Case: K. R. Chinna Krishna Chettiar Vs. Sri Ambal & Co., Madras & Anr

Bachawat, J.1. The appellant is the sole proprietor of a trading concern known as Radha and Co. The respondents Ambal and Co., are a partnership firm. The respondents as also the appellant are manufacturers and dealers in snuff carrying on business at Madras and having business activities inside and outside the State of Madras. On March 10, 1958 the appellant filed application No.183961 for registration of a trade mark in class 34 in respect of "snuff manufactured in Madras". The respondent filed a notice of opposition. The main ground of opposition was that the proposed mark was deceptively similar to their registered trade marks. The respondents were the proprietors of the registered marks Nos. 126808 and 146291. Trade mark No. 126808 consists of a label containing a device of a goddess Sri Ambal seated on a globe floating on water enclosed in a circular snuff at the top of the label, and the name and address "Sri Ambal and Co., Madras" at the bottom. Trade mark No.146291 consists of the expression "Sri Ambal". The mark of which the appellant seeks registration consists of a label containing three panels. The first and the third panels contain in Tamil, Devanagri, Telgu and Kannada the equivalents of the word "Sri Andal Madras Snuff". The centre panel contains the picture of goddess Sri Andal and the legend "Sri Andal".2. Sri Andal and Sri Ambal are separate divinities. Sri Andal was a vaishnavite woman saint of Srivilliputur village and was deified because of her union with Lord Ranganatha. Sri Ambal is the consort of Siva or Maheshwara.3. The respondents have been in the snuff business for several decades and have used the word Ambal as part of their mark for more than half a century. The question in issue is whether the proposed mark is deceptively similar to the respondents marks. "Mark" as defined in Section 2 (j) of the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 includes "a device brand, heading, label, ticket, name, signature, word, letter or numeral or any combination thereof". Section 12 (1) provides that "save as provided in sub-section (3), no trade mark shall be registered in respect of any goods or description of goods which is identical with or deceptively similar to a trade mark which is already registered in the name of a different proprietor in respect of the same goods or description of goods". The Registrar of Trade Marks observed:-"In a composite mark the distinctive words, appearing on it play an important part. Words always talk more than devices, because it is generally by the word part of a composite mark that orders will be given. Apart from that, the opponents have a registered mark consisting of the expression Sri Ambal. I have, therefore, to determine whether the expression Sri Andal is deceptively similar to Sri Ambal".4. He held, "the sound of "Ambal" does not so nearly resemble the sound of "Andal", in spite of certain letters being common to both the marks, as to be likely to cause confusion or deception among a substantial number of persons".5. The respondents filed an appeal in the Madras High Court. Jagadishan J., observed:"It is settled law that a trade mark comprehends not merely the picture, design or symbol but also its descriptive name. A copy of colourable imitation of the name would constitute an infringement of the mark containing the name. Nobody can abstract the name or use a phonetical equivalent of it and escape the charge of piracy of the mark pleading that the visual aspect of his mark is different from the mark of the person opposing its registration".6. He held:-"The words, Ambal and Andal, have such great phonetic similarity that they are undistinguishable having the same sound and pronounciation. In whatever way they are uttered or spoken, slowly or quickly, perfectly or imperfectly, meticulously or carelessly and whoever utters them, a foreigner or a native of India, wherever they are uttered in the noisy market place or in a calm and secluded area, over the phone or in person, the danger of confusion between the two phonetically allied names is imminent and unavoidable".Accordingly, he allowed the appeal and dismissed the appellants application for registration of a trade mark. The appellant filed a letters patent appeal. The Divisional Bench of the High Court dismissed the appeal. The learned Registrar and the two Courts below concurrently found that the appellant failed to prove honest concurrent use so as to bring his case within Section 12 (3). The present appeal has been filed by the appellant after obtaining special leave.7. The Registrar was of the view that the appellants mark was not deceptively similar to the respondents trade marks. He has expert knowledge of such matters and his decision should not be lightly disturbed. But both the Courts have found that he was clearly wrong and held that there is a deceptive similarity between the two marks. In an appeal under Article 136 of the Constitution the onus is upon the appellant to show that the concurrent finding of the Courts below is erroneous. The appellant must satisfy that Court that the conditions of Section 12 (1) have been satisfied. If those conditions are not satisfied his mark cannot be registered.8. Now the words "Sri Ambal" form part of trade mark No. 126808 and are the whole of trade mark No.146291. There can be no doubt that the word "Ambal" is an essential feature of the trade marks. The common "Sri" is the subsidiary part. Of the two words "Ambal" is the more distinctive and fixes itself in the recollection of an average buyer with imperfect recollection.9. The vital question in issue is whether, if the appellants mark is used in a normal and fair manner in connection with the snuff and if similarly fair and normal user is assumed of the existing registered marks will there be such a likelihood of deception that the mark ought not to be allowed to be registered? (See In the matter of Broadheads Application for registration of a trade mar, 1950-67 RPC 209). It is for the Court to decide the question on a comparison of the competing marks as a whole and their distinctive and essential features. We have no doubt in our mind that if the proposed mark is used in a normal and fair manner the mark would come to be known by its distinguishing feature "Andal. There is a striking similarity and affinity of sound between the words "Andal" and "Ambal". Giving due weight to the judgment of the Registrar and bearing in mind the conclusions of the learned Single Judge and the Divisional Bench, we are satisfied that there is a real danger of confusion between the two marks.10.There is no evidence of actual confusion, but that might be due to the fact that the appellants trade is not of long standing. There is no visual resemblance between the two marks, but ocular comparison is not always the decisive test. The resemblance between the two marks must be considered with reference to the ear as well as the eye. There is a close affinity of sound between Ambal and Andal.11. In the case of Coca-Cola Co. of Canada v. Pepsi Cola Co. of Canada Ltd., 1942-59 RPC 127, it was found that cola was in common use in Canada for naming the beverages. The distinguishing feature of the mark cocacola was coca and not cola. For the same reason the distinguishing feature of the mark Pepsi Cola was Pepsi and not cola. It was not likely that any one would confuse the word Pepsi with coca. In the present case the word "Sri" may be regarded as in common use. The distinguishing feature of the respondents mark is Ambal while that of the appellants mark is Andal. The two words are deceptively similar in sound.12. The name Andal does not cease to be deceptively similar because it is used in conjunction with a pictorial device. The case of Decordova v. Vick Chemical Coy., 1951-68 RPC 103 is instructive. From the Appendix printed at page 270 of the same volume it appears that Vick Chemical Coy, were the proprietors of the registered trade mark consisting of the word "Vaporub" and another registered trade mark consisting of a design of which the words "Vicks Vaporub Salve" formed a part. The appendix at page 226 shows that the defendants advertised their ointment as "Karsote Vapour Rub". It was held that the defendants had infringed the registered marks. Lord Radcliffe said:".....a mark is infringed by another trader if, even without using the whole of it upon or in connection with his goods, he uses one or more of its essential features".13. Mr. Sen stressed the point that the words Ambal and Andal had distinct meaning. Ambal is the consort of Lord Siva and Andal is the consort of Ranganatha. He said that in view of the distinct ideas conveyed by the two words a mere accidental phonetic resemblance could not lead to confusion. In this connection he relied on Venkateswarans Law of Trade and Merchandise Marks, 1963 Ed., page 214, Kerlys Law of Trade Marks and Trade Names, 9th Ed., page 465, Article 852 and the decision, Application by Thomas A. Smith Ltd., to Register a trade mark, 1913-30 RPC 363. In that case Neville, J., held that the words "limit" and "summit" were words in common use, each conveying a distinctly definite idea that there was no possibility of any one being deceived by the two marks; and there was no ground for refusing registration. Mr. Sens argument loses sight of the realities of the case.The Hindu in the south of India may be well aware that the words Ambal and Andal represent the names of two distinct Goddesses. But the respondents customers are not confined to Hindus alone. Many of their customers are Christians, Parsees, Muslims and persons of other religious denominations. Moreover, their business is not confined to south of India. The customers who are not Hindus or who do not belong to the south of India may not know the difference between the words Andal and Ambal. The words have no direct reference to the character and quality of snuff. The customers who use the respondents goods will have a recollection that they are known by the word Ambal. They may also have a vague recollection of the portrait of a benign Goddess used in connection with the mark. They are not likely to remember the fine distinctions between a Vaishnavite Goddess and a Shivaite deity.14. We think the judgment appealed from is right and should be affirmed. We are informed that the appellant filed another application No. 212575 seeking registration of labels of which the expression "Radhas Sri Andal Madras Snuff" forms a part. The learned Registrar has disposed of the application in favour of the appellant. But we understand that an appeal is pending in the High Court. It was argued that there was no phonetic similarly between Sri Ambal and Radhas Sri Andal and the use of the expression Radhas Sri Andal was not likely to lead to confusion. The Divisional Bench found force in this argument. But as the matter is sub judice we express no opinion on it.

Decision reasoning: 0[ds]7. The Registrar was of the view that the appellants mark was not deceptively similar to the respondents trade marks. He has expert knowledge of such matters and his decision should not be lightly disturbed. But both the Courts have found that he was clearly wrong and held that there is a deceptive similarity between the two marks. In an appeal under Article 136 of the Constitution the onus is upon the appellant to show that the concurrent finding of the Courts below is erroneous. The appellant must satisfy that Court that the conditions of Section 12 (1) have been satisfied. If those conditions are not satisfied his mark cannot be registered.8. Now the words "Sri Ambal" form part of trade mark No. 126808 and are the whole of trade mark No.146291. There can be no doubt that the word "Ambal" is an essential feature of the trade marks. The common "Sri" is the subsidiary part. Of the two words "Ambal" is the more distinctive and fixes itself in the recollection of an average buyer with imperfectis for the Court to decide the question on a comparison of the competing marks as a whole and their distinctive and essential features. We have no doubt in our mind that if the proposed mark is used in a normal and fair manner the mark would come to be known by its distinguishing feature "Andal. There is a striking similarity and affinity of sound between the words "Andal" and "Ambal". Giving due weight to the judgment of the Registrar and bearing in mind the conclusions of the learned Single Judge and the Divisional Bench, we are satisfied that there is a real danger of confusion between the two marks.10.There is no evidence of actual confusion, but that might be due to the fact that the appellants trade is not of long standing. There is no visual resemblance between the two marks, but ocular comparison is not always the decisive test. The resemblance between the two marks must be considered with reference to the ear as well as the eye. There is a close affinity of sound between Ambal and Andal.11. In the case of Coca-Cola Co. of Canada v. Pepsi Cola Co. of Canada Ltd., 1942-59 RPC 127, it was found that cola was in common use in Canada for naming the beverages. The distinguishing feature of the mark cocacola was coca and not cola. For the same reason the distinguishing feature of the mark Pepsi Cola was Pepsi and not cola. It was not likely that any one would confuse the word Pepsi with coca. In the present case the word "Sri" may be regarded as in common use. The distinguishing feature of the respondents mark is Ambal while that of the appellants mark is Andal. The two words are deceptively similar in sound.12. The name Andal does not cease to be deceptively similar because it is used in conjunction with a pictorial device.Sens argument loses sight of the realities of the case.The Hindu in the south of India may be well aware that the words Ambal and Andal represent the names of two distinct Goddesses. But the respondents customers are not confined to Hindus alone. Many of their customers are Christians, Parsees, Muslims and persons of other religious denominations. Moreover, their business is not confined to south of India. The customers who are not Hindus or who do not belong to the south of India may not know the difference between the words Andal and Ambal. The words have no direct reference to the character and quality of snuff. The customers who use the respondents goods will have a recollection that they are known by the word Ambal. They may also have a vague recollection of the portrait of a benign Goddess used in connection with the mark. They are not likely to remember the fine distinctions between a Vaishnavite Goddess and a Shivaite deity.14. We think the judgment appealed from is right and should be affirmed. We are informed that the appellant filed another application No. 212575 seeking registration of labels of which the expression "Radhas Sri Andal Madras Snuff" forms a part. The learned Registrar has disposed of the application in favour of the appellant. But we understand that an appeal is pending in the High Court. It was argued that there was no phonetic similarly between Sri Ambal and Radhas Sri Andal and the use of the expression Radhas Sri Andal was not likely to lead to confusion. The Divisional Bench found force in this argument. But as the matter is sub judice we express no opinion on it.