tells her that Duncan will be staying at their castle that night. She calls on evil spirits to make her strong and evil so that she can murder Duncan. Macbeth comes in and she tells him of her plans.

I.vi shows Duncan, Banquo, Donalbain, Malcolm, Macduff and some of the thanes entering Macbeth's castle. Duncan and Banquo agree that the castle is sweet and pleasant. Lady Macbeth enters and greets them.

I.vii is the last scene in Act I. Macbeth is talking to himself about why it is wrong to kill the king. He knows that it is a bad thing to do, especially because he is the host and Duncan trusts him. Lady Macbeth enters and scolds him for being a coward and says that he is not brave enough to be a man. She works out how they are going to kill Duncan, and convinces Macbeth to do it.

Act 2
Act II starts with Banquo and his son Fleance walking in a courtyard in Macbeth's castle. They meet Macbeth, who lies to Banquo and says that he has not thought about the witches' prophecy. When they leave, Macbeth sees a hallucination of a knife. He knows it is not real, but before his sight it changes and becomes covered in blood. He leaves to kill Duncan.

Lady Macbeth enters in scene ii. She has already made Duncan's guards drunk. Macbeth comes in with his hands covered in blood, carrying the knifes of the guards. He is very troubled. Lady Macbeth comforts him and tells him to wash his hands and cover the guards with blood, so it looks like they did it. But Macbeth is afraid, so Lady Macbeth does it instead.

In II.iii, the porter is very drunk. He pretends to be the porter of the gate of hell, and takes a long time to open the gate for Macduff and Lennox. Macbeth greets them. Macduff says that he is there to wake the king, and Macbeth leads him to the king's room. Macduff is shocked to see the king murdered on his bed. He runs out shouting and wakes everybody up. Macbeth pretends he did not know about the murder, as everyone comes to see what is happening. He admits that he killed the guards, and says that he did it because he was so angry that they killed Duncan. Lady Macbeth faints and they rush to help her. Malcolm and Donalbain think that somebody is lying. They know it is not safe for them to stay in Scotland, so they run away. Malcolm goes to England, and Donalbain to Ireland.

Scene iv is a talk between Ross and an old man. They talk about how strange the night was. Nature seems to have turned into a mess now that Duncan is dead. Macduff comes in and says that Macbeth is going to become king. He does not trust Macbeth, and is not going to the coronation.

Act 3
Banquo is alone on stage at the start of Act III. He realizes that Macbeth has become everything the witches said he would become. He thinks that Macbeth did wrong to get the crown, but he does not want to say anything. He hopes that his son will also be king, as the witches said. Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, and the lords enter. Macbeth asks Banquo if he is going riding that afternoon, and if Fleance is going with him. Banquo says yes to both. Two men come to see Macbeth, and he goes to meet them. He is angry that he has risked everything to become king, but that Banquo's sons will be kings after him. The men are actually murderers.
Macbeth tells them that Banquo is the reason they are unhappy and have bad lives, and orders them to kill Banquo and Fleance.

Macbeth talks to Lady Macbeth in scene ii. He says that he has nightmares and cannot sleep. He is jealous of Duncan, because he is dead and does not need to worry anymore. Macbeth also says that he is worried about Banquo being alive, but he does not tell his wife about the murderers.

In III, the two murderers meet another one, also sent by Macbeth. They kill Banquo, but Fleance escapes.

In Scene iv Macbeth has a banquet with the nobles. The murderers come in and inform him of Banquo's death and Fleance's escape. He returns to the table where the nobles are eating, and looks for a seat. Even though there is one empty, he cannot see it. He has a vision of the murdered Banquo sitting in his seat, and becomes hysterical talking to the vision. Lady Macbeth explains it to the nobles as an illness, and asks them to leave as Macbeth becomes more and more upset.

Many editors say that scene v of Act III, along with a song in IV.i, is not written by Shakespeare. This is because the writing is different to the way Shakespeare usually writes. It has a witch called Hecate in it, who is not previously mentioned in the play. She seems to be in charge of the other witches and is scolding them for dealing with Macbeth without informing her.

In the final scene, Lennox is talking to another lord. They find out that Macduff has gone to England to convince Malcolm to return and claim his throne, and to ask for the help of King Edward of England.

Act 4
Scene (i) starts with the witches, who are standing in a circle around their cauldron, throwing things in, like the tongue of a dog. Then suddenly Macbeth arrives and asks them to tell him some more prophecies. As the first prophecy they tell him to be careful of Macduff, Thane of Fife. As the second prophecy they say he can't be killed by anyone who was born of a woman and as the third prophecy the witches say if Birnam Wood stays at its current position Macbeth is okay but if the wood moves he will have problems. Macbeth is happy because he thinks that all of these things are impossible. He wants to know a fourth thing but suddenly the witches dance crazily and then run away.
Next Lennox enters and tells Macbeth that Macduff has fled to England. Macbeth orders Macduff's castle to be seized.

In scene ii Macbeth's men arrive at Macduff's castle and kill Macduff´s family and everybody else in the castle.

In scene iii Macduff finds out what Macbeth did to his family. He is very sad and angry, so he decides to go back to Scotland with Malcolm and they plan to kill Macbeth.

Act 5
Scene i takes place in Macbeth's castle. A doctor and a servant are talking about Lady Macbeth. They're talking about Lady Macbeth's sickness. She is sleepwalking and while she sleepwalks she says that she regrets having told her husband to kill Duncan and Banquo.

In scene ii Lennox and other Scottish thanes think that Macbeth is crazy and that he is killing too many people. Together they go to Malcolm and king Edward of England and tell them that they want to fight against Macbeth with the English army.

Scene iii takes place in Macbeth's castle. He is told that Malcolm and Macduff are coming with the English army and want to kill him. The doctor tells him that his wife is ill. She has become crazy and is sleepwalking.

In scene iv Malcolm, Macduff and the English army hide in Birnam Wood. They don't want to be seen, so they cut off some branches and cover themselves with them.

In scene V, the doctor comes to Macbeth and tells him that his wife is dead. Macbeth is depressed, and then he has a monologue about how meaningless life is. After that, a servant says that Birnam Wood is moving, but Macbeth doesn't believe him, so the servant shows him.

In scene VI, Macduff, Malcolm and the English army are planning to attack Macbeth.

In scene VII, Macbeth and an English Lord fight, and Macbeth says he cannot be killed by anyone born of a woman. Macbeth then kills him. Meanwhile, Macduff is looking for Macbeth.

Scene VIII shows the fight between Macduff and Macbeth, who says again that he cannot be killed by anyone born of a woman. Macduff replies that he was cut out of his mother's stomach (c-section). He then kills Macbeth. In the last scene Malcolm is declared king.

Performance
Many actors think it is bad luck to say the word "Macbeth", and will not say the play's name. Instead, they call it "The Scottish Play". One theory about where this superstition came from is that the play deals with witchcraft.

References

Related pages
Daemonologie
Macbeth - opera by Giuseppe Verdi

Plays by William Shakespeare
Scotland in fiction
1600s plays

Macbeth


Jeans are a type of pants made from heavy, strong cotton material (fabric) called denim. They were invented in the United States by Levi Strauss in 1872. In the late 1800s, jeans were worn by workers. Jeans are one of the most obvious symbols of American cultural influence in the world. They are worn in many countries around the world.

In the 1950s, jeans became a popular fashion for teenagers and young adults. In the 1950s, jeans were part of rockabilly fashion for teenagers. Now, jeans are a very popular type of pants. They are usually worn as casual fashion clothing. Jeans are made in many styles and colors.

The word "jeans" came from the French name of the city in Italy where a strong cotton fabric was made. The Italian city's name, Genoa, was spelled "jene" in Middle English and "Gênes" in the French language.

References

Trousers and shorts

Jeans


A diagnosis is an accurate and precise account of the nature or cause of something.

Medical diagnosis is the best-known field, but diagnosis can be applied to any subject. Whereas a doctor diagnoses what is wrong with a patient, a motor mechanic can diagnose the fault in a car. In all cases they replace a vague query, such as "My car will not start", with an exact analysis, such as "It's out of petrol". Notice the diagnosis is precise enough so the solution can be seen.

These ideas work even in more subtle cases. A boy brings an insect in a box to a natural history museum. He asks an expert "What is this?" The expert says "You mean, apart from it being a beetle?" When the boy nods, the expert looks at the insect under a magnifying glass, or a binocular microscope. Chances are, it is a common beetle, and the expert can give the boy quite a lot of information about it.

But if it is not known to the expert, a much longer study is needed. Large reference books will be consulted; trays of similar insects will be taken out of store to be compared. A full diagnosis needs at least the genus and species. If the species is unknown, the detailed work of description is needed for publication.

Related concepts
Mostly, in biological taxonomy, the adjective "diagnostic" is used for any distinctive trait which places the specimen in a precise category. For example, A single bone making up the lower jaw is diagnostic of a mammal.

"Diagnostics" is the name given to procedures which spell out what to do to find the cause of a fault. This term is used a lot in computer systems.

Related pages
Symptom
Medicine
Causality

Diagnosis