Case: Union Of India Vs. M/S. Udho Ram & Sons

Raghubar Dayal, J.1. This appeal, on certificate granted by the Punjab High Court, arises in the following circumstances.2. M/s Radha Ram Sohan Lal of Calcutta consigned certain goods to self at Delhi. Of the consignment certain articles were not delivered to M/s. Udho Ram and Sons, the plaintiffs, in whose favour the railway receipt had been endorsed by the consignor. Having failed to receive the compensation for the loss suffered on account of the articles not delivered, the suit giving rise to this appeal was instituted. There is now no dispute about the amount of loss determined by the Court, as suffered by the plaintiffs.3. The only dispute between the parties is whether the loss of goods in transit between Calcutta and Delhi was due to the misconduct and negligence of the railways or not. The Union of India, the defendant, contended that the loss occurred due to circumstances beyond the control of the railway administration.4. The trial Court found that the railway wagon in which the consignment was loaded had been thereafter properly riveted and sealed at Howrah, that the seals and rivet of one door of the wagon were found open when the train which left Howrah at 1-30 a.m., on October 1, 1949, reached Chandanpur Station at 3-15 a.m., the same night, the train having stopped for 15 minutes at the Howrah-Burdwan Link for the home signal at 2-05 a. m. and that the railway protection police escorted the train. The High Court accepted these findings and they are not questioned.5. The trial court, however, found that the precaution taken of posting railway protection police in a goods train, in view of the frequent thefts in running trains between Howrah and Chandanpur, Amounted to the railways taking proper care of the goods delivered to them as carriers and that therefore the railways were not guilty of any negligence and misconduct. It was of the view that the railway protection police which usually travelled in the guards van, could not possibly know what was happening in the wagons at the other end or in the middle of the train during the journey. It therefore dismissed the suit.6. On appeal, the High Court held the railways responsible for the loss which, in its view, was due to its negligence and misconduct inasmuch as there was no evidence on record that the railway protection police took any precautions to see that nobody interfered with the train when it halted for 15 minutes at the Howrah Burdwan Link at night. There was no other arrangement for watch and ward at the Link. There was no evidence as to what was the strength of the railway protection police or to show that it did stir out of the train to see that the wagons were not interfered with. It therefore concluded that the servants of the railway were negligent and did nothing to see that opportunities for theft were eliminated as far as possible, that the railway administration was responsible for the negligence of its employees as it could act through its employees and that therefore the loss of goods was due to the misconduct and negligence of the railways. It therefore reversed the decree of the trial court and decreed the plaintiffs suit for the amount of loss held suffered by the plaintiffs. It is this decree against which the Union of India has obtained the certificate of fitness for appeal from the Punjab High Court and has preferred this appeal.7. There is no evidence on record that the railway protection police which escorted the train was adequate in strength for the purpose of seeing that the goods were not interfered with in transit. In fact, the defendants did not allege in their written statement that any railway protection police escorted the tram. The presence of the railway protection police with the train was just deposed to by Chatterjee, D. W. 10, the then Assistant Station Master at Chandanpur Railway Station. He did not mention that fact in any of his messages or memorandum in which he simply mentioned the presence of the railway protection police at the time of resealing the wagon, the stated in cross examination that be did not remember from memory the events of the occurrence at Chandapur Station on October 1, 1949, and was making his statement on the basis of the record before him. However, both the Courts below have recorded the finding that railway protection police did escort the train. There is no evidence as to why the police force could not see to the non-interference with the wagons when the train halted at the Link where, according to the Courts below, the thieves probably got at the wagon and tampered with its seal and rivets. In the absence of any evidence about the strength of the railway protection police, the contention of the appellant that the force was adequate cannot be accepted.8. It may be true that any precautions taken may not be always successful against the loss in transit on account of theft, but in the present case there is no evidence with respect to the extent of the precautions taken and with respect to what the railway protection police itself did at the place where the train had to stop. We cannot accept the contention that the railway protection police could not have moved out of the guards van due to the uncertainty of the stoppage of the train at the signal. It was the fob of its members to get down on every stoppage of the train, and to keep an eye at the various waggons, as best as they could. There could be no risk of the train leaving them on the spot suddenly. They could climb up when the train was to move. The wagon in which the plaintiffs goods were, was in the centre of the train. It was the 29th carriage from the other end. It must be taken to be the duty of the railway protection police to get out of the guards van whenever the train stops, be it at the railway platform or at any other place. In fact the necessity to get down and watch the train when it stops at a place other than a station is greater than when the train stops at a Station, where at least on the station side there would be some persons in whose presence the miscreants would not dare to tamper with any wagon and any tampering to be done at a station is likely to be on the off side.9. The responsibility of the railways under S. 72 of the Indian Railways Act is subject to the provisions of S. 151 of the Indian Contract Act. Section 151 states that in all cases of bailment the bailee is bound to take as much care of the goods bailed to him as a man of ordinary prudence would, under similar circumstance, take of his own goods of the same bulk, quality and value as the goods bailed. Needless to say that an ordinary person travelling in a train would be particular in keeping an eye on his goods especially when the train stops. It is not therefore imposing a higher standard of care on the railway administration when it is said that its staff, and especially the railway protection police specially deputed for the purpose of seeing that no loss takes place to the goods, should get down from the wagon and keep an eye on the wagons in the train in order to see that no unauthorised person gets at the goods.

Decision reasoning: 0[ds]7. There is no evidence on record that the railway protection police which escorted the train was adequate in strength for the purpose of seeing that the goods were not interfered with in transit. In fact, the defendants did not allege in their written statement that any railway protection police escorted the tram. The presence of the railway protection police with the train was just deposed to by Chatterjee, D. W. 10, the then Assistant Station Master at Chandanpur Railway Station. He did not mention that fact in any of his messages or memorandum in which he simply mentioned the presence of the railway protection police at the time of resealing the wagon, the stated in cross examination that be did not remember from memory the events of the occurrence at Chandapur Station on October 1, 1949, and was making his statement on the basis of the record before him. However, both the Courts below have recorded the finding that railway protection police did escort the train. There is no evidence as to why the police force could not see to the non-interference with the wagons when the train halted at the Link where, according to the Courts below, the thieves probably got at the wagon and tampered with its seal and rivets. In the absence of any evidence about the strength of the railway protection police, the contention of the appellant that the force was adequate cannot be accepted.8. It may be true that any precautions taken may not be always successful against the loss in transit on account of theft, but in the present case there is no evidence with respect to the extent of the precautions taken and with respect to what the railway protection police itself did at the place where the train had to stop. We cannot accept the contention that the railway protection police could not have moved out of the guards van due to the uncertainty of the stoppage of the train at the signal. It was the fob of its members to get down on every stoppage of the train, and to keep an eye at the various waggons, as best as they could. There could be no risk of the train leaving them on the spot suddenly. They could climb up when the train was to move. The wagon in which the plaintiffs goods were, was in the centre of the train. It was the 29th carriage from the other end. It must be taken to be the duty of the railway protection police to get out of the guards van whenever the train stops, be it at the railway platform or at any other place. In fact the necessity to get down and watch the train when it stops at a place other than a station is greater than when the train stops at a Station, where at least on the station side there would be some persons in whose presence the miscreants would not dare to tamper with any wagon and any tampering to be done at a station is likely to be on the off side.9. The responsibility of the railways under S. 72 of the Indian Railways Act is subject to the provisions of S. 151 of the Indian Contract Act. Section 151 states that in all cases of bailment the bailee is bound to take as much care of the goods bailed to him as a man of ordinary prudence would, under similar circumstance, take of his own goods of the same bulk, quality and value as the goods bailed. Needless to say that an ordinary person travelling in a train would be particular in keeping an eye on his goods especially when the train stops. It is not therefore imposing a higher standard of care on the railway administration when it is said that its staff, and especially the railway protection police specially deputed for the purpose of seeing that no loss takes place to the goods, should get down from the wagon and keep an eye on the wagons in the train in order to see that no unauthorised person gets at the goods.