Case: Dutta Associates P.Ltd Vs. Indo Marcantiles P. Ltd

B.P. Jeevan Reddy, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. Inexplicable indeed are the ways of the rules on some occasions - and this is one such instance. The Commissioner of Excise, Assam called for tenders for wholesale supply of rectified spirit (Grade 1) to the Excise Warehouse at Tinsukia for the period 16-5-1994 to 15-5-1996. The tender was floated on 28-5-1993. As many as seventeen tenders mentioned below were received quoting the rate mentioned against each persons name. 1. M/s. Himanshu Enterprises, R.K. Bardoloi Road Dibrugarh Rs. 9.20. 2. Shri Jitendra Nath Saikia, Chowkidinghee, Dibrugarh Rs. 10.48. 3. M/s. Dutta Associates Pvt. Ltd., Chowkidinghee Dibrugarh Rs. 11.14. 4. Shri Pradip Kumar Dutta, Chowkidinghee, Dibrugarh Rs. 11.75. 5. M/s. Civiliyar Enterprises, Rajgarh, Guwahati Rs. 12.57. 6. M/s. Onash Enterprises, G.S. Road, Guwahati Rs. 13.20. 7. Shri Umesh Chandra Bora, Laukuli, Tinsukia Rs. 13.69. 8. M/s. North East Trade Agency, Athgaon, Guwahati Rs. 13.99 9. M/s. Aco Traders, Rajgarh Road, Guwahati Rs. 14.28 10. M/s. Noble Sales Agency, G.S. Road, Dispur Guwahati Rs. 14.55 11. Shri Pranab Kumar Rajkhowa, Coal Road, Tinsukia Rs. 15.05 12. M/s. United Assam Company, Rupali Path, Jorhat Rs. 15.55 13. M/s. Indo Merchantiles Pvt. Ltd., Bishnu Market Guwahati Rs. 15.55 14. Shri Vijay Kumar Jasrasaria, Guwahati Rs. 16.05 15. Shri Dilip Rajkhowa, Tinsukia Rs. 16.13 16. M/s. Pradip Kumar Khaitan, A.T. Road, Jorhat Rs. 16.39 17. M/s. New Ashish Enterprises, T.R. Phukan Road Guwahati Rs. 16.55 3. It is stated that out of seventeen tenders received, tenders of persons mentioned at Sr. Nos. 1 and 2 were found ineligible and were, therefore, excluded from consideration. If that were so, one would have expected the Commissioner to accept the offer of the person at Sr. No. 3 (Dutta Associates Pvt. Limited, the appellant herein), his being the lowest tender. He did not do so. He did not say that the offer of Dutta Associates was not a genuine offer or that he is not in a position to fulfil the terms of the contract, if entered into with him. On the other hand, the Commissioner and the Government entered upon an exercise of determining, what they call "viability range". They determined the viability range between Rs. 14.72 to Rs. 15.71 per LPL. It is said that this viability range was arrived at keeping in view the prevailing prices outside the State inasmuch as most of the rectified spirit to be supplied under the contract had to be procured outside the State of Assam. If viability range was the relevant basis, then one would have expected the Commissioner and the Government of Assam to have accepted the tender at Sr. No. 11 (Shri Pranab Kumar Rajkhowa), whose bid was the lowest within the viability range. They did not do this either. They called upon Dutta Associates (appellant herein) to revise his offer which he did by quoting Rs. 15.71 per LPL (which happens to be the maximum of the viability range). His bid was accepted. Whereupon Indo Merchantiles Private Limited (first respondent herein) who is at Sr. No. 13 in the aforesaid list of tenders, filed a writ petition in the Guwahati High Court questioning the acceptance of appellants tender. Indo Merchantiles submitted that not accepting his tender at Rs. 15.55 and accepting the tender of the appellant by making him revise his bid is contrary to law, unfair and arbitrary. The writ petition was dismissed by a learned Single Judge. On appeal, however, the Division Bench has allowed the writ appeal filed by Indo Merchantiles and has set aside the acceptance of the appellants tender. The Division Bench found that the Commissioner and the Government have acted unfairly in calling upon the appellant, Dutta Associates, alone to submit a counter-offer while not giving a similar opportunity to other tender. The High Court accordingly directed that fresh tenders be called for awarding the contract. It has also made certain directions for the period until fresh tenders are called for and finalised. 4. After hearing the parties, we are of the opinion that the entire process leading to the acceptance of the appellants tender is vitiated by more than one illegality. Firstly, the tender notice did not specify the "viability range" nor did say that only the tenders coming within the viability range will be considered. More significantly, the tender notice did not even say that after receiving the tenders, the Commissioner/Government would first determine the "viability range" and would then call upon the lowest eligible tenders to make a counter-offer. The exercise of determining the viability range and calling upon Dutta Associates to make a counter-offer on the alleged ground that he was the lowest tender among the eligible tenderers is outside the tender notice. Fairness demanded that the authority should have notified in the tender notice itself the procedure which they proposed to adopt while accepting the tender. They did nothing of that sort. Secondly, we have not been able to understand the very concept of "viability range" though Shri Kapil Sibal, learned counsel for the appellant, and the learned counsel for the State of Assam tried to explain it to us. The learned counsel stated that because of the de-control of molasses, the price of rectified spirit fluctuates from time to time in the market and that, therefore, the viability range was determined keeping in view (1) distillery cost price; (2) export pass fees; (3) Central sales tax; (4) transportation charges; (5) transit wastage @ 1%; and (6) warehouse operational wastage @ 1 1/2% - vide the counter-affidavit filed by the Secretary to Exercise Department, Government of Assam pursuant to this Courts orders. Shri Sibal further explained that because of the possibility of the fluctuation, the tender notice contains clause (16) which reserves to the Government the power to reduce or increase the contract rate depending upon the escalation or deceleration of the market price in the exporting states. We are still not able to understand. Clause (16) deals with post-contract situation, i.e., the situation during the currency of the contract and not with a situation at the inception of the contract. The tenderers are all hard-headed businessmen. They know their interest better. If they are prepared to supply rectified spirit at Rs. 11.14 per LPL or so, it is inexplicable why should the Government think that they would not be able to do so and still prescribe a far higher viability range. Not only the rate obtaining during the period when the tenders were called was Rs. 11.05 per LPL, the more significant feature is that during the period of about more than two years pending the writ petition and writ appeal, the appellant has been supplying rectified spirit @ Rs. 9.20 per LPL. If it was not possible for anyone to supply rectified spirit at a rate lower than Rs. 14.72 (the lower figure of the viability range), how could be the appellant have been supplying the same at such a low rate as Rs. 9.20 for such a long period. It may be relevant to note at this stage the circumstances in which the appellant volunteered to supply at the said rate. Indo Mercantiles, the respondent herein, filed the writ petition and asked for an interim order. The learned Single Judge directed (vide Order dated 2-6-1994) that while Dutta Associates (appellant herein) shall not be given the contract, he "shall be allowed to execute the contract at the lowest quoted rate which is stated to be Rs. 9.20 by the writ petitioner. Respondent 3 (Dutta Associates) states that the lowest quoted rate is Rs. 11.14. If the lowest quoted rate is Rs. 9.20, it is the rate at which the contract shall be given to Respondent 3". It is pursuant to the said order that the appellant-Dutta Associates has been supplying rectified spirit @ Rs. 9.20 per LPL since June 1994 till October 1996. The said order did not compel the appellant (Respondent 3 in the writ petition) to supply at the rate of Rs. 9.20p. If that rate was not feasible or economic, he could well have said, sorry. He did not say so but agreed to and has been supplying at that rate, till October 1996. It is equally significant to note that pursuant to the interim orders of this Court (which directed the Government to implement the orders of the Guwahati High Court with respect to interim arrangement) negotiation were held with both the appellant and the first respondent herein; both offered to supply at Rs. 9.20p. The Commissioner, of course, chose the first respondent, Indo Merchantiles, over the appellant, for reason given by him in his order dated 14-10-1996. The rate, however, remains Rs. 9.20p and the appellants counsel has been making a grievance of the Commissioner not accepting the appellants offer. All these facts make the so-called "viability range" looks rather ridiculous - and we are not very far from the end of the three-year period for which the tenders were called for. Neither the interlocutory order of the learned Single Judge dated 2-6-1994 aforesaid nor does the order of the Commissioner dated 14-10-1996 passed pursuant to the interim orders of this Court provide for any fluctuation in the rate of supply depending upon the fluctuation in the market rate in the exporting States, as provided by clause (16) of the Tender Conditions, which too appears rather unusual. The order of the learned Single Judge aforesaid does not also say that the rate specified therein is tentative and that it shall be subject to revision at the final hearing of the writ petition. As a matter of fact, no such revision was made either by the learned Single Judge or by the Division Bench. It is in these circumstances that, we said, we have not been able to understand or appreciate the concept of "viability range", its necessity and/or its real purpose. Thirdly, the Division Bench states repeatedly in its judgment that having determined the "viability range", the Government called upon only the appellant-Dutta Associates (third respondent in the writ petition/writ appeal) to make a counter-offer to come within the "viability range" and that his revised offer at the higher limit of the "viability range" (Rs. 15.71) was accepted. The Division Bench has stressed that no such opportunity to make a counter-offer was given to any other tenderer including the first respondent. As the Division Bench has rightly pointed out, this is equally a vitiating factor. 5. It is thus clear that the entire procedure followed by the Commissioner and the Government of Assam in accepting the tender of Dutta Associates (appellant herein) is unfair and opposed to the norms which the Government should follow in such matters, viz., openness, transparency and fair dealing. The Grounds 1 and 2, which we have indicated hereinabove, are more fundamental than the third ground upon which the High Court has allowed the writ appeal. 6. Before parting with this matter, we must also say that we have not been able to appreciate a particular observation of the Division Bench. In para 12 of its judgment, it said :. In a matter like supply of spirit to warehouse, offer of low or high rate does not affect the government revenue. The more the profit earned by the supplier, the more sales tax can be levied by the Government." *" We find it Difficult to understand how the acceptance of a tender at a high rate does not affect the government revenue. Secondly, we find it yet more difficult to understand the observation that more profit the supplier earns, the more sales tax will the Government realise. Sales tax is not linked with profit. It is linked to the sale price and we see no logic in the Government paying higher rate at a substantive figure and realising sales tax at a smaller figure.

Decision reasoning: 1[ds]4. After hearing the parties, we are of the opinion that the entire process leading to the acceptance of the appellants tender is vitiated by more than one illegality. Firstly, the tender notice did not specify the "viability range" nor did say that only the tenders coming within the viability range will be considered. More significantly, the tender notice did not even say that after receiving the tenders, the Commissioner/Government would first determine the "viability range" and would then call upon the lowest eligible tenders to make a counter-offer. The exercise of determining the viability range and calling upon Dutta Associates to make a counter-offer on the alleged ground that he was the lowest tender among the eligible tenderers is outside the tender notice. Fairness demanded that the authority should have notified in the tender notice itself the procedure which they proposed to adopt while accepting the tender. They did nothing of that sort. Secondly, we have not been able to understand the very concept of "viability range" though Shri Kapil Sibal, learned counsel for the appellant, and the learned counsel for the State of Assam tried to explain it toare still not able to understand. Clause (16) deals with post-contract situation, i.e., the situation during the currency of the contract and not with a situation at the inception of the contract. The tenderers are all hard-headed businessmen. They know their interest better. If they are prepared to supply rectified spirit at Rs. 11.14 per LPL or so, it is inexplicable why should the Government think that they would not be able to do so and still prescribe a far higher viability range. Not only the rate obtaining during the period when the tenders were called was Rs. 11.05 per LPL, the more significant feature is that during the period of about more than two years pending the writ petition and writ appeal, the appellant has been supplying rectified spirit @ Rs. 9.20 per LPL. If it was not possible for anyone to supply rectified spirit at a rate lower than Rs. 14.72 (the lower figure of the viability range), how could be the appellant have been supplying the same at such a low rate as Rs. 9.20 for such a long period. It may be relevant to note at this stage the circumstances in which the appellant volunteered to supply at the said rate. Indo Mercantiles, the respondent herein, filed the writ petition and asked for an interim order. The learned Single Judge directed (vide Order dated 2-6-1994) that while Dutta Associates (appellant herein) shall not be given the contract, he "shall be allowed to execute the contract at the lowest quoted rate which is stated to be Rs. 9.20 by the writ petitioner. Respondent 3 (Dutta Associates) states that the lowest quoted rate is Rs. 11.14. If the lowest quoted rate is Rs. 9.20, it is the rate at which the contract shall be given to Respondent 3". It is pursuant to the said order that the appellant-Dutta Associates has been supplying rectified spirit @ Rs. 9.20 per LPL since June 1994 till October 1996. The said order did not compel the appellant (Respondent 3 in the writ petition) to supply at the rate of Rs. 9.20p. If that rate was not feasible or economic, he could well have said, sorry. He did not say so but agreed to and has been supplying at that rate, till October 1996. It is equally significant to note that pursuant to the interim orders of this Court (which directed the Government to implement the orders of the Guwahati High Court with respect to interim arrangement) negotiation were held with both the appellant and the first respondent herein; both offered to supply at Rs. 9.20p. The Commissioner, of course, chose the first respondent, Indo Merchantiles, over the appellant, for reason given by him in his order dated 14-10-1996. The rate, however, remains Rs. 9.20p and the appellants counsel has been making a grievance of the Commissioner not accepting the appellants offer. All these facts make the so-called "viability range" looks rather ridiculous - and we are not very far from the end of the three-year period for which the tenders were called for. Neither the interlocutory order of the learned Single Judge dated 2-6-1994 aforesaid nor does the order of the Commissioner dated 14-10-1996 passed pursuant to the interim orders of this Court provide for any fluctuation in the rate of supply depending upon the fluctuation in the market rate in the exporting States, as provided by clause (16) of the Tender Conditions, which too appears rather unusual. The order of the learned Single Judge aforesaid does not also say that the rate specified therein is tentative and that it shall be subject to revision at the final hearing of the writ petition. As a matter of fact, no such revision was made either by the learned Single Judge or by the Division Bench. It is in these circumstances that, we said, we have not been able to understand or appreciate the concept of "viability range", its necessity and/or its real purpose. Thirdly, the Division Bench states repeatedly in its judgment that having determined the "viability range", the Government called upon only the appellant-Dutta Associates (third respondent in the writ petition/writ appeal) to make a counter-offer to come within the "viability range" and that his revised offer at the higher limit of the "viability range" (Rs. 15.71) was accepted. The Division Bench has stressed that no such opportunity to make a counter-offer was given to any other tenderer including the first respondent. As the Division Bench has rightly pointed out, this is equally a vitiatingIt is thus clear that the entire procedure followed by the Commissioner and the Government of Assam in accepting the tender of Dutta Associates (appellant herein) is unfair and opposed to the norms which the Government should follow in such matters, viz., openness, transparency and fair dealing. The Grounds 1 and 2, which we have indicated hereinabove, are more fundamental than the third ground upon which the High Court has allowed the writBefore parting with this matter, we must also say that we have not been able to appreciate a particular observation of the Division Bench. In para 12 of its judgment, it saida matter like supply of spirit to warehouse, offer of low or high rate does not affect the government revenue. The more the profit earned by the supplier, the more sales tax can be levied by the Government."find it Difficult to understand how the acceptance of a tender at a high rate does not affect the government revenue. Secondly, we find it yet more difficult to understand the observation that more profit the supplier earns, the more sales tax will the Government realise. Sales tax is not linked with profit. It is linked to the sale price and we see no logic in the Government paying higher rate at a substantive figure and realising sales tax at a smaller figure