Case: M/s Aravali Power Co Pvt Ltd Vs. Vedprakash and Another

Dr Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud, J 1. Permission to file the civil appeal is granted. 2. This batch of connected appeals has arisen from the judgments of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) pertaining to the utilization and disposal of fly ash by thermal power plants. Among the orders of the NGT are orders dated 24 October 2019, 22 November 2019, 12 February 2020, 21 August 2020, 16 September 2020 (rejecting a review of the order dated 21 August 2020) and 28 September 2020 (rejecting a review of the order dated 12 February 2020). A tabulated chart indicating the civil appeals and the corresponding orders of the NGT is set out below: Case Particulars Particulars of impugned order Gist of the impugned order CA No 1692- 1693/2020 Order dated 24.10.2019 passed by NGT in OA No 834/2018 Order dated 22.11.2019 passed by NGT in MA No 231/2019 in OA No. 834/2018 The matter pertained to the issue of the handling of accumulated fly-ash at the units of M/s NTPC Aravali Power Co. (P) Ltd. and M/s Jhajjar Power Ltd. (CLP India) in District Jhajjar, Haryana. The NGT directed that the evacuation of the fly-ash stored in the ash ponds of M/s. Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project, Jhajjar, Haryana, was to be completed by 31.12.2020. Haryana Pollution Control Board was directed to ensure compliance. It was further directed to take the Performance Guarantee of Rs. 50 Lakhs to ensure compliance. Since Aravali Power Co. was not a party in the proceedings before the NGT, the MA was filed by Aravali Power Co. Pvt. Ltd. for impleadment and modification was dismissed. CA No 3236/2020 Order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA No 102/2014. The issue pertained to the management of fly-ash generated by Thermal Power Plants. The TPPs to take prompt steps for scientific disposal of fly-ash in accordance with the statutory notification issued by the MoEF & CC under the provision of Environmental Protection of Act, requiring 100% utilization and disposal of flyash [based on the Notification dated 27.01.2016 and its predecessor Notifications]. For the non-compliant TPPs, environmental compensation needs to be determined w.e.f. the cut-off date, i.e., 31.12.2017, as stipulated in the Notification dated 27.01.2016. CPCB may accordingly compute and levy Environmental Compensation in accordance with the formula prescribed in the impugned order and submit the compliance report to the NGT. CA No 3171- 3172/2020 Common order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA Nos 102/2014 & 117/2014. Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA No 3231/2020 Order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA No 102/2014. Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA No 3229- 3230/2020 Common order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA Nos 102/2014 & 117/2014. Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA No 2947/2020 Order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA No 102/2014. Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA No 3235/2020 Order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA No 102/2014 Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA No 3237/2020 Order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA No 102/2014. Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA No 3398/2020 Order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA No 117/2014 Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA No 2838/2020 Order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA No 102/2014. Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA No 3040/2020 Order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA No 102/2014 Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA No 2713/2020 Order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA No 102/2014. Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA No 2760/2020 Order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA No 102/2014. Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA No 2803/2020 Order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA No 102/2014. Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA No 3232- 3233/2020 Common order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA Nos 102/2014 & 117/2014 Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA No 2946/2020 Order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA No 102/2014. Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA No 3038- 3039/2020 Common order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA Nos 102/2014 & 117/2014. Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA No 3234/2020 Order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA No 102/2014. Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA Diary No. 17940-2020 Order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA No 117/2014. Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA No 3173/2020 Order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA No 102/2014. Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA No 3575/2020 Order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA No 117/2014 Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA Diary No. 22073-2020 Common order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in OA Nos 102/2014 & 117/2014 Same as in CA No 3236/2020 CA Nos 3971- 3972/2020 Order dated 21.08.2020 passed by NGT in OA No172/2020 Order dated 16.09.2020 passed by NGT in RA No. 25/2020 in OA No 172/2020. The application sought remedial action against Aravali Power Company Private Limited, Jhajjar, Haryana, for not properly disposing-off the fly ash generated by it on the ground that it adversely affected the Agricultural land in the area. The application was disposed-off in light of the Order dated 24.10.2019 passed by NGT in O.A. No. 834/2018. [Challenged in CA Nos. 1692-1693/2020] Review of the order dated 21.08.2020 passed by NGT in O.A. No 172/2020 was sought. The application was dismissed. CA No 225/2021 Order dated 28.09.2020 passed by NGT in RA No 27/2020 in OA No 102/2014. Review of the order dated 12- 02-2020 passed by NGT in OA No 102/2014 & other connected matters were sought. The Application was dismissed. [The order dated 12-02- 2020 passed by NGT in O.A. No. 102/2014 & other connected matters has been challenged in the appeal at Sl. No. 1.1 and other matters]. CA Diary No. 8142-2021 Order dated 12.02.2020 passed by NGT in O.A. No. 102/2014 Same as in CA No 3236/2020 3. The NGT was seized of the issue pertaining to the handling of accumulated fly ash at the units of several thermal power producers. In the course of its analysis in the above orders, the NGT came to the conclusion that the Thermal Power Plants (TPP) had failed to take adequate steps for the scientific disposal of fly ash in accordance with the statutory notifications issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forest and Climate Change (MoEF & CC) under the provisions of the Environment Protection Act 1986. 4. The MoEF & CC issued a Notification dated 14 October 1999 requiring manufacturers of clay bricks, tiles, blocks or construction activities to mix at least 25% of ash. By a notification dated 27 August 2003, amendments were made to the above notification requiring construction agencies to use 100% of the fly ash in a phased manner up to 3 August 2007. A further amendment was made by a notification dated 27 January 2016 which extended the time period to achieve 100% utilization of fly ash until 31 December 2017. The NGT directed that for non-compliant TPPs, the environmental compensation must be determined with effect from 31 December 2017, which is the cut-off date stipulated in the Notification dated 27 January 2016. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), was accordingly directed to compute environmental compensation in accordance with the formula accepted by the NGT and to report compliance. Consequential directions have been issued in pursuance of the above directions. 5. During the pendency of the proceedings before this Court, a notification was issued by the MoEF&CC on 31 December 2021 in exercise of powers conferred by Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act 1986 (Notification No. 5481(E)). This notification was issued in supersession of Notification No 763(E) dated 14 September 1999. By the notification, the Union Government has formulated parameters for ash utilization from coal or lignite thermal power plants. Paragraph A(5) of the said notification provides a timeline for the utilization of legacy ash, that is unutilized accumulated ash which was stored before the publication of the notification: The unutilized accumulated ash i.e. legacy ash, which is stored before the publication of this notification, shall be utilized progressively by the thermal power plants in such manner that the utilization of legacy ash shall be completed fully within ten years from the date of publication of this notification and this will be over and above the utilization targets prescribed for ash generation through current operations of that particular year: Provided that the minimum quantity of legacy ash in percentages as mentioned below shall be utilized during the corresponding year and the minimum quantity of legacy ash is to be calculated based on the annual ash generation as per installed capacity of thermal power plant. Year from date of publication 1st 2nd 3rd-10th Utilisation of legacy ash (in percentage of Annual ash) At least 20 percent At least 35 percent At least 50 percent Provided further that the legacy ash utilisation shall not be required where ash pond or dyke has stabilised and the reclamation has taken place with greenbelt or plantation and the concerned State Pollution Control Board shall certify in this regard. Stabilisation and reclamation of an ash pond or dyke including certification by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) or State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) or Pollution Control Committee (PCC) shall be carried out within a year from the date of publication of this notification. The ash remaining in all other ash ponds or dykes shall be utilised in progressive manner as per the above mentioned timelines. Note: The obligations under sub-paragraph (4) and (5) above for achieving the ash utilisation targets shall be applicable from 1st April, 2022. […] 6. The consequence of the notification dated 31 December 2021 is that the earlier notifications would get subsumed by the terms of the notification. The NGT in the impugned orders had found fault with the TPPs due to their failure to comply with the notification dated 25 January 2016 and the extended deadline which was fixed for the utilization of fly ash. In view of the subsequent development which has taken place, the basis of the order of the NGT would be fundamentally altered by the modalities and time-lines which are prescribed by the notification dated 31 December 2021. In view of the latest notification, the orders of the NGT would have to be set aside together with the imposition of the measure of compensation as directed in the impugned orders. 7. During the course of the hearing, counsel appearing on behalf of some of the contesting parties have fairly alluded to certain deficiencies in the notification dated 31 December 2021, particularly in the context of the loading, unloading, transport, storage and disposal of fly ash in an environmentally sound manner to ensure that it does not cause air and water pollution. Mr Tapesh Kumar Singh, learned AAG who appears for the State of Jharkand submitted a note of submissions to assist the court, in his personal capacity as an officer of the court. In this context, reliance has been placed on an order dated 24 September 2013 of a two-Judge Bench of this Court in SLP(C) No 30381 of 2011 when the Court was seized of a tender dispute relating to transportation of fly ash. While dealing with the dispute, the following directions were issued by the Court: Allotment of the contract and transportation work shall, however, be subject to the following further conditions: 1. The contractor shall abide by the directions issued by the Government of India, if any, under Section 5 of the Act, or the requirement of any Rules that may be framed by the Government of India under Section 6 of the Act, or instructions/circulars, if any, issued by the Central Pollution Control Board as to nuisance free transportation of ash, including Pond Ash from the Thermal Power Stations to abandoned mines and to other destinations, as the case may be; 2. Pending issue of any directions or framing of any Rules by the Government of India or issuance of any instructions/circulars by the Central Pollution Control Board, the transportation work shall be undertaken by the contractors who emerge successful only by using mechanized steel covered container trucks which would ensure that after the Pond Ash is loaded into the truck, it has no opportunity to fly out of the container to cause any kind of environmental hazard. We leave the details of specifications, if any, of such trucks to the Corporation and its Engineers to be specified in the course of negotiations to be conducted with the bidders. 8. By an earlier order dated 13 August 2013 in the above proceedings, this Court had impleaded CPCB in order to ascertain whether it had prescribed any standards or framed any rules regarding the loading, unloading, utilization and nuisance free transportation of all types of ash including fly ash, bottom ash and pond ash generated by TPPs. During the pendency of those proceedings, certain steps were taken by this Court to scrutinize whether any standards or measures have been prescribed by the CPCB. However, on 22 January 2016, SLP(C) No 30381 of 2011 and the connected matters were dismissed on the ground that they had been rendered infructuous. 9. Apart from the above proceedings, during the course of the hearing, this Court has been apprised of the regulatory provisions contained in the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules 2016 (Rules of 2016) including rules 3(17), 3(23), 3(33) and 3(34) of the Rules. In this context, it has been submitted that the Union Government is duty bound to formulate rules to guarantee that the loading, unloading, utilization and transportation of fly ash takes place in a manner to prevent environmental hazards. 10. At this stage, it would be material to note the provisions of paragraph A(7) of the notification dated 31 December 2021 which reads as follows: (7) Every coal or lignite based thermal power plant shall ensure that loading, unloading, transport, storage and disposal of ash is done in an environmentally sound manner and that all precautions to prevent air and water pollution are taken and status in this regard shall be reported to the concerned State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) or Pollution Control Committee (PCC) in Annexure attached to this notification. 11. Paragraph E of the notification deals with enforcement, monitoring, audit and reporting. Paragraphs (3) and (5) of paragraph E are extracted below: (3) For the purpose of monitoring the implementation of the provisions of this notification, a committee shall be constituted under the Chairperson, Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) with members from Ministry of Power, Ministry of Coal, Ministry of Mines, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Ministry of Road Transportation and Highways, Department of Heavy Industry as well as any concerned stakeholder(s), to be nominated by the Chairman of the committee. The committee may make recommendations for effective and efficient implementation of the provisions of the notification. The committee shall meet at least once in six months and review annual implementation reports and the committee shall also hold stakeholder consultations for monitoring of ash utilisation as mandated by this notification by inviting relevant stakeholder(s) at least once in six months. The committee shall submit the six monthly report to Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). (5) The compliance audit for ash disposal by the thermal power plants and the user agency shall be conducted by auditors, authorised by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and audit report shall be submitted to Central Pollution Control Board (CBCB) and concerned State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) or Pollution Control Committee (PCC) by 30th November every year. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and concerned State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) or Pollution Control Committee (PCC) shall initiate action against noncompliant thermal power plants within fifteen days of receipt of audit report.

Decision reasoning: 1[ds]11. Paragraph E of the notification deals with enforcement, monitoring, audit and reporting. Paragraphs (3) and (5) of paragraph E are extracted below:(3) For the purpose of monitoring the implementation of the provisions of this notification, a committee shall be constituted under the Chairperson, Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) with members from Ministry of Power, Ministry of Coal, Ministry of Mines, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Ministry of Road Transportation and Highways, Department of Heavy Industry as well as any concerned stakeholder(s), to be nominated by the Chairman of the committee. The committee may make recommendations for effective and efficient implementation of the provisions of the notification. The committee shall meet at least once in six months and review annual implementation reports and the committee shall also hold stakeholder consultations for monitoring of ash utilisation as mandated by this notification by inviting relevant stakeholder(s) at least once in six months. The committee shall submit the six monthly report to Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).(5) The compliance audit for ash disposal by the thermal power plants and the user agency shall be conducted by auditors, authorised by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and audit report shall be submitted to Central Pollution Control Board (CBCB) and concerned State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) or Pollution Control Committee (PCC) by 30th November every year. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and concerned State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) or Pollution Control Committee (PCC) shall initiate action against noncompliant thermal power plants within fifteen days of receipt of audit report.