Case: The State of Kerala &amp; Ors Vs. M/s Joseph &amp; Company

license to another person (limited to two rods) to fish in the river during the residue of the term. The consideration therein would not be relevant in the instant case. In the case, Cook vs. Shoesmith (1951) 1 KB-752, it was the case where the dwelling house was let to the tenant wherein, he agreed that he will not sublet. However, the tenant had sublet two rooms of the house due to which the landlord filed the suit for possession alleging breach of the agreement. The court relied on the dictum of Lord Elson in Church vs. Brown wherein it was held that the principle of an undertaking not to sublet the premise was not broken since the premise described the whole of what is demised and there are no words such as a tenant had agreed not to sublet any part of it. In that circumstance, it was held that there was no breach of the agreement. 29. In, Swarnamoyee Debya vs. Aferaddi and Ors. AIR 1932 Calcutta 787, it was a case where ejectment was sought for unauthorised transfer by the defendant which was contended to have broken the condition in the document creating the tenancy. In that circumstance, it was held that the usufructuary mortgage was not of the entire holding and upon the covenant in the lease, no forfeiture was incurred by the transaction. The question which was considered therein was with regard to the construction of the lease which had arisen in that case and a decision to that effect was taken. In the case, Keshab Chandra Sarkar and Ors. vs. Gopal Chandra Chanda AIR 1960 Calcutta 609, the plaintiff had sued for recovery of possession contending unauthorised transfer of the leased land without the consent of lessor which amounted to breach of condition of the lease. The general principles relating to forfeiture as had been laid down was taken note and in that circumstance by strictly construing the right of forfeiture against the lessor in the absence of express stipulation had arrived at the conclusion that the transfer made of the entire extent, though consent had been obtained to transfer a part would not amount to breach. Certain other decisions relied on by the learned senior counsel are also to the same effect and we see no need to refer to each of them. But, what is necessary to be taken note is that the general principles of equity as laid down in Grove vs. Portal (supra) has been the basis for the conclusion reached in almost all the noted cases. 30. In contradistinction to the facts which arose for consideration in the cited cases where essentially the dispute was inter-se between the private owners of the property and their lessees and the nature of transaction, in the instant case, the leased land is the property which belong to the government and the leasehold right has been auctioned so as to earn revenue for the state, which is to the interest of its citizens and one citizen or a group is permitted to exploit the land to the exclusion of all others. Additionally, such government property is located in an area notified as reserve forest. In such circumstance, when the lessee is given the benefit of such property and the breach of the condition imposed is alleged, the strict construction of the forfeiture clause against the lessor in all circumstances would not arise as otherwise it would render the clause in the lease deed otiose. The principle contained in Section 111(g) of the T.P. Act though noticed, the parties are governed by the terms in the contract and as such the lessee cannot claim benefit under the said provision. Further, as already noted the consideration under Section 111(g) is based on equitable principles which will have to be applied depending on the facts and circumstances obtained in each case. While applying the equitable principles, the maxim he who seeks equity must do equity cannot be lost sight of. It is said, a court will not assist a lessee in extricating himself or herself from the circumstances that he or she has created, in the name of equitable consideration. In the instant facts as already noted when public largesse is bestowed on certain terms and conditions, a term of the lease deed is to be strictly adhered to and when Clause 14 provides that the lessee shall not be entitled to sublet or assign his interest in the lease except with the previous permission in writing of the lessor, it does not matter as to whether the breach committed is by assigning a portion of the leased land or the whole when such interest of the lessee has been transferred without previous permission of the lessor. Further, in all the cases referred to by the learned senior counsel, the breach alleged was either of creating mortgage or subletting the property. In the instant case, despite being a lessee the respondent has executed an absolute sale deed in respect of the leased land which belongs to the government and such breach cannot be condoned. CIVIL APPEAL NO.5120/2021 @ SLP(C) No.9661/2017 AND CIVIL APPEAL NO.5119/2021 @ SLP(C) No.18760/2016 31. The Appellant-State of Kerala in both these appeals are assailing the interim orders passed by the learned single judge in W.P. No.35832/2015. The said order had been confirmed by the learned Division Bench through the orders dated 11.01.2016 and 25.01.2017. Considering that the learned single judge had made an interim arrangement protecting the interest of both the parties which will be subject to ultimate result in the writ petition and also taking note that this Court while directing notice in SLP No.9661/2017, on 21.04.2017 had directed the parties to maintain status quo as it existed on that day and the said order has continued till this day, it would be appropriate that the said position shall continue and the High Court shall dispose of the writ proceedings in accordance with law, if already not considered and disposed of.

Decision (1 = appeal accepted, 0 = rejected): 1

Explanation:
1[ds]11. Having noted the contention, we find that the said the lease deed dated 15.12.1979 would no doubt disclose that Mr. K.K. Joseph in his individual name is referred to as the lessee of the other part. The recital in the lease deed however depicts that the earlier transaction in favour of Mr. P.I. Joseph and the document executed by Mr. P.I Joseph in favour of Mr. K.K Joseph to assign the lease is referred in the document. In that backdrop, a reference to the sale deed dated 28.02.1974 by which the sale was made by Mr. P.I. Joseph to Mr. K.K. Joseph indicates that the purchaser Mr. K.K. Joseph has been described as the Managing Partner, M/s Joseph & Company, a registered partnership firm. The said aspect would ex-facie indicate that the contention of the appellant that M/s Joseph & Company had come into existence subsequently as a ploy to overcome and defeat the bar contained in Clause 14 to the lease deed cannot be accepted. Further, as already taken note, the learned Single Judge as also the learned Division Bench has referred to the various other documents more particularly at Exhibits P10, P11, P12, P13 and P16 to P20 in the writ proceeding records to indicate that the Government, for all intents and purposes had treated M/s. Joseph & Company as the lessee. Therefore, to the said extent on the first aspect, the same does not constitute breach. Hence the conclusion reached by the High Court on that aspect does not call for interference.13. From a perusal of the relevant clauses in the lease deed it is seen that clause 14 thereof provides that the lessee shall not be entitled to sublet or assign his interest in the said lease except with the previous permission in writing obtained from the lessor. In that backdrop, the breach alleged against the respondent is that the lessee has assigned the interest in the leased land to an extent of 50 acres in favour of Mr. Raghavan without the previous permission of the lessor. The fact that such sale has taken place cannot be in dispute nor is it in dispute. The said assignment has been made under the registered sale deed dated 16.12.1983.16. If in that context, Clause 12 is taken note, it indicates that the issue of notice is contemplated in the event of the lessee committing default and the liberty to terminate the lease is exercised. The concession provided is to rectify the default before the notice is issued. If there is failure of the lessee to remedy such default that may be reported to the lessor from time to time by the Chief Conservator of Forests. Before termination of the lease a notice is to be issued and be heard about the default if the default has not been remedied. The same would clearly indicate that the default referred to, the issue of notice there for and the fact that the same is based on the report to the lessor (State of Kerala) from Chief Conservator of Forests is that the rectification permitted is in respect of the default relating to deviation from the obligations contained in the covenants relating to maintaining the nature of the property and default should be of rectifiable nature. The Dictionary meaning of default is; failure to fulfil an obligation, while the meaning of breach is an act of breaking a law, agreement or code of conduct. If the said distinction is kept in view, the breach if committed by subletting or assigning as provided in Clause 14, the same would lead to its consequences and the liberty to remedy the same is not mandatory. All that Clause 12 signifies is that if default is reported and if such default is not remedied then termination can be made after issue of notice and hearing. The cause for termination will be the default and permitting to remedy the same is only an indulgence to be shown. Therefore, the learned Division Bench was not justified in its conclusion that the non-issue of notice and not providing opportunity to remedy the default is fatal. In the instant facts, the reading of the lease deed as a whole would indicate that the right reserved to the lessor under Clause 14 is independent of Clause 12 and if the breach of that nature occurs, it is irreversible and it will have to be taken to its logical conclusion unless the lessor waives the right thereunder.18. The contention of the learned senior counsel for the respondent that a question of law could be raised at any stage is well taken and we do not see the reason to refer to the precedents relied on that proposition. Even that be so, the provisions contained in Sections 111 and 112 of the T.P. Act though taken note, in our opinion, the same cannot be considered in abstract without reference to the factual foundation. So far as the contention that the lessee had continued to pay the lease rentals in respect of the entire property despite the sale of 50 acres to Mr. Raghavan, whether such acceptance of the lease rentals by the lessor was with knowledge of default by condoning the breach, is a question of fact which will have to be urged in the original proceedings and the material will have to be placed on record so as to enable the original authority to take a decision on that aspect and render a finding on fact so that the Court at a later stage in the process of judicial review can reassess the same and determine as to whether the benefit of Section 112 T.P.Act will be available. Therefore, in the instant case, the contention that the lease rentals were being paid in respect of the entire extent cannot be accepted outright as no contention was urged and details were not laid in the original proceedings. Further, in a matter of the present nature when the entire lease area measured vast extent of 246.26 acres and the allegation is of parting with the lease hold right of 50 acres from such lease area and in that circumstance when the lease rental in any event was being paid to the remaining extent of 196.26 acres, the lumpsum payment of lease rental cannot be taken advantage of to contend that the lease rental was continued to be paid and seek waiver of forfeiture.19. When there was breach providing the right to terminate the lease in respect of the entire leased land, even if the lease rental paid by the lessee has been accepted by the appellant-lessor, it has not been shown that the requirement of the conditions in the proviso to Section 112 of the T.P. Act is satisfied. In the present situation, the land is leased by the government and when the breach had occurred the competent authority had issued the notice and the proceedings was initiated. Once the proceedings had been initiated even if the lease rental was received the same is saved under the second proviso. Further the situation is also that the payment of the rental made to the government would in any event be accepted as different functions are performed by different offices and any amount tendered will be received. That cannot give any advantage to the lessee merely because the rent has been tendered in the government office and the same has been innocuously accepted without there being specific reference to waiver.20. On the question of waiver, it would be profitable to refer to the decision of this court in the case of Sarup Singh Gupta vs. S. Jagdish Singh and Others (2006) 4 SCC 205 wherein the contention relating to waiver due to acceptance of rent was considered, though in the context of Sections 111(h) and 113 of the T.P. Act, wherein it was held as hereunder: -6. Learned Senior Counsel also relied upon a decision of a learned Single Judge of the Calcutta High Court, reported in AIR 1926 (Calcutta) 763, wherein It was held that where rent is accepted after the notice to quit, whether before or after the suit has been filed, the landlord thereby shows an intention to treat the lease as subsisting and, therefore, where rent deposited with the Rent Controller under the Calcutta Rent Act is withdrawn even after the ejectment suit is filed, the notice to quit is waived. In our view, the principle laid down in the aforesaid judgment of the High Court is too widely stated, and cannot be said to be an accurate statement of law. A mere perusal of Section 113 leaves no room for doubt that in a given case, a notice given under Section 111, Clause (h), may be treated as having been waived, but the necessary condition is that there must be some act on the part of the person giving the notice evincing an intention to treat the lease as subsisting. Of course, the express or implied consent of the person to whom such notice is given must also be established. The question as to whether the person giving the notice has by his act shown an intention to treat the lease as subsisting is essentially a question of fact. In reaching a conclusion on this aspect of the matter, the Court must consider all relevant facts and circumstances, and the mere fact that rent has been tendered and accepted, cannot be determinative.7. A somewhat similar situation arose in the case in Shanti Prasad Devi v. Shankar Mahto. That was a case where the landlord accepted rent even on expiry of the period of lease. A submission was urged on behalf of the tenant in that case that Section 116, Transfer of Property Act was attracted and there was a deemed renewal, of the lease. Negativing the contention, this Court observed that mere acceptance of rent for the subsequent months in which the lessee continued to occupy the premise even, after the expiry of the period of the lease, cannot be said to be a conduct signifying his assent to the continuing of the lease even after the expiry of the lease period. Their Lordships noticed the conditions incorporated in the agreement itself, which provided for renewal of the lease and held that those conditions having not been fulfilled, the mere acceptance of rent after expiry of period of lease did not signify assent to the continuance of the lease.In that view, the waiver as contended by the learned senior counsel for the respondent-lessee is unsustainable.21. That apart, the contention that the lessee- M/s. Joseph & Company had continued in possession of the said extent of 50 acres even after sale and therefore there is no default cannot be accepted for more than one reason.22. A perusal of the extracted portion from the sale deed dated 16.12.1983 would indicate the outright nature of sale of a portion of the leased land. It is sold for a sale consideration despite knowing that the property belonging to the government is granted under lease. The recital in fact, categorically indicates that the absolute right and possession has been given and it has also been stated therein that henceforth the purchaser, Mr. Raghavan is to pay the lease rent directly to the government and all taxes to the government are also to be paid by him. Further, neither Mr. K.K. Joseph nor the partnership firm has retained any right over the property sold under that document. Therefore, the document itself would indicate the intention of the parties and also the fact that possession was parted without consent of the lessor which was a clear breach of Clause 14 in the lease deed.The said statement would clarify that the possession had been parted and it was only being indicated that on re- conveyance being made, the possession would come back to the lessee. Therefore, the contention put forth by the learned senior counsel for the respondent that the possession had not been parted and the lease rental was being paid by them cannot be accepted as a mitigating factor in the facts and circumstances of this case.24. Though an attempt is made to contend that an opportunity ought to have been granted to remedy the default in view of the provision contained in Clause 12 of the lease deed in which event the default would stand remedied, the same cannot come to the aid of the respondent for the reason stated supra. Further, factually also it is to be noted that except addressing the letter dated 26.06.1990, the lessee- M/s. Joseph & Company did not take any concrete steps to either cancel the sale deed or to physically indicate that the possession is back with the lessee and the transaction has been nullified. Be that as it may, even otherwise in the instant facts the breach was not of the nature which was contemplated for rectification as provided under Clause 12 of the lease deed. Therefore, it is too late in the day for the respondent to contend that there was non-compliance of Clause 12 before the right of the lessor to terminate the lease as provided under Clause 14 is exercised.26. Having noted the contention, firstly, a perusal of clause 14 no doubt does not state a part thereof as contended by the learned senior counsel. However, that does not mean that a breach committed in respect of a part of the leased land cannot be construed as breach and would disentitle the lessor to exercise the right thereunder. Secondly, Section 111(g) does not suggest that in respect of the lease as a whole, the forfeiture should be limited only to the portion regarding which the breach is alleged. The breach is of not adhering to the assurance given to lessor in respect of the property belonging to the lessor, be it the whole or a part of it. In this regard, the decision relied on in the case of Sh. Shiam Behari Lal Gour and Others vs. Madan Singh AIR (32) 1946 Allahabad 298 is a circumstance where the suit was decreed for a declaration that the lease rights of the defendants in the leased land have been determined and the plaintiff is entitled to possession.In that circumstance, the point which arose for consideration is, whether the plaintiff is in the events which have happened, entitled to such declaration and whether in that circumstance there has been forfeiture.No-doubt as contended by the learned senior counsel, the issue that was settled is that the law leans against forfeiture. Such consideration in the said suit was after noting the nature of right that was claimed to the property by the lessor wherein there was rival claims of succession to the property.27. In the case, A. Venkataramana Bhatta and Ors. vs. Krishna Bhatta and Ors AIR 1925 Madras 57, the High Court no doubt considered the case against forfeiture of the entire lease when there was partial alienation by taking a leaf from the construction adopted in England, based on the general principles of equity and the same was followed in India. In the said case, the equitable principle was applied in a circumstance where the lessee himself in fact was the owner of the property. He had mortgaged the same and had obtained lease of a portion of the mortgage property from his mortgagee. From such property which was obtained on lease, a portion thereof was again mortgaged by him to a different mortgagee which was termed as breach of the terms of lease. In that circumstance, the forfeiture was limited only to the portion which was mortgaged to a third-party mortgagee after obtaining on lease from the first mortgagee.29. In, Swarnamoyee Debya vs. Aferaddi and Ors. AIR 1932 Calcutta 787, it was a case where ejectment was sought for unauthorised transfer by the defendant which was contended to have broken the condition in the document creating the tenancy. In that circumstance, it was held that the usufructuary mortgage was not of the entire holding and upon the covenant in the lease, no forfeiture was incurred by the transaction. The question which was considered therein was with regard to the construction of the lease which had arisen in that case and a decision to that effect was taken. In the case, Keshab Chandra Sarkar and Ors. vs. Gopal Chandra Chanda AIR 1960 Calcutta 609, the plaintiff had sued for recovery of possession contending unauthorised transfer of the leased land without the consent of lessor which amounted to breach of condition of the lease. The general principles relating to forfeiture as had been laid down was taken note and in that circumstance by strictly construing the right of forfeiture against the lessor in the absence of express stipulation had arrived at the conclusion that the transfer made of the entire extent, though consent had been obtained to transfer a part would not amount to breach. Certain other decisions relied on by the learned senior counsel are also to the same effect and we see no need to refer to each of them. But, what is necessary to be taken note is that the general principles of equity as laid down in Grove vs. Portal (supra) has been the basis for the conclusion reached in almost all the noted cases.30. In contradistinction to the facts which arose for consideration in the cited cases where essentially the dispute was inter-se between the private owners of the property and their lessees and the nature of transaction, in the instant case, the leased land is the property which belong to the government and the leasehold right has been auctioned so as to earn revenue for the state, which is to the interest of its citizens and one citizen or a group is permitted to exploit the land to the exclusion of all others. Additionally, such government property is located in an area notified as reserve forest. In such circumstance, when the lessee is given the benefit of such property and the breach of the condition imposed is alleged, the strict construction of the forfeiture clause against the lessor in all circumstances would not arise as otherwise it would render the clause in the lease deed otiose. The principle contained in Section 111(g) of the T.P. Act though noticed, the parties are governed by the terms in the contract and as such the lessee cannot claim benefit under the said provision. Further, as already noted the consideration under Section 111(g) is based on equitable principles which will have to be applied depending on the facts and circumstances obtained in each case. While applying the equitable principles, the maxim he who seeks equity must do equity cannot be lost sight of. It is said, a court will not assist a lessee in extricating himself or herself from the circumstances that he or she has created, in the name of equitable consideration. In the instant facts as already noted when public largesse is bestowed on certain terms and conditions, a term of the lease deed is to be strictly adhered to and when Clause 14 provides that the lessee shall not be entitled to sublet or assign his interest in the lease except with the previous permission in writing of the lessor, it does not matter as to whether the breach committed is by assigning a portion of the leased land or the whole when such interest of the lessee has been transferred without previous permission of the lessor. Further, in all the cases referred to by the learned senior counsel, the breach alleged was either of creating mortgage or subletting the property. In the instant case, despite being a lessee the respondent has executed an absolute sale deed in respect of the leased land which belongs to the government and such breach cannot be condoned.