Case: Narendra Bahadur Tandon Vs. Shankerlal (Since Deceased) By Lrs. And Anr

winding up and to call a general meeting of the company and a meeting of the creditors for the purpose of laying the accounts before the meetings. The liquidator was then required to send to the Registrar a copy of the account and to make a return to him of the holding of the meetings. The Registrar on receiving the accounts and the returns was required to register them an on the expiration of three months of registration the company was to be deemed as dissolved. The only duty cast upon the liquidator thereafter was that under s. 244(B). It was that the liquidator should on t he dissolution of the company pay into the Reserve Bank of India, to the credit of the Central Government in an account called the Companies Liquidation Account any money representing unclaimed dividend or any undistributed assets in his hands on the day of dissolution. No other duty was stipulated to be performed by the liquidator under the provisions of the Companies Act, 1913, after the dissolution of the company. We are, therefore, unable to agree with the submission of the learned counsel that the liquidator had the jurisdiction to execute the deed of sale dated January 28, 1941 after the company had been dissolved. 6. The next question which we must consider is what was the effect of the dissolution of the company on the lease-hold interest which the company had in the land. No term of the lease has been brought to our notice by which the lease would stand extinguished on the dissolution of the company. If the company had a subsisting interest in the lease on the date of dissolution such interest must necessarily vest in the Government by escheat or as bona vacantia. In India the law is well settled that the property of an intestate dying without leaving lawful heirs and the property of a dissolved Corporation passes to the Government by escheat or as bona vacantia. Of course such property will be subject to trusts and charges, if any, previously effecting its vide M/s. Pierce Leslie &Co. Ltd., v. Violat Ouchterlong Wapshare &Ors.(1). It is also to be noticed here that s. 244(B) of the Companies Act 1913, as well as s. 555(2) of the Companies Act 1956 expressly enjoin a duty on the liquidator to deposit, on the dissolution of the company, into an account in the Reserve Bank of India know n as the Companies Liquidation Account any money representing unpaid dividend or undisputed assets lying in his hands at the time of dissolution. The learned counsel for the appellant relied upon the decisions of the Allahabad High Court in Tulshi Ram Sahu &Anr. v. Gur Dayal Singh &Anr.(2) and Mussamat Ramman Bibi v. Mathura Prasad &Anr.(3). Both were cases of fixed rate tenancies. As pointed out by the Full Bench in Tulsi Ram Sahu &Anr. v. Gur Dayal Singh &Anr., (1) one of the incidents of a fixed rate tenancy was that provided by s. 18 of the Agra Tenancy Act 1901 which prescribed that a right of occupancy would stand extinguished when a fixed-rate tenant died leaving no heir entitled under the Act to inherit the right of occupancy. It followed therefrom that the land had to revert to the landlord and could not go to the Government by escheat. On the other hand in Sonet Kooer v. Himmat Bahadur &ors.(2). The Privy Council held that on the failure of heirs to a tenant holding land under Mukerrori Tenure there was nothing in the nature of the tenure which prevented the Crown from taking the Mukerrori by escheat, subject to the payment of rent to the Zamindar. If the lease-hold interest of the company in the land became vested in the government on the dissolution of the company it must follow that the suit at the instance of the plaintiffs was not maintainable. 7. The next question for consideration is whether the plaintiffs were estopped from denying the validity of the sale in favour of the Benaras Bank Ltd., and the character of the possession of the Benaras Bank. Ltd., and its successors in interest. As already mentioned by us Budhsingh and Jialal sent a notice dated January 11, 1941, through their lawyer demanding of the liquidator of the Benaras Bank Ltd., payment of arrears of rent for four years and asserting that the lease was forfeited consequent on the lessees failure to pay rent for a continuous period of three years. The liquidator denied the claim of right of the lessor to forfeit the lease but admitted the claim for rent. The liquidator paid the rent and it was accepted by Budh Singh and Jialal. Later also the evidence shows that Jugal Kishore the purchaser from Budh Singh and Jialal also accepted rent from the official liquidator of the Benaras Bank Ltd. This course of conduct of Budh Singh and Jialal and their successor Jugal Kishore clearly indicates the acceptance , by them, of the position that the Benaras Bank Ltd. had succeeded to the rights of the company in the lease-hold interest. Further, the official liquidator of the Benaras Bank Ltd. said first tried to sell the lease-hold interest by public auction. When that sale did not fructify because of the failure of the highest bidder to deposit the sale price, the lease-hold interest was sold to the defendant with the sanction of the Company Judge. At no point of time did the predecessors-in-interest of the plaintiffs raise the slightest objection to the sale of the leas-hold interest. It was thereafter that the defendant obtained the permission of the Municipal Board, Saharanpur, and raised construction on the land. The plaintiffs themselves admittedly reside near about the land in dispute. They did not raise any objection to the raising of the constructions. The plaintiffs as well as the defendants appeared to proceed on the common understanding that the defendants had succeeded to the interest of Patel Mills Ltd., in the lease-hold interest.

Decision (1 = appeal accepted, 0 = rejected): 1

Explanation:
1[ds]We do not think that s. 53A of the Transfer of Property Act is attracted to the facts of the present case. The right under s. 53A is available against the transferor (effecting the incomplete transfer) and any person claiming under him. It is difficult to understand how the successor-in-interest of a lessor can ever be said to a person claiming under a lessee making an incomplete transfer of the lease-hold interest. Nor do we find force in the submission of the learned counsel that the voluntary liquidator had legal authority, after dissolution of the company to execute the deed of sale so as to formally complete the transaction which had already been entered into.In that case a liquidator was guilty of gross dereliction of duty. In the words of Farwell J., "A more gross dereliction of duty by a liquidator I have seldom heard of". Though in possession of sufficient assets of the liquidating company to pay all its debts in full the liquidator took no steps to ascertain the creditors of the liquidating company or to see that they were paid. Instead he sold the business and assets of the company to a purchasing company who covenanted to pay all the debts and liabilities of the liquidating company. The purchasing company did not pay the debts. The liquidating company was dissolved. The creditors had no remedy by which they could recover their debts. A creditor of the liquidating company sued the liquidator for recovery of damages. It was held that the liquidator was guilty of negligence in the discharge of his statutory duty and was liable in damages to the unpaid creditors of the liquidating company. What was decided in the case was not that a liquidator could represent the erstwhile company after it was dissolved but that a liquidator could be sued in damage s for breach of a statutory duty which he had failed to perform while functioning as liquidator. We do not think that this case is of any assistance to the appellant. We are unable to appreciate how after the company was dissolved the liquidator could still claim to represent the company and execute a registered deed of sale. Once the company was dissolved it ceased to exist and the liquidator could not represent a non-existing company. If the liquidator was to discharge any duty or perform any function on behalf of the dissolved company he should have express statutory authority. The Companies Act 1913 contained no provision enabling the liquidator to do any act on behalf of a dissolved company. S. 209(H) ofthe Companies Act, 1913 enjoined the liquidator as soon as the affairs of the company were wound up to make up an account of the winding up and to call a general meeting of the company and a meeting of the creditors for the purpose of laying the accounts before the meetings. The liquidator was then required to send to the Registrar a copy of the account and to make a return to him of the holding of the meetings. The Registrar on receiving the accounts and the returns was required to register them an on the expiration of three months of registration the company was to be deemed as dissolved. The only duty cast upon the liquidator thereafter was that under s. 244(B). It was that the liquidator should on t he dissolution of the company pay into the Reserve Bank of India, to the credit of the Central Government in an account called the Companies Liquidation Account any money representing unclaimed dividend or any undistributed assets in his hands on the day of dissolution. No other duty was stipulated to be performed by the liquidator under the provisions ofthe Companies Act, 1913, after the dissolution of the company. We are, therefore, unable to agree with the submission of the learned counsel that the liquidator had the jurisdiction to execute the deed of sale dated January 28, 1941 after the company had been dissolvedNo term of the lease has been brought to our notice by which the lease would stand extinguished on the dissolution of the company. If the company had a subsisting interest in the lease on the date of dissolution such interest must necessarily vest in the Government by escheat or as bona vacantia. In India the law is well settled that the property of an intestate dying without leaving lawful heirs and the property of a dissolved Corporation passes to the Government by escheat or as bona vacantiaIt is also to be noticed here that s. 244(B) of the Companies Act 1913, as well as s. 555(2) of the Companies Act 1956 expressly enjoin a duty on the liquidator to deposit, on the dissolution of the company, into an account in the Reserve Bank of India know n as the Companies Liquidation Account any money representing unpaid dividend or undisputed assets lying in his hands at the time of dissolutionAs already mentioned by us Budhsingh and Jialal sent a notice dated January 11, 1941, through their lawyer demanding of the liquidator of the Benaras Bank Ltd., payment of arrears of rent for four years and asserting that the lease was forfeited consequent on the lessees failure to pay rent for a continuous period of three years. The liquidator denied the claim of right of the lessor to forfeit the lease but admitted the claim for rent. The liquidator paid the rent and it was accepted by Budh Singh and Jialal. Later also the evidence shows that Jugal Kishore the purchaser from Budh Singh and Jialal also accepted rent from the official liquidator of the Benaras Bank Ltd. This course of conduct of Budh Singh and Jialal and their successor Jugal Kishore clearly indicates the acceptance , by them, of the position that the Benaras Bank Ltd. had succeeded to the rights of the company in the lease-hold interest. Further, the official liquidator of the Benaras Bank Ltd. said first tried to sell the lease-hold interest by public auction. When that sale did not fructify because of the failure of the highest bidder to deposit the sale price, the lease-hold interest was sold to the defendant with the sanction of the Company Judge. At no point of time did the predecessors-in-interest of the plaintiffs raise the slightest objection to the sale of the leas-hold interest. It was thereafter that the defendant obtained the permission of the Municipal Board, Saharanpur, and raised construction on the land. The plaintiffs themselves admittedly reside near about the land in dispute. They did not raise any objection to the raising of the constructions. The plaintiffs as well as the defendants appeared to proceed on the common understanding that the defendants had succeeded to the interest of Patel Mills Ltd., in the lease-hold interest.