Case: Collector of Central Excise, Hyderabad Vs. Fenoplast Private Limited (1)

B.P. JEEVAN REDDY, J. The respondent-company manufactures coate d fabrics, popularly known as "rexine cloth" in the market. The question in issue in this appeal is whether the said product falls within Tariff Item 19(III) of the Schedule to the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944 as it obtained at the relevant time. The Original Authority held that it does but the Collector (Appeals) held to the contrary. The Revenues appeal before the Customs, Excise and Gold (Control) Appellate Tribunal (CEGAT) was heard by a Bench of three Members. By majority, the Tribunal affirmed the judgment of the Collector (Appeals). The appeal preferred by the Revenue in this Court was heard in the first instance by a Bench comprising one of us (B.P. Jeevan Reddy, J. and B.L. Hansaria, J.)+ Inasm uch as the Bench entertained a doubt as to the correctness of an earlier decision of this Court in Collector of Central Excise, Calcutta v. Multiple Fabrics Pvt. Ltd.1 , [a judgment rendered by a Bench comprising Ranganath Misra, J. (as he then was) and G.L. Oza, J.] which constituted the sheet- anchor of the respondent case, the matter was referred to a larger Bench. That is how the appeal is before this Bench. 2. The respondent purchases 100% cotton cloth and coats it with PVC resin and other plasticizers. The product is popularly known in the market as "rexine cloth". The composition of the rexine cloth manufactured by the respondent is to the following effect: "(1) Cotton fabrics 8.0% (2) PVC resin 24.5% + Plasticizers (DIP/DIOP/BBP) 13.0% (4) Others [Fillers, (Calcium Carbonate) 54.5% Secondary Plasticizers, pigments , solvents, thinners, foaming agents)] The above composition is by weight." * 3. The main contention of the respondent which found favour both with the Collector (Appeals) and the majority of the Members of the CEGAT is that the rexine cloth manufactured by the respondent cannot be called a cotton fabric in view of the fact that cotton fabric represents a mere 8% of the final product (by weight) whereas the remaining 92% is represented by coating material. The respondents case which has been reiterated before us by its learned counsel, Shri Soli J. Sorabjee is that in commercial or in common parlance, rexine cloth is not understood or dealt with as a cotton fabric but as a distinct commodity.It cannot, therefore, be called a cotton fabric and even if it is treated as one by virtue of Tariff Item 19, the predominance or percentages referred to in the said Tariff Item should be applied in relation to the final product and not with reference to the cotton cloth which represents a very minor portion of the final product. The contention of the Revenue, on the other hand, is that coated fabric (in the case of the respondent, rexine cloth) is expressly placed within the purview of the cotton fabric by Parliament. In the face of such express inclusion, there is no room for arguing that the rexine cloth or coated fabric is not cotton fabric. May be that rexine cloth is not called or dealt with as a cotton fabric in the commercial world or in common parlance but that does not prevent Parliament from treating it as a cotton fabric for the purposes of the Act and indeed Parliament has chosen to include it within the ambit of cotton fabrics for the purposes of levying excise duty. Since the power of Parliament to do so is unquestioned, the respondents product is bound to be treated as cotton fabric within the purview of Tariff Item 19 and subjected to duty prescribed under subitem (I II) thereof. So far as the predominance or percentages referred to at the end of the first para of the Tariff Item is concerned, they are wholly irrelevant in the case of the respondents product inasmuch as the said predominance or percentages are applicable in relation to the base fabric and the base fabric in the case of respondents product is 100% cotton. 4. For resolving the above controversy, it is necessary to turn to the Tariff Item itself. It reads thus 682 "Tariff Rate of Duty Item Description of goods Basic Special No. Excise ------------------------------------------------------------- 19. COTTON FABRICS------------------------------------------------------------- Cotton fabrics means all varieties of fabrics means all varieties offabrics manufactured either wholly or partly from cotton and includes dhoties, sarees, chaddars, bed-sheets, bedspreads, counter-panes, table-cloths, embroidery in the piece, in strips and in motifs, fabrics impregnated, coated or laminated with preparations of cellulose derive tives or of other artificial plastic materials and fabrics covered partially or fully with textile flocks or with preparations containing textile flocks, if (i) in such fabrics cotton predominates in weight, or (ii) such fabrics contain more than 40 per cent, by weight of cotton and 50 per cent, or more by weight of non-cellulosic fibres or yarn or both: Provided that in the case of embroidery in the piece in strips or in motifs, fabrics impregnated, coated or laminated with preparations of cellulose derivatives or of other artificial plastic materials and fabrics covered partially or fully with textile flocks, such predominance or percentages, as the case may be, shall be in relation to the base fabrics which are embroidered or impregnated, coated or laminated or covered, as the case may be- I. Cotton fabrics, other than (i) embroidery in the piece, in strips or in motifs, (ii) fabrics impregnated, coated or laminated with preparations of cellulose derivatives or of other artificial plastic materials and (iii) fabrics covered partially or fully with textile flocks or with preparations containing textile flocks- (a) cotton fabrics, not 20% ad 10% of the subjected to 20% valorem basic duty ad 10% of any process. Chargeable (b) cotton fabrics, subjected 20% ad -do- process of bleaching merecer valorem deying printing waterproofing, rubberising, shrink-proofing organdie processing or any process or any two or mor e of these processes. II. Embroidery in the piece, in strips or in motif, in or in relation to the manufact- The duty 10% of ure of which any process in for the basic duty ordinarily carried on with time chargeable the aid of power. being leviable on the basefabrics, if not already paid plus 20% ad valorem. III. Cotton fabrics impregnated, The duty do- coated or laminated with prepar- for the ations cellulose derivatives or time being of other artificial plastic materials. leviable on the base fabrics, if not already paid plus 30% ad valo rem. IV. Cotton fabrics covered partia- lly or fully textile flocks The duty do- or with preparations con- for the time containing textile flocks being such as flock printed fabrics leviable on and flocks c oated fabrics. the base fabrics, if not already paid, plus 30% ad valorem. Explanation 1.- Base fabrics means fabrics failing under sub-item 1 of this item which are subjected to the process of embroidery or which are impregnated, coated or laminated with preparations or cellulose derivatives or of other plastic materials of which are covered partially or fully with textile flocks or with preparations containing textile flocks. Explanation I I.- Where two or more of the following fibres, that is to say, (a) man-made fibre of cellulosic origin; (b) cotton (c) wool; (d) silk (including solk noil); (e) jute (including Bimlipatam jute or mesta fibre); ( f) man-made fibre of non-cellulosic origin; (g) flax; (h) ramie. if any fabrics are equal in weight, then, such one of those fibres the predominance of which would render such fabric fall under that Item (hereafter in this Explanation referred to as the applicable Item) among the Items Nos. 19, 20, 21, 22, 22A and 22AA, which, read with the relevant notification, if any, for the time being in force issued under the Central Excise Rules, 1944, involves the highest amount of duty, shall be deemed to be predominant in such fabric and accordingly such fabric shall be deemed to fall under the applicable item. Explanation III.- This Item does not include floor coverings, falling under Item No. 22G." 5. The Tariff Item deals with cotton fabrics, whether made wholly from cotton or partially from cotton. It includes several other goods within the ambit of the expression cotton fabrics. The items so included are (a) dhoties, sarees, chaddars, bed-sheets, bedspreads, counter- panes, and table-cloths; (b) embroidery in the piece, in strips or in motifs; (c) fabrics impregnated, coated or laminated with preparations of cellulose derivatives or of other artificial plastic materials; and (d) fabrics covered partially or fully with textile flocks or with preparations containing textile flocks. After including the said four categories of goods within the ambit of the expression "cotton fabrics", the Tariff Item proceeds to say that for being called cotton fabrics (i) the cotton must predominate in such fabrics by weight or (ii) such fabrics must contain more than 40% cotton by weight and 50% or more of non- cellulose fibre or yarn or both by weight. Now, if the Tariff Item had stopped here, i.e., with the first para, a doubt could probably have arisen whether the fabrics referred to in clauses (i) and (ii) mentioned above refer to cotton fabrics simpliciter or to the other goods specifically brought within the ambit of the Tariff Item. In short, in the case before us, a doubt could have arisen whether the predominance of cotton or the requirement of 40% cotton by weight etc., is to be applied to the cotton cloth simpliciter upon which coating is done or to the refine cloth manufactured by the respondent. Precisely, with a view to obviate such doubt, has Parliament added the proviso as well as Explanation 1 to the Tariff Item. The proviso provides in clear words that in the case inter alia of "fabrics impregnated, coated or laminated with preparations of cellulose derivatives or of other artificial plastic material such predominance or percentages, as the case may be, shall be in relation to the base fabrics which are impregnated, coated or laminated Indisputably, when the proviso speaks of predominance or percentages, it is referring to clauses (i) and (ii) referred to above (which occur at the end of the first para of the Tariff Item). The proviso makes it clear beyond any doubt that the predominance and percentages referred to in the said clauses shall be in relation to the base fabric which are impregnated, coated or laminated, as the case may be. The proviso excludes any room for the argument that the predominance or percentages referred to in the aforesaid clauses (i) and (ii) should be applied to the impregnated, coated or laminated fabric s. Parliament did not even stop with this. To make its meaning even more clearer, it appended Explanation 1 defining the expression "base fabrics". The Explanation says that " base fabrics means fabrics falling under sub-item (1) of this item which are impregnated, coated or laminated with preparations of cellulose derivatives or of other plastic materials For a fuller appreciation of Explanation 1, it would be appropriate to refer to sub-item (1) of the Tariff Item as also sub-items (11), (111) and (IV). Sub-item (1) expressly speaks of " cotton fabrics other than ... (ii) fabrics impregnated, coated or laminated with preparations of cellulose derivatives or of other artificial plastic materials The duty on such cotton fabrics is 20% ad valorem and the special excise duty is 10% of the basic chargeable duty irrespective of the fact whether such cotton fabrics fall under clause (a) or clause (b) mentioned under the said sub-item. Su b-item (1) may be contrasted with sub-item (III) which pertains to "cotton fabrics impregnated, coated or laminated with preparations of cellulose derivatives or of other artificial plastic materials", the rate of duty whereon is the duty for the time being leviable on the base fabric, if not already paid, plus 30% ad valorem. (The special excise duty is retained at 10% of the basic duty chargeable.) It may also be seen that sub-item (11) deals with "embroidery in piece, in strips or in motifs in relation to the manufacture of which any process is ordinarily carried on with the aid of power" while sub-item (IV) deals with "cotton fabrics covered partially or fully with textile flocks or with preparations containing textile flocks such as flock printed fabrics and flock coated fabrics". Separate rates of duty are prescribed for each of these sub-items. It would thus be clear that the cotton fabrics simpliciter including dhoties, sarees, chaddars, b ed-sheets, bedspreads, counter-panes and table-cloths fall under sub-item (1), while the other three categories included within the ambit of cotton fabrics fall within sub- items (11), (111) and (IV) respectively. 6. Now, coming back to Explanation (1), it says that "base fabrics", defined by it and referred to in the proviso, means the cotton fabrics falling under subitem (1) of this Item, i.e., cotton fabrics excluding inter alia fabrics impregnated, coated or laminated with pr eparations of cellulose derivatives or of other artificial plastic material; We are of the opinion that in view of the clear language of the proviso read with Explanation 1, there remains no room for the argument that the predominance and percentages referred to in clauses (i) and (ii) (occurring at the end of the first para of the Tariff Item) must be applied not in relation to the base fabric but in relation to the coated fabric or for that matter impregnated or laminated fabric. Clauses (i) and (ii) were found necessary for the reason that "cotton fabrics" means not only fabrics manufactured wholly of cotton but also fabrics manufactured partly from cotton. The two clauses clarify what does the cotton fabric manufactured partly of cotton mean. 7. Shri Sorabjee cited several decisions of this Court holding that in interpreting the meaning of the words in a taxing statute like the Excise Act, the meaning assigned to the words by the trade and its popular meaning should be accepted and that the test to be applied is to see how the product is identified by the class or section of people who deal in the product or who use the product. There can be no quarrel with the said proposition but it applies only when the words in question are not defined in the Act. This is so held by this Court in India International Industries v. CST, U.p.2 It says: (SCC p. 530, para 4) "It is well settled that in interpreting items in statutes like the Excise Tax Acts or Sales Tax Acts, whose primary object is to raise revenue and for which purpose they classify diverse products, articles and substances, resort should be had not to the scientific and technical meaning of the terms or expressions used but to their popular meaning, that is to say, the meaning attached to them by those dealing in them. If any term or expression has been defined in the enactment then it must be understood in the sense in which it is defined but in the absence of any definition being given in the enactment the meaning of the term in common parlance or commercial parlance has to be adopted." In this view of the matter, we do not think it necessary to deal with the several decisions cited by Shri Sorabjee regarding the relevance of commercial or common parlance test. 8. It is next contended by Shri Sorabjee that the Government of India, acting as the revising authority under the Act has also taken the view that if the end product has lost its identity as a cotton fabric, it cannot be said to fall within the expression "cotton fabrics" under Tariff Item 19. Reliance is placed upon its decision in Dunlop India Ltd., Re3. We do not think that on a question of interpretation of a Tariff Item, we should be bound by the view taken by the Government of India in a particular case. (The said decision does not also pertain to refine cloth but to conveyor belt). This Court is the final authority to interpret the Tariff Item and cannot be bound by the interpretation placed by an authority under the Act.9. It is argued by Shri Sorabjee that after coating, the cotton fabric no longer retains its identity as cotton fabric and that a new distinct commodity emerges. It is submitted that if the degree and extent of lamination or coating of fabric is such that it ceases to retain its identity as cotton fabric and a new distinct commodity emerges as a result of such coating or lamination, the resultant product cannot be regarded as cotton fabric within the meaning of Tariff Item. This argument does not take into account the fact that Parliament has chosen to include the coated/laminated fabrics within the ambit and purview of "cotton fabrics" and Parliaments power to do so is not questioned and probably cannot be questioned. The fact remains that to start with it is a cotton cloth upon which certain coating material is applied. 10. We have already held that the predominance or the percentages referred to in clauses (i) and (ii) (occurring at the end of the first para of the Tariff Item) is applicable only in relation to the base fabric as clarified and defined in the proviso and Explanation 1. It must follow therefrom that the question of predominance or percentages is irrelevant in the case of respondents product inasmuch as the base fabric in the respondents product is 100% cotton. The argument to the contrary is, however, based upon the decision of this Court in Multiple Fabrics1. The said decision dealt with Tariff Item 22 and the product concerned was PVC conveyor belting manufactured by the respondent therein. Tariff Item 22 deals with "man-made fabrics" and the entry is substantially in the same terms as Tariff Item 19. Tariff Item 22 also contains a proviso and Explanation 1 corresponding to the proviso and Explanation 1 in Tariff Item 19. But unfortunately the proviso was not brought to the notice of the Court. Though Explanation 1, was noticed, its purport was not given effect to while holding that "in view of the higher percentage of PVC compound in commodity, it becomes difficult to treat the ultimate goods as man-made fabrics for holding that it is covered by Item 22". Indeed, the above reason is the second of the two reasons given for holding in favour of the respondent-manufacturer. The first reason is that since the manufacture o f fabric and application of PVC compound is simultaneous, there is no preexisting base fabric for the purposes of and within the meaning of Tariff Item 22. Be that as it may, since the proviso was not brought to the notice of this Court and f or that reason the significance of Explanation 1 escaped the Courts notice, it is difficult to hold that the said decision lays down the correct interpretation of Tariff Item 22 or that it helps the respondent before us in interpreting Tariff Item 19. 11. A look at Tariff Item 19 before its amendment in 1969 confirms the correctness of our interpretation. Prior to 1969, the only goods included within the expression "cotton fabrics" were, what we called category (a) goods. Goods in categories (b), (c) and (d) were not there. Yet the percentages were there. Tariff Item 19 as it then stood and insofar as is relevant read thus " 19. COTTON FABRICS Cotton fabrics means all varieties of fabrics manufactured either wholly or partly from cotton and include dhoties, sarees, chaddars, bed-sheets, bedspreads, counter-panes and table-cloths, but do not include any such fabric- (a) if it contains 40 per cent, or more by weight of wool; (b) if it contains 40 per cent, or more by weight of silk; or (c) if it contains 60 per cent, or more by weight of rayon or artificial silk." It may also be mentioned that the proviso and Explanation 1 came in along with the inclusion of the new goods, in particular, coated or laminated fabrics within the ambit of "cotton fabrics", by virtue of the Finance Act, 1969, which amended the Tariff Item.12. Shri Sorabjee lastly contended that the coating material employed by the respondent in his product is not one of the impregnating, coating and laminating materials referred to in Tariff Item 19. In other words, his submission is that the coating material does not represent either "preparations of cellulose derivatives" or "other artificial plastic materials". He submitted that this submission wasq raised by the respondent both before the Collector (Appeals) as well as before the CEGAT but was not pronounced upon specifically in view of the fact that they held in favour of the respondent o n other grounds. 13. We have seen the grounds of appeal preferred by the respondent before the Collector (Appeals). It does not contain any ground to the above effect. The order of the Collector (Appeal) refers to the argument of the respondents counsel that "the Assistant Collector has wrongly referred the plasticizers and fillers as materials falling under the then Tariff Item 15-A, i.e., plasticizers without any application of mind" and the further argument that " in fact plasticizers are chemicals and fillers and other goods which are not covered nor are assessed under Tariff Item 15-A not being plastic materials". On the above basis, it was argued that the predominant material in the refine cloth is not plasticizer inasmuch as the plastic content is only 24.5%. For appreciating the said argument, one has to turn to Tariff Item 15-A, which speaks of "artificial or synthetic resins and plastic materials and cellulose esters and ethers, an d articles thereof. It may be noticed that the goods referred to under Tariff Item 15-A and the coating material referred to in Tariff Item 19 are not identical. Tariff Item 19 speaks of impregnation, coating and lamination by "preparation s of cellulose derivatives or of other artificial plastic materials". So far as the Tribunal is concerned, only one Member (Shri P.C. Jain), in his dissenting opinion, deals with this aspect in para 16 of his judgment. He rejects the said argument holding that "PVC formulation being used by the respondent company is certainly governed by the expression other artificial plasticizers ". For the said proposition, the learned Member relies upon the decision in Chemicals and Fibers India Ltd. v. Union of India4, a decision of the Bombay High Court wherein it was held that "whereas synthetic resin is a polymer itself, plastic is polymer plus such additives as fillers, colorant plasticizers etc.". Pausing here for a moment, we may say that even according to the respondent the coating material is of three categories, viz., PVC resin 24.5%, plasticizers 13.0% and other fillers, calcium carbonate, secondary plasticizers, pigments, solvents, thinners a nd foaming agents 54.5%. Now, PVC resin is also a plastic as would be evident from the meaning given to it in Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. 22, p. 375 (1988 Edn.). The following statement occurs therein: " POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) is a tough, strong thermoplastic polymer with an excellent combination of physical and electrical properties. One of the leading plastics, PVC is used in a wide variety of product s, including coated fabrics for upholstery and raincoats, garden hoses, pipes, phonograph, records, floor-tiles, food-wrap films and insulation for wire and cable. PVC products basically are made from a powdery PVC resin, which in turn is made from a gas called vinyl chloride (VC). A large number of molecules of vinyl chloride (CH2-CHCI) are linked like beads on a chain to form the PVC polymer (- CH2CHCI-)." * To the same effect is the statement in McGraw-Hill Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology, Vol. 14, p. 170 (1987 Edn.): "Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a tough, strong thermoplastic material which has an excellent combination of physical and electrical properties. The products are usually characterised as plasticised or rigid types. Polyvinyl chloride (and copolymers) is the second most commonly used in polyvinyl resin and one of the most versatile plastics." * 14. The second category is plasticizers (13%), which is undoubtedly one of the basic materials of the plastics. (See Encyclopaedia Americana, Vol. 22 at p. 217). Even in the third category, there are plasticizers but we do not know to what extent. It thus appears ex facie that the coating material employed by the respondent is predominantly, if not wholly, "other artificial plastic materials".15. The majority opinion, of course, does not refer to this aspect at all.16. No reasons are shown and no material is placed before us to show that the said opinion of the Member of the Tribunal (Shri P.C. Jain) is not correct. The only submission has been that the matter be remitted to the Tribunal for a decision on this question. We are not inclined to do so, for if this were the case, the respondent ought to have put forward this argument at the forefront and not concern itself with the interpretation of the Tariff Item. It could have simply said, "my coating material is not one contemplated by the Tariff Item", and if it were so, no further question would have arisen. Instead, it concentrated upon the applicability of the clauses relating to predominance and percentages relying upon the decision of this Court in Multiple Fabrics1. Before the Col lector (Appeals) it relied upon Tariff Item 15-A and submitted that since its coating material is not covered by Tariff Item 15- A, Tariff Item 19 is also not attracted. For all the above reasons, we are not inclined to accede to the request for remand of the matters to the Tribunal for deciding the said question.

Decision reasoning: 1[ds]9. It is argued by Shri Sorabjee that after coating, the cotton fabric no longer retains its identity as cotton fabric and that a new distinct commodity emerges. It is submitted that if the degree and extent of lamination or coating of fabric is such that it ceases to retain its identity as cotton fabric and a new distinct commodity emerges as a result of such coating or lamination, the resultant product cannot be regarded as cotton fabric within the meaning of Tariff Item.This argument does not take into account the fact that Parliament has chosen to include the coated/laminated fabrics within the ambit and purview of "cotton fabrics" and Parliaments power to do so is not questioned and probably cannot be questioned. The fact remains that to start with it is a cotton cloth upon which certain coating material isExplanation 1, was noticed, its purport was not given effect to while holding that "in view of the higher percentage of PVC compound in commodity, it becomes difficult to treat the ultimate goods asfabrics for holding that it is covered by Item 22". Indeed, the above reason is the second of the two reasons given for holding in favour of theThe first reason is that since the manufacture o f fabric and application of PVC compound is simultaneous, there is no preexisting base fabric for the purposes of and within the meaning of Tariff Item 22. Be that as it may, since the proviso was not brought to the notice of this Court and f or that reason the significance of Explanation 1 escaped the Courts notice, it is difficult to hold that the said decision lays down the correct interpretation of Tariff Item 22 or that it helps the respondent before us in interpreting Tariff Item 19.The second category is plasticizers (13%), which is undoubtedly one of the basic materials of the plastics. (See Encyclopaedia Americana, Vol. 22 at p. 217). Even in the third category, there are plasticizers but we do not know to what extent. It thus appears ex facie that the coating material employed by the respondent is predominantly, if not wholly, "other artificial plastic materials".15. The majority opinion, of course, does not refer to this aspect at all.16. No reasons are shown and no material is placed before us to show that the said opinion of the Member of the Tribunal (Shri P.C. Jain) is not correct. The only submission has been that the matter be remitted to the Tribunal for a decision on this question. We are not inclined to do so, for if this were the case, the respondent ought to have put forward this argument at the forefront and not concern itself with the interpretation of the Tariff Item. It could have simply said, "my coating material is not one contemplated by the Tariff Item", and if it were so, no further question would have arisen. Instead, it concentrated upon the applicability of the clauses relating to predominance and percentages relying upon the decision of this Court in Multiple Fabrics1. Before the Col lector (Appeals) it relied upon Tariff Itemand submitted that since its coating material is not covered by Tariff Item 15A, Tariff Item 19 is also not attracted. For all the above reasons, we are not inclined to accede to the request for remand of the matters to the Tribunal for deciding the said question.