Case: JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY REGISTRAR Vs. SANGAM LAXMI BAI VIDYAPEET AND ORS

any of the provisions in the AICTE Act and rules for adjudging requirement of the locality have been framed by the Council. In the absence of guidelines or norms framed to check the mushroom growth of the institutions, the university cannot be deprived of considering the said aspect. The State Government had also sent a communication to AICTE regarding the alarming increase in the number of technical educational institutions in the area in question and imbalanced growth. The decision of State has been taken in an objective manner and the same is based on the consideration of data and could not be said to be irrational or arbitrary in any manner whatsoever. The policy decision of the State Government cannot be said to be illegal and on that basis, the University has taken the decision in terms of Section 20 of the Act of 1982. 28. In State of Maharashtra v. Sant Dnyaneshwar Shikshan Shastra Mahavidyalaya, (2006) 9 SCC 1 , question arose for consideration as to the power of the Government of Maharashtra as it refused to issue no objection certificate for starting new BEd college for the academic year 200506 in view of the provisions of National Council for Teacher Education Act (NCTE Act). Though the permission was granted by the Council under Section 14 of the NCTE Act to start the college. This Court held that university was bound to implement a decision of the NCTE Act and grant affiliation in accordance therewith irrespective of the bar under Section 83 of the Maharashtra Universities Act, 1994. This Court also observed that it does not imply that under Sections 82 and 83 of the Maharashtra Universities Act, 1994 were null and void. They would not apply to the case but in other appropriate courses. This Court observed that: 61. Interpreting the statutory provisions, this Court held that by enacting Section 10A, Parliament had made a complete and exhaustive provision covering the entire field for the establishment of a new medical college in the country. No further scope is left for the operation of the State Legislation in the said field which was fully covered by the law made by Parliament. The Court, therefore, held that the proviso to Subsection (5) of Section 5 of the State Act which required prior permission of the State Government for establishing a medical college was repugnant to Section 10A of the Central Act and to the extent of repugnancy, the State Act would not operate. The Court noted that in the scheme that had been prepared under the Regulations for the establishment of new medical colleges, one of the conditions for the qualifying criteria laid down was essentiality certificate regarding the desirability and of having the proposed college at the proposed location which should be obtained from the State Government. The proviso to Subsection (5) of Section 5 of the Act, therefore, must be construed only as regards proposed location. The essentiality certificate, however, could not be withheld by the State Government on any policy consideration inasmuch as the policy and the matter of establishment of new medical college rested with the Central Government alone. 62. From the above decisions, in our judgment, the law appears to be very well settled. So far as coordination and determination of standards in institutions for higher education or research, scientific and technical institutions are concerned, the subject is exclusively covered by Entry 66 of List I of Schedule VII to the Constitution and State has no power to encroach upon the legislative power of Parliament. It is only when the subject is covered by Entry 25 of List III of Schedule VII to the Constitution that there is a concurrent power of Parliament as well as State Legislatures and appropriate Act can be by the State Legislature subject to limitations and restrictions under the Constitution. 29. In Sant Dnyaneshwar Shikshan Shastra Mahavidyalaya (supra) Court further observed that proviso to subsection 5 of Section 5 must be construed with respect to proposed location. The essentiality certificate could not be dealt with by the State Government on any policy consideration inasmuch as the policy and the matter of establishment of new medical college rested with the Central Government alone. In the instant case, it is mainly with respect to local area i.e., the city of Hyderabad which power has been saved by this Court even in the aforesaid dictum. 30. In Thirumuruga Kirupananda Variyar Thavathiru Sundara Swamigal Medical Education & Charitable Trust v. State of Tamil Nadu, (1996) 3 SCC 15 , the provisions of Tamil Nadu Medical University Act, 1987 came up for consideration. The provisions of the Act are different. For the establishment of a Medical College, State Essentiality Certificate and affiliation from University is required. In the instant case, the matter is about the proposed location and affiliation out of 36 Pharmacy colleges in the State of Telangana and 30 are located in Hyderabad city alone which are more than adequate in number. Thus, rightly decision has been taken not to start another new course at the proposed location at Hyderabad city. Thus, the said decision is no avail to espouse the cause of the respondents. 31. The respondents have also referred to the decision in Rungta Engineering College, Bhilai v. Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University, (2015) 11 SCC 291 , wherein question came up for consideration with respect to the power of examining authority i.e., University and State Government, to withdraw provisional affiliation or to decline grant of affiliation. The decision was taken to disapprove provisional affiliation granted to the college. This Court observed that the objections on the basis of which action was taken squarely fall within the sweep of one or the other areas which only AICTE has exclusive jurisdiction to deal with. These shortcomings ought to have been brought to the notice of AICTE to take appropriate action against the college. On facts of the instant case, the decision cannot be applied as it is not the case of shortcomings.

Decision (1 = appeal accepted, 0 = rejected): 1

Explanation:
1[ds]A bare reading of the aforesaid provisions of section 20(1) makes it clear that the survey is conducted so as to identify the educational needs of the locality would definitely include within its ken how many institutions are operating in the area and whether there is any further requirement of opening educational institutions/new courses in existing colleges, and it is also imperative under section 20(3)(a)(i) that educational agency has to satisfy the authority that there is a need for providing educational facilities to the people in the locality. In case there are already a large number of institutions imparting education in the area the competent authority may be justified not to grant the NOC, for permitting an institution to come up in the area.13. The provisions contained in section 20 are wholesome and intend not only to cater to the educational needs of the area but also prevent the mushroom growth of the institutions/courses. In case institutions are permitted to run each and every course that may affect the very standard of education and may ultimately result in substandard education. There is already a paucity of wellqualified teachers in a large number of institutions and the available seats in Pharmacy course in the Hyderabad city are remaining vacant every year in spite of the reduction in a number of seats. It had not been possible to fill up the available vacancies due to nonavailability of students. Thus, it is apparent that when 30 institutions in Hyderabad city are already running Pharmacy course, the refusal to grant NOC by the University was wholly justified.14. Apart from the provisions contained in section 20, when we consider Regulations 5.2 and 5.3 which clearly provide that a new college proposing to offer technical education with the University affiliation shall first seek a NOC from the University before applying to AICTE/PCI/any other statutory body. Regulation 5.3 provides that the permission for starting of new programmes in the existing colleges shall be considered by the University as per the priority/policy of the State Government if any.15. In Government of A.P. & Anr. v. J.B. Educational Society & Anr. (supra), the Court considered the validity of section 20 of the Act of 1982 visvis section 10 of AICTE Act of 1987 and observed that the two provisions are not repugnant to each other and they operate in different fields. The object and purpose of two enactments had been considered by this Court and it observed that if there are more colleges in a particular area, the State would be justified in not granting permission to one more college in that area. Entry 25 of the Concurrent List gives power to the State Legislature to make laws regarding education, including technical education. The AICTE Act deals with the general power of Parliament for coordination, determination of standards in institutions for higher education or research and scientific and technical educational institutions and Entry 65 of List I deals with the union agencies and institutions. The State has the competence to pass such legislation and Section 20 of the Act of 1982 is for the welfare of the State. The Court observed:13. It is in this background that the provisions contained in the two legislative enactments have to be scrutinized. The provisions of the AICTE Act are intended to improve the technical education and the various authorities under the Act have been given exclusive responsibility to coordinate and determine the standards of higher education. It is a general power given to evaluate, harmonize and secure proper relationship to any project of national importance.Such a coordinate action in higher education with a proper standard is of paramount importance to national progress. Section 20 of the AP Act does not in any way encroach upon the powers of the authorities under the Central Act. Section 20 says that the competent authority shall, from time to time, conduct a survey to identify the educational needs of the locality under its jurisdiction notified through the local newspapers calling for applications from the educational agencies. Section 20(3)(a)(i) says that before permission is granted, the authority concerned must be satisfied that there is a need for providing educational facilities to the people in the locality. The State authorities alone can decide about the educational facilities and needs of the locality. If there are more colleges in a particular area, the State would not be justified in granting permission to one more college in that locality. Entry 25 of the Concurrent List gives power to the State Legislature to make laws regarding education, including technical education. Of course, this is subject to the provisions of Entry 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I. Entry 66 of List I to which the legislative source is traced for the AICTE Act deals with the general power of the Parliament for coordination, determination of standards in institutions for higher education or research and scientific and technical educational institutions and Entry 65 deals with the union agencies and institutions for professional, vocational and technical training, including the training of police officers, etc. The State has certainly the legislative competence to pass the legislation in respect of education including technical education and Section 20 of the Act is intended for the general welfare of the citizens of the State and also in discharge of the constitutional duty enumerated under Article 41 of the Constitution.14. The general survey in various fields of technical education contemplated under Section 10(1)(a) of the AICTE Act is not pertaining to the educational needs of any particular area in a State.It is a general supervisory survey to be conducted by the AICTE Council, for example, if any IIT is to be established in a particular region, a general survey could be conducted and the Council can very much conduct a survey regarding the location of that institution and collect data of all related matters. But as regards whether a particular educational institution is to be established in a particular area in a State, the State alone would be competent to say as to where that institution should be established. Section 20 of the AP Act and Section 10 of the Central Act operate in different fields and we do not see any repugnancy between the two provisions.21. The educational needs of the locality are to be ascertained and determined by the State. Having regard to the regulations framed under the AICTE Act, the representatives of the State have to be included in the ultimate decisionmaking process and having regard to the provisions of the Act, the Writ Petitioners would not in any way be prejudiced by such provisions in the A.P. Act. Moreover, the decision, if any, taken by the State authorities under Section 20(3)(a) (i) would be subject to judicial review and we do not think that the State could make any irrational decision about granting permission.Hence, we hold that Section 20(3)(a)(i) is not in any way repugnant to Section 10 of the AICTE Act and it is constitutionally valid.16. In view of the aforesaid decision, the High Court has erred in law in holding that it was not permissible for the State Government to frame such a policy and the University was bound to issue NOC. The decision of the High Court runs to the contrary, ignores and overlooks the law laid down in the said decision.17. The Government of Telangana vide its communication dated 29.11.2016 to the AICTE had communicated the views of the State Government regarding AICTE approval for the establishment of educational institutions for the session 2017-18. After discussing the matter by the Director of Technical Education, ViceChancellor of the University and State Council of Higher Education the State Government had expressed serious concern at the proliferation and establishment of technical institutions and the unprecedented expansion in the intake in all the courses offered by all the technical institutions coming within the purview of AICTE. Data was given in the tabular form including that of the Pharmacy. It was pointed out that in the year 201516 sanctioned intake in Pharmacy was 11490, seats remained vacant were 4035, in academic session 2016-17 sanctioned intake was 9226, seats vacant were 1892.19. Regulation 4.18 cannot be said to be repugnant to Regulations 5.2 and 5.3 of the University, and there is no repugnancy in AICTE Act and section 20 of the Act of 1982 as observed by this Court in Government of A.P. & Anr. v. J.B. Educational Society & Anr. (supra).The perspective plan had been prepared by the State of Telangana for 2018-19. In the perspective plan the State Government has pointed out the abstract of courses and seats in the existing engineering colleges for the academic year 2017-18 and it was mentioned that there was an imbalance of seats. Following is the extract relied upon by the respondents:A perusal of the above Table reveals the fact that the four programmes viz. Information Technology, Computer Science and Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electrical and Electronics Engineering together account for 83,290 seats of the total Intake of 1,26,855 seats. This accounts for nearly 66% of the seats and rests account for about 43,565 seats, which is 34% of the total intake. This lopsided priority will, in the long run, have an adverse effect on the growth of infrastructure in the country with its attendant consequences.This imbalance needs to be corrected on a priority basis so that the manufacturing and other sectors do not suffer. The courses on demand related to latest Technologies and needs of the Industry such as Mining, Textile, Pharmacy, Automobile, Aviation Civil Engineering, and Construction Technology and hence their enhancement in Intake may be considered in the State, while keeping in view of the 14 Thrust Areas as mentioned in Para 5, Page 14 of this Plan. This is also keeping in view that the Pharma city, Textile hub, Fabcity, ITIR, IT Hubs, etc. are emerging in Telangana State.At the same time in the conclusions and recommendations made by the Government in perspective plan, it has been pointed out that AICTE may declare a holiday on the establishment of new technical institutions for the academic year 2018-19. This holiday applies not only to the establishment of new engineering colleges but may also be extended inter alia to BPharmacy institutions. It was also pointed out that in case the Pharmacy Council of India has not accorded the approval, AICTE should not grant approval to the Pharmacy colleges. It was inter alia mentioned in the recommendations that new programmes may be sanctioned in Mining, Granite, Textile, Pharmacy, Automobile etc. based on new technologies. However, it was not the case, that course would be based on new technology. Following is the relevant extract of the conclusions and recommendations made by the State:6. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONSThus, the various concerns that arise from all the above data are summarized below for the consideration of the All India Council of Technical Education:The AICTE has been sanctioning the Colleges routinely every year without actually assessing the Need of the State. With a massive number of such Colleges established in the State, there is a severe shortage of qualified Teaching faculty, which is seriously affecting the Quality of Education offered by many of these institutions. Moreover, it is observed that a large number of seats are falling vacant every year as the total number of seats available is far more than the takers. During the year 2016-17 for instance, there are about 32784 seats and during 2017-18, there are 29367 seats that remained vacant in theThe AICTE may thus declare a holiday on the establishment of New Technical Institutions from the Academic Year 2018-19. The holiday applies not only with regard to the establishment of New Engineering Colleges in the State but may also be extended to B.Pharmacy, MBA/MCA Institutions.Engineering course (based on the affiliations). With poor admissions, the financial viability in running several colleges is becoming a problem and thus making Colleges to offer poor Quality of Education, which is totally undesirable. In fact, in several Colleges, the admissions during last year and this year in Engineering and MCA programmes are just single digits. This situation has led to an unhealthy competition among the Colleges for admissions by wooing the students with all sorts of false promises. This is highly harmful to the Professional Educational System in the State.In view of all the above and to improve the Quality of Education in Private, Unaided Colleges in the State of Telangana, it is recommended that:New Programmes may be sanctioned such as Mining, Granite, Textile, Pharmacy, Automobile, Civil Eng. Construction Technology based on New Technologies and the needs of the Industry keeping in view the 14 Thrust Areas mentioned in Para 5 of Page 14 of this Plan.20. Admittedly it is not a case of new technology to be adopted for the proposed course of DPharma by the college in question. Thus, the State had put up a moratorium for Pharmacy courses also. It is significant to note that in the conclusions and recommendations, it was observed that AICTE had permitted imbalanced growth of the institutions in the area which could be avoided. In fact, we see that such an expert body often ignores such relevant factors which makes action arbitrary.21. The decision taken by the State Government to impose a moratorium as apparent from facts reflected in perspective plan is based on a survey and supported by the data. Considering the fact that seats are going abegging. Even in 2017-18 in the Pharmacy course, data has been given in the SLP that among 56 colleges affiliated to the University, 30 were in the city of Hyderabad and out of total 1630 seats, 173 had remained vacant. Thus, it is apparent that a large number of seats remained vacant. Not more than 30 seats can be allotted to one institution. In the circumstances, the observation of the High Court that it was for the institution to worry and consider the viability and it was not for the University or State Government to take same into consideration, is completely a flimsy and impermissible reason employed. The mushroom growth of educational institutions cannot be permitted. The observation made by the High Court that unfit institution will automatically shut down the courses is not the judicious approach warranted in such matters. It is not only that the requirement of the locality should exist but it has to be ensured that only the standard educational institutions should come up and once they come up, they should be able to survive. A large number of Institutions are not to be opened up to die an unnatural death on the principle of survival of the fittest and due to nonavailability of teachers/students. Standard of education cannot be compromised and sacrificed by permitting institutions to come up in a reckless manner without there being any requirement for them at a particular place. There is a need to strengthen the existing system of education not to make it weak by further complicating the issues by wholly unwarranted approach as the one adopted by the High Court. It cannot be left at the choice of the institution to open the course whenever or wherever they desire. The High Court has also erred in observing that the seats remaining vacant could not be the relevant criteria for refusal of NOC.23. In Adhiyaman Educational & Research Institute case (supra), the power of the State Government to grant permission to start a technical institute that is an Engineering College in the State of Tamil Nadu came up for consideration. College was functioning and a report was received from the Director of Technical Education after inspection regarding lack of infrastructural facilities. The High Power Committee in its report stated that conditions imposed by the Government were not fulfilled. The Director, Technical Education issued a show cause notice asking the College to explain why the permission granted by the Government to start the college should not be withdrawn. The High Power Committee also resolved to reject the request of the Trust regarding provisional affiliation for 198990. Questioning the same a writ petition was filed. It was held that the State Government had no power to cancel the permission granted to the Trust to start the College. It was required to be canceled under the AICTE Act. It was observed that duty was imposed on the Council for recognizing or derecognizing any technical institution in the country.As the provisions of Clause 9(7) of the Statute merely required the University to obtain the views of the State Government, that could not be characterized as requiring the approval of the State Government. This Court also opined that the question of affiliation was a different matter and was not covered by the Central Act. On considering the provisions under Clause 9(7) of Kerala University First Statute, this Court held that there was no statutory requirement for obtaining the approval of the State Government even if there was one, it would be repugnant to the AICTE Act. The decision is based on the provisions of Clause 9(7).26. The provisions contained in Section 20 of the Act of 1982 involved in the instant case are different and its validity visvis to AICTE Act has already been upheld by this Court. Apart from that, it has not been pointed out that in the exercise of powers under Section 10 of Central Act, norms have been fixed by the AICTE as to how many colleges should function at a particular city/place. Definitely the State Government and the University, in the absence of any such norms/rules having been framed by the AICTE can always have their say as per applicable statutory provisions or policy. In the instant case, Section 20 of Act of 1982, enables Universities to grant no objection certificate after considering the local requirement and as no guidelines in this regard have been framed by the AICTE, it cannot be said to be an exercise of power against the norms fixed by AICTE.Consequently, no repugnancy arises. The mushroom growth of the institutions cannot be permitted, was rightly pointed out in the perspective plan. A large number of institutions have already been permitted to function in the State by the Central Bodies. It is painful to note that at several places mushroom growth of the institutions had been permitted by such bodies in an illegal manner. In case there is no check or balance and the power is exercised in an unbridled reckless manner, the sufferer is going to be the standard of education.At the same time, there is a necessity of good institutions with new technology, but at the same time mushroom growth of the substandard institutions cannot be permitted. There has to be a requirement of educational institutions in the locality and that is one of the main considerations.27. The counsel appearing for the respondents were not able to point out any of the provisions in the AICTE Act and rules for adjudging requirement of the locality have been framed by the Council. In the absence of guidelines or norms framed to check the mushroom growth of the institutions, the university cannot be deprived of considering the said aspect. The State Government had also sent a communication to AICTE regarding the alarming increase in the number of technical educational institutions in the area in question and imbalanced growth. The decision of State has been taken in an objective manner and the same is based on the consideration of data and could not be said to be irrational or arbitrary in any manner whatsoever. The policy decision of the State Government cannot be said to be illegal and on that basis, the University has taken the decision in terms of Section 20 of the Act of 1982.29. In Sant Dnyaneshwar Shikshan Shastra Mahavidyalaya (supra) Court further observed that proviso to subsection 5 of Section 5 must be construed with respect to proposed location. The essentiality certificate could not be dealt with by the State Government on any policy consideration inasmuch as the policy and the matter of establishment of new medical college rested with the Central Government alone. In the instant case, it is mainly with respect to local area i.e., the city of Hyderabad which power has been saved by this Court even in the aforesaid dictum.30. In Thirumuruga Kirupananda Variyar Thavathiru Sundara Swamigal Medical Education & Charitable Trust v. State of Tamil Nadu, (1996) 3 SCC 15 , the provisions of Tamil Nadu Medical University Act, 1987 came up for consideration. The provisions of the Act are different. For the establishment of a Medical College, State Essentiality Certificate and affiliation from University is required. In the instant case, the matter is about the proposed location and affiliation out of 36 Pharmacy colleges in the State of Telangana and 30 are located in Hyderabad city alone which are more than adequate in number. Thus, rightly decision has been taken not to start another new course at the proposed location at Hyderabad city. Thus, the said decision is no avail to espouse the cause of the respondents.31. The respondents have also referred to the decision in Rungta Engineering College, Bhilai v. Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University, (2015) 11 SCC 291 , wherein question came up for consideration with respect to the power of examining authority i.e., University and State Government, to withdraw provisional affiliation or to decline grant of affiliation. The decision was taken to disapprove provisional affiliation granted to the college. This Court observed that the objections on the basis of which action was taken squarely fall within the sweep of one or the other areas which only AICTE has exclusive jurisdiction to deal with. These shortcomings ought to have been brought to the notice of AICTE to take appropriate action against the college. On facts of the instant case, the decision cannot be applied as it is not the case of shortcomings.