Case: Mohammad Abdul Salam Khan Vs. Sarfaraz Ahmad Khan & Others

Krishna Iyer, J.1. A single legal issue presents itself for solution in this appeal The question is whether a public servant dismissed for misconduct is not ipso jure disbarred from employment under the State. If yes, the 1st respondent is ineligible for the public office of Chairmanship of Town Area Bugrasi from where he has been removed on the ground of dismissal from Government service, resulting in the eruption of this election dispute. If no, restoration to the lost office inevitably follows.2. The. appellant and 1st respondent were rivals for Chairmanship of Town Area Bugrasi in U. P. The latter, a dismissed police constable, was returned by the electorate and the former, chagrined by the defeat, successfully petitioned the Election Tribunal.The Ground :3. The appellant and the 1st respondent were two of the three candidates for Chairmanship of the Town Area of Bugrasi. The 1st respondent secured the highest number of votes and was declared elected by the Returning Officer. Thereupon the appellant moved the statutory tribunal by an election petition which was allowed on the score of disqualification for being chosen as Chairman by virtue of Section 6-K of the U. P. Town Areas Act (Act II of 1914). The disqualification stemmed from dismissal of the 1st respondent on September 26, 1963 from the Delhi Police Force. When the Election Tribunal set aside the 1st respondents election and declared the appellant as the Chairman, the unseated candidate invoked the writ jurisdiction of the High Court. The learned Single Judge who heard the petition affirmed the order of the Tribunal substantially but in relation to the relief directed against the declaration of the appellant as Chairman, the order was vacated. That question was left to be decided afresh in the light of certain observations of the learned Judge. Dissatisfied by the result, both the appellant and the 1st respondent filed Writ Appeals before a Division Bench of the High Court which ended in the allowance of the claim of the 1st respondent to be Chairman and consequential dismissal of the appeal of the other. The aggrieved appellant has, therefore, come up to this Court by special leave for relief based on the construction of two slightly ambiguous rules having some impact on this village election.4. Before opening a political chapter, respondent No. I had ended his official career as police constable under dismissal order dated September 26, 1963:"Constable No. 3048 Sarfraz Ahmad Khan is dismissed from the forenoon of 25-91963 of having been in illicit relation with Mrs. Chatterjee and her daughter. The conduct of the constable is most reprehensible, adulterous and unworthy of a Police Officer who is supposed to protect the Society from such vices."He ran for Panchayat Chairmanship and won, defeating the appellant and the 2nd respondent. The disability for election in the present instance is said to spring from the dismissal of the 1st respondent from Government service as aforesaid.5. Let us examine the relevant legal texts. The pertinent part of Section 6-K, relied on by the appellant as fatal disqualification, reads:"6-K. Disqualification for members and Chairman-A person notwithstanding that he is otherwise qualified, shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member or Chairman of a Committee, if he-(a) is a dismissed servant of a local authority, the State or Central Government and is debarred from re-employment therein,x x x x"Is the contesting respondent A dismissed servant of the State Government and is debarred from re-employment therein? That is the question. The statute is of 1914 vintage, but amended from time to time, and we have to interpret it in the light of legal provisions and constitutional developments. Does dismissal automatically spell disbarment from re-employment ? The argument which weighed with the High Court is that Section 6-K speaks of two components (a) dismissal; (b) and being debarred from re-employment. The second ingredient is not present in the terminal order against the constable and so the formula for disqualification is not fulfilled.6. We are not impressed with this dualism. If dismissals impliciter carries with this in it the ban on re-employment as a necessary jural incident, then both the elements are present implicitly in the-order. It is not as if the interdict against re-employment should be separately stated in the rule or order if by force of law an effective bar in that behalf can be read into the order cashiering the constable. So we are thrown back on the order itself which, admittedly, is silent on prohibition of re-employment.7. Counsel for the contestant, Shri Goyal, strenuously argued that the Police Act and the relevant rules bearing on disciplinary action are telling and must be treated as decisive. Brushing aside the ripples of confusion raised in the course of arguments about the source of power for framing these rules-no party, at any stage, has challenged the vires of the rules-we may reproduce Rule 16 (2) (iii) which governs the situation. Before that, a glance at Section 7 of the Police Act:"Subject to the provisions of Article 311of the Constitution and to such rules as the State Government may from time to time make under this Act, the Inspector General, Deputy Inspectors-General, Assistant Inspectors-General and District Superintendents of Police may at any time dismiss, suspend or reduce any police-officer of the subordinate ranks whom they shall think remiss or negligent in the discharge of his duty or unfit for the same."8. It is clear that Section 7 speaks of dismissal as a single category of punishment, not as two twigs from the same branch i. e., dismissal without and with embargo on reentry into State. It may, however, be noticed that there is no specific reference to removal from service, a recognised form of punishment sanctified by the Constitution Acts, including Article 311. Since Section 7 expressly subjects itself to the paramount law of the Constitution it is obvious that the power to remove is not eroded and vests in the appointing authority apart from the power to dismiss. Indeed, the Central and State rules regulating disciplinary control, all over the country, have, for a long period, made distinction between dismissal and removal, the former carrying the more injurious incident of removal plus refusal of future re-employment. Anyone conversant with disciplinary control of Government servants in India will agree that this fundamental difference between mere removal and dismissal exists. Article 311 enumerates dismissal and removal as two different punishments, one more serious than the other. It is perfectly plain that, understood in this environment of legal control of Government servants prevalent historically in this country. Section 7 of the Police Act, when it uses the expression dismissal must be deemed to have conveyed the official semantics attached to that expression, viz., removal from service plus a ban on re-employment by the State. The non-enumeration of removal as a distinct form of punishment does not divest the appointing authority from exercising, subject to legal restrictions, the power to remove from service without inflicting the more serious punishment of dismissal.9. The expression dismissal and removal look alike for the laity but in law they have acquired technical meanings sanctified by long usage in Service Rules. In Khem Chand v. Union of India, 1958 SCR 1080 at p. 1089 = (AIR 1958 SC 300 at p. 304) this Court observed:" ......... the expressions dismissed, removed and reduced in rank are technical words taken from the service rules where they are used to denote the three major categories of punishment. "As has been rightly pointed out in a recent book, The Civil Servant under the Law and the Constitution - by Dr. N. Narayanan Nair-The Academy of Legal Publications, Trivandrum-1, Kerala (1973), the words dismissal and removal have one distinction, viz., that the former disqualifies from future employment while the latter does not.Like wise, there is reference to this distinction in Shyamlals case AIR 1954 SC 369 at p. 374 wherein it was said :"The position, therefore, is that both under the rules and according to the last mentioned decision of the Judicial Committee (I. M. Lals case AIR 1948 PC 121 ) there is no distinction between a dismissal and a removal except that the former disqualifies from future employment while the latter does not and it may safely be taken, for reasons stated above, that removal and dismissal stand on the same footing except as to future employment. In this sense removal is but a species of dismissal.Rule 49 of the Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules, 1930 provides inter alia:"Removal is termination of service which does not disqualify from future employment. "Dismissal is removal from service which ordinarily disqualifies from future employment."It follows that dismissal is removal with a prohibition superadded."10. Against this background, here is Rule 1.6 (2) (iii) of the Punjab Police Rules which applied during the relevant time to the 1st respondent:"16 (2) (iii). When a Police Officer is convicted judicially and dismissed, or dismissed as a result of a departmental enquiry in consequence of corrupt practice, the conviction and-dismissal and its cause shall be published in the Police Gazette. In other cases of dismissal, when it is desired to ensure that the Officer dismissed shall not be re-employed elsewhere, a full descriptive roll, with particulars of the punishments, shall be sent for publication in the Police Gazette."The submission made with some attractiveness by Shri Goyal receives verbal support from the text of the rule. It speaks of a police officer being dismissed in consequence of corrupt practice in which case there is a mandate to the State Government that its cause shall be published in the Police Gazette In other cases of dismissal, the provision for publication in the Police Gazette is facultative. Counsel spins out the argument that if in other cases of dismissal the authority intends to inflict the additional penalty of non-reemployment, it should also publish the punishment in the Police Gazette. In the present case there is no indication of any such publication and so the dismissal does not carry with it the forbidding factor regarding re-employment Read with S. 6-K, which refers to dismissal together with debarment from re-employment, the conclusion is sought to be drawn that the 1st respondents case does not attract the disqualification in Section 6-K.11. We do not agree. The reasons are two-fold. As earlier explained, every dismissal has a double consequence understood in its contextual connotation. It removes the man from his office and superadds debarment from re-employment. Such being its meaning in the Indian Constitution in the relevant rules which have been in force in the country over the decades and indeed has become part of our officialese, we have to understand the dismissal as punishment imposed upon the constable in this case as one which embodies the latent penalty of disability from being re-employed.12. Secondly, even Rule 16 (2) (iii) carefully scanned, refuses to yield the helpful inference drawn from it by counsel for the 1st respondent. That rule does not state in other cases of dismissal the bar against re-employment operates only where there is publication in the Police Gazette to that effect. Dismissal, as such, carries with it this additional penalty in both classes of cases but in the first category covered by the rub publication is a duty cast upon the authority while in the second type of cases the authority is left with the option to publish or not to publish. If the dismissing authority desires to ensure itself that unwittingly some other department may not employ the dismissed official, he may, by way of abundant caution, resort to publication of the punishment in the Police Gazette. The language is clear that to ensure that the officer dismissed shall not be re-employed the concerned authority shall send for publication the relevant particulars. Not that without such publication a right to reemployment inheres in the dismissed official, but that to make sure that any unknowing slip may not be committed by another department, the dismissing officer may take care to forward the particulars of punishment for proper publication. It is enabling so far as the dismissing authority is concerned and is legally unnecessary to spell the two-in-one punishment of dismissal.13. In this view of the matter, there is no escape from the conclusion that the 1st respondent was punished under the former part of Rule 16 (2) (iii) and incurred the-extreme wrath of the law including disbarment from re-employment. Logically therefore he suffered disqualification under Section 6-K of the Act and the Tribunal, in removing him from Chairmanship, acted legally.

Decision reasoning: 1[ds]6. We are not impressed with this dualism. If dismissals impliciter carries with this in it the ban on re-employment as a necessary jural incident, then both the elements are present implicitly in the-order. It is not as if the interdict against re-employment should be separately stated in the rule or order if by force of law an effective bar in that behalf can be read into the order cashiering the constable. So we are thrown back on the order itself which, admittedly, is silent on prohibition ofargument which weighed with the High Court is that Section 6-K speaks of two components (a) dismissal; (b) and being debarred from re-employment. The second ingredient is not present in the terminal order against the constable and so the formula for disqualification is not fulfilled.It is clear that Section 7 speaks of dismissal as a single category of punishment, not as two twigs from the same branch i. e., dismissal without and with embargo on reentry into State. It may, however, be noticed that there is no specific reference to removal from service, a recognised form of punishment sanctified by the Constitution Acts, including Articlesubmission made with some attractiveness by Shri Goyal receives verbal support from the text of the rule. It speaks of a police officer being dismissed in consequence of corrupt practice in which case there is a mandate to the State Government that its cause shall be published in the Police Gazette In other cases of dismissal, the provision for publication in the Police Gazette isthe present case there is no indication of any such publication and so the dismissal does not carry with it the forbidding factor regarding re-employment Read with S. 6-K, which refers to dismissal together with debarment from re-employment, the conclusion is sought to be drawn that the 1st respondents case does not attract the disqualification in Section 6-K.11. We do not agree. The reasons are two-fold. As earlier explained, every dismissal has a double consequence understood in its contextual connotation. It removes the man from his office and superadds debarment from re-employment. Such being its meaning in the Indian Constitution in the relevant rules which have been in force in the country over the decades and indeed has become part of our officialese, we have to understand the dismissal as punishment imposed upon the constable in this case as one which embodies the latent penalty of disability from being re-employed.12. Secondly, even Rule 16 (2) (iii) carefully scanned, refuses to yield the helpful inference drawn from it by counsel for the 1st respondent. That rule does not state in other cases of dismissal the bar against re-employment operates only where there is publication in the Police Gazette to that effect. Dismissal, as such, carries with it this additional penalty in both classes of cases but in the first category covered by the rub publication is a duty cast upon the authority while in the second type of cases the authority is left with the option to publish or not to publish. If the dismissing authority desires to ensure itself that unwittingly some other department may not employ the dismissed official, he may, by way of abundant caution, resort to publication of the punishment in the Police Gazette. The language is clear that to ensure that the officer dismissed shall not be re-employed the concerned authority shall send for publication the relevant particulars. Not that without such publication a right to reemployment inheres in the dismissed official, but that to make sure that any unknowing slip may not be committed by another department, the dismissing officer may take care to forward the particulars of punishment for proper publication. It is enabling so far as the dismissing authority is concerned and is legally unnecessary to spell the two-in-one punishment of dismissal.13. In this view of the matter, there is no escape from the conclusion that the 1st respondent was punished under the former part of Rule 16 (2) (iii) and incurred the-extreme wrath of the law including disbarment from re-employment. Logically therefore he suffered disqualification under Section 6-K of the Act and the Tribunal, in removing him from Chairmanship, acted legally.