Case: M/s. Ujagar Prints Vs. Union of India & Others

SABYASACHI MUKHARJI, J.1. I have had the advantage of reading in draft the judgment proposed to be delivered by my learned brother Venkatachaliah, J. I respectfully agree with him. There is, however, one aspect of the matter in respect of which I would like to say a few words. Contention (e) as noted by my learned brother in his judgment deals with the determination of the assessable value. The processors in the cases before us say that they have filed classification lists under Rule 173-B of the Central Excises Rules, 1944, as they had no other choice and that if the proper principles of determination of the assessable value do not legally justify the consequences flowing from the classification it is open to them to contend against the validity of the determination and they are not estopped from doing so. The processors are right in contending that the true principle should be followed in determining the assessable value. Then what is the true principle ? Section 4 of the Act deals with valuation of excisable goods for purposes of charging of duty of excise. Section 4(1)(a) of the Act stipulates that the value should be subject to other provisions of the section the normal price thereof, that is to say, the price at which such goods are ordinarily sold by the assessee to a buyer in the course of wholesale trade for delivery at the time and place of removal, where the buyer is not a related person and the price is the sole consideration for the sale. For the present purpose, we are not concerned with the provisions nor the situation where the normal price of goods is not ascertainable for any reason. 2. In Empire Industries Ltd. v. Union of India ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292), it was held that where for the purpose of calculating assessable value, a notional sum is laid down by the legislature to be arrived at on a certain basis, it is not permissible for the courts to engraft into it any other deduction or allowance or addition or read it down on the score that unless the said deduction or allowance or addition is authorised elsewhere in the Act or in the Rules. A statutory charge should be measured by the method of its own computation as laid down in the statute and not by any other method of computation. The circumstances that thereby the benefit of any exemption granted by the legislation may be lost and that in some cases hardship might result are not matters which would influence courts on the construction of the statute. A taxpayer is entitled only to such benefit as is granted by the legislature. It was emphasised that the taxation under the Act is the rule and the benefit and exemption, the exception. And it was held that there was no hardship in these cases. It was further reiterated that when the textile fabrics are subjected to the processes like bleaching, dyeing and printing etc. by independent processes, whether on their own account or on job charges basis, the value for the purposes of assessment under Section 4 of the Central Excises Act will not be the processing charge alone but the intrinsic value of the processed fabrics which is the price at which such fabrics are sold for the first time in the wholesale market. That is the effect of Section 4 of the Act. The value would naturally include the value of grey fabrics supplied to the independent processors for the processing. However, excise duty, if any, paid on the grey fabrics will be given pro forma credit to the independent processors to be utilised for the payment on the processed fabrics in accordance with the relevant rules.3. In Ujagar Prints v. Union of India (1986 Supp SCC 652 : 1987 SCC (Tax) 107), Bhagwati, C.J. held that the processes of bleaching, dyeing, printing, mercerising etc. carried on by a processor on job work basis in respect of grey cotton fabrics and manmade fabrics belonging to the customer and entrusted by him for processing amount to manufacture within the meaning of the Act prior to its amendment so as to attract levy of excise duty on the processed fabrics and in any event, after the Amendment Act, these processes amount to manufacture and excise duty is leviable on the processed fabrics. The learned Chief Justice also dealt with the other question, namely, what is the value of the processed fabrics liable to be assessed. Referring to the aforesaid decision of the Empire Industries ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292), he illustrated the problem by reference to the example set out in the judgment (SCC p. 654, para 2). In that example illustrated by him the value of the grey cloth in the hands of the processor was Rs. 20. The value of the job work was Rs. 5. Traders selling price inclusive of his selling profits etc. was put at Rs. 30. Bhagwati, C. J. at page 655 of the report observed that the assessable value of the processed fabric must obviously be taken to be the wholesale cash price of the processed fabric at the factory gate that is when the processed fabric leaves the factory of the processor and it cannot possibly include the selling profit of the trader who subsequently sells the processed fabrics. The learned Chief Justice reiterated that it is at the point when the processed fabric leaves the factory of the processor that its assessable value has to be determined and that assessable value cannot include the selling profit of the trader. Empire Industries ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 1 SCR 292) did not say that the post-manufacturing profits or post-manufacturing costs could be included in the assessable value of the processed fabric. If the trader, who entrusted cotton or manmade fabrics to the processor for processing on job work basis, would give a declaration to the processor as to what would be the price at which he would be selling the processed goods in the market that would be taken by the excise authorities as the assessable value of the processed fabrics and excise duty would be charged to the processor on that basis. Where a manufacturer sells the goods manufactured by him in wholesale to a wholesale dealer at the arms length and in the usual course of business, the wholesale cash price charged by him to the wholesale dealer less trade discount would represent the value of the goods for the purpose of assessment of excise. But the price received by the wholesale dealer who purchases the goods from the manufacturer and in his turn sells the same in wholesale to other dealers, would be irrelevant for determination of the value of the goods and the goods would not be charged on that basis. This has been explained in Atic Industries Ltd. v. H. H. Dave, Asstt. Collector of Central Excise ((1975) 1 SCC 499 : 1975 SCC (Tax) 135 : (1975 3 SCR 563 ). This has also been explained in Union of India v. Bombay Tyre International Ltd ((1984) 1 SCC 467 : 1984 SCC (Tax) 17 : (1984) 1 SCR 347 , 375). It has to be reiterated that the valuation must be on the basis of wholesale cash price at the time when the manufactured goods enter into the open market. See in this connection the ratio of this Court in Union of India v. Cibatul Ltd ((1985) 4 SCC 535 : 1986 SCC (Tax) 66 : 1985 Supp 3 SCR 95). and the Joint Secy. to the Govt. of India v. Food Specialities Ltd ((1985) 4 SCC 516 : 1986 SCC (Tax) 47 : 1985 Supp 3 SCR 165). It was emphasised in Union of India v. Cibatul ((1985) 4 SCC 535 : 186 SCC (Tax) 66 : 1985 Supp 3 SCR 95) Ltd. that the value of the trademarks was not to be taken into account in computing the assessable value as the affixation of the trade marks of a particular brand was extraneous to manufacture. The values of such extraneous or additional factors do not enter into the computation of assessable value and as such the wholesale cash price at which the goods enter into the wholesale market would be independent of the value of the trademarks. So that cannot be taken into the computation of the assessable value. Similarly, in the case of Joint Secretary to the Govt. of India v. Food Specialities Ltd. ((1985) 4 SCC 516 : 1986 SCC (Tax) 47 : 1985 Supp 3 SCR 165), it was held that the value of Nestles trademarks could not be added to the wholesale price charged by the dealer to Nestles for the purpose of computing the value of the goods manufactured. The goods in both these cases were manufactured independently of the addition of the trademarks. The price thereof at the factory gate was not after taking into account the value of the trademarks. If that was the position the value of the trademarks cannot be added to the wholesale cash price charged by the dealer. Affixation of trademarks for enhancement of the value thereof is extraneous to and independent of the process of manufacture. The charges for the same are not part of the assessable value and cannot enter into the computation of the wholesale cash price on the basis of which excise duties are to be levied. 4. In the aforesaid view of the law and for the reasons mentioned by my learned brother, I agree with his answer to this contention. The assessable value would, therefore, include the value of the grey cloth in the hands of the processors plus the value of the job work done plus manufacturing profits and manufacturing expenses whatever would be included in the price at the factory gate. The correct assessable value must be the value of the fabric at the factory gate, that is to say, the value at which the manufactured goods leave the factory and enter the mainstream. 5. One more aspect will have to be reiterated. Computation of the assessable value is one question and as to who should be liable for the same is another. Duties of excise are imposed on production or on manufacture of goods and are levied upon the manufacturer or the producer in accordance with the relevant rules. This is quite independent of the ownership of goods. It is, therefore, necessary to reiterate that the value for the assessment under Section 4 of the Act will not be the processing charge alone but the intrinsic value of the processed fabrics which is the price at which the fabrics are sold for the first time in the wholesale market. The rules are clear on the computation of that value. If the valuation is made according to the rules as adumbrated in Empire Industries ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : Supp 1 SCR 292) and as clarified by my learned brother in this judgment no difficulty should arise. VENKATACHALIAH, J. - (for Pathak, C. J., Natarajan, J. and himself) - These appeals, by special leave, preferred against the judgments of the High Court of Gujarat and the High Court of Bombay and the batch of writ petitions under Article 32 of the Constitution of India are heard together and disposed of by this common judgment as they all involve questions - common to them - concerning the validity of the levy of duties of excise under tariff items 19 and 22 of the Schedule to the Central Excise and Salt Act 1944 ("Central Excise Act") as amended by the Central Excise and Salt Additional Duties of Excise (Amendment) Act, 1980 ("Amending Act") treating as "Manufacture" the process of bleaching, dyeing, printing, sizing, mercerising, water-proofing, rubberising, shrink-proofing, organdie processing etc. done by processors who carry out these operations in their factories on job work basis in respect of cotton fabric and manmade fabric belonging to their customers. 7. The Amending Act which became effective from February 24 1979 sought to render the processes of bleaching, dyeing, printing, sizing, mercerising etc. "manufacture" within the meaning of the Section 2(f) of the Central Excises Act. The amendment was necessitated by the judgment of the High Court of Gujarat which had declared the levy on such processing as illegal as, according to the High Court, the processing did not bring into being a new and commercially different article with a distinctive character and use and did not, therefore, constitute manufacture for purposes, and within the meaning, of the charging section.8. The processors who carry out these operations on cotton fabrics or "manmade" fabrics which popularly go by the name grey fabric in the particular trade also challenged the levy of the additional duties of excise under the provisions of the Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance) Act, 1957 ("Additional Duties Act") on the ground, first, that if the processes carried on by them do not amount to "manufacture" under Section 2(f) as it originally stood, then, consistent with the impermissibility of the main impart, the levy of additional duties also fails and, that at all events, even after the amendment the concept of manufacture under the said Additional Duties Act had not been correspondingly widened by an appropriate amendment.9. The present batch of appeals and writ petitions comprises a large number of cases. It is not, having regard to the questions requiring to be decided in these matters, necessary to go into, in any particular detail, the fact-situation of each individual case. The processors in these cases, who may conveniently be referred to as the "processors" or "jobbers", mainly carry out these operations of bleaching, dyeing, printing, sizing, finishing etc. of grey fabric on job work against payment of processing charges to them by the customers who are the owners of the grey fabric. The ownership of the cloth rests with the customers who get these processes done to their specifications from these processing houses on payment of processing charges. The grey fabric, after processing is returned by the processing house to the customers.10. The facts of W.P. No. 12183 of 1985 (M/s. Ujagar Prints v. Union of India (1986 Supp SCC 652 : 1987 SCC (Tax) 107)) in which the petitioner has challenged the levy by a petition under Article 32 of the Constitution are typical and representative of all other similar cases. The petitioner is a firm of partners with its Head Office at 51, Sheikh Memon Street, Bombay. It has a factory at Sunder Baug, Deonar, Bombay, which is equipped with machinery and plants for processing of manmade grey fabric. The machinery and equipment installed in the petitioners factory, it is averred - and that is not disputed either - are suited for and appropriate to the processing of grey fabric and are not capable of manufacturing grey fabric. The manmade grey fabric such as Art Silk grey fabric, it is stated, is manufactured in mills and on power-looms and that the latter is exempt from excise duty on its manufacture. Petitioners further aver that the Art Silk grey fabrics which are processed in the petitioners factory are those manufactured on power-looms and not by the mills and that the Art Silk grey fabric received do not come from the manufactures of the grey fabric through the manufacturing stream but from the various traders through the sales stream. The point that the petitioners seek to make is that the processing of the grey fabric is not a part, or continuation, of the process of manufacture in the manufacturing stream, but is an independent and distinct operation carried out in respect of the grey fabric, after it has left the manufacturing stage and has become part of the common stock of goods in the market. It is also averred that the firm M/s. Ujagar Prints does not purchase the grey fabric but is only engaged in processing it for charges and that in many cases the grey fabric would have passed on from trader to trader with the attendant increase in the prices with each successive change of hands and is entrusted to the petitioner by the last purchaser for processing against stipulated processing charges on job work basis.11. It is contended that these job work processing operations do not amount to "manufacture" as the petitioners do not carry out any spinning or weaving operations; that what they receive from their customers for processing is otherwise fully manufactured manmade fabric and that what is returned to the customers after processing continues to remain manmade fabric. The imposition of excise duty on the processor on the basis of the full value of the processed material, which reflects the value of grey fabrics, the processing charges, as well as the selling profits of the customers is, at once unfair and anomalous, for, in conceivable cases the duty itself might far exceed the processing charges that the processors stipulate and get.. 12. The batch of cases also included cases where the grey fabric is also purchased by these processing houses and are sold by them, after processing. In some cases the manufacturers of the grey fabric subject it to captive consumption and process them in their own composite establishments 13. The essential question is whether these situational differences have a bearing on the principles of determination of the assessable value of processed grey fabric and whether the assessable value could be different in the different fact-situations which would be the logical corollary if the contention of the processing houses which do the processing work for charges on goods not their own, is accepted and the assessable value determined on the basis of mere processing charges.14. But the main questions that arise are whether "processing" of the kind concerned in these cases amounts to "manufacture", whether the provisions of Section 2 of the Amending Act which impart an artificial dimension to the concept of "manufacture" is ultra vires entry 84 List I; whether, at all events, the imposition of a tax on such processing is referable to entry 97 List I; and if the imposition on the processors is justified under tariff items 19 and 22, according as whether the grey fabric is cotton or manmade, what should be the assessable value for purposes of levy of duty so far as the processors are concerned.. 15. Prior to the Amending Act of 1980, the levy on the processors was challenged before the Gujarat High Court. The Gujarat High Court by its judgment dated January 24, 1979 in the cases of Vijay Textile Mills v. Union of India ((1979) 4 ELT 181 (Guj HC)) and Real Honest Textiles v. Union of India held that the processes that the processing houses imparted to the grey fabric did not amount to manufacture and did not attract ad valorem duty under tariff items 19 and 22, and that the processors were liable to pay duty under tariff entry 68 only on the value added by the processing 16. Following this judgment of large number of similar claims of processing houses were allowed by the High Court by its judgment dated March 13, 1979. Civil Appeals Nos. 1985 to 1766 of 1979 are preferred by the Union of India challenging this view of the High Court. 17. The Bombay High Court on the contrary by its judgment, New Shakti Dye Works Pvt. Ltd. v. Union of India (W.P.No. 1623 of 1979, decided on June 16, 1983.) took a view different from the one that commended itself to the Gujarat High Court. Bombay High Court held that even under the concept of "manufacture" envisaged in Section 2(f) even prior to its amendment, the operations carried on by the processors amounted to "manufacture" and that, at all events, the matter was placed beyond any controversy by the Amending Act i.e. the Act of 1980. The aggrieved processors have come up in appeal by special leave in Civil Appeal No. 6396 of 1983. 18. Some of the processors have, as stated earlier, filed writ petitions under Article 32 directly in this Court challenging the impost of grounds that commended themselves for acceptance to the Gujarat High Court. 19. Before its amendment by the Amending Act (Central Act 6 of 1980) Section 2(f) of the Central Excise Act, defined manufacture in its well accepted legal sense - nomen juris - and not with reference to an artificial and statutorily expanded impart2(f) "manufacture" includes any process incidental or ancillary to the completion of a manufactured product; and 20. The reasoning of the Gujarat High Court was on these lines In the instant case, the excise duty claimed on the basis of the market value of the processed cotton fabrics or manmade fabrics cannot be levies because, assuming that process amounts to manufacture, all that they have done is to manufacture processed cloth, processed fabric, either cotton or manmade and that not nothing a taxable event in the light of Section 3 read with Section 2(d) of the Act and items 19 and 22 levy of excise duty on this basis was ultra vires and contrary to law.21. This view, according to the revenue, was incorrect and caused serious prejudice to the legitimate financial interests of the State. Accordingly, the President of India promulgated an Ordinance called the Central Excises and Salt and Additional Duties of Excise (Amendment) Ordinance, 1979 (Central Ordinance 12 of 1979) - subsequently replaced by the Central Act 6 of 1980 of the same name with retrospective effect from February 24, 1979 - amending Section 2(f) of the Central Excises Act and Tariff items 19(1) and 22(1). The relevant entries in the schedule to the Additional Duties Act were also amended. So far as amendment to Section 2(f) was concerned, Section 2 of the Amending Act introduced three sub-items in the definition of manufacture. Two of them are material for the present purpose: "(v) in relation to goods comprised in Item 19(1) of the First Schedule, includes bleaching, mercerising, dyeing, printing, water-proofing, rubberising, shrink-proofing, organdie processing or any other process or any one or more of these processes.(vii) in relation to goods comprised in item 22(1) of the First Schedule, includes bleaching, dyeing, printing, shrink-proofing, tentering, heat-setting, crease resistant resistant processing or any other process or any one more of these processes." 22. Similarly, amendments were effected by Section 3 of the Amendment Act which amended the original tariff items 19 and 22 by substituting the following provisions in their respective places.I. Cotton fabrics other than (i) embroidery in the piece, in strips or in motifs, and (ii) fabrics impregnated, coated or laminated with preparations of cellulose derivatives or of other artificial plastic materials(a) cotton fabrics, not subjected to any process : Twenty per cent. valorem.(b) cotton fabrics, subjected to the process of bleaching, mercerising, dyeing, printing, water-proofing, rubberising, shrink-proofing, organdie processing or any other process or any two or more of these processes : Twenty per cent. ad valorem.22(1) Manmade fabrics other than (i) embroidery in the piece, in strips or in motifs, (ii) fabrics impregnated, coated or laminated with preparations of cellulose derivatives or of other artificial plastic materials - (a) manmade fabrics, not subjected to any process. : Twenty per cent. ad valorem plus rupees five per square metre;(b) manmade fabrics, subjected to the process of bleaching, dyeing, printing, shrink-proofing, tentering, heat-setting, crease resistant processing or any other process or any two or more of these processes : Twenty per cent. ad valorem plus rupees five per square metre. 23. Section 4 of the Amending Act amended the relevant entries in the schedule to the Additional Duties Act. Section 5(2) of the Amending Act provided: "5. Special provisions as to duties of excise on cotton fabrics, woollen fabrics, manmade fabrics, etc., during a certain past period and validation. -(2) Any rule or notification or any action or thing made, issued, taken or done or purporting to have been made, issued, taken or done under a Central Act referred to in sub-section (1) before the date of commencement of this Act, with respect to or in relation to the levy of duties of excise on -(a) "cloth", "cotton cloth" or, as the case may be, "cotton fabrics" (b) "woollen fabrics"(c) "rayon or artificial silk fabrics" or, as the case may be, "manmade fabrics"shall for all purposes be deemed to be and to have always been, as validly and effectively made, issued, taken or done as if the provisions of this section had been in force at all material times and, accordingly, not withstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court, tribunal or other authority -(a) all duties of excise levied, assessed or collected or purported to have been levied, assessed or collected before the date of commencement of this Act, on -(i) "cloth", "cotton cloth" and "cotton fabrics" subjected to any process(ii) "woollen fabrics" subjected to any process(iii) "rayon or artificial silk fabrics" and "manmade fabrics" subjected to any processunder any such Central Act shall be deemed to be, and shall be deemed always to have been, as validly levied, assessed or collected as if the provisions of this section had been in force on and from the appointed day;(b) no suit or other proceeding shall be maintained or continued in any court for the refund of, and no enforcement shall be made by any court of any decree or order directing the refund of, any such duties of excise which have been collected and which would have been validly collected if the provisions of this section had been in force on and from the appointed day 24. Indeed, the correctness of the judgment of the Gujarat High Court in the cases of Vijaya Textiles and Real Honest Textiles were considered by a bench consisting of three Judges of this Court in Empire Industries Ltd. v. Union of India ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292). By the judgment dated May 6, 1985, one of us (Sabyasachi Mukharji, J.) speaking for the court upheld the validity of the impost. Vijaya Textile Mills v. Union of India ((1979) 4 ELT 181 (Guj HC)), was held not to have been decided correctly. The view taken by the Bombay High Court in New Shakti Dye Works Pvt. Ltd. v. Union of India (W.P. No. 1623 of 1979, decided on June 16, 1983) was approved.25. The pronouncement of this Court in Empire Industries case ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292) otherwise covers, and is a full answer to, the contentions raised in this batch of cases. However, the correctness of the view taken in Empire Industries case ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292) on certain aspects was doubted by another bench of this Court and the matter was.26. It is, perhaps, necessary to refer to the order dated December 9, 1986 made by the Division Bench referring the cases to a larger Bench. What came before the Division Bench were W. P. No. 12183 of 1985 (M/s. Ujagar Prints v. Union of India (1986 Supp SCC 652 : 1987 SCC (Tax) 107)) and CA Nos. 1685-1766 of 1979 (Union of India v. Narendra Processing Industries (1986 Supp SCC 652 : 1987 SCC (Tax) 107)). Two questions arose before and were examined by the Referring Bench. The first was whether the processing of grey fabric amounted to manufacture within the meaning of Section 2(f) as it stood prior to its amendment. The second question was whether, even if such processing did amount to manufacture what should be the proper basis for determining the assessable value of the processed fabrics. Both these questions had earlier been examined and answered in Empire Industries case ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292). It is necessary to ascertain as to the precise points on which the Empire Industries decision ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292) was required to be reconsidered. The Referring Bench did not disagree with the decision in Empire Industries case ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292) on the question whether processing did amount to manufacture. Indeed, the Referring Bench appears to have proceeded on the premise that the view taken in Empire Industries case ((1985) 3 SCC 314 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292) on the point was the correct one. Referring Bench said this on the point : (SCC p. 653, para 1)So far as the first question is concerned, it was agitated before this Court in Empire Industries Ltd. v. Union of India ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292) and this Court held that the processes of bleaching, mercerising, dyeing, printing, water-proofing, etc. carried out by the processors on job work basis amount to manufacture both under the Act as it stood prior to the amendment as also under the Act subsequent to the amendment and the processed fabrics are liable to be assessed to excise duty in the hands of what may be called jobbers. Since this was a decision given by a bench of three Judges, the petitioners and appellants who are carrying on business of processing on job work basis could not contend that these processes do not amount to manufacture and that the processed fabrics are not liable to be assessed to excise duty in the hands of the jobbers. But, it was the second question which provoked serious controversy before us.It is only on the second question touching valuation that it expressed some doubts. Nevertheless, in paragraph 6 of the order, the Referring Bench made a further observation to this effect : (SCC p. 656, para 6)Of course, when these writ petitions and appeals are referred to the larger bench it will be open to the larger bench to consider not only the question of determination of the assessable value but also the other question, namely, whether processing of grey fabric by a processor on job work basis constitutes manufacture, because the judgment in Empire Industries case ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292) which has decided this question in favour of the revenue and against the processor is a judgment of a bench of only three Judges and now the present writ petitions and appeals will be heard by a Bench of five Judges27. This is how the first question which is, otherwise, concluded by the pronouncement in Empire Industries case ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292) is sought to be reagitated before us. Out of deference to learned counsel who vigorously argued this aspect at great length we thought we should examine the submissions on this point also, though, the matter could by no means be considered to have been referred to a larger bench.28. On the second question also, the matter is within a short compass. The Referring Bench clearly excluded any possibility of the assessable value being limited to the mere processing charges. It contemplated the alternative possibilities of valuation thus : (SCC p. 654, para 2) It was common ground between the parties that the procedure followed by the excise authorities was that the trader, who entrusted cotton or manmade fabrics to the processor for processing on job work basis, would give a declaration to the processor as to what would be the price at which he would be selling the processed goods in the market and that would be taken by the excise authorities as the assessable value of the processed fabrics and excise duty would be charged to the processor on that basis. This may be illustrated by giving the following example(1) Value of grey cloth in the hands of the processor Rs. 20.00(2) Value of job work done Rs. 5.00Value of the finished cloth returned to thetrader (1+2) Rs. 25.00(3) Traders selling price inclusive of hisselling profits, etc. Rs. 30.00.The assessable value in the case given in this example would be taken by the excise authorities at Rs. 30 which was the sale price of the trader The view of the Referring Bench on the point was this : (SCC p. 655, para 4)We cannot accept the contention of learned counsel on behalf of the petitioners and the appellants that the value of the grey cloth which is processed by the processor should not be included in the assessable value of the processed fabric since the grey cloth is one of the raw materials which goes into the manufacture of the processed fabric and the value of the processed fabric cannot be computed without including the value of the raw material that goes into its manufacture. The assessable value of the processed fabric cannot therefore be limited merely to the value of the job work done but it must be determined by reference to the wholesale cash price of the processed fabric at the gate of the factory of the processor.29. The Referring Bench was of the view that the correct assessable value should be : (SCC pp. 65-56, para 4) Thus in the example given above the assessable value of the processed fabric must be taken to be Rs. 20+5 that is 25 and the profit of Rs. 5 which the trader may make by selling the processed fabric cannot be included in the assessable value. The element of selling profit of the trader would be entirely an extraneous element and it cannot be taken into account for the purpose of determining the assessable value of the processed fabric which would comprise the value of the grey cloth and the job work charges but exclude the profit at which the trader may subsequently sell the processed fabric. 30. We have heard Sri. A. K. Sen, Sri. Soli, J. Sorabjee, Dr. Chitale and Sri. Dholakia, learned Senior Advocates in the appeals and writ petitions preferred by the processors; and Sri. Parasaran, learned Attorney-General and Sri. A. K. Ganguli, learned Senior Advocate, for the Union of India and its authorities. On the contentions urged, the points that fall for determination are: (a) (i) Whether the processes of bleaching, dyeing, printing, sizing, shrink-proofing etc. carried on in respect of cotton or manmade grey-fabric amount to manufacture for purposes, and within the meaning of Section 2(f) of the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944 prior to the amendment of the said Section 2(f) by Section 2 of the Amending Act 6 of 1980(ii) Whether the decision in Empire Industries Limited v. Union of India ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292) holding that these operations amount to manufacture is wrongly decided and requires reconsideration(b) Whether the amendment brought about by the Amending Act of 1980 of Section 2(f) and to tariff items 19 and 22 of the Central excises Act is ultra vires entry 84 List I and, therefore, beyond the competence of the Union ParliamentWhether, at all events, even if the expanded concept of manufacture introduced by the amendment is beyond the scope of entry 84 List I, whether the impost is, at all events, referable to and supportable by the residual entry 97 of List I(c) Whether, at all events, even if the amendments to the Central Excises Act are valid, the levy under the Additional Duties Act is unsupportable and without the authority of law as there is no corresponding enlargement of the definition of manufacture under the Additional Duties Act(d) Whether the retrospective operation of the Amending Act is an unreasonable restriction on the fundamental right of the processors under Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution(e) Whether, event if the levy is justified, at all events, the computation of the assessable value of the processed grey fabric on the basis of the wholesale cash selling price declared under the classification list under Rule 173(b) is unjustified and illegal in respect of the assessable value of the processed grey fabric done on job work basisRe Contention (a). 31. The essential condition to be satisfied to justify the levies, contend counsel, is that there should be manufacture of goods and in order that the concept of manufacture in entry 84 List I is satisfied there should come into existence a new article with a distinctive character and use, as a result of the processing. It is contended that nothing of the kind happens when grey fabric is processed; it remains still grey fabric; no new article with any distinctive character emerges.32. A number of authorities of this Court and of the High Courts were cited. Particular reference was made to Union of India v. Delhi Cloth and General Mills (1963 Supp 1 SCR 586, 597 : AIR 1963 SC 791 , 794), Tungabhadra Industries Ltd. v. Commercial Officer Kurnool ((1961) 2 SCR 14 : AIR 1961 SC 412 : (1960) 11 STC 827 ) Dy. CST v. Plo Food Packers, (1980 Supp SCC 174 : 1980 SCC (Tax) 319 : (198)) 9 SCR 1271, 1275) Sterling Foods v. State of Karnataka ((1986) 3 SCC 469 , 475 and 476 : 1986 SCC (Tax) 609) Kailash Nath v. State of U.P. ((1957) 8 STC 358 : AIR 1957 SC 790 ), Dy. CST v. O. Sadasivan, (42 STC 201 (Ker HC)) Swastic Products, Baroda v. Superintendent of Central Excise (1980 ELT 164 (Guj HC)), Swan Bangle Stores v. Asstt. STO (25 STC 122 (All HC)), State of Andhra Pradesh v. Sri. Durga Hardware Stores (32 STC 322 (AP HC)) Extrusion Processes Pvt. Ltd. v. N. R. Jadhav, Superintendent of Central Excise (1979 ELT 380 (Guj HC)).33. The followings observations of this Court in Union of India v. Delhi Cloth and General Mills (1963 Supp 1 SCR 586, 597 : AIR 1963 SC 791 , 794) were emphasised : (SCR pp. 595-96) "According to the learned counsel, "manufacture" is complete as soon as by the application of one or more processes, the raw material undergoes some change. To say this is to equate "processing" to "manufacture" and for this we can find no warrant in law. The word "manufacture" used as a verb is generally understood to mean as "bringing into existence a new substance" and does not mean merely "to produce some change in a substance", however minor in consequence the change may beThese observations in Health & Milligan Manufacturing Company, the Sherwin-Williams Company v. J. H. Worst, Director of the North Dakota Government Agricultural Experiment Station which were referred to with approval by this Court in the case of Pio Food Packers supra was relied upon:At some point, processing and manufacturing will merge. But where the commodity retains a continuing substantial identity through the processing stage, we cannot say that it has been "manufactured". 34. The following observations of Pathak, J. (as he then was in Pio Food Packers case ((1984) 1 SCC 467 : 1984 SCC (Tax) 17 : (1984) 1 SCR 347 , 375) were cited : (SCC p. 176, para 5) "manufacture is the end result of one or more processes through which the original commodity is made to pass ... Where there is no essential difference in identity between the original commodity and the processed article it is not possible to say that one commodity has been consumed in the manufacture of another. Although it has undergone a degree of processing, it must be regarded as still retaining its original identity." 35. The observations of this Court in Kailash Nath v. State of U.P. ((1957) 8 STC 358 : AIR 1957 SC 790 ) made while repelling the contention of the revenue urged in that case that when cloth is printed and coloured it gets transformed to some other material and that therefore when such printed and coloured cloth is exported what was exported was not the same cloth and that by such printing and dyeing the original cloth got transformed into a different material were relied on : (STC p. 364)The cloth exported is the same as the cloth sold with this variation or difference that the colour has changed by printing and processing. In the view which we take that the cloth exported is the same as the cloth sold by the petitioners, there can be no question about the exemption clause not applying to it.36. The following passage in the Permanent Edition of Words and Phrases referred to with approval in Delhi Cloth and General Mills case (1963 Supp 1 SCR 587 : AIR 1963 SC 791 , 794) was referred to : (at SCR p. 596) Manufacture implies a change, but every change is not manufacture and yet every change of an article is the result of treatment, labour and manipulation. But something more is necessary and there must be transformation; a new and different article must emerge having a distinctive name, character or use 37. Further, learned counsel placed reliance upon Tungabhadra Industries case ((1961) 2 SCR 14 : AIR 1961 SC 412 : (1960) 11 STC 827 ) where it was held that groundnut oil even after the process of hydrogenation which improved its keeping qualities and shelf life yet remained basically groundnut oil and that the quality of the oil had been improved by the processes it was subjected to, did not detract from its continuing identity as groundnut oil. The change brought about in the oil, it was observed by this Court, rendered it more acceptable to the customers by improving its quality, but did not render the oil a commodity other than groundnut oil which still continued to be "groundnut oil" notwithstanding the processing which was merely for the purpose of rendering the oil more stable thus improving its keeping qualities for those who desire to consume groundnut oil. Likewise the processing such as bleaching, dyeing, printing, finishing etc. it was urged, merely improved the quality of grey fabric and rendered it more acceptable to the customer while not shedding its basic character as cotton fabric or manmade fabric. It was also urged that the affidavits filed by persons engaged in and familiar with the textile trade indicated that the finished fabric was not a commercially different commodity. 38. We have carefully considered these submissions. In the Empire Industries case ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292), this Court considered similar submissions in an almost identical context and situation. Learned Judges referred to the observations of this Court in CST v. Harbilas Rai & Sons (21 STC 17 (SC)), in which the view expressed by the Division Bench of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in Hiralal Jitmal v. CST (8 STC 325, 326 (MP HC)) was held supportable on the reasoning that : (quoted at SCC p. 330, para 27) "The decision of the Madhya Pradesh High Court might perhaps be justified on the ground that a printed or dyed cloth is commercially a different article from the cloth which is purchased and printed or dyed." 39. The Division Bench also referred to, with approval, the decision of the Bombay High Court in Kores (India) Limited v. Union of India (8 STC 325, 326 (MP HC)). The Division Bench noticed the question arising for decision : (SCC p. 331, para 30) Fabric itself means woven materials. It was contended that processing the manufactured fabric does not bring into existence any new woven material but the question is : does new and different goods emerge having a distinctive name, use and character ? 40. Answering the bench said : (SCC p. 334, para 37) It appears in the light of the several decisions and on the construction of the expression that the process of bleaching, dyeing and printing etymologically also means manufacturing processes 41. It is strenuously urged for the processors that the view taken by the Division Bench in Empire Industries case ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292) suffers from fallacies both of reasoning and conclusion and requires to be reconsidered. 42. The prevalent and generally accepted test to ascertain that there is manufacture is whether the change or the series of changes brought about by the application of processes take the commodity to the point where, commercially, it can no longer be regarded as the original commodity but is, instead, recognised as a distinct and new article that has emerged as a result of the processes. The principles are clear. But difficulties arise in their application in individual cases. There might be borderline cases where either conclusion with equal justification be reached. Insistence on any sharp or intrinsic distinction between processing and manufacture, we are afraid, results in an oversimplification of both and tends to blur their interdependence in cases such as the present one. The correctness of the view in Empire Industries case ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292) cannot be tested in the light of material - in the form of affidavits expressing the opinion of persons said to be engaged in or connected with the textile trade as to the commercial identity of the commodities before and after the processing - placed before the court in a subsequent case. These opinions are, of course, relevant and would be amongst the various factors to be taken into account in deciding the question.43. On a consideration of the matter, we are persuaded to think that the view taken in Empire Industries case ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292) that grey fabric after they undergo the various processes of bleaching, dyeing, sizing, printing, finishing etc. emerges as a commercially different commodity with its own price structure, custom and other commercial incidents and that there was in that sense a manufacture within the meaning of Section 2(f), even as unamended, is an eminently plausible view and is not shown to suffer from any fallacy. Indeed, on this point, the Referring Bench did not disagree or have any reservations either. It is to be noticed that if the amending law is valid, this aspect becomes academic.44. We think, we should reject contention (a). Re Contention (b) 45. The concept of manufacture embodied in entry 84 of List I, it is urged, should be construed not in an artificial sense, but in its recognised legal sense and so construed artificial dimensions sought to be imparted to it by the amendment would be impermissible. Learned counsel drew attention to the following observations of this court in Diamond Sugar Mills Ltd. v. State of U.P. ((1961) 3 SCR 242 , 248 : AIR 1961 SC 652 ) : (SCR p. 248) "we have, on the one hand, to bear in mind the salutary rule that words conferring the right of legislation should be interpreted liberally and the powers conferred should be given the widest amplitude; on the other hand, we have to guard ourselves against extending the meaning of the words beyond their reasonable connotation, in an anxiety to preserve the power of the legislature." 46. Though entries in the legislative lists are to be construed liberally and the widest possible amplitude given to them, however, no artificial or arbitrary extensions of the meaning of the words in the entry, it is urged, are permissible. It is submitted that the concept of manufacture in entry 84 List I has a well accepted legal connotation and in construing the entry, the precise connotation which it possesses and conveys in law must be kept in mind. There is in law no manufacture unless as a result of process a new and commercially distinct product with distinct use emerges. The idea of manufacture might imply change, but every change is not necessarily manufacture. It is, accordingly, contended that the amendment which seeks to equate "processing" with "manufacture" is beyond the scope of entry 84, List I. 47. In Empire Industries ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292) case a similar argument was urged but without success. Learned Judges were persuaded to the view that such processes which were referred to by the amendment were not so alien or foreign to the concept of manufacture that they could not come within that concept.48. Entries in the legislative lists, it must be recalled, are not sources of legislative power but are merely topics or fields of legislation and must receive a liberal construction inspired by a broad and generous spirit and not in a narrow pedantic sense. The expression "with respect to" in Article 246 brings in the doctrine of "Pith and Substance" in the understanding of the exertion of legislative power and wherever the question of legislative competence is raised the test is whether the legislation, looked at as a whole, is substantially with respect to the particular topic of legislation. If the legislation has a substantial and not merely a remote connection with the entry, the matter may well be taken to be legislation on the topic.49. In Empire Industries case ((1985 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292), it was held : (SCC p. 339, para 45) "As has been noted, processes of the type which have been incorporated by the impugned Act were not so alien or foreign to the concept of manufacture that these could not come within that concept." 50. At all events, even if the impost on process is not one under entry 84, List I, but is an impost on "processing" distinct from "manufacture" the levy could yet be supported by entry 97, List I, even without the aid of the wider principle recognised and adopted in Dhillon case (Union of India v. H. S. Dhillon, (1971) 2 SCC 779 : AIR 1972 SC 1061 : (1972) 83 ITR 582 ). It was, however, contended that the levy of tax on an activity which cannot reasonably be regarded as an activity of manufacture cannot be described as a levy of duties of excise under entry 84, List I. If it is a nondescript tax under entry 97, Parliament, it is urged, has not chosen to enact any such law in this case. The charging section does not, it is urged, bring such a taxable event to charge. This argument was noticed in Empire Industries case (1985 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292) thus : (SCC p. 340, para 47)It was then argued that if the legislation was sought to be defended on the ground that it is a tax on an activity like processing and would be covered by the powers enumerated under entry 97 of List I of the Seventh Schedule then it was submitted that there was no charging section for such an activity and as such the charge must fail, and there cannot be any levy.51. The contention was rejected holding : (SCC p. 340, para 47) "This argument proceeds on an entire misconception. The charging section is the charging Section 3 of the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944. It stipulates the levy and charge of duty of excise on all excisable goods produced or manufactured. "Manufactured" under the Act after the amendment would be manufacture as amended in Section 2(f) and tariff items 19-I and 22 the charge would be on that basis. Therefore it is difficult to appreciate the argument that the levy would fail as their will be no appropriate charging section or machinery for effectuating the levy on the activity like the method of processing even if such an activity can be justified under entry 97 of List I of the Seventh Schedule. We are, therefore, of the opinion that there is no substance in this contention." 52. We respectfully agree.53. If a legislation purporting to be under a particular legislative entry is assailed for lack of legislative competence, the State can seek to support it on the basis of any other entry within the legislative competence of the legislature. It is not necessary for the State to show that the legislature, in enacting the law, consciously applied its mind to the source of its own competence. Competence to legislate flows Articles from Articles 245, 246, and the other articles following, in Part XI of the Constitution. In defending the validity of a law questioned on ground of legislative incompetence, the State can always show that the law was supportable under any other entry within the competence of the legislature. Indeed in supporting a legislation sustenance could be drawn and had from a number of entries. The legislation could be a composite legislation drawing upon several entries. Such a "ragbag" legislation particularly familiar in taxation. 54. Bennion in his Statutory Interpretation (at page 644) refers to such a composite legislation, though the observations must be understood in the context of the supremacy of the British Parliament and one of unlimited powers and which is under no inhibitions, unlike a federal polity, of distribution of legislative powers. Learned author refers to. Ragbag Acts : Some Acts are ragbag Acts, covering many areas. The annual Finance Act is an extreme example. It is divided into Parts, dealing respectively with customs and excise duty, value added tax, income tax, capital gains tax, stamp duty, capital transfer tax and so on. Even within a Part of a Finance Act the various provisions have quite different aims. In Hari Krishna Bhargav v. Union of India ((1966) 2 SCR 22 : AIR 1966 SC 619 : (1966) 59 ITR 243 ), this Court said : (SCR p. 27) "There is no prohibition against the Parliament enacting in a single statute, matters which call for the exercise of power under two or more entries in List I of the Seventh Schedule. Illustrations of such legislation are not wanting in our statute book, and the fact that one of such entries is the residuary entry does not also attract any disability." 55. So far as the exclusive competence of the Union Parliament to legislate is concerned all that is necessary is to find out whether the particular topic of legislation is in List II or List III. If it is not, it is not necessary to go any further or search for the field in List I. Union Parliament has exclusive power to legislate upon that topic or field. Of course, it has concurrent power also in respect of the subjects in List III.56. Contention (b) is, therefore, insubstantial. Re Contention (c). 57. This pertains to the validity of levy of additional duties. The contention proceeds on the presupposition that processing does not amount to manufacture under Section 3(1) of the Additional Duties Act. If it does, as has been held on point (a), this argument does not survive at all. 58. The point, however, sought to be put across is that, even if the concept of manufacture for purposes of levy of excise duty under the Central Excises Act is validly expanded or that a tax on processing is, otherwise, supportable under entry 97(1), the position under the Additional Duties Act is quite different. The Additional Duties Act does not expressly invoke or attract the definition of manufacture in Section 2(f) of the Central Excises Act nor does the Additional Duties Act itself contain a definition of manufacture in the broad terms in which Section 2(f), as amended, contains. The result is, it is urged, that the ordinary legal connotation of manufacture, contained in the charging Section 3(1) of the Additional Duties Act can alone support the levy. It is not, it is urged, permissible to impart the artificial and expanded definition of manufacture contained in Section 2(f), as amended, into Section 3(1) of the Additional Duties Act.59. The following observations of this Court in Pandit Ram Narain v. State of Uttar Pradesh (1956 SCR 664 , 673 : AIR 1957 SC 18 ) are pressed into service : (SCR p. 673) It was rightly pointed out that it is no sound principle of construction to interpret expressions used in one Act with reference to their use in another Act. 60. Again, the observations in Macbeth and Co. v. Chislett (1970 AC 220, 224) referred to with approval by this Court in CST v. Jaswant Singh Charan Singh ((1967) 2 SCR 720 , 725-26 : AIR 1967 SC 1454 : 19 STC 469) were relied upon: "it would be a new terror in the construction of Acts of Parliament if we were required to limit a word to an unnatural sense because in some Act which is not incorporated or referred to such an interpretation is given to it for the purposes of that Act aloneIt is further contended that a mere amendment of the schedules to the Additional Duties Act purported by Section 4 of the Amending Act 6 of 1980 would be inadequate to serve the purpose of a valid levy on the activity of processing. It was also urged that Section 3(3) of the Additional Duties Act which provides that the provisions of Central Excises Act and the rules made thereunder shall, so far as may be, apply in relation to the "levy and collection" of the additional duties would also enable the wider definition of manufacture in Section 2(f) to be imported into Section 3(1) of the Additional Duties Act to justify levy of additional duties on processing" 61. The contention was neatly and attractively presented and appeared, at first blush, to merit a serious consideration of the validity of the levy of additional duties. But on a closer examination of the concept of, and the scheme for, levy and collection of the additional duties and the specific statutory provisions, the tensile strength of the argument breaks down. There are at least two circumstances which render the definition of manufacture under Section 2(f) attracted to the additional levies. Section 3(3) of the Additional Duties Act provides levy and collection of the additional duties as they apply in relation to the levy and collection of the duties of excise on the goods specified in sub-section (1).It is plain that the statute expressly makes the provision in the "Central Excises Act" apply in relation to levy and collection of the additional duties. The question is whether this provision is sufficient to attract Section 2(f) of the main Act as amended. This, in turn, depends upon what the expression "levy" connotes and carries with it. The term levy it is held, is an expression of wide impart. It includes both imposition of a tax as well as its quantification and assessment. In Assistant Collector of Central Excise v. National Tobacco Co. of India Ltd ((1972) 2 SCC 560 : (1973) 1 SCR 822 , 835). this Court held : (SCC p. 572, para 19)The term "levy" appears to us to be wider in its import than the term "assessment". It may include both "imposition" of a tax as well as assessment. The term "imposition" is generally used for the levy of a tax or duty by legislative provisions indicating the subject matter of the tax and the rates at which it has to be taxed.62. That apart, Section 4 of the Amending Act 6 of 1980 has amended the relevant items in the schedule to the Additional Duties Act. The expressions produce or manufacture in Section 3(1) of the Additional Duties Act must be read along with the entries in the schedules. 63. In Attorney-General v. Lamplough ((1878) 3 Ex D 214, 229 : 38 LT 87 : 47 LJQB 555) it is observed: "A schedule in an Act is a mere question of drafting, a mere question of words. The schedule is as much a part of the statue, and it as much an enactment, as any other partMaxwell says (in Interpretation of Statues, 11th Edn., p. 156)if an enactment in a schedule contradicts an earlier clause it prevails against itBennion (in Bennions Statutory Interpretation, pp. 568-569) referring to the place of schedules in statues observesThe Schedule is an extension of the section which induces it. Material is put into a Schedule because it is too lengthy or detailed to be conveniently accommodated in a section." A Schedule must be attached to the body of the Act by words in one of the sections (known as inducing words). It was formerly the practice for the inducing words to say that the Schedule was to be construed and have effect as part of the Act. (See e.g., Ballot Act, 1872, Section 28.) This is no longer done, being regarded as unnecessary. If by mischance the inducing words were omitted, the Schedule would still form part of the Act if that was the apparent intentionThe Schedule is as much a part of the statues, and is as much an enactment, as any other part. (See also, to the like effect, Flower Freight Co. Ltd. v. Hammond ((1963) 1 QB 275), R. v. Legal Aid Committee No. 1 (London) Legal Aid Area, ex p. Rondel ((1967) 2 QB 482) Metropolitan Police Commr. v. Curran ((1976) 1 WLR 87).64. What appears, therefore, clear is that what applies to the main levy, applies to the additional duties as well. We find no substance in contention (c) either. Re Contention (d) 65. There is really no substance in the grievance that the retroactivity imparted to the amendments is violative of Article 19(1)(g). A competent legislature can always validate a law which has been declared by courts to be invalid, provided the infirmities and vitiating factors noticed in the declaratory judgment are removed or cured. Such a validating law can also be made retrospective. If in the light of such validating and curative exercise made by the legislature - granting legislative competence - the earlier judgment becomes irrelevant and unenforceable, that cannot be called an impermissible legislative overruling of the judicial decision. All that the legislature does is to usher in a valid law with retrospective effect in the light of which the earlier judgment becomes irrelevant. (See Shri Prithvi Cotton Mills Ltd. Broach Borough Municipality ((1969) 2 SCC 283 : (1970) 1 SCR 388 (1971) 79 ITR 136) ).66. Such legislative experience of validation of laws is of particular significance and utility and is quite often applied, in taxing statues. It is necessary that the legislature should be able to cure defects in statues. No individual can acquire a vested right from a defect in a defect in a statute and seek a windfall from the legislatures mistakes. Validity of legislations retroactively curing defects in taxing statues is well recognised and courts, except under extraordinary circumstances, would be reluctant to override the legislative judgment as to the need for and the wisdom of the retrospective legislation. In Empire Industries Ltd. v. Union of India ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292), this Court observed : (SCR p. 327 : SCC p. 342, para 51)not only because of the paramount governmental interest in obtaining adequate revenues, but also because taxes are not in the nature of a penalty or a contractual obligation but rather a means of apportioning the costs of government amongst those who benefit from it.In testing whether a retrospective imposition of a tax operates so harshly as to violate fundamental rights under Article 19(1)(g), the factors considered relevant include the context in which retroactivity was contemplated such as whether the law is one of validation of a taxing statute struck down by courts for certain defects; the period of such retroactivity, and the degree and extent of any unforeseen or unforeseeable financial burden imposed for the past period etc. Having regard to all the circumstances of the present case, this court in Empire Industries case held that the retroactivity of the amending provisions was not such as to incur any infirmity under Article 19(l)(g). We are in respectful agreement with that view.67. There is no merit in contention (d) either. 68. This concerns the question of the correctness of the determination of the assessable value. The processors say that they have filed classification lists under Rule 173-B of the central Excise Rules, 1944 as they had no other choice and that if the proper principles of determination of the assessable value do not legally justify the consequences flowing from the classification, it is open to them to contend against the validity of the determination and they are not estopped from doing so. 69. Duties of excise are imposed on the production or manufacture of goods and are levied upon the manufacturer or the producer in respect of the commodity taxed. The question whether the producer or the manufacturer is or is not the owner of the goods is not determinative of the liability. The essential and conceptual nature of the tax is to be kept clearly distinguished from both the extent of the power to impose and the stage at which the tax is imposed. Though the levy is on the production or manufacture of the goods, the imposition of the duty could be at the stage which the law considers most convenient to impose as long as a rational relationship with the nature of the tax is maintained. 70. The processors contend that, the assessable value could only be the job work charges received by them for the processing of grey fabric and cannot be the selling price at which the customer who entrusts the grey fabric for processing ultimately sells it in the market. Such a sale price, it is said, would, quite plainly, include the value of the grey fabric, the processing charges and also the selling profits of the customer. Even the price of the grey fabric itself which comes to the processing houses in fully manufactured condition would again depend upon how many hands it has changed before reaching the particular customer who brings them for processing. The determination of assessable value at the actual or hypothetical selling price of goods of like nature and quality in the wholesale market would include the post-manufacturing profits of the trader which cannot legitimately be regarded as part of the assessable value. 71. This contention was considered in detail in Empire Industries case wherein it was held : When the textile fabrics are subjected to the processes like bleaching, dyeing and printing etc. by independent processes, whether on their own account or on job charges basis, the value for the purposes of assessment under S. 4 of the central Excise Act will not be the processing charges alone but the intrinsic value of the processed fabrics which is the price at which such fabrics are sold for the first time in the wholesale market. That is the effect of S. 4 of the Act. The value would naturally include the value of grey fabrics supplied to the independent processors for the processing. However, excise duty, if any, paid on the grey fabrics will be given pro forma credit to the independent processors to be utilised for the payment on the processed fabrics in accordance with the Rules 56-A or 96-D of the central Excise Rules, as the case may be. Even the Referring bench did not doubt the correctness of the inclusion in the assessable value the cost of the grey fabric and the processing charges. The Referring bench held : "We cannot accept the contention of the learned counsel on behalf of the petitioners and the appellants that the value of the grey cloth which is processed by the processor should not be included in the assessable value of the processed fabric . . . . ." 72. In the argument, as presented, that the assessable value would include what is referred to as the "post-manufacturing profits", there is an obvious fallacy. In Atlc Industries Ltd. v. H. H. Dave, Assistant Collector of central Excise" Bhagwati, J. speaking for the court said : The value of the goods for the purpose of excise must take into account only the manufacturing cost and the manufacturing profit and it must not be loaded with post-manufacturing cost or profit arising from postmanufacturing operation ... .It may be noted that wholesale market in a particular type of goods may be in several tiers and the goods may reach the consumer after a series of wholesale transactions. In fact the more common and less expensive the goods, there would be greater possibility of more than one tier of wholesale transactions .. . . If excise were levied on the basis of second or subsequent wholesale price, it would load the price with a post-manufacturing element, namely, selling cost and selling profit of the wholesale dealer. That would be plainly contrary to the true nature of excise as explained in the Voltas case. Secondly, this would also violate the concept of the factory gate sale which is the basis of determination of value of the goods for the purpose of excise.There can, therefore, be no doubt that where a manufacturer sells the goods manufactured by him in wholesale to a wholesale dealer at arms length and in the usual course of business, the wholesale cash price charged by him to the wholesale dealer less trade discount would represent the value of the goods for the purpose of assessment of excise. 73. Explaining what really is the idea of "post-manufacturing profit" referred to in Atic case this court in Union of India v. Bombay Tyre International Ltd. said : When it refers to post-manufacturing expenses and post-manufacturing profit arising from post-manufacturing operations, it clearly intends to refer not to the expenses and profits pertaining to the sale transactions effected by the manufacturer but to those pertaining to the subsequent sale transactions effected by the wholesale buyers in favour of other dealers. (emphasis supplied) The principles for the determination of assessable value are laid down under S. 4 of the Act. S. 4 of the Central Excise Act envisages that the value of an article for the purposes of duty shall be deemed to be ; (a) The wholesale cash price for which an article of the like kind and quality was sold or was capable of being sold at the time of removal of the article from the factory or premises of manufacture for delivery at the place of manufacture or ; (ft) Where such price was not ascertainable, the price at which an article of the like kind and quality was sold or capable of being sold at the time of removal of the article chargeable with duty.74. The nature of the excise duty is not to be confused with, or tested with reference to, the measure by which the tax is assessed. The standard adopted as the measure of assessment may throw light on the nature of the levy but is not determinative of it. When a statutory measure for assessment of the tax is contemplated, it "need not contour along the lines which spell out the levy itself", and "a broader based standard of reference may be adopted for the purposes of determining the measure of the levy". Any statutory standard which maintains a nexus with the essential character of the levy can be regarded as a valid basis for assessing the measure of the tax.75. In the case of processing houses, they become liable to pay excise duty not because they are the owners of the goods but because they cause the manufacture of the goods. The dimensions of S. 4(l)(a) and (b) are fully explored in a number of decisions of this court. Reference may be made to the case of Bombay Tyres International.76. Consistent with the provisions of S. 4 and the central Excise (Valuation) Rules, 1975, framed under S. 37 of the Act, it cannot be said that the assessable value of the processed fabric should comprise only of the processing charges. This extreme contention if accepted, would lead to and create more problems than it is supposed to solve ; and produce situations which could only be characterised as anomalous. The incidence of the levy should be uniform, uninfluenced by fortuitous considerations. The method of determination of the assessable value suggested by the processors would lead to the untenable position that while in one class of grey fabric processed by the same processor on bailment, the assessable value would have to be determined differently dependent upon the consideration that the processing house had carried out the processing operations on job work basis, in the other class of cases, as it not unoften happens, the goods would have to be valued differently only for the reason the same processing house has itself purchased the grey fabric and carried out the processing operations on its own.77. It is to solve the problem arising out of the circumstance that goods owned by one person are "manufactured" by another that at a certain stage under Rule 174-A, a notification was issued by the central government exempting from the operation of the Rule 174-A ". ... every manufacturer who gets his goods manufactured account on his from any other person, subject to the conditions that the said manufacturer authorises the person, who actually manufactures or fabricates the said goods to comply with all procedural formalities under the central Excises and Salt Act, 1944 (1 of 1944 and the rules made thereunder, in respect of the goods manufactured on behalf of the said manufacturer and, in order to enable the determination of value of the said goods under S. 4 of the said Act, to furnish information relating to the price at which the said manufacturer is selling the said goods and the person so authorised agrees to discharge all liabilities under the said Act and the rules made thereunder." On a consideration of the matter, the view taken in the matter in the Empire Industries case does not call for reconsideration. Contention (c) is also held and answered against the petitioner.

Decision reasoning: 1[ds]38. We have carefully considered these submissions. In the Empire Industries case ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292), this Court considered similar submissions in an almost identical context and situation. Learned Judges referred to the observations of this Court in CST v. Harbilas Rai & Sons (21 STC 17 (SC)), in which the view expressed by the Division Bench of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in Hiralal Jitmal v. CST (8 STC 325, 326 (MP HC)) was held supportable on the reasoning that : (quoted at SCC p. 330, paradecision of the Madhya Pradesh High Court might perhaps be justified on the ground that a printed or dyed cloth is commercially a different article from the cloth which is purchased and printed or dyed.The Division Bench also referred to, with approval, the decision of the Bombay High Court in Kores (India) Limited v. Union of India (8 STC 325, 326 (MP HC)). The Division Bench noticed the question arising for decision : (SCC p. 331, paraitself means woven materials. It was contended that processing the manufactured fabric does not bring into existence any new woven material but the question is : does new and different goods emerge having a distinctive name, use and characterAnswering the bench said : (SCC p. 334, paraappears in the light of the several decisions and on the construction of the expression that the process of bleaching, dyeing and printing etymologically also means manufacturingThe prevalent and generally accepted test to ascertain that there is manufacture is whether the change or the series of changes brought about by the application of processes take the commodity to the point where, commercially, it can no longer be regarded as the original commodity but is, instead, recognised as a distinct and new article that has emerged as a result of the processes. The principles are clear. But difficulties arise in their application in individual cases. There might be borderline cases where either conclusion with equal justification be reached. Insistence on any sharp or intrinsic distinction between processing and manufacture, we are afraid, results in an oversimplification of both and tends to blur their interdependence in cases such as the present one. The correctness of the view in Empire Industries case ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292) cannot be tested in the light of material - in the form of affidavits expressing the opinion of persons said to be engaged in or connected with the textile trade as to the commercial identity of the commodities before and after the processing - placed before the court in a subsequent case. These opinions are, of course, relevant and would be amongst the various factors to be taken into account in deciding the question.43. On a consideration of the matter, we are persuaded to think that the view taken in Empire Industries case ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292) that grey fabric after they undergo the various processes of bleaching, dyeing, sizing, printing, finishing etc. emerges as a commercially different commodity with its own price structure, custom and other commercial incidents and that there was in that sense a manufacture within the meaning of Section 2(f), even as unamended, is an eminently plausible view and is not shown to suffer from any fallacy. Indeed, on this point, the Referring Bench did not disagree or have any reservations either. It is to be noticed that if the amending law is valid, this aspect becomes academic.44. We think, we should reject contention (a).In Empire Industries ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292) case a similar argument was urged but without success. Learned Judges were persuaded to the view that such processes which were referred to by the amendment were not so alien or foreign to the concept of manufacture that they could not come within that concept.48. Entries in the legislative lists, it must be recalled, are not sources of legislative power but are merely topics or fields of legislation and must receive a liberal construction inspired by a broad and generous spirit and not in a narrow pedantic sense. The expression "with respect to" in Article 246 brings in the doctrine of "Pith and Substance" in the understanding of the exertion of legislative power and wherever the question of legislative competence is raised the test is whether the legislation, looked at as a whole, is substantially with respect to the particular topic of legislation. If the legislation has a substantial and not merely a remote connection with the entry, the matter may well be taken to be legislation on the topic.49. In Empire Industries case ((1985 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292), it was held : (SCC p. 339, parahas been noted, processes of the type which have been incorporated by the impugned Act were not so alien or foreign to the concept of manufacture that these could not come within that concept.At all events, even if the impost on process is not one under entry 84, List I, but is an impost on "processing" distinct from "manufacture" the levy could yet be supported by entry 97, List I, even without the aid of the wider principle recognised and adopted in Dhillon case (Union of India v. H. S. Dhillon, (1971) 2 SCC 779 : AIR 1972 SC 1061 : (1972) 83 ITR 582 ). It was, however, contended that the levy of tax on an activity which cannot reasonably be regarded as an activity of manufacture cannot be described as a levy of duties of excise under entry 84, List I. If it is a nondescript tax under entry 97, Parliament, it is urged, has not chosen to enact any such law in this case. The charging section does not, it is urged, bring such a taxable event to charge. This argument was noticed in Empire Industries case (1985 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292) thus : (SCC p. 340, para 47)It was then argued that if the legislation was sought to be defended on the ground that it is a tax on an activity like processing and would be covered by the powers enumerated under entry 97 of List I of the Seventh Schedule then it was submitted that there was no charging section for such an activity and as such the charge must fail, and there cannot be any levy.51. The contention was rejected holding : (SCC p. 340, paraargument proceeds on an entire misconception. The charging section is the charging Section 3 of the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944. It stipulates the levy and charge of duty of excise on all excisable goods produced or manufactured. "Manufactured" under the Act after the amendment would be manufacture as amended in Section 2(f) and tariff items 19-I and 22 the charge would be on that basis. Therefore it is difficult to appreciate the argument that the levy would fail as their will be no appropriate charging section or machinery for effectuating the levy on the activity like the method of processing even if such an activity can be justified under entry 97 of List I of the Seventh Schedule. We are, therefore, of the opinion that there is no substance in this contention.We respectfully agree.53. If a legislation purporting to be under a particular legislative entry is assailed for lack of legislative competence, the State can seek to support it on the basis of any other entry within the legislative competence of the legislature. It is not necessary for the State to show that the legislature, in enacting the law, consciously applied its mind to the source of its own competence. Competence to legislate flows Articles from Articles 245, 246, and the other articles following, in Part XI of the Constitution. In defending the validity of a law questioned on ground of legislative incompetence, the State can always show that the law was supportable under any other entry within the competence of the legislature. Indeed in supporting a legislation sustenance could be drawn and had from a number of entries. The legislation could be a composite legislation drawing upon several entries. Such a "ragbag" legislation particularly familiar inHari Krishna Bhargav v. Union of India ((1966) 2 SCR 22 : AIR 1966 SC 619 : (1966) 59 ITR 243 ), this Court said : (SCR p.is no prohibition against the Parliament enacting in a single statute, matters which call for the exercise of power under two or more entries in List I of the Seventh Schedule. Illustrations of such legislation are not wanting in our statute book, and the fact that one of such entries is the residuary entry does not also attract any disability.So far as the exclusive competence of the Union Parliament to legislate is concerned all that is necessary is to find out whether the particular topic of legislation is in List II or List III. If it is not, it is not necessary to go any further or search for the field in List I. Union Parliament has exclusive power to legislate upon that topic or field. Of course, it has concurrent power also in respect of the subjects in List III.56. Contention (b) is, therefore, insubstantial.This pertains to the validity of levy of additional duties. The contention proceeds on the presupposition that processing does not amount to manufacture under Section 3(1) of the Additional Duties Act. If it does, as has been held on point (a), this argument does not survive at all.The contention was neatly and attractively presented and appeared, at first blush, to merit a serious consideration of the validity of the levy of additional duties. But on a closer examination of the concept of, and the scheme for, levy and collection of the additional duties and the specific statutory provisions, the tensile strength of the argument breaks down. There are at least two circumstances which render the definition of manufacture under Section 2(f) attracted to the additional levies. Section 3(3) of the Additional Duties Act provides levy and collection of the additional duties as they apply in relation to the levy and collection of the duties of excise on the goods specified in sub-section (1).It is plain that the statute expressly makes the provision in the "Central Excises Act" apply in relation to levy and collection of the additional duties. The question is whether this provision is sufficient to attract Section 2(f) of the main Act as amended. This, in turn, depends upon what the expression "levy" connotes and carries with it. The term levy it is held, is an expression of wide impart. It includes both imposition of a tax as well as its quantification and assessment. In Assistant Collector of Central Excise v. National Tobacco Co. of India Ltd ((1972) 2 SCC 560 : (1973) 1 SCR 822 , 835). this Court held : (SCC p. 572, para 19)The term "levy" appears to us to be wider in its import than the term "assessment". It may include both "imposition" of a tax as well as assessment. The term "imposition" is generally used for the levy of a tax or duty by legislative provisions indicating the subject matter of the tax and the rates at which it has to be taxed.62. That apart, Section 4 of the Amending Act 6 of 1980 has amended the relevant items in the schedule to the Additional Duties Act. The expressions produce or manufacture in Section 3(1) of the Additional Duties Act must be read along with the entries in theSchedule must be attached to the body of the Act by words in one of the sections (known as inducing words). It was formerly the practice for the inducing words to say that the Schedule was to be construed and have effect as part of the Act. (See e.g., Ballot Act, 1872, Section 28.) This is no longer done, being regarded as unnecessary. If by mischance the inducing words were omitted, the Schedule would still form part of the Act if that was the apparent intentionThe Schedule is as much a part of the statues, and is as much an enactment, as any other part. (See also, to the like effect, Flower Freight Co. Ltd. v. Hammond ((1963) 1 QB 275), R. v. Legal Aid Committee No. 1 (London) Legal Aid Area, ex p. Rondel ((1967) 2 QB 482) Metropolitan Police Commr. v. Curran ((1976) 1 WLR 87).64. What appears, therefore, clear is that what applies to the main levy, applies to the additional duties as well. We find no substance in contention (c) either.There is really no substance in the grievance that the retroactivity imparted to the amendments is violative of Article 19(1)(g). A competent legislature can always validate a law which has been declared by courts to be invalid, provided the infirmities and vitiating factors noticed in the declaratory judgment are removed or cured. Such a validating law can also be made retrospective. If in the light of such validating and curative exercise made by the legislature - granting legislative competence - the earlier judgment becomes irrelevant and unenforceable, that cannot be called an impermissible legislative overruling of the judicial decision. All that the legislature does is to usher in a valid law with retrospective effect in the light of which the earlier judgment becomes irrelevant. (See Shri Prithvi Cotton Mills Ltd. Broach Borough Municipality ((1969) 2 SCC 283 : (1970) 1 SCR 388 (1971) 79 ITR 136) ).66. Such legislative experience of validation of laws is of particular significance and utility and is quite often applied, in taxing statues. It is necessary that the legislature should be able to cure defects in statues. No individual can acquire a vested right from a defect in a defect in a statute and seek a windfall from the legislatures mistakes. Validity of legislations retroactively curing defects in taxing statues is well recognised and courts, except under extraordinary circumstances, would be reluctant to override the legislative judgment as to the need for and the wisdom of the retrospective legislation. In Empire Industries Ltd. v. Union of India ((1985) 3 SCC 314 : 1985 SCC (Tax) 416 : 1985 Supp 1 SCR 292), this Court observed : (SCR p. 327 : SCC p. 342, para 51)not only because of the paramount governmental interest in obtaining adequate revenues, but also because taxes are not in the nature of a penalty or a contractual obligation but rather a means of apportioning the costs of government amongst those who benefit from it.In testing whether a retrospective imposition of a tax operates so harshly as to violate fundamental rights under Article 19(1)(g), the factors considered relevant include the context in which retroactivity was contemplated such as whether the law is one of validation of a taxing statute struck down by courts for certain defects; the period of such retroactivity, and the degree and extent of any unforeseen or unforeseeable financial burden imposed for the past period etc. Having regard to all the circumstances of the present case, this court in Empire Industries case held that the retroactivity of the amending provisions was not such as to incur any infirmity under Article 19(l)(g). We are in respectful agreement with that view.67. There is no merit in contention (d) either.Duties of excise are imposed on the production or manufacture of goods and are levied upon the manufacturer or the producer in respect of the commodity taxed. The question whether the producer or the manufacturer is or is not the owner of the goods is not determinative of the liability. The essential and conceptual nature of the tax is to be kept clearly distinguished from both the extent of the power to impose and the stage at which the tax is imposed. Though the levy is on the production or manufacture of the goods, the imposition of the duty could be at the stage which the law considers most convenient to impose as long as a rational relationship with the nature of the tax is maintained.This contention was considered in detail in Empire Industries case wherein it was heldthe textile fabrics are subjected to the processes like bleaching, dyeing and printing etc. by independent processes, whether on their own account or on job charges basis, the value for the purposes of assessment under S. 4 of the central Excise Act will not be the processing charges alone but the intrinsic value of the processed fabrics which is the price at which such fabrics are sold for the first time in the wholesale market. That is the effect of S. 4 of the Act. The value would naturally include the value of grey fabrics supplied to the independent processors for the processing. However, excise duty, if any, paid on the grey fabrics will be given pro forma credit to the independent processors to be utilised for the payment on the processed fabrics in accordance with the Rules 56-A or 96-D of the central Excise Rules, as the case maythe Referring bench did not doubt the correctness of the inclusion in the assessable value the cost of the grey fabric and the processing charges. The Referring bench heldcannot accept the contention of the learned counsel on behalf of the petitioners and the appellants that the value of the grey cloth which is processed by the processor should not be included in the assessable value of the processed fabric . . . . .Explaining what really is the idea of "post-manufacturing profit" referred to in Atic case this court in Union of India v. Bombay Tyre International Ltd. saidit refers to post-manufacturing expenses and post-manufacturing profit arising from post-manufacturing operations, it clearly intends to refer not to the expenses and profits pertaining to the sale transactions effected by the manufacturer but to those pertaining to the subsequent sale transactions effected by the wholesale buyers in favour of other dealers. (emphasisprinciples for the determination of assessable value are laid down under S. 4 of the Act. S. 4 of the Central Excise Act envisages that the value of an article for the purposes of duty shall be deemed to be ; (a) The wholesale cash price for which an article of the like kind and quality was sold or was capable of being sold at the time of removal of the article from the factory or premises of manufacture for delivery at the place of manufacture or ; (ft) Where such price was not ascertainable, the price at which an article of the like kind and quality was sold or capable of being sold at the time of removal of the article chargeable with duty.74. The nature of the excise duty is not to be confused with, or tested with reference to, the measure by which the tax is assessed. The standard adopted as the measure of assessment may throw light on the nature of the levy but is not determinative of it. When a statutory measure for assessment of the tax is contemplated, it "need not contour along the lines which spell out the levy itself", and "a broader based standard of reference may be adopted for the purposes of determining the measure of the levy". Any statutory standard which maintains a nexus with the essential character of the levy can be regarded as a valid basis for assessing the measure of the tax.75. In the case of processing houses, they become liable to pay excise duty not because they are the owners of the goods but because they cause the manufacture of the goods. The dimensions of S. 4(l)(a) and (b) are fully explored in a number of decisions of this court. Reference may be made to the case of Bombay Tyres International.76. Consistent with the provisions of S. 4 and the central Excise (Valuation) Rules, 1975, framed under S. 37 of the Act, it cannot be said that the assessable value of the processed fabric should comprise only of the processing charges. This extreme contention if accepted, would lead to and create more problems than it is supposed to solve ; and produce situations which could only be characterised as anomalous. The incidence of the levy should be uniform, uninfluenced by fortuitous considerations. The method of determination of the assessable value suggested by the processors would lead to the untenable position that while in one class of grey fabric processed by the same processor on bailment, the assessable value would have to be determined differently dependent upon the consideration that the processing house had carried out the processing operations on job work basis, in the other class of cases, as it not unoften happens, the goods would have to be valued differently only for the reason the same processing house has itself purchased the grey fabric and carried out the processing operations on its own.77. It is to solve the problem arising out of the circumstance that goods owned by one person are "manufactured" by another that at a certain stage under Rule 174-A, a notification was issued by the central government exempting from the operation of the Rule... every manufacturer who gets his goods manufactured account on his from any other person, subject to the conditions that the said manufacturer authorises the person, who actually manufactures or fabricates the said goods to comply with all procedural formalities under the central Excises and Salt Act, 1944 (1 of 1944 and the rules made thereunder, in respect of the goods manufactured on behalf of the said manufacturer and, in order to enable the determination of value of the said goods under S. 4 of the said Act, to furnish information relating to the price at which the said manufacturer is selling the said goods and the person so authorised agrees to discharge all liabilities under the said Act and the rules madea consideration of the matter, the view taken in the matter in the Empire Industries case does not call for reconsideration. Contention (c) is also held and answered against theIn the argument, as presented, that the assessable value would include what is referred to as the "post-manufacturing profits", there is an obvious fallacy. In Atlc Industries Ltd. v. H. H. Dave, Assistant Collector of central Excise" Bhagwati, J. speaking for the court saidvalue of the goods for the purpose of excise must take into account only the manufacturing cost and the manufacturing profit and it must not be loaded with post-manufacturing cost or profit arising from postmanufacturing operation ... .It may be noted that wholesale market in a particular type of goods may be in several tiers and the goods may reach the consumer after a series of wholesale transactions. In fact the more common and less expensive the goods, there would be greater possibility of more than one tier of wholesale transactions .. . . If excise were levied on the basis of second or subsequent wholesale price, it would load the price with a post-manufacturing element, namely, selling cost and selling profit of the wholesale dealer. That would be plainly contrary to the true nature of excise as explained in the Voltas case. Secondly, this would also violate the concept of the factory gate sale which is the basis of determination of value of the goods for the purpose of excise.There can, therefore, be no doubt that where a manufacturer sells the goods manufactured by him in wholesale to a wholesale dealer at arms length and in the usual course of business, the wholesale cash price charged by him to the wholesale dealer less trade discount would represent the value of the goods for the purpose of assessment of excise.g what really is the idea of "post-manufacturing profit" referred to in Atic case this court in Union of India v. Bombay Tyre International Ltd. saidt refers to post-manufacturing expenses and post-manufacturing profit arising from post-manufacturing operations, it clearly intends to refer not to the expenses and profits pertaining to the sale transactions effected by the manufacturer but to those pertaining to the subsequent sale transactions effected by the wholesale buyers in favour of other dealers. (emphasisReferential legislation is of two types. One is where an earlier Act or some of its provisions are incorporated by reference into a later Act. In this event, the provisions of the earlier Act or those so incorporated, as they stand in the earlier Act at the time of incorporation, will be read into the later Act. Subsequent changes in the earlier Act or the incorporated provisions will have to be ignored because, for all practical purposes, the existing provisions of the earlier Act have been re-enacted by such reference into the later one, rendering irrelevant what happens to the earlier statute thereafter. Examples of this can be seen in secretary of State v. Hindustan Cooperative Insurance Society, Bolani Ores Ltd. v. State of Orissa, Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. v. Union of India. On the other hand, the later statute may not incorporate the earlier provisions. It may only make a reference of a broad nature as to the law on a subject generally, as in Bhajiya v. Gopikabai, or contain a general reference to the terms of an earlier statute which are to be made applicable.96. In this case any modification, repeal or re-enactment of the earlier statute will also be carried into in the later, for here, the idea is that certain provisions of an earlier statute which become applicable in certain circumstances are to be made use of for the purpose of the later Act also. Examples of this type of legislation are to be seen in Collector of Customs v. Nathella Sampathu Chett, New central Jute Mills Co. Ltd. v. Assistant Collector of central Excise and Special Land Acquisition Officer v. City Improvement Trust. Whether a particular statute falls into the first or second category is always a question of construction. In the present case, in my view, the legislation falls into the second category. S. 3(3 of the 1957 Act does not incorporate into the 1957 Act any specific provisions of the 1944 Act. It only declares generally that the provisions of the 1944 Act shall apply -So far as may be", that is, to the extent necessary and practical, for the purposes of the 1957 Act as well.97. That apart, it has been held, even when a specific provision is incorporated and the case apparently falls in the first of the above categories, that the rule that repeals, modifications or amendments of the earlier Act will have to be ignored is not adhered to in certain situations. These have been set out in State of Madhya Pradesh v. M. V. Narasimhan. In that case, the Supreme court was considering the question whether the amendment of S. 21 of the Penal Code by the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1958, was also applicable for purposes of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947, which by S. 2 incorporates, for the purposes of that Act, the definition of public servant in S. 21 of the Penal Code. Answering the question in the affirmative, the court outlined the following propositionsa subsequent Act incorporates provisions of a previous Act then the borrowed provisions become an integral and independent part of the subsequent Act and are totally unaffected by any repeal or amendment in the previous Act. This principle, however, will not apply in the following cases :(a) where the subsequent Act and the previous Act are supplemental to each other;(b) where the two Acts are in pari materia ;(c) where the amendment in the previous Act, if not imported into the subsequent Act also, would render the subsequent Act wholly unworkable and ineffectual ; and(d) where the amendment of the previous Act, either expressly or by necessary intendment, applies the said provisions to the subsequent Act.The present case falls within the scope of these exceptions, even if S. 3(3 is construed as incorporating certain specific provisions of the 1944 into itself. The legislation presently in question is clearly in pari materia with the 1944 Act. It is also merely supplemental. While the 1944 Act imposes a general levy of excise duty on all goods manufactured and produced, the aim of the present Act is to supplement the levy by an additional duty of the same nature on certain goods. The duration of the applicability is undefined but the statute is clearly enforceable as long as it is in the statute book side by side with the normal excise duties. The clear intention is that the same provisions shall govern both the levies except that the duty under the later Act is confined to certain goods only and its distributability among the States may perhaps follow a different pattern from the principal duty.99. There is no reason or logic why all the incidents attaching under the earlier legislation, insofar as they are not clearly inconsistent with the later one should not be extended to the later legislation as well. As has been pointed out earlier, the Finance Acts which levied special or regular or additional excise duties contained in themselves all the elements of charge of duty. The goods were mentioned and the duty as to be levied either at a percentage of the normal excise duty payable under the 1944 Act or at a percentage of the value of the assessable goods as determined under the 1944 Act. All that was further needed was the applicability of the procedural provisions of the 1944 Act. Here, however, the 1957 Act is incomplete as to the basis of the charge and its provisions would become totally unworkable unless the concepts of "manufacture" and "assessable value" as determined under the 1944 Act are carried into it.