Case: AMARENDRA KUMAR PANDEY Vs. UNION OF INDIA &amp; ORS

State of Bihar, AIR 1966 SC 740 ; Dwarka Das v. State of J. and K., AIR 1957 SC 164 at p. 168 and Motilall v. State of Bihar, AIR 1968 SC 1509 . On the same principle, the administrative action will be invalidated if it can be established that the authority was satisfied on the wrong question: [See (1967) 1 AC 13]. 38. At this stage, it may be apposite to refer to the Assam Rifles Regulation, 2016. We are conscious of the fact that these regulations do not apply to the case on hand as the order of discharge is of 2004. However, we deem fit to reproduce the relevant regulations, more particularly, 107(c) and 108 respectively, as these regulations seem to have been enacted and brought into force having regard to the ratio of the decision of this Court in the case of Veerendra Kumar Dubey (supra). Regulation 107(c) reads thus: 107. Removal of undesirable, incorrigible and inefficient Subordinate Officers, Under Officers and other enrolled persons. (a) ………… (b) ………… (c) The procedure for dismissal/discharge of unsuitable subordinate officer/under officer/enrolled person will be as under:- (i) As provided under Rules 24 and 25 of Assam Rifles Rules, the person concerned, subject to the exception mentioned therein, shall be served with a Show Cause Notice against the contemplated action. (ii) Preliminary enquiry. Before recommending discharge or dismissal of an individual the authority concerned will ensure that an impartial enquiry (not necessarily a Court of Inquiry) has been made into the allegations against him and that he has had adequate opportunity of hearing. (iii) Rule 24 of the Assam Rifles confers powers on the Commandants of the Assam Rifles Units/ establishment to discharge any subordinate officer/under officer/enrolled persons of Assam Rifles. However, the power of discharge by the Commandant shall be exercised with prior approval of immediate superior officer not below Sector Commander in case of Under Officers and other enrolled person and that of Inspector General Assam Rifles in case of Subordinate Officers. (iv) After compliance of the provisions enumerated above, a show cause notice will be served on the individual affording him an opportunity to explain his case. Thereafter, the complete case file will be forwarded to next superior authority/Sector Headquarters for approval of the superior authority/Sector Commander. (v) The authority competent to sanction the dismissal/discharge of the individual will before passing orders re-consider the case in the light of the individual reply to the show cause notice. A person who has been served a show cause notice for proposed dismissal may be ordered to be discharged if it is considered that discharge would meet the end of justice. If the competent authority accepts the reply of the individual to the show cause notice as entirely satisfactorily, he will pass orders accordingly. 108. Discharge on ground of red ink entries. A Subordinate Officer, Under Officer or other enrolled person who has incurred four or more red ink entries may be recommended for discharge from the service on the ground of unsuitability, subject to the following conditions:- (a) After an individual has earned three red ink entries, he shall be warned in writing that his service will be liable to be terminated by the competent authority if he earns one more red ink entry. Such a warning letter shall be issued to him by the concerned Sector Commander through Commandant of the individual. (b) Each case of individuals having earned four or more red ink entries shall be examined on its own merit depending upon the nature and gravity of the offences and the aggravating circumstances under which these were committed. The authority competent to sanction discharge under this para shall record reasons for ordering the discharge, or otherwise. (c) A person who has put in eighteen years of qualifying service for pension may be allowed to complete the required qualifying service for grant of pension before he is recommended for discharge on ground of four or more red ink entries, unless there are compelling reasons to sanction his discharge before completion of the qualifying service for pension, which must be specified in the discharge order. (d) Before taking the final decision to order the discharge, the person concerned shall be informed through a show cause notice that his retention in the service is considered undesirable for having incurred four or more red ink entries, thereby also calling upon him to show cause as to why he should not be discharged from the service for being considered unsuitable for the service in the Assam Rifles. The individual shall be given minimum fifteen days, after receipt of Show Cause Notice, to submit his reply. (e) After receipt of the individuals reply, if any, the case shall be put up to the authority competent to sanction the discharge alongwith recommendations of the Commandant of the unit concerned. Before passing the discharge order, the authority competent to sanction the discharge under this para may seek the advise of the Law Officer concerned. (f) An order of discharge under this para shall be passed by an officer not less than a Sector Commander in the case of Under Officer or other enrolled persons and an officer not less than Inspector General Assam Rifles/Additional Director General Assam Rifles in case of Subordinate Officers. 39. Having regard to the nature of the misconduct alleged against the appellant we are of the view that the ends of justice would be met if we set aside the order of discharge and treat the appellant herein to have been in service till the time, he could be said to have completed the qualifying service for grant of pension. We are inclined to pass such an order with a view to do substantial justice as there is nothing on record to indicate that the nature of the misconduct leading to the award of four Red Ink entries was so unacceptable that the competent authority had no option but to direct his discharge to prevent indiscipline in the force.

Decision (1 = appeal accepted, 0 = rejected): 1

Explanation:
1[ds]22. We must first look into the decision of this Court rendered in the case of Virendra Kumar Dubey (supra). In the said case, the appellant Virendra Kumar Dubey was enrolled as an operator in the corps of Artillery of Indian Army on 27.09.1980. Having served in that capacity for nearly twelve years, he received a show cause notice pointing out that he had been awarded four Red Ink entries for various offences set out in the notice and that Virendra Kumar Dubey had become a habitual offender, thereby setting a bad example of indiscipline in the army. Virendra Kumar Dubey ultimately came to be discharged from service by an order dated 14.12.1992. He preferred a departmental appeal, which failed. He, thereafter, went to the High Court of Madhya Pradesh at Jabalpur, however, the High Court declined to entertain the petition on the ground of lack of territorial jurisdiction. He, thereafter, preferred an appeal before the Appeal Court and the writ appeal was ultimately ordered to be transferred to the Armed Forces Tribunal Regional Bench, Lucknow. The Tribunal ultimately dismissed the transferred petition which gave rise to the appeal before this Court.23. This Court in Virendra Kumar Dubey (supra) held as under:19. It is common ground that a red ink entry may be earned by an individual for overstaying leave for one week or for six months. In either case the entry is a red ink entry and would qualify for consideration in the matter of discharge. If two persons who suffer such entries are treated similarly notwithstanding the gravity of the offence being different, it would be unfair and unjust for unequals cannot be treated as equals. More importantly, a person who has suffered four such entries on a graver misconduct may escape discharge which another individual who has earned such entries for relatively lesser offences may be asked to go home prematurely. The unfairness in any such situation makes it necessary to bring in safeguards to prevent miscarriage of justice. That is precisely what the procedural safeguards purport to do in the present case.Taking the aforesaid view, this Court ultimately passed the following order:21. In the result this appeal succeeds and is hereby allowed. The order of discharge passed against the appellant is hereby set aside. Since the appellant has already crossed the age of superannuation, interest of justice will be sufficiently served if we direct that the appellant shall be treated to have been in service till the time he would have completed the qualifying service for grant of pension. No back wages shall, however, be admissible. Benefit of continuity of service for all other purpose shall be granted to the appellant including pension. Monetary benefits payable to the appellant shall be released expeditiously but not later than four months from the date of this order. No Costs.24. In Vijay Shankar Mishra (supra), the appellant therein was enrolled in the Army Medical Corps on 23.06.1984. On 03.10.1997, a notice to show cause was issued to him to explain why he should not be discharged from service under Rule 13(3) Table (III)(v) of the Army Rules, 1954 on the ground that his conduct and service had not been found satisfactory. He ultimately came to be discharged from service. By that time, he had rendered service of thirteen years and eight months. The minimum qualifying service for earning pension under Rule 132 of the Pension Regulations for the Army ,1961 is fifteen years. He filed a writ petition before the Madhya Pradesh High Court which was dismissed on 21.11.2006. In appeal, a Division Bench directed reconsideration of the case of the appellant. Pursuant to the order of the High Court, an order was issued rejecting his claim for pension on the ground that he had not put in fifteen years of service and had been discharged for the reason that he was unlikely to become an efficient soldier. He again filed a writ petition before the Madhya Pradesh High Court which was transferred to the Armed Forces Tribunal. The Tribunal dismissed the matter. Thereafter, Mishra came before this Court. The very same argument was canvassed before this Court on behalf of Vijay Shankar Mishra that the mere fact that he had been punished while in service on nine occasions inclusive of six Red entries was no ground to exercise the power under the relevant rule for the purpose of discharge. The Court relied upon Vijay Shankar Mishra (supra) and ultimately held as under:9. In the present case, it is evident that there was no application of mind by the authorities to the circumstances which have to be taken into consideration while exercising the power under Rule 13. The mere fact that the appellant had crossed the threshold of four red entries could not be a ground to discharge him without considering other relevant circumstances including: (i) the nature of the violation which led to the award of the red ink entries; (ii) whether the appellant had been exposed to duty in hard stations and to difficult living conditions; (iii) long years of service, just short of completing the qualifying period for pension. Even after the Madhya Pradesh High Court specifically directed consideration of his case bearing in mind the provisions of the circular, the relevant factors were not borne in mind. The order that was passed on 26-2-2007 failed to consider relevant and germane circumstances and does not indicate a due application of mind to the requirements of the letter of Army Headquarters dated 28-12-1988 and the Circular dated 10-01-1989.10. For these reasons, we are of the view that the Armed Forces Tribunal was in error in rejecting the application. The orders of the Tribunal dated 23-9- 2010 Vijay Shankar Mishra V. Union of India, 2010 SCC OnLine AFT 1127 and 15-9-2011 are set aside. Since the appellant would have attained the age of superannuation, the ends of justice would be met if he is treated to have been in service till the time he would have completed the qualifying service for grant of pension. No back wages shall however be admissible. The benefit of continuity of service for all other purposes shall be granted to the appellant including pension. The monetary benefits payable to the appellant shall be released within a period of four months from the date of this order.25. In both the aforesaid decisions, this Court took into consideration the fact that there was no application of mind by the authority to the relevant aspects which were taken into consideration while exercising the power under Rule 13 of the Rules. In both the aforesaid cases, this Court took the view that the mere fact that the Personnel had crossed the threshold of few Red Ink entries could not have been made a ground to discharge them without considering other relevant circumstances, more particularly, the nature of the violation which led to the award of the Red Ink entries. The crux of the ratio of the decision of this Court in the case on Veerendra Kumar Dubey (supra) is that the only safeguard against arbitrary exercise of power by the authority would be to ensure that there is an enquiry, howsoever, summary and a finding about the defence set up by the individual besides consideration of the factors made relevant under the procedure.26. The reliance placed by the learned Counsel appearing for the respondents on the decision of this Court in the case Satgur Singh (supra) is of no avail. It was a case in which the appellant failed to furnish any explanation of his absence from duty on seven occasions. On facts, this Court took the view that as the absence from duty was on several different occasions for which he was imposed punishment of imprisonment, the order of discharge could not be said to unjustified.29. The action based on the subjective opinion or satisfaction, in our opinion, can judicially be reviewed first to find out the existence of the facts or circumstances on the basis of which the authority is alleged to have formed the opinion. It is true that ordinarily the court should not inquire into the correctness or otherwise of the facts found except in a case where it is alleged that the facts which have been found existing were not supported by any evidence at all or that the finding in regard to circumstances or material is so perverse that no reasonable man would say that the facts and circumstances exist. The courts will not readily defer to the conclusiveness of the authoritys opinion as to the existence of matter of law or fact upon which the validity of the exercise of the power is predicated.33. In the case of Rohtas Industries Ltd. v. S.D. Agarwal and another, AIR 1969 SC 707 , it was held that the existence of circumstances is a condition precedent to form an opinion by the Government. The same view was earlier expressed in the case of Barium Chemicals Ltd. and another v. Company Law Board and others, AIR 1967 SC 295 .34. Secondly, the court can inquire whether the facts and circumstances so found to exist have a reasonable nexus with the purpose for which the power is to be exercised. In other words, if an inference from facts does not logically accord with and flow from them, the Courts can interfere treating them as an error of law. [See Bean v. Doncaster Amalgamated Collieries, (1944) 2 All ER 279 at p. 284]. Thus, this Court can see whether on the basis of the facts and circumstances found, any reasonable man can say that an opinion as is formed can be formed by a reasonable man. That would be a question of law to be determined by the Court. [See Farmer v. Cottons Trustees, 1915 AC 922]. Their Lordships observed:……….. in my humble judgment where all the material facts are fully found, and the only question is whether the facts are such as to bring the case within the provisions properly construed of some statutory enactment, the question is one of law only.[See also Muthu Gounder v. Government of Madras, (1969) 82 Mad LW 1].35. Thirdly, this Court can interfere if the constitutional or statutory term essential for the exercise of the power has either been misapplied or misinterpreted. The Courts have always equated the jurisdictional review with the review for error of law and have shown their readiness to quash an order if the meaning of the constitutional or statutory term has been misconstrued or misapplied. [See Iveagh (Earl of) v. Minister of Housing and Local Govt., (1962) 2 QB 147; Iveagh (Earl of) v. Minister of Housing and Local Govt. (1964) 1 AB 395].36. Fourthly, it is permissible to interfere in a case where the power is exercised for improper purpose. If a power granted for one purpose is exercised for a different purpose, then it will be deemed that the power has not been validly exercised. If the power in this case is found to have not been exercised genuinely for the purpose of taking immediate action but has been used only to avoid embarrassment or wreck personal vengeance, then the power will be deemed to have been exercised improperly. [See Natesa Asari v. State of Madras, AIR 1954 Mad 481] .37. Fifthly, the grounds which are relevant for the purpose for which the power can be exercised have not been considered or grounds which are not relevant and yet are considered and an order is based on such grounds, then the order can be attacked as invalid and illegal. In this connection, reference may be made to Ram Manohar v. State of Bihar, AIR 1966 SC 740 ; Dwarka Das v. State of J. and K., AIR 1957 SC 164  at p. 168 and Motilall v. State of Bihar, AIR 1968 SC 1509 . On the same principle, the administrative action will be invalidated if it can be established that the authority was satisfied on the wrong question: [See (1967) 1 AC 13].38. At this stage, it may be apposite to refer to the Assam Rifles Regulation, 2016. We are conscious of the fact that these regulations do not apply to the case on hand as the order of discharge is of 2004. However, we deem fit to reproduce the relevant regulations, more particularly, 107(c) and 108 respectively, as these regulations seem to have been enacted and brought into force having regard to the ratio of the decision of this Court in the case of Veerendra Kumar Dubey (supra). Regulation 107(c) reads thus:107. Removal of undesirable, incorrigible and inefficient Subordinate Officers, Under Officers and other enrolled persons.(c) The procedure for dismissal/discharge of unsuitable subordinate officer/under officer/enrolled person will be as under:-(i) As provided under Rules 24 and 25 of Assam Rifles Rules, the person concerned, subject to the exception mentioned therein, shall be served with a Show Cause Notice against the contemplated action.(ii) Preliminary enquiry. Before recommending discharge or dismissal of an individual the authority concerned will ensure that an impartial enquiry (not necessarily a Court of Inquiry) has been made into the allegations against him and that he has had adequate opportunity of hearing.(iii) Rule 24 of the Assam Rifles confers powers on the Commandants of the Assam Rifles Units/ establishment to discharge any subordinate officer/under officer/enrolled persons of Assam Rifles. However, the power of discharge by the Commandant shall be exercised with prior approval of immediate superior officer not below Sector Commander in case of Under Officers and other enrolled person and that of Inspector General Assam Rifles in case of Subordinate Officers.(iv) After compliance of the provisions enumerated above, a show cause notice will be served on the individual affording him an opportunity to explain his case. Thereafter, the complete case file will be forwarded to next superior authority/Sector Headquarters for approval of the superior authority/Sector Commander.(v) The authority competent to sanction the dismissal/discharge of the individual will before passing orders re-consider the case in the light of the individual reply to the show cause notice. A person who has been served a show cause notice for proposed dismissal may be ordered to be discharged if it is considered that discharge would meet the end of justice. If the competent authority accepts the reply of the individual to the show cause notice as entirely satisfactorily, he will pass orders accordingly.108. Discharge on ground of red ink entries. A Subordinate Officer, Under Officer or other enrolled person who has incurred four or more red ink entries may be recommended for discharge from the service on the ground of unsuitability, subject to the following conditions:-(a) After an individual has earned three red ink entries, he shall be warned in writing that his service will be liable to be terminated by the competent authority if he earns one more red ink entry. Such a warning letter shall be issued to him by the concerned Sector Commander through Commandant of the individual.(b) Each case of individuals having earned four or more red ink entries shall be examined on its own merit depending upon the nature and gravity of the offences and the aggravating circumstances under which these were committed. The authority competent to sanction discharge under this para shall record reasons for ordering the discharge, or otherwise.(c) A person who has put in eighteen years of qualifying service for pension may be allowed to complete the required qualifying service for grant of pension before he is recommended for discharge on ground of four or more red ink entries, unless there are compelling reasons to sanction his discharge before completion of the qualifying service for pension, which must be specified in the discharge order.(d) Before taking the final decision to order the discharge, the person concerned shall be informed through a show cause notice that his retention in the service is considered undesirable for having incurred four or more red ink entries, thereby also calling upon him to show cause as to why he should not be discharged from the service for being considered unsuitable for the service in the Assam Rifles. The individual shall be given minimum fifteen days, after receipt of Show Cause Notice, to submit his reply.(e) After receipt of the individuals reply, if any, the case shall be put up to the authority competent to sanction the discharge alongwith recommendations of the Commandant of the unit concerned. Before passing the discharge order, the authority competent to sanction the discharge under this para may seek the advise of the Law Officer concerned.(f) An order of discharge under this para shall be passed by an officer not less than a Sector Commander in the case of Under Officer or other enrolled persons and an officer not less than Inspector General Assam Rifles/Additional Director General Assam Rifles in case of Subordinate Officers.39. Having regard to the nature of the misconduct alleged against the appellant we are of the view that the ends of justice would be met if we set aside the order of discharge and treat the appellant herein to have been in service till the time, he could be said to have completed the qualifying service for grant of pension. We are inclined to pass such an order with a view to do substantial justice as there is nothing on record to indicate that the nature of the misconduct leading to the award of four Red Ink entries was so unacceptable that the competent authority had no option but to direct his discharge to prevent indiscipline in the force.