Case: United India Insurance Co. Ltd Vs. Jyotsnaben Sudhirbhai Patel

K.G. Balakrishnan, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. Aggrieved by the order passed by the Division Bench of the Gujarat High Court, the United India Insurance Company has come up in appeal by way of special leave. The appellant was the third respondent in a motor accident claim preferred by respondents 1 to 3 herein, who are legal heirs of one Sudhirbhai Jayrambhai Patel who died in a motor accident on 27.8.1994. Respondents 1 to 3 claimed a total compensation of Rs. 80 lacs and the Motor Accident Claims Tribunal (Special), Vadodra, passed an award for Rs. 32,50,000/- with interest at the rate of 12% per annum from the date of application till realisation. From the impugned judgment of the Tribunal dated 15.5.1999, it appears that the first respondent, the driver of the offending vehicle and the second respondent, the owner of the vehicle appeared before the Tribunal, but did not file any written statement refuting the allegations made in the petition. The Tribunal has stated that these respondents did not step into the witness box to explain the circumstances and the manner in which the actual mishap took place. It was further stated that in view of that, the Tribunal was compelled to draw an adverse inference against them. These observations have been made in paragraph 18 of the judgment of the Tribunal. 3. Before the Tribunal, the appellant Insurance Company filed a petition under Section 170 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (hereinafter to as the Act) praying that the appellant herein be allowed to contest the proceedings. That application was granted by the Tribunal by a cryptic order; Granted as prayed for. After the award was passed by the Tribunal, the appellant filed an appeal before the Gujarat High Court impleading the legal heirs of the deceased and also the driver and owner of the offending vehicle as respondents. When the appeal came up for consideration, the Division Bench was of the view that in view of Section 149(2) of the Act, the appeal under Section 170 was not maintainable, especially in view of the observations made by this Court in Shankarayya vs. United India Insurance Co. Ltd., AIR 1998 SC 2968 , and the appeal preferred by the appellant was dismissed. Aggrieved by the same, the present appeal is filed by the United India Insurance Company Limited. 4. We heard the appellants counsel and also counsel for the respondents. 5. The short question that arises for consideration is whether the appeal preferred by the appellant before the High Court was maintainable or whether it was barred by the provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act. It is now a settled position that an insurer can contest the proceedings before the Motor Accident Claims Tribunal only on any of the grounds prescribed under Section 149(2) of the Act and unless a specific order is passed by the Tribunal under Section 170, the insurer cannot contest the claim on grounds other than the grounds mentioned in sub-section (2) of Section 149 of the Act. It is relevant to extract Section 149 and 170 of the Motor Vehicles Act. Sub-section (2) of Section 149 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 reads as under: (2) No sum shall be payable by an insurer under sub-section (1) in respect of any judgment or award unless, before the commencement of the proceedings in which the judgment or award is given the insurer had notice through the Court or, as the case may be, the Claims Tribunal of the bringing of the proceedings, or in respect of such judgment of award so long as execution is stayed thereon pending an appeal; and an insurer to whom notice of the bringing of any such proceedings is so given shall be entitled to be made a party thereto and to defend the action on any of the following grounds, namely:- (a) that there has been a breach of specified condition of the policy, being one of the following conditions, namely:- (i) a condition excluding the use of the vehicle:- (a) for hire or reward, where the vehicle is on the date of the contract of insurance a vehicle not covered by a permit to ply for hire or reward, or (b) for organised racing and speed testing, or (c) for a purpose not allowed by the permit under which the vehicle is used, where the vehicle is a transport vehicle, or (d) without side-car being attached where the vehicle is a motor cycle; or (ii) a condition excluding driving by a named person or persons or by any person who is not duly licenced, or by any person who has been disqualified for holding or obtaining a driving licence during the period of disqualification; or (iii) a condition excluding liability for injury caused or contributed to by conditions of war, civil war, riot or civil commotion, or (b) that the policy is void on the ground that it was obtained by the non-disclosure of a material fact or by a representation of fact which was false in some material particular. Section 170 of the Motor Vehicles Act reads as under: 170. Impleading insurer in certain cases - Where in the course of any inquiry, the Claims Tribunals is satisfied that - (a) there is collusion between the person making the claim and the person against whom the claim is made, or (b) the person against whom the claim is made has failed to contest the claim, it may for reasons to be recorded in writing, direct that the insurer who may liable in respect of such claim, shall be impleaded as party to the proceeding and the insurer so impleaded shall thereupon have, without prejudice to the provisions contained in sub-section (2) of section 149, the right to the contest the claim on all or any of the grounds that are available to the person against whom the claim has been made. 6. This Court in Shankarayyas case (supra) held that the Insurance Company when impleaded as a party by the Tribunal can be permitted to contest the proceedings on merits only if the conditions precedent mentioned in Section 170 are found to be satisfied and for that purpose the Insurance Company has to obtain order in writing from the Tribunal which should be a reasoned order by the Tribunal and unless that procedure is followed the Insurance Company cannot have a wider defence on merits than what is available to it by way of statutory defence. 7. In a series of other decisions too, the same view was taken. In Rita Devi (Smt.) & others vs. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. & Anr. (2000) 5 SCC 113, this Court held that if the Insurance Company had not obtained leave from the Tribunal before filing the appeal, the appeal preferred by the Insurance Company before the High Court would not be maintainable in law. 8. In Chinnama George & others vs. N.K. Raju and Anr. (2000) 4 SCC 130, it was held that the insurer can defend the proceedings before the Claims Tribunal only on certain limited grounds mentioned in Section 149(2) of the Act and if these grounds are not available to the insurer, then a joint appeal by the owner of the motor vehicle and the Insurance Company may not be of any avail and the Insurance Company is legally bound to satisfy the award and it cannot be termed as a person aggrieved by the award and therefore the insurer would be barred from the filing an appeal against the award of the Tribunal. 9. H.S. Ahammed Hussain & Anr. vs. Irfan Ahammed and Another (2002) 6 SCC 52, was a case where the insurer and the insured jointly filed an appeal. This Court held that even though the appeal filed by the Insurer was not maintainable, the appeal need not be dismissed and the insured may proceed with the appeal. This Court stated as under: Thus, the decision of this court in the case of Chinnama Gerorge can be of no avail to the appellant and we do not find any merit in the submission that joint appeal by the insurer as well as the insured was not maintainable. In such an eventuality, the course which a Court should adopt is as noticed in the case of Narendra Kumar to delete the name of the insurer from the cause title and proceed with the appeal of the insured and decide the same on merit. 10. The lone dissenting view was expressed by this Court in United India Insurance Co. Ltd. vs. Bhushan Sachdeva & others (2002) 2 SCC 265 . There, it was held that it is open to the Insurance Company to invoke the right under Section 173 of the Act and maintain an appeal against the award made by the Tribunal. It was held that the insurer shall be treated as a person aggrieved by the award as the amount of compensation is to be paid by the insurance company. The Court also went on the observe that failure to file an appeal by the insurer would amount to failed to contest and therefore, the Insurer can maintain an appeal under Section 173 of the Act. 11. The view taken in the above decision was not accepted by a three Judge bench of this Court in National Insurance Co. Ltd. Chandigarh vs. Nicolletta Rohtagi and others (2002) 7 SCC 456, which considered the question elaborately and held that the right of appeal is not an inherent right and as the Insurance Company is permitted to contest only on the grounds stated in Section 149(2) of the Motor Vehicles Act, the insurer cannot file an appeal on any other ground, except in accordance with the procedure prescribed under Section 170 of the Act. In that case, this Court observed as follows: The aforesaid provisions show two aspects. Firstly, that the insurer has only statutory defences available as provided in sub-section (2) of Section 149 of the 1988 Act and secondly, where the tribunal is of the view that there is a collusion between the claimant and the insured, or the insured does not contest the claim, the insurer can be made a party and on such impleadment the insurer shall have al defences available to it. Then comes the provision of Section 173 which provides for an appeal against the award given by the Tribunal Under Section 173, any person aggrieved by an award is entitled to prefer an appeal to the High Court. Very often the question has arisen as to whether an insurer is entitled to file an appeal on the grounds available to the insured when either there is a collusion between the claimants and the insured or when the insured has not filed an appeal before the High Court questioning the quantum of compensation. The consistent view of this Court had been that the insurer has no right to file an appeal to challenge the quantum of compensation or finding of the Tribunal as regards the negligence or contributory negligence of offending vehicle. 12. In view of the aforesaid decisions on the point and on a consideration of the relevant provisions under the Motor Vehicles Act, it is plain and clear that the Insurance Company can contest the claim preferred before the Tribunal only on the statutory grounds prescribed under Section 149(2) of the Act, but, if there is collusion between the person making the claim and the person resisting the claim or if the person against whom the claim is made has failed to contest the claim, the Insurance Company can step in and seek permission of the Tribunal and make a prayer for getting itself impleaded as a party to the proceeding and the insurer so impleaded can then contest the proceeding on grounds other than the grounds enumerated in sub-section 2 Section 149 of the Act. This is an enabling provision in the event of a collusion between the claimant and the insured or the tortfeaser. 13. In the instant case, the Insurance Company was impleaded as third respondent. The driver and owner of the vehicle, though appeared before the Tribunal, did not contest the proceedings. They did not file the written statement nor did they choose to give evidence before the Tribunal. Admittedly, the appellant filed an application under Section 170 of the Act seeking permission of the Tribunal to contest the proceedings giving the necessary details. The award passed by the Tribunal also evidently shows that pursuant to this permission, the counsel for the appellant-Insurance Company cross-examined the witnesses produced by the claimant to prove the negligence of the offending vehicle. Unfortunately, however, the Tribunal, while passing its orders on the petition filed under Section 170 of the Act only stated that the prayer was granted, though the mandate of Section 170(b) of the Motor Vehicles Act states that the Tribunal while passing an order shall record its reasons. This Court in Shankaravvas case (supra) had emphasised this aspect. But it is very much evident in this case that the driver and the owner of the motor vehicle did not file the written statement and failed to contest the proceedings. The Tribunal could have merely recorded that fact while allowing the application. In a situation contemplated by clause (b) of Section 170, nothing more was required than recording that indisputable fact. For failure to do so, the appellant shall not suffer prejudice. Therefore, the appellant-Insurance Company was justified in contesting the proceedings on the grounds other than those enumerated under sub-Section (2) of Section 149 of the Act, pursuant to the permission granted by Court. For the same reason, the Insurance Company can be legitimately considered to be person aggrieved within the meaning of Section 173 of the Act. 14. Having regard to the above facts,

Decision reasoning: 0[ds]13. In the instant case, the Insurance Company was impleaded as third respondent. The driver and owner of the vehicle, though appeared before the Tribunal, did not contest the proceedings. They did not file the written statement nor did they choose to give evidence before the Tribunal. Admittedly, the appellant filed an application under Section 170 of the Act seeking permission of the Tribunal to contest the proceedings giving the necessary details. The award passed by the Tribunal also evidently shows that pursuant to this permission, the counsel for the appellant-Insurance Company cross-examined the witnesses produced by the claimant to prove the negligence of the offending vehicle. Unfortunately, however, the Tribunal, while passing its orders on the petition filed under Section 170 of the Act only stated that the prayer was granted, though the mandate of Section 170(b) of the Motor Vehicles Act states that the Tribunal while passing an order shall record its reasons. This Court in Shankaravvas case (supra) had emphasised this aspect. But it is very much evident in this case that the driver and the owner of the motor vehicle did not file the written statement and failed to contest the proceedings. The Tribunal could have merely recorded that fact while allowing the application. In a situation contemplated by clause (b) of Section 170, nothing more was required than recording that indisputable fact. For failure to do so, the appellant shall not suffer prejudice. Therefore, the appellant-Insurance Company was justified in contesting the proceedings on the grounds other than those enumerated under sub-Section (2) of Section 149 of the Act, pursuant to the permission granted by Court. For the same reason, the Insurance Company can be legitimately considered to be person aggrieved within the meaning of Section 173 of the Act