Case: Associated Biscuit Company Private Limited Vs. S T. L. Nambiar

Court was called upon to consider this question in Shankarlal Aggarwala v. Shankarlal Poddar [1965] 35 Comp Cas 1 (SC), where a sale of property was confirmed by the company court and an appeal was raised disputing the order confirming the sale. An argument was raise that the confirmation of sale was mere administrative order and it was not a judicial order which decided the rights of any party. Negativing this argument, the Supreme Court held that merely because an order is passed in the course of the administration of the assets of the company and for realising those assets, it is not by itself sufficient to make it an administrative order, as distinguishing from a judicial order. The question ultimately depends upon there nature of the order that is passed. According to them, an order granting sanction to sell undoubtedly involved a discretion and it could not be said to be a merely ministerial order. This is particularly so when the confirmation is being opposed on the ground that the sale was not in accordance with the conditions on which the liquidator was permitted to dispose of the assets. Holding that an appeal lies against such an order, the Supreme Court made certain observations as to what constitutes a judicial as against an administrative order. On page 8 of the report, their Lordships observed as follows :"it is perhaps not possible to formulate a definition which would satisfactorily distinguish, in this context, between an administrative and a judicial order. That the power is entrusted to or wielded by a person who functions as a court is not decisive of the question whether the act or decision is administrative or judicial. But we conceive that an administrative order would be one which is directed to the regulation or supervision of matters as distinguished from an order which decides the right of parties or confers or refuses to confer rights to property which are the subject of adjudication before the court. One of the tests would be whether a matter which involves the exercise of discretion is left for the decision of the authority, particularly if that authority were a court, and if the discretion has to be exercised on objective, as distinguished from a purely subjective, consideration, it would be a judicial decision. "( 20 ) THE principle that must be remembered is thus clear. The first question that should be asked in such circumstances is whether the order impugned is judicial order and, if so, does it affect adversely or otherwise the rights of any party. If these queries are raised in the present litigation, we are of the view that the answer to them will be such that the order would become appealable. Undoubtedly, a company has a right to be heard and satisfy the court that a petition for winding up under clause (f) of section 433 be not admitted. In the present case, the respondent is making a number of allegations of mismanagement. The company on the contrary points out that the entire application is mala fide one. The respondent is interested in bringing pressure upon the company and make it pay his own deposit, though, to his own knowledge, he is not entitled to recover it at this stage. These being the rival contentions, a hearing is necessary before the company court admits the petition under section 433 (f ). A petition under clause (e) of section 433 is already admitted and on the merits of the defence either the winding-up order may follow or the court may reject the application. However, without giving an opportunity of being heard if a petition under clause (f) of section 433 has been automatically admitted, by this indirect method of allowing amendment of an admitted petition, it is a serious inroad upon the right of the company and it is deprived of an earlier hearing and an opportunity to satisfy the court that such a petition be not admitted at all. The order of the company judge is clear enough. He has never applied his mind to the question whether the petition with the allegations contained in the proposed amendment should or should not be independently admitted for the purpose of final hearing. He had merely indicated that there may be new grounds and the amendment may make the present petition under clause (e) also a petition under clause (f ). But, according to the learned judge, no prejudice is being caused to the rights of the company. In our view, to admit a petition without hearing the company would itself prejudicially affect the company. ( 21 ) IT may appear in the circumstances of the present case that while hearing the petition under section 433 (e) an advertisement may be necessary unless the company makes an independent application and obtains specific orders thereon not to advertise the petition. If, therefore, and advertisement is already contemplated by the procedure adopted so far, how can the company be adversely affected by adding some more matter to the advertisement. We will point out that an advertisement under clause (e) stands on a different footing than an advertisement under clause (f ). If the persons interested in the company know that a particular loan claimed under a winding-up petition under clause (e) is not payable, they will just ignore the advertisement and may not appear before the company court. However, an advertisement under clause (f) is likely to cause confusion and may not give clear information to the persons interested in the company. Not only the business, but the stability of the company, is likely to be seriously affected by an advertisement of this kind. We are thus of the view that, by allowing the amendment, the right of the company to be heard before the amendment is prejudicially affected. Undoubtedly, that is an order in which judicial considerations had to be given and the learned company judge undoubtedly had the judicial discretion either to accept or to refuse the amendment.

Decision (1 = appeal accepted, 0 = rejected): 1

Explanation:
1[ds]In the matter of winding up, admission of a petition is an important stage. Once the petition for winding up is admitted, the procedure under the rules requires that the judge in chamber will fix up a date for final hearing and before that will also fix a date for the advertisement of the petition. This procedure of advertisement can lead, and many times does lead, to serious consequences affecting the business and the reputation of the company. That being so, admission of a petition is an important stage and the companies are normally heard before apetition is admitted. However, this stage of admission merely requires that the court is satisfied of a prima facie case requiring a detailed enquiry. The hearing for admission may be taken seriously by the parties, but unless satisfied that there is no substance in it, the court may ordinarily admit a petition for final hearing. The procedure that is adopted in the present case is that after the defence were filed, the respondent claimed inspection of records to satisfy himself about the correctness or otherwise of the allegations made in the defences. He wanted to verify whether in fact there was any board meeting on the particular date alleged and whether is was so resolved to accept the loan from SICOM on certain terms and conditions. He also wanted to verify whether in any lawfully held meeting of the board of directors allotment of shares took place as pleaded. Not only a detailed inspection was directed and given but the petition was in the meanwhile directed to be put up for hearing.(11 ) MR. Khanna argued that the record does not indicate that the original petition has been admitted.It is true that there is no specific order admitting the petition, but the procedure adopted and the orders passed from time to time do indicate that without final hearing of the original petition documents were allowed to be inspected and directions for fixing the date of hearing were given from time to time. Having gone through the orders quoted, we are inclined to hold that the record may not be very clear but the stages subsequently followed indicate that the original petition is admitted and is now fixed for final hearing by the company judge. However, in the meanwhile, an amendment application came to be filed and the impugned order became necessary as that application for amendment was being considered in the first instance before final hearing of the original petition. This is not a case, therefore, where the original petition is yet to be admitted, but, in our view, is an admitted petition. Before the final hearing could take place in that petition, an amendment is now sought.a tried his best to tell us that the original petition is a composite petition on grounds contained in section 433 (e) as well as in section 433 (f) of the Companies Act, 1956. He took us through the recitals in the main petition starting with paragraph 12. Undoubtedly, there is some reference to the deliberate ousting of the respondent from the affairs of the company and allegation of some mismanagement thereof. He also says that the company is unable to met the current demand. There is an allegation that some of the annual reports have not been properly prepared and filed. There is some reference to the allegation of the company regarding the allotment of shares also in paragraph16. However, when all these paragraphs are read together along with the two concluding paragraphs 17 and 18, we are satisfied that the petitioner merely wanted to claimorder because of the inability of the company to pay debts which is a separate and distinct cause of action provided by clause (e) of section 433 of the Companies Act. The various clauses of the Companies Act give distinct and different reasons why the compulsory winding up under the orders of the court can be done. There is no doubt that the grounds covered by clauses (e) and (f) could be combined by the petitioner while approaching the company court. However, having read the original petition as a whole, we do not find that the petitioner wanted to invoke the courts jurisdiction for winding up on the basis of what is known as just and equitable cause. If a company is unable to pay debts in the manner contemplated by clause (e) of section 433 and the circumstances mentioned in section 434 of the Companies Act are proved, ordinarily and order for winding up has to follow. That is not the case in the case of clause (f) which deals with the just and equitable circumstances when the court on evidence comes to the conclusion that winding up is in the interest of all concerned. We do not find even a whisper of that approach in the original15 ) WHAT is now the nature of the amendment which is proposed  The first important feature which is to be noted from the recitals in the application for amendment is that the entire cause of action described in the added paragraphs proposed by way of amendment has occurred subsequent to the filing of the original petition. Paragraph 3 of the application for amendment says that subsequent to the filing of the present petition, there has been considerable development in the matter in dispute in the present petition. There have been acts of mismanagement, misappropriation of company funds, misfeasance and falsification of the statutory records,etc. , by T. R. Goenka, managing director, with active connivance, abetment and aid of directors, K. C. George and P. R. Maheshwari. After further allegations in the same vein, the paragraph concludes by saying that it was, therefore, necessary in the paragraph of justice to amend the petition for effective and proper adjudication of the dispute involved in the present petition. Thereafter, it is proposed that paragraphs 18 to 67 of the proposed amendment be allowed to be added to the original petition. They contain specific instances of that the petitioner calls misfeasance, malfeasance, misappropriation, falsification of accounts and records, etc. In other words, because of the several misdeeds which have crept into the management of this company, it appears to be now just and equitable that the company be wound up. The allegations in the amendment can fall squarely under clause (f) of section 433 and no other.( 16 ) UNDOUBTEDLY, therefore, entirely new grounds are envisage for the purposes of claiming the assistance of the court in obtainingorder. Should such a petition have been allowed at the stage at which is allowed  In that behalf, it appears, the submission of the learned counsel for the appellant requires serious consideration. He says that, so far as the ground under clause (e) is concerned, the appellant has a valid defence and the companys contention was being partly heard when the respondent as original petitioner felt that he may not succeed in obtaining theorder. If the respondent an a directors was party to a contract for obtaining loan on condition that this own deposit is not to be returned until the loan of SICOM is to be repaid, it is a matter for the consideration of the company judge whether the alleged debt has really become due and payable or that the company has a valid defence for not paying the debt though statutory notice has been served. What is being argued is that realising the weakness of the original petition, an amendment application is given at a stage where it is likely to affect very prejudicially the rights of the company. It is this approach which gives a right of appeal and as such it is necessary to rectify the injustice which is being inflicted upon thethe original petition is an admitted petition, the result of the amendment being allowed is to make an application under section 433 (e) as one under section 433 (f) as well and also give it the status of an admitted petition. A fullfledged enquiry after advertisement will be under both the clauses of section 433. Order admitting a petition is itself an appealable order as it seriously affects the right of the company. If that be so, be factual position that develop in the present case is thus. The respondent poses as if he filed separate petition for winding up of the company under section 433 (f) after his first petition was admitted which was only under section 433 (e) of the companies Act. The effect of the present order is that simply because the first petition is admitted, a second petition should automatically be admitted on record. In other words, the companys right to oppose admission and to satisfy the court that the petition may not be admitted at all is lost altogether. An important stage or step in the procedure is got rid of by indirect manner of amending a petition which is already admitted. This is not say that the amendment is not possible in a petition which is already admitted. Since the provisions of Order 6, rule 17, in its principles apply as far as they go to the pleadings before the company court, it could be logical to assume that the amendments would normally be allowed to bring out the real dispute between the parties, but where the amendment transgresses the original dispute and introduces a new cause of action altogether, even if the court has the right to do so, it will be slow to permit such an amendment if it adversely affects the right of the party concerned.(18 ) WHETHER the order allowing amendment is an appealable order by itself was another question raised by Mr. Khanna. According to him, the order of the company judge permitting the amendment is not a "judgment" with the meaning of that expression used in clause 15 of the lettersPatent. It is also not an order prejudicially affecting the right of the company and as such no appeal can lie. The present appeal, it must be pointed out, is one under the provisions of section 483 of the Companies Act. The language of section 483 is much wider than the language of clause 15 of the Letters Patent. Here appeals are provided from any order made or decision given in the matter of winding up of a company. What is required is that there should be decision or an order an or order and it must be in the matter of theof a company. This is not to suppose that any and every order irrespective of its nature is supposed to bethe present case, the respondent is making a number of allegations of mismanagement. The company on the contrary points out that the entire application is mala fide one. The respondent is interested in bringing pressure upon the company and make it pay his own deposit, though, to his own knowledge, he is not entitled to recover it at this stage. These being the rival contentions, a hearing is necessary before the company court admits the petition under section 433 (f ). A petition under clause (e) of section 433 is already admitted and on the merits of the defence either theorder may follow or the court may reject the application. However, without giving an opportunity of being heard if a petition under clause (f) of section 433 has been automatically admitted, by this indirect method of allowing amendment of an admitted petition, it is a serious inroad upon the right of the company and it is deprived of an earlier hearing and an opportunity to satisfy the court that such a petition be not admitted at all. The order of the company judge is clear enough. He has never applied his mind to the question whether the petition with the allegations contained in the proposed amendment should or should not be independently admitted for the purpose of final hearing. He had merely indicated that there may be new grounds and the amendment may make the present petition under clause (e) also a petition under clause (f ). But, according to the learned judge, no prejudice is being caused to the rights of the company. In our view, to admit a petition without hearing the company would itself prejudicially affect the21 ) IT may appear in the circumstances of the present case that while hearing the petition under section 433 (e) an advertisement may be necessary unless the company makes an independent application and obtains specific orders thereon not to advertise the petition. If, therefore, and advertisement is already contemplated by the procedure adopted so far, how can the company be adversely affected by adding some more matter to the advertisement. We will point out that an advertisement under clause (e) stands on a different footing than an advertisement under clause (f ). If the persons interested in the company know that a particular loan claimed under apetition under clause (e) is not payable, they will just ignore the advertisement and may not appear before the company court. However, an advertisement under clause (f) is likely to cause confusion and may not give clear information to the persons interested in the company. Not only the business, but the stability of the company, is likely to be seriously affected by an advertisement of this kind. We are thus of the view that, by allowing the amendment, the right of the company to be heard before the amendment is prejudicially affected. Undoubtedly, that is an order in which judicial considerations had to be given and the learned company judge undoubtedly had the judicial discretion either to accept or to refuse the amendment. The impugned order thus, according to us, falls squarely under the provisions of section 483 of the companies Act and, as such, it is2 ) MR. Khanna for the respondent referred us to the judgment of the Supreme Court in Shanti kumar R. Canji v. Home Insurance Co. of New York [1974] 2 SCC 387.  The Supreme Court was considering in that case clause 15 of the Letters Patent, for purposes of finding out whether an order allowing amendment amounted to "judgment" within the meaning of that clause, so as to make the order appealable. We might at once point out that the language of section 483 of the companies Act which is relevant for our purpose being different from the language of clause 15, the decision of the Supreme Court pointing out what is a "judgment" within the meaning of that expression used in clause 15 if the Letters Patent may not be relevant for the present purpose. However, event then the general observations of the Supreme Court may be of some relevance, as the broader principles governing the amendments they would not be much different. Their lordships observed that if an amendment merely allows a plaintiff to state a new cause of action or to ask a new relief or to include a new ground relief all that happens is that it is possible for the plaintiff to raise further contentions in the suit, but it is not decided whether the contentions are right. Having made these observations so far as the facts of that case are concerned, their lordships at once pointed out that by the impugned amendment before them a claim which wasbecame alive as the amendment relates back to the date of the institution of the original suit. They, therefore, pointed out that the defendant had already obtained invulnerable right of defeating the claim on raising the defence of limitation. Though the court may have power and in a fit case the court may ignore the question of limitation, ordinarily where a valid defence is available and has become invulnerable by passage of time, the court will be slow to allow an amendment because it adversely affects the rights of the party23 ) IF this is the principle on which even under the provisions of Order 6, rule 17, Civil procedure Code, the amendments are allowed or disallowed, in our view the principle will operate with greater force where the mere admission ofleading to advertisement and hearing will have the normal consequence of adversely affecting the suitability of business of a company. We are thus satisfied that the order is undoubtedly appealable and the appeal24 ) EVEN when this question was considered the judgment of the Supreme Court, quoted above, has thus pointed out why the amendments should be allowed and should not be allowed. Here is a case where each clause of section 433 is a distinct cause of action and though there is no prohibition to the combination of clauses (e) and (f), it is open to anyone to file successive and different company petitions. In the present case, and admitted petition is being opposed on merits and the company hopes to point out a valid defence. If the amendment is now to be allowed and the matter is to be heard together, there is likelihood of some prejudice being caused to the company because the matters which are strictly not relevant under clause (e) might affect the psychology of the judge who may be considering the other petition. It would be advisable, therefore, that even if a separate petition could also be filed under clause (f) it may be heard and disposed of on its own merits without mixing up the matter with the earlier petition under clause (e) of section25 ) WE are thus clear that the effect of the order is to admit the petition without giving an opportunity to the company to oppose this admission. This affects a valuable right of the company and introduces an element of prejudice against it. On the contrary, if the respondent were to file a separate petition, he is not affected in any manner whatsoever. There is no prohibition to file separate or successive petitions under different clauses of section 433 since they constitute separate and independent reasons for which the company is to be wound up. It would not be fair in the circumstances of the case to amend the petition by adding the grounds which fall admittedly under clause (f) in a petition which has been originally drafted as one under clause (e ).