Case: Colaba Land and Mills Company Limited, V.M. Deshpande Vs. S V.S. Kondaskar

DESAI, J. ( 1 ) THIS is an appeal on behalf of the original respondents from the judgment and order of Mr. Justice Vimadalal dated September 28, 1967, granting an order of injunction restraining the original respondents from assessing or reassessing the Colaba Land and Mills Company Ltd. hereinafter referred to as the "mills company" to income- tax for the assessment years 1950-51 to 1955-56. ( 2 ) IT is sufficient to notice that in the Company Petition No. 221 of 1958 the official liquidator was appointed interim liquidator of the mills company by an order dated May 1, 1959. By an order dated October 7, 1959, the mills company was ordered to be wound up and the official liquidator was confirmed as liquidator of the mills company with all powers under section 457 of the Companies Act, 1956. By six different notices dated August 23 1966, issued under section 148, the Income-tax officer, Companies Circle 1187 Bombay, recorded in the respect of the assessment years 1950-51 to 1955-56 that the mills company had escaped assessment within the meaning of section 147 of the Income-tax Act, 1961, and that he therefore proposed to reassess the income of the mills company for these assessment years and called upon the liquidator to deliver to him within thirty days a return in the prescribed form of the income of the mills company assessable for these years. It was recorded that the said notices were being issued after obtaining the necessary satisfaction of the Central Board of Direct Taxes. ( 3 ) BY six different notices for each of the above assessment year dated December 31, 1966, issued under section 142 (1), the Income-tax officer Companies Circle, referred to the above six notices and called upon the official liquidator to produce certain documents and give in writing duly verified in the prescribed manner information called for in the forms attached thereto and on the points or matters specified, to the Income-tax Office on January 10,1967. ( 4 ) IN connection with the above notices, by the judges summons dated July 1,1967, the official liquidator of the mills company claimed that the notices should be quashed and/or set aside and canceled and also for certain directions and an order of injunction restraining the appellants from in any way assessing or reassessing the mills company for the above six assessment years. The grounds in support of the claims made in the summons appear in paragraph 26 of the affidavit in support dated July 1,1967, made by B. J. Rele, the then official liquidator.( 5 ) THE main contentions made before the learned judge on behalf of the mills company were that the reassessment proceedings (under the above notices under section 148 of the Income-tax act,1961) against the mills company could only be instituted or commenced after first obtaining leave of the company court under section 446 (1) of the Companies Act, 1956. The consequential submission was that the proceedings having been commenced without such leave were without jurisdiction and a nullity. ( 6 ) ON behalf of the appellants two contentions which were advanced before the learned judge, were as follows :(1) The notices for reassessment issued under section 148 were not "legal proceedings" within the meeting of that phrase in section 446 (1) of the Companies Act, and (2) assuming that the reassessment proceedings started under the above notices were "legal proceedings" leave of the company court under sub- section (1) of section 446 of the Companies act was not necessary, because the Income-tax Officer alone had exclusive jurisdiction to make reassessment and to determine the tax liability. The proceedings were such as in respect whereof no civil court, including the company court, could have jurisdiction of any kind. ( 7 ) THIS contention is hereinafter referred to as the above second contention. The learned judge accepted the contentions made on behalf of the official liquidator and observed that on the plain reading of section 446 (1) there was no reason, whatsoever for coming to the conclusion that the expression "legal proceedings" would not include a proceeding for assessment or reassessment under the Income-tax Act. In support of that observation he referred to the decision of the federal Court in the case of Governor-General in Council v. Shiromani Sugar Mills, where also the question of the true effect and construction of section 171 of the Indian Companies Act, 1913, which is in pari materia with the provisions of section 446 (1) of the Companies Act, 1956, arose. Reference was also made to the case of Abdul Aziz v. State of Bombay, where a Division bench of this court came to consider the phrase "legal proceedings" as contained in the Sales tax Act, 1953, and in that connection referred to the provisions of section 7 (e) of the Bombay general Clauses Act. Reference was also made in that very connection to the decision of the supreme Court in the case of Union of India v. India Fisheries Pvt. Ltd. , where the Supreme court came to consider the true effect of section 446 (1 ). The learned judge negatived the submission made by Mr. Joshi for the appellants that the phrase "legal proceeding" was synonymous with "judicial proceeding". ( 8 ) IN connection with the above second contention Mr. Joshi for the appellants relied before the learned judge and in this appeal on the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Damji Valji shah v. Life Insurance Corporation of India. In that case the Supreme Court had made certain observations which might have been construed as supporting the second contention made by mr. Joshi, but the learned judge held these observations to be per incuriam and rejected the contention. The learned judge accordingly granted an order of injunction as already recited above. ( 9 ) IN this appeal, Mr. Joshi for the appellants once again contends that the proceedings under the income-tax Act for assessment of income-tax liability could not justifiably be held to be "legal proceedings" within the meaning of section 446 (1) for the Companies Act, 1956. In that connection he emphasised that the proceedings are under a special Act and are undertaken by a special officer nominated for the purpose in accordance with the scheme of the Act. Under the act, a statutory duty is imposed on that officer alone to initiate and proceed further with such proceedings and in those proceedings to ascertain the quantum of the liability to pay income-tax in respect of assesses and/or matters falling within his jurisdiction. He submitted the proceedings of the above kind undertaken by a special officer designated and nominated in accordance with the scheme of the Act for ascertaining liability as prescribed by the Act cannot be "legal proceedings" within the meaning of that phrase in the above section. In that connection he submitted that the observations of the Division Bench of this court in the case of Abdul Aziz v. State of Bombay, must be restricted to the facts of that case and in particular to the provisions in section 48 (2) (ii) of the Sales Tax Act, 1953. Towards developing this submission, he relied upon the decision of a single judge of the Allahabad High Court (Manchanda J.) in the case of Tika ram and Sons Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax. He sought to distinguish the observations of the Federal Court in the case of Governor-General in Council v. Shiromani Sugar Mills by submitting that the true effect of the observations of the Federal Court in that case was that the proceedings for enforcement and recovery of tax already ascertained in the assessment proceedings were "legal proceedings". The prior actions taken by and before the tax officer up to the final stage of ascertaining the quantum of tax, i. e. , the assessment proceedings, were not held in that case to be legal proceedings. He strongly relied upon the observations made by Sen J. sitting singly in the High Court of Calcutta in the unreported case of Brahmaputra Tea Co. (India) Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax disposed of on April 25, 1969. In reply to submissions on the first contention strong reliance was placed on behalf of the liquidator on the observation regarding the true construction and effect of the phrase "legal proceedings" of the division Bench of this court in the case of Abdul Aziz v. State of Bombay. Strong reliance was also placed on the observations of the Federal Court in the case of Governor- General in Council v. Shiromani Sugar Mills Ltd. as regards the meaning of the phrase "legal proceedings" whilst construing that phrase in section 171 of the Indian Companies Act, 1913. Reliance was also placed on the decision in the case of Ranganathan v. Government of Madras and it was submitted that the meaning of the phrase "legal proceedings" as ascertained by the Federal Court in the case Shiromani Sugar Mills was affirmed by the Supreme Court in that case. Reliance was also placed on the observations of the Supreme Court in the case of Union of India v. India fisheries Pvt. Ltd. , where the question of the true construction of section 171 of the Indian companies Act, 1913, had arisen before the Supreme Court. ( 10 ) WE do not propose to decide the correctness or otherwise of the arguments advanced on behalf of the parties on the above first contention made by Mr. Joshi because, as discussed here under, having regard to the observations of the Supreme Court in the case of Damji Valji Shah v. Life Insurance Corporation of India it would be incorrect to hold that in respect of the assessment proceedings adopted against the mills company leave of the court was necessary under section 446 (1) of the Companies Act, 1956. It is convenient to deal with the above second contention made on behalf of the appellants at this stage. ( 11 ) IT is first necessary to refer to the relevant parts of sections 442, 446, 530 and 537 of the companies Act, 1956, on which reliance has been placed by both sides. These sections are in pari materia with the provisions in sections 169, 171, 230 and 232 of the Indian Companies Act, 1913. ( 12 ) SECTION 442 relates to the power of court to stay or restrain proceedings against a company pending the hearing of a petition for winding up and authorise the winding-up court to stay any suit or proceeding. ( 13 ) THE marginal note to section 446 reads " Suits stayed on winding-up order" and the relevant part of the section provides :" (1) When a winding-up order has been made or the official liquidator has been appointed as provisional liquidator, no suit or other legal proceeding shall be commenced, or if pending at the date of the winding up order, shall be proceeded with, against the company except by leave of the court and subject to such terms as the court may impose. (2) The Court which is winding up the company shall, not withstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, have jurisdiction to entertain, or dispose of- (a) any suit or proceeding by or against the company;. . . . . . . . . (c) any application made under section 391. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (d) any question of priorities or any other question whatsoever whether of law or fact, which may relate to or arise in the course of the winding up of the company;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3) Any suit or proceeding by or against the company which is pending in any court other than that in which the winding up of the company is proceeding may, notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, be transferred to and disposed of by that court. (4) Nothing in sub-section (1) or sub-section (3) shall apply to any proceeding pending in appeal before the Supreme Court or a High Court. "( 14 ) SUB-SECTIONS (2), (3) and (4) were inserted in section 446 by section 165 (2) of the Amending act (65 of 1960 ). The provisions of these sub- sections do not form part of the provisions in section 171 of the Indian Companies Act, 1913, which was in all respects in pari materia with sub-section (1) of section 446. ( 15 ) SECTION 530 relates to preferential payments and, inter alia, has the effect of providing that in a winding up the ground rent and/or debts due and tax and/or revenue dues will have not any priority unless the same became due within twelve months next before the date of winding- up. ( 16 ) SECTION 537, inter alia, provides that attachment, distress or execution put in force and execution sales held without lease of the winding-up court shall be void. Sub-section (2)provides: "nothing in this section applies to any proceedings for the recovery of any tax or impost or any dues payable to the Government. "( 17 ) THIS sub-section, however, was inserted into section 537 by section 187 of the Amending act (65 of 1960 ).( 18 ) THE facts in the case of Damji Valji Shah v. Life Insurance Corporation of India may be shortly stated as follows: On or about July 1, 1956, a sum of Rs. 82,000 was alleged to have been transferred from the life fund of the Vishwabharati Insurance Company, Bombay, to its general department contrary to the provisions in the Insurance Act, 1938. On January 19, 1956, the Life insurance Corporation Ordinance was promulgated and thereafter on July 1, 1956, the Life insurance Corporation Act came into force. On November 9, 1959, the Vishwabharati Insurance company was ordered to be wound up. Subsequent thereto the Life Insurance Corporation of india instituted a petition before the Life Insurance Tribunal, Nagpur, claiming the sum of rs. 82,000 as being payable, under the scheme of the above Ordinance and the Act, to the corporation by the insurance company. Under section 15 of the Act the Tribunal had jurisdiction to deal with the claim made. In fact, the tribunal, while decreeing the claim of the corporation, negatived the contention made on behalf of the insurance company that the leave of the High court of Bombay as a winding-up court was necessary under section 446 (1) for proceeding with the petition. In the appeal filed in the Supreme Court against the decree passed by the tribunal, on behalf of the appellants it was contended that the Tribunal had no jurisdiction to proceed with the proceedings on the petition presented by the corporation without the leave of the High Court in view of section 446 of the Companies Act, the company having been ordered to be wound up by the High Court on November 9, 1959. We are not concerned with the other contentions made on behalf of the appellants. In paragraph 16 of its judgment the Supreme Court summarised the provisions of section 446 which we have quoted above. In paragraph 17 the Supreme Court referred to section 41 of the Life Insurance Corporation Act, and to the fact that the section provided that no civil court shall have jurisdiction to entertain or adjudicate upon any matter which the tribunal is empowered to decide or determine under the Act. It was observed: "the tribunal is given the exclusive jurisdiction over this matter. "( 19 ) IN paragragh 18 in connection with the provisions in sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 446, the observations made are:"it is in view of the exclusive jurisdiction which sub-section (2) of section 446 of the companies Act confers on the company court to entertain or dispose of any suit or proceeding by or against a company or any claim made by or against in that the restriction referred to in sub-section (1) has been imposed on the commencement of the proceedings or proceeding with such proceedings against a company after a winding-up order has been made. . . . . . . It must follow that the consequential provisions of sub-section (1) of section 446 of the Companies Act will not operate on the proceedings which may be pending before the tribunal or which may be sought to be commenced before it. "( 20 ) THE reason for the last observation quoted above is in intervening sentence which we did not quote for convenience and which runs as follows:"in view of section 41 of the L. I. C. Act the company court has no jurisdiction to entertain and adjudicate upon any matter which the Tribunal is empowered to decide or determine under that act. "( 21 ) IN paragraph 19 the Supreme Court stated:"further, the provisions of the special Act, i. e. , the L. I. C. Act, will override the provisions of the general Act, viz. , the Companies Act, which is an Act relating to companies in general. "( 22 ) NOW Mr. Joshi for the appellants contends that there is no distinction of any consequence which can be made in the facts of the present case and the facts in the case of Damji Valji Shah v. Life Insurance Corporation of India in so far as the question as regards the application of the provisions in sub-section (1) of section 446 arises. His submission is that the Income-tax Act, like the Life Insurance Corporation Act, has created machinery of a complete code providing for assessment of income-tax dues. The provisions of the Act in all respects are such that no civil court could ever be constituted as an officer to set in motion proceedings for assessment of income- tax dues. His submission is that, apart from the Income-tax Officer who is under the scheme of the Act authorised to set in motion machinery for assessment of income-tax dues, none other could in law have the authority to commence or deal with the question of assessment of income-tax dues. He has in that connection strongly relied upon the analysis of the provisions in the Income-tax Act as appearing in the case of Commissioner of Income-tax v. Tribunal Trust, indore decided by the Judicial Committee. It is sufficient to state that in connection with the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1922, the Judicial Committee noticed chapter by chapter the provisions of the income-tax law and the scheme thereof, inter alia, in respect of the charging sections, deductions and assessments, recoveries and penalties, refunds and notices the sections prescribing the duties of the income-tax authorities and the right of appeal to the Assistant commissioner, and such other matters. The Judicial Committee also noticed section 67 of the act which, inter alia, provided that no suit shall be brought in any civil court to set aside or modify any assessment made under that Act. Now the Judicial Committee reviewed the code of income-tax law for the purpose of showing that it exhaustively defines the obligations and remedies of the taxpayer. The findings read as follows:"their Lordships are of opinion that the only remedies open to the taxpayer, whether in regard to appeal against assessment or to claim for refund, are to be found within the four corners of the act. This view of his rights harmonises with the provision of section 67, to which reference has already been made, that no suit shall be brought in any civil court to set aside or modify any assessment made under the Act. It is the Act which prescribes both the remedy and the manner in which it may be enforced. "( 23 ) MR. Joshi is right in his submission that the distinction sought to be made by Mr. Chagla in the scheme of the Income-tax Act and the Life Insurance Corporation Act which was before the supreme Court in the case of Damji Valji Shah v. Life Insurance Corporation of India, that the income-tax Act does not contain any provision like that contained in section 41 of the Life insurance Corporation Act ousting the jurisdiction of civil courts is a distinction of no consequence at all. It is quite clear that in connection with the assessment to ascertain the quantum of income-tax a separate independent machinery and/or a complete code is provided in the Income-tax Act. It is not possible to make A study of each and every relevant provision of that Act in this judgment. That the Act provides for assessment of the quantum of income-tax dues by the Income-tax Officer and further provides for an appeal to the Appellate Assistant commissioner and provides for a reference only on questions of law to High Courts is well-known. There are detailed provisions in the Act in respect of commencing proceedings for reassessment of escaped income with the sanction of the Income-tax Commissioner. The right of appeal is also circumscribed and there is a provision for deposit of tax before any appeal could be filed. Now it is true that in sub-section (2) of section 446 it is provided that, "notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force", the winding-up court would have jurisdiction to entertain any proceeding by or against the company. It is also true that, having regard to the language in this sub-section, an argument that the winding-up court has acquired jurisdiction to assess income-tax liability of the company in winding up could be advanced and has been advanced on behalf of the original applicant. Reliance has been placed in that connection on the phrase "notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in force". Now it appears to us that the constitution of the civil court acting as a winding-up court is such that it would be impossible for such court to act as Income-tax Officer and commence assessment proceedings. In this connection we are not called upon to find out the limitations on the powers of the winding-up court in respect of proceedings referred to in sub-section (2 ). It is quite clear that, having regard to the scheme for assessment for quantum of income-tax contained in the Income-tax Act, a civil court and/or a winding-up court could not "entertain or dispose of" assessment proceedings. The procedure prescribed is altogether so foreign to the procedure prescribed for it that in civil court would not be able to put into effect the machinery prescribed by the Income-tax Act. This discussion has the effect of holding that the absence of a provision like section 41 of the Life Insurance Corporation Act on the Income-tax Act does not alter or affect the established position that the Income-tax Act, in so far as the proceedings for assessment are concerned provides for a scheme of a complete code. This part of the scheme of the Act is such as can never be enforced through the machinery of a civil court. It is for this reason that we have not been able to appreciate Mr. Chaglas contention that the absence of a provision like section 41 of the Life Insurance Corporation Act in the Income-tax Act is an important distinction and that for that reason the observations in paragraph 18 of the judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of Damji Valji Shah v. Life Insurance Corporation of India are not applicable to the facts of the present case.( 24 ) NOW it is quite clear that the Supreme Court has held in the above paragraph that the provisions of sub-section (1) of section 446 are consequential to the provisions of sub-section (2)of section 446 and that this is so because under sub-section (2) exclusive jurisdiction is conferred on the company court to dispose of all suits or proceedings by or against a company and further that the consequential provisions of sub-section (1) of section 446 are not attracted and cannot be applied to proceedings (like those before the Life Insurance Tribunal) before an administrative tribunal and/or a tribunal which is given exclusive jurisdiction to decide and determine matters arising under the relevant Act. Apparently, in connection with matters of exclusive jurisdiction triable by special tribunals in paragraph 19 the Supreme Court observed that : " the provisions of the special Act, i. e. , the L. I. C. Act, will override the provisions of the general act, viz. , the Companies Act, which is an Act relating to companies in general. "( 25 ) IT appears that the court formulated a view that in matters which are by special Acts liable to be decided, determined and disposed of by special tribunal of exclusive jurisdiction, the company court will not have any jurisdiction under sub-section (2) of section 446 and that, consequently, in connection with such matters or proceedings, even if they are legal proceedings, leave of court would not be necessary under sub-section (1) of section 446. ( 26 ) MR. CHAGLA contended that in this connection we should first notice the scheme of the companies Act, 1913, and particularly the provisions of section 171 thereof. He rightly submitted that the phrase "legal proceedings" in section 171 related to the same matter as is contained in sub-section (1) of section 446. He rightly submitted that section 171 and this phrase in the section was the subject-matter of decision of the Federal Court in the case of governor-General in Council v. Shiromani Sugar Mills and the construction of that phrase as made by the Federal Court has been cited with approval by the Supreme Court in the case of ranganathan v. Government of Madras. Though the section was not referred to, there was some discussion about jurisdiction of the company court and the income-tax authorities in the case of union of India v. Fisheries Pvt. Ltd. His submission was that the observation of the Supreme court in the case of Damji Valji Shah v. Life Insurance Corporation of India had in no way limited or restricted the meaning of the phrase "legal proceedings". He strongly relied upon the fact that sub-section (1) of section 446 was the only part of that section before the Amending Act 65 of 1960 introduced sub-sections (2), (3) and (4 ). He therefore was emphatic in his submission that these newly added sub-sections had not changed the meaning of the phrase "legal proceedings" and that the phrase must be held to have continued to have the same meaning as was ascertained by the Federal Court in the case of Shiromani Sugar Mills. In his submission the consequence of the observation of the Supreme Court in the case of Damji Valji Shah v. Life insurance Corporation of India was that the winding-up court would have exclusive jurisdiction under the Indian Income-tax Act and would therefore be entitled to proceed under that Act to assess the quantum of tax dues of the mills company and he therefore argued that the assessment proceedings against the mills company would become stayed in accordance with the provisions in section 446 (1 ). In his submission wherever conflict of jurisdiction for disposing of claims against company appeared it would be settled by deciding if the jurisdictional provisions are special and/or general. The special would exclude the general. In his submission the provisions in section 148 of the Income-tax Act where under the notices in question were issued was a general provision relating to all assessees. On the contrary, in connection with the very same matter section 446 (2) was a special provision applicable only to companies in winding-up. In the result, the proceedings under section 148 were liable to be set aside. In this connection he particularly relied upon the observations of the Supreme Court in the case of Union of India v. India Fisheries Private Ltd.( 27 ) IN connection with these contentions it first requires to be recorded that the case of shiromani Sugar Mills the question related to the proceedings commenced under section 46 (2)of the Income-tax Act for recovery of already assessed tax. Though the assessment of the quantum of tax had taken place subsequent to the date of the winding-up order, the question that the assessment proceedings were unauthorised or invalid because leave of the court under section 171 had not been obtained was not raised or decided. In connection with the recovery proceedings the court was called upon to find out the true meaning of the phrase "legal proceedings" as contained in section 171. In that connection the court first noticed that under section 239 if the Indian Companies Act, 1913, only limited priority was fixed in connection with Crown debts. Ordinarily, Crown debts ranked for payment (pari passu) with ordinary creditors. The court also noticed that except for the machinery provided in section 171 for compelling the department to get leave of court before proceeding to make recovery, there was no machinery for having the account of the moneys recovered and for securing the recovered moneys into court so that the assets of the company in winding up were duly distributed pari passu amongst all the ordinary creditors. In connection with the meaning of the phrase "legal proceedings" the argument on behalf of the revenue was that it must be in the nature of a suit and reliance was placed in that connection on the observations of the Full Bench of the High Court at lahore in the case of Shakuntala v. Peoples Bank of Northern India Ltd. The Federal Court negatived the submission. The court observed that :"the phrase `legal proceedings need not be confined to original proceedings in a court of first instance, analogous to a suit, initiated by means of a petition similar to a plaint. Section 171 must, in our judgment, be construed with reference to other sections of the Act and the general scheme of administration of the assets of a company in liquidation laid down by the Act. "( 28 ) HAVING seen the scheme of sections 232 and 211, the court found that :". . . . . . . . . . . . . no narrow construction should be placed upon the words `or other legal proceedings in section 171. In our judgment, the words can and should be held to cover distress and execution proceedings in the ordinary courts. In our view, such proceedings are other legal proceedings against the company, as contrasted with ordinary suits against the company. "( 29 ) THE further observations were :"but we see no reason why in British India no `legal proceeding can be taken otherwise than in an ordinary court of law, or why a proceeding taken elsewhere than in an ordinary court of law, provided it be taken in a manner prescribed by law and in pursuance of law or legal enactment, cannot properly be described as a `legal proceedings. "( 30 ) SIMILARLY a Division Bench of this court in the case of Abdul Aziz v. State of Bombay definitely observed in the context of section 48 (2) of the Sales Tax Act, 1953, that"`legal proceeding in its normal connotation can only mean a proceeding in accordance with law, and there can be no doubt that assessment proceedings under the Sales Tax Act are such proceedings. "( 31 ) THE further relevant observation was that"it must be remembered in this context that the expression `legal proceedings is not synonymous with `judicial proceedings. Proceedings may be legal even if they are not judicial proceedings, if they are authorised by law; and mr. Palkhiwala, by his argument, undoubtedly requires us to equate the expression `legal proceeding in section 48, sub-section (2) (ii), with judicial proceedings, for which, in our opinion, there is no warrant in law. "( 32 ) THE ultimate finding of the court in that case was that: " The expression legal proceeding in section 18 (2) (ii) includes assessment proceedings,. . . . . . . . . "( 33 ) NOW Mr. Chagla insisted that having regard to the history of the legislation in section 171 and section 446 (1) and the above observations in connection with the phrase "legal proceedings" the finding of Mr. Justice Vimadalal that the assessment proceedings commenced by the impugned notices were "legal proceedings" must be accepted as correct. According to him, this being the correct position in law, we should proceed to hold in his favour that there is nothing in the decision in the case of Damji Valji Shah v. Life Insurance Corporation of India, which has affected the above position. In support of that submission he has placed strong reliance on the contents of sub-sections (3) and (1) of section 446. Now it is quite clear that under sub-section (4) of the section 446, in spite of a winding-up order having been made in connection with proceedings pending in appeal before the Supreme Court or High Court, leave under section 446 (1) is unnecessary. It is also clear that under sub- sections (3) the winding-up court, in its discretion, may notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, transfer to itself any suit or proceeding and dispose of the same. Relying on this part of the section, Mr. Chagla sought to argue that under sub-section (2) exclusive jurisdiction is created in a wind-up court in connection with th matters mentioned in that sub- section. He, therefore, argued that the true effect of the observations of the Supreme Court in the case of Damji Valji shah v. Life Insurance Corporation of India was that in each and all proceedings in which a claim is made fro or against a company in liquidation the same was within the jurisdiction of the company court and for that reason the assessment proceedings commenced by the impugned notices was within the jurisdiction of the company court. We should, therefore, hold that the order of injunction granted by the learned judge was justified and correct. ( 34 ) THESE arguments in defence of the above second contention made by Mr. Joshi do not disclose any real defence and are liable to be rejected for the reasons followings. " (1) The second contention made for the appellants is on an assumption that the notices for reassessment issued under section 148 of the Income-tax Act, 1961, were in respect of legal proceedings covered by sub-section (1) of section 446. (2) In connection with its finds regarding the true meaning and effect of the provisions in sub-section (1) and (2) of section 446 the Supreme Court did not find it necessary in the case of damji Valji Shah v. Life Insurance Corporation of India to discuss the connection of the phrase "legal proceedings". The Supreme Court further found it entirely unnecessary to refer to the provisions in sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 446 and other relevant sections such as sections 4442, 530 and 537. (3) The Supreme Court arrived at its findings regarding the true effect of the provisions in sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 446 in spite of, and we must presume with the full and complete knowledge of, the provisions in sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 446 and all relevant sections, including section 442, 530 and 537. (4) The main ratio of the decision of the Supreme Court was, as already discussed above, that the provisions in sub-sections (1) of section 446 were consequential provisions for the reasons discussed in the first part of paragraph 18 of the judgment. For that reason the Supreme Court found that having regard to the special provision conferring jurisdiction on a special tribunal under section 41 of the Life Insurance Corporation Act and the general provisions of that Act being in special Act " will override the provisions of the general Act, viz. , the Companies Act. "The Supreme Court must be held to have held that in the context of a special Act like the life insurance Corporation Act the provisions in sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 446 were provisions of a general Act and provisions in a special Act and/or special provision like that in section 41 of the Life Insurance Corporation Act would override the provisions in sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 446. ( 35 ) WE are unable to accept the argument made by Mr. Chagla that the provisions in section 148 and 142 of the Income-tax Act are general provisions, and the scheme of those provisions was liable to be overridden by the provisions in sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 446 as being special provisions. The scheme in sections 148 and 142 of the Income-tax Act and the scheme thereof for assessment of quantum of tax must be considered in pari materia with the provisions in section 41 of the Life Insurance Corporation Act. These sections and the above scheme are in a special Act investing jurisdiction in special tribunals and accordingly such as would "override the provisions of the general Act, viz. , the Companies Act. "( 36 ) NOW it is true that in the case of Union of India v. India Fisheries Pvt. Ltd. , in connection with the recovery proceedings envisaged by section 49e of the Income-tax Act, in the context of the provisions in section 228 and 229 of the Companies Act, 1913 in consonance with the previous decision of the Federal Court in the case of Governor-General in Council v. Shiromani sugar Mills Ltd. , the Supreme Court observed : "section 49e is a general provision applicable to all assessees and in all circumstances; sections 228 and 229 deal with the proof of debts and their payment in liquidation. "( 37 ) THE Supreme Court decision was on the footing that the provisions of section 49e were overridden by the provisions in section 228 and 229 of the Indian Companies Act, 1913. Similar provisions in the Income- tax Act, 1961, and the Companies Act, 1956, will bear the same effect. It, however, requires to be noticed that the scheme of the Companies Act in the chapter relating to winding up of insolvent companies as regards unsecured debts is like that in the Provincial and Presidency Towns Insolvency Acts for satisfaction of those debts pari passu, i. e. , for distribution of the available assets between the creditors in the proportion of their claims. Sections 228 and 229 enact the above scheme. Provisions like these in respect of companies in winding-up as contained in the chapter relating to companies in liquidation in the Companies Act would always override, as being special provisions, proceedings for recovery of tax dues and the special provisions like section 49e enacted in the Income-tax Act. Even so, the effect of the decision of the Supreme Court in Damjis case is that where claims arise for decision by special tribunals and/or special officers like Income-tax Officers in the present case under special jurisdiction, the provisions in sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 446 must be considered as general provisions only. The matter is not res integra. We are, therefore, unable to accept Mr. Chaglas contention that the impugned notices were liable to be stayed by issuing an order of injunction because the Supreme Court had not changed or restricted the meaning of the phrase "legal proceedings" as construed by the Federal Court and the Supreme Court in governor-General in Council v. Shiromani Sugar Mills Ltd. and Union of India v. India fisheries Pvt. Ltd. ( 38 ) THE alternative contention in this connection was that in so far as the observations of the supreme Court in Damjis case alter and/or restrict the meaning of the phrase "legal proceedings" the same are casual and/or made in passing. The submission was that the observations were not relevant to arrive at the findings which the Supreme Court made. The further submission in the alternative was that the findings of the Supreme Court in connection with sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 446 were patently in ignorance of the relevant provisions in sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 446, as also in sections 442, 530 and 537 and certain other sections of the companies Act. These findings were made in ignorance of the above decision of the Federal court, as also of the Supreme Court, in the two cases just mentioned. These findings were therefore per incuriam and we are not bound to follow them. In that connection reference was made to Salmond on Jurisprudence, 12th edition, page 151, where it is, inter alia, stated that the precedent is not binding if it was rendered in ignorance of a statute or a rule having the force of statute. "the rule apparently applies even though the earlier court knew of the statute in question, if it did not refer to, and had not present to its mind, the precise terms of the statute. " The lower court may refuse to follow the later decision on the ground that it was arrived at per incuriam. ( 39 ) NOW in connection with these submissions, as already stated to Mr. Chagla by us, we are of the view that the Supreme Court was called upon to ascertain the true effect of the provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 446 as the main important point in the case of Damji. It is impossible to imagine that the contents of sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 446, on which reliance is sought to be placed by Mr. Chagla, was not present to the mind of the Supreme Court in deciding the case of Damji. Paragraph 18 which we have already quoted above, contains direct reasoning of the court for the findings made in paragraphs 18 and 19 for arriving at the true construction and effect of the above two sub-sections. We are also unable to imagine that the Supreme Court was, whilst dealing with the provisions of these two sub-sections, unaware of the provisions of sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 446 and the relevant sections or the scheme of the Companies Act. We, therefore, reject these alternative submissions made by Mr. Chagla. ( 40 ) THE result of the above discussion is that the arguments advanced by Mr. Chagla in reply to the above second contention made on behalf of the appellants fail.

Decision reasoning: 1[ds]( 23 ) MR. Joshi is right in his submission that the distinction sought to be made by Mr. Chagla in the scheme of theAct and the Life Insurance Corporation Act which was before the supreme Court in the case of Damji Valji Shah v. Life Insurance Corporation of India, that theAct does not contain any provision like that contained in section 41 of the Life insurance Corporation Act ousting the jurisdiction of civil courts is a distinction of no consequence atall. It is quite clear that in connection with the assessment to ascertain the quantum ofa separate independent machinery and/or a complete code is provided in theAct. It is not possible to make A study of each and every relevant provision of that Act in this judgment. That the Act provides for assessment of the quantum ofdues by theOfficer and further provides for an appeal to the Appellate Assistant commissioner and provides for a reference only on questions of law to High Courts isThere are detailed provisions in the Act in respect of commencing proceedings for reassessment of escaped income with the sanction of theCommissioner. The right of appeal is also circumscribed and there is a provision for deposit of tax before any appeal could be filed. Now it is true that in(2) of section 446 it is provided that, "notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force", thecourt would have jurisdiction to entertain any proceeding by or against the company. It is also true that, having regard to the language in thisan argument that thecourt has acquired jurisdiction to assessliability of the company in winding up could be advanced and has been advanced on behalf of the original applicant. Reliance has been placed in that connection on the phrase "notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in force". Now it appears to us that the constitution of the civil court acting as acourt is such that it would be impossible for such court to act asOfficer and commence assessment proceedings. In this connection we are not called upon to find out the limitations on the powers of thecourt in respect of proceedings referred to in(2 ). It is quite clear that, having regard to the scheme for assessment for quantum ofcontained in theAct, a civil court and/or acourt could not "entertain or dispose of" assessment proceedings. The procedure prescribed is altogether so foreign to the procedure prescribed for it that in civil court would not be able to put into effect the machinery prescribed by theAct. This discussion has the effect of holding that the absence of a provision like section 41 of the Life Insurance Corporation Act on theAct does not alter or affect the established position that theAct, in so far as the proceedings for assessment are concerned provides for a scheme of a complete code. This part of the scheme of the Act is such as can never be enforced through the machinery of a civil court. It is for this reason that we have not been able to appreciate Mr. Chaglas contention that the absence of a provision like section 41 of the Life Insurance Corporation Act in theAct is an important distinction and that for that reason the observations in paragraph 18 of the judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of Damji Valji Shah v. Life Insurance Corporation of India are not applicable to the facts of the present case.(26 ) MR. CHAGLA contended that in this connection we should first notice the scheme of the companies Act, 1913, and particularly the provisions of section 171 thereof. He rightly submitted that the phrase "legal proceedings" in section 171 related to the same matter as is contained in(1) of section 446. He rightly submitted that section 171 and this phrase in the section was thef decision of the Federal Court in the case ofin Council v. Shiromani Sugar Mills and the construction of that phrase as made by the Federal Court has been cited with approval by the Supreme Court in the case of ranganathan v. Government of3 ) NOW Mr. Chagla insisted that having regard to the history of the legislation in section 171 and section 446 (1) and the above observations in connection with the phrase "legal proceedings" the finding of Mr. Justice Vimadalal that the assessment proceedings commenced by the impugned notices were "legal proceedings" must be accepted as correct. According to him, this being the correct position in law, we should proceed to hold in his favour that there is nothing in the decision in the case of Damji Valji Shah v. Life Insurance Corporation of India, which has affected the above position. In support of that submission he has placed strong reliance on the contents of(3) and (1) of section 446. Now it is quite clear that under(4) of the section 446, in spite of ar having been made in connection with proceedings pending in appeal before the Supreme Court or High Court, leave under section 446 (1) is unnecessary. It is also clear that under subsections (3) thecourt, in its discretion, may notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, transfer to itself any suit or proceeding and dispose of the same. Relying on this part of the section, Mr. Chagla sought to argue that under(2) exclusive jurisdiction is created in acourt in connection with th matters mentioned in that subsection. He, therefore, argued that the true effect of the observations of the Supreme Court in the case of Damji Valji shah v. Life Insurance Corporation of India was that in each and all proceedings in which a claim is made fro or against a company in liquidation the same was within the jurisdiction of the company court and for that reason the assessment proceedings commenced by the impugned notices was within the jurisdiction of the companycourt. We should, therefore, hold that the order of injunction granted by the learned judge was justified and35 ) WE are unable to accept the argument made by Mr. Chagla that the provisions in section 148 and 142 of theAct are general provisions, and the scheme of those provisions was liable to be overridden by the provisions in(1) and (2) of section 446 as being special provisions. The scheme in sections 148 and 142 of theAct and the scheme thereof for assessment of quantum of tax must be considered in pari materia with the provisions in section 41 of the Life Insurance Corporation Act. These sections and the above scheme are in a special Act investing jurisdiction in special tribunals and accordingly such as would "override the provisions of the general Act, viz. , the Companies Act. "(37 ) THE Supreme Court decision was on the footing that the provisions of section 49e were overridden by the provisions in section 228 and 229 of the Indian Companies Act, 1913. Similar provisions in the Incometax Act, 1961, and the Companies Act, 1956, will bear the same effect. It, however, requires to be noticed that the scheme of the Companies Act in the chapter relating to winding up of insolvent companies as regards unsecured debts is like that in the Provincial and Presidency Towns Insolvency Acts for satisfaction of those debts pari passu, i. e. , for distribution of the available assets between the creditors in the proportion of their claims. Sections 228 and 229 enact the above scheme. Provisions like these in respect of companies inas contained inthe chapter relating tocompanies in liquidation in the Companies Act would always override, as being special provisions, proceedings for recovery of tax dues and the special provisions like section 49e enacted in theAct. Even so, the effect of the decision of the Supreme Court in Damjis case is that where claims arise for decision by special tribunals and/or special officers likeOfficers in the present case under special jurisdiction, the provisions in(1) and (2) of section 446 must be considered as general provisions only. The matter is not res integra. We are, therefore, unable to accept Mr. Chaglas contention that the impugned notices were liable to be stayed by issuing an order of injunction because the Supreme Court had not changed or restricted the meaning of the phrase "legal proceedings" as construed by the Federal Court and the Supreme Court inin Council v. Shiromani Sugar Mills Ltd. and Union of India v. India fisheries Pvt.8 ) THE alternative contention in this connection was that in so far as the observations of the supreme Court in Damjis case alter and/or restrict the meaning of the phrase "legal proceedings" the same are casual and/or made in passing. The submission was that the observations were not relevant to arrive at the findings which the Supreme Court made. The further submission in the alternative was that the findings of the Supreme Court in connection with(1) and (2) of section 446 were patently in ignorance of the relevant provisions in(3) and (4) of section 446, as also in sections 442, 530 and 537 and certain other sections of the companiesAct. These findings were made in ignorance of the above decision of the Federal court, as also of the Supreme Court, in the two cases just mentioned. These findings were therefore per incuriam and we are not bound to follow them. In that connection reference was made to Salmond on Jurisprudence, 12th edition, page 151, where it is, inter alia, stated that the precedent is not binding if it was rendered in ignorance of a statute or a rule having the force of statute. "the rule apparently applies even though the earlier court knew of the statute in question, if it did not refer to, and had not present to its mind, the precise terms of the statute. " The lower court may refuse to follow the later decision on the ground that it was arrived at per39 ) NOW in connection with these submissions, as already stated to Mr. Chagla by us, we are of the view that the Supreme Court was called upon to ascertain the true effect of the provisions of(1) and (2) of section 446 as the main important point in the case of Damji. It is impossible to imagine that the contents of(1) and (2) of section 446, on which reliance is sought to be placed by Mr. Chagla, was not present to the mind of the Supreme Court in deciding the case of Damji. Paragraph 18 which we have already quoted above, contains direct reasoning of the court for the findings made in paragraphs 18 and 19 for arriving at the true construction and effect of the above twoWe are also unable to imagine that the Supreme Court was, whilst dealing with the provisions of these twounaware of the provisions of(3) and (4) of section 446 and the relevant sections or the scheme of the Companies Act. We, therefore, reject these alternative submissions made by Mr.40 ) THE result of the above discussion is that the arguments advanced by Mr. Chagla in reply to the above second contention made on behalf of the appellants42 ) HAVING arrived at the above conclusion on the above second contention made on behalf of the appellants, we do not find it necessary to deal with the first contention made on behalf of the appellants. It is only necessary to refer in a very summary way to the arguments advanced in support of that contention.(43 ) MR. Joshi contended that the proceedings initiated by the above impugned notices being assessment proceedings, were not covered by the phrase "legal proceedings"as contained in(1) of section 446. The contention was that up to the stage that the liability to tax was quantified, assessment proceedings would not be such legal proceedings because up to that stage the department does not become creditor of the company. Up to that stage the debt itself is not ascertained and/or quantified. Legal proceedings would be those which directly affect the assets and properties of a company ins was so because the object of the provision in(1) of section 446 was to facilitate protection and realisation of assets and to prevent wasteful litigation in regard thereto. The scheme inwas to have the secured assets distributed pari passu among general creditors to prevent a scramble by creditors of a company in winding up by taking custody and possession of assets of such company. The argument was that in respect of proceedings which could not be withdrawn by acourt for trial by itself leave under subsection (1) of section 446 was unnecessary.The assessment proceedings were proceedings which anOfficer undertakes in discharge of a statutory duty imposed on him as such offer by theAct and therefore these are not legal proceedings. Thecontentions in reply were that the object of winding up was to collect assets of a company in winding up and to satisfy the claims of all the ordinary creditors pari passu.(1) of section 446 provided for stay of proceedings of every kind which were in the nature of claims against a company ine object of) was to enable the company court to get complete control over all claims which might arise against the company inr these reasons the phrase "legal proceedings" should be given the widest possible meaning. This phrase means action to recover any claim which may result into an order that can be recovered by legal process. The submission was that the charging section in thet created a debt and the proceedings for quantification thereof must be held to be a claim for decision of a claim against a company inThe submission was that the notices under section 148 of the Incometax Act activates the machinery of taxation law from quantification till recovery of the tax dues. There was accordingly no warrant to distinguish the stage of recovery of tax dues from the anterior stage for quantification of the tax44 ) AS already stated in the above discussion in connection with these contentions, there are extremely relevant observations in the decision of the Federal Court in the case ofin Council v. Shiromani Sugar Mills Ltd. There are also relevant observations in the case of Abdul Aziz v. State of Bombay. We, however, find it unnecessary to discuss these decisions and to arrive at any finding as regards these rival contentions in view of the fact we have accepted the above second contention made on behalf of the appellants.