Case: Reserve Bank Of India Vs. S.S. Investments

BHARUCHA, J. 1. Leave to appeal granted. 2. This is an appeal against the judgment and order of the Madras High Court whereby it declared that arbitration awards given on December 7 and 30, 1989, by respondents 2 and 3 respectively, in respect of a dispute between the appellant and respondent 1, were not valid; and that the subsequent proceedings conducted by the umpire, respondent 4, were also not valid. The order of the Madras High Court remitted the matter to respondents 2 and 3 to pass awards afresh in the light of its observations. 3. An agreement for the sale of five blocks of residential flats and a community complex, along with the land, was entered into between the appellant and respondent 1 on June 4, 1984. Clause 36 of the agreement provided that disputes between the parties would be resolved by arbitration; if the parties could not agree upon a common arbitrator each would nominate an arbitrator, who would appoint an umpire before entering upon the reference. Disputes having arisen the appellant appointed respondent 2, who was a former Judge, and respondent 1 appointed respondent 3, who was a member of the Bar, as their arbitrators. Respondents 2 and 3 entered upon the reference on April 19, 1988, appointed respondent 4 as umpire and heard the appellant and respondent 1. On December 7, 1989 respondent 2 made an award holding respondent 1 to be in breach of the agreement with the appellant and gave consequential directions. On December 12, 1989 respondent 3 wrote to respondent 2 stating that he could not subscribe to the award made by respondent 2. He said that "for the purposes of the record I shall write a separate award ...." He added, "We could have sat together and discussed matters before writing the award even if our points of view or judgments therein varied or even if differed on any issues or point for determination." * On December 30, 1989 respondent 3 made his award. He came to a conclusion quite different from that arrived at by respondent 2. The last day upon which an award could have been made was December 31, 1989. On April 3, 1990 the appellant requested respondents 2 and 3 to refer the matter to respondent 4 as umpire in view of the differing awards made by them. On April 19, 1990 respondent 1 objected to respondent 4 entering upon the reference. It stated that respondent 2 had made his award unilaterally and without any deliberations with respondent 3. Respondent 3 had made his award on December 31, 1989. Both the awards had been made without joint deliberations and, therefore, the arbitration proceedings were vitiated and there had to be a fresh arbitration. A copy of this letter was sent to respondent 4. On November 19, 1990 respondent 4 entered upon the reference as umpire. Counsel on behalf of the appellant presented his submissions to respondent 4 in the presence of the first respondents representatives and counsel on December 22, 1990 and January 12, 15 and 19, 1991. On January 26, 1991, the arguments on behalf of the appellant were concluded and the matter was adjourned to February 4, 1991 to enable counsel for respondent 1 to address respondent 4. In the meantime, on January 17, 1991, counsel for the appellant and respondent 1 made a written submission to respondent 4 which noted that his time to make the award expired on January 18, 1991 and that the proceedings before him were in progress. The submission stated, "The claimant and the respondent have no objection for extension of time by two months from January 18, 1991 for the umpire to make the award." On January 31, 1991 respondent 1 filed the proceedings before the Madras High Court upon which the judgment and order under appeal were passed. It prayed for declarations that the arbitration proceedings and awards passed therein were invalid and unenforceable, that the arbitration agreement was invalid and unenforceable and had ceased to have effect and that the reference to respondent 4 was without jurisdiction and invalid. Respondent 1 also prayed that the fourth respondents authority as umpire be revoked and a permanent injunction be granted restraining the appellant and respondents 2, 3 and 4 from proceeding to pass any award or execute any award in respect of the reference before respondent 4 4. The High Court held that the case was "one in which admittedly there has been no joint deliberation or consultation between respondents 2 and 3 before the passing of the awards and, therefore, the awards passed by respondents 2 and 3 individually in the circumstances will become void". It also stated that it was not possible to hold that respondent 1 had acquiesced in the competency of the reference to respondent 4. In the result, the High Court declared that the awards of respondents 2 and 3 were invalid and that the entering upon the reference by respondent 4 and the subsequent proceedings conducted by him were not valid. It remitted the matter to respondents 2 and 3 to pass awards afresh in the light of the observations it had made. 5. Mr. Sibal, learned counsel for the appellant, drew our attention to Section 3 of the Arbitration Act, 1940, which states that an arbitration agreement, unless a different intention is expressed therein, shall be deemed to include the provisions set out in the First Schedule to the Act insofar as they are applicable to the reference. Clause 4 of the First Schedule states that if the arbitrators have allowed their time to expire without making an award or have delivered to any party to the arbitration agreement or to the umpire a notice in writing stating that they cannot agree, the umpire shall forthwith enter on the reference in lieu of the arbitrators. In Mr. Sibals submission, the awards individually made by respondents 2 and 3 and sent to the parties indicated that they could not agree and respondent 4 was, therefore, entitled to enter upon the reference as umpire. In the alternative, Mr. Sibal submitted, if the awards made by respondents 2 and 3 were not awards in law, respondents 2 and 3 had allowed their time to expire without making an award, in which event also respondent 4 was entitled to enter upon the reference. Our attention was invited by Mr. Sibal to the judgment of this Court in Keshavsinh Dwarkadas Kapadia v. Indian Engineering Company ( 1971 (2) SCC 706 : 1972 (1) SCR 695 wherein the Court stated thus(SCC pp. 714-15). "As to what constitutes disagreement cannot be laid down in abstract or inflexible propositions. It will depend upon the facts of the case as to whether there was a disagreement ..... Disagreement between the arbitrators may take various shapes and forms. In the present case the arbitrators by reason of attitude of a party in correspondence addressed to the arbitrators could not agree to proceed with the matter. Where one of the arbitrators decline to act and the other is left alone it will in a case of this type amount to disagreement between the two arbitrators. In the present case, there was disagreement between the arbitrators. Time to make the award also expired. Therefore, from both points of view the umpire had authority to enter upon the reference." * 6. Mr. V. A. Bobde, learned counsel for respondent 1, submitted that there had to be, between the arbitrators, a joint deliberation and application of mind to the case after the hearing was concluded. There had to be such discussion because each arbitrator should have the opportunity to change the others mind. When parties selected the forum of joint arbitrators for resolution of their differences they were entitled to have a result arrived at after discussions between the arbitrators. Emphasis was laid by Mr. Bobde upon the authorities to which we now refer. 7. In the matter of the arbitration between Allen Pering and John Keymer (Pering and Keymer, Inre, (1835) 3 Ad & E 245 : 111 ER 406 (KB)) a reference was made to Stevens and Vincent and such person or persons as they should appoint. They appointed a barrister as umpire. Stevens and Vincent did not agree and the three proceeded with the reference. After the case had been heard, at a meeting of the three the umpire stated the terms of a proposed award, to which Stevens objected. After some discussion Stevens left the other two to draw up the award saying he would not join in it if he could not change their minds. The three did not meet again. Afterwards, by a mistake of Vincents clerk, the draft of a proposed award made by Vincent at an earlier stage of the case was sent to Stevens. Stevens, considering it to be a draft of the award that was then proposed to be made, sent it to be umpire with written objections. After this, and without any further communication with Stevens, the other two executed the award in the terms that they had proposed at the last meeting of the three. The award was objected to on the ground that it had been made by one of the arbitrators and the umpire without any consultation with or intimation to Stevens. The learned Judges upheld the objection. Lord Denman, CJ. after setting out the facts, noted that Stevens had placed his objections to the draft award draft award that had been sent to him in writing but the other two, without meeting him or considering how far their view may be varied by the objections, executed an award. They were bound to hear what Stevens had to say. It was only upon full notice given to him that they were entitled to proceed without him. It is important to note that Lord Denman, CJ. said : (ER p. 406) "If, after discussion, it appears that there is no chance of agreement with one of the arbitrators, the others may indeed proceed without him. Here, Stevens, the arbitrator appointed by Pering, always took a view more favourable to Pering than the other arbitrators; and, on one occasion, he said that he would have no more to do with the matter. Had that declaration been acted on, I do not say that the award would to have been valid." * The same view was expressed by Coleridge, J. thus : (ER p. 407) "One of them refused his assent. I do not say that this might not have authorised the others to proceed without him; but they got into communication with him again, and he sent them his objections. Now they either did or did not take those objections into their consideration. If they did not, the award is clearly bad for that reason; if they did, they ought to have consulted him upon them, before they made the award. Instead of this, they made another award." * 8. In Dalling v. Matchett (125 ER 1138 : (1740) Willes 215 (CP)) it was held that when a cause is referred to three persons and if they or any two of them are empowered to make an award, an award made by two of them is good if the third had notice of the meetings. But if he had no such notice, then such an award is bad 9. The same principle was applied by the Calcutta High Court in Abu Hamid Zahir Ala v. Golam Sarwar 1918 AIR(Cal) 865 : 22 CWN 301 : 25 CLJ 396) thus "[T]he presence of all the arbitrators at all the meetings and above all at the last meeting, when the final act of arbitration is done, is essential to the validity of the award." * 10. The judgment quoted the then current edition of Russell on Arbitration, which said. "As the arbitrators must all act, so must they all act together. They must each be present at every meeting; and the witnesses and the parties must be examined in the presence of them all; for the parties are entitled to have recourse to the arguments, experience and judgment of each arbitrator at every stage of the proceedings brought to bear on the minds of his fellow Judges, so that by conference they shall mutually assist each other in arriving at a just decision." * 11. In J. Kuppuswami Chetty v. B. V. Anantharamier ( 1947 (1) MLJ 297 : 1948 AIR(Mad) 40) the court held that it was well established that whilst an arbitration agreement might provide that the decision of the majority of the arbitrators would prevail, nevertheless the law required that all the arbitrators must give their unite consideration to all matters arising in the arbitration which had been referred to them. 12. In Mamidi Appayya v. Yedan Venkataswami 1919 AIR(Mad) 877 : 24 MLT 102 : 1918 MWN 477 ) a learned Single Judge held that for a final award by arbitrators to be valid it was essential that all the arbitrators should have been present at all the meetings, including the last, that witnesses should have been examined in the presence of all and that all should have consulted together as to the form that their award should take. 13. The last of the judgments referred to is Sheodutt v. Pandit Vishnudatta 1955 AIR(Nag) 116 : 1955 Nag LJ 258 : 1955 ILR(Nag) 224) . This was a case, where upon the facts, it appeared to the Court that one of the five arbitrators had dominated the proceedings and taken undue advantage of the fact that two arbitrators were illiterate. The Court was left "with an uneasy feeling that all the arbitrators did not jointly deliberate in the proceedings or in the making of the award" and held that there had been such a "mishandling of the arbitration" as to result in substantial miscarriage of justice, for which reason the award was set a side. 14. Before we proceed further we must note that the relevant passage in Russell on Arbitration, 20th edn., now reads : (p. 235). "All the arbitrators must act together. As they must all act, so they must all act together. They must each be present at every meeting; and the witnesses and the parties must be examined in the presence of them allAll must make award together. Where there are two or more arbitrators, all should execute the award at the same time and place. If they do not, the award may be invalidated, but as the objection is one of a formal character, if no other objection is shown, the court may remit the award to the arbitrators for correction." 15. While on Russell on Arbitration, we may refer with advantage to the discussion on what constitutes disagreement. It is said (p. 241) "The question what constitutes such a disagreement between arbitrators as will entitle the umpire to make an award ... is one upon which no definite rule can be laid down. It has been held that there was such a disagreement where one of the arbitrators declined to proceed further with the case, and also where one arbitrator refused to permit certain evidence to be produced which his fellow arbitrator declared to be essential, and in another case it was decided that non-agreement on important points was equivalent to disagreement." * One of the cases referred to by Russell in this context is Winteringham v. Robertson ((1858) 27 LJ Ex 301). A submission provided that the matters in difference should be referred to two arbitrators, and in case they should not agree it should be lawful for them to appoint another person to be umpire or to concur with them in considering the matters referred. The arbitrators appointed an umpire, who sat with them throughout the reference. On the arbitrators submitting their views to the umpire, it appeared that they were not agreed on important points, and the umpire formed the opinion that there was no likelihood of their agreeing. The umpire then made his award in favour of the plaintiff. The defendant objected to the award on the ground that it had been made before the arbitrators had disagreed. It was held that the non-agreement of the arbitrators was equivalent to disagreement; that on their non-agreement as to some of the matters in dispute the umpire could make an award as to all these matters, and that his award should be enforced. 16. In the present case it is not in dispute that respondents 2 and 3 were present at all the meetings in the arbitration proceedings. It is urged that there had been no joint deliberation and application of mind by them so that it cannot be said that there was any disagreement between them and respondent 4 was, therefore, not entitled to enter upon the reference. 17. Regard must be had, in our view, to the ordinary course of conduct of judicial and arbitration proceedings, especially considering the fact that one of the arbitrators was a former Judge and the other was a member of the Bar. Discussions do ordinarily take place during the course of the arguments between counsel and the Judges or arbitrators. Questions are asked by the Judges or arbitrators which would indicate their minds to counsel and to each other. Discussions also, ordinarily, take place between the Judges or arbitrators inter se during the course of the hearings and immediately before or after the same. It is not, therefore, imperative that arbitrators should meet upon the conclusion of the hearings to discuss the matter and agree to an award or agree to disagree in that behalf 18. That there had been divergent views expressed even during the course of the present arbitration hearings is clear from the letter written by the respondent 3 to respondent 2 for he says, "We could have sat together and discussed matters before writing the award even if our points of view or judgments varied or eve differed on any issues or point for determination". That the respondent 2 wrote out his own award indicates that he had no doubt in his mind that the differences between him and respondent 3 about the case before them were irreconcilable. As has been said, disagreement can take a variety of forms. Upon the facts of this case we are of the view that there was a disagreement between respondents 2 and 3; the fact of such disagreement was conveyed to the parties when respondent 2 sent them his award and respondent 4 then became entitled to enter upon the reference as umpire 19. We think that the High Court was not justified in placing reliance upon the fact that there was no plea on behalf of the appellant that there was a joint consultation between respondents 2 and 3 after the submission of the arguments by both sides and before the passing of the award by respondent 2, which, in its view, established that there was "no joint deliberation or united consideration" by respondents 2 and 3. Parties to an arbitration cannot be expected to know that such joint consultations or deliberations had taken place between the arbitrators 20. Mr. Sibal drew our attention to the written submission made by counsel on behalf of the appellant and respondent 1 to respondent 4 extending time for him to make the award. In Mr. Sibals submission, there was a categoric statement therein that respondent 1 had waived its objection to respondent 4 entering upon the reference as umpire. Mr. Bobde submitted, on the other hand, that the protest made by respondent 1 about respondent 4 entering upon the reference as umpire continued. In his submission, respondent 1 could not have acted otherwise because the authorities laid down that it is not open to a party to abstain from appearing before an arbitrator or umpire, although he objects to that arbitrator or umpire having entered upon the reference. The authorities do not say that the party so objecting is obliged to extend the time for the arbitrator or umpire to make the award. At any rate, the agreement to extend the time for respondent 4 to make the award should have been qualified by the respondent 1 and should have reserved to it the right to agitate its objection to the fourth respondents jurisdiction. The terms of the joint submission made by counsel for the appellant and respondent 1 to respondent 4 are unqualified and we think that, in the circumstances, respondent 1 must be held to have waived its objection to the entering upon the reference by respondent 4 as umpire.

Decision reasoning: 1[ds]17. Regard must be had, in our view, to the ordinary course of conduct of judicial and arbitration proceedings, especially considering the fact that one of the arbitrators was a former Judge and the other was a member of the Bar. Discussions do ordinarily take place during the course of the arguments between counsel and the Judges or arbitrators. Questions are asked by the Judges or arbitrators which would indicate their minds to counsel and to each other. Discussions also, ordinarily, take place between the Judges or arbitrators inter se during the course of the hearings and immediately before or after the same. It is not, therefore, imperative that arbitrators should meet upon the conclusion of the hearings to discuss the matter and agree to an award or agree to disagree in that behalf18. That there had been divergent views expressed even during the course of the present arbitration hearings is clear from the letter written by the respondent 3 to respondent 2 for he says, "We could have sat together and discussed matters before writing the award even if our points of view or judgments varied or eve differed on any issues or point for determination". That the respondent 2 wrote out his own award indicates that he had no doubt in his mind that the differences between him and respondent 3 about the case before them were irreconcilable. As has been said, disagreement can take a variety of forms. Upon the facts of this case we are of the view that there was a disagreement between respondents 2 and 3; the fact of such disagreement was conveyed to the parties when respondent 2 sent them his award and respondent 4 then became entitled to enter upon the reference as umpire19. We think that the High Court was not justified in placing reliance upon the fact that there was no plea on behalf of the appellant that there was a joint consultation between respondents 2 and 3 after the submission of the arguments by both sides and before the passing of the award by respondent 2, which, in its view, established that there was "no joint deliberation or united consideration" by respondents 2 and 3. Parties to an arbitration cannot be expected to know that such joint consultations or deliberations had taken place between the arbitratorsThe authorities do not say that the party so objecting is obliged to extend the time for the arbitrator or umpire to make the award. At any rate, the agreement to extend the time for respondent 4 to make the award should have been qualified by the respondent 1 and should have reserved to it the right to agitate its objection to the fourth respondents jurisdiction. The terms of the joint submission made by counsel for the appellant and respondent 1 to respondent 4 are unqualified and we think that, in the circumstances, respondent 1 must be held to have waived its objection to the entering upon the reference by respondent 4 as umpire