Case: Commissioner Of Income Tax, Madras Vs. S. Chenniappa Mudaliar, Madurai

Grover, J.1. This is an appeal by certificate from a judgment of the Special Bench of the Madras High Court in which the sole question that has to be determined is whether Rule 24 of the Appellate Tribunal Rules, 1946, insofar as it enables the Tribunal to dismiss an appeal for default of appearance was ultra vires the provisions of Section 33 of the Income-tax Act, 1922, hereinafter called the "Act".2. The facts which gave rise to the reference which was made to the High Court by the Appellate Tribunal lie within a narrow compass. The assessee owned 1674 shares in Asher Textiles Ltd. and 9 out of 20 shares in Textile Corporation (Private) Ltd., at Tiruppur. The latter company was the managing agent of the Asher Textiles Ltd. The assessee was a Joint Managing Director of the Textile Corporation (Private) Ltd. along with one P. D. Asher. The assessee sold on December 21, 1954 his entire holding in two companies to Asher and some of his relations. These sales resulted in a profit of Rs. 72,515/- and Rs. 3,14,100/- respectively. The Income-tax Officer assessed these amounts, to tax for the assessment year 1956-57 under Section 10 (5A) of the Act as compensation earned for parting with the effective power of management. The assessment was upheld by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner. The assessee appealed to the Appellate Tribunal. After some adjournments the appeal was finally fixed for hearing on August 26, 1958. On that date no one was present on behalf of the assessee nor was there any application for an adjournment. On August 28, 1958 the Tribunal dismissed the appeal for default of appearance. This the Tribunal purported to do under R. 24 of the Appellate Tribunal Rules 1946 as amended by notification dated January 26, 1948.Five weeks after the disposal of the appeal the assessee filed a petition before the Appellate Tribunal praying for its restoration. It was state, inter alia, in that petition that it was owing to some misapprehension on the part of the assessees auditors at Coimbatore that the date of the hearing of the appeal was not intimated to the counsel at Madras who was convalescing there after a surgical operation. The Tribunal did not consider that there was sufficient cause for restoration and rejected the petition. The assessee applied for a reference under Section 66 (1) of the Act on two questions of law but that application was rejected by the Tribunal. The assessee approached the High Court under Section 66 (2) of the Act and on April 5, 1960 the High Court directed the Tribunal to state the case on two questions. The matter was first heard by a Division Bench but owing to the validity of Rule 24 having been canvassed a Special Bench consisting of the Chief Justice and two Judges was constituted. The Special Bench reframed the first question thus:"Whether Rule 24 of the Appellate Tribunal Rules, 1946, in so far as it enables the tribunal to dismiss an appeal for default of appearance, is ultra vires." The second question was :"Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case the two sums of Rs. 72,515 and Rs. 3,14,100 were assessable to tax under Section 10 (5A) of the Income-tax Act?"Rule 24 was framed under sub-section (8) of Section 5A of the Act. This provision confers powers on the Appellate Tribunal to frame Rules regulating its own procedure. Section 5A (8) reads:"Subject to the provisions of this Act, the appellate tribunal shall have power to regulate its own procedure, and the procedure of Benches of the Tribunal in all matters arising out of the discharge of its functions, including the places at which the Benches shall hold their sittings."The Appellate Tribunal first made certain Rules which were published by means of a notification dated February 1, 1941. Rule 36 provided that the Tribunal shall determine the appeal on merits notwithstanding the fact that the appellant did not choose to appear. The Tribunal was also empowered to restore an appeal which had been disposed of without hearing the appellant. The Rules made in 1941 were substituted by the Appellate Tribunal Rules 1946 which were promulgated by means of Income-tax Appellate Tribunal Notification, dated October 31, 1946. Rule 24 was in the following terms:"Where on the day fixed for hearing or any other day to which the hearing may be adjourned, the appellant does not appear when the appeal is called on for hearing, the Tribunal may, in its discretion, either dismiss the appeal for default or may hear it ex parte."This Rule was amended by means of a notification dated January 26, 1948 and it took the following shape:"Where on the day fixed for bearing or any other day to which the hearing may be adjourned, the appellant does not appear when the appeal is called on for hearing, the tribunal may dismiss the appeal for default."The Rule contained no provision for restoring an appeal dismissed for default.3. The Special Bench of the High Court noticed the previous history of Rule 24 as also the terms in which it came to be framed after the passing of the Income-tax Act, 1961 which enables the Tribunal, on its discretion, either to dismiss the appeal for default or to hear it ex parte in case of non-appearance of the parties and further enables the Tribunal to set aside the dismissal on sufficient cause being shown for non-appearance. After referring to various decided cases and examining the relevant provisions of the Act, the Special Bench summed up the position thus:"To sum up the position, the Appellate Tribunal is the appointed machinery under the Act for finally deciding questions of fact in relation to assessment of income-tax. Its composition, consisting as it does of qualified persons in law and accountancy, makes it peculiarly qualified to deal with all questions raised in a case, whether there be assistance from the party or his counsel or not. Section 33 (4) obliges it to decide an appeal, after giving an opportunity to the parties to put forward their case. The giving of the opportunity only emphasises the character of the quasi-judicial function performed by the Appellate Tribunal. The fact that that opportunity is not availed of in a particular case, will not entitle the Tribunal not to decide the case. There can be no decision of the case on its merits if the matter is to be disposed of for default of appearance of the parties. Further an adjudication on the merits of the case is essential to enable the High Court to perform its statutory duty and for the Supreme Court to hear an appeal filed under Section 66-A. Section 33 (4) itself indicates by the use of the word "thereon" that the decision should relate to the subject-matter of the appeal. Rule 24, therefore, to be consistent with Section 33 (4) could only empower the Tribunal to dispose of the appeal on its merits, whether there be an appearance of the party before it or not.This was indeed the rule when it was first promulgated in the year 1941. The rule in its present form as amended in the year 1948, in so far as it enables the dismissal of an appeal before the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal for default of appearance of the appellant will, therefore, be ultra vires, as being in conflict with the provisions of Section 33 (4) of the Act."4. On behalf of the appellant it was urged that the powers of the Appellate Tribunal relating to an appeal are derived from Section 33 (4) as also from Section 5A (8) and the Rules made thereunder and when Rule 24 cannot be said to be ultra vires the latter provision it cannot be impugned as being repugnant to Section 33 (4). There is nothing, either, express or implied, in the language of Section 33 (4) from which it could be held that the order of the Tribunal in an appeal must always be made on the merits. The decisions of the Allahabad, Madras and Punjab High Courts in Bhagwant Radha Kishen v. Commissioner of Income-tax, U. P., 22 ITR 104 = (AIR 1952 All 857 ); Ruvula Subba Rao v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Madras, 27 ITR 164 = (AIR 1955 Mad 39 ) and Mangat Ram Kuthiala v. Commr. of Income-tax, Punjab, (1960) 38 ITR 1 (Punj) have also been pressed in support of the appellants contention. Now Section 5A of the Act appears in Chapter 2A relating to the Appellate Tribunal. Sub-sections (1) to (4) provide for the constitution of the Tribunal and the appointment of its President and Members. Sub-sections (5) to (7) provide for the manner in which the benches of the Tribunal have to function.Sub-section (8) is to this effect:"Subject to the provisions of this Act the Appellate Tribunal shall have the power to regulate its own procedure and the procedure of benches of the Tribunal in all matters arising out of the discharge of its functions including the places at which the bench shall hold their sittings."The powers, functions and duties of the Appellate Tribunal are set out in Sections 28, 33, 35, 37, 48 and 66. For our purpose reference may be made only to Sections 33 and 66. Sub-sections (1) and (2) of Section 33 give a right to the assessee and the Commissioner to appeal to the Appellate Tribunal against the order passed by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner within sixty days of the communication of his order. Under sub-section (2A) the Tribunal can admit an appeal after the expiry of sixty days if it is satisfied that there was sufficient cause for not presenting it within that period. Sub-section (3) lays down the formalities in the matter of the filing of an appeal. Sub-section (4) is to the effect that the Appellate Tribunal may, after giving both parties to the appeal an opportunity of being heard, pass such orders thereon as it thinks fit and shall communicate any such orders to the assessee and to the Commissioner. Sub-section (5) deals with the changes to be made in the assessment as a result of the orders of the Appellate Tribunal. Sub-section (6) makes the orders of the Tribunal on appeal final, the only saving being with reference to the provisions of Section 66. Under that Section the assessee or the Commissioner can require the Appellate Tribunal to refer to the High Court any question of law arising out of the order of the Appellate Tribunal and if the Tribunal refuses to state the case on the ground that no question of law arises the assessee or the Commissioner can, within the prescribed period, apply to the High Court and the High Court can direct the Appellate Tribunal to state the case and make a reference. It is unnecessary to refer to all the provisions of Section 66 except to notice the power of the High Court to decide the question of law which decision has to be implemented by the Appellate Tribunal.5. Now Rule 24 cannot be said to be ultra vires sub-section (8) of Section 5A but what has to be essentially seen is whether it is repugnant to the provisions of Section 33 (4).The reasoning which prevailed with the Special Bench of the High Court in the present case, was that under Section 33 (4 ) the Tribunal is bound to dispose of the appeal on the merits, no matter whether the appellant is absent or not. Reference in particular was made to the remedies, namely, the provisions contained in Section 66 relating to reference on question of law and the further right of appeal to this court under Section 66A if the case is certified to be fit one for appeal. The Special Bench found it difficult to accept that by exercising the power to dismiss an appeal for default of appearance under Rule 24, these remedies which were open to an aggrieved party could be defeated or rendered infructuous. The fact that there was no provision in Rule 24 or any other Rule for restoring an appeal once it was dismissed for default was also considered weighty in the matter. The cases in which the validity of Rule 24 has been upheld may now be considered. In 22 ITR 104 = (AIR 1952 All 857 ) the discussion on the question of validity of the rule of somewhat meagre. It was no doubt said that Rule 24 did not in any way come into conflict with Sec. 33 (4) but hardly any reasons were given in respect of that view. It was recognised that there was no specific rule empowering the Tribunal to restore an appeal dismissed for default of appearance but it was observed that the Tribunal would have inherent jurisdiction to set aside such an order if satisfied with regard to the existence of a sufficient cause. According to 27 ITR 164 = (AIR 1955 Mad 39 ) a very wide power was given to the Appellate Tribunal by Section 33 (4) and it could pass any order which the circumstances of the case required. It was immaterial whether the opportunity of heing heard had been availed of by the party or not. This provision, it was held, did not make it obligatory for the Appellate Tribunal to dispose of the appeal on merits. In this case again there was hardly much discussion and the Allahabad decision was simply followed. In (1960) 38 ITR 1 (Punj) the points raised were different and arose in a petition filed under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution. It does not appear that the validity of Rule 24 was canvassed.6. The scheme of the provisions of the Act relating to the Appellate Tribunal apparently is that it as to dispose of an appeal by making such orders as it things fit on the merits. It follows from the language of Section 33 (4) and in particular the use of the word "thereon that the Tribunal has to go into the correctness or otherwise of the points decided by the departmental authorities in the light of the submissions made by the appellant. This can only be done by giving a decision on the merits on questions of fact and law and not by merely disposing of the appeal on the ground that the party concerned has failed to appear. As observed in Hukumchand Mills Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Central Bombay, 63 ITR 232 = (AIR 1967 SC 455 ) the word "thereon" in Section 33 (4) restricts the jurisdiction of the Tribunal to the subject-matter of the appeal and the words "pass such orders as the Tribunal thinks fit" include all the powers (except possibly the power of enhancement) which are conferred upon the Appellate Assistant Commissioner by Section 31 of the Act. The provisions contained in Section 66 about making a reference on questions of law to the High Court will be rendered nugatory if any such power is attributed to the Appellate Tribunal by which it can dismiss an appeal, which has otherwise been properly filed, for default without making any order thereon in accordance with Section 33 (4). The position becomes quite simple when it is remembered that the assessee or the Commissioner of Income-tax, if aggrieved by the orders of the Appellate Tribunal, can have resort only to the provisions of Section 66 so far as the questions of fact are concerned, the decision of the Tribunal is final and reference can be sought to the High Court only on questions of law. The High Court exercises purely advisory jurisdiction and has no appellate or revisional powers. The advisory jurisdiction can be exercised on a proper reference being made and that cannot be done unless the Tribunal itself has passed proper order under Section 33 (4). It follows from all this that the Appellate Tribunal is bound to give a proper decision on questions of fact as we as law which can only be done if the appeal is disposed of on the merits and not dismissed owing to the absence of the appellant. It was laid down as far back as the year 1953 by S. R. Das, J., (as he then was) in Commissioner of Income-tax, Madras v. Mtt. Ar. S. Ar. Arunachalam Chettiar, 23 ITR 180 = (AIR 1953 SC l18) that the jurisdiction of the Tribunal and of the High Court is conditional on there being an order by the Appellate Tribunal which may be said to be one under Section 33 (4) and a question of law arising out of such an order. The Special Bench, in the present case, while examining this aspect quite appositely referred to the observations of Venkatarama Aiyar, J. in Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay v. Scindia Steam Navigation Co. Ltd., 42 ITR 589 = (AIR 1961 SC 1633 ) indicating the necessity of the disposal o the appeal on the merits by the Appellate Tribunal. This is how the learned Judge had put the matter in the form of interrogation:"How can it be said that the Tribunal should seek for advice on a question which it was not called upon to consider and in respect of which it had no opportunity of deciding whether the decision of the Court should be sought?"Thus looking at the substantive provisions of the Act there is no escape from the conclusion that under Section 33 (4) the Appellate Tribunal has to dispose of the appeal on the merits and cannot shortcircuit the same by dismissing it for default of appearance.7. Now although Rule 24 provides for dismissal of an appeal for the failure of appellant, to appear, the Rules at the material time did not contain any prevision for restoration of the appeal. Owing to this difficulty some of the High Courts had tried to find an inherent power in the Tribunal to set aside the order of dismissal (vide 22 ITR 104 = (AIR 1952 All 857 ) and (1960) 38 ITR 1 (Punj)). There is a conflict of opinion among the High Courts whether there is any inherent power to restore an appeal dismissed for default under the Civil Procedure Code, (Mulla, Civil Procedure Code, Vol. II, pp. 1583, 1584). It is unnecessary to resolve that conflict in the present case.It is true that the Tribunals powers in dealing with appeals are of the widest amplitude and have, in some cases, been held similar to and identical with the powers of an appellate court under the Civil Procedure Code. Assuming that for the aforesaid reasons the Appellate Tribunal is competent to set aside an order dismissing an appeal for default in exercise of its inherent power there are serious difficulties in upholding the validity of Rule 24. It clearly comes into conflict with sub-section (4) of Section 33 and in the event of repugnancy between the substantive provisions of the Act and a rule it is the rule which must give way to the provisions of the Act. We would accordingly affirm the decision of the Special Bench of the High Court and hold that the answer to the question which was referred was rightly given in the affirmative.

Decision reasoning: 0[ds]5. Now Rule 24 cannot be said to be ultra vires sub-section (8) of Section 5A but what has to be essentially seen is whether it is repugnant to the provisions of Section 33 (4).The reasoning which prevailed with the Special Bench of the High Court in the present case, was that under Section 33 (4 ) the Tribunal is bound to dispose of the appeal on the merits, no matter whether the appellant is absent or not. Reference in particular was made to the remedies, namely, the provisions contained in Section 66 relating to reference on question of law and the further right of appeal to this court under Section 66A if the case is certified to be fit one for appeal. The Special Bench found it difficult to accept that by exercising the power to dismiss an appeal for default of appearance under Rule 24, these remedies which were open to an aggrieved party could be defeated or rendered infructuous. The fact that there was no provision in Rule 24 or any other Rule for restoring an appeal once it was dismissed for default was also considered weighty in the matter. The cases in which the validity of Rule 24 has been upheld may now be considered. In 22 ITR 104  = (AIR 1952 All 857  ) the discussion on the question of validity of the rule of somewhat meagre. It was no doubt said that Rule 24 did not in any way come into conflict with Sec. 33 (4) but hardly any reasons were given in respect of that view. It was recognised that there was no specific rule empowering the Tribunal to restore an appeal dismissed for default of appearance but it was observed that the Tribunal would have inherent jurisdiction to set aside such an order if satisfied with regard to the existence of a sufficient cause. According to 27 ITR 164   = (AIR 1955 Mad 39  ) a very wide power was given to the Appellate Tribunal by Section 33 (4) and it could pass any order which the circumstances of the case required. It was immaterial whether the opportunity of heing heard had been availed of by the party or not. This provision, it was held, did not make it obligatory for the Appellate Tribunal to dispose of the appeal on merits. In this case again there was hardly much discussion and the Allahabad decision was simply followed. In (1960) 38 ITR 1 (Punj) the points raised were different and arose in a petition filed under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution. It does not appear that the validity of Rule 24 was canvassed.6. The scheme of the provisions of the Act relating to the Appellate Tribunal apparently is that it as to dispose of an appeal by making such orders as it things fit on the merits. It follows from the language of Section 33 (4) and in particular the use of the word "thereon that the Tribunal has to go into the correctness or otherwise of the points decided by the departmental authorities in the light of the submissions made by the appellant. This can only be done by giving a decision on the merits on questions of fact and law and not by merely disposing of the appeal on the ground that the party concerned has failed to appear. As observed in Hukumchand Mills Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Central Bombay, 63 ITR 232   = (AIR 1967 SC 455  ) the word "thereon" in Section 33 (4) restricts the jurisdiction of the Tribunal to the subject-matter of the appeal and the words "pass such orders as the Tribunal thinks fit" include all the powers (except possibly the power of enhancement) which are conferred upon the Appellate Assistant Commissioner by Section 31 of the Act. The provisions contained in Section 66 about making a reference on questions of law to the High Court will be rendered nugatory if any such power is attributed to the Appellate Tribunal by which it can dismiss an appeal, which has otherwise been properly filed, for default without making any order thereon in accordance with Section 33 (4). The position becomes quite simple when it is remembered that the assessee or the Commissioner of Income-tax, if aggrieved by the orders of the Appellate Tribunal, can have resort only to the provisions of Section 66 so far as the questions of fact are concerned, the decision of the Tribunal is final and reference can be sought to the High Court only on questions of law. The High Court exercises purely advisory jurisdiction and has no appellate or revisional powers. The advisory jurisdiction can be exercised on a proper reference being made and that cannot be done unless the Tribunal itself has passed proper order under Section 33 (4). It follows from all this that the Appellate Tribunal is bound to give a proper decision on questions of fact as we as law which can only be done if the appeal is disposed of on the merits and not dismissed owing to the absence of the appellant. It was laid down as far back as the year 1953 by S. R. Das, J., (as he then was) in Commissioner of Income-tax, Madras v. Mtt. Ar. S. Ar. Arunachalam Chettiar, 23 ITR 180   = (AIR 1953 SC l18) that the jurisdiction of the Tribunal and of the High Court is conditional on there being an order by the Appellate Tribunal which may be said to be one under Section 33 (4) and a question of law arising out of such an order. The Special Bench, in the present case, while examining this aspect quite appositely referred to the observations of Venkatarama Aiyar, J. in Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay v. Scindia Steam Navigation Co. Ltd., 42 ITR 589   = (AIR 1961 SC 1633  ) indicating the necessity of the disposal o the appeal on the merits by the Appellate Tribunal. This is how the learned Judge had put the matter in the form ofcan it be said that the Tribunal should seek for advice on a question which it was not called upon to consider and in respect of which it had no opportunity of deciding whether the decision of the Court should belooking at the substantive provisions of the Act there is no escape from the conclusion that under Section 33 (4) the Appellate Tribunal has to dispose of the appeal on the merits and cannot shortcircuit the same by dismissing it for default ofNow although Rule 24 provides for dismissal of an appeal for the failure of appellant, to appear, the Rules at the material time did not contain any prevision for restoration of the appeal. Owing to this difficulty some of the High Courts had tried to find an inherent power in the Tribunal to set aside the order of dismissal (vide 22 ITR 104   = (AIR 1952 All 857  ) and (1960) 38 ITR 1 (Punj)). There is a conflict of opinion among the High Courts whether there is any inherent power to restore an appeal dismissed for default under the Civil Procedure Code, (Mulla, Civil Procedure Code, Vol. II, pp. 1583, 1584). It is unnecessary to resolve that conflict in the present case.It is true that the Tribunals powers in dealing with appeals are of the widest amplitude and have, in some cases, been held similar to and identical with the powers of an appellate court under the Civil Procedure Code. Assuming that for the aforesaid reasons the Appellate Tribunal is competent to set aside an order dismissing an appeal for default in exercise of its inherent power there are serious difficulties in upholding the validity of Rule 24. It clearly comes into conflict with sub-section (4) of Section 33 and in the event of repugnancy between the substantive provisions of the Act and a rule it is the rule which must give way to the provisions of the Act. We would accordingly affirm the decision of the Special Bench of the High Court and hold that the answer to the question which was referred was rightly given in theis nothing, either, express or implied, in the language of Section 33 (4) from which it could be held that the order of the Tribunal in an appeal must always be made on theSection 5A of the Act appears in Chapter 2A relating to the Appellate Tribunal.(1) to (4) provide for the constitution of the Tribunal and the appointment of its President and Members.(5) to (7) provide for the manner in which the benches of the Tribunal have to function.