Case: UNION OF INDIA Vs. RAMCHANDRA &amp; ORS

land. In contrast, clause fourthly of Section 23(1) deals with the damage sustained by reason of the acquisition injuriously affecting, (i) the other movable property; (ii) the other immovable property; and/or (iii) the earnings of the person interested. 23. A reading of the abovesaid judgment shows that there was an option with the appropriate Government to acquire the entire land without publication of any fresh notification if the appropriate Government was of the opinion that the claim of compensation on account of severing of the land is unreasonable or excessive. The Union has not exercised such option. Therefore, the compensation has to be determined keeping in view of the fact that the land is continued to be owned by the Company but its effective use stands diminished to large extent. 24. As discussed above, we have found that the land situated on the western side is 139163 square feet (1.29 Hectare), which is not a small area from any angle, therefore, the appropriate Government was justified in not acquiring the said land and for the reason that the claim of compensation of such land is unreasonable or excessive. In fact, the Company had no claim in respect of the land situated on the western plank of the railway line. 25. In respect of the land situated on the eastern side, the first impression is that the land is severed but if the plan produced by the Company is examined, there is land of other land owners as well. Therefore, it is not the entire land which has become unapproachable or land locked. Because of the railway line, may be the Company has to take a detour to approach such land but not that the substantial portion of the land cannot be used for any of the ancillary works of the Company. On account of the fact that the Company can approach the land on the eastern side by taking a detour, the Company will incur an additional cost, therefore, the Company is entitled to such additional cost. 26. The Punjab and Haryana High Court in Tehal Singh & Ors. v. The State of Punjab through the Collector, Land Acquisition, Drainage Circle, Patiala & Ors. 1987 SCC OnLine P&H 269 : 1987 RRR 495 granted additional compensation on account of severance of land in the case of water channels and that statutory benefits are not payable on such compensation on account of severance. It was held as under: 11. Taking all the above factors into account. I consider the following compensation to be appropriate for severance of land to the concerned land-owners:— (1) Where the S.Y.L. Canal intervenes between the land served and the village abadi and it is two acres or less in area, compensation for severance shall be 60% of the market value of the land so acquired. (2) Where the severed land is no the abadi side of the village and S.Y.L. Canal is being constructed beyond it and it is two acres or less in area, compensation for severance shall be 40% of the market value of the land so acquired. (3) Where the severed land is more than two acres in area but is less than 5 acres, and is located on either side of the S.Y.L. Canal, compensation at the rate of 10%- of the market value for its severance shall be payable. 12. The land-owners shall, however, be not entitled to soletium under Section 23(2) and the amount under Section 23(1-A) of the Act on the amount of compensation on account of severance, but they shall be entitled to interest as indicated in the following paragraph. 27. We find that in respect to the land on the eastern side, after leaving land up to the extent of 30 meters from the center of railway track, the Company shall be entitled to Rs.9.5 per square feet, i.e., 50% of the compensation acquired for the railway track. 28. Still further, in terms of the judgment of this Court in State of Punjab v. Amarjit Singh & Anr. (2011) 4 SCC 734, compensation on account of severance is not entitled to the benefit of Section 23(1-A) and Section 23(2) of the Act, as the market value is determined in terms of Section 23(1) firstly, whereas the compensation on account of severance of land is determined under Section 23(1) thirdly. This Court held as under: 11. Sub-section (1-A) of Section 23, inserted by Act 68 of 1984 provides that in addition to the market value of the land, as provided under Section 23(1), the court shall, in every case, award an amount calculated at the rate of 12% per annum on such market value for the period commencing on or from the date of publication of the notification under Section 4(1) in respect of such land to the date of award of the Collector or the date of taking possession of the land, whichever is earlier. The additional amount under Section 23(1-A) and solatium under Section 23(2) are both payable only on the market value determined under Section 23(1) of the Act and not on any other amount. Solatium under Section 23(2) is not payable on the additional amount nor is additional amount under Section 23(1- A) payable on solatium. Solatium and additional amount are also not payable on the damages/expenses that may be awarded under the second to sixth factors under Section 23(1) of the Act. 29. The process of determining compensation by the Reference Court is wholly fallacious. Thus, the appeal of the Company claiming enhancement of the compensation @ Rs.40/- per square feet is untenable. Even the compensation determined by the High Court is questionable but we do not find any reason to interfere in the present appeal under Article 136 of the Constitution. Furthermore, the Company shall be entitled to Rs.9.5 per square feet in respect of land situated on the eastern side after leaving 30 meters of the buffer zone but without any benefits under Section 23(1-A) and Section 23(2) of the Act.

Decision (1 = appeal accepted, 0 = rejected): 0

Explanation:
0[ds]14. A perusal of the Indian Railways Way and Works Manual (para 827) and also the Circular dated 8.9.1988 shows that 30 meters of land on both sides of railway line can be said to be restricted area but it does not mean that the land cannot be utilized for any purpose. The communication dated 19.12.1991 on behalf of the Urban and Rural Department of the State is to the effect that distance of 30 meters of land is to be kept. Firstly, the distance norms are of the Railways and not of the State. Still further, the distance of 30 meters from the railway track can be left unoccupied but not 15 + 30 meters. However, since the land was purchased by the Company for the purpose of setting up of an industrial unit, therefore land to the extent of 30 meters on both sides cannot be put to effective use by the Company. Therefore, we deem it appropriate to grant compensation to the Company for the land on both sides of railway track to the extent of 30 meters from middle of the railway track.15. As per the plan produced by the Company, land measuring 26400 square feet that is 49.3 square meters on both sides of railway track has actually been utilized for the purpose of railway track. Thus, additional 15 meters on both sides of the railway track would be subject to award of compensation @ Rs. 19 per square feet. Thus, land up to extent of 30 meters from the center of railway track is the land acquired for the railway track.16. In respect of amount of compensation, the statement of Pawan Damade (PW-11) is in respect of residential plots sold in the year 1984. The sale price of residential plots @ 45/- per square feet is after carrying the development activity such as laying of roads, electricity, and provision of sewerage disposal, therefore, Rs.45/- could not be in any case the market value of the agricultural land. However, the Reference Court, without any basis, arrived at Rs.50/- per square feet, as the land for commercial purpose would be more expensive. The said process of reasoning led the Reference Court to determine the market value at Rs. 40/- per square feet. The judgment of this Court reported as Lal Chand v. Union of India & Anr. (2009) 15 SCC 769  held that the brochure issued by the Development Authority of fully developed plots cannot form basis for award of compensation for acquisition of undeveloped lands. This Court held as under:12. On careful consideration, we are of the view that such allotment rates of plots adopted by development authorities like DDA cannot form the basis for award of compensation for acquisition of undeveloped lands for several reasons. Firstly, market value has to be determined with reference to large tracts of undeveloped agricultural lands in a rural area, whereas the allotment rates of development authorities are with reference to small plots in a developed layout falling within urban area. Secondly, DDA and other statutory authorities adopt different rates for plots in the same area with reference to the economic capacity of the buyer, making it difficult to ascertain the real market value, whereas market value determination for acquisitions is uniform and does not depend upon the economic status of the land loser. Thirdly, we are concerned with market value of freehold land, whereas the allotment rates in the DDA brochure refer to the initial premium payable on allotment of plots on leasehold basis. We may elaborate on these three factors.13. The percentage of deduction for development to be made to arrive at the market value of large tracts of undeveloped agricultural land (with potential for development), with reference to the sale price of small developed plots, varies between 20% to 75% of the price of such developed plots, the percentage depending upon the nature of development of the layout in which the exemplar plots are situated.17. Thus, the entire process of determination of the market value by the Reference Court is contrary to the established principles of determination of the market value of the acquired land as the sale of developed land for the purpose of residential plots cannot be made basis for acquisition of undeveloped agricultural land. Still further, the acquired land can be said to be 41,771.32 square feet but the compensation has been awarded for the entire land of the Company as against the small area which was acquired for the railway line, though the balance land is owned and is in possession of the Company.18. The market value of Rs.25/- per square feet by the High Court has been arrived at on the basis of statements of some of the witnesses. No sale instance of the acquired land has been produced, not even the sale deed by which the Company has purchased the land almost 3 years prior to the acquisition. Such sale instance would have been the best yardstick to arrive at the market value of the acquired land. The High Court awarded Rs.19/- per square feet as the compensation of the entire land acquired. Though we are unable to agree with the reasoning, but in the absence of any other alternative to determine market value, we do not wish to interfere with the market value assessed by the High Court.19. One cannot understand that how such large chunk of land can be said to be unsuitable for any industry or any evidence suggesting that industry could not be set up in such large piece of land abutting road. The Company has not produced any drawings to say that their factory cannot be put up in the remaining compact land measuring more than 130000 square feet. Therefore, compensation for the entire land owned by the Company is wholly unwarranted, illegal and unduly advantageous to the Company.20. Even in respect of land on the eastern side of the railway line, it is not that such land cannot be utilized for any purpose. There is land of the other land owners on the other side, therefore, the same can be used for different purposes, may not be for industry. Therefore, the compensation of Rs.19/- per square feet awarded for such land is not sustainable on any principle of law. The compensation of land on the western side of the railway track is to be awarded only as the agricultural land.22. Such provision has been examined recently by this Court in a judgment reported as Walchandnagar Industries Limited v. State of Maharashtra & Anr. (2022) 5 SCC 71  wherein, this Court held as under:35. It may be noted that clause thirdly of Section 23(1) relates only to land, as it speaks only about the severance of the acquired land from the unacquired land and the damage sustained as a consequence. In contrast, clause fourthly of Section 23(1) deals with the damage sustained by the person interested, due to the injurious affection, (i) of his other movable property; (ii) of his other immovable property; and (iii) of his earnings. In other words what is injuriously affected at the time of Collectors taking possession of the land, may either be the unacquired portion of the immovable property or other movable property or even the earnings of the person interested.37. Coming to Section 49, it deals with two contingencies. They are,(i) cases where what is sought to be acquired is only a part of any house, manufactory or other building; and(ii) cases where a claim for compensation under the head severance under clause thirdly of Section 23(1) arises.37.1. Insofar as the first contingency is concerned there is a bar under sub-section (1) of Section 49 for the acquisition of a part only of any house, manufactory or other building, if the owner desires that the whole of such house, manufactory or building shall be so acquired.37.2. Insofar as the second contingency is concerned, there is a choice given to the appropriate Government to order the acquisition of the whole of the land, if the appropriate Government is of the opinion that the claim for severance compensation is unreasonable or excessive.38. The distinction between the scope of sub-section (1) and the scope of sub-section (2) of Section 49 was brought out by this Court in Harsook Das Bal Kishan Das v. LAO [Harsook Das Bal Kishan Das v. LAO, (1975) 2 SCC 256]  as follows : (SCC pp. 259- 60, para 12)12. The object of Section 49(1) of the Act is to give to the owner the option whether he would like part to be acquired. The Government cannot take the other part under Section 49(1) of the Act unless the owner says so. Section 49(2) of the Act has nothing to do with Section 49(1) of the Act. Section 49(2) of the Act gives the option to the Government only where the claim under the third clause of Section 23(1) of the Act is excessive. Reference to the third clause of Section 23(1) of the Act makes it clear that the claim under the third clause of Section 23(1) is for severance. The Government in such a case of acquisition of the remaining portion of the land under Section 49(2) of the Act saves the public exchequer money which otherwise will be the subject-matter of a claim for severance.40. Section 49(2) also may not have any application for the reason that the appropriate Government did not think fit to seek acquisition of the whole of the land on which the remaining portion of the trolley line existed, on the ground that the claim for severance compensation was unreasonable or excessive. Therefore, it is enough for us to go back to clauses thirdly and fourthly of Section 23(1) without the constraints of sub-sections (1) or (2) of Section 49.41. As we have indicated earlier, clause thirdly relates to the damage sustained by the person interested, by reason of severance of the acquired land from the unacquired land, at the time of Collectors taking possession of the land. In contrast, clause fourthly of Section 23(1) deals with the damage sustained by reason of the acquisition injuriously affecting, (i) the other movable property; (ii) the other immovable property; and/or (iii) the earnings of the person interested.23. A reading of the abovesaid judgment shows that there was an option with the appropriate Government to acquire the entire land without publication of any fresh notification if the appropriate Government was of the opinion that the claim of compensation on account of severing of the land is unreasonable or excessive. The Union has not exercised such option. Therefore, the compensation has to be determined keeping in view of the fact that the land is continued to be owned by the Company but its effective use stands diminished to large extent.24. As discussed above, we have found that the land situated on the western side is 139163 square feet (1.29 Hectare), which is not a small area from any angle, therefore, the appropriate Government was justified in not acquiring the said land and for the reason that the claim of compensation of such land is unreasonable or excessive. In fact, the Company had no claim in respect of the land situated on the western plank of the railway line.25. In respect of the land situated on the eastern side, the first impression is that the land is severed but if the plan produced by the Company is examined, there is land of other land owners as well. Therefore, it is not the entire land which has become unapproachable or land locked. Because of the railway line, may be the Company has to take a detour to approach such land but not that the substantial portion of the land cannot be used for any of the ancillary works of the Company. On account of the fact that the Company can approach the land on the eastern side by taking a detour, the Company will incur an additional cost, therefore, the Company is entitled to such additional cost.26. The Punjab and Haryana High Court in Tehal Singh & Ors. v. The State of Punjab through the Collector, Land Acquisition, Drainage Circle, Patiala & Ors. 1987 SCC OnLine P&H 269 : 1987 RRR 495 granted additional compensation on account of severance of land in the case of water channels and that statutory benefits are not payable on such compensation on account of severance. It was held as under:11. Taking all the above factors into account. I consider the following compensation to be appropriate for severance of land to the concerned land-owners:—(1) Where the S.Y.L. Canal intervenes between the land served and the village abadi and it is two acres or less in area, compensation for severance shall be 60% of the market value of the land so acquired.(2) Where the severed land is no the abadi side of the village and S.Y.L. Canal is being constructed beyond it and it is two acres or less in area, compensation for severance shall be 40% of the market value of the land so acquired.(3) Where the severed land is more than two acres in area but is less than 5 acres, and is located on either side of the S.Y.L. Canal, compensation at the rate of 10%- of the market value for its severance shall be payable.12. The land-owners shall, however, be not entitled to soletium under Section 23(2) and the amount under Section 23(1-A) of the Act on the amount of compensation on account of severance, but they shall be entitled to interest as indicated in the following paragraph.27. We find that in respect to the land on the eastern side, after leaving land up to the extent of 30 meters from the center of railway track, the Company shall be entitled to Rs.9.5 per square feet, i.e., 50% of the compensation acquired for the railway track.28. Still further, in terms of the judgment of this Court in State of Punjab v. Amarjit Singh & Anr. (2011) 4 SCC 734,  compensation on account of severance is not entitled to the benefit of Section 23(1-A) and Section 23(2) of the Act, as the market value is determined in terms of Section 23(1) firstly, whereas the compensation on account of severance of land is determined under Section 23(1) thirdly. This Court held as under:11. Sub-section (1-A) of Section 23, inserted by Act 68 of 1984 provides that in addition to the market value of the land, as provided under Section 23(1), the court shall, in every case, award an amount calculated at the rate of 12% per annum on such market value for the period commencing on or from the date of publication of the notification under Section 4(1) in respect of such land to the date of award of the Collector or the date of taking possession of the land, whichever is earlier. The additional amount under Section 23(1-A) and solatium under Section 23(2) are both payable only on the market value determined under Section 23(1) of the Act and not on any other amount. Solatium under Section 23(2) is not payable on the additional amount nor is additional amount under Section 23(1- A) payable on solatium. Solatium and additional amount are also not payable on the damages/expenses that may be awarded under the second to sixth factors under Section 23(1) of the Act.29. The process of determining compensation by the Reference Court is wholly fallacious. Thus, the appeal of the Company claiming enhancement of the compensation @ Rs.40/- per square feet is untenable. Even the compensation determined by the High Court is questionable but we do not find any reason to interfere in the present appeal under Article 136 of the Constitution. Furthermore, the Company shall be entitled to Rs.9.5 per square feet in respect of land situated on the eastern side after leaving 30 meters of the buffer zone but without any benefits under Section 23(1-A) and Section 23(2) of the Act.