Case: Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh Vs. National Textile Corporation Ltd.

S.C. Agrawal, J. 1. The question which falls for consideration in this appeal is whether in respect of a textile undertaking whose management has been taken over under the provisions of the Textile Undertakings (Take over of Management) Act, 1983 (for short `the Act) the National Textiles Corporation (South Maharashtra) Ltd.-Respondent No. 1 (for short `NTC) is liable for the gratuity payable to an employee who had ceased to be in employment prior to the take over of the management of the undertaking. 2. Mohan Sambhaji Parab, respondent No. 2 herein, was in the employment of M/s. Finlay Mills Ltd.-respondent No. 3 from January 1, 1954 till March 22, 1983 when he resigned. He made a claim of Rs. 16,730/- towards gratuity payable under the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 and submitted an application in Form I with respondent No. 3. Since the respondent No. 3 failed to pay the amount of gratuity, respondent No. 2 moved the Controlling Authority under the Payment of Gratuity Act seeking for the recovery of the said amount of Rs. 16,730/-. On October 18, 1983, the President of India promulgated the Textile Undertakings (Taking Over of Management) Ordinance, 1983 whereby the management of the Cotton Textile undertaking of respondent No. 3 was taken over by the Central Government. The said Ordinance was subsequently replaced by the Act which was brought into force with effect from October 18, 1983. The Central Government vested the management of the textile undertaking of respondent No. 3 with the NTC with effect from October 18, 1983. NTC was impleaded as a party to the proceedings before the Controlling Authority. Respondent No. 3 did not appear to contest the petition before the Controlling Authority but the NTC appeared and contested its liability for the payment of gratuity to respondent No. 2. By order dated October 31, 1984, the Controlling Authority upheld the objection raised by NTC regarding its liability for the gratuity amount payable to respondent No. 2 and held that the said gratuity amount was payable by respondent No. 3. The Controlling Authority, therefore, directed respondent No. 3 to deposit the amount of Rs. 16,730/- towards gratuity in the Court of the Controlling Authority within one month from the date of the said order. Respondent No. 2 filed an appeal before the Industrial Court, Maharashtra against the said order of the Controlling Authority dated 31st October, 1984 wherein he claimed that NTC was liable to pay the gratuity amount to him. The said claim of the respondent No. 2 was upheld by the Industrial Court and, allowing the appeal, the Industrial Court, by order dated August 7, 1985, directed that in the event of respondent No. 2 failing to deposit the gratuity in the Court, the same shall also be recovered from NTC to the extent of the assets and other properties of the textile undertaking of respondent No. 2 taken over by NTC. Feeling aggrieved by the said order of the Industrial Court, NTC filed a writ petition (Writ Petition No. 8 of 1986) in the Bombay High Court. The said writ petition was dismissed by the High Court by the impugned judgment dated October 4, 1990. The High Court has held that the liability to pay gratuity to respondent No. 2 arose prior to taking over of the management of the textile undertaking of respondent No. 3 on October 18, 1983 and the liability for the said gratuity was that of respondent No. 3 and in view of Section 3(7) of the Act, NTC was not liable for the same. Since the appellant, namely, Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh, had been impleaded as a party in the proceedings, the appellant has filed this appeal, by special leave, against the said decision of the Bombay High Court. 3. The question regarding the liability of NTC has to be determined on the basis of the provisions contained in the Act. The relevant provision in that regard is contained in Section 3 which deals with the vesting of the management of the textile undertakings in the Central Government under the provisions of the Act. The said Section provides as under: "3. Management of certain textile undertakings to vest in the Central Government. - (1) On and from the appointed day the management of all the textile undertakings vest in the Central Government.(2) The textile undertaking shall be deemed to include all assets, rights, lease-holds, powers, authorities and privileges of the textile company in relation to the said textile undertaking and all property, movable and immovable, including lands, buildings, workshops, projects, stores, spares, instruments, machinery, equipment, automobiles and other vehicles, and goods under production or in transit, cash balances, reserve find, investments and booklets and all other rights and interests in or arising out of such property as were, immediately before the appointed day, in the ownership, possession, power or control of the textile company whether within or outside India and all books of account, registers and all other documents of whatever nature relating thereto.(3) Any contract, whether express or implied, or other arrangement, insofar as it relates to the management of the business and affairs of the textile undertakings and in force immediately before the appointed day, or any order made by any court insofar as it relates to the management of the business and affairs of the textile undertaking and in force immediately before the appointed day shall be deemed to have terminated on the appointed day.(4) All persons in charge of the management, including persons holding offices as directors, managers or any other managerial personnel, of the textile company in relation to the textile undertaking immediately before the appointed day, shall be deemed to have vacated their offices as such on the appointed.(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, no person in respect of whom any contract of management or other arrangement is terminated by reason of the provisions contained in sub-section (3), or who ceases to hold any office by reason of the provisions contained in sub-sections (4) shall be entitled to claim any compensation for the premature termination of the contract of management of other arrangement or for the loss of office, as the case may be.(6) Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court, tribunal or other authority or anything contained in any other law (other than this Act) for the time being in force, every receiver or other person in whose possession or custody or under whose control the textile undertaking or any part thereof may be immediately before the appointed day, shall on the commencement of this Act, deliver the possession of the said undertaking or such part thereof, as the case may be, to the Custodian, or where no Custodian has been appointed, to such other person as the Central Government may direct.(7) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that any liability incurred by a textile company in relation to the textile undertaking before the appointed day shall be enforceable against the concerned textile company and not against the Central Government or the Custodian. 4. The expression ``appointed day is defined in Section 2(a) to mean the date on which the Act comes into force. In Section 2(d) the expressions ``textile undertakings or ``the textile undertaking are defined to mean an undertaking specified in the second column of the First Schedule to the Act. 5. A perusal of the aforementioned provisions would show that under sub- section (1), the management of the textile undertaking specified in the First Schedule to the Act vested in the Central Government on and from the appointed day i.e. on October 18, 1983, the date on which the Act came into force. In sub-section (2), are specified the assets and rights which would be included in the textile undertaking, the management of which is vested in the Central Government. Sub-section (3) makes provision for termination on the appointed day of any contract, whether express or implied, or other arrangement in so far as it relates to the management of the business and affairs of the textile undertakings which was in force immediately before the appointed day, as well as any order made by any court in so far as it relates to the management of the business and affairs of the textile undertaking which was in force immediately, before the appointed day. Sub-section (4) provides that all persons in charge of the management, including persons holdings office as directors, managers or any other managerial personnel, of the textile company in relation to the textile undertaking immediately before the appointed day, shall be deemed to have vacated their office as such on the appointed day. Sub-section (5) lays down that no person in respect of whom any contract of management or other arrangement is terminated by reason of the provisions contained in sub-section (3), or who ceases to hold any office by reason of the provisions contained in sub-section (4), shall be entitled to claim any compensation for the premature termination of the contract of management or other arrangement or for the loss of office, as the case may be. Sub-section (6) requires that every receiver or other person in whose possession or custody or under whose control the textile undertaking or any part thereof may be immediately before the appointed day, shall on the commencement of the Act, deliver the possession of the said undertaking or such part thereof, as the case may be, to the Custodian, or where no Custodian has been appointed, to such other person as the Central Government may direct. Sub-section (7) is the provision, which has a bearing on the past liabilities of the textile company in relation to the textile undertaking, expressly declares that any liability incurred by a textile company in relation to the textile undertaking before the appointed day shall be enforceable against the concerned textile company and not against the Central Government or the Custodian. 6. Before the High Court, a contention was advanced that since the matter was pending before the Controlling Authority on October 18, 1983 when the management of the textile undertaking of respondent No. 3 was taken over under the Act and the actual determination of the amount of gratuity payable to respondent No. 2 was made by the Controlling Authority after October 18, 1983, the liability for gratuity was of NTC and Section 3(7) was not applicable. The High Court has rejected the said contention with the following observations: "A dispute as to the quantum of gratuity or payment thereof may be determined at a later date, but the liability to pay the gratuity arises on the date of resignation in the present case or on the date of superannuation, retirement, etc. as the case may be. Since the liability in the present case has arisen prior to the date of takeover, this liability is the exclusive liability of the 2nd respondent, for the reasons set out by us in the above judgment. 7. We are in agreement with the said view of the High Court because under Section 4 of Payment of Gratuity Act, gratuity becomes payable to an employee on the termination of his employment, on his retirement or resignation and since the respondent No. 2 had resigned on March 22, 1983, gratuity under the Act become payable to him on March 23, 1983 i.e. before the taking over the management of the textile undertaking of respondent No. 3 on October 18, 1983. 8. The learned counsel for the appellant has invited our attention to Section 6 of the Act which deals with the power of the Central Government to make certain declarations in relation to certain textile undertakings. In Sub-section (1) 6 it is provided: "6. Power of the Central Government to make certain declarations in relation to certain textile undertakings. - (1) The Central Government may, if satisfied, in relation to any of the textile undertakings or any part thereof, the management of which has vested in it under this Act, that it is necessary so to do in the interests of the general public with a view to preventing any fall in the volume of production of such undertaking, by notification, declare that -(a) all or any of the enactments specified in the Second Schedule shall not apply or shall with such adaptations, whether by way of modification, addition or omission (which does not, however, affect the policy of the said enactments) to such undertaking as may be specific in such notification, or(b) the operation of all or any of the contracts, assurances of property, agreements, settlements, awards, standing orders or other instruments in force (to which such textile undertaking or the textile company owning such undertaking is a party or which may be applicable to such textile undertaking or textile company) immediately before the date of issue of the notification shall remain suspended or that all or any of the rights, privileges, obligations and liabilities accruing or arising thereunder before the said date, shall remain suspended or shall be enforceable subject to such adaptations and in such manner as may be specified in the notification. 9. The learned counsel has submitted that under the said provision, liabilities accruing or arising under the enactments referred to in the Second Schedule alone can be suspended and since the Payment of Gratuity Act is not an enactment mentioned in the Second Schedule, there is no suspension of the liability in relation to payment of gratuity under the Payment of Gratuity Act. The said provisions contained in Sub-section (1) of Section 6 of the Act are not attracted in the present case. Clause (a) of sub-section (1) deals with the applicability of the enactments referred to in the second schedule to the textile undertakings whose management has been taken over and empowers the Central Government to apply the said enactments with adaptations and modifications. Clause (b) empowers the Central Government to issue a notification declaring that the operation of all or any of the contracts, assurances of property, agreements, settlements, awards, standing orders or other instruments in force to which the textile undertaking is a party or which may be applicable to such a textile undertaking or the textile company owning such undertaking immediately before the date of issue of the notification shall remain suspended. Under clause (b) the Central Government can also declare that all or any of the rights, privileges, obligations and liabilities accruing or arising under such contracts, agreements, settlements, awards, standing orders, etc., before the date of the issue of notification aforementioned, shall remain suspended or shall be enforceable subject to such adaptations and in such manner as may be specified in the notification. These provisions are referable to the period subsequent to the taking over of the management of the textile undertaking and the liabilities accruing subsequent to the taking over of the management under the contracts, agreements, settlements, awards, standing orders, etc. The said provisions do not apply to liabilities that had accrued prior to the taking over of management. We are, therefore, unable to construe the provisions contained in sub-section (1) of Section 6 as having the effect of curtailing the applicability of clause (7) of Section 3 referred to above so as to exclude the liability arising under the Payment of Gratuity Act from its ambit. 10. The learned counsel for the appellant has submitted that the Sub-section (7) of Section 3 should be construed in the light of the Preamble to the Act wherein it is stated: "AND WHEREAS further investment of very large sums of money is necessary for reorganising and rehabilitating the said undertakings and thereby to protect the interests of the workmen employed therein and to augment the production and distribution at fair prices of different varieties of cloth and yarn so as to subserve the interests of the general public. The submission is that since the Act has been enacted to protect the interests of the workmen employed in the textile undertakings whose management has been taken over, Sub-section (7) of Section 3 should be construed in a manner that the interests of the workmen are protected and are not jeopardised and therefore, Sub-section (7) of Section 3 should be confined in its application to liabilities other than the liabilities relating to the dues of the workmen in respect of the gratuity payable under the Payment of Gratuity Act. We find it difficult to accept this contention. It is one of the cardinal principles of the statutory construction that where the language of an Act is clear, the Preamble cannot be invoked to curtail or restrict the scope of the enactment and only where the object or meaning of an enactment is not clear that Preamble may be resorted to explain it. See : Burrakur Coal Co. Ltd. v. Union of India, 1962 I SCR 44 at page 49 and M/s. Motipur Zamindary Co. (P) Ltd. v. The State of Bihar, 1962 Supp. (1) SCR 498 at page 504. Here we find that the language of sub-section (7) of section 3 is clear and unambiguous inasmuch as in the said provision it has been declared that any liability incurred to by the textile company in relation to the textile undertaking before the appointed day shall be enforceable against the concerned textile company and not against the Central Government or the Custodian. The words ``any liability in sub-section (7) of said Section 3 are of wide amplitude to cover every liability that was incurred by the textile company in relation to the textile undertaking before the appointed day. Moreover, the statement in the Preamble on which reliance has been placed by the learned counsel for the appellant, regarding giving protection to the interests of the workmen employed therein, also indicates that what was intended was to reorganise and rehabilitate the textile undertakings whose management was being taken over with a view to prevent the closure of such undertakings and consequent unemployment of workmen and thereby protect the interests of the workmen who were employed in the textile undertaking at the time of the taking over of the management of the said undertaking. The said statement in the Preamble does not refer to persons who had ceased to be in employment of the textile undertaking on the date of such taking over of the management. We are, therefore, unable to hold that sub-section (7) of section 3, must be so construed as to exclude its applicability in respect of liability for payment of gratuity under the Payment of Gratuity Act.11. That the liabilities in respect of the period prior to the taking over of the management of the textile undertaking are not taken over by the NTC is also borne out by the Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Ordinance No. 6 of 1995 promulgated by the President on June 27, 1995. The said Ordinance provides for the acquisition and transfer of the textile undertakings specified in the First Schedule of the said Ordinance. Respondent No. 3 is one of the textile undertakings referred to in the said Ordinance. Under Section 3 of the said Ordinance, the right, title and interest of the owner in relation to every textile undertaking mentioned in the First Schedule to the Act, stands transferred and vests absolutely in the Central Government on the appointed day, i.e. April 1, 1994. Under Section 5 of the said Ordinance, every liability, other than the liability specified in Sub-section (2), of the owner of a textile undertaking, in relation to the textile undertakings in respect of any period prior to the appointed day shall be the liability of such owner and shall be enforceable against him and not against the Central Government or the NTC. Clause (c) of Sub-section (2) of Section 5 refers to liability arising in respect of wages, salaries and other dues of the employees of the textile undertaking in respect of any period after the management of such undertaking had been taken over by the Central Government. Clause (a) of Sub-section (3) of Section 5 of the said Ordinance is similar to that contained in Sub-section (7) of Section 3 of the Act and declares that as expressly provided in the said Section or any other section of the said Ordinance, on liability other than the liability as specified in sub-section (2) in relation to a textile undertaking in respect of any period prior to the appointed day shall be enforceable against the Central Government or the NTC. Section 8 of the said Ordinance provides that the owner of every textile undertaking shall be given by the Central Government, in cash and in the manner as specified in Chapter VI, for the transfer to and vesting in it, under sub-section (1) of section 3, of such textile undertaking and the right, title and interest of the owner in relation to such textile undertaking, an amount equal to the amount specified against it in the corresponding entry in column (4) of the First Schedule. Section 20 of the said Ordinance requires every person having a claim against the owner of a textile undertaking to prefer such claim before the Commissioner and Section 21 prescribes the principles regarding priority of claims arising out of the matters specified in the Second Schedule. In the said Ordinance the liabilities in respect of the textile undertakings are divided in two parts; Part A deals with post-take over management period and contains categories I and II; and Part B relates to pre-take over management period and contains categories III to IV. Category III relates to arrears in relation to provident fund, salaries and wages and other amounts due to the employee. By Clause (a) of Section 21 categories I and II have been given precedence over category III which means that the liabilities for the post- take over management period have priority over the arrears in relation to provident fund, salaries and wages and other amounts due to the employee in relation to the pre-take over management period. These provisions are similar to those contained in Section 21 of the Sick Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Act, 1974. In M. Asghar v. Union of India, 1986(4) SCC 283, the said provisions giving lower priority to the amounts due to the employees in relation to the pre-take over period, was challenged before this Court. The said challenge was negatived by the Court and it was observed:- "The distinction made between the liabilities of the post-take over management period and the pre-take over management period is prima facie sound as the former liabilities are those incurred pursuant to the public management of the undertaking under the statute, while the latter liabilities are those incurred in the course of the private management by the owner of the undertaking. The provisions of the Ordinance No. 6 of 1995 also show that the liabilities for the period prior to the take over of the management are to be discharged from the amount payable to the owner of the textile undertaking for the acquisition of the undertaking and not by the NTC. It is, therefore, not possible to uphold the contention urged on behalf of the appellant that NTC is liable in respect of the gratuity amount payable under the Payment of Gratuity Act to Respondent No. 2.

Decision reasoning: 0[ds]7. We are in agreement with the said view of the High Court because under Section 4 of Payment of Gratuity Act, gratuity becomes payable to an employee on the termination of his employment, on his retirement or resignation and since the respondent No. 2 had resigned on March 22, 1983, gratuity under the Act become payable to him on March 23, 1983 i.e. before the taking over the management of the textile undertaking of respondent No. 3 on October 18,find it difficult to accept this contention. It is one of the cardinal principles of the statutory construction that where the language of an Act is clear, the Preamble cannot be invoked to curtail or restrict the scope of the enactment and only where the object or meaning of an enactment is not clear that Preamble may be resorted to explain it. See : Burrakur Coal Co. Ltd. v. Union of India, 1962 I SCR 44 at page 49 and M/s. Motipur Zamindary Co. (P) Ltd. v. The State of Bihar, 1962 Supp. (1) SCR 498 at page 504. Here we find that the language of sub-section (7) of section 3 is clear and unambiguous inasmuch as in the said provision it has been declared that any liability incurred to by the textile company in relation to the textile undertaking before the appointed day shall be enforceable against the concerned textile company and not against the Central Government or the Custodian. The words ``any liability in sub-section (7) of said Section 3 are of wide amplitude to cover every liability that was incurred by the textile company in relation to the textile undertaking before the appointed day. Moreover, the statement in the Preamble on which reliance has been placed by the learned counsel for the appellant, regarding giving protection to the interests of the workmen employed therein, also indicates that what was intended was to reorganise and rehabilitate the textile undertakings whose management was being taken over with a view to prevent the closure of such undertakings and consequent unemployment of workmen and thereby protect the interests of the workmen who were employed in the textile undertaking at the time of the taking over of the management of the said undertaking. The said statement in the Preamble does not refer to persons who had ceased to be in employment of the textile undertaking on the date of such taking over of the management. We are, therefore, unable to hold that sub-section (7) of section 3, must be so construed as to exclude its applicability in respect of liability for payment of gratuity under the Payment of Gratuity Act.11. That the liabilities in respect of the period prior to the taking over of the management of the textile undertaking are not taken over by the NTC is also borne out by the Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Ordinance No. 6 of 1995 promulgated by the President on June 27, 1995. The said Ordinance provides for the acquisition and transfer of the textile undertakings specified in the First Schedule of the said Ordinance. Respondent No. 3 is one of the textile undertakings referred to in the said Ordinance. Under Section 3 of the said Ordinance, the right, title and interest of the owner in relation to every textile undertaking mentioned in the First Schedule to the Act, stands transferred and vests absolutely in the Central Government on the appointed day, i.e. April 1, 1994. Under Section 5 of the said Ordinance, every liability, other than the liability specified in Sub-section (2), of the owner of a textile undertaking, in relation to the textile undertakings in respect of any period prior to the appointed day shall be the liability of such owner and shall be enforceable against him and not against the Central Government or the NTC. Clause (c) of Sub-section (2) of Section 5 refers to liability arising in respect of wages, salaries and other dues of the employees of the textile undertaking in respect of any period after the management of such undertaking had been taken over by the Central Government. Clause (a) of Sub-section (3) of Section 5 of the said Ordinance is similar to that contained in Sub-section (7) of Section 3 of the Act and declares that as expressly provided in the said Section or any other section of the said Ordinance, on liability other than the liability as specified in sub-section (2) in relation to a textile undertaking in respect of any period prior to the appointed day shall be enforceable against the Central Government or the NTC. Section 8 of the said Ordinance provides that the owner of every textile undertaking shall be given by the Central Government, in cash and in the manner as specified in Chapter VI, for the transfer to and vesting in it, under sub-section (1) of section 3, of such textile undertaking and the right, title and interest of the owner in relation to such textile undertaking, an amount equal to the amount specified against it in the corresponding entry in column (4) of the First Schedule. Section 20 of the said Ordinance requires every person having a claim against the owner of a textile undertaking to prefer such claim before the Commissioner and Section 21 prescribes the principles regarding priority of claims arising out of the matters specified in the Second Schedule. In the said Ordinance the liabilities in respect of the textile undertakings are divided in two parts; Part A deals with post-take over management period and contains categories I and II; and Part B relates to pre-take over management period and contains categories III to IV. Category III relates to arrears in relation to provident fund, salaries and wages and other amounts due to the employee. By Clause (a) of Section 21 categories I and II have been given precedence over category III which means that the liabilities for the post- take over management period have priority over the arrears in relation to provident fund, salaries and wages and other amounts due to the employee in relation to the pre-take over management period. These provisions are similar to those contained in Section 21 ofthe Sick Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Act, 1974. In M. Asghar v. Union of India, 1986(4) SCC 283, the said provisions giving lower priority to the amounts due to the employees in relation to the pre-take over period, was challenged before this Court. The said challenge was negatived by the Court and it wasdistinction made between the liabilities of the post-take over management period and the pre-take over management period is prima facie sound as the former liabilities are those incurred pursuant to the public management of the undertaking under the statute, while the latter liabilities are those incurred in the course of the private management by the owner of theprovisions of the Ordinance No. 6 of 1995 also show that the liabilities for the period prior to the take over of the management are to be discharged from the amount payable to the owner of the textile undertaking for the acquisition of the undertaking and not by the NTC. It is, therefore, not possible to uphold the contention urged on behalf of the appellant that NTC is liable in respect of the gratuity amount payable under the Payment of Gratuity Act to Respondent No. 2.