Case: The Commissioner Of Income-Tax,Hyderabad-Deccan Vs. Messrs. Vazir Sultan & Sons

N.H. Bhagwati, J.: (with him B. P. Sinha J.)1. This appeal with a certificate from the High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad raises the question whether the sum of Rs. 2,19,343 received by the assessee in the year of account relevant for the assessment year 1951-52 was a revenue receipt or a capital receipt.2. The facts leading up to this appeal may be shortly stated: The assessee is a registered firm consisting of five brothers and the wife of a deceased brother having equal shares in the profit and loss of the partnership. The firm was appointed the sole selling agents and sole distributors for the Hyderabad State for the cigarettes manufactured by M/s. Vazir Sultan Tobacco Co., Ltd., under the terms of a resolution of the Board of Directors dated January 6,1931"Mr. Baker reported that an arrangement had been come to for the time being whereby the firm of Vazir Sultan and Sons, were given the distributorship of "Charminar" Cigarettes within the H. E. H, the Nizams Dominions and that they were allowed a discount of 2 per cent on the gross selling price."3. No written agreement was entered into between the Company and the assessee in respect of the above mentioned arrangement nor was there any correspondence exchanged between them in this behalf. In 1939 another arrangement was arrived at between the assessee and the Company whereby the assessee was given a discount of 2 per cent not only on the goods sold in the Hyderabad State but on all the goods sold in the Hyderabad State and outside Hyderabad State. It does not appear that the Board of Directors passed any resolution in support of this new arrangement nor was any agreement drawn up between the parties incorporating the said new arrangement.4. On June 16, 1950, the Board of Directors passed the following resolution reverting to the old arrangement embodied in the resolution dated January 6, 1931:-"The Chairman, having referred to resolution No. 24 passed at the board meeting held on 6-1-31 and having reported that Vazir Sultan and Sons had agreed to revert to the arrangement outlined in that resolution with effect from 1-6-50, it was on the proposition of Mr. S. N. Bilgrami, seconded by Mr. N. B. Chenoy resolved that payment of the sum of O. S. Rs. 2,26,263 be made to Vazir Sultan and Sons by way of compensation, Vazir Sultan and Sons, to pay D. B. Akki and Co., out of that amount the sum of O. S. Rs. 6,920 also by way of compensation. Mr. Mohd. Sultan and Mr. Hameed Sultan stated that, as partners in the firm of Vazir Sultan and Sons, they did not take part in this resolution, although they had accepted on behalf of Vazir Sultan and Sons, the terms thereof."5. The sum of Rs. 2,19,343 was accordingly received by the assessee in the year of account 1359 F.6. The Income-tax Officer included this sum in the assessees total income and taxed it as a revenue receipt. On appeal the appellate Assistant Commissioner held that the sum of Rs. 2,19,343 was not a revenue receipt but a capital receipt being compensation for the loss of the agency and as such not liable to tax. The Income-tax Officer .(C Ward) Hyderabad thereupon preferred an appeal to the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal, Bombay, which held that the said sum received by the assessee was a revenue receipt and liable to tax. The assessee then applied to the Appellate Tribunal for a reference to the High Court under S. 66(1) of the Income-tax Act and the Tribunal accordingly referred the following question of law to the High Court:-"Whether the sum of O. S. Rs. 2,19,343 received by the assessee Firm from Vazir Sultan Tobacco Co., Ltd., is a revenue receipt or a capital receipt?"7. The High Court answered the question in favour of the assessee stating the question in a different form, viz.,"Whether the sum of O. S. Rs. 2,19,343 received by the assessee firm from Vazir Sultan Tobacco Co., Ltd., is liable to be taxed under the Indian Income-tax Act?"8. The appellant thereafter applied to the High Court for a certificate of fitness which was granted by the High Court on February 21, 1955, and hence this appeal,9. The question that falls to be determined is whether the sum which was in express terms of the resolution mentioned by way of "compensation" for the loss of the agency was a revenue receipt (trading receipt or an income receipt) as contended by the Revenue or a capital receipt as contended by the assessee.10. It was urged on behalf of the appellant that the sole selling agency which was granted by the Company to the assessee in the year 1931 was merely expanded as regards territory in 1939 and what was done in 1951 was to revert to the old arrangement, and the structure or the profit making apparatus of the assessors business was not affected thereby. The expansion as well as the restriction of the assessees territory were in the ordinary course of the assessees business and were mere accidents of the business which the assessee carried on and the sum of Rs. 2,19,343 received by the assessee as and by way of compensation for the restriction of the territory was a trading or an income receipt and was therefore liable to tax.11. It was, on the other hand, contended on behalf of the assessee that it did not carry on business of acquiring and working agencies, that the agency acquired in 1931 was a capital asset of the assessees business of distributing Charminar cigarettes in the Hyderabad State, that the expansion of territory outside the Hyderabad State in 1939 was an accretion to the capital asset already acquired by the assessee, that the resolution of 1950 was in substance a termination or cancellation of the agency qua territory outside the Hyderabad State and resulted in the sterilisation of the capital asset quo that territory, that the sum of Rs. 2,19,343 received by the assessee in the year of account was by way of compensation for the termination or cancellation of the agency outside Hyderabad State and being therefore compensation for the sterilisation pro tanto of a capital asset of the assessees business was a capital receipt and was therefore not liable to tax,12. The question whether a particular receipt is a revenue receipt or a capital receipt or a particular expenditure is a capital expenditure or a revenue expenditure is beset with considerable difficulty and one finds the Revenue and the assessee ranged on different sides taking up alternate contentions as it suits their purposes. As was observed by Lord Macmillan in Van Den Berghs, Limited v. Clark, (1935) 19 Tax Cas 390 at p. 429:"The reported cases fall into two categories those in which the subject is found claiming that an item of receipt ought not to be included in computing his profits and those in which the subject is found claiming that an item of disbursement ought to be included among the admissible deductions in computing his profits. In the former case the Crown is found maintaining that the item is an item of income; in the latter, that it is a capital item. Consequently the argumentative position alternates according as it is an item of receipt or an item of disbursement that is in question, and the taxpayer and the Crown are found alternately arguing for the restriction or the expansion of the conception of income."13. The question has therefore to be dealt with irrespective of the one stand or the other which is taken by the Revenue or the assessee and the Court has got to determine what is the true character of the receipt or the expenditure.14. In the case of the Commr. of Income-tax and Excess Profits Tax, Madras v. The South India Pictures Ltd., Karaikudi, 1956 SCR 223 at p. 228: (AIR 1956 SC 492 at p. 495) this Court endorsed the following statement of Lord Macmillan in (1935) 19 Tax Cas 390:"That though in general the distinction between an income and a capital receipt was well recognized and easily applied, cases did arise where the item lay on the border line and the problem had to be solved on the particular facts of each case. No infallible criterion or test can be or has been laid down and the decided cases are only helpful in that they indicate the kind of consideration which may relevantly be borne in mind in approaching the problem. The character of the payment received may vary according to the circumstances. Thus the amount received as consideration for the sale of a plot of land may ordinarily be a capital receipt but if the business of the recipient is to buy and sell lands, it may well be his income."15. While considering the case law it is necessary to bear in mind that the Indian Income-tax Act is not in pari materia with the British Income Tax statutes, it is less elaborate in many ways, subject to fewer refinements and in arrangement and language it differs greatly from the provisions with which the courts in England have had to deal. Little help can therefore be gained by attempting to construe the Indian Income-tax Act in the light of decisions bearing upon the meaning of the Income-tax legislation in England. But on analogous provisions, fundamental concepts and general principles unaffected by the specialities of the English Income-tax statutes, English authorities may be useful guides.(Vide the observations of the Privy Council in the Commr. of Income-tax v. Shaw Wallace and Co., 59 Ind App 206 at p. 212: (AIR 1932 PC 138 at p. 140; Gopal Saran Narain Singh v. Commr. of Income-tax, 62 Ind App 207 at p. 214: (AIR 1935 PC 148 at p. 146); Commr. of Income-tax, Bombay Presidency and Aden v. Chunnilal B. Mehta, 65 Ind App 332 at p. 349: (AIR 1938 PC 232 at pp. 236-237) and Kamakshva Narain Singh v. C. I. T., Bihar and Orissa, 70 Ind App 180 at p. 188: (AIR 1948 PC 153 at p. 155)16. Before embarking upon a discussion of the principles emerging from the various decisions bearing upon this question, it is necessary to advert to an argument which was addressed to us by the learned Counsel for the appellant in connection with the Privy Council decision in 59 Ind App 206: (AIR 1932 PC 138 ). That case was relied upon by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner and the High Court as determinative of the question in favour of the assessee and it was strenuously urged before us on behalf of the Revenue that the authority of that decision was considerably shaken not only by the later Privy Council decision in 70 Ind App 180: (AIR 1943 PC 153 ) but also by a decision of this Court in Raghuvansi Mills Ltd., v. Commr. of Income-tax, Bombay City, 1953 SCR 177 : (AIR 1953 SC 4 ).17. It may be remembered that the term "income" was understood by their Lordships of the Privy Council in Shaw Wallaces Case, 59 Ind App 206: (AIR 1932 PC 138 ) to connote a periodical monetary return coming in with some sort of regularity or expected regularity from definite sources. The source may not necessarily be one which is expected to be continuously productive, but it must be one whose object is the production of a definite return excluding anything in the nature of a mere windfall. Income was thus likened pictorially to the fruit of a tree or the crop of a field ( I Bid at p. 212 (of Ind App) : (at p. 140 of AIR)). This concept of "income" was adopted and in substance repeated by the Privy Council in Gopal Saran Narain Singhs case, 62 Ind App 207 at p. 213: (AIR 1935 PC 143 at p. 145) though Lord Russell of Killowen pronouncing the opinion of the Privy Council pithily remarked that anything which can properly be described as income is taxable under the Act unless properly exempted. The case of Kamakshya Narain Singh, 70 Ind App 180: (AIR 1948 PC 158) struck a discordant note and Lord Wright delivering the opinion of the Board observed at p. 192 (of Ind App): (at p. 157 of AIR) that it was not in their Lordships opinion correct to regard as an essential element in any of these or like definitions a reference to the analogy of fruit or increase or sowing or reaping or periodical harvests and that such picturesque similies cannot be used to limit the true character of income in general. Lord Wright further observed at p. 194 (of Ind App): (at p. 158 of AIR):"Its applicability may in particular cases differ because the circumstances, though similar in some respects, may be different in others. Thus the profit realised on a sale of shares may be capital if the seller is an ordinary investor changing his securities, but in some instances, at any rate, it may be income if the seller of the shares is an investment or an insurance company. Income is not necessarily the recurrent return from a definite source, though it is generally of that character. Income, again, may consist of a series of separate receipts, as it generally does in the case of professional earnings. The multiplicity of forms which "income" may assume is beyond enumeration. Generally, however, the mere fact that the income flows from some capital assets, of which the simplest illustration is the purchase of an annuity for a lump sum, does not prevent it from being income, though in some analogous cases the true view may be that the payments, though spread over a period, are not income, but instalments payable at specified future dates of a purchase price." (Vide Secretary of State for India v. Scoble, 1903 AC 299.)18. This Court in Raghuvansi Mills case, 1953 SCR 177 : (AIR 1953 SC 4 ) also, observed that the definition of "income" in Shaw Wallaces Case, 59 Ind App 206: (AIR 1932 PC 138 ) as a periodical monetary return coming in with some sort of regularity or expected regularity from definite sources must be read with reference to the particular facts of that case.19. It was therefore urged on behalf of the Revenue that periodicity or recurring nature of the receipt was not a necessary ingredient of "income" nor was the existence of a material external source capable of producing a recurrent return necessary before a receipt could be treated as income chargeable to tax.20. We are not unmindful of this criticism of the definition of "income" adopted by the Privy Council in Shaw Wallace and Co.s Case, 59 Ind App 206: (AIR 1932 PC 138 ) and the concept of "income may have to be thus revised. But even granting the proposition that is contended for by the Revenue the result is no different in the present case because the head of income under which the assessee before us has been assessed to Income-tax is "business" a definite source from which the income in question sought to be assessed is alleged to have been derived and whether it is of a recurring or non-recurring nature therefore does not enter into the picture. The exemption from liability in regard to that income is claimed by the assessee, not on the ground of the applicability of S. 4(3)(vii) of the Income-tax Act but on the ground that it is not a revenue receipt but capital receipt, being compensation paid by the Company to the assessee for the termination or cancellation of the agency qua territory outside Hyderabad State, a capital asset of the assessees business.21. What then are the considerations which have to be borne in mind in determining these vexed questions? The distinction between a capital expenditure and a revenue expenditure came up for consideration before this Court in Assam Bengal Cement Co. Ltd. v. Commr. of Income-tax, West Bengal, 1955l SCR 972: ( (S) AIR 1955 SC 89 ) and this Court laid down certain criteria for the determination as to whether a particular expenditure incurred by the assessee was a capital expenditure or a revenue expenditure. We need not therefore discuss that problem any further.22. As to whether a particular receipt in the hands of an assessee is a capital receipt or a revenue receipt, we had occasion to consider the same in 1956 SCR 223: ((S) AIR 1956 SC 492 ). The assessee there carried on the business of distribution of films. In some instances the assessee used to produce or purchase films and then distribute the same for exhibition in different cinema halls and in other cases used to advance monies to producers of films produced with the help of monies so advanced. In the course of such business it advanced monies to the Jupiter Pictures for the production of these films and acquired the rights of distribution of the three films under three agreements in writing dated September 1941, July 1942 and May 1943. In the accounting year ending March 31, 1946, and in the previous years the assessee had exploited its rights of distribution of the three pictures. On October 31, 1945, the assessee and the Jupiter Pictures entered into an agreement cancelling the three agreements relating to the distribution rights in respect of the three films and in consideration of such cancellation the assessee was paid Rs. 26,000 in all by the Jupiter Pictures as compensation. It was held by the Majority of this Court that the sum received by the assessee was a revenue receipt (and not a capital receipt) assessable under the Indian Income-tax Act inasmuch as:-(1) the sum paid to the assessee was not truly, compensation for not carrying on its business but was a sum paid in the ordinary course of business to adjust the relation between the assessee and the producers of the films.(2) the agreements which were cancelled were by no means agreements on which the whole trade of the assessee had for all practical purposes been built and the payment received by the assessee was not for the loss of such a fundamental asset as was the ship managership of the assessee in Barr Crombie and Co., Lt. v. Commrs. of Inland Revenue, (1945) 26 Tax Cas 406 and(3) one could not say that the cancelled agreements constituted the framework or whole structure of the assessees profit-making apparatus in the same sense as the agreement between the two margarine dealers in (1935) 19 Tax Cas 390 was.23. The criteria laid down by the majority judgment for determining whether the particular payment received by the assessee was income or was to be regarded as a capital receipt were;(i) whether the agreements in question were entered into by the assessee in the course of carrying on its business of distribution of films, and(ii) whether the termination of the agreements in question could be said to have been brought about in the ordinary course of business;so that money received by the assessee as a result of or in connection with such termination of agreements could be regarded as having been received in the ordinary course of its business and therefore a trading receipt.24. A similar question arose in Commr. of Income-tax, Nagpur v. Jairam Valji, AIR 1959 SC 291 at p. 297: 1959-35 ITR 148 at p. 168 where this Court followed the same line of reasoning. The question there related to a sum of Rs. 2,50,000 received by the assessee as damages or compensation or the premature termination of a contract dated May 9, 1940. The High Court on a reference under S. 66(1) of the Income-tax Act had held that the sum was a capital receipt in the hands of the assessee, and as such not liable to be taxed. It was contended on behalf of the Revenue that the contract dated May 9, 1940, was one entered into by the assessee in the ordinary course of his business, that the sum of Rs. 2,50,000 was paid admittedly as solotium for the cancellation of that contract, and that it was therefore a revenue receipt. The assessee on the other hand contended that the contract dated May 9, 1940, was for a period of 25 years of which more than 23 years had still to run at the time of the settlement, and it was therefore capital in character. Moreover, the true character of the agreement was that it brought into existence an arrangement which would enable him to carry on a business and was not itself any business and any payment made for the termination of such an agreement was a capital receipt.25. This Court on the facts and circumstances of the case came to the conclusion that the contract in question was entered into by the assessee in the ordinary course of business and was one entered into in the carrying on of that business. The arrangement ultimately entered into between the parties in regard to the payment of the said sum of Rs. 2,50,000 was accordingly treated as an adjustment made in the ordinary course of business and the receipt was therefore held to be an amount paid as solatium for the cancellation of a contract entered into by a person in the ordinary course of business.26. In the course of the discussion reference was made to agency agreements and this Court observed:-"In an agency contract, the actual business consists in the dealings between the principal and his customers, and the work of the agent is only to bring about that business. In other words, what he does is not the business itself but something which is intimately and directly linked up with it. It is therefore possible to view the agency as the apparatus which leads to business rather than as the business itself on the analogy of the agreements in (1935) 19 Tax Cas 390. Considered in this light, the agency right can be held to be of the nature of a capital asset invested in business. But this cannot be said of a contract entered into in the ordinary course of business. Such a contract is part of the business itself, not anything outside it as is the agency, and any receipt on account of such a contract can only be a trading receipt."27. This Court further emphasised the distinction between an agency agreement and a contract made in the usual course of business and pointed out that the agreement could in any event be regarded as a capital asset of the agent which would be saleable. Such a concept would certainly be out of place with reference to a contract entered into in the course of business and any payment made for the non-performance or cancellation of such a contract could only be damages or compensation and could not, in law or fact, be regarded as an assignment of the rights under the contract. Once it was found that the contract was entered into in the ordinary course of business, any compensation received for its termination would be a revenue receipt, irrespective of whether its performance was to consist of a single act or a series of acts spread over a period.28. While thus indicating that an agency could be treated as a capital asset of the business this Court guarded itself against its being understood as deciding that the compensation paid for cancellation of an agency contract must always and as a matter of law be held to be a capital receipt and it made the following pertinent observations:"Such a conclusion will be directly opposed to the decision in Kelsall Parsons and Co. v. Commrs. of Inland Revenue, (1938) 21 Tax Cas 608 and 1956 SCR 223: ( (S) AIR 1956 SC 492 ). The fact is that an agency contract which has the character of a capital asset in the hands of one person may assume the character of a trading receipt in the hands of another, as for example, when the agent is found, to make a trade of acquiring agencies and dealing with them. The principle was thus stated by Romer, L. J. in Golden Horse Shoe (New) Ltd. v. Thurgood (1934) 18 Tax Cas 280 at p. 300."The determining factor must be the nature of the trade in which the asset is employed. The land upon which a manufacturer carries on his business is part of his fixed capital. The land with which a dealer in real estate carries on his business is part of his circulating capital. The machinery with which a manufacturer makes the articles that he sells is part of his fixed capital. The machinery that a dealer in machinery buys and sells is part of his circulating capital, as is the coal that a coal merchant buys and sells in the course of his trade. So, too, is the coal that a manufacturer of gas buys and from which he extracts his gas. Therefore, when a question arises whether a payment of compensation for termination of an agency is a capital or a revenue receipt, it would have to be considered whether the agency was in the nature of capital asset in the hands of the assessee, or whether it was only part of his stock-in-trade. Thus in (1945) 26 Tax Cas 406, the agency was found to be practically the sole business of the assessee, and the receipt of compensation on account of it was accordingly held to be a capital receipt, while in Kelsalls case, (1938) 21 Tax Cas 608, the agency which was terminated was one of several agencies held by the assessee and the compensation amount received therefor was held to be a revenue receipt, and that was also the case in 1956 SCR 223: ( (S) AIR 1956 SC 492 )."29. We may in this context also note the further observations made by this Court:-"But apart from these and similar instances, it might, in general, be stated that payments made in settlement of rights under a trading contract are trading receipts and are assessable to revenue. But where a person who is carrying on business is prevented from doing so by an external authority in the exercise of a paramount power and is awarded compensation therefor, whether that receipt is a capital receipt or a revenue receipt will depend upon whether it is compensation for injury inflicted on a capital asset or on a stock-in-trade. The decision in the Glenboig Union Fireclay Co., Ltd. v. The Commrs. of Inland Revenue, (1927) 12 Tax Cas 427, applies to this category of cases. There, the assessee was carrying on business in the manufacture of fireclay goods and had, for the performance of that business, acquired a fire clay field on lease. The Caledonian Railway which passed over the field prohibited the assessee from excavating the field within a certain distance of the rails, and paid compensation therefor in accordance with the provisions of a statute. It was held by the House of Lords that this was a capital receipt and was not taxable on the ground that the compensation was really the price paid "for sterilising the asset from which otherwise profit might have been obtained." That is to say, the fire clay field was a capital asset which was to be utilised for the carrying on of the business of manufacturing fire clay goods and when the assessee was prohibited from exploiting the field, it was an injury inflicted on his capital asset. Where, however, the compensation is referable to injury inflicted on the stock-in-trade, it would be a revenue receipt. (Vide the Commr. of Inland Revenue v. Newcastle Breweries Ltd., (1927) 12 Tax Cas 927."30. It is no doubt true that this Court was not concerned with any agency agreement in the last mentioned case and the observations made by this Court there were by way of obiter dicta.The obiter dicta of this Court, however, are entitled to considerable weight and we on our part fully endorse the same.The earlier case of 1956 SCR 223: ( (S) AIR 1956 SC 492 was indeed a case where the assessee had entered into agency agreements for the exploitation of the three films in question, but in that case the conclusion was reached that entering into such agency agreements for acquiring the films was a part of the assessees business and the agreements in question having been entered into by the assessee in the ordinary course of business the cancellation of those agreements was also a part of the assessees business and was resorted to in order to adjust the relation between the assessee and the producer of those films.31. It would not be profitable to review the various English decisions bearing on this question as they have been exhaustively reviewed in the above decisions of this Court. The position as it emerges on a consideration of these authorities may now be summarised.The first question to consider would be whether the agency agreement in question for cancellation of which the payment was received by the assessee was a capital asset of the assessees business, constituted its profit-making apparatus and was in the nature of its fixed capital or was a trading asset or circulating capital or stock-in-trade of his business. If it was the former the payment received would be undoubtedly a capital receipt; if, however, the same was entered into by the assessee in the ordinary course of business and for the purpose of carrying on that business, it would fall into the latter category and the compensation or payment received for its cancellation would merely be an adjustment made in the ordinary course of business of the relation between the parties and would constitute a trading or a revenue receipt and not a capital receipt.32. We may perhaps appropriately refer at this stage to an aspect of this question which was canvassed before us with some force andit was that there was no enforceable agreement as between the assessee and the Company which could be made the subject-matter of a legal claim for damages or compensation at his instance in the event of its termination or cancellation by the Company.The agency agreement was terminable at the will of the Company and if the Company chose to do so the assessee had no remedy at law in regard to the same.It is however, to be remembered that in all these cases one has really got to look to the nature of the receipt in the hands of the assessee irrespective of any consideration as to what was actuating the mind of the other party.As Rowlatt J. observed in the case of Chibbett v. Joseph Robinson and Sons, (1924) 9 Tax Cas 48 at p. 60."As Sir Richard Henn Collins said, you must not look at the point of view of the person who pays and see whether he is compellable to pay or not; you have to look at the point of view of the person who receives, to see whether he receives it in respect of his services, if it is a question of an office and in respect of his trade, if it is a question of trade, and so on. You have to look at his point of view to see whether he receives it in respect of those considerations. This is perfectly true. But when you look at that question from what is described as the point of view of the recipient, that sends you back again, looking, for that purpose, to the point of view of the payer; not from the point of view of compellability or liability, but from the point of view of a person inquiring what is this payment for; and you have to see whether the maker of the payment makes it for the services and the receiver receives it for the services".The learned Judge further observed at p. 61:-"But at any rate it does seem to me that compensation for loss of an employment which need not continue, but which was likely to continue, is not an annual profit within the scope of the Income-tax at all." (See also W. A. Cuff v. Commr. of Income-tax, Bombay City, (1957) 31 ITR 826 : (AIR 1958 Bom 212 ), where the question whether the amount paid was compensation for which the employer was liable or was a payment made ex-gratia was considered immaterial for the purpose of the decision in that case).33. It was also urged that the agency in question before us was not an enduring asset of the assessees business as in its very nature it was terminable at will, there being no agreement or arrangement for a fixed term between the assessee and the Company. On the analogy of the test laid down by this Court in 1955-1 SCR 972 : ( (S) AIR 1955 SC 89 ) while considering the distinction between a capital expenditure and a revenue expenditure, it was argued that the agency agreement in question could not be a capital asset of the assessees business in so far as it was not of an enduring character and the compensation paid for its termination could not therefore be a capital receipt in the hands of the assessee. Whatever be the position, however, in the case of the acquisition of an asset by the assessee by making a disbursement for the purchase of the same, similar considerations would not necessarily operate when the amount is received by the assessee for the termination or cancellation of an asset of his business.The character of such receipt would indeed have to be determined having regard to the fact whether the asset in question was a capital asset of the business or a trading asset thereof. For this purpose it will be immaterial whether that asset was of an enduring character or was one which was terminable at will.34. We have therefore got to determine whether the agency in question before us was a capital asset of the assessees business.One of the relevant considerations in the matter of such determination has been whether the assset was in the nature of fixed capital or constituted the circulating capital or stock-in- trade of the assessees business.This question was thus dealt with by Viscount Haldane in John Smith and Sons v. Moore, (1921) 12 Tax Cas 266 at p. 282.But what was the nature of what the Appellant here had to deal with? He had bought as part of the capital of the business his fathers contracts. These enabled him to purchase coal from the colliery owners at what we were told was a very advantageous price, about fourteen shillings per ton. He was able to buy at this price because the right to do so was part of the assets of the business. Was it circulating capital? My Lords, it is not necessary to draw an exact line of demarcation between fixed and circulating capital. Since Adam Smith drew the distinction in the Second Book of his "Wealth of Nations", which appears in the chapter on the Division of Stock, a distinction which has since become classical, economists have never been able to define much more precisely what the line of demarcation is. Adam Smith described fixed capital as what the owner turns to profit by keeping it in his own possession, circulating capital as what he makes profit of by parting with it and letting it change masters. The latter capital circulates in this sense. My Lords, in the case before us the Appellant, of course, made profit with circulating capital, by buying coal under the contracts he had acquired from his fathers estate at the stipulate price of fourteen shillings and reselling it for more, but he was able to do this simply because he had acquired, among other assets of his business, including the goodwill, the contracts in question. It was not by selling these contracts, of limited duration though they were, it was not by parting with them to other masters, but by retaining them, that he was able to employ his circulating capital in buying under them. I am accordingly of opinion that though they may have been of short duration, they were none the less part of his fixed capital.35. In the case before us the agency agreement in respect of territory outside the Hyderabad State was as much an asset of the assessees business as the agency agreement within the Hyderabad State and though Ex-pansion of the territory of the agency in 1939 and the restriction thereof in 1950 could very well be treated as grant of additional territory in 1939 and the withdrawal thereof in 1950, both these agency agreements constituted but one employment of the assessee at the sole selling agents of the Company. There is nothing on the record to show that the acquisition of such agencies constituted the assessees business or that these agency agreements were entered into by the assessee in the carrying on of any such business.The agency agreements in fact formed a capital asset of the assessees business worked or exploited by the assessee by entering into contracts for the sale of the "charminar" cigarettes manufactured by the Company to the various customer and dealers in the respective territories. This asset really formed part of the fixed capital of the assessees business. It did not constitute the business of the assessee but was the means by which the assessee entered into the business transactions by way of distributing those cigarettes within the respective territories. It really formed the profit-making apparatus of the assessees business of distribution of the cigarettes manufactured by the Company. If it was thus neither circulating capital nor stock-in-trade of the business carried on by the assessee it could certainly not be anything but a capital asset of its business and any payment made by the Company as and by way of compensation for terminating or cancelling the same would only be a capital receipt in the hands of the assessee.36. It would not make the slightest difference for this purpose whether either one or both of the agency agreements were terminated or cancelled by the Company.The position would be the same in either event. As was observed by Lord Wrenbury in (1927) 12 Tax Cas 427 at p. 465:"The matter may be regarded from another point of view; the right to work the area in which the working was to be abandoned was part of the capital asset consisting of the right to work the whole area demised. Had the abandonment extended to the whole area all subsequent profit by working would, of course have been impossible but it would be impossible to contend that the compensation would be other than capital. It was the price paid for sterilising the asset from which otherwise profit might have been obtained. What is true of the whole must be equally true of part."37. If both the agency agreements viz. one for the territory within the Hyderabad State and the other for the territory outside Hyderabad State had been terminated or cancelled on payment of compensation, the whole profit-making structure of the assessees business would have been destroyed. Even if one of these agency agreements was thus terminated, it would result in the destruction of the profit-making apparatus or sterilisation of the capital asset pro tanto, and if in the former case the receipt in the hands of the assessee would only be a capital receipt, equally would it be a capital receipt it compensation was obtained by the assessee for the termination or cancellation of one of these agency agreements which formed a capital asset of the assessees business.38. The facts of the present case are closely similar to those which obtained in 59 Ind App 206: (AIR 1932 PC 138 ). In that case also the assessees had for a number of years prior to 1928 acted as distributing agents in India of the Burma Oil Company and the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, but had no formal agreement with either Company. In or about the year 1927 the two companies combined and decided to make other arrangements for the distribution of their products. The assessees agency of the Burma Company was accordingly terminated on December 31, 1927, and that of the Anglo-Persian Company on June 30, following. Some time in the early part of 1928 the Burma Company paid to the assessee a sum of Rs. 12,00,000 "as full compensation for cessation of the agency" and in August of the same year the Anglo-Persian Company paid them another sum of Rs. 3,25,000 as "compensation for the loss of your office as agents to the company". On the facts and circumstances of the case the Privy Council came to the conclusion that the sums could only be taxable if they were the produce, or the result of, carrying on the agencies of the oil companies in the year in which they were receive by the assessees. But when once it was admitted that they were sums received, not for carrying on that business, but as some sort of solatium for its compulsory cessation, the answer seemed fairly plain.Whatever be the criticism in regard to the concept of income adopted in this case noted earlier in this judgment, the decision could just as well be supported on the grounds which we have hereinbefore discussed and was quite correct, the payments having been received by the assessees as and by way of compensation for the termination or cancellation of the agency agreements in question which were in fact the capital assets of the assessees business.39. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner as well as the High Court were thus justified in the conclusion to which they came, viz., that the sum of Rs. 2,19, 343 received by the assessee from the Company was a capital receipt.40. The result, therefore, is that the appeal fails and will stand dismissed with costs throughout.Kapur, J.:41. I have had the advantage of perusing the judgment prepared by my learned brother Bhagwati J., but with great respect I am unable to agree and my reasons are these.42. The sole question for determination in this case is as to whether a sum of Rs. 2,26,263 received by the assessees from Vazir Sultan Tobacco Co. Ltd., as compensation for the termination of their agency for the distribution of charminar cigarettes in areas of India other than Hyderabad State is or is not taxable in the hands of the assessees. The answer to this question depends on whether the amount has been received by the assessees as a capital or a revenue receipt. In 1931 the assessees were appointed distributing agents for Hyderabad State only and for the rest of India in 1939, the agency commission in each case being a discount of 2 per cent on the gross selling price. The agency of 1939 was terminated by a resolution dated June 16, 1950 on payment of the compensation amount already mentioned but the assessees continued to be distributors for Hyderabad State. It must here be mentioned that the agency in question was terminable at will, an that any compensation paid for it would prima facie be revenue.43. During the accounting year the amount of income, profits and gains of the assessees from the cigarette distribution business and from another source i. e., Acid Factory within the State of Hyderabad was Rs. 4,53, 159. The order of the Income-tax Officer or the Appellate Tribunal does not show how much of this sum was attributable to the Cigarette distribution business and how much to the other source. There is no finding as to how and to what extent, if any, the business of the assessees was affected by the cesser of distribution business outside that State.44. The question now arises did the assessees receive the compensation in lieu of the commission they otherwise might or would have earned if the agreement had continued or did they receive it as compensation for the destruction of a profit making asset. The answer to this question would again be dependent upon whether the receipt in question is attributable to a fixed capital asset or to circulating capital. These two terms have been used in a number of cases but as applied to agencies compensation will be a capital receipt if it is received as the value of the agency i.e. it is a price of the business as if it is brought to sale. On the other hand it is revenue receipt if it is paid in lieu of profits or commission. In (1935) 19 Tax Cas 390, Lord Macmillan described circulating capital as "capital which is turned over and in the process of being turned over yields profit or loss. Fixed capital is not involved directly in that process and remains uneffected by it." As was said by Lord Macmillan in the same case, it is not possible to lay down any single test as infallible or any single criterion as decisive in the determination of the question. Ultimately it must depend upon the facts of a particular case.45. The assessees rested their case on the decision of the Privy Council in 59 Ind App 206: (AIR 1932 PC 138 ) on which the High Court has mainly relied. In that case the assessees carried on business in India as merchants and agents for various companies. They were distributing agents for two oil companies. These two agencies were terminated and a sum of Rs. 12,00,000 was paid as compensation for the loss of these agency rights and the question was whether this was a capital payment. It was held to be a capital and not a revenue receipt because the sum received was not the result of carrying on the agencies of the oil companies, in other words, it could not be regarded as profits or gains from carrying on the business but was received in the nature of a solatium for cessation. The case was decided on the interpretation of the word business as defined in S. 2(4) of the Income-tax Act, under which it "includes any trade, commerce or manufacture, or any adventure or concern in the nature of trade, commerce or manufacture. These words, it was held, were wide but underlying each of them is the fundamental idea of the continuous exercise of an activity which was also the idea underlying the relevant words of S. 10(1) of the Act, in respect of the profits or gains of any business carried on by him" i.e., it is to be the profit earned by a process of production. The test of income was its periodicity because it connotes a periodical monetary return. This test of periodicity was not accepted by the Privy Council itself in Kamakshya Narain Singhs case, 70 Ind App 180: (AIR 1943 PC 153 ). Lord Wright there said "income is not necessarily the recurrent return from a definite source, though it is generally so". The test of periodicity was rejected by this Court in 1953 SCR 177 at p. 183: (AIR 1953 SC 4 at p. 6) where Bose J., said that the remarks of periodical monetary return must be confined to the facts of that case and it was held that money received from an insurance company for insurance against losses was income representing loss of profits as opposed to loss of capital. In a later case 1956 SCR 223 at p. 232: ( (S) AIR 1956 SC 492 at p. 496), it was said that if Shaw Wallace and Co. had other agencies similar to those of the two oil companies it would be difficult to reconcile the decision in that case with the later decisions in (1938) 21 Tax Cas 608 and other cases (Per Das C. J.). In view of the decision in the South India Pictures case and the observations of Bose J., in the case of 1953 SCR 177 : (AIR 1953 SC 4 ) the authority of Shaw Wallace and Co.s case, 59 Ind App 206: (AIR 1932 PC 138 ) must be taken to be considerably shaken. We have then to see how the question has to be determined.46. Various tests have been laid down in decided cases. According to Lord Cave L. C. an expenditure made not only once and for all but with a view to bringing into existence an asset or an advantage or the enduring benefit of a trade has been treated as properly attributable to capital and not to revenue. (British Insulated and Helsby Cables Ltd. v. Atherton, 1926 AC 205 at pp. 213, 222). According to Lord Atkinson the word "asset" need not be confined to "something material" and Romer L. J. has added that the advantage paid for need not be "of a positive character" and may consist in the getting rid of an item of fixed capital that is of an onerous character. (Anglo-Persian Oil Co. v. Dale, 1932-1 KB 124 at p. 146). If the receipt represents the aggregate of profits which an assessee would otherwise have received over a series of years the lump sum might be regarded as of the same nature as the ingredients of which it was composed ( (1935) 19 Tax Cas 390 at p. 431) but it is not necessarily in itself an item of income (per Lord Buckmaster in (1927) 12 Tax Cas 427 at p. 464).47. In Van Den Berghs case, (1935) 19 Tax Cas 390 there were three agreements between a British and a Dutch company operative till 1940 making it possible for them to carry on their business in friendly alliance and providing for the sharing of profits in certain proportions. The agreements were teminated in 1927 and the Dutch company paid the English company a sum of ?450,000 as compensation. The question was the character of the receipt-whether capital or revenue. It was held by the House of Lords that it was the former because the agreements were not "ordinary commercial, contracts in the course of carrying on their trade; they were not contracts for the disposal of their employees or for the engagement of agents or other employees for the conduct of their business nor were they merely agreements as to how their trading profits when earned should be distributed as between the contracting parties. On the contrary the agreements related to the whole structure of the recipients profit making apparatus. They regulated its activities, defined what it might or it might not do and affected the whole conduct of its business."According to Lord Macmillan if the agreements formed the fixed framework within which the circulating capital operated, then they are not incidental to the working of its profit-making machine but were essential parts of the mechanism itself and therefore they would result in a capital receipt and not revenue receipt. Thus the agreements were designed to ensure that the business was carried on to the best advantage but they did not themselves form part of the business. They were not agreements which must be regarded as pertinent to trading activities which yielded profits. As such the totality of payments on account of those agreements were held to be a capital receipt.48. The various decided cases demarcate the areas on the two sides of the line in which a receipt may lie and in every case it has to be determined as to whether it falls on one side or the other. The simplest case is of income from property or business as distinct from something received in lieu of property or business itself. One illustration of this is insurance against fire, destruction or damage and insurance against loss of profit, the former would bring in compensation in the nature of a capital. Another instance is where the whole business is bought over and the receipt is the price of the business itself as opposed to a lump sum payment for the loss of profit calculated on a proper basis. The test of income i.e. periodicity or recurrence at fixed intervals as been doubted in this Court. Raghuvanshi Mills, 1953 SCR 177 : (AIR 1953 SC 4 ).49. Another test is afforded by cases of tangible immoveable property. If an owner of such property is paid compensation for not working a part of his property e.g. a part of the demised premises the compensation is not profit because it is payment for sterilising that part of the asset from which otherwise profit might have been obtained. (Glenboig Union Fireclay case, (1927) 12 Tax Cas 427 at p. 464). There is no difference in cases of this kind whether the abandonment extends to the whole area or is circumscribed to a part because in either case it is sterilising an asset from which otherwise profit might have been obtained."It makes no difference whether it may be regarded as a sale of the asset out and out or it be treated merely as a means of preventing the acquisition of profit that would otherwise be gained. In either case the asset of the company to that extent has been sterilised or destroyed."50. Another test is whether the agreement related to the whole structure of recipients profit-making apparatus and affected the whole conduct of his business or was the loss of a part of the fixed framework of the business. If it is, it is capital (Van Den Berghs case, (1935) 19 Tax Cas 390). But compensation for temporary and variable elements of the recipients profit-making apparatus would be revenue (Inland Revenue Commrs. v. MacDonald, (1955) 36 Tax Cas 388). If the agreement affects the whole structure and character of the recipients business then it is capital but not if the structure of the business is so designed as to absorb the shocks as by the cancellation of one agency (Kelsall Parsons case, (1938) 21 Tax Cas 608). In Bush Beach and Gent Ltd. v. Road, (1939) 22 Tax Cas 519, again the test of how the cancellation of the agreement affected the recipients business was applied. (1945) 26 Tax Cas 406 is a case of capital asset as there the recipient lost his entire business which resulted in reduction of staff, salaries and even in office accommodation. The result was the cesser of its trading existence. The transaction took the form of a transfer for a price from one party to another of something that formed part of the enduring asset of one of them.Compensation for the loss of an agency would be for the loss of a capital asset if the termination of the agency was a damage to the recipients business structure such as to destroy or materially cripple the whole structure involving serious dislocation of the normal commercial organisation but if it was merely compensation for the loss of trading profit i.e. in respect of commissions or it took the place of commission that would have been earned if the engagement had continued then it is revenue. (Wiseburgh v. Domville, (1956) 36 Tax Cas 527). So that the decision as to whether compensation was capital or revenue would depend upon whether the cessation of the agency destroys or materially cripples the whole structure of the recipients profit making apparatus or whether the loss is of the whole or part of the framework of business.51. If we apply these tests to the agreement which has been terminated in the present case, it does not fall in any of the class of cases of destruction of a capital asset.52. For the appellant reliance was placed on the observations of Venkatarama Aiyar J., in 1959-35 ITR 148 at pp. 161, 163: (AIR 1959 SC 291 at pp. 297, 298) where it was pointed out that in an agency contract the actual business consists in the dealings between the principal and his customers and the work of the agent is only to bring about that business. In other words what the agent does is not business itself but something which is intimately and directly linked with it. But an examination of the context shows that that is not what these observations mean. The point that was to be decided in that case was whether a payment of compensation for the cancellation of a trading contract was a capital or revenue receipt, and dealing with decisions relating to the cancellation of agency contracts which were quoted in support of the contention that they were capital, the learned Judges observed that considerations applicable to agency contracts were inapplicable to trading contracts, because the two classes of contracts were essentially different, and these differences were there pointed out. The purpose of these observations was to show that receipts from trading contracts were revenue and not that receipts from agency contracts are capital. That that is the true scope of these observations is clear from the following passage:"In holding that compensation paid on the cancellation of a trading contract differs in character from compensation paid for cancellation of an agency contract, we should not be understood as deciding that the latter must always, and as a matter of law be held to be a capital receipt. Such a conclusion will be directly opposed to the decisions in Kelsalls case, (1938) 21 Tax Cas 608 and 1956 SCR 223: ( (S) AIR 1956 SC 492 ) The fact is that an agency contract which as the character of a capital asset in the hands of one person may assume the character of a trading receipt in the hands of another, as, for example, when the agent is found to make a trade of acquiring agencies and dealing with them."The Court there observed that when the assessee holds a number of agencies, the compensation paid for cancellation of any of them could be regarded as revenue receipt. This is inconsistent with the conclusion that an agency contract must always be regarded as a capital asset. The learned Judges further observed that they were not elaborating this part as they were there concerned with a trading contract and therefore the statement as to when receipts from agency contracts could be regarded as revenue receipts cannot be read as exhausting the circumstances under which they could be held to be revenue.53. As a matter of fact there are three kinds of cases of agencies shown by the decided cases: (1) Kelsall Parsons case (1938) 21 Tax Cas 608 where the recipient was carrying on several agencies and the test laid down was whether the business structure could absorb a shock of the termination of one. (2) The other is where the compensation is for a temporary and variable element of assessees profit making apparatus; MacDonalds case (1955) 36 Tax Cas 388. The third class of cases is represented by Inland Revenue Commrs. v. Fleming and Co. (Machinery), (1951) 33 Tax Cas 57 where the rights and advantages surrendered were such as to destroy or materially cripple the whole structure of the profit making apparatus.54. The agencies themselves are of different kinds: (1) where the agent himself carries on the business and sells the product of the principal and gets commission for it; (2) where the agents function is confined to bringing the principal and the customer together and he gets agency commission for the performance of only that service; (3) where the agent is a distributor and distributes the products of the principal through his subagents and charges commission for the distribution work. Cases (1) and (3) would not strictly fall within the scope of the observations in 1959-35 ITR 148 : (AIR 1959 SC 291 ) and case (2) would fall within the second class of agreements mentioned in Van Den Berghs case, (1935) 19 Tax Cas 390.55. The agreement which is now before us and which was surrendered was terminable at will. The amount of profit which the assessee made from working the agency contract in Hyderabad State alone was much more than the amount which the assessee received for the termination of the whole of their agency outside the State. Thus it is clear that the termination did not affect the trading activities of the assessees and therefore the termination of the contract viewed against the background of the assessees business organisation and profit-making structure appears to be no more than compensation for the loss of future profit and commission. The true effect of the facts of this case appears to be this that in 1939 the assessees area of distribution was increased from the State of Hyderabad to the whole of India and in 1950 it was again reduced to the original area of 1931. The assessees never lost their agency. As a result of this contraction of area they at the most have lost some agency commission. The compensation therefore was in the nature of surrogatum and in this view of the matter it is revenue and not capital.56. I would therefore allow this appeal with costs throughout.

Decision reasoning: 0[ds]35. In the case before us the agency agreement in respect of territory outside the Hyderabad State was as much an asset of the assessees business as the agency agreement within the Hyderabad State and though Ex-pansion of the territory of the agency in 1939 and the restriction thereof in 1950 could very well be treated as grant of additional territory in 1939 and the withdrawal thereof in 1950, both these agency agreements constituted but one employment of the assessee at the sole selling agents of the Company. There is nothing on the record to show that the acquisition of such agencies constituted the assessees business or that these agency agreements were entered into by the assessee in the carrying on of any such business.The agency agreements in fact formed a capital asset of the assessees business worked or exploited by the assessee by entering into contracts for the sale of the "charminar" cigarettes manufactured by the Company to the various customer and dealers in the respective territories. This asset really formed part of the fixed capital of the assessees business. It did not constitute the business of the assessee but was the means by which the assessee entered into the business transactions by way of distributing those cigarettes within the respective territories. It really formed the profit-making apparatus of the assessees business of distribution of the cigarettes manufactured by the Company. If it was thus neither circulating capital nor stock-in-trade of the business carried on by the assessee it could certainly not be anything but a capital asset of its business and any payment made by the Company as and by way of compensation for terminating or cancelling the same would only be a capital receipt in the hands of the assessee.36. It would not make the slightest difference for this purpose whether either one or both of the agency agreements were terminated or cancelled by the Company.The position would be the same in either event. As was observed by Lord Wrenbury in (1927) 12 Tax Cas 427 at p.matter may be regarded from another point of view; the right to work the area in which the working was to be abandoned was part of the capital asset consisting of the right to work the whole area demised. Had the abandonment extended to the whole area all subsequent profit by working would, of course have been impossible but it would be impossible to contend that the compensation would be other than capital. It was the price paid for sterilising the asset from which otherwise profit might have been obtained. What is true of the whole must be equally true of part.If both the agency agreements viz. one for the territory within the Hyderabad State and the other for the territory outside Hyderabad State had been terminated or cancelled on payment of compensation, the whole profit-making structure of the assessees business would have been destroyed. Even if one of these agency agreements was thus terminated, it would result in the destruction of the profit-making apparatus or sterilisation of the capital asset pro tanto, and if in the former case the receipt in the hands of the assessee would only be a capital receipt, equally would it be a capital receipt it compensation was obtained by the assessee for the termination or cancellation of one of these agency agreements which formed a capital asset of the assessees business.The facts of the present case are closely similar to those which obtained in 59 Ind App 206: (AIR 1932 PC 138  ). In that case also the assessees had for a number of years prior to 1928 acted as distributing agents in India of the Burma Oil Company and the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, but had no formal agreement with either Company. In or about the year 1927 the two companies combined and decided to make other arrangements for the distribution of their products. The assessees agency of the Burma Company was accordingly terminated on December 31, 1927, and that of the Anglo-Persian Company on June 30, following. Some time in the early part of 1928 the Burma Company paid to the assessee a sum of Rs. 12,00,000 "as full compensation for cessation of the agency" and in August of the same year the Anglo-Persian Company paid them another sum of Rs. 3,25,000 as "compensation for the loss of your office as agents to the company". On the facts and circumstances of the case the Privy Council came to the conclusion that the sums could only be taxable if they were the produce, or the result of, carrying on the agencies of the oil companies in the year in which they were receive by the assessees. But when once it was admitted that they were sums received, not for carrying on that business, but as some sort of solatium for its compulsory cessation, the answer seemed fairly plain.Whatever be the criticism in regard to the concept of income adopted in this case noted earlier in this judgment, the decision could just as well be supported on the grounds which we have hereinbefore discussed and was quite correct, the payments having been received by the assessees as and by way of compensation for the termination or cancellation of the agency agreements in question which were in fact the capital assets of the assessees business.