Case: THE STATE OF GUJARAT Vs. MANSUKHBHAI KANJIBHAI SHAH

N. V. RAMANA 1. Corruption is the malignant manifestation of a malady menacing the morality of men. There is a common perception that corruption in India has spread to all corners of public life and is currently choking the constitutional aspirations enshrined in the Preamble. In this context, this case revolves around requiring this Court to facilitate making India corruption free. 2. This Appeal is from the impugned judgment and final order dated 02.02.2018, passed by the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad in Criminal Revision Application (against Order passed by Subordinate Court) No. 1188 of 2017. 3. The respondent herein is allegedly a Trustee of a trust called the Sumandeep Charitable Trust, which established and sponsors Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, a deemed University, which is the institution concerned herein. 4. Brief facts necessary for the disposal of the case are that an FIR, being I-ER No. 3 of 2017, dated 28.02.2017 was filed by one Dr. Jasminaben, wife of Dilipbhai Devda, before the Vadodara City A.C.B. Police Station against four accused persons including the present respondent. Broadly, the allegations were that the complainants elder daughter was admitted to the MBBS Course in the above-mentioned Deemed University in the year 2012. Her daughters course fee was completely paid up as per the annual fee slab. In the year 2017, her elder daughter while filling up her final examination form, was asked to meet the respondent herein. On meeting, the respondent, in conspiracy with others, had communicated that the complainants husband had to further pay Rupees Twenty Lakhs for allowing the complainants daughter to take the examination. Further, it is alleged that the accused-respondent had communicated that they can deposit a cheque and the same would be returned on payment of cash, considering that demonetization had recently taken place. In lieu of the same, cheques were deposited with the accused-respondent herein. Thereafter, the complainant, who was unwilling to pay the amount, filed the FIR. 5. After following the necessary procedure, phenolphthalein powder was applied to the currency notes and were delivered to accused Vinod alias Bharatbhai Savant (the alleged companion/agent of respondent through whom the demand was facilitated). Thereafter, accused Vinod confirmed the receipt of money to the respondent over the telephone. The aforesaid incriminating conversation stood intercepted in an audio video camera set up by the complainant. Further, separate raids were conducted whereupon several undated cheques drawn in the name of the institution worth more than Rs. 100 crores and certain fixed deposits were recovered. 6. The chargesheet came to be filed on 25.04.2017 against several accused persons, including the present respondent for various offences under Sections 7, 8, 10 and 13 (1)(b) and 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 [hereinafter referred to as the PC Act] read with Section 109 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 [hereinafter referred to as the IPC],. 7. The respondent herein filed a discharge application under Section 227 of CrPC before the District and Sessions Court in Special ACB Case No. 2 of 2017. The District and Sessions Court by an order dated 29.11.2017, rejected the application. 8. Aggrieved by the rejection of the aforesaid application, the respondent herein filed a criminal revision application, being Criminal Revision Application No. 1188 of 2017, before the High Court of Gujarat, at Ahmedabad. The High Court, by the impugned judgment and order dated 02.02.2018, allowed the revision and discharged the accused-respondent herein. 9. Aggrieved by the impugned order, the State of Gujarat is in appeal before this Court. 10. The senior counsel on behalf of the appellant submitted that the PC Act is a comprehensive statute which was passed to prevent corruption and therefore, should be construed liberally as the legislature intended to include the abovementioned acts, which harm the public at large, within the ambit of the PC Act. The PC Act is a social legislation intended to curb illegal activities of public servants and is designed to be construed so as to advance its objectives. The Courts, while keeping the public interest in mind, must ensure that technicalities should not defeat the object sought to be achieved. 11. The counsel further argued that public function need not be the exclusive domain of the State; private institutions such as universities may also perform a public function. The counsel placed reliance upon Modern Dental College & Research Centre v. State of Madhya Pradesh., (2016) 7 SCC 353 and Janet Jeyapaul v. SRM University., (2015) 16 SCC 530 to state that imparting education to the public is a welfare activity and hence can be called as an activity done for public good. Considering the UGC guidelines, the counsel submitted that Deemed Universities effectively discharge the public function of imparting education to the public. 12. Moreover, the counsel placed reliance upon the case of K. Veeraswami v. Union Of India, (1991) 3 SCC 655 to submit that there is no requirement of having a master-servant relationship between the competent authority and the public servant. The PC Act does not define public servant, rather, it provides categories of the same. The counsel further stated that the lack of any authority to grant the sanction cannot result in non-prosecution. In such situations, there is no necessity for obtaining sanction. In any case, the sanction was obtained from the Charity Commissioner out of abundant caution. 13. Lastly, the counsel submitted that the respondent was discharging a public duty. In the present facts, it was a pre- condition to pay the respondent before obtaining an examination pass, although he was never formally assigned this task or role. The counsel therefore concluded that there need not be a requirement of positive command under the law to discharge his public duty. In fact, there may not be any formal requirement of providing remuneration or payment in lieu of the service rendered. 14. On the contrary, the counsel on behalf of the respondent submitted that it is a settled principle of law that a criminal statute has to be construed strictly. In cases where two interpretations are possible, the Courts must lean towards the construction which exempts the subject from penalty rather than the one which imposes the same. 15. The counsel further vehemently argued that the respondent, being a trustee, cannot be termed as a Public Servant. There is no allegation in the charge sheet that the respondent was holding any position or post in the institution which was Deemed to be University or that he was engaged by the institution for rendering any service. In light of the above fact, the High Court was correct in discharging the respondent as he does not qualify within the ambit of Section 2 (c)(xi) of the PC Act. 16. Moreover, the counsel argued that the High Court has correctly held that the relevant provision as laid down under Section 2 (c) (xi) is inapplicable in the present case as the said Institution was a deemed to be university. Finally, the counsel argued that no valid or proper sanction was obtained for prosecuting the respondent. The sanction obtained from the Charity Commissioner is not valid as he cannot be considered as a Competent Authority, since he does not have the power to remove or appoint a Trustee. 17. Having heard the learned counsel for the parties, the questions to be answered herein are- i. Whether the respondent-trustee is a public servant covered under Section 2(c) of the PC Act? ii. Whether the accused-respondent can be discharged under Section 227 of CrPC? 18. The first question before us, that is, whether the respondent-who is allegedly a trustee in the Sumandeep Charitable Trust which established and sponsors the said University (Deemed to be University) is a public servant covered under Section 2(c) of the PC Act, can be broken up into two parts: first, whether the Deemed University is covered under the provisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, and secondly, whether the respondent-trustee can be termed as public servant under Section 2(c)(xi) of the PC Act? 19. Before we proceed further, we need to observe the relevant provisions under the PC Act: 2(c.). public servant means- … (xi) any person who is a Vice-Chancellor or member of any governing body, professor, reader, lecturer or any other teacher or employee, by whatever designation called, of any University and any person whose services have been availed of by a University or any other public authority in connection with holding or conducting examinations; 20. Simply speaking, any person, who is a Vice-Chancellor, any member of any governing body, professor, reader, lecturer, any other teacher or employee, by whatever designation called, of any University, is said to be a public servant. Further, the definition inter alia, covers any person whose services have been availed of by a University, or any other public authority in connection with holding or conducting examinations. 21. However, the interpretative necessity arises in this case due to the fact that the ambit of the term University, as occurring under Section 2(c)(xi) of the PC Act, has not been clearly defined and the question arises as to whether the same covers deemed to be University as well. In this regard, we need to observe certain ground rules on interpretation, concerning the PC Act. 22. There is no gainsaying that nations are built upon trust. It is inevitable that in a democracy one needs to rely on those with power and influence and to trust them of being transparent and fair. There is no doubt that any action which is driven by the self- interest of these powerful individuals, rather than the public interest, destroys that trust. Where this becomes the norm, democracy, the economy and the rule of law, all take a beating, ultimately putting the whole nation at risk. Corrupt societies often spring from the examples set at the highest levels of government, but small-scale corruption can be equally insidious. In this regard, the PC Act was formulated to bring about transparency and honesty in public life, as indicated by its objects and reasons. We need to keep the aforesaid legislative intention in mind while interpreting the provisions of the PC Act. 23. Learned senior counsel for the appellant-State, vehemently contended that the PC Act, being a welfare legislation, cannot be narrowly interpreted, and rather, that a broad interpretation needs to be provided for the same [refer State of Madhya Pradesh v. M. V. Narasimhan, (1975) 2 SCC 377 ; M. Narayanan Nambiar v. State of Kerala, (1963) Supp. (2) SCR 724]. 24. The golden rule of interpretation for any penal legislation is to interpret the same strictly, unless any constitutional considerations are involved, and in cases of ambiguity, the benefit of the same should enure in favour of the accused. Having said so, we need to clarify that strict interpretation does not necessarily mean literal interpretation in all cases, rather the interpretation should have regards to the genuine import of the words, taken in their usual sense [refer Commissioner of Customs (Import), Mumbai v. Dilip Kumar & Company, (2018) 9 SCC 1 ]. 25. However, we are concerned herein with interpreting the provisions of the PC Act. There is no dispute that corruption in India is pervasive. Its impact on the nation is more pronounced, due to the fact that India is still a developing economy. Presently, it can be stated that corruption in India has become an issue which affects all walks of life. In this context, we must state that although anti-corruption laws are fairly stringent in India, the percolation and enforcement of the same are sometimes criticized as being ineffective. Due to this, the constitutional aspirations of economic and social justice are sacrificed on a daily basis. It is in the above context that we need to resolve the issues concerned herein. 26. In Subramanian Swamy v. Manmohan Singh, (2012) 3 SCC 64 , this Court observed: 68. Today, corruption in our country not only poses a grave danger to the concept of constitutional governance, it also threatens the very foundation of Indian democracy and the Rule of Law. The magnitude of corruption in our public life is incompatible with the concept of a socialist, secular democratic republic. It cannot be disputed that where corruption begins all rights end. Corruption devalues human rights, chokes development and undermines justice, liberty, equality, fraternity which are the core values in our preambular vision. Therefore, the duty of the Court is that any anti-corruption law has to be interpreted and worked out in such a fashion as to strengthen the fight against corruption. That is to say in a situation where two constructions are eminently reasonable, the Court has to accept the one that seeks to eradicate corruption to the one which seeks to perpetuate it. (emphasis supplied) 27. We shall accordingly have due regard to the aforesaid principles while interpreting the provisions herein. The point of contention relates to whether a deemed University would be included within the ambit of the PC Act, particularly under Section 2(c)(xi) of the same, where the word used is University. The learned senior counsel for the appellant-State submits that the word University as used in Section 2(c)(xi) of the Act, must be purposively interpreted. An institution which is deemed to be a University under the University Grants Commission Act, 1956 [UGC Act] plays the same role in society as a University. These institutions have the common public duty of granting degrees, which are ultimately qualifications recognized in society. As such, an institution which is deemed to be University, such as the institution in the present case, is included within the ambit of the term University used under the Act. 28. On the other hand, the learned senior counsel for the respondent, supporting the decision of the High Court in the impugned judgment, submits that the term University as used in Section 2(c)(xi) of the PC Act, does not include an institution which is deemed to be a University. The learned senior counsel submitted that the inclusive definition of a University under the UGC Act is only for the limited purpose of funding, and an institution which is deemed to be a University is not a University for any other purpose. The learned senior counsel submitted that the same is abundantly clear from the provisions of the UGC Act, which makes a distinction between a University, and an institution other than a University which is deemed to be a University. 29. At this juncture, it would be apposite to look to the holding of the High Court in the impugned judgment on this point: 27.…However, the fact remains that either as a trustee or in any other capacity, even if applicant is connected with Sumandeep Vidyapith, which is not a regular University getting Government grant in any manner whatsoever and thereby, when there is no dispute that it is only a Deemed University, the submissions recorded herein above on behalf of the applicant makes it clear that such Deemed University cannot considered as a regular University and thereby, applicant cannot be termed as a public servant and therefore, irrespective of such change report after the complaint, it is clear and obvious that applicant cannot be termed as a public servant. (emphasis supplied) 30. The counsel for the respondent has contended that the term University needs to be read in accordance with the Section 2(f), 3 and 23 of the UGC Act, wherein a deemed University is different from a University, stricto sensu. However, we do not subscribe to such contention for the reasons provided below. 31. The contention of the respondent is that the term University needs to be read in accordance with the UGC Act, wherein only those Universities covered under the Section 2(f) of the UGC Act are covered under the PC Act. Such an interpretation, by importing the technical definition under a different Act may not be feasible herein. It is a settled law that technical definitions under one statute should not be imported to another statute which is not in pari materia with the first. The UGC Act and the PC Act are enactments which are completely distinct in their purpose, operation and object. The preamble of the UGC Act states that it is an Act to make provision for the co-ordination and determination of standards in Universities, and for that purpose, to establish a University Grants Commission. On the other hand, the PC Act is an enactment meant to curb the social evil of corruption in the country. As such, the extension of technical definitions used under one Act to the other might not be appropriate, as the two Acts are not in pari materia with one another. 32. The above principle of law was recently applied by a 3-Judge Bench of this Court in Bangalore Turf Club Ltd. v. Regional Director, ESI Corporation, (2014) 9 SCC 657 , where an argument was advanced by counsel that the interpretation of the term shop under the ESI Act should be determined in light of the definition of the same under the relevant Shops and Commercial Establishments Act. Negativing this contention of the counsel, the Court went on to hold that: 52. An argument raised by the appellants herein is the issue relating to the doctrine of pari materia. It is contended that since the ESI Act does not define the term shop, the said definition may be ascertained in the light of the definitions under the relevant Shops and Commercial Establishments Act as enacted by the respective State Legislatures, since the purpose and object of both the enactments are one and the same. 53. For the above purpose, it would be necessary to look into the concept of doctrine of pari materia and further ascertain whether the given statutes are in fact pari materia with the ESI Act. It is settled law that two statutes are said to be in pari materia with each other when they deal with the same subject- matter. The rationale behind this rule is based on the interpretative assumption that words employed in legislations are used in an identical sense. However, this assumption is rebuttable by the context of the statutes. According to Sutherland in Statutes and Statutory Construction, Vol. 2, 3rd Edn.: Statutes are considered to be in pari materia to pertain to the same subject- matter when they relate to the same person or things, or to the same class of persons or things, or have the same purpose or object. … 58. It can be concluded that though the ESI Act, the 1948 Act and the 1961 Act deal with labour and workmen, in essence and spirit they have a different scope and application. The Acts do not appear to have any overlap in their fields of operation and have mutually exclusive schemes. Therefore, the argument that the Acts are pari materia with each other, must fail. 59. This Court must also address the issue that arose in the course of the arguments that the word shop has been used in the impugned notifications as well as the 1948 Act and the 1961 Act and therefore assistance may be taken from the latter statutes to interpret the notification. This argument, in light of the above discussion, does not appeal to us… (emphasis supplied) It is for the same reasoning that we are of the opinion that the High Courts reliance on the judgment of this Court in Orissa Lift Irrigation Corporation Ltd. v. Rabi Sankar Patro, (2018) 1 SCC 468 was not appropriate, as the same was with reference to enactments relating to administration/regulation of universities, and is unconnected with the objects of the PC Act. 33. This brings us to the conclusion that purport of UGC Act cannot be borrowed under the PC Act, and that an independent meaning needs to be provided for the term University as occurring under the PC Act. In India, there are 12,206 Universities under Section 2(f) and 12B of the UGC Act, as of 31.07.2019. While there are about 124 deemed universities across India, as of 23.06.2008. The education sector in India has seen a general rise. There is no dispute that the education sector, which is a very important service sector in the country, has seen various scandals. In this context, we need to understand whether a deemed university would be covered within the ambit of the Section 2(c)(xi) of the PC Act. 34. On a perusal of Section 2(c) of the PC Act, we may observe that the emphasis is not on the position held by an individual, rather, it is on the public duty performed by him/her. In this regard, the legislative intention was to not provide an exhaustive list of authorities which are covered, rather a general definition of public servant is provided thereunder. This provides an important internal evidence as to the definition of the term University. 35. The use of any is critical in our understanding as to the term University. We are aware of the line of authorities, wherein this Court has reduced the impact of term any to not mean every [See Hira Devi v. District Board, Shahjahanpur, (1952) S.C.R. 1122]. However, we cannot accept such a view as the context in which the present dispute emanates, differs from the above. 36. Our attention was also drawn to the notes on clauses of Prevention of Corruption Bill dated 20.02.1987. Clause 2 of the Notes on Clauses in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 2, clarifies the legislative intent, wherein it was commented as under: 2. This clause defines the expressions used in the Bill. Clause 2(c) defines public servant. In the existing definition the emphasis is on the authority employing and the authority remunerating. In the proposed definition the emphasis is on public duty. The definition of election is based on the definition of this expression in the Penal Code, 1860. (emphasis supplied) 37. Additionally our attention is drawn to the legislative debates which took place prior to the enactment of the PC Act. It was uniform across the party line that the purpose of preventing corruption in educational institutions was emphasised. 38. Coming to external aids of interpretation, the word University is etymologically derived from the Latin, universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Blacks Law dictionary defines University as: An institution of higher learning, consisting of an assemblage of colleges united under one corporate organization and government, affording instruction in the arts and sciences and the learned professions. and conferring degrees. See Com. v. Banks, 198 Pa. 397. 48 Atl. 277. 39. Law Lexicon, defines the same as: A corporation of teachers or assemblage of learned men or colleges for teaching the higher branches of learning: ;and having power to confer degrees. University. A place where all kinds of literature are universally taught. (Tomlins Law Dic.) See also Act VIII of 1904, S.2, Cl. (2)(c). A University, of normal type, may be described in popular language as an organization of teachers and learners, settled in a fixed locality, for the purpose of nature study, in which the body of teachers has authority to attest the proficiency of the learners, by bestowing upon them titles, signifying that they also possess the qualifications and are admitted to the rank of those that are learned in the particular branch of knowledge in which they are taught. The term University is usually understood to mean a body incorporated for the purpose of learning, with various endowments and privileges. Such bodies were anciently founded by papal bull or charter, later by royal charter or act of Parliament. University is a corporation aggregate-Aggregation of corporations- The corporations are usually colleges or schools. 40. Third Edition of Halsburys, Volume 13, page 707, at para 1441 deals with the term Universities. According to the same: The word university is not a word of art and, although the institutions to which it refers are readily identifiable, precise definition is difficult. The essential features of a university seems to be that it was incorporated as such by the sovereign power. Other attributes of a university appear to be the admission of students from all parts of the world, a plurality of masters, the teaching of one at least of the higher faculties, namely theology, law or philosophy, which in some definitions are regarded as identical, and medicine, provision for residence, and the right to confer degrees, but possession of these attributes will not make an institution a university in the absence of any express intention of the sovereign power to make it one. Incorporation was anciently affected by papal bull or charter later by royal charter or Act of Parliament. 41. In Words and Phrases, Permanent Edn. (West Publishing Company), the word Universities is defined as follows: Universities: Bodies politic and corporate have been known to exist as Far back at last as the time of Cicero, and Gaius traces them even to the laws of Solon of Athens, who lived some 500 years before…. And from time immemorial, as at the present day, this privilege of being a corporation or artificial body of individuals, with power of holding their property, rights, and immunities in common as a legally organized body and of transmitting the same in such body by an artificial succession different from the natural succession of the property of individuals has been considered a franchise which could not be lawfully assumed by any associated body without a special authority for that purpose from the government or sovereign power. 42. Under the UGC Act, University is defined and recognized under Section 2(f) in the following manner: University means a University established or incorporated by or under a Central Act, a Provincial Act or a State Act, and includes any such institution as may, in consultation with the University concerned, be recoginsed by the Commission in accordance with the regulations made in this behalf under this Act. 43. A deemed to be University is recognized under Section 3 of the UGC Act, in the following manner: Application of Act to institutions for higher studies other than Universities 3. The Central Government may, on the advice of the Commission, declare by notification in the Official Gazette, that any institution for higher education, other than a University, shall be deemed to be a University for the purposes of this Act, and on such a declaration being made, all the provisions of this Act shall apply to such institution as if it were a University within the meaning of clause (f) of section 2. 44. As discussed earlier, the object of the PC Act was not only to prevent the social evil of bribery and corruption, but also to make the same applicable to individuals who might conventionally not be considered public servants. The purpose under the PC Act was to shift focus from those who are traditionally called public officials, to those individuals who perform public duties. Keeping the same in mind, as rightly submitted by the learned senior counsel for the appellant-State, it cannot be stated that a Deemed University and the officials therein, perform any less or any different a public duty, than those performed by a University simpliciter, and the officials therein. 45. Therefore, for all the above reasons, we are of the opinion that the High Court was incorrect in holding that a Deemed University is excluded from the ambit of the term University under Section 2(c)(xi) of the PC Act. 46. Having come to the above conclusion, in the present case, the pivotal question is whether the appellant-trustee in the Board of Deemed to be University is a public servant covered under Section 2(c) of the PC Act. Recently, this Court in the case of CBI v. Ramesh Gelli, (2016) 3 SCC 788 , dealt with the question as to whether Chairman, Directors and officers of a private bank before its amalgamation with a public sector bank, can be classified as public servants for prosecution under the PC Act. While dealing with the aforesaid proposition of law, the Court analysed the purpose and scope of the PC Act and made the following observations: 15. From the Statement of Objects and Reasons of the PC Bill it is clear that the Act was intended to make the anti-corruption law more effective by widening its coverage. It is also clear that the Bill was introduced to widen the scope of the definition of public servant. Before the PC Act, 1988, it was the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 and Sections 161 to 165-A in Chapter IX IPC which were governing the field of law relating to prevention of corruption. Parliament repealed the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 and also omitted Sections 161 to 165-A IPC as provided under Sections 30 and 31 of the PC Act, 1988. Since a new definition of public servant is given under the PC Act, 1988, it is not necessary here to reproduce the definition of public servant given in Section 21 IPC. … 17. The above definition shows that under sub- clause (viii) contained in Section 2(c) of the PC Act, 1988, a person who holds an office by virtue of which he is authorised or required to perform any public duty, is a public servant. Now, for the purposes of the present case this Court is required to examine as to whether the Chairman/Managing Director or Executive Director of a private bank operating under licence issued by RBI under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, held/holds an office and performed/performs public duty so as to attract the definition of public servant quoted above. (emphasis supplied) 47. This Court in the case of P.V. Narasimha Rao v. State (CBI/SPE), (1998) 4 SCC 626 , has clarified the word office in the following manner: 61. … The word office is normally understood to mean a position to which certain duties are attached, especially a place of trust, authority or service under constituted authority. (See Oxford Shorter English Dictionary, 3rd Edn., p. 1362.) In McMillan v. Guest, (1942) 1 All ER 606 (HL), Lord Wright has said: …The word office is of indefinite content. Its various meanings cover four columns of the New English Dictionary, but I take as the most relevant for purposes of this case the following: A position or place to which certain duties are attached, especially one of a more or less public character. In the same case Lord Atkin gave the following meaning: … an office or employment which was subsisting, permanent, substantive position, which had an existence independent of the person who filled it, which went on and was filled in succession by successive holders. In Statesman (P) Ltd. v. H.R. Deb, AIR 1968 SC 1495 and Mahadeo v. Shantibhai, (1969) 2 SCR 422 this Court has adopted the meaning given by Lord Wright when it said: An office means no more than a position to which certain duties are attached. 48. This Court in the case of Manish Trivedi v. State of Rajasthan, (2014) 14 SCC 420 further elucidated upon the ambit of the phrase public servant by stressing upon the relevance of office, wherein the emphasis was upon the duties performed. The Court noted therein: 19. The present Act (the 1988 Act) envisages widening of the scope of the definition of the expression public servant. It was brought in force to purify public administration. The legislature has used a comprehensive definition of public servant to achieve the purpose of punishing and curbing corruption among public servants. Hence, it would be inappropriate to limit the contents of the definition clause by a construction which would be against the spirit of the statute. Bearing in mind this principle, when we consider the case of the appellant, we have no doubt that he is a public servant within the meaning of Section 2(c) of the Act. Clause (viii) of Section 2(c) of the present Act makes any person, who holds an office by virtue of which he is authorised or required to perform any public duty, to be a public servant. The word office is of indefinite connotation and, in the present context, it would mean a position or place to which certain duties are attached and has an existence which is independent of the persons who fill it. (emphasis supplied) 49. In order to appreciate the amplitude of the word public servant, the relevance of the term public duty cannot be disregarded. Public duty is defined under Section 2(b) of the PC Act, which is reproduced below: 2(b) public duty means a duty in the discharge of which the State, the public or the community at large has an interest. 50. Evidently, the language of Section 2(b) of the PC Act indicates that any duty discharged wherein State, the public or community at large has any interest is called a public duty. The first explanation to Section 2 further clarifies that any person who falls in any of the categories stated under Section 2 is a public servant whether or not appointed by the government. The second explanation further expands the ambit to include every person who de facto discharges the functions of a public servant, and that he should not be prevented from being brought under the ambit of public servant due to any legal infirmities or technicalities. 51. In the present case, on a prima-facie evaluation of the statements of the Gaurav D. Mehta (the Vice-Chancellor); Mr. Pragneshkumar Rameshbhai Trivedi (account officer of Sumandeep Vidhyapith University) and other witnesses it appears that the present respondent was the final authority with regard to the grant of admission, collection of fees and donation amount. 52. The charge sheet specifically discloses that the respondent allegedly was collecting certain extra amount over the prescribed fees on the pretext of allowing the students to fill up their examination forms. Therefore, paying the respondent the alleged amount was a condition precedent before filling up the forms, to appear for the examinations. Specifically, in the complaint, it was alleged that the respondent had demanded an amount of Rupees Twenty Lakhs to be paid to the co-accused Bharat Savant, failing which the daughter of the complainant would not have been permitted to appear in the examination. In our opinion, the fact that there were a large number of cheques which were found during the raid is more than sufficient to establish a grave suspicion as to the commission of the alleged offence. 53. The respondent has vehemently stressed upon the fact that he is admittedly a trustee of the Sumandeep Charitable Trust and has no connection with the Sumandeep University. But, it ought to be noted that the courts below have failed to analyze the connection between the trust and the University, as well as the relationship of the respondent with the university. Prima facie, a grave suspicion is made out that the respondent was rendering his service by dealing with the students and the examination aspect of the University. But a detailed appreciation of evidence is called for before one can reach a conclusion as to the exact position of the respondent vis-à-vis the University. 54. At this stage, we may note that the jurisdiction of this Court, with regards to Section 227 of CrPC, is limited and should not be excercised by conducting roving enquiries on the aspect of factual inferences. This Court, in Union of India Vs. Prafulla Kumar Samal, 1979 (3) SCC 4 , had an occasion to consider the scope of Section 227 CrPC and it held as under: 7. Section 227 of the Code runs thus: If, upon consideration of the record of the case and the documents submitted therewith, and after hearing the submissions of the accused and the prosecution in this behalf, the Judge considers that there is not sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused, he shall discharge the accused and record his reasons for so doing. The words not sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused clearly show that the Judge is not a mere post office to frame the charge at the behest of the prosecution, but has to exercise his judicial mind to the facts of the case in order to determine whether a case for trial has been made out by the prosecution. In assessing this fact, it is not necessary for the court to enter into the pros and cons of the matter or into a weighing and balancing of evidence and probabilities which is really his function after the trial starts. At the stage of Section 227, the Judge has merely to sift the evidence in order to find out whether or not there is sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused. The sufficiency of ground would take within its fold the nature of the evidence recorded by the police or the documents produced before the court which ex facie disclose that there are suspicious circumstances against the accused so as to frame a charge against him. 55. Further, in Sajjan Kumar v. Central Bureau of Investigation, 2010 (9) SCC 368 , this Court, inter alia, observed : 21. On consideration of the authorities about the scope of Sections 227 and 228 of the Code, the following principles emerge: … (ii) Where the materials placed before the court disclose grave suspicion against the accused which has not been properly explained, the court will be fully justified in framing a charge and proceeding with the trial…

Decision reasoning: 1[ds]22. There is no gainsaying that nations are built upon trust. It is inevitable that in a democracy one needs to rely on those with power and influence and to trust them of being transparent and fair. There is no doubt that any action which is driven by the self- interest of these powerful individuals, rather than the public interest, destroys that trust. Where this becomes the norm, democracy, the economy and the rule of law, all take a beating, ultimately putting the whole nation at risk. Corrupt societies often spring from the examples set at the highest levels of government, but small-scale corruption can be equally insidious. In this regard, the PC Act was formulated to bring about transparency and honesty in public life, as indicated by its objects and reasons. We need to keep the aforesaid legislative intention in mind while interpreting the provisions of the PC Act24. The golden rule of interpretation for any penal legislation is to interpret the same strictly, unless any constitutional considerations are involved, and in cases of ambiguity, the benefit of the same should enure in favour of the accused. Having said so, we need to clarify that strict interpretation does not necessarily mean literal interpretation in all cases, rather the interpretation should have regards to the genuine import of the words, taken in their usual sense [refer Commissioner of Customs (Import), Mumbai v. Dilip Kumar & Company, (2018) 9 SCC 1 ]25. However, we are concerned herein with interpreting the provisions of the PC Act. There is no dispute that corruption in India is pervasive. Its impact on the nation is more pronounced, due to the fact that India is still a developing economy. Presently, it can be stated that corruption in India has become an issue which affects all walks of life. In this context, we must state that although anti-corruption laws are fairly stringent in India, the percolation and enforcement of the same are sometimes criticized as being ineffective. Due to this, the constitutional aspirations of economic and social justice are sacrificed on a daily basis. It is in the above context that we need to resolve the issues concerned hereinherein. It is a settled law that technical definitions under one statute should not be imported to another statute which is not in pari materia with the first. The UGC Act and the PC Act are enactments which are completely distinct in their purpose, operation and object. The preamble of the UGC Act states that it is an Act to make provision for the co-ordination and determination of standards in Universities, and for that purpose, to establish a University Grants Commission. On the other hand, the PC Act is an enactment meant to curb the social evil of corruption in the country. As such, the extension of technical definitions used under one Act to the other might not be appropriate, as the two Acts are not in pari materia with one anotherIt is for the same reasoning that we are of the opinion that the High Courts reliance on the judgment of this Court in Orissa Lift Irrigation Corporation Ltd. v. Rabi Sankar Patro, (2018) 1 SCC 468 was not appropriate, as the same was with reference to enactments relating to administration/regulation of universities, and is unconnected with the objects of the PC Act33. This brings us to the conclusion that purport of UGC Act cannot be borrowed under the PC Act, and that an independent meaning needs to be provided for the term University as occurring under the PC Act. In India, there are 12,206 Universities under Section 2(f) and 12B of the UGC Act, as of 31.07.2019. While there are about 124 deemed universities across India, as of 23.06.2008. The education sector in India has seen a general rise. There is no dispute that the education sector, which is a very important service sector in the country, has seen various scandals34. On a perusal of Section 2(c) of the PC Act, we may observe that the emphasis is not on the position held by an individual, rather, it is on the public duty performed by him/her. In this regard, the legislative intention was to not provide an exhaustive list of authorities which are covered, rather a general definition of public servant is provided thereunder. This provides an important internal evidence as to the definition of the term University35. The use of any is critical in our understanding as to the term University. We are aware of the line of authorities, wherein this Court has reduced the impact of term any to not mean every [See Hira Devi v. District Board, Shahjahanpur, (1952) S.C.R. 1122]. However, we cannot accept such a view as the context in which the present dispute emanates, differs from the above44. As discussed earlier, the object of the PC Act was not only to prevent the social evil of bribery and corruption, but also to make the same applicable to individuals who might conventionally not be considered public servants. The purpose under the PC Act was to shift focus from those who are traditionally called public officials, to those individuals who perform public duties. Keeping the same in mind, as rightly submitted by the learned senior counsel for the appellant-State, it cannot be stated that a Deemed University and the officials therein, perform any less or any different a public duty, than those performed by a University simpliciter, and the officials therein45. Therefore, for all the above reasons, we are of the opinion that the High Court was incorrect in holding that a Deemed University is excluded from the ambit of the term University under Section 2(c)(xi) of the PC Act50. Evidently, the language of Section 2(b) of the PC Act indicates that any duty discharged wherein State, the public or community at large has any interest is called a public duty. The first explanation to Section 2 further clarifies that any person who falls in any of the categories stated under Section 2 is a public servant whether or not appointed by the government. The second explanation further expands the ambit to include every person who de facto discharges the functions of a public servant, and that he should not be prevented from being brought under the ambit of public servant due to any legal infirmities or technicalities51. In the present case, on a prima-facie evaluation of the statements of the Gaurav D. Mehta (the Vice-Chancellor); Mr. Pragneshkumar Rameshbhai Trivedi (account officer of Sumandeep Vidhyapith University) and other witnesses it appears that the present respondent was the final authority with regard to the grant of admission, collection of fees and donation amount52. The charge sheet specifically discloses that the respondent allegedly was collecting certain extra amount over the prescribed fees on the pretext of allowing the students to fill up their examination forms. Therefore, paying the respondent the alleged amount was a condition precedent before filling up the forms, to appear for the examinations. Specifically, in the complaint, it was alleged that the respondent had demanded an amount of Rupees Twenty Lakhs to be paid to the co-accused Bharat Savant, failing which the daughter of the complainant would not have been permitted to appear in the examination. In our opinion, the fact that there were a large number of cheques which were found during the raid is more than sufficient to establish a grave suspicion as to the commission of the alleged offenceBut, it ought to be noted that the courts below have failed to analyze the connection between the trust and the University, as well as the relationship of the respondent with the university. Prima facie, a grave suspicion is made out that the respondent was rendering his service by dealing with the students and the examination aspect of the University. But a detailed appreciation of evidence is called for before one can reach a conclusion as to the exact position of the respondent vis-à-vis the University54. At this stage, we may note that the jurisdiction of this Court, with regards to Section 227 of CrPC, is limited and should not be excercised by conducting roving enquiries on the aspect of factual inferencesThis Court, in Union of India Vs. Prafulla Kumar Samal, 1979 (3) SCC 4 ,  had an occasion to consider the scope of Section 227 CrPC and it held as under:7. Section 227 of the Code runs thus:If, upon consideration of the record of the case and the documents submitted therewith, and after hearing the submissions of the accused and the prosecution in this behalf, the Judge considers that there is not sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused, he shall discharge the accused and record his reasons for so doingThe words not sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused clearly show that the Judge is not a mere post office to frame the charge at the behest of the prosecution, but has to exercise his judicial mind to the facts of the case in order to determine whether a case for trial has been made out by the prosecution. In assessing this fact, it is not necessary for the court to enter into the pros and cons of the matter or into a weighing and balancing of evidence and probabilities which is really his function after the trial starts. At the stage of Section 227, the Judge has merely to sift the evidence in order to find out whether or not there is sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused. The sufficiency of ground would take within its fold the nature of the evidence recorded by the police or the documents produced before the court which ex facie disclose that there are suspicious circumstances against the accused so as to frame a charge against him55. Further, in Sajjan Kumar v. Central Bureau of Investigation, 2010 (9) SCC 368 ,  this Court, inter alia, observed :(ii) Where the materials placed before the court disclose grave suspicion against the accused which has not been properly explained, the court will be fully justified in framing a charge and proceeding with the trial…