Case: Govinddas &amp; Ors. Etc. Etc Vs. Income Tax Officer &amp; Another

a Hindu undivided family is completed under section 143 or section 144 of the new Act. It can have no application where the assessment of a Hindu undivided family is completed under the corresponding provisions of the old Act. Such a case would be governed by section 25A of the old Act which does not impose any personal liability on the members in case of partial partition and to construe sub-section (6) of section 171 as applicable in such a case with consequential effect of casting on the members personal liability which did not, exist under section 25A, would be to give retrospective operation to sub-section (6) of section 171 which is not warranted either by the express language of that provision or by necessary implication. Sub-section (6) of section 171 cam be given full effect by interpreting it as applicable only in a case where the assessment of a Hindu undivided family is made under section 143 or section 144 of the new Act. We cannot, therefore, consistently with the rule of interpretation which denies retrospective operation to a statute which has the effect of creating or imposing a new obligation or liability, construe sub-section (6) of section 171 as embracing a case where assessment of a Hindu undivided family is made under the provisions of the old Act. Here in the present case, the assessments of the Hindu undivided family for the assessment years 1950-51, to 1956-57 were completed in accordance with the provisions of the old Act which included section 25A and the Income-tax Officer was, therefore, not entitled to avail of the provision enacted in sub-section (6) read with sub-section (7) of section 171 of the new Act for the purposes of recovering the tax or any part thereof personally from any members of the joint family including the petitionersBut the revenue authorities then fell back on another contention, namely, that since the assessments of the Hindu undivided family for the assessment years 1950-51 to 1956-57 were reopened by the Income-tax Officer by issuing notices under section 148 and the reassessments were completed by orders dated 26th March, 1970, under section 147, in virtue of section 297(2)(d) of the new Act, sub-section (6) of section 171 was, on plain terms of section 297(2)(d), applicable and the Income-tax Officer was entitled to recover personally from the members, the tax reassessed on the Hindu undivided family, as it was found by him that the family had already effected a partial partition. This contention requires an examination of the true meaning and effect of section 297(2)(d). That sub-section as two clauses and it reads as follows:" (d) where in respect of any assessment year after the year ending on the 31st day of March, 1940, --(i) a notice under section 34 of the repealed Act had been issued before the commencement of this Act, the proceedings in pursuance of such notice may be continued and disposed of as if this Act had not been passed ;(ii) any income chargeable to tax had escaped assessment within the meaning of that expression in section 147 and no proceedings under section 34 of the repealed Act in respect of any such income are pending at the commencement of this Act, a notice under section 148 may, subject to the provisions contained in section 149 or section 150, be issued with respect to that assessment year and all the provisions of this Act shall apply accordingly."7. Admittedly, in the present case, clause (ii) of section 297(2)(d) applied since no proceedings under section 34 of the old Act in respect of escaped income of the Hindu undivided family were pending at the time of the commencement of the new Act and it was for this reason that notices under section 148 were issued by the Income-tax Officer for reopening the assessments of the Hindu undivided family for the assessment years, 1950-51 to 1956-57. Now, clause (ii) of section 297(2)(d) provides that when a noticed under section 148 is issued for reopening an assessment "all the provisions of this Act shall apply accordingly". The argument of the revenue authorities, therefore, was that when notices under section 148 were issued for reopening the assessments of the Hindu undivided family, all the provisions of the new Act became applicable and they included sub-section (6) of section 171 and, therefore, that sub-section was applicable for recovery of the tax reassessed on the Hindu undivided family pursuant to the notices under section 148. This argument is without force. It is based on a misconstruction of the words "all the provisions of this Act shall apply accordingly" in clause (ii) of section 297(2)(d). These words merely refer to the machinery provided in the new Act for the assessment of the escaped income. They do not import any substantive provisions of the new Act which create rights or liabilities. The word "accordingly" in the context means nothing more than "for the purpose of assessment" and it clearly suggests that the provisions of the new Act which are made applicable are those relating to the machinery of assessment. The substantive law to be applied for determining the liability to tax must necessarily be the law under the old Act, for that is the law which applied during the relevant assessment years and it is that law which must govern the liability of the parties. Though sub-sections (1) to (5) of section 171 merely lay down the machinery for assessment of a Hindu undivided family after partition, sub-section (6) of section 171 is clearly a substantive provision imposing new liability on the members for the tax determined as payable by the joint family. The words "all the provisions of this Act shall apply accordingly" cannot, therefore, be construed as incorporating by reference sub-section (6) of section 171 so as to make it applicable for recovery of the tax reassessed on the Hindu undivided family in cases falling within clause (ii) of section 297(2)(d). This contention of the revenue authorities must accordingly be rejected

Decision (1 = appeal accepted, 0 = rejected): 1

Explanation:
1[ds]Of these two arguments, the first is, in our opinion, well founded and hence it is not necessary to consider the secondWe may first look at section 25A of the old Act. The position which obtained before this section was introduced in the old Act was that though a Hindu undivided family was a unit of assessment, there was no machinery provided in the Act for levying tax and enforcing liability to tax in cases where a Hindu undivided family had received income in the year of account but was no longer in existence as such at the time of assessment. This difficulty was the more acute by reason of the provision contained in section 14(1) which said that tax shall not be payable by an assessee in respect of any sum which he received as a member of a Hindu undivided family. The result was that the income of a Hindu, undivided family could not be assessed and the tax could not be collected from the members of the family, if at the time of making the assessment, the family was divided. This was obviously a lacuna and the legislature, therefore, introduced section 25A in the old Act for assessment of the income of a Hindu undivided family and enforcement of the liability to tax, where the Hindu undivided family was no longer in existence at the date of assessment. But, as pointed out by this court in Additional Income-tax Officer v. Thimmayya, this section went very much beyond what was required for rectifying the defect. It made two substantive provisions, namely : (1) a Hindu undivided family which has been assessed to tax shall be deemed, for the purposes of the Act, to continue to be treated as undivided and therefore liable to be taxed in that status, unless an order is passed in respect of that family recording partition of its property as contemplated by sub-sections (1) and (2) if, at the time of making an assessment, it is claimed by or on behalf of the members of the family that the property of the joint family has been partitioned among the members or group members in definite portions, i.e., a complete partition of the entire estate is made as distinct from a partial partition, the Income-tax Officer shall hold an inquiry and if he is satisfied that the partition has taken place, he shall record an order to that effect. Where such an order has been passed ; the Income-tax Officer would be entitled to make, an assessment of the total income received by or on behalf of the Hindu undivided family as if no partition had taken place. Now, ordinarily, when tax is assessed on a Hindu undivided family, it would be payable out of the properties of the joint family, even after they are partitioned amongst the members and no member would be personally liable for discharging the liability to tax. But sub-section (2) made a radical departure and provided that when, upon a total partition, an order under sub-section (1) has been recorded, the income-tax Officer shall apportion the tax assessed on the total income of the Hindu undivided family and assess each member or group of members in accordance with the provisions of section 23 by adding to the tax for which such member or group of members may be separately liable, tax proportionate to the portion of the undivided family property alloted to him or to the group and all members or groups of members shall be "liable jointly and severally for the tax assessed on the total income received by or on behalf of the joint family". The liability which, so long as an order is not recorded under sub-section (1), would be restricted to the assets of the Hindu undivided family, was thus, by virtue of sub-section (2), transformed, when the order is recorded, into , personal liability of the members for the amount of tax due by the Hindu undivided family. But the order could be recorded only if there was total partition as contra-distinguished, from partial partition, and on a claim made by or on behalf of the members of the family, the Income-tax Officer, after holding an inquiry, was satisfied that such total partition had taken place. Now, in the present case the partition which took place between the members on 15th November, 1955, was partial as regards the properties of the joint family and there was no total partition effected amongst the members at any time. Hence, the liability of the Hindu undivided family to tax for the assessment years 1950-51 to 1956-57 could be recovered only out of the assets of the joint family and it could not be apportioned amongst the members nor could the members be held jointly and severally liable for payment of such tax liability under section 25A of the oldit is clear on a plain grammatical construction of the language of sub-sections (2) to (5) of section 171 that these sub-sections contemplate a case where at the time of making assessment under section 143 or 144, a claim is made by or on behalf of any member of a Hindu family that a total or partial partition has taken place among its members. Then the claim would be investigated by the Income-tax Officer and if satisfied, the Income-tax Officer would record a finding that there has been such partition of the joint family property and the assessment of the total income of the joint family would then be made as if no such partition had taken place. And in such a case all the members would be jointly and severally liable for the tax assessed as payable by the joint family and, for determining their several liability, the tax assessed on the joint family would be apportioned among the members "according to the portion of the joint family property allotted to" each of them. But it may happen that at the time of making assessment under section, 143 or 144 no claim of partition, total or partial, is put forward on behalf of any member of a Hindu family, either because no such partition has taken place or because of inadvertent or deliberate omission on the part of the members of the Hindu family and where that happens, the Hindu family would continue to be assessed as a Hindu undivided family and the tax determined as payable by it would be recoverable only out of the joint family properties and no member would be personally liable for any part of the tax, even though an order recording partition may have been passed after the assessment, since sub-section (4)(b) of section 171 would have no application in such a case. That was also the position under section 25A of the old Act with this difference that under that section the only partition which could be recorded was total partition and not partial partition. The legislature, while enacting section 171 in the new Act, decided to introduce another radical departure from the old Act by providing in sub-section (6) that even where no claim of total or partial partition is made at the time of making assessment under section 143 or section 144 and hence no order recording partition is made in the course of assessment as contemplated under sub-sections (2) to (5), if it is found, after the completion of the assessment, that the family has already effected a partition, total or partial, all the members shall be jointly and severally liable for the tax assessed as payable by the joint family and the tax liability shall be apportioned among the members according to the portion of the joint family property allotted to each of them. Sub-section (6) of section 171 thus, for the first time imposed, in cases of this kind, joint and several liability on the members for the tax assessed on the Hindu undivided family and this was a personal liability as distinct from, liability limited to the joint family property received on partitionNow, it is a well-settled rule of interpretation hallowed by time and sanctified by judicial decisions that, unless the terms of a statute expressly so provide or necessarily require it, retrospective operation should not be given to a statute so as to take away or impair an existing right or create a new obligation or impose a new liability otherwise than as regards matters of procedure. The general rule as stated by Halsbury in volume 36 of the Laws of England (third edition) and reiterated in several decisions of this court as well as English courts is that "all statutes other than those which are merely declaratory or which relate only to matters of procedure or of evidence are prima facie prospective" and retrospective operation should not be given to a statute so as to affect, alter or destroy an existing right or create a new liability or obligation unless that effect cannot be avoided without doing violence to the language of the enactment. If the enactment is expressed in language which is fairly capable of either interpretation, it ought to be construed as prospective only. If we apply this principle of interpretation, it is clear that sub-section (6) of section 171 applies only to a situation where the assessment of a Hindu undivided family is completed under section 143 or section 144 of the new Act. It can have no application where the assessment of a Hindu undivided family is completed under the corresponding provisions of the old Act. Such a case would be governed by section 25A of the old Act which does not impose any personal liability on the members in case of partial partition and to construe sub-section (6) of section 171 as applicable in such a case with consequential effect of casting on the members personal liability which did not, exist under section 25A, would be to give retrospective operation to sub-section (6) of section 171 which is not warranted either by the express language of that provision or by necessary implication. Sub-section (6) of section 171 cam be given full effect by interpreting it as applicable only in a case where the assessment of a Hindu undivided family is made under section 143 or section 144 of the new Act. We cannot, therefore, consistently with the rule of interpretation which denies retrospective operation to a statute which has the effect of creating or imposing a new obligation or liability, construe sub-section (6) of section 171 as embracing a case where assessment of a Hindu undivided family is made under the provisions of the old Act. Here in the present case, the assessments of the Hindu undivided family for the assessment years 1950-51, to 1956-57 were completed in accordance with the provisions of the old Act which included section 25A and the Income-tax Officer was, therefore, not entitled to avail of the provision enacted in sub-section(6) read withsub-section (7) of section 171 of the new Act for the purposes of recovering the tax or any part thereof personally from any members of the joint family including the petitionersBut the revenue authorities then fell back on another contention, namely, that since the assessments of the Hindu undivided family for the assessment years 1950-51 to 1956-57 were reopened by the Income-tax Officer by issuing notices under section 148 and the reassessments were completed by orders dated 26th March, 1970, under section 147, in virtue of section 297(2)(d) of the new Act, sub-section (6) of section 171 was, on plain terms of section 297(2)(d), applicable and the Income-tax Officer was entitled to recover personally from the members, the tax reassessed on the Hindu undivided family, as it was found by him that the family had already effected a partial partition. This contention requires an examination of the true meaning and effect of sectionin the present case, clause (ii) of section 297(2)(d) applied since no proceedings under section 34 of the old Act in respect of escaped income of the Hindu undivided family were pending at the time of the commencement of the new Act and it was for this reason that notices under section 148 were issued by the Income-tax Officer for reopening the assessments of the Hindu undivided family for the assessment years, 1950-51 to 1956-57. Now, clause (ii) of section 297(2)(d) provides that when a noticed under section 148 is issued for reopening an assessment "all the provisions of this Act shall applyis based on a misconstruction of the words "all the provisions of this Act shall apply accordingly" in clause (ii) of section 297(2)(d). These words merely refer to the machinery provided in the new Act for the assessment of the escaped income. They do not import any substantive provisions of the new Act which create rights or liabilities. The word "accordingly" in the context means nothing more than "for the purpose of assessment" and it clearly suggests that the provisions of the new Act which are made applicable are those relating to the machinery of assessment. The substantive law to be applied for determining the liability to tax must necessarily be the law under the old Act, for that is the law which applied during the relevant assessment years and it is that law which must govern the liability of the parties. Though sub-sections (1) to (5) of section 171 merely lay down the machinery for assessment of a Hindu undivided family after partition, sub-section (6) of section 171 is clearly a substantive provision imposing new liability on the members for the tax determined as payable by the joint family. The words "all the provisions of this Act shall apply accordingly" cannot, therefore, be construed as incorporating by reference sub-section (6) of section 171 so as to make it applicable for recovery of the tax reassessed on the Hindu undivided family in cases falling within clause (ii) of section 297(2)(d).