Case: M.C. Mehta  Vs. Union of India (UOI) and Ors

Kuldip Singh, J. 1. Taj Mahal - The Taj - is the King Emperor amongst the World-Wonders. The Taj is the final achievement and acme of the Moghul Article It represents the most refined aesthetic values. It is a fantasy-like grandeur. It is the perfect culmination and artistic interplay of the architects skill and the jewellers inspiration. The marble-in-lay walls of the Taj are amongst the most outstanding examples of decorative workmanship. The elegant symmetry of its exterior and the aerial grace of its domes and minarets impress the beholder in a manner never to be forgotten. It stands out as one of the most priceless national monument, of surpassing beauty and worth, a glorious tribute to mans achievement in Architecture and Engineering. 2. Lord Roberts in his work Forty one years in India describes the Taj as under: Neither words nor pencil could give to the most imaginative reader the slightest idea of all the satisfying beauty and purity of this glorious conception. To those who have not seen it, I would say,-Go to India; the Taj alone is well worth the journey. 3. A poet describes the Taj as under: It is too pure, too holy to be the work of human hands. Angels must have brought it from heaven and a glass case should be thrown over it to preserve it from each breath of air. 4. Sammuel Smith in his Book about the Taj explains the impact as under: We stood spell-bound for a few minutes at this lovely apparition; it hardly seems of the earth. It is more like a dream of Celestial beauty, no words can describe it. We felt that all previous sights were damned in comparison. No such effect is produced by the first view of St. Peters or Milan or Cologne Cathedrals. They are all majestic, but this is enchantment itself. So perfect is its form that all other structures seem clumsy. 5. The Taj is threatened with deterioration and damage not only by the traditional causes of decay, but also by changing social and economic conditions which aggravate the situation with even more formidable phenomena of damage or destruction. A private sector preservation organisation called World Monuments Fund (American Express Company) has published a list of 100 most endangered sites (1996) in the World. The Taj has been included in the list by stating as under: The Taj Mahal-Agra-India The Taj Mahal, Marble Tomb for Mumtaz Mahal, wife of emperor Shah Jahan, is considered the epitome of Mughal monumental domed tombs set in a garden. The environment of Agra is today beset with problems relating to the inadequacy of its urban infrastructure for transportation, water and electricity. The densest pollution near the Taj mahal is caused by residential fuel combustion, diesel trains and buses, and back-up generatOrs. Construction of the proposed Agra Ring Road and Bypass that would divert the estimated daily 6,50,000 tons of trans-India truck traffic awaits financing. Stride controls on industrial pollution established in 1982 are being intensively enforced following a 1993 Supreme Court Order. The Asian Development Banks proposed $300 million loan to the Indian government to finance infrastructure improvements would provide the opportunity to solve the chronic problems. Agra contains three World Heritage Sites, including the Taj Mahal. According to the petitioner, the foundries, chemical/hazardous industries and the refinery at Mathura are the major sources of damage to the Taj. The sulphur dioxide emitted by the Mathura Refinery and the industries when combined with Oxygen-with the aid of moisture-in the atmosphere forms sulphuric acid called Acid rain which has a corroding effect on the gleaming white marble. Industrial/Refinery emissions, brick-kilns, vehicular traffic and generator-sets are primarily responsible for polluting the ambient air around Taj Trapezium (TTZ). The petition states that the white marble has yellowed and blackened in places. It is inside the Taj that the decay is more apparent. Yellow pallor pervades the entire monument. In places the yellow hue is magnified by ugly brown and black spots. Fungal deterioration is worst in the inner chamber where the original graves of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal lie. According to the petitioner The Taj - a monument of international repute-is on its way to degradation due to atmospheric pollution and it is imperative that preventive steps are taken and soon. The petitioner has finally sought appropriate directions to the authorities concerned to take immediate steps to stop air pollution in the TTZ and save the Taj. 6. The Report of the Expert Committee called Report on Environmental Impact of Mathura Refinery (Varadharajan Committee) published by the Government of India in 1978 has been annexed along with the writ petition. Para 4.1 of the conclusions therein is as under: There is substantial level of pollution of sulphur dioxide and particulate matter in the Agra region. The possible sources are all coal users consisting of two Power Plants, a number of small industries mainly foundries (approximately 250) and a Railway Shunting Yard. As far as suspended particulate matters are concerned, because of use of coal, contribution will be substantial. Even though the total amount of emission of sulphur dioxide from these sources may be small, on account of their proximity to the monuments, their contribution to the air quality of the zone will be considerably high. 7. Varadharajan Committee made, among others, the following recommendations: Steps may be taken to ensure that no new industry including small industries or other units which can cause pollution are located north-west of the Taj Mahal.... Efforts may be made to relocate the existing small industries, particularly the foundries, in an area south east of Agra beyond the Taj Mahal so that emissions from these industries will not be in the direction of the monuments.... Similar considerations may apply to large industries such as Fertilizer & Petrochemicals. Such industries which are likely to cause environmental pollution may not be located in the neighborhood of the refinery. The Committee further recommends that no large industry in the Agra region and its neighborhood be established without conducting appropriate detailed studies to assess the environmental effect of such industries on the monuments. Location should be so chosen as to exclude any increase in environmental pollution in the area.... The Committee wishes to record its deep concern regarding the easting level of pollution in Agra. It recommends that an appropriate authority be created which could monitor emissions by industries as well as the air quality at Agra on a continuous basis. This authority should be vested with powers to direct industries causing pollution to limit the level of emission and specify such measures as are necessary to reduce the emission whenever the pollutant level at the monuments exceeds acceptable limits. The Committee particularly desires that recommendations made in regard to reduction of existing pollution levels at Agra should be converted to a time-bound programme and should be implemented with utmost speed.... The Committee also recommends that studies should be undertaken by competent agencies to explore the possibility of protecting the monuments by measures such as provision of a green belt around Agra in the region between Mathura and Agra.... Even though assurances have been obtained from IOC that adequate precautions would be taken to contain the pollution on account of using coal in the power plant, the Committee is of the opinion that till such time this problem is studied in depth and suitable technologies have been found to be satisfactorily in use elsewhere, the use of coal in the refinery power plant should be deferred. The Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, New Delhi, published a report (Control of Urban Pollution Series CUPS/7/1981-82) under the title inventory and Assessment of Pollution Emission in and Around Agra-Mathura Region (Abridged). The relevant findings are as under: Industrial activities which are in operation in Agra city and its outskirts could be categorized as (i) Ferrous Metal Casting using Cupolas (Foundry); (ii) Ferro-alloy and Non-Ferrous Castings using Crucibles, Rotary Furnaces etc. (iii) Rubber Processing; (iv) Lime Oxidation and Pulverising; (v) Engineering; (vi) Chemical; and (vii) Brick and Refractory Kilns (Table 4-1).... The contribution of sulphur dioxide through emission primarily from the combustion from the fuels comprising hard coke, steam coal, wood and fuel oil is estimated as 3.64 tonnes per day from industrial activities in the Agra City and its outskirts (Table 5-3). The vehicular contribution as estimated from traffic census in 6 road crossings is only 65 kg a day or 0.065 tonnes a day and should be considered negligible for the present (Para 7.4).... The Contribution of sulphur dioxide from the 5 recognised distinct discrete sources in tonnes per day are 2.28, 2.28, 1.36, 1.21 and 0.65 from (i) two thermal power stations, (ii) foundries, (iii) other industries in Agra (iv) two railway marshalling yards and (v) vehicular traffic respectively. Omitting contribution from vehicular traffic as because it is considered negligible, the relative contributions from the other 4 distinct sources are 32, 32, 19 and 16.9 per cent. With the elimination of the first and the fourth sources-by closing down the two thermal power station and replacing coal fired steam engines by diesel engines in the two railway marshalling yards-about 50 per cent (48.9) to be exact) cut down of sulphur dioxide emission is expected. The National Environment Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) gave Over-view report regarding status of air pollution around the Taj in 1990. Relevant part of the report is as under: The sources of pollution, including small and medium scale industrial units, are scattered all around Taj Mahal. High air pollution load is thus pumped into the Taj air-shed. Sudden rises in concentration level are often recorded in all directions in gaseous as well as participate pollutant depending upon the local micro climatic conditions.... On four occasions during the five year air quality monitoring, the 4 hurly average values of S02 at Taj Mahal were observed to be higher than 300 ug/m3, i.e. 10 folds of the promulgated CPCB standard of 30 ug/m3 for sensitive areas. The values exceeded even the standard of 120 ug/m3 set for industrial zones. Statistical analysis of the recorded data indicate that 40% (cumulative percentage level) has crossed the standard set for sensitive receptors/zones.... The SPM levels at Taj Mahal were invariably high (more than 200 ug/m3 and exceeded the national ambient air quality standard of 100 ug/m3 for SPM for sensitive locations barring a few days in monsoon months.... Another study during 1985-87 brought to fore that the overall status of the ambient air quality within the trapezium has significantly deteriorated over this period. The impact of the air quality on the Taj has been stated as under: The rapid industrial development of Agra-Mathura region has resulted in acidic emissions into the atmosphere at an alarming rate. This causes serious concern on the well being of Taj Mahal.... The gaseous pollutants being acidic in nature, significantly impact both the biotic as well as the a biotic components of the ecosystem like plants and building material like marble and red stone. This Court on January 8, 1993 passed the following order: We have heard Mr. M.C. Mehta, the petitioner in person. According to him, the sources of pollution in Agra region as per the report of Central Pollution Control Board are iron foundries, Ferro-alloyed industries, rubber processing, lime processing, engineering, chemical industry, brick refractory and vehicles. He further states that distant sources of pollution are the mathura Refinery and Ferozabad Glass Industry. It is necessary to have a detailed survey done of the area to find out the actual industries and foundries which are working in the region. We direct the U.P. Pollution Control Board to get a survey done of the area and prepare a list of all the industries and foundries which are the sources of pollution in the area. The Pollution Board after having the survey done shall issue notices to all the foundries and industries in that region to satisfy the Board that necessary anti-pollution measures have been undertaken by the said industries/foundries. The Pollution Board after doing this exercise shall submit a report to this Court on or before May 5, 1993. A copy of this order be sent to the Chairman and Secretary, U.P. Pollution Control Board for compliance and report as directed. Pursuant to the above quoted order the U.P. Pollution Control Board (the Board) filed an affidavit dated May 3, 1993. It is stated in the affidavit that as per survey report furnished by the Regional Office of the U.P. Board the industries of Agra Region were categorised as under: image The affidavit further states that notices were issued to the aforesaid 511 industries/foundries as directed by this Court. Although Mathura Refinery is included in the list of 511 industries but we are not dealing with the refinery in this judgment. The Mathura Refinery is being dealt with separately. All the foundries/industries are represented before us through the National Chamber of Industries and Commerce, U.P., Agra, U.P. Chamber of Commerce and the Glass Industries Syndicate. Some of the individual industries have also been represented through their learned Counsel. 8. This Court considered the affidavit filed by the Board and passed the following order on May 5,1993: Pursuant to this Courts order dt. January 8,1993, an affidavit has been filed by the U.P. Pollution Control Board. It has been stated therein that in terms of this Courts order dated January 8, 1993, notices have been issued by the Board to 511 industries in Agra region. The names and addresses of the said industries have been enclosed along with the affidavit. The industries are required to file their replies to the notices by May 5, 1993 (today).... We direct the U.P. Pollution Control Board to issue a public notice by getting the same published in two local newspapers and two national newspapers calling upon all the 511 industries to install anti-pollution mechanism/affluent treatment plants if they have not already done so. All the 511 industries be called upon to file replies to the notices already issued by the Board within further time of eight weeks from the date of the publication of the notices in the newspapers. This publication shall be done within two weeks from today. After the replies from the industries are received and processed by the Board, the Board may, if it so desires, inspect any of the industries in order to find out the correctness of the replies filed by the industries. The matter be listed on August 10, 1993. Pursuant to this Courts order (quoted above) the Board filed affidavit dated August 5,1993 wherein it is stated that public notice was published in two local newspapers of Agra on May 17, 1993 and two National Newspapers on May 18, 1993 calling upon the industries to file their replies during the extended time. The affidavit states that all the listed industries were polluting industries and 507 out of them, had not even installed any air pollution control device. The 212 industries who did not respond to the notice and failed to take any step towards installing the pollution control devices were closed by the order dated August 27, 1993 with immediate effect. The closure order was to operate till the time necessary pollution control devices were to be set up by the industries concerned. 9. Meanwhile, NEERI submitted its report dated October 16/18, 1993 regarding sulphur dioxide emission control measures at Mathura Refinery. Since the Mathura Refinery matter is being dealt with separately it is not necessary to go into the details of the report. Suffice it to say that apart from short term strategy, the NEERI recommended the use of natural gas, setting up of Hydro cracking unit, improved sulphur Recovery Unit, Chemo-biochemical Sulphur Recovery and the setting up of green belt around the refinery. The NEERI report examined in detail the decay mechanism and status of the Taj marble. How the deterioration of marble occurs, is stated by NEERI as under: The deterioration of marble occurs in two modes. In the first mode, weathering takes place if the marble is sheltered under domes and cornices, and protected from direct impact of rain. Here a crust is formed, which after some period, exfoliates due to mechanical stresses. In case of marble exposed to rain, gradual reduction of material occurs, as the reaction products are washed away by rainfall and fresh marble is exposed. The crusts are formed due to Sulphur Dioxide, but the cumulative effects of all pollutants are more damaging. It is also observed that trace metals present in fly ash and suspended particulate matter, e.g. Manganese, Iron and Vanadium act as catalysts for oxidation of Sulphur Dioxide, and in turn enhance degradation of marble calcite to gypsum. The NEERI report indicates the air-pollution effect on the Taj in the following words: The Taj Mahal marble samples analysed by NEERI in 1993 reveal that the black soot on certain protected surfaces contains 0.6% Calcium and traces of Sulphate. X-ray diffraction studies indicated that soot a quartz (Silicon Dioxide) are the major constituents of the black coating at Taj Mahal (Lal and Holden, ES & T, April 1981). The origin of soot can be traced back to the fuel consumption around the sensitive receptor, while quartz is derived from geocrystal origin and causes surface abrasions. Soot in itself is not chemically destructive, but with tar it acts as a soiling agent. Absorption of the acidic gases is enhanced due to the presence of soot/smoky matter resulting in long term effects. Further, the presence of soot reduces the aesthetic value of the monument. Ambient air around Taj Mahal is polluted primarily from point/line sources and has adverse impacts on building material by alternation of marble and sandstone structures at micro-crystalline level. The earlier studies have revealed that the concentrations of gaseous pollutants and SPM (predominantly soot and carbon particles) are relatively high during winter months due to the frequent inversion conditions restricting vertical dispersion. During monsoon seasons, suspended particles are washed away and this cycle of pollutant built-up and subsequent removal continues exposing fresh surface of the monument to the pollutants. On November 19, 1993, this Court passed the following order: On November 5, 1993, we suggested to Mr. N.N. Goswami, learned senior advocate, appearing on behalf of the Union of India to find out the possibility of providing Gas as a fuel to the Glass Industries and the Foundries around Agra. Mr. Goswami states that he is already in touch with the authorities concerned and needs little more time. We give him time till November 26, 1993. He must file concrete proposal before the next date of hearing. Meanwhile, we also issue Notice to the Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum, Govt. of India and the Chairman, Gas Authority of India, returnable on November 26, 1993. This Court on November 26, 1993 examined the affidavit filed by the Gas Authority of India Ltd. (GAIL) regarding supply of natural gas to the industries operating in TTZ and passed the following order: Pursuant to this Courts order dated November 19, 1993, Mr. R.P. Sharma, General manager, Marketing and Planning, Gas Authority of India Ltd. has filed an affidavit dated November 25, 1993. Mr. Sharma is also present in Court. It has been stated in the affidavit and also orally by Mr. Sharma that without undertaking the detailed survey with regard to the assessment of demand and other technical requirements it would not be possible to proceed further in this matter. Dr. Khanna, Director, NEERI states that some sort of survey in this respect has already been done by the State of U.P. He further states that so far as Mathura Refinery is concerned, NEERI has done the survey under the directions of this Court. According to him, the work of doing further survey on behalf of the Gas Authority of India Ltd. can be undertaken by NEERI if the term are suitable. Mr. R.P. Sharma, General Manager, Gas Authority of India Ltd. states that the Gas Authority shall send their terms of reference to the NEERI within ten days. Let this be done. Dr. Khanna states that they will respond to the terms within a week thereafter. Mr. Pradeep Misra, learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the U.P. State Pollution Control Board states that whatever data in this matter is available with the State of U.P. shall be supplied to NEERI within a week. To be listed on December 17, 1993. We request Dr. Khanna, Director, NEERI and Mr. R.P. Sharma, General manager, Gas Authority of India Ltd. (or any other officer on his behalf) to be present in Court on December 17, 1993. The NEERI in its project proposal dated December 19, 1993 regarding feasibility of utilisation of natural gas as replacement of conventional fuel in the industrial sectors of Agra, Mathura and Firozabad stated as under: The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MEF), retained the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) in December 1992 to redefine the Taj Trapezium. The study was completed in July 1993. Stringent pollution control regulations have been stipulated by the Government of India but the industries within Agra area are not meeting the prescribed emission standards. One of the reasons is that the industries use coal and coke for their fuel requirements. Amongst the options proposed in the Air Environment Management Plan in Taj Trapezium report, NEERI has suggested change over to cleaner fuel like ONG for mitigation of air pollution in the region. As per the directives of the Honble Supreme Court of India, NEERI proposed a study on techno-economic feasibility of utilisation of compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as a replacement of solid/liquid fuels (eg, Coal, FO, LSHS etc.) in the industrial sectors of Agra, Mathura and Firozabad region, based on the Terms of Reference formulated by the Gas Authority of India Ltd. (GAIL). The existing HBJ pipeline laid by GAIL for transmission and distribution of CNG from the Western offshore Region passing through Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar pradesh, Delhi and Haryana can be tapped to serve this sensitive area. Auraiya in Uttar Pradesh is the nearest possible tapping point which is at an approximate distance of 170 kilometers from Agra. Presently the total availability of CNG ex-Hazira is of the order of 20 MMSCMD, and is expected to increase to 38-39 MMSCMD in 1998-99 as projected by GAIL. Based on the existing energy demand, NEERI has projected approximately 1.00 MMSCMD CNG requirements for Agra, Mathura and Firozabad region. The price of CNG at Auraiya (exclusive of taxes) range from Rs. 2500-2700/1000 m3 which will be further altered by Government of India after 1995 (GAILs projection). 10. This Court by the order dated February 11, 1994 asked the NEERI to examine the possibility of using propane or any other safe fuel instead of coal/coke by the industries in TTZ. This Court also directed the UP State Industrial Development Corporation (the Corporation) to locate sufficient areas outside the TTZ to relocate the industries. The operative part of the order is as under: We requested Mr. V.R. Reddy, learned Additional Solicitor General on January 14,1994 to have discussion with the concerned authorities and assist us in probing the possibility of providing some safe fuel to the foundries and other industries situated in the Taj trapezium. We are thankful to Mr. Reddy for doing good job and placing before us various suggestions in that direction. Mr. Reddy has suggested that NEERI be asked to examine the possible effects of the use of Propane as a safe fuel from the point of view of atmospheric pollution. We accept the suggestion and request Dr. P. Khanna to examine the feasibility of Propane as a possible alternative to the present fuel which is being used by the foundries and other industries in the Taj trapezium. This may be done within 2 weeks from today. Copy of this order be sent to the Director, NEERI within 2 days from today, Government of India, Ministry of Environment shall pay the charges of NEERI in this respect. We further direct the U.P. State Industrial Development Corporation through its Managing Director to locate sufficient landed area possibly outside the Taj trapezium where the foundries and other industries located within the Taj trapezium can be ultimately shifted. The Corporation shall also indicate the various incentives which the Government/U.P.S.I.D.C. might offer to the shifting industries. The Managing Director of the U.P.S.I.D.C. shall file an affidavit before this Court on or before March 4, 1994 indicating the steps taken by the corporation in this respect. We also direct the Gas Authority of India to indicate the price of Propane which they might have to ultimately supply to the industries within the Taj trapezium or the industries which are to be shifted from within the Taj trapezium. This may be done within 4 weeks from today. We place this statement of the outcome of discussion held by Mr. Reddy with the concerned authorities on record. This Court on February 25, 1994 examined the issue relating to supply of natural gas to the Mathura Refinery and the industries in the TTZ and passed the following order: With a view to save time and Red-Tape we are of the view that it would be useful to have direct talk with the highest authorities who can take instant decision in the matter. We, therefore, request the Chairman of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission, the Chairman of the Indian Oil Corporation and the Chairman of the Gas Authority of India to be personally present in this Court on 8.3.1994 at 2.00 PM. We further direct the Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum, to depute a responsible officer to be present in the Court on 8.3.94 at 2 PM. The Corporation filed affidavit dated March 3, 1994 indicating the location/area of various industrial estates which were available for relocation of the industries from TTZ. After examining the contents of the affidavit, this Court on March 4, 1994 passed the following order: Mr. K.K. Venugopal, learned senior advocate appears for the U.P. State Industrial Corporation Limited. The Corporation has filed an affidavit wherein it is stated that the Corporation has 220 acres of developed land in industrial area, Kosi (Kotwa) where 151 plots are available for immediate allotment. It is further stated that undeveloped land measuring 330 acres is available in Salimpur in Aligarh District. Both these places are about 60/65 Kms. away from Agra and are outside The Taj environment Trapezium. It is also stated that 85 acres of undeveloped land is also available at Etah, which is about 80 Kms. away from Agra. Before we issue any directions regarding the development of area or allotment of land to various industries, it is necessary to know the exact number of air polluting industries which are operating within the Taj Trapezium which are to be shifted outside the Trapezium. Mr. Pradeep Misra, learned Counsel for the U.P. State Pollution Control Board fairly states that he would direct the Board Secretariat to prepare a list on the basis of their record and survey, and submit the same in this Court within a week from today. Mr. S.K. Jain and Mr. Sanjay Parikh, Advocates have been appearing for various industries. They also undertake to get the information in this respect and give a list to the U.P. Pollution Control Board. We further direct the Secretary, Department of Industries, Government of Uttar Pradesh, to file/cause to file a list of all the air polluting industries within the Taj Trapezium in this Court within a week from today. On March 8, 1994 the Chairmen, General Managers and other officers of various commissions/corporations and departments were present in Court. After hearing them, the Court passed the following order: Pursuant to this Courts order dated February 25, 1994, Shri S.K. Manglik, Chairman and Managing Director, Oil and Natural Gas Commission along with Shri Atul Chandra, Group General Manager (Operation), Shri K.K. Kapur, Chairman and Managing Director, Gas Authority of India along with Shri R.P. Sharma, General Manager (Marketing) Shri B.K. Bakshi, Chairman and Managing Director, Indian Oil Corporation along with Shri A.P. Choudhary and Shri S.R. Shah, Joint Secretary, Ministry of petroleum* are present in Court. We place on record our appreciation for having responded to our request. We have discussed our view point with Shri Manglik, Shri Kapur, Shri Shah and Shri Bakshi. We have requested them to file in this Court a note each with regard to the discussion we have had with them in the Court. This may be done within five days. When the matter came up for consideration on March 31, 1994, this Court while examining the question of relocating the industries, passed the following order: ... Mr. Venugopal, learned senior Counsel appearing for the UPSIDC states that the UPSIDC would examine the demand of each of the industry and thereafter locate the requisite area outside the Taj Trapezium for shifting these industries. We propose to issue public/individual notices inviting objections/suggestions from the industries concerned. Mr. Venugopal states that he would prepare & file the format of the said notice. This matter to come up for further consideration on 8.4.94. This Court on April 11, 1994 examined the NEERI report dated July, 1993. The Ministry of Environment and Forests retained NEERI in January, 1993 to undertake an extensive study with a view to redefining the TTZ (Taj-Trapezium) and realienating the area management environmental plan. The NEERI submitted its final report to the Government of India in July, 1993. A copy of the report was placed on the record of this Court. The report was prepared under the guidance of Dr. P. Khanna, Director, NEERI and the project leaders were Dr. A.N. Aggarwal and Dr. Mrs. Thakra. In addition, there was a team of about 30 scientists participating in the project. The NEERI in its report has found as a fact that the industries in TTZ (districts of Agra, Mathura, Ferozabad and Bharatpur) are the main source of pollution causing damage to the Taj. The NEERI has suggested various measures for controlling the pollution in the area. One of the suggestions made is the shifting of the polluting industries to an area outside the TTZ. The other notable recommendation is the setting up of the Green Belt Development Plan around The Taj to save it from the effect of pollution. Under the directions of this Court, the green belt as suggested by NEERI is already in the process of being planted/grown around the Taj. The matter is being processed separately. 11. This Court on April 11, 1994 after hearing learned Counsel for the parties, passed the order indicating that as a first phase the industries situated in Agra be relocated out of TTZ. While the industries were being heard on the issue of relocation, this Court on April 29, 1994 passed the following order: ...Efforts are being made to free the prestigious Taj from pollution, if there is any, because of the industries located in and around Agra. It is further clear from our order that the basis of the action initiated by this Court is the NEERIs report which was submitted to the Government of India in July, 1993. We are of the view that it would be in the interest of justice to have another investigation/report from a reputed technical/Engineering authority. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India may examine this aspect and appoint an expert authority (from India or abroad) to undertake the survey of the Taj Trapezium Environmental Area and make a report regarding the source of pollution in the Trapezium and the measures to be adopted to control the same. The authority can also identify the polluting industries in the Taj Trapezium. We, therefore, request Mr. Kamal Nath, Minister Incharge, Department of Environment and Forests, to personally look into this matter and identify the authority who is to be entrusted with this job. This must be done within three weeks from the receipt of this order. A responsible Officer of the Ministry shall file an affidavit in this Court within two weeks indicating the progress made by the Ministry in this respect. Registry to send copy of the above quoted order to the Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests and also to Mr. Kamal Nath, personally, within three days from today. Pursuant to above quoted order, the Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests, by the order dated May 18, 1994 appointed an expert committee under the chairmanship of Dr. Section Varadharajan. 12. Meanwhile the Indian Oil Corporation placed on record its report on the feasibility study regarding the use of safe alternate fuel by the Mathura Refinery. The report suggested the use of natural gas as the most optimum fuel. Once the natural gas is brought to Mathura there would be no difficulty in providing the same to the other industries in TTZ and outside TTZ. This Court on August 5, 1994 passed the following order: Pursuant to this Courts order dated 31.3.1994 the Indian oil Corporation has placed on record the final report on the feasibility study for using alternate fuel at Mathura Refinery. In the beginning of the Report summary along with Indian Oil Corporations experience on the subject is given. The conclusion of the summary is as under: Out of the various alternate fuels (viz. Natural Gas, Propane, LPG & Nephtha) studied for use in process fired heaters and boilers in Mathura Refinery, Natural Gas is the most optimum fuel in view of wide international experience, safety & minimum implementation time frame. Other alternate fuels Propane, LPG & Nephtha are valuable saleable products and therefore scarcely used in the world as a fuel for process fired heaters. Liquid naphtha forms vapour clouds from possible leakages from burner flanges on underside of fired heater. In view of this, it may not be prudent to recommend use of Naphtha in large size heaters (e.g. AVU furnaces) & boilers of Mathura Refinery with air preheaters. The feasibility study report specifically suggests that natural gas is the most economical and appropriate alternate-fuel for the Mathura Refinery. The question for consideration, is : By what method/route the natural gas is to reach Mathura and made available to the Refinery at Agra. The summary of the report in para 4.4. in this respect states as under: A new loop line of 36 inch diameter from Bijapur to Dadri is being laid by Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) under the Gas Rehabilitation and expansion Project and is scheduled to be commissioned by June 1996. Supply of Natural Gas to Mathura Refinery will require laying a new 10 inch diameter 13 km long branch line tapped off from the above expansion project at Shahpur. The proposed branch line to Mathura Refinery can be completed within the time schedule of commissioning the new loop line as above. Mr. M.C. Mehta, the petitioner in-person herein has, however, suggested that instead of laying the pipe line from Bijapur to Dadri via Mathura, it would be economical and time saving exercise to lay down the lines from Auria or Babrala to Mathura. According to him, this would be in conformity to the Report already submitted by NEERI in this respect. He has further submitted that if the pipe-line is drawn from Auria, it would also serve the industries at Ferozabad and Agra. Learned Counsel for the Indian Oil Corporation states that he would place the suggestion before the experts of the Corporation and assist this Court on 8.8.1994. He may do so. Learned Counsel for the Corporation may also ask a responsible officer, who can explain the whole situation to the Court, to be present in Court on 8.8.1994 at 2.00 p.m. The matter came up for further consideration on August 8, 1994 when this Court passed the following order: Mr. B.B. Chakravarty, General Manager, Safety and Environment Protection, Indian Oil Corporation, is present before us. According to him the pipe line suggested by Mr. M.C. Mehta (from Auria to Mathura or from Babrala to Mathura) is not feasible. According to him the scheme of laying down the pipe line from Bijapur to Dadri via Mathura has already been sanctioned and is being implemented. He further states that apart from supplying gas to Dadri, the line when laid down, shall also be in a position to carry the supplies required for the Mathura Refinery. In the final report dated July 12, 1994, submitted by the Indian Oil Corporation it has been stated that the new pipe line of 36 diameter from Babrala to Dadri is being laid under the Gas Rehabilitation and Expansion Project and is scheduled to be commissioned by June, 1996. It is further stated that a new 10 diameter 13 K.M. long branch line tapped off from the above expansion project would also be completed within the above time schedule. We direct the Gas Authority of India to file an affidavit through some responsible officer, within two weeks from the receipt of this order, showing the progress made till date in the project of laying down the pipe-line from Babrala to Dadri. The affidavit shall also state as to whether it is possible to prepone the date of commissioning of the project from June, 1996 to December, 1995. Copy of the order be sent to Gas Authority of India and the Indian Oil Corporation. Pursuant to this Courts order dated October 21, 1994 the GAIL filed an affidavit indicating the progress regarding the laying of pipe-line for the supply of natural gas to Mathura Refinery and the industries in the TTZ. It is stated in the affidavit that all efforts were being made to complete the project by December, 1996. 13. Varadharajan committee submitted its report regarding preservation of Taj Mahal and Agra monuments in two volumes. After hearing learned Counsel for the parties, this Court on August 3, 1995 passed the following order: Vardharajan Committee appointed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India has submitted its report regarding preservation of Taj Mahal and Agra Monuments in two volumes. Mr. M.C. Mehta and Mr. Krishan mahajan have taken us through some parts of the report. There are now two major reports on the subject. There is a NEERI report to which we have referred to in our various orders from time to time. NEERI report was submitted sometime in July 1993. In its report, NEERI suggested that in order to preserve Taj it is necessary to re-locate various industries located in Taj Trapezium. The Vardharajan Committee Report now received also suggests the re-location of the industries situated in Taj Trapezium. The Vardharajan Committee has also given various other useful suggestions for improving the atmospheric environmental quality around Taj and also for preservation of Taj Mahal. It is the primary duty of the Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests to safeguard Taj Mahal from getting deteriorated. We direct the Ministry through Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests to examine the NEERI report and also the Vardharajan Report and indicate in positive terms the measures which the Ministry is intending to take to preserve the Taj Mahal. We are further prima facie of the view that in view of the two reports (NEERI & Vardharajan), the polluting industries in Taj Trapezium shall have to be re-located. It cannot be done without there being positive assistance from the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India and the State of Uttar Pradesh. We direct these two authorities to come out with re-allocation scheme so that all the polluting industries situated in Taj Trapezium are shifted to the new place in a phased manner. Keeping in view the importance and urgency of the matter we request Mr. Kamal Nath, the Minister of Environment and Forests to personally look into the matter and have the response of the Ministry and the re-allocation scheme prepared within four weeks from the receipt of this order. An affidavit of the Secretary, Ministry of Environment & Forests shall be filed in this Court within a period of four weeks. Pursuant to the above quoted order, Additional Secretary in the National River Conservation Directorate, Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi filed an affidavit before this Court. After examining the affidavit, this Court passed the following order: Pursuant to the above quoted order an affidavit dated 3.8.95 has been filed by Shri Vishwanath Anand, Additional Secretary in the National River Conservation Directorate, Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi. Various aspects have been dealt with in the said affidavit. So far the question of re-location of the industries from Taj Trapezium is concerned no positive stand has been indicated by the Ministry of Environment, Government of India. As indicated by us in our order quoted above two expert reports are before the Government of India. NEERI gave its report as back as July, 1993 and Varadharajan Committee Report was submitted to the Government in April, 1995. Although this Court was prima facie of the view that the polluting industries in Taj Trapezium would have to be re-located but this Court finally left it to the Ministry of Environment and Forest to examine the two reports and give its response to this Court. We personally requested Mr. Kamal Nath the then Minister of Environment and Forests to examine the matter and have the scheme for re-location of industries from Taj Trapezium framed within the time indicated by this Court. Nothing positive has come before us. We have today discussed this aspect at length with the learned Solicitor General Mr. Dipankar Gupta. Once again we request Mr. Rajesh Pilot, Minister of Environment and Forests, Government of India to have the two reports examined expeditiously. It is of utmost importance that the pollution in the Taj Trapezium be controlled. We want positive response from the Ministry. 14. There being no helpful response from the Government of India, we finally heard the matter at length for several days and are disposing of the issues raised before us by this judgment. 15. This Court on March 14, 1996 directed the GAIL, Indian Oil Corporation and the UP State Industrial Development Corporation to indicate the industrial areas outside the TTZ which would be connected with the gas supply net-work. The order passed was as under: Mr. Reddy, the learned Additional Solicitor General after consulting Mr. C.P. Jain, the Chief Environmental Manager, New Delhi has stated that mechanical process for bringing gas near Mathura Refinery shall be completed by December, 1996. He further stated that the commissioning would be done by January, 1997. We have on record the undertaking of the Gas Authority of India that while the pipe line is being constructed the branch pipe line for supplying gas to Mathura Refinery and to the industries shall also be completed side by side. We direct the Gas Authority of India, Indian Oil Corporation and the U.P. State Industrial Development Corporation to file an affidavit in this Court within two weeks of the receipt of this order indicating as to which of the industrial areas outside the Taj Trapezium would be connected with the gas supply net work. We may mention that the PSCDC has already filed affidavit in this Court indicating various industrial Estates which can be developed outside the Taj Trapezium. Pursuant to the above quoted order of this Court, the General Manager, GAIL filed affidavit dated April 2, 1996. After examining the contents of the affidavit, this Court on April 10, 1996 passed the following order: Pursuant to this Courts order dated March 14, 1996 Mr. P.C. Gupta, General Manager (Civil), Gas Authority of India has filed affidavit dated April 2, 1996. It is stated in the affidavit that the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas has already allocated 0.60 MMSCMD for distribution to the industrial units in Agra and Ferozabad. It is stated that as per the time schedule already filed in this Court, the two pipe lines shall be completed by December, 1996. It is further stated that the quantity of gas as mentioned above is only for the purposes of supplying the same to the industries located within the Taj Trapezium. We have no doubt that while laying down the supply line within the city of Agra, the safety of Taj and also the people living in the city of Agra shall have to be taken into consideration. We are told that expertise in this respect is available with the GAIL. If necessary, the opinion of NEERI, which has been associated by this Court in Taj Trapezium matters, can also be obtained by the GAIL. We have already heard arguments regarding relocation of industries from Taj Trapezium. Some of the industries which are not in a position to get gas connections or which are otherwise polluting may have to be relocated outside Taj Trapezium. The GAIL may also examine whether in the event of availability of more quantity of gas, the same can be supplied to the industries outside the Taj Trapezium which are located in the vicinity from where the gas pipe is passing. Mr. Gupta has further stated that for the purposes of laying distribution network within the Taj Trapezium, GAIL is establishing a joint venture Company. However, pending formation of the joint venture Company, the required functions are being performed by GAIL, it is stated that GAIL had advertised comparative prices and heat equivalent of various fuels in the newspapers circulated in Agra and Ferozabad to enable the industries, who are prospective consumers of gas evaluate to the economics of conversion to gas. So far 214 parties from Agra and 364 parties from Ferozabad have responded. According to the affidavit these responses are being processed. Mr. Reddy, on our asking, states that he would have the matter examined and file an affidavit in this Court within two weeks indicating the time frame regarding the laying of distribution net work within the Taj Trapezium. Mr. Reddy further states that some land shall have to be required for the purposes of constructing city Gate Stations at Agra and Ferozabad. He states that the cooperation of the U.P. Government is required for acquiring the land. We direct the Collector, Agra as well as Collector, Ferozabad to render all assistance to GAIL in acquiring land for setting up the two stations for the public purposes. This Court on September 12, 1096 passed the following order regarding the safety measures to be taken during the construction and operation of the gas net-work in the Taj Trapezium. The Court also recorded the undertaking by learned Counsel for the industries that the industries in TTZ are taking steps to approach the Gas Authority of India for gas connections: Pursuant to this Courts order dated April 10, 1996 and subsequent order dated May 10, 1996, Mr. P.C. Gupta, General Manager, Gas Authority of India has filed an affidavit. It is stated in the affidavit that necessary directions in the pipe-line design corrosion protection, protection during construction and during operations have been taken by the Gas Authority of India. It is for the Central Pollution Control Board or the State Pollution Control Board concerned to examine the legal position and do the needful, if anything is to be done under law. Mr. Gupta, in para 5, has further stated as under: However, in its endeavour GAIL has not received sufficient response from the industrialists in the City of Agra, where prospective industrial consumers of gas have not yet worked out how to convert the couple furnaces to gas fired ones. Hence, GAIL apprehends that after it has undertaken provisioning such an expensive infrastructure exercise, it may not have enough consumers for the gas supplies in Agra at least during the near future of commencement of the supply. This Honble Court may therefore, direct the prospective consumers to inform this Honble Court of their willingness to convert to gas. Mr. Sibal and Mr. Parekh, learned Counsel appearing for most of the industries have informed us that the industries are taking steps to approach the GAIL for gas connection. Mr. parekh further states that most of them have already done it. This is a matter between the industries and GAIL. It is for their benefits that the industries should approach the GAIL for gas connection. 16. The NEERI submitted a Technical Report dated March 7, 1994 pertaining to Issues Associated with Fuel Supply Alternatives for Industries in Agra-Mathura Region. Paras 2.4.1 and para 3 of the Report are as under: 2.4 Safety Requirements 2.4.1. NG : The use of NG involves the defining of No Gas Zone for safe distribution. The new sites in Agra and Firozabad industries being identified by the Government of Uttar Pradesh shall minimise this hazard as the industrial estates shall be suitably designed for NG distribution. The new industrial sites should preferably be out of the Taj Trapezium. The incentives for industries to shift to new industrial estates need to be established to ensure speedy implementation. xxx xxx xxx 3.0 Summary The various issues raised in this report pertaining to the fuel supply alternatives to the industries in Agra-Firozabad region and the Mathura Refinery, can be summarized as: -Need for relocation of industries. -Availability of cleaner fuel (present and future) -Environmental benefits from alternate fuels -Safety considerations The recommendations are summarized hereunder: -Shifting of small-scale polluting industries outside the Taj Trapezium on industrial estate sites to be identified by the Government of Uttar Pradesh; -Provision of natural gas to the industries in Agra-Mathura region and Mathura Refinery. 17. Mr. M.C. Mehta, Mr. Kapil Sibal and other learned Counsel representing the Agra-industries took us through the April 1995 Varadharajan Committee Report. Relevant paragraphs of the Report are reproduced hereunder: 4. ...The Expert Committees recommendation that steps may be taken to ensure that no new industry, including small industries or other units, which can cause pollution are located north-west of the Taj Mahal, has been enforced. However, efforts to relocate easting small industries, particularly the foundries, in an area south-east of Agra beyond the Taj Mahal, have not been successful. 18. The Report clearly shows that the level of Suspended Particulate Matters (SPM) in the Taj Mahal area is high. The relevant part of the Report in this respect is as under: S.P.M. (Period 1981-1993) i. The level of SPM at Taj Mahal is generally quite high, the monthly mean values being above 200 micrograms/cubic metre for all the months during 1981-1985 except for the monsoon months. ii. There is an increasing trend in the monthly mean SPM concentrations from about 380 micrograms/cubic metre to 620 micrograms/cubic metre during the period 1987-1991, and the trend reverses thereafter till 1993. There is a decrease in monthly mean SPM levels from 620 micrograms/cubic metre in 1991 to about 425 micrograms/cubic metre in 1993. 19. Para 71 of the Report deals with the consumption of coal in the Agra areas. The relevant part is as under: ...These do cause pollution of the atmosphere. Industries in Agra are situated north west, north and north east of The Taj Mahal, several of them being located across the river. These are the major sources of concern as they are not far away, and much of the time winds blow from their location towards Taj Mahal. 20. Para 78 relating to the use of natural gas is as under: ...Natural gas distribution to industries in existing locations in Agra would need installation of pipelines and meters. This may be expensive and in addition not ensure safety, as accidental leakage in pipeline network may lead to explosions and fires. It may however be possible to use LPG or HSD with suitable precautions, after careful review. 21. Relevant part of para 79 is as under: ...NEERI Report dated March 7, 1994 on Fuel Supply alternatives (Annexure) suggests Natural Gas can be considered for use only in new industrial sites. 22. The industries in Agra have been dealt in paras 92, 93, 95 and 96 which are as under: 92. Industries in Agra and Ferozabad have been asked to install APCD to reduce essentially SPM level in air emissions. UPPCB has the authority to monitor their performance to meet standards outlined for different industries by CPCB, noting their capacities. These regulations should be fully enforced. NEERI has suggested suitable sites in Agra and Ferozabad could be identified and developed as industrial estates with facilities, separated from residential area. If such sites are developed, natural gas supply in the industrial estate would be possible with safety, and the industrial units could be shifted. 93. ...There is need for a single authority in such estates to coordinate all maintenance and repair work on electrical supply, telecommunications, water, sewage, drains, roads and construction. Any industrial estate in Agra with natural gas will have to be located at a substantial distance from monuments to ensure full safety. xxx xxx xxx 95. When industrial units are relocated, it would be appropriate to modernise technology equipment and buildings. Most of the units will need very substantial financial assistance. The value of the present sites and their future use have to be determined. It would not be desirable to promote residential colonies and commercial establishments in such vacated areas as they may in turn add to the problems of water supply and atmospheric quality by excessive use of energy. Major changes of this nature would need a dear development planning strategy and resources, and will also take several years for implementation. 96. There is urgent need for quicker measures which could lead to better environment, especially in the Taj Mahal. For this purpose, it is necessary to effect overall reduction in coal/coke consumption by industries and others in Agra and in Taj Trapezium Zone generally. The present level of consumption of 129 metric tonne per day by industry can be substantially reduced by new technology and by use of LPG and HSD of low sulphur. Stricter standards for emissions may be evolved when such technological and fuel changes are effected. Support for development of modifications in design and operation and demonstration should be provided. Some assistance to industries for adoption of these may be considered after careful examination of the costs and benefits to the industry and to society. All those industries not responding for action for feasible changes and contributing disproportionately to atmospheric pollution have to face action. 23. The Taj being a monument on the World Heritage List, the Government of India sought the expert advice through UNESCO on the structural and chemical preservation aspects of the monument. Accordingly, two experts, namely, Dr. Mentrizio Marbeilli and Dr. M. Larze Tabasso visited The Taj Mahal between January 17-30 1987 to study the problems pertaining to the conservation of marble and sand stones in The Taj and recommended remedial measures. According to them, the yellowishness of the marble is due to (a) SPM and (b) dust fall impinging on the surface. Opinions of the Archaeological Survey of India and other scientists annexed to the Varadharajan Report unanimously say that the yellow shadow of the marble on different parts of The Taj including four minarets is mainly due to SPM and the dust fall impinging on the surface. The comments of the Archaeological Survey of India as noticed in Varadharajan Report are as under: On the structural side, The Taj Mahal is in a sound state of preservation and the studies conducted so far also confirm the same. The only threat to the Taj Mahal is from the environmental pollution. The Science wing of the ASI is continuously monitoring the level of suspended particulate matter, sulphur dioxide concentration and sulphation rate. The Studies made in this regard shows that suspended particulate matter level has been found to be higher than the maximum permissible level 100 kg/m3. This has imparted a yellowish appearance on the surface of the Taj Mahal. 24. After careful examination of the two Varadharajan Reports (1978 and 1995) and the various NEERI reports placed on record, we are of the view that there is no contradiction between the two sets of reports. In the 1978 Report, Varadharajan found substantial level of air pollution because of sulphur dioxide and SPM in the Agra region. The source, according to the report, was the coal-users including approximately 250 small industries mainly foundries. The excess of SPM was because of the use of coal. The Report specifically recommended in para 5.4 for the relocation of the existing small industries particularly the foundries. The 1995 Varadharajan Report clearly shows that the standard of atmospheric pollution is much higher than the 1981-85 period which according to the Report is also because of heavy traffic and operation of generating sets. NEERI reports have clearly recommended the relocation of the industries from the TTZ. 25. This Court on April 11, 1994, passed the following order: ...We are of the view that the shifting of the industries from the Taj Trapezium has to be made in a phased manner. NEERIs report indicates that the maximum pollution to the ambient air around Taj Mahal is caused by the industries located in Agra. We, therefore, as a first phase, take up the industries situated in Agra for the purposes of the proposed shifting outside Taj Trapezium xxx xxx xxx We, therefore, direct the U.P. State Pollution Control Board. to issue Public Notices in the two national English Daily newspapers and also two vernacular newspapers for three consecutive days indicating that the Supreme Court of India is processing the proposal for shifting of the air polluting industries such as Foundries, Pit Furnaces, Rubber Sole, Chemical, Refactory Brick, Engineering and Lime Processing from Agra to outside Taj Trapezium at a suitable place to be selected after hearing the parties including the industry owners. The individual industries shall be asked to supply the following information: 1. Name, Registration Number, Location and the ownership/status of the industry. 2. Total land/including built up area which is at present under the possession of the industry. 3. Nature/quantum of the fuel which is being used. 4. Number of the workers/other staff employed 5. Total Capital investment/turnover of the industry. 6. Extent of the land required by the industry in the new industrial area outside the Taj Trapezium. 7. The product of the industry and the raw material used for such production. 8. The nature/extent of the alternate safe fuel, if required. 9. Financial assistance in the shape of loan etc., if required, and to what extent. Apart from Public Notice, individual Notices to all the industries which are situated in Agra shall also be served by the U.P. State Pollution Control Board, to the air pollution industries. We further direct the Union of India to have a gist of the above Public Notice announced on local television as well as on local Radio in Agra/Mathura for three consecutive days. The publication of the Notice in the National Newspapers shall be got done by the U.P. Pollution Control Board on April 29-30, 1994 and May 1, 1994. Thereafter, the Notices shall be got published in the local newspapers on May 6, 7 and 8, 1994. The individual notices shall be served on the industries before May 8, 1994. The Union of India shall also have the notice broadcast as directed by us between May 1 and May 10, 1994. Mr. N.N. Goswami, learned senior counsel fairly states that he will prepare the gist of the notice and send it to the Government of India. 26. The chronology of the orders quoted by us in this judgment shows that this Court took cognizance of this matter in January 1993. There are four NEERI reports, two Varadharajan reports and several reports by the Board. After examining all the reports and taking into consideration other material on the record, we have no hesitation in holding that the industries in TTZ are active contributors to the air pollution in the said area. NEERI and Varadharajan (1978) reports have specifically recommended the relocation of industries from the TTZ. Although the Board has placed on record list of 510 industries which are responsible for air pollution but in view of our order dated April 11, 1994 (quoted above), we are confining this order only to 292 industries located and operating in Agra. These industries are listed hereunder: FOUNDRIES (DISTRICT AGRA) 1. M/s. Gulab Rai Chottey Lal 21/16, Freeganj Agra. 2. M/s. Gulab Rai Chottey Lal 27/65, Pathwari Agra. 3. M/s. Krishna Iron Foundry Freeganj Agra. 4. M/s. B.C. Iron Foundry Sultanganj Agra. 5. M/s. Kajeco Industries Sultanganj Agra. 6. M/s. National Iron Foundry Moti Lal Nehru Road Agra. 7. M/s. Raj Pattern makers & Founders Moti Lal Nehru Road Agra. 8. M/s. Miraz Iron Foundry 1290, Bhairon Bazar Agra. 9. M/s. Mudgal Iron Foundry 7/6, Pathwari Agra. 10. M/s. Prabhat Iron Foundry Freeganj Road Agra. 11. M/s. Raghav Engg. Company 21/60, Freeganj Agra. 12. M/s. Raj Iron Foundry (Unit-I) 26/1, Sultanganj Agra. 13. M/s. Agrawal Tin Mfg. Co. Sultanganj Agra. 14. M/s. Moti Lal Agrawal & Co. 21/33, Freeganj Agra. 15. M/s. Anil Metal Ind. (Foundry Division) Bichpuri Road, Amarpura Agra. 16. M/s. Shree Durga Laxmi Iron Foundry Langre Ki Chowki Agra. 17. M/s. S.S. & Iron Foundry Jeoni Mandi Agra. 18. M/s. Randhir Chand Khoob Chand Iron Foundry Masta Ki Bagichi Langre Ki Chowki Agra. 19. M/s. Shree Ram Metal Ind. 31/24 D, Langre Ki Chowki Agra. 20. M/s. Indian Iron Ind. Langre Ki Chowki Agra. 21. M/s. Suresh Iron Foundary & Engg. Works Langre Ki Chowki Agra. 22. M/s. Suresh Industries Bye Pass Road, Near Water Works Agra. 23. M/s. Mahajan Iron Foundary Transport Nagar Agra. 24. M/s. Taj Iron Foundary Aboolala Dargah New Agra. 25. M/s. Himalaya Ind. Transport Nagar Agra. 26. M/s. Laxmi Metal Ind. Indira Mill Compound Jeoni Mandi Agra. 27. M/s. Shree Durga Bhagwati Industries & Iron Foundary langre Ki Chowki Agra. 28. M/s. India Casting Co. C-l, Balkeshwar Road Agra. 29. M/s. India Iron Foundary Sultanganj Agra. 30. Shanker Iron Foundary Balkeshwar Agra. 31. Jagannath Dewan Chandra Jain Freeganj Agra. 32. Agarwal Wire Ind. C-30, Site A, Ind. Area Sikandara Agra. 33. Super Chem. Ind. D-l, Sector A, Ind. Area Sikandara Agra. 34. Uttam Lah Udyog 10 Km Stone Mathura Road Agra. 35. Mahajan Ispat Udyog Runukutta, Mathura Road Agra. 36. G.M. Industries Corpn. Kailash Road, Sikandara Agra. 37. Satya Deep Udyog Mathura Road Agra. 38. Arbaria Iron Foundary Runukutta Mathura Road Agra. 39. Allied Iron & Steel Works Runukutta, Mathura Road Agra. 40. Singh Industries Mathura Road, Artoni Agra. 41. Kalyan Steel Products (P) Ltd. Artoni, Mathura Road Agra. 42. B.K. Steels Artoni, Mathura Road Agra. 43. Anand Industry Artoni, Mathura Road Agra. 44. Arbaria Steels Artoni, Mathura Road Agra. 45. Mathura Engineering 15 Km., Artoni, Mathura Road Agra. 46. Satya Ind. Corpn. Unit-2, Rambagh Agra. 47. A.R. Iron Foundary Rambagh Agra. 48. S.A. Iron Foundary 11/42, Rambagh Agra. 49. S.K. Iron Foundary & Engg. Co., Unit-1 Rambagh Agra. 50. S.K. Iron Foundary & Engg. Co., Unit-2 Rambagh Agra. 51. S.G. Industries Rambagh Agra. 52. Golden Engg. Corpn. 4/45, Rambagh Agra. 53. Paliwal Iron Foundary & Metal Works Rambagh Agra. 54. Jain Foundary & Engg. Works Rambagh Agra. 55. Castwel Foundary Naraich, Hathras Road Agra. 56. Oswal Iron Foundary Rambagh Agra. 57. Ganga Engineers Rambagh Agra. 58. S.S. Iron Foundary 11/111, Rambagh Agra. 59. Suraj Foundary 11/45, Rambagh Agra. 60. Dewan Chand Suraj Prakash Jain 11/43, Rambagh Agra. 61. Parolia Engg. Works 11/47-C, Rambagh Agra. 62. S.B. Iron Foundary 11/18-B, Rambagh Agra. 63. Reliable Industry Rambagh Agra. 64. Sarla & Co. Rambagh Agra. 65. Shree Ram Iron Foundary & Engg. Works 4248/2, Rambagh Agra. 66. Jagdish Industrial Corpn. Naraich, Hathras Road Agra. 67. R.K. Engineers & Founders Hathras Road Agra. 68. Goyal Iron & Steel Works Naraich, Hathras Road Agra. 69. R.R. Iron Foundary Rambagh Agra. 70. Sharad Industries Foundry Nagar Hathras Road Agra. 71. Bansal Iron Foundry 11/48/6/C, Naraich Hathras Road Agra. 72. Goyal Metal Industries Foundry Nagar, Hathras Rd. Agra. 73. Fatehchand Sehgal & Sons Naraich, Hathras Road Agra. 74. Adesh Kumar Jain C-69, Foundry Nagar Agra. 75. Deepak Chemical Works 11B/103, Naraich Hathras Road Agra. 76. Devki Nandan 11B/103, Naraich Hathras Road Agra. 77. Prakash Iron Foundary Hathras Road Agra. 78. Ravi Agricultural Ind. Hathras Road Agra. 79. V.K. Enterprises C-48, Foundry Nagar Agra. 80. Manik Chand Garg & Co. C-50, Foundry Nagar Agra. 81. Bombay Engg. & Moulding Works 3994, Nagla Kishanlal Hathras Road Agra. 82. Gopal Iron Foundary D-38, Foundry Nagar Agra. 83. Sterling Machine Tools C-38, Foundary Nagar Agra. 84. Bharat Ind. Unit-2 B-12, Foundry Nagar Agra. 85. Kajeco Industries Unit-2 B-9/10, Foundry Nagar Agra. 86. Devi Enterprises Hathras Road Agra. 87. Techno Industries 2919, Nariach Hathras Road Agra. 88. Goyal Iron & Steel Works (India) Nagla Kishanlal Hathras Road Agra. 89. G.C. Industries Naraich, Hathras Road Agra. 90. K.J. Industries B-5, Foundry Nagar Agra. 91. Bajrang Iron Foundry B-4, Foundry Nagar Agra. 92. Agra Loh Udyog 1167, Foundry Nagar Agra. 93. Singhal Industries B-2, Foundry Nagar Agra. 94. Raj Iron Foundry Unit-II B-3, Foundry Nagar Agra. 95. Agrico Enterprises E-60/E-61, Foundry Nagar Agra. 96. Tantan Auto Industry E-72, Foundry Nagar Agra. 97. Naresh Iron Foundry D-62, Foundry Nagar Agra. 98. A.B. Auto Works (P) Ltd. C-32, Foundry Nagar Agra. 99. Shri Ram Engg. Works D-19, Foundry Nagar Agra. 100. Britania Engg. Co. C-31, Foundry Nagar Agra. 101. Expert Founders & Engg. C-29, Foundry Nagar Agra. 102. Basal Casting Co. D-17, Foundry Nagar Agra. 103. Maharaja Agrasen Iron Foundry D-15, Foundry Nagar Agra. 104. Ajanta Industries D-20, Foundry Nagar Agra. 105. Accurate Ferro Castings B-18/B, Foundry Nagar Agra. 106. Shiraj Industry D-68, Foundry Nagar Agra. 107. Shinning Engg. Works B-19, Foundry Nagar Agra. 108. Mittal Iron Founders & Engg. Foundry Nagar Agra. 109. Shivam Industries C-23, Foundry Nagar Agra. 110. Mercury Engg. & Steel E-16, Foundry Nagar Agra. 111. Arya Sons B-17/2, Foundry Nagar Agra. 112. Agrawal Metal Industries C-70, Foundry Nagar Agra. 113. Kamal Engg. Works, Unit-II C-25, Foundary Nagar Agra. 114. Kamal Engg. Works Unit-I D-48, Foundry Nagar Agra. 115. Power Field India E-4, Foundry Nagar Agra. 116. Shyam Metal Industries E-3, Foundry Nagar Agra. 117. Narayan Brothers Factory E-3, Foundry Nagar Agra. 118. Shaktiman Industries E-25, Foundry Nagar Agra. 119. Jain Ambey Piston King Industry E-14, Foundry Nagar Agra. 120. Monark India E-13/E-14, Foundry Nagar Agra. 121. Gopal Iron Foundry D-43, Foundry Nagar Agra. 122. Natraj Iron Foundry E-18, Foundry Nagar Agra. 123. Bhagwati Iron Foundry D-2, Foundry. Nagar Agra. 124. Chinar Foundry E-1, 2, Foundry Nagar Agra. 125. Modern Industries IIB 76A, Foundry Nagar Agra. 126. Devi Sahai Gopaldas Iron Foundry C-15, Foundry Nagar Agra. 127. Mittal Industries C-18, Foundry Nagar Agra. 128. B.K. Castings C-6, Foundry Nagar Agra. 129. N.K. Iron Foundry C-3, Foundry Nagar Agra. 130. Metal Products C-33, Foundry Nagar Agra. 131. Shanti Vrat & Sons B-7, Foundry Nagar Agra. 132. Mr. Sushil Kr. Danoria B-14/1, Foundry Nagar Agra. 133. BSA Agricultural Ind. 7/15, Nunhai Rd. Nawalganj Agra. 134. Indu Engg. & Textiles Ltd. 12/16A, Nawalganj Agra. 135. Vijay Iron Foundry 1250, Nawajganj Agra. 136. Kaushal Industries Nawalganj Agra. 137. Standard Pumps Nunhai Agra. 138. Doneria Pvt. Ltd. 10/4, Hathras Road Agra. 139. Doneria Iron & Steels 11/28, Chini Ka Roza Agra. 140. Ratan Industries (P) Ltd. 10/12, Kalra Wazir Khan Hathras Road Agra. 141. Bharat Iron & Steel Foundry 10/10, Katra Wazir Khan Agra. 142. Shri Bankey Bihari Udyog 10/9, Katra Wazir Khan Agra. 143. Balaji Udyog 10/22 Katra Wazir Khan Agra. 144. Nav Durga Dhalai 1014A, Katra Wazir Khan Agra. 145. Ess Jay Steels (P) Ltd. 10/4A, Hathras Road Agra. 146. Girdharlal Thankurdas Agencies (P) Ltd. 11/38, Hathras Road Agra. 147. Kumar Steel Udyog 11/24, Ching Ka Roja Agra. 148. G.T. Iron Industries 11/38, A-3, Hathras Road 149. Munnalal Mistri 11/124, Chini Ka Roza Agra. 150. Metal Cast India 3-Ind. Estate, Nunhai Agra. 151. M/s. Printing Machine Mfg. Co. 1, Ind. Estate, Nunhai Agra. 152. M/s. Amar Enterprises 2, E.e., Nunhai Agra. 153. M/s. Northern India Tools Co. 62, I.e., Nunhai Agra. 154. M/s. Meghdoot Pistons (P) Ltd. 6, I.E., Nunihai Agra. 155. M/s. Mehra Casting Works 32, I.e., Nunihai Agra. 156. M/s. Mahaveer Iron Foundry 12/15, Nawajganj Agra. 157. M/s. Paras Foundry 68, I.E., Nunihai Agra. 158. Mahaveer Iron Foundry 67, 1.E., Nunihai Agra. 159. M/s. Maharshi Dayanand Iron Foundry 71, I.E., Nunihai Agra. 160. M/s. Basant Industries Nunihai Agra. 161. M/s. A.V. Engineering Works 160, I.E., Nunihai Agra. 162. M/s. Ess Bee Iron Foundry 134, I.E., Nunihai Agra 163. M/s. Tracko International 56, I.E., Nunihai Agra. 164. M/s. Metafam Engg. Associate 19, I.E., Nunihai Agra. 165. M/s. Vinay Iron Foundry 75, I.E., Nunihai Agra 166. M/s. Samta Trading Corpn. 136,1.E., Nunihai Agra. 167. M/s. Mahaveer Engg. Works 82, I.E., Nunihai Agra. 168. M/s. Universal Steel Ind. 69, I.E., Nunihai Agra. ENGINEERING 169. Anil Metal Industry Bodla Road Agra. 170. Agra Engg. Industries Artoni Agra. 171. Profile Furnaces & Heat Treatment Kailash Road, Sikandara Agra. 172. AayJayUdyog B-6, Site B, Ind. Area Sikandara Agra. 173. Krishi Seva Udyog D-41, Foundry Nagar Agra. 174. Paragon Industries D-7, Foundry Nagar Agra. 175. Usha Martin Ind. Ltd. Nawaj Ganj Agra. 176. Mercury Engg. Chini Ka Roza Agra. 177. Shivam Industries 10/4A, Katra Wazir Khan Agra. 178. Doneria Industries 10/4A, Hathras Road Agra. 179. Rahul Diesels (India) Rambagh Agra. 180. K.J. Diesels (P) Ltd. Naraich Hathras Road Agra. 181. Prakash Agricultural Ind. Foundry Nagar Agra. 182. Anil Agricultural Ind. B-25, Foundry Nagar Agra. 183. Singhal Industries Corpn. C-49, Foundry Nagar Agra. 184. Gangotri Diesels (P) Ltd. Hathras Road Agra. 185. Shivas Industries C-36, Foundry Nagar Agra. 186. Olympic Diesels E-53, Foundry Nagar Agra. 187. Shri Ram Diesels (India) C-56, Foundry Nagar Agra. 188. Minerva Diesel Eng. (P) Ltd. C-67, Foundry Nagar Agra. 189. A.K. Enterprises B-20, Foundry Nagar Agra. 190. Kalyan Engg. Works E-8, Foundry Nagar Agra. 191. Chandra Metal Enterprises E-24, Foundry Nagar Agra. 192. Rajendra Industries E-31, Foundry Nagar Agra. 193. Bright Engg. Works E-19, Foundry Nagar Agra. 194. K.G. Electro Techniques E-17, Foundry Nagar Agra. 195. Satya Udyog Unit-2 C-ll, Foundry Nagar Agra. 196. Doneria Engg. Co. C-5, Foundry Nagar Agra. 197. Basant Ispat Udyog (P) Ltd. C-34, Foundry Nagar Agra. 198. Atul Engg. Udyog Nunhai Agra. 199. Atul Generation (P) Ltd. Nunhai Agra. 200. Mohan Generators & Pumps 45, I.E., Nunhai Agra. 201. M/s. Steeloc Ind. 54A, Industrial Estate Nawalganj, Nunhai Agra. 202. M/s. Jay Sheet Mfty. Nawalganj, Nunhai Agra. 203. M/s. Automotive Products 73, I.E., Nunhai Agra. 204. M/s. S.G. Sundrani I.E., Nunhai Agra. 205. M/s. Alfa Engg. Works 20 I.E., Nunhai Agra. 206. M/s. Shyam Metal Works 21 I.E., Nunhai Agra. 207. M/s. Jagdish Metal Works 24, Nunhai Agra. 208. M/s. Suchlam Engg. Works 165A I.E. Nunhai Agra. 209. M/s. Pawan Auto Ind. I.E. Nunhai Agra. 210. M/s. Shaktiman Ind. I.E., Nunhai Agra. 211. Sandeep Autos I.E., Nunhai Agra. 212. M/s. India Auto Rings I.E., Nunhai Agra. 213. M/s. Vulcan Engg. Inds., Nunhai Agra. 214. M/s. Agra Steels Corpn. I.E., Nunhai Agra. CHEMICALS & OTHER INDUSTRIES 215. M/s. Biological Evons Ltd. Bichpuri Road Agra. 216. M/s. Wasan & Co., Bodla, Bichpuri Road Agra. 217. M/s. Mahajan Tanners (P) Ltd. Bichpuri Road Agra. 218. M/s. Agra Tannery Leather Bichpuri Road Agra. 219. M/s. C.R. Oil Mill Motilal Nehru Road Agra. 220. M/s. Sharda Oil Mills Moti Lal Nehru Road Agra. 221. M/s. B.P. Oil Mills (P) Ltd. Maithan Agra. 222. M/s. Mayur Kattha Industries Chalesar Agra. 223. M/s. A.V. Paper Cones Sikandara Agra. 224. R.R. Chem. Industries Kailash Road Sikandara Agra. 225. Agra Beverages Corpn. (P) Ltd. Mathura Road Agra. 226. Arctic Drinks (P) Ltd. 12 Km, Mathura Road Agra. 227. Devyani Foods (P) Ltd. Mathura Road Agra. 228. B.K. Enterprises Mathura Road Agra. 229. R.M. Foods (P) Ltd. Artoni, Mathura Road Agra. 230. Park Leather Industries Ltd. Runukutta, Mathura Road Agra. 231. Hindustan Crushers & Fertilizers Runukutta Agra. 232. General Mills Corpn. Runukutta, Mathura Road Agra. 233. Amar Shikha Wood Product Artoni, Mathura Road Agra. 234. Amar Jyoti Industries Artoni, Mathura Road Agra. 235. Sun Beverages (P)Ltd. Artoni, Mathura Road Agra. 236. Taj Beverages (P) Ltd. Artoni, Mathura Road Agra. 237. Pee Cee Soap Factory Artoni, Mathura Road Agra. 238. Kandla Flooring & Fabrics (P) Ltd. A-l, Site A Ind. Area Sikandara Agra. 239. Agra Roller Floor Mills Artoni, Mathura Road Agra. 240. R.K. Brothers C-25, Site A Ind. Area Sikandara Agra. 241. Sun Ray Agrochem Runukutta, Mathura Road Agra. 242. Plywood Products 19.6 Km, Runukutta, Mathura Road Agra. 243. Shreekshetria Gandhi Ashram Runukutta Agra. 244. Shiraj Foods Unit-2 kutta, Mathura Road Agra. 245. C.R. Foods India (P) Ltd. 1977/1, Runukutta, Mathura Road Agra. 246. Ramjilal Harishchand 11/48-E, Rambagh, Hathras Road Agra. 247. Agra Oil & General Industry Naraich, Hathras Road Agra. 248. Bansal Marble Industries Hathras Road Agra. 249. Sandeep Resin Industries E-38, Foundry Nagar Agra. 250. Anchor Wax Industry C-26, Foundry Nagar Agra. 251. Anil Paint Works E-10, Foundry Nagar Agra. 252. Bee Kay Industry E-28, Foundry Nagar Agra. 253. B.K. Salts Behind E-28, Foundry Nagar Agra. 254. National Chemicals C-9, Foundry Nagar Agra. 255. Jai Shanker Salt Petter Works A-8, Foundry Nagar Agra. 256. Singhal Pesticides 9/122, Moti Bagh Yamuna Agra. 257. Adarsh Paper Products 10/4, Katra Wazir Khan Agra. 258. Seema Oil Corpn. 11/38 B, Sita Nagar Agra. 259. Agarwal Industries 10/22, Katra Wazir Agra. 260. Allora Paper Products 10/4, Katra Wazir Agra. 261. Agarwal Knitting 188, Industrial Estate Nunhai Agra. 262. Bright Son Electroplaters Industrial Area Nunhai Agra. 263. Micro Metals 151, Ind. Estate Nunhai Agra. 264. M/s. Bonita Chemicals 64, I.E., Nunhai Agra. 265. M/s. Gandhi Refinaries 69 A I.E., Nunhai Agra. 266. M/s. Mahaveer Glass & Silicate Works 65 I.E. Agra. 267. M/s. The National Glass & Silicate Nunhai Agra. 268. M/s. Agra Chains Pvt. Ltd. 14, I.E., Nunhai Agra. 269. M/s. Agra Leather Board Pvt. Ltd. 5, I.E., Nunhai Agra. RUBBER FACTORIES 270. M/s. Bajwa Rubber Ind. 12/67, Rui Ki Mandi Agra. 271. M/s. Bengal Rubber Ind. Shahaganj Agra. 272. M/s. K.K. Rubber Ind. 11/3954, Langre Ki Chowki Shastri Nagar Agra. 273. M/s. Capston Rubber Products Transport Nagar Agra. 274. M/s. Smart Industries 5/99, Billochpura Agra. 275. M/s. Rubber Complex Shahganj Agra. 276. Weston Rubber 11 Km. Stone Mathura Road Agra. 277. Katyal Industries 10 Km. Stone Mathura Road Agra. 278. Capston Rubbers (India) C-6, Site A Ind. Area Sikandara Agra. 279. Bengal Rubber Ind. Unit-2) C-7, Ind. Area, Sit A Sikandara Agra. 280. Bajwa Rubber Ind. (Unit-2) C-8, Ind. Area Sikandara Agra. 281. Noble Rubber Products B-1, Ind. Area Sikandara Agra. 282. Agra Rubber Industries E-37, Foundry Nagar Agra. 283. Goodage Rubber Works B-16/3, Foundry Nagar Agra. 284. Syntex Rubber Rollers 10/4, Katra Wazir Khan Agra. 285. Shakti Rubber Corpn. Sikandara Agra. 286. M/s. Novelty Udyog 37, I.E., Nunhai Agra. 287. M/s. Sheela Udyog 14B-144, I.E. Agra. 288. M/s. J.J. Rubber & Plastic 11, I.E., Nunhai Agra. 289. Sunrise Rubber Ind. 18, I.E., Nunhai Agra. LIMEKILNS 290. Hansard Bhagwandas Naraich, Hathras Road Agra. 291. Garg Lime Industries Naraich, Hathras Road Agra. 292. Pankaj Small Ind. Nawalganj Agra. 27. The Taj, apart from being cultural heritage, is an industry by itself. More than two million tourists visit the Taj every year. It is a source of revenue for the country. This Court has monitored this petition for over three years with the sole object of preserving and protecting the Taj from deterioration and damage due to atmospheric and environmental pollution. It cannot be disputed that the use of coke/coal by the industries emit pollution in the ambient air. The objective behind this litigation is to stop the pollution while encouraging development of industry. The old concept that development and ecology cannot go together is no longer acceptable. Sustainable development is the answer. The development of industry is essential for the economy of the country, but at the same time the environment and the eco-systems have to be protected. The pollution created as a consequence of development must commensurate with the carrying capacity of our eco-systems. 28. Various orders passed by this Court from time to time (quoted above) clearly indicate that the relocation of the industries from TTZ is to be resorted to only if the natural gas which has been brought at the doorstep of TTZ is not acceptable/available by/to the industries as a substitute for coke/coal. The GAIL has already invited the industries in TTZ to apply for gas connections. Before us Mr. Kapil Sibal and Mr. Sanjay Parikh, learned Counsel for the industries have clearly stated that all the industries would accept gas as an industrial-fuel. The industries operating in TTZ which are given gas connections to run the industries need not relocate. The whole purpose is to stop air pollution by banishing coke/coal from TTZ. 29. This Court in Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India and Ors. AIR1996SC2715 , has defined the precautionary principle and the polluter pays principle as under: 11. ...We are, however, of the view that the Precautionary Principle and The Polluter Pays principle are essential features of Sustainable Development. The Precautionary Principle-in the context of the municipal law - means: (i) Environmental measures-by the State Government and the statutory authorities-must anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of environmental degradation. (ii) Where there are threats of serious and irreversible damage, lack of scientific certainty should not be sued as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation. (iii) The Onus of proof is on the actor or the developer/industrialist to show that his action is environmentally benign. 12. The Polluter Pays principle has been held to be a sound principle by this Court in Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India [1996]2SCR503 . The Court observed, We are of the opinion that any principle evolved in this behalf should be simple, practical and suited to the conditions obtaining in this country. The Court ruled that Once the activity carried on is hazardous or inherently dangerous, the person carrying on such activity is liable to make good the loss caused to any other person by his activity irrespective of the fact whether he took reasonable care while carrying on his activity. The rule is premised upon the very nature of the activity carried on. Consequently the polluting industries are absolutely liable to compensate for the harm caused by them to villagers in the affected area, to the soil and to the underground water and hence, they are bound to take all necessary measures to remove sludge and other pollutants lying in the affected areas. The polluter Pays principle as interpreted by this Court means that the absolute liability for harm to the environment extends not only to compensate the victims of pollution but also the cost of restoring the environmental degradation. Remediation of the damaged environment is part of the process of Sustainable Development and as such polluter is liable to pay the cost to the individual sufferers as well as the cost of reversing the damaged ecology. 13. The precautionary principle and the polluter pays principle have been accepted as part of the law of the land. Article 21 of the Constitution of India guarantees protection of life and personal liberty. Articles 47 48A, and 51A(g) of the Constitution are as under: 47. Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.-The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health among its primary duties and in particular, the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health. 48A. Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forest and wild life.-The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country. 51A(g). To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures. Apart from the constitutional mandate to protect and improve the environment there are plenty of post independence legislations on the subject but more relevant enactments for our purpose are : The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (the Water Act), the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (the Air Act) and the Environment Protection Act, 1986 (the Environment Act). The Water Act provides for the Constitution of the Central Pollution Control Board by the Central Government and the Constitution of the State Pollution Control Boards by various State Governments in the country. The Boards function under the control of the Governments concerned. The Water Act prohibits the use of streams and wells for disposal of polluting matters. Also provides for restrictions on outlets and discharge of effluents without obtaining consent from the Board. Prosecution and penalties have been provided which include sentence of imprisonment. The Air Act provides that the Central Pollution Control Board and the State Pollution Control Boards constituted under the Water Act shall also perform the powers and functions under the Air Act. The main function of the Boards, under the Air Act, is to improve the quality of the air and to prevent, control and abate air pollution in the country. We shall deal with the Environment Act in the later part of this judgment. 14. In view of the above mentioned constitutional and statutory provisions we have no hesitation in holding that the precautionary principle and the polluter pays principle are part of the environmental law of the country. 30. Based on the reports of various technical authorities mentioned in this judgment, we have already reached the finding that the emissions generated by the coke/coal consuming industries are air-pollutants and have damaging effect on the Taj and the people living in the TTZ. The atmospheric pollution in TTZ has to be eliminated at any cost. Not even one per cent chance can be taken when-human life apart-the preservation of a prestigious monument like the Taj is involved. In any case, in view of the precautionary principle as defined by this Court, the environmental measures must anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of environmental degradation. The onus of proof is on an industry to show that its operation with the aid of coke/coal is environmentally benign. It is, rather, proved beyond doubt that the emissions generated by the use of coke/coal by the industries in TTZ are the main polluters of the ambient air.

Decision reasoning: 1[ds]16. The NEERI submitted a Technical Report dated March 7, 1994 pertaining to Issues Associated with Fuel Supply Alternatives for Industries in Agra-Mathura Region. Paras 2.4.1 and para 3 of the Report are as under:2.4 Safety Requirements2.4.1. NG : The use of NG involves the defining of No Gas Zone for safe distribution. The new sites in Agra and Firozabad industries being identified by the Government of Uttar Pradesh shall minimise this hazard as the industrial estates shall be suitably designed for NG distribution.The new industrial sites should preferably be out of the Taj Trapezium. The incentives for industries to shift to new industrial estates need to be established to ensure speedy implementation.xxx xxx xxx3.0 SummaryThe various issues raised in this report pertaining to the fuel supply alternatives to the industries in Agra-Firozabad region and the Mathura Refinery, can be summarized as:-Need for relocation of industries.-Availability of cleaner fuel (present and future)-Environmental benefits from alternate fuels-Safety considerationsThe recommendations are summarized hereunder:-Shifting of small-scale polluting industries outside the Taj Trapezium on industrial estate sites to be identified by the Government of Uttar Pradesh;-Provision of natural gas to the industries in Agra-Mathura region and Mathura Refinery.18. The Report clearly shows that the level of Suspended Particulate Matters (SPM) in the Taj Mahal area is high. The relevant part of the Report in this respect is as under:S.P.M. (Period 1981-1993)i. The level of SPM at Taj Mahal is generally quite high, the monthly mean values being above 200 micrograms/cubic metre for all the months during 1981-1985 except for the monsoon months.ii. There is an increasing trend in the monthly mean SPM concentrations from about 380 micrograms/cubic metre to 620 micrograms/cubic metre during the period 1987-1991, and the trend reverses thereafter till 1993. There is a decrease in monthly mean SPM levels from 620 micrograms/cubic metre in 1991 to about 425 micrograms/cubic metre in 1993.22. The industries in Agra have been dealt in paras 92, 93, 95 and 96 which are as under:92. Industries in Agra and Ferozabad have been asked to install APCD to reduce essentially SPM level in air emissions. UPPCB has the authority to monitor their performance to meet standards outlined for different industries by CPCB, noting their capacities. These regulations should be fully enforced. NEERI has suggested suitable sites in Agra and Ferozabad could be identified and developed as industrial estates with facilities, separated from residential area. If such sites are developed, natural gas supply in the industrial estate would be possible with safety, and the industrial units could be shifted.93. ...There is need for a single authority in such estates to coordinate all maintenance and repair work on electrical supply, telecommunications, water, sewage, drains, roads and construction. Any industrial estate in Agra with natural gas will have to be located at a substantial distance from monuments to ensure full safety.xxx xxx xxx95. When industrial units are relocated, it would be appropriate to modernise technology equipment and buildings. Most of the units will need very substantial financial assistance. The value of the present sites and their future use have to be determined. It would not be desirable to promote residential colonies and commercial establishments in such vacated areas as they may in turn add to the problems of water supply and atmospheric quality by excessive use of energy. Major changes of this nature would need a dear development planning strategy and resources, and will also take several years for implementation.96. There is urgent need for quicker measures which could lead to better environment, especially in the Taj Mahal. For this purpose, it is necessary to effect overall reduction in coal/coke consumption by industries and others in Agra and in Taj Trapezium Zone generally. The present level of consumption of 129 metric tonne per day by industry can be substantially reduced by new technology and by use of LPG and HSD of low sulphur. Stricter standards for emissions may be evolved when such technological and fuel changes are effected. Support for development of modifications in design and operation and demonstration should be provided. Some assistance to industries for adoption of these may be considered after careful examination of the costs and benefits to the industry and to society. All those industries not responding for action for feasible changes and contributing disproportionately to atmospheric pollution have to face action.23. The Taj being a monument on the World Heritage List, the Government of India sought the expert advice through UNESCO on the structural and chemical preservation aspects of the monument. Accordingly, two experts, namely, Dr. Mentrizio Marbeilli and Dr. M. Larze Tabasso visited The Taj Mahal between January 17-30 1987 to study the problems pertaining to the conservation of marble and sand stones in The Taj and recommended remedial measures. According to them, the yellowishness of the marble is due to (a) SPM and (b) dust fall impinging on the surface. Opinions of the Archaeological Survey of India and other scientists annexed to the Varadharajan Report unanimously say that the yellow shadow of the marble on different parts of The Taj including four minarets is mainly due to SPM and the dust fall impinging on the surface. The comments of the Archaeological Survey of India as noticed in Varadharajan Report are as under:On the structural side, The Taj Mahal is in a sound state of preservation and the studies conducted so far also confirm the same. The only threat to the Taj Mahal is from the environmental pollution.The Science wing of the ASI is continuously monitoring the level of suspended particulate matter, sulphur dioxide concentration and sulphation rate. The Studies made in this regard shows that suspended particulate matter level has been found to be higher than the maximum permissible level 100 kg/m3. This has imparted a yellowish appearance on the surface of the Taj Mahal.24. After careful examination of the two Varadharajan Reports (1978 and 1995) and the various NEERI reports placed on record, we are of the view that there is no contradiction between the two sets of reports. In the 1978 Report, Varadharajan found substantial level of air pollution because of sulphur dioxide and SPM in the Agra region. The source, according to the report, was the coal-users including approximately 250 small industries mainly foundries. The excess of SPM was because of the use of coal. The Report specifically recommended in para 5.4 for the relocation of the existing small industries particularly the foundries. The 1995 Varadharajan Report clearly shows that the standard of atmospheric pollution is much higher than the 1981-85 period which according to the Report is also because of heavy traffic and operation of generating sets. NEERI reports have clearly recommended the relocation of the industries from the TTZ.26. The chronology of the orders quoted by us in this judgment shows that this Court took cognizance of this matter in January 1993. There are four NEERI reports, two Varadharajan reports and several reports by the Board. After examining all the reports and taking into consideration other material on the record, we have no hesitation in holding that the industries in TTZ are active contributors to the air pollution in the said area. NEERI and Varadharajan (1978) reports have specifically recommended the relocation of industries from the TTZ. Although the Board has placed on record list of 510 industries which are responsible for air pollution but in view of our order dated April 11, 1994 (quoted above), we are confining this order only to 292 industries located and operating in Agra. These industries are listed hereunder:FOUNDRIES (DISTRICT AGRA)1. M/s. Gulab Rai Chottey2. M/s. Gulab Rai Chottey3. M/s. Krishna Iron4. M/s. B.C. Iron5. M/s. Kajeco6. M/s. National Iron7. M/s. Raj Pattern makers &8. M/s. Miraz Iron9. M/s. Mudgal Iron10. M/s. Prabhat Iron11. M/s. Raghav Engg.12. M/s. Raj Iron Foundry13. M/s. Agrawal Tin Mfg. Co.14. M/s. Moti Lal Agrawal &15. M/s. Anil Metal16. M/s. Shree Durga Laxmi Iron17. M/s. S.S. & Iron18. M/s. Randhir Chand Khoob Chand Iron Foundry Masta Ki19. M/s. Shree Ram Metal20. M/s. Indian Iron21. M/s. Suresh Iron Foundary & Engg. Works Langre Ki22. M/s. Sureshe Pass Road, Near Water23. M/s. Mahajan Iron24. M/s. Taj Iron26. M/s. Laxmi27. M/s. Shree Durga Bhagwati Industries & Iron28. M/s. India Casting29. M/s. India Iron30. Shanker Iron31. Jagannath Dewan Chandra32. Agarwal Wire33. Super Chem.34. Uttam Lah35. Mahajan Ispat37. Satya Deep38. Arbaria Iron39. Allied Iron & Steel41. Kalyan Steel Products (P)46. Satya Ind.47. A.R. Iron48. S.A. Iron49. S.K. Iron Foundary & Engg. Co.,50. S.K. Iron Foundary & Engg. Co.,52. Golden Engg.53. Paliwal Iron Foundary & Metal54. Jain Foundary & Engg.56. Oswal Iron58. S.S. Iron60. Dewan Chand Suraj Prakash61. Parolia Engg.62. S.B. Iron64. Sarla & Co.65. Shree Ram Iron Foundary &66. Jagdish Industrial67. R.K. Engineers &68. Goyal Iron & Steel69. R.R. Iron71. Bansal Iron72. Goyal Metal73. Fatehchand Sehgal &74. Adesh Kumar75. Deepak Chemical77. Prakash Iron78. Ravi Agricultural80. Manik Chand Garg &81. Bombay Engg. & Moulding82. Gopal Iron83. Sterling Machine