Case: Ouchterloney Valley Estates Limited Vs. State of Kerala

that condition has referred to the chests as having been purchased by the buyer; and that would be clearly against Mr. Menons case. So, it would be reasonable not to base our decision principally on the words used by the conditions, such purchased or accepted, but to take into account the substance of these conditions. It may be stated at this stage that after the public auction takes place, claims have to be made by the buyer not later than the third day before the Prompt Day, or 24 hours before removal of goods, whichever event happens earlier. The Prompt Day is the 10th day on or before which payment has to be made by the buyer, and possession has to be taken by him before 5 P.m. on the fifth day after the Prompt Day (condition No. 22). The goods continue to be at the sellers risk to the extent of the sale price only until 5P.M. on the fifth day after the Prompt Day or until removal by the buyer if removed earlier (condition No. 23). Condition 12 clearly shows that the buyer has a right to make claims either on the ground of difference or inferiority in quality disclosed on inspection, or as a result of a defect in packing or any other ground whatsoever. After the time specified by this condition has expired, the buyer cannot male a claim to reject the goods, nor can he ask for any allowance or damages in respect thereof. Condition 13 is also important. It reads thus "Each chest comprised in a lot shall be treated as the subject of a separate contract of sale; but this condition shall not entitle the buyer to require the seller to give part delivery of less than the full number of chests sold; and in the event of the buyer claiming to reject the lot purchased by him, the Arbitrators or Umpire, if satisfied that the lot was not a good tender, shall be entitled to award rejection of the entire lot, and not only the particular chests found on examination to be defective". It would be noticed that the first part of condition 13 corresponds to s. 64(1) of the Act. It, however, adds that though each chest shall be treated as the subject-matter of a separate contract of sale, the buyer cannot claim delivery of less than the full number of chests sold. If the buyer makes a claim for rejecting the contract, the Arbitrators or Umpire may, if satisfied that the lot was not a good. tender, hold that the buyer is entitled to reject either the entire lot or in a proper case even particular specified chests constituting the lot. Like the word "accepted" in condition 12, the word "tender" in condition 13 cannot, however, materially affect the nature of the transaction.7. Condition 13 makes it clear that in case the buyer finds a substantial defect in the quality of the goods -sold to him, he cannot reject the contract of his own; all he can do is to make a claim in that behalf before the Arbitrator; and this condition is consistent only with the view that the goods have already been purchased by the buyer and the claim which he is allowed to make is as a result of the breach of the contract of sale.Mr. Menon attempted to argue that condition 13 merely en- able the buyer to move the Arbitrator. According to him, the buyer can reject the contract of his own, or file a claim for damages in a civil court without having recourse to arbitration. In our opinion, condition 13 is not merely an enabling condition; it is an obligatory condition and it gives the buyer only one remedy, and that is to move the arbitrator for appropriate relief. Condition 15 is also relevant. It reads thus:- "If the Buyer shall fail to pay for the tea or any part thereof on the due date for payment, the goods may be resold. either by auction or private sale, at the option of the seller. Any loss arising on such resale, together with interest at 6 per cent per annum from the due date and all charges incurred, shall be paid by the buyer to the seller, and the buyer shall not be entitled to any profit, which may accrue from such -resale". This condition is consistent with the provisions of s. 64(2) of the Act, and it cannot be said to support Mr. Menons contention that the title in the goods does not pass to the buyer until he has inspected them and indicated his acceptance.8. Condition 16 is a general condition as to arbitration and it provides that any disputes or differences which may arise between the parties shall be referred to arbitration as therein indicated. Reading conditions 13 and 16 together, there can be no doubt that all claims which the buyer is entitled to make must be made to the arbitrators and it is the decision of the arbitrators that will determine the dispute between the buyer and the seller.9. We have carefully considered all the rules under which sales in question have been held by public auction, and we are satisfied that title to the goods passed to the buyer under s. 64(2) of the Act as soon as the sale was completed by the auctioneer announcing its completion by the fall of the hammer. The initial auction cannot. in our opinion, be treated as an executory contract which became a conditional contract on the fall of the hammer. The auction was an auction sale in respect of ascertained goods and it was concluded in every case on the fall of the hammer. On that view of the matter, we must hold that the High Court was in error in coming to the conclusion that the Sales-tax authorities were justified in imposing sales-tax against the appellants in regard to the transactions which have given rise to the present appeals.Th

Decision (1 = appeal accepted, 0 = rejected): 1

Explanation:
1[ds]Condition 13 makes it clear that in case the buyer finds a substantial defect in the quality of the goods -sold to him, he cannot reject the contract of his own; all he can do is to make a claim in that behalf before the Arbitrator; and this condition is consistent only with the view that the goods have already been purchased by the buyer and the claim which he is allowed to make is as a result of the breach of the contract of sale.Mr. Menon attempted to argue that condition 13 merely en- able the buyer to move the Arbitrator. According to him, the buyer can reject the contract of his own, or file a claim for damages in a civil court without having recourse to arbitration. In our opinion, condition 13 is not merely an enabling condition; it is an obligatory condition and it gives the buyer only one remedy, and that is to move the arbitrator for appropriate relief. Condition 15 is also relevant. It reads thus:- "If the Buyer shall fail to pay for the tea or any part thereof on the due date for payment, the goods may be resold. either by auction or private sale, at the option of the seller. Any loss arising on such resale, together with interest at 6 per cent per annum from the due date and all charges incurred, shall be paid by the buyer to the seller, and the buyer shall not be entitled to any profit, which may accrue from such -resale". This condition is consistent with the provisions of s. 64(2) of the Act, and it cannot be said to support Mr. Menons contention that the title in the goods does not pass to the buyer until he has inspected them and indicated his16 is a general condition as to arbitration and it provides that any disputes or differences which may arise between the parties shall be referred to arbitration as therein indicated. Reading conditions 13 and 16 together, there can be no doubt that all claims which the buyer is entitled to make must be made to the arbitrators and it is the decision of the arbitrators that will determine the dispute between the buyer and thehave carefully considered all the rules under which sales in question have been held by public auction, and we are satisfied that title to the goods passed to the buyer under s. 64(2) of the Act as soon as the sale was completed by the auctioneer announcing its completion by the fall of the hammer. The initial auction cannot. in our opinion, be treated as an executory contract which became a conditional contract on the fall of the hammer. The auction was an auction sale in respect of ascertained goods and it was concluded in every case on the fall of the hammer. On that view of the matter, we must hold that the High Court was in error in coming to the conclusion that the Sales-tax authorities were justified in imposing sales-tax against the appellants in regard to the transactions which have given rise to the presentthe decision of the Kerala High Court in the case of A. V. Thomas & Co.( I.L.R. 11960] Kerala. 1395) was reversed by this Court when the matter came before it in appeal in A. V. Thomas & Co. Ltd. v . Deputy Commissioner of Agricultural Income Tax and Sales Tax, Trivendrum. ([1963] Supp. 2 S.C.R. 608.) In that case, this Court has held that the explanation to Art. 286 (1) creates a fiction as between two States, one where the goods are delivered for consumption in that State , and the other where the title in the goods passed and the former is treated as the situs of the taxable event to the exclusion of the latter. In regard to sales of teas in lots by public auction, this Court held that the property in teas passed to the buyer under S. 54 of the Act as soon as the offer was accepted on fall of the hammer at Fort Cochin in the State of Madras and, therefore, the only State which could have power to levy a tax on such sale would be the State of Madras and so far as thewas concerned, the sale would be an outside sale. The same view has been expressed by this Court in a subsequent decision coming from Kerala in Malayalam Plantations Ltd., Quilon v. The Deputy Commissioner of Agriculturalx, South Zone, Quilon. ( A.I.R. 1965. S.C. 161.) The result is that the decision of the Kerala High Court in the case of A. V. Thomas & Co.() on which the salestax authorities and the High Court of Kerala have decided the dispute between the appellants and the respondent State in the present proceedings is no longer good law, and that would inevitably mean that the appellants must succeed on the ground that the sales of tea having taken place in the same manner as the sales of tea which had come before this Court in the two decisions to which we have just referred, they are "outside sales" so far as the respondent State is concerned and cannot be legitimately assessed to tax under the relevant provisions of the Sales Taxis common ground that if the sales are. held to be inside sales so far as the respondent State is concerned, the view taken by the High Court would have to be confirmed and the appellants would have to pay theas ordered by thet appears that in the two decisions of this Court to which we have just referred, this point has not beenhave accordingly heard Mr. Menon on this point and we propose to decide it on the merits.When those appeals were heard by us first on the 10th September, 1964, the procedure followed in conducting the sales in question was placed before us in the form of a summary which we have quoted at the beginning of this judgment.We, however, thought that since we were deciding the question as to where the title in the goods passed, it would be more satisfactory to have before us all the Rules of the Tea Trade Association of Cochin which prescribed the procedure for these sales. Accordingly, the matter was adjourned to enable the parties to produce the saidsaid Rules have since then been produced before us and we have heard both Mr. Setalvad and Mr. Menon fully on the points raised by Mr. Menon that the sales in question are inside sales so far as the respondent State isposition in regard to the relevant provisions of the Act bearing on the question as to when title in the goods sold passes, is not in doubt. If the contract of sale is for ascertained goods which are actually described in the list prepared before the sales are held and it appears that all material particulars about the goods are shown in the list, then the question as to when title passes would depend essentially upon the intention of the parties expressed in the terms of thething is clear in the present case viz., that the goods in question were not unascertained goods, nor were they not in existence; goods were clearly in existence, they had been graded, weighed and packed in numbered chests and a list was prepared in respect of the contents of these chests separately. It is true that what the buyers are shown at the time of sale by public auction are samples and the rules authorise the buyers to inspect the goods; but that is not to say that the sale is a sale of unascertained or nonexisting goods.Let us, therefore, consider the relevant and material terms and conditions of the rules under which the sales take place, for it is these terms which will decide as to when title passes to theNo. 7 of the Rules provides that subject to the reserved or upset price, the highest bidder shall be the buyer, and it lays, down that until the fall of the hammer or until the registration of the sale as provided in clause 5, any bidder may retract his bid. Under condition No. 8, the auctioneer has to declare the name of the highest bidder before the lot is knocked down. Under condition 11, the buyer is entitled to open the chests purchased by him and examine the contents thereof to ascertain the actual state and condition of the tea. Such examination has to take place before the expiration of the time allowed for submission of claims as provided in condition 12 or in the event of earlier removal of the tea, before the date of actual removal. This condition refers to the chests purchased by the buyer and contemplates that as a result of the examination of the goods, the buyer can make claims within the time specified by condition 12. Condition 12 is material. and so, it is necessary to read it. It reads thus:"All claims on the ground of difference or inferiority in quality, description, deterioration, damage, defect in packing or any other ground whatsoever must be submitted to the selling broker in writing not later than 5 p.m. on the third day before Prompt Day. Prompt Day shall be the tenth day after date of sale. In the case of teas removed before Prompt Day, such claims must be submitted at least 24 hours before removal of tea. In the absence of any claim submitted in strict accordance with this condition, the tea shall be deemed to have complied with the contract in all respects and to have been accepted by the buyer, who shall not be entitled to reject the tea or to claim any allowance or damages in respectdo not think that much importance can be attached to the expression "to have been accepted by the buyer" on which Mr. Menon rests his argument. We have already seen that condition has referred to the chests as having been purchased by the buyer; and that would be clearly against Mr. Menons case. So, it would be reasonable not to base our decision principally on the words used by the conditions, such purchased or  accepted, but to take into account the substance of these conditions. It may be stated at this stage that after the public auction takes place, claims have to be made by the buyer not later than the third day before the Prompt Day, or 24 hours before removal of goods, whichever event happens earlier. The Prompt Day is the 10th day on or before which payment has to be made by the buyer, and possession has to be taken by him before 5 P.m. on the fifth day after the Prompt Day (condition No. 22). The goods continue to be at the sellers risk to the extent of the sale price only until 5P.M. on the fifth day after the Prompt Day or until removal by the buyer if removed earlier (condition No. 23). Condition 12 clearly shows that the buyer has a right to make claims either on the ground of difference or inferiority in quality disclosed on inspection, or as a result of a defect in packing or any other ground whatsoever. After the time specified by this condition has expired, the buyer cannot male a claim to reject the goods, nor can he ask for any allowance or damages in respect thereof. Condition 13 is alsowould be noticed that the first part of condition 13 corresponds to s. 64(1) of the Act. It, however, adds that though each chest shall be treated as theof a separate contract of sale, the buyer cannot claim delivery of less than the full number of chests sold. If the buyer makes a claim for rejecting the contract, the Arbitrators or Umpire may, if satisfied that the lot was not a good. tender, hold that the buyer is entitled to reject either the entire lot or in a proper case even particular specified chests constituting the lot. Like the word "accepted" in condition 12, the word "tender" in condition 13 cannot, however, materially affect the nature of the transaction.