Case: Raja Kulkarni And Others Vs. The State Of Bombay

Ghulam Hasan, J. (1) These consolidated appeals by the three appellants arise out of the judgment and order of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay (Bavdekar and Dixit, JJ.), where by the High Court confirmed the convictions of the appellants recorded by the Presidency Magistrate. Fifth Court, Greator Bombay, under S. 27 of the Industrial Disputes (Appellate Tribunal) Act (No. 17 of1950) but reduced their sentences from six months rigorous imprisonment to three months simple imprisonment and set aside against each of the appellant the sentence of fine of Rs. 1,000. The appellants are the President and the Secretaries of the Mill Mazdoor Sabba, a Union of Textile Workers in Bombay registered under the Indian Trade Union Act. It appears that there are about 2,10,000 Textile workers working in Bombay and about 35 per cent, of them belong to three different labour Unions. The first is called Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh which is recognized as a representative Union under the Bombay Industrial Relations Act, 1946, on the ground that it represents not less than 15 per cent of such Textile workers. The second is called the Mill Mazdoor Sabha, of which the appellants are the office bearers, but this Union represents less than 15 per cent; and the third is Girni Kamgar Union representing the least percentage of workers. It is common ground that apart from the members of the above three Unions, a large number of workers representing about 65 per cent are unorganized and do not belong to any Union. (2) On 9/12/1949, the representative Union gave a notice of change under S. 42 of the Bombay Industrial Relations Act, 1946, hereinafter called the Act to the Mill Owners Association in Bombay claiming bonus for that year. On December 23, the dispute was referred by the Government of Bombay to the Industrial Court under S. 23 of the said Act. While this dispute was pending, the Industrial Disputes (appellate Tribunal) Act (No. 17 of 1950) hereinafter called the Appellate Tribunal Act, came into force on 20/05/1950. On July 7, the Industrial Court made the award and the same was published on July 13. On August 9, the Mill Owners Association, which was dissatisfied with the award, filed an appeal before the Appellate Tribunal and an ad-interim order was passed on August 10, directing how the bonus should be paid. The appellants made speeches on August 14, 15 and 16, exhorting the workers of the Textile Industry to go on strike. The Labour commissioner thereupon filed complaints before the Presidency Magistrate on August 28, charging the appellants with an offence under S. 27 of Appellate Tribunal Act. The Mill Mazdoor Sabha applied to be made a party to the appeal, but the application was rejected. As already stated, the appellants were convicted by the Presidency Magistrate, but their sentences were reduced on appeal by the High Court. (3) Two main contentions were raised on behalf of the appellants, firstly that the conviction under S. 27 of the Appellate Tribunal Act was illegal, because there was no competent and valid appeal against the award before the Appellate Tribunal and secondly that S. 27 of the Act is void as being opposed to the fundamental rights of the appellants under Article 19(1) (a) and (c), and 14 of the Constitution, Both the contentions were repelled by the two learned Judges who delivered separate but concurrent judgment. The contentions have been reiterated before us. (4) In order to deal with the first contention, it will be necessary to refer to certain provisions of the Appellate Tribunal Act. S. 7 of that Act provides an appeal to the Appellate Tribunal from any award or decision of an industrial Tribunal: (a) if the appeal involves any substantial question of law; or (b) the award or decision is in respect of any of the following matters, namely:- (i) wages, (ii) bonus or travelling allowance, (5) Section 24 (b) prohibits a workman, who is employed in any industrial establishment, from going on strike during the pendency of an appeal before the Appellate Tribunal and S. 25 renders, a strike and a lock-out as illegal if it is declared, commenced or continued in contravention of the provisions of S. 24. Then follows the penalty provided for in S. 27 which says: Any person, who instigates or incites others to take part in, or otherwise acts in furtherance of, a strike or lock-out, which is illegal under this Act, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both. The question is whether the appellants rendered themselves liable to prosecution under S. 27, because they instigated the strike while the appeal was pending before the Appellate Tribunal. (6) It is contended that S. 24 contemplates the pendency of a valid or competent appeal but, as no valid or competent appeal under the law was pending, the appellants committed no offence under S. 27. We are unable to accept this contention. S. 24 on a plain and natural construction requires for its application no more than that an appeal should be pending and there is nothing in the language to justify the introduction of the qualification that it should be valid or competent. Whether the appeal is valid or competent is a question entirely for the Appellate Court before whom the appeal is filed to determine, and this determination is possible only after the appeal is heard, but there is nothing to prevent a party from filing an appeal which may ultimately be found to be incompetent, e.g., when it is held to be barred by limitation or that it does not lie before that court or is concluded by a finding of fact under S. 100 of the Civil Procedure Code. From the mere fact that such an appeal is held to be unmaintainable on any ground whatsoever, it does not follow that there was no appeal pending before the Court. Article 182 (2) of the Indian Limitation Act prescribed three years period of limitation for the execution of a decree or order to run from the date of the final decree or order of the Appellate Court when there has been an appeal. (7) The Privy Council constructed the latter phrase to mean that any application by a party to the Appellate Court to set aside or revise a decree or order of a Court subordinate thereto is an appeal within the meaning of the above provision, even though it is irregular or incompetent, or the persons affected by the application to execute were not parties., or it did not imperil the whole decree or order. They refused to read into the words any qualification either as to the character of the appeal, or as to the parties to it. Nagendra Nath v. Suresh Chandra. We consider that the word appeal must be constructed in its plain and natural sense without the insertion of any qualifying words such as are intended to be introduced by the contention raised before us. There is yet another reason for not constructing the word appeal in the manner suggested by the appellants and that is that the legislature in introducing this provision contemplated that industrial peace should not be disturbed so long as the matter was pending in the court of appeal, irrespective of the fact whether such an appeal was competent in law, if this were not the case, the parties could easily defeat the object of the legislature by errogating to themselves the right to decide about the competency of the appeal without reference to the court, commit a breach of the peace and escape the penalty imposed by S. 27. There was no justification for the appellants to instigate the workers in the so-called bona fide belief that section 27 did not apply to an appeal which they thought was incompetent. In this view of the matter it is not necessary to consider whether the conferment of a right of appeal during the pendency of a proceeding can affect the rights of the parties to those proceedings and make the order the pending proceeding appealable. (8) The second contention relates to the alleged infringement of the rights of the appellants under Article 19 (1) (a) and (c), read with Article 14 of the Constitution. In order to understand this contention, a reference to the provisions of the Bombay Industrial Relations Act, 1946, will be necessary. (9) Section 3, sub-section (32) defines Representative of Employees as one entitled to act as such under section 30 and representative Union is defined as a Union for the time being registered as a representative Union under the Act (Sub-section 33). (10) Section 12 enjoins upon the Registrar of Union appointed under the Act to maintain: (a) a register of Unions registered by him under the provisions of the Act and (b) a list of approved Unions. (11) Section 13 deals with the registration of Union by the Registrar. By the first sub-section a Union can be registered as a representative Union for an industry in a local area if it has for the whole of the period of three months next preceding the date of its application, a membership of not less than 15 per cent of the total number of employees employed in any industry in any local area. If a Union does not satisfy that condition and has a membership of not less than five per cent, it can be registered as a qualified Union, If neither of these Unions has been registered in respect of an industry, then a Union having a membership of not less than 15 per cent of the total number of employees employed in any undertaking in such industry can by an application to the Registrar by registered as a primary Union. It is common ground that the Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh comes under the first category and the Union of which the appellants are office-bearers comes under the second namely that it is a qualified Union. This registration can be cancelled under section 15 if it has been procured by mistake, misrepresentation or fraud or if the membership has fallen below the minimum required under section 13 for its registration. (12) It is argued that the right of the appellants to freedom of speech and expression and to form associations or Unions under Article 19 (1) and (c), read with Article 14, conferring the right or equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws is infringed by the Act, inasmuch as it gives preference to a trade Union upon the artificial test of having the greater percentage of membership, namely not less than 15 per cent. We see little merit in this contention. It is obvious that the Act imposes no restriction either upon the freedom of speech and expression of the Textile workers or their right to form associations or Unions; indeed it is not denied that the workers have already formed as many as three Unions, though they do not exhaust the number of workers in Bombay, for it leaves as many as 65 per cent of workers unorganized who do not belong to any trade Union. The statute lays down the minimum qualification of 15 per cent, of membership to enable the Union to be called a representativee Union so as to represent the interests of the entire body of workers in their relations with the employers. After laying down the test of not less than 15 per cent it was perfectly reasonable not to allow any other Union such as the appellants to interpose in a dispute on behalf of the Textile workers when they did not command the minimum percentage or when their membership fell below the prescribed percentage. It is perfectly open to the appellants to enlist that percentage over the Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh so as to be able to represent the interests of all the workers. The right to freedom of speech and expression is not denied to the appellants, nor are they prohibited from forming associations or Unions. (13) The Act makes no discrimination between Textile workers as a class but lays down a reasonable classification to the effect that a certain percentage of membership possessed by a Union will be allowed to represent the workers as a class to the exclusion of others but there is nothing to prevent the other Unions or other workers from forming a fresh Union and enrolling a higher percentage so as to acquire the sole right of representation. The appellants challenge the validity of the Act as infringing their fundamental rights and yet they base their case of discrimination on the provisions of the same Act. This position is not in accord with reason or principle. (14)

Decision reasoning: 0[ds]From the mere fact that such an appeal is held to be unmaintainable on any ground whatsoever, it does not follow that there was no appeal pending before the Court. Article 182 (2) of the Indian Limitation Act prescribed three years period of limitation for the execution of a decree or order to run from the date of the final decree or order of the Appellate Court when there has been an appeal.The Privy Council constructed the latter phrase to mean that any application by a party to the Appellate Court to set aside or revise a decree or order of a Court subordinate thereto is an appeal within the meaning of the above provision, even though it is irregular or incompetent, or the persons affected by the application to execute were not parties., or it did not imperil the whole decree or order. They refused to read into the words any qualification either as to the character of the appeal, or as to the parties to it. Nagendra Nath v. Suresh Chandra. We consider that the word appeal must be constructed in its plain and natural sense without the insertion of any qualifying words such as are intended to be introduced by the contention raised before us. There is yet another reason for not constructing the word appeal in the manner suggested by the appellants and that is that the legislature in introducing this provision contemplated that industrial peace should not be disturbed so long as the matter was pending in the court of appeal, irrespective of the fact whether such an appeal was competent in law, if this were not the case, the parties could easily defeat the object of the legislature by errogating to themselves the right to decide about the competency of the appeal without reference to the court, commit a breach of the peace and escape the penalty imposed by S. 27. There was no justification for the appellants to instigate the workers in the so-called bona fide belief that section 27 did not apply to an appeal which they thought was incompetent. In this view of the matter it is not necessary to consider whether the conferment of a right of appeal during the pendency of a proceeding can affect the rights of the parties to those proceedings and make the order the pending proceeding appealableIt is obvious that the Act imposes no restriction either upon the freedom of speech and expression of the Textile workers or their right to form associations or Unions; indeed it is not denied that the workers have already formed as many as three Unions, though they do not exhaust the number of workers in Bombay, for it leaves as many as 65 per cent of workers unorganized who do not belong to any trade Union. The statute lays down the minimum qualification of 15 per cent, of membership to enable the Union to be called a representativee Union so as to represent the interests of the entire body of workers in their relations with the employers. After laying down the test of not less than 15 per cent it was perfectly reasonable not to allow any other Union such as the appellants to interpose in a dispute on behalf of the Textile workers when they did not command the minimum percentage or when their membership fell below the prescribed percentage. It is perfectly open to the appellants to enlist that percentage over the Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh so as to be able to represent the interests of all the workers. The right to freedom of speech and expression is not denied to the appellants, nor are they prohibited from forming associations or Unions.The Act makes no discrimination between Textile workers as a class but lays down a reasonable classification to the effect that a certain percentage of membership possessed by a Union will be allowed to represent the workers as a class to the exclusion of others but there is nothing to prevent the other Unions or other workers from forming a fresh Union and enrolling a higher percentage so as to acquire the sole right of representation. The appellants challenge the validity of the Act as infringing their fundamental rights and yet they base their case of discrimination on the provisions of the same Act. This position is not in accord with reason or principle.