Case: Sime Darby Engineering SDN. BHD Vs. Engineers India Ltd

the agreement it should be clear if the disputes and differences are not resolved mutually, the same shall be referred to arbitration in accordance with the provisions of the said Act. Clause 12.3 stipulates the requirement on the part of the arbitrator(s) to give reasons. 23. The Arbitration Tribunal as defined under Section 2(d) of the Act means "a sole arbitrator or a panel of arbitrators". 24. Section 10(2) of the Act is very relevant in order to resolve the controversy in this case in as much as Section 10(2) makes it very clear where the number of arbitrator is not determined, the arbitral tribunal shall consist of a sole arbitrator. In this connection if UNCITRAL rules are referred the position will remain the same. UNCITRAL model law on International Commercial Arbitration also accepts the same definition of Arbitration Tribunal in Article 2(b). Article 10 of those rules is almost identical with Section 10 of the said Act. Article 2(b) and Article 10 of those rules are extracted hereinbelow:- "Article 2. Definition and rules of interpretation - For the purposes of this Law:(a) xxx xxx(b) "arbitral tribunal" means a sole arbitrator or a panel of arbitrators.""Article 10. Number of arbitrators - (1) The parties are free to determine the number of arbitrators.(2) Failing such determination, the number of arbitrators shall be three." 25. Therefore, the definition of Arbitral Tribunal in Section 2(1)(d) of the said Act is verbatim the same as in Article 2(b). Article 10 of the UNCITRAL model law has close similarity with Section 10 of the said Act. 26. Section 10 deviates from Article 10 of the UNCITRAL law only in the sense that Section 10(1) of the Act provides that despite the freedom given to the parties to determine the number of arbitrators such numbers shall not be even number. But in default of determination of the number, Section 10(2) provides the tribunal is to consist of a sole arbitrator. Therefore, scheme of Section 10(2) of the Act is virtually similar to Article 10.2 of the UNCITRAL model law. 27. In the instant case Clause 12.2 of the Arbitration clause is silent about the number of arbitrator. Therefore, Section 10(2) of the said Act squarely applies.28. The learned counsel for the respondent has referred to a passage at page 185 para 4-18 of Redfern and Hunter, Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration, Fourth Edn. But looking at the said book this Court finds that the said passage was not been properly quoted. In paragraph 4-15 of the said book it has been provided as follows:- "A sole arbitrator shall be appointed unless the parties have agreed in writing otherwise, or unless the LCIA Court determines that in view of all the circumstances of the case a three-member tribunal is appropriate." 29. In the said paragraph it has also been stated that there are distinct advantages of referring a dispute to a sole arbitrator on grounds of speed and economy. "A sole arbitrator does not need to `deliberate with others, without having to spend time in consultation with colleagues in an endeavour to arrive at an agreed or majority determination of the matters in dispute." (Page 184)30. Similar opinion has been expressed in Russell on Arbitration 23rd Edition. At page 129, paragraph 4-035 with reference to arbitration it has been said "Where no choice is made, the law implied a reference to a tribunal consisting of a sole arbitrator." In fact Section 15(3) of the (English) Arbitration Act, 1996 provides for the same.31. Mustil and Boyd on Commercial Arbitration, 2nd Edition also contains the same statement of law. At page 174 of the said book it has been provided that "an arbitration agreement calls for a reference to a single arbitrator, either if it contains an express stipulation to that effect, or if it is silent as to the mode of arbitration."32. In the instant case, the arbitration clause 12.2 is silent as to the number of arbitrator. The said clause read with Section 10(2) of the Act makes it very clear that arbitral tribunal in the instant case would be consisting of a sole arbitrator.33. The learned counsel for the respondent has referred to its policy decision which has been quoted hereinabove. Such policy decision cannot change the contractual clause. In any event the contract between the parties was entered into in 2004. The said policy decision came into effect in 2005. Therefore, the said policy decision cannot in any way override contract between the parties.34. The parties autonomy in the arbitration agreement must be given due importance in construing the intention of the parties. In so far as reference to the expression `arbitrator(s) in clause 12.3 is concerned, the same does not in any way affect the intention of the parties in clause 12.2.35. It is noted in this connection that parties have freedom to change the number of arbitrator even after the contract has been entered and by mutual consent the parties may amend the contract. If that takes place, in such an eventuality clause 12.3 provides that the arbitrator or arbitrators have to give reasoned award in respect of each dispute and difference referred. Here also the expression which has been used is `him which also points to a sole arbitrator.36. It is clearly provided in the said Act that an arbitral tribunal can, if necessary, take the help of experts in terms of Section 27 of the said Act. If the sole arbitrator requires the assistance of an expert it can always take such assistance.37. Mr. Mukul Rohtagi, learned counsel for the respondent has fairly submitted that if his argument is not accepted by the Court then his client has no objection to the appointment of Honble Mr. Justice D.P. Wadhwa, a former Judge of this Court, to be the sole arbitrator in this case. The name of Justice Wadhwa also finds place in the list of names suggested by the petitioner. Therefore, appointment of Justice Wadhwa is fairly by consensus.

Decision (1 = appeal accepted, 0 = rejected): 1

Explanation:
1[ds]27. In the instant case Clause 12.2 of the Arbitration clause is silent about the number of arbitrator. Therefore, Section 10(2) of the said Act squarely applies.28. The learned counsel for the respondent has referred to a passage at page 185 paraof Redfern and Hunter, Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration, Fourth Edn. But looking at the said book this Court finds that the said passage was not been properly quoted. In paragraphof the said book it has been provided assole arbitrator shall be appointed unless the parties have agreed in writing otherwise, or unless the LCIA Court determines that in view of all the circumstances of the case a29. In the said paragraph it has also been stated that there are distinct advantages of referring a dispute to a sole arbitrator on grounds of speed and economy. "A sole arbitrator does not need to `deliberate with others, without having to spend time in consultation with colleagues in an endeavour to arrive at an agreed or majority determination of the matters in dispute." (Page 184)30. Similar opinion has been expressed in Russell on Arbitration 23rd Edition. At page 129, paragraphwith reference to arbitration it has been said "Where no choice is made, the law implied a reference to a tribunal consisting of a sole arbitrator." In fact Section 15(3) of the (English) Arbitration Act, 1996 provides for the same.31. Mustil and Boyd on Commercial Arbitration, 2nd Edition also contains the same statement of law. At page 174 of the said book it has been provided that "an arbitration agreement calls for a reference to a single arbitrator, either if it contains an express stipulation to that effect, or if it is silent as to the mode of arbitration."32. In the instant case, the arbitration clause 12.2 is silent as to the number of arbitrator. The said clause read with Section 10(2) of the Act makes it very clear that arbitral tribunal in the instant case would be consisting of a sole arbitrator.33.parties.34. The parties autonomy in the arbitration agreement must be given due importance in construing the intention of the parties. In so far as reference to the expression `arbitrator(s) in clause 12.3 is concerned, the same does not in any way affect the intention of the parties in clause 12.2.35. It is noted in this connection that parties have freedom to change the number of arbitrator even after the contract has been entered and by mutual consent the parties may amend the contract. If that takes place, in such an eventuality clause 12.3 provides that the arbitrator or arbitrators have to give reasoned award in respect of each dispute and difference referred. Here also the expression which has been used is `him which also points to a sole arbitrator.36. It is clearly provided in the said Act that an arbitral tribunal can, if necessary, take the help of experts in terms of Section 27 of the said Act. If the sole arbitrator requires the assistance of an expert it can always take such assistance.37. Mr. Mukul Rohtagi, learned counsel for the respondent has fairly submitted that if his argument is not accepted by the Court then his client has no objection to the appointment of Honble Mr. Justice D.P. Wadhwa, a former Judge of this Court, to be the sole arbitrator in this case. The name of Justice Wadhwa also finds place in the list of names suggested by the petitioner. Therefore, appointment of Justice Wadhwa is fairly by consensus.