Case: SHREE CHOUDHARY TRANSPORT COMPANY Vs. INCOME TAX OFFICER

question were transported through the trucks employed by the appellant but, there was no privity of contract between the truck operators/owners and the said consignor company. Indisputably, it was the responsibility of the appellant to transport the goods (cement) of the company; and how to accomplish this task of transportation was a matter exclusively within the domain of the appellant. Hence, hiring the services of truck operators/owners for this purpose could have only been under a contract between the appellant and the said truck operators/owners. Whether such a contract was reduced into writing or not carries hardly any relevance. In the given scenario and set up, the said truck operators/owners answered to the description of sub-contractor for carrying out the whole or part of the work undertaken by the contractor (i.e., the appellant) for the purpose of Section 194C(2) of the Act. 15.2. The suggestions on behalf of the appellant that the said truck operators/owners were not bound to supply the trucks as per the need of the appellant nor the freight payable to them was pre-determined, in our view, carry no meaning at all. Needless to observe that if a particular truck was not engaged, there existed no contract but, when any truck got engaged for the purpose of execution of the work undertaken by the appellant and freight charges were payable to its operator/owner upon execution of the work, i.e., transportation of the goods, all the essentials of making of a contract existed; and, as aforesaid, the said truck operator/owner became a sub-contractor for the purpose of the work in question. The AO, CIT(A) and the ITAT have concurrently decided this issue against the appellant with reference to the facts of the case, particularly after appreciating the nature of contract of the appellant with the consignor company as also the nature of dealing of the appellant, while holding that the truck operators/owners were engaged by the appellant as sub-contractors. The same findings have been endorsed by the High Court in its short order dismissing the appeal of the appellant. We are unable to find anything of error or infirmity in these findings. 15.3. The decision of Delhi High Court in the case of Hardarshan Singh (supra), in our view, has no application whatsoever to the facts of the present case. The assessee therein, who was in the business of transporting goods, had four trucks of his own and was also acting as a commission agent by arranging for transportation through other transporters. As regards the income of assessee relatable to transportation through other transporters, it was found that the assessee had merely acted as a facilitator or as an intermediary between the two parties (i.e., the consignor company and the transporter) and had no privity of contract with either of such parties inasmuch as he only collected freight charges from the clients who intended to transport their goods through other transporters; and the amount thus collected from the clients was paid to those transporters by the assessee while deducting his commission. Looking to the nature of such dealings, the said assessee was held to be not the person responsible for making payments in terms of Section 194C of the Act and hence, having no obligation to deduct tax at source. In contradistinction to the said case of Hardarshan Singh, the appellant of the present case was not acting as a facilitator or intermediary between the consignor company and the truck operators/owners because those two parties had no privity of contract between them. The contract of the company, for transportation of its goods, had only been with the appellant and it was the appellant who hired the services of the trucks. The payment made by the appellant to such a truck operator/owner was clearly a payment made to a sub-contractor. 15.4. Though the decision of this Court in the case of Palam Gas Service (supra) essentially relates to the interpretation of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act and while the relevant aspects concerning the said provision shall be examined in the next question but, for the present purpose, the facts of that case could be usefully noticed, for being akin to the facts of the present case and being of apposite illustration. Therein, the assessee was engaged in the business of purchase and sale of LPG cylinders whose main contract for carriage of LPG cylinders was with Indian Oil Corporation, Baddi wherefor, the assessee received freight payments from the principal. The assessee got the transportation of LPG done through three persons to whom he made the freight payments. The Assessing Officer held that the assessee had entered into a sub-contract with the said three persons within the meaning of Section 194C of the Act. Such findings of AO were concurrently upheld up to the High Court and, after interpretation of Section 40(a)(ia), this Court also approved the decision of the High Court while dismissing the appeal with costs. Learned counsel for the appellant has made an attempt to distinguish the nature of contract in Palam Gas Service by suggesting that therein, the assessees sub-contractors were specific and identified persons with whom the assessee had entered into contract whereas the present appellant was free to hire the service of any truck operator/owner and, in fact, the appellant hired the trucks only on need basis. In our view, such an attempt of differentiation is totally baseless and futile. Whether the appellant had specific and identified trucks on its rolls or had been picking them up on freelance basis, the legal effect on the status of parties had been the same that once a particular truck was engaged by the appellant on hire charges for carrying out the part of work undertaken by it (i.e., transportation of the goods of the company), the operator/owner of that truck became the sub-contractor and all the requirements of Section 194C came into operation. 15.5. Thus, we have no hesitation in affirming the concurrent findings in regard to the applicability of Section 194C to the present case.

Decision (1 = appeal accepted, 0 = rejected): 1

Explanation:
1[ds]15. In order to maintain that the appellant was under no obligation to make any deduction of tax at source, it has been argued that there was no oral or written contract of the appellant with the truck operators/owners, whose vehicles were engaged to execute the work of transportation of the goods only on freelance and need basis. The submission has been that the question of TDS under Section 194C(2) would have arisen only if the payment was made to a sub-contractor and that too, in pursuance of a contract for the purpose of carrying whole or any part of work undertaken by the contractor . In our view, the submissions so made remain entirely baseless.15.1. The nature of contract entered into by the appellant with the consignor company makes it clear that the appellant was to transport the goods (cement) of the consignor company; and in order to execute this contract, the appellant hired the transport vehicles, namely, the trucks from different operators/owners. The appellant received freight charges from the consignor company, who indeed deducted tax at source while making such payment to the appellant. Thereafter, the appellant paid the charges to the persons whose vehicles were hired for the purpose of the said work of transportation of goods. Thus, the goods in question were transported through the trucks employed by the appellant but, there was no privity of contract between the truck operators/owners and the said consignor company. Indisputably, it was the responsibility of the appellant to transport the goods (cement) of the company; and how to accomplish this task of transportation was a matter exclusively within the domain of the appellant. Hence, hiring the services of truck operators/owners for this purpose could have only been under a contract between the appellant and the said truck operators/owners. Whether such a contract was reduced into writing or not carries hardly any relevance. In the given scenario and set up, the said truck operators/owners answered to the description of sub-contractor for carrying out the whole or part of the work undertaken by the contractor (i.e., the appellant) for the purpose of Section 194C(2) of the Act.15.2. The suggestions on behalf of the appellant that the said truck operators/owners were not bound to supply the trucks as per the need of the appellant nor the freight payable to them was pre-determined, in our view, carry no meaning at all. Needless to observe that if a particular truck was not engaged, there existed no contract but, when any truck got engaged for the purpose of execution of the work undertaken by the appellant and freight charges were payable to its operator/owner upon execution of the work, i.e., transportation of the goods, all the essentials of making of a contract existed; and, as aforesaid, the said truck operator/owner became a sub-contractor for the purpose of the work in question. The AO, CIT(A) and the ITAT have concurrently decided this issue against the appellant with reference to the facts of the case, particularly after appreciating the nature of contract of the appellant with the consignor company as also the nature of dealing of the appellant, while holding that the truck operators/owners were engaged by the appellant as sub-contractors. The same findings have been endorsed by the High Court in its short order dismissing the appeal of the appellant. We are unable to find anything of error or infirmity in these findings.15.3. The decision of Delhi High Court in the case of Hardarshan Singh (supra), in our view, has no application whatsoever to the facts of the present case. The assessee therein, who was in the business of transporting goods, had four trucks of his own and was also acting as a commission agent by arranging for transportation through other transporters. As regards the income of assessee relatable to transportation through other transporters, it was found that the assessee had merely acted as a facilitator or as an intermediary between the two parties (i.e., the consignor company and the transporter) and had no privity of contract with either of such parties inasmuch as he only collected freight charges from the clients who intended to transport their goods through other transporters; and the amount thus collected from the clients was paid to those transporters by the assessee while deducting his commission. Looking to the nature of such dealings, the said assessee was held to be not the person responsible for making payments in terms of Section 194C of the Act and hence, having no obligation to deduct tax at source. In contradistinction to the said case of Hardarshan Singh, the appellant of the present case was not acting as a facilitator or intermediary between the consignor company and the truck operators/owners because those two parties had no privity of contract between them. The contract of the company, for transportation of its goods, had only been with the appellant and it was the appellant who hired the services of the trucks. The payment made by the appellant to such a truck operator/owner was clearly a payment made to a sub-contractor.15.4. Though the decision of this Court in the case of Palam Gas Service (supra) essentially relates to the interpretation of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act and while the relevant aspects concerning the said provision shall be examined in the next question but, for the present purpose, the facts of that case could be usefully noticed, for being akin to the facts of the present case and being of apposite illustration. Therein, the assessee was engaged in the business of purchase and sale of LPG cylinders whose main contract for carriage of LPG cylinders was with Indian Oil Corporation, Baddi wherefor, the assessee received freight payments from the principal. The assessee got the transportation of LPG done through three persons to whom he made the freight payments. The Assessing Officer held that the assessee had entered into a sub-contract with the said three persons within the meaning of Section 194C of the Act. Such findings of AO were concurrently upheld up to the High Court and, after interpretation of Section 40(a)(ia), this Court also approved the decision of the High Court while dismissing the appeal with costs. Learned counsel for the appellant has made an attempt to distinguish the nature of contract in Palam Gas Service by suggesting that therein, the assessees sub-contractors were specific and identified persons with whom the assessee had entered into contract whereas the present appellant was free to hire the service of any truck operator/owner and, in fact, the appellant hired the trucks only on need basis. In our view, such an attempt of differentiation is totally baseless and futile. Whether the appellant had specific and identified trucks on its rolls or had been picking them up on freelance basis, the legal effect on the status of parties had been the same that once a particular truck was engaged by the appellant on hire charges for carrying out the part of work undertaken by it (i.e., transportation of the goods of the company), the operator/owner of that truck became the sub-contractor and all the requirements of Section 194C came into operation.15.5. Thus, we have no hesitation in affirming the concurrent findings in regard to the applicability of Section 194C to the present case.Question No.2.16. While taking up the question of interpretation of Section 40(a)(ia), it may be usefully noticed that Section 194C is placed in Chapter XVII of the Act on the subject Collection and Recovery of Tax; and specific provisions are made in the Act to ensure that the requirements of Section 194C are met and complied with, while also providing for the consequences of default. As noticed, Section 200 specifically provides for the duties of the person deducting tax to deposit and submit the statement to that effect. The consequences of failure to deduct or pay the tax are then provided in Section 201 of the Act which, as noticed, puts such defaulting person in the category of the assessee in default in respect of the tax apart from other consequences which he or it may incur. The aspect relevant for the present purpose is that Section 40 of the Act, and particularly the provision contained in sub-clause (ia) of clause (a) thereof, indeed provides for one of such consequences.16.2. In the overall scheme of the provisions relating to collection and recovery of tax, it is evident that the object of legislature in introduction of the provisions like sub-clause (ia) of clause (a) of Section 40 had been to ensure strict and punctual compliance of the requirement of deducting tax at source. In other words, the consequences, as provided therein, had the underlying objective of ensuring compliance of the requirements of TDS. It is also noteworthy that in the proviso added to clause (ia) of Section 40(a) of the Act, it was provided that where in respect of the sum referable to TDS requirement, tax has been deducted in any subsequent year, or has been deducted during the previous year but paid in any subsequent year after the expiry of the time prescribed in Section 200(1), such sum shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the income of the previous year in which such tax has been paid.16.3. The purpose and coverage of this provision as also protection therein have been tersely explained by this Court in the case of Calcutta Export Company (supra), which has been cited by learned counsel for the appellant in support of another limb of submissions which we shall be dealing with in the next question. For the present purpose, we may notice the relevant observations of this Court in Calcutta Export Company as regards Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act as follows (at p. 662 of ITR):-. Taking up the question as to whether disallowance under Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act is confined to the amount payable and not to the amount alreadywe find that these aspects of interpretation do not require much dilation in view of the ratio of the decision of this Court in the case of Palam Gas Service (supra).16.5. In fact, the decision in Palam Gas Service (supra) is a direct answer to all the contentions urged on behalf of the appellant in the present case. In that case, this Court approved the views of Punjab and Haryana High Court in the case of P.M.S. Diesels and Ors. v. Commissioner of Income-Tax: (2015) 374 ITR 562  as regards mandatory nature of the provisions relating to the liability to deduct tax at source in the following words (at pp. 306-308 of ITR):-11. The Punjab & Haryana High Court in P.M.S. Diesels v. CIT [2015] 374 ITR 562 (P&H), has held these provisions to be mandatory in nature with the following observations:The liability to deduct tax at source under the provisions of Chapter XVII is mandatory. A person responsible for paying any sum is also liable to deposit the amount in the Government account. All the sections in Chapter XVII-B require a person to deduct the tax at source at the rates specified therein. The requirement in each of the sections is preceded by the word shall. The provisions are, therefore, mandatory. There is nothing in any of the sections that would warrant our reading the word shall as may. The point of time at which the deduction is to be made also establishes that the provisions are mandatory. For instance, under section 194C, a person responsible for paying the sum is required to deduct the tax at the time of credit of such sum to the account of the contractor or at the time of the payment thereof. ......12. While holding the aforesaid view, the Punjab and Haryana High Court discussed the judgments of the Calcutta and Madras High Courts, which had taken the same view, and concurred with the same, which is clear from the following discussion contained in the judgment of the Punjab and Haryana High Court:A Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court in CIT v. Crescent Export Syndicate [2013] 216 Taxman 258 (Cal) held :13. …The term shall used in all these sections make it clear that these are mandatory provisions and applicable to the entire sum contemplated under the respective sections. These sections do not give any leverage to the assessee to make the payment without making TDS. On the contrary, the intention of the Legislature is evident from the fact that timing of deduction of tax is earliest possible opportunity to recover tax, either at the time of credit in the account of payee or at the time of payment to payee, whichever is earlier.Ms. Dhugga invited our attention to a judgment of the Division Bench of the Madras High Court in Tube Investments of India Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (TDS) [2010] 325 ITR 610 (Mad). The Division Bench referred to the statistics placed before it by the Department which disclosed that TDS collection had augmented the revenue. The gross collection of advance tax, surcharge, etc. was Rs 2,75,857.70 crores in the financial year 2008-09 of which the TDS component alone constituted Rs 1,30,470.80 crores. The Division Bench observed that introduction of section 40(a)(ia) had achieved the objective of augmenting the TDS to a substantial extent. The Division Bench also observed that when the provisions and procedures relating to TDS are scrupulously applied, it also ensured the identification of the payees thereby confirming the network of assessees and that once the assessees are identified it would enable the tax collection machinery to bring within its fold all such persons who are liable to come within the network of taxpayers. These objects also indicate the legislative intent that the requirement of deducting tax at source is mandatory.The liability to deduct tax at source is, therefore, mandatory.13. The aforesaid interpretation of sections 194C conjointly with section 200 and rule 30(2) is unblemished and without any iota of doubt. We, thus, give our imprimatur to the view taken…...(emphasis in bold supplied)16.5.1. Having said that deducting tax at source is obligatory, this Court proceeded to deal with the issue as to whether the word payable in Section 40(a)(ia) would cover only those cases where the amount is payable and not where it has actually been paid. This Court took note of the exhaustive interpretation of various aspects related with this issue by the Punjab and Haryana High Court in the case of P.M.S. Diesels (supra) as also by the Calcutta High Court in the case of Commissioner of Income-Tax, Kolkata- XI v. Crescent Export Syndicate: (2013) 216 Taxman 258 ; and while approving the same, this Court held, as regards implication and connotation of the expression payable used in this provision, as follows (at p. 310 of ITR):-15. We approve the aforesaid view as well. As a fortiori, it follows that section 40(a)(ia) covers not only those cases where the amount is payable but also when it is paid. In this behalf, one has to keep in mind the purpose with which section 40 was enacted and that has already been noted above. We have also to keep in mind the provisions of sections 194C and 200. Once it is found that the aforesaid sections mandate a person to deduct tax at source not only on the amounts payable but also when the sums are actually paid to the contractor, any person who does not adhere to this statutory obligation has to suffer the consequences which are stipulated in the Act itself. Certain consequences of failure to deduct tax at source from the payments made, where tax was to be deducted at source or failure to pay the same to the credit of the Central Government, are stipulated in section 201 of the Act. This section provides that in that contingency, such a person would be deemed to be an assessee in default in respect of such tax. While stipulating this consequence, section 201 categorically states that the aforesaid sections would be without prejudice to any other consequences which that defaulter may incur. Other consequences are provided under section 40(a)(ia) of the Act, namely, payments made by such a person to a contractor shall not be treated as deductible expenditure. When read in this context, it is clear that section 40(a)(ia) deals with the nature of default and the consequences thereof. Default is relatable to Chapter XVII-B (in the instant case sections 194C and 200, which provisions are in the aforesaid Chapter). When the entire scheme of obligation to deduct the tax at source and paying it over to the Central Government is read holistically, it cannot be held that the word payable occurring in section 40(a)(ia) refers to only those cases where the amount is yet to be paid and does not cover the cases where the amount is actually paid. If the provision is interpreted in the manner suggested by the appellant herein, then even when it is found that a person, like the appellant, has violated the provisions of Chapter XVII-B (or specifically sections 194C and 200 in the instant case), he would still go scot-free, without suffering the consequences of such monetary default in spite of specific provisions laying down these consequences…...(emphasis in bold supplied)16.6. We may profitably observe that in the case of P.M.S. Diesels (supra), the Punjab and Haryana High Court had extensively dealt with myriad features of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act, including the term payable used therein as also the proviso thereto; and expounded on the entire gamut of this provision while making reference to Finance (No. 2) Bill of 2004 introducing the provision and while also drawing support from the views expressed by Calcutta High Court in the case of Crescent Export Syndicate (supra). As regards the interpretation of the term payable, it was observed in P.M.S. Diesels as under (at pp. 574-575 of ITR):-21. Section 40(a)(ia), therefore, applies not merely to assessees following the mercantile system but also to assessees following the cash system.If this view is correct and indeed we must proceed on the footing that it is, it goes a long way in indicating the fallacy in the appellants main contention, namely, if the payments have already been made by the assessee to the payee/contracting party, the provisions of section 40(a)(ia) would not be attracted even if the tax is not deducted and/or paid over to the Government account.22. Section 40(a)(ia) refers to the nature of the default and the consequence of the default. The default is a failure to deduct the tax at source under Chapter XVII-B or after deduction the failure to pay over the same to the Government account. The term payable only indicates the type or nature of the payments by the assessees to the persons/payees referred to in section 40(a)(ia), such as, contractors. It is not in respect of every payment to a payee referred to in Chapter XVII-B that an assessee is bound to deduct tax. There may be payments to persons referred to in Chapter XVII-B, which do not attract the provisions of Chapter XVII-B. The consequences under section 40(a)(ia) would only operate on account of failure to deduct tax where the tax is liable to be deducted under the provisions of the Act and in particular Chapter XVII-B thereof. It is in that sense that the term payable has been used. The term payable is descriptive of the payments which attract the liability to deduct tax at source. It does not categorize defaults on the basis of when the payments are made to the payees of such amounts which attract the liability to deduct tax at source.(emphasis in bold supplied)16.7. We find the above-extracted observations and reasonings, which have already been approved by this Court in Palam Gas Service (supra), to be precisely in accord with the scheme and purpose of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act; and are in complete answer to the contentions urged by the learned counsel for the appellant. It is ex facie evident that the term payable has been used in Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act only to indicate the type or nature of the payments by the assessees to the payees referred therein. In other words, the expression payable is descriptive of the payments which attract the liability for deducting tax at source and it has not been used in the provision in question to specify any particular class of default on the basis as to whether payment has been made or not. The semantical suggestion by the learned counsel for the appellant, that this expression payable be read in contradistinction to the expression paid, sans merit and could only be rejected. In a nutshell, while respectfully following Palam Gas Service (supra), we could only iterate our approval to the interpretation by the Punjab and Haryana High Court in P.M.S. Diesels (supra).We are unable to find substance in any of these contentions. The decision of Co-ordinate Bench in Palam Gas Service (supra) on the core question of law is equally binding on this Bench and could be doubted only if the view, as taken, is shown to be not in conformity with any binding decision of the Larger Bench or any statutory provisions or any other reason of the like nature. We find none. In fact, a close look at the decision of P.M.S. Diesels (supra), which has been totally approved by this Court in Palam Gas Service, makes it clear that therein, every aspect of the matter, from a wide range of angles, was examined by the Punjab and Haryana High Court while drawing support from the decisions of other High Courts, particularly that of the Calcutta High Court in the case of Crescent Export Syndicate (supra).16.9. We are in respectful agreement with the observations in Palam Gas Service that the enunciations in P.M.S. Diesels had been of correct interpretation of the provisions contained in Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act. The decision in Palam Gas Service covers the entire matter and the said decision, in our view, does not require any reconsideration. That being the position, the contention urged on behalf of the appellant that disallowance under Section 40(a)(ia) does not relate to the amount already paid stands rejected.16.10. Another contention in regard to Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act, that its scope cannot be decided on the basis of Section 194C, has only been noted to be rejected. The interplay of these provisions is not far to seek where Section 40(a)(ia) is not a stand-alone provision but provides one of those additional consequences as indicated in Section 201 of the Act for default by a person in compliance of the requirements of the provisions contained in Part B of Chapter XVII of the Act. The scheme of these provisions makes it clear that the default in compliance of the requirements of the provisions contained in Part B of Chapter XVII of the Act (that carries Sections 194C, 200 and 201) leads, inter alia, to the consequence of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act. Hence, the contours of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act could be aptly defined only with reference to the requirements of the provisions contained in Part B of Chapter XVII of the Act, including Sections 194C, 200 and 201. Putting it differently, when the obligation of Section 194C of the Act is the foundation of the consequence provided by Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act, reference to the former is inevitable in interpretation of the latter.16.11. In view of the above, reference to the definition of the term paid in Section 43(2) of the Act is of no assistance to the appellant. Similarly, the observations in the case of J.K. Synthetics (supra), as regards the difference in connotation of the expressions payable and paid, in the context of liability to pay interest on the tax payable under the Rajasthan Sales Tax Act, 1954, has no co-relation whatsoever to the present case. Further, when it is found that the process of interpretation of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act in P.M.S. Diesels (supra), as approved by this Court in Palam Gas Service (supra), had been with due application of the relevant principles, reference to the decision in the case of Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (supra), on the general principles of interpretation, does not advance the case of the appellant in any manner.Question No.317. Quite conscious of the position that the decision of this Court in Palam Gas Service (supra) practically covers the substance of present matter against the assessee, learned counsel for the assessee-appellant has made a few alternative attempts to argue against the disallowance in question.. Before proceeding further, it appears apposite to observe, as indicated in paragraph 7.3 hereinbefore, that in the copy of order passed by ITAT in this case, there is obvious typographical error on the date of coming into force of the amendment to Section 40 of the Act of 1961 by the Finance (No.2) Act, 2004 inasmuch as the said amendment was made applicable with effect from 01.04.2005 and not 01.04.2004, as appearing the copy of the order of ITAT. However, this error is not of material bearing because the amendment in question was applicable from and for the assessment year 2005-2006, for the reasons occurring infra.17.2. Reverting to the contentions urged in this case, there is no doubt that in PIU Ghosh (supra), the Calcutta High Court, indeed, took the view which the learned counsel for the appellant has canvassed before us. The Calcutta High Court observed that the said Finance (No.2) Act, 2004 got presidential assent on 10.09.2004 and it was provided that the provision in question shall stand inserted with effect from 01.04.2005. According to the Calcutta High Court, the assessee could not have foreseen prior to 10.09.2004 that any amount paid to a contractor without deducting tax at source was likely to become not deductible in computation of income under Section 40 and that the legislature, being conscious of the likely predicament, provided that the provision shall become operative from 01.04.2005. The High Court further proceeded to observe that any other interpretation would amount to punishing the assessee for no fault of his. The High Court further observed that Section 11 of the said Finance Act, inserting sub-clause (ia), did not provide that the same was to become effective from the assessment year 2005-2006. We may usefully reproduce the opinion of the Calcutta High Court in the case of PIU Ghosh, as under (at p. 326 of ITR):-9. Admittedly, the Finance Act, 2004 got presidential assent on September 10, 2004. The assessee could not have foreseen prior to September 10, 2004 that any amount paid to a contractor without deducting tax at source was likely to become not deductible under section 40. It is difficult to assume that the Legislature was not aware or did not foresee the aforesaid predicament. The Legislature therefore provided that the Act shall become operative on April 1, 2005. Any other interpretation shall amount to punishing the assessee for no fault of his following the judgment in the case of Hindustan Electro Graphites Ltd. (supra).10. On top of that, section 4 relied upon by Mr. Agarwal merely provides for an enactment as regards rate of tax to be charged in any particular assessment year which has no application to the case before us. Section 11 of the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2004 by which sub-clause (ia) was added to section 40(a) of the Income-tax Act does not provide that the same was to become effective from the assessment year 2005-06. It merely says it shall become effective on April 1, 2005 which for reasons already discussed should mean to refer to the financial year. There is, as such, no scope for any ambiguity nor is there any scope for confusion…...It appears, however, that the amount of deduction in the said case was only a sum of Rs. 4,30,386/- and obviously, the net tax effect in that case, decided on 12.07.2016, was on the lower side. In any case, the said decision cannot be treated as final declaration of law on the subject merely because the same has not been appealed against. Having examined the law applicable, with respect, we find it difficult to approve the above-quoted opinion of the Calcutta High Court, particularly when it does not appear standing in conformity with the scheme of assessment of income tax under the Act of 1961 and where the High Court seems to have not noticed the proviso to clause (ia) of Section 40(a) of the Act forming the part of the amendment in question.17.4. It needs hardly any detailed discussion that in income tax matters, the law to be applied is that in force in the assessment year in question, unless stated otherwise by express intendment or by necessary implication. As per Section 4 of the Act of 1961, the charge of income tax is with reference to any assessment year, at such rate or rates as provided in any central enactment for the purpose, in respect of the total income of the previous year of any person. The expression previous year is defined in Section 3 of the Act to mean the financial year immediately preceding the assessment year; and the expression assessment year is defined in clause (9) of Section 2 of the Act to mean the period of twelve months commencing on the 1 st day of April every year.17.6. We need not multiply on the case law on the subject as the principles aforesaid remain settled and unquestionable. Applying these principles to the case at hand, we are clearly of the view that the provision in question, having come into effect from 01.04.2005, would apply from and for the assessment year 2005-2006 and would be applicable for the assessment in question. Putting it differently, the legislature consciously made the said sub-clause (ia) of Section 40(a) of the Act effective from 01.04.2005, meaning thereby that the same was to be applicable from and for the assessment year 2005-2006; and neither there had been express intendment nor any implication that it would apply only from the financial year 2005-2006.17.7. The observations of Calcutta High Court in the case of PIU Ghosh (supra) as regards the likely prejudice to an assessee in relation to the financial year 2004-2005, in our view, do not relate to any legal grievance or legal prejudice. The requirement of deducting tax at source was already existing as per Section 194C of the Act and it was the bounden duty of the appellant to make such deduction of TDS and to make over the same to the revenue. Section 201 was also in existence which made it clear that default in making deduction in accordance with the provisions of the Act would make the appellant an assessee in default. The appellant cannot suggest that even if the obligation of TDS on the payments made by him was existing by virtue of Section 194C(2), he would have honoured such an obligation only if being aware of the drastic consequence of default that such payment shall not be deducted for the purpose of drawing up the assessment.17.7.1. Apart from the above, significant it is to notice that by the amendment in question, clause (ia) was added to Section 40(a) of the Act with a proviso to the effect that where, in respect of the sum referable to TDS requirement, tax has been deducted in any subsequent year, or has been deducted during the previous year but paid in any subsequent year after expiry of the time prescribed in Section 200(1), such sum shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the income of the previous year in which such tax has been paid. The proviso effectively took care of the case of any bonafide assessee who would earnestly comply with the requirement of deducting the tax at source. It is evident that the said proviso has totally escaped the attention of Calcutta High Court in the case of PIU Ghosh (supra). In fact, the relaxation by way of the proviso/s to Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act had further been modulated by way of various subsequent amendments to further mitigate the hardships of bonafide assessees, as noticed hereafter later. Suffice it to observe for the present purpose that the said decision in PIU Ghosh cannot be regarded as correct on law.17.8. In fact, if the contention of learned counsel for the appellant read with the proposition in PIU Ghosh (supra) is accepted and the said sub-clause (ia) of Section 40(a) of the Act is held applicable only from the financial year 2005-2006, the result would be that this provision would apply only from the assessment year 2006-2007. Such a result is neither envisaged nor could be countenanced. Hence, the contention that sub-clause (ia), of clause (a) of Section 40 of the Act would apply only from the financial year 2005-2006 and cannot apply to the present case pertaining to the financial year 2004-2005 stands rejected.18. The supplemental submission that in any case, disallowance cannot be applied to the payments already made prior to 10.09.2004, the date on which the Finance (No.2) Act, 2004 received the assent of the President of India, remains equally baseless. The said date of assent of the President of India to Finance (No.2) Act, 2004 is not the date of applicability of the provision in question, for the specific date having been provided as 01.04.2005. Of course, the said date relates to the assessment year commencing from 01.04.2005 (i.e., assessment year 2005-2006).18.1. Even if it be assumed, going by the suggestions of the appellant, that the requirements of Section 40(a)(ia) became known on 10.09.2004, the appellant could have taken all the requisite steps to make deductions or, in any case, to make payment of the TDS amount to the revenue during the same financial year or even in the subsequent year, as per the relaxation available in the proviso to Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act but, the appellant simply avoided his obligation and attempted to suggest that it had no liability to deduct the tax at source at all. Such an approach of the appellant, when standing at conflict with law, the consequence of disallowance under Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act remains inevitable.This line of argument has been grafted with reference to the decision in Calcutta Export Company (supra) wherein, another amendment of Section 40(a)(ia) by the Finance Act of 2010 was held by this Court to be retrospective in operation. The submission so made is not only baseless but is bereft of any logic. Neither the amendment made by the Finance (No.2) Act, 2014 could be stretched anterior the date of its substitution so as to reach the assessment year 2005-2006 nor the said decision in Calcutta Export Company has any correlation with the case at hand or with the amendment made by the Finance (No.2) Act of 2014.19.2. The aforesaid amendment by the Finance (No.2) Act of 2014 was specifically made applicable w.e.f. 01.04.2015 and clearly represents the will of the legislature as to what is to be deducted or what percentage of deduction is not to be allowed for a particular eventuality, from the assessment year 2015-2016.19.3. On the other hand, in the case of Calcutta Export Company (supra), this Court noticed the aforesaid two amendments to Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act by the Finance Act, 2008 and by the Finance Act, 2010, which were intended to deal with procedural hardship likely to be faced by the bonafide tax payer, who had deducted tax at source but could not make deposit within the prescribed time so as to claim deduction. In paragraph 17 of judgment in Calcutta Export Company, this Court took note of the case of genuine hardship, particularly of the assessees who had deducted tax at source in thelast month of previous year; and observed in paragraph 18 that the said amendment of the year 2008 was brought about with a view to mitigate such hardship. After reproducing the said amendment of the year 2008 and after noticing its retrospective operation, this Court delved into the position obtaining after 2008, where still remained one class of assessees who could not claim deduction for the TDS amount in the previous year in which the tax was deducted and who could claim benefit of such deduction in the next year only; and, after finding that the amendment of the year 2010 was intended to remedy this position, held that the said amendment, being curative in nature, is required to be given retrospective operation that is, from the date of insertion of Section 40(a)(ia).19.5. A bare look at the extraction aforesaid makes it clear that what this Court has held as regards retrospective operation is that the amendment of the year 2010, being curative in nature, would be applicable from the date of insertion of the provision in question i.e., sub-clause (ia) of Section 40(a) of the Act. This being the position, it is difficult to find any substance in the argument that the principles adopted by this Court in the case of Calcutta Export Company (supra) dealing with curative amendment, relating more to the procedural aspects concerning deposit of the deducted TDS, be applied to the amendment of the substantive provision by the Finance (No.2) Act, 2014.19.6. We may in the passing observe that the assessee-appellant was either labouring under the mistaken impression that he was not required to deduct TDS or under the mistaken belief that the methodology of splitting a single payment into parts below Rs. 20,000/- would provide him escape from the rigour of the provisions of the Act providing for disallowance. In either event, the appellant had not been a bonafide assessee who had made the deduction and deposited it subsequently. Obviously, the appellant could not have derived the benefits that were otherwise available by the curative amendments of 2008 and 2010. Having defaulted at every stage, the attempt on the part of assessee-appellant to seek some succor in the amendment of Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act by the Finance (No.2) Act, 2014 could only be rejected as entirely baseless, rather preposterous.Question No. 4we may usefully summarise the answers to Question Nos. 1 to 3 that the provisions of Section 194C were indeed applicable and the assessee-appellant was under obligation to deduct the tax at source in relation to the payments made by it for hiring the vehicles for the purpose of its business of transportation of goods; that disallowance under Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act is not limited only to the amount outstanding and this provision equally applies in relation to the expenses that had already been incurred and paid by the assessee; that disallowance under Section 40(a)(ia) of the Act of 961 as introduced by the Finance (No.2) Act, 2004 with effect from 01.04.2005 is applicable to the case at hand relating to the assessment year 2005-2006; and that the benefit of amendment made in the year 2014 to the provision in question is not available to the appellant in the present case. These answers practically conclude the matter but we have formulatedessentially to deal with the last limb of submissions regarding the prejudice likely to be suffered by the appellant.In the first place, it is clear from the provisions dealing with disallowance of deductions in part D of Chapter IV of the Act, particularly those contained in Sections 40(a)(ia) and 40A(3) of the Act, that the said provisions are intended to enforce due compliance of the requirement of other provisions of the Act and to ensure proper collection of tax as also transparency in dealings of the parties. The necessity of disallowance comes into operation only when default of the nature specified in the provisions takes place. Looking to the object of these provisions, the suggestions about prejudice or hardship carry no meaning at all. Secondly, as noticed, by way of the proviso as originally inserted and its amendments in the years 2008 and 2010, requisite relief to a bonafide tax payer who had collected TDS but could not deposit within time before submission of the return was also provided; and as regards the amendment of 2010, this Court ruled it to be retrospective in operation. The proviso so amended, obviously, safeguarded the interest of a bonafide assessee who had made the deduction as required and had paid the same to the revenue. The appellant having failed to avail the benefit of such relaxation too, cannot now raise a grievance of alleged hardship. Thirdly, as noticed, the appellant had shown total payments in Truck Freight Account at Rs. 1,37,71,206/- and total receipts from the company at Rs. 1,43,90,632/-. What has been disallowed is that amount of Rs. 57,11,625/- on which the appellant failed to deduct the tax at source and not the entire amount received from the company or paid to the truck operators/owners. Viewed from any angle, we do not find any case of prejudice or legal grievance with the appellant.