Case: MUKESH KUMAR & ANR Vs. THE UNION OF INDIA & ORS

PAMIDIGHANTAM SRI NARASIMHA, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. The short issue arising for consideration, in this case, is whether the condition imposed by the Railway Board circular that compassionate appointment cannot be granted to children born from the second wife of a deceased employee is legally sustainable. Having considered the matter, we have agreed with the counsel for the appellant that the issue is covered by the judgment of this Court in Union of India v. V.R. Tripathi (Union of India v. V.R. Tripathi, (2019) 14 SCC 646) . We have allowed the appeal on this ground. We have also held that such a denial is discriminatory, being only on the ground of descent under Article 16(2) of the Constitution of India. We shall first refer to the facts of the case before applying the law for disposal of this appeal. Facts: 3. The facts, in brief, are that Jagdish Harijan was an employee of the Indian Railways appointed on 16.11.1977. In his lifetime, Shri Jagdish Harijan had two wives, appellant No.2, Gayatri Devi, was his first wife and Konika Devi, since deceased, was his second wife. The appellant No.1 Mukesh Kumar is his son through his second wife. Shri Jagdish Harijan died in service on 24.02.2014. Shortly after that, the appellant No.2 made a representation dated 17.05.2014 seeking the appointment of her step-son/appellant No.1 under the scheme for appointments on compassionate grounds. The Respondent-Union rejected the representation on 24.06.2014 because appellant No.1, being the second wifes son, is not entitled to such an appointment. The departmental appeal came to be dismissed on 30.12.2015. The appellants filed an original application before the Central Administrative Tribunal, Patna, which was dismissed on 19.07.2017. A writ petition was filed before the High Court of Patna questioning the correctness of the decision of the Tribunal by relying on two decisions of the Madras High Court, which followed the Calcutta High Court decision in the case of Namita Goldar and Anr. v. Union of India and Ors. (2010) 1 Cal. LJ 464 under which the very same circular of the railways dated 02.01.1992 was quashed. The Division Bench of the High Court, however, by the impugned order, dismissed the writ petition. Arguments of Counsel: 4. The learned Counsel for the Appellants, Shri Manish Kumar Saran, submitted that the issue is covered by the decision of this Court in Union of India v. V.R. Tripathi (supra) wherein, in the context of this very circular and policy of the railways, it held that a child of a second wife of an employee could not be denied compassionate appointment on that ground alone. He also relied on the judgment of the High Court of Calcutta in Namita Goldar (supra), which has been approved by this Court in V.R. Tripathi. 5. The learned Counsel for the Respondents, Smt. Meera Patel, representing the Union submitted based on the statement in the counter affidavit. The counter refers to Circular No. E(NG) II/2018/RC-1/5 dated 21.03.2018 issued in supersession of Circular dated 02.01.1992, which provides that if a legally wedded surviving widow does not want herself to be considered, she cannot nominate the illegitimate sons/daughters of her husband for compassionate appointment. She further submitted that the judgment of this Court relied on by the appellants does not direct appointment but merely provides for consideration of the application. Therefore, there cannot be a direction for appointment as prayed by the appellant. Analysis: 6. It is true that the matter is no more res integra. This Court in V.R. Tripathi considered the very same policy and circular that arise for the consideration in the present case. The judgment covers the issue, as is evident from the following passages: 14. The real issue in the present case, however, is whether the condition which has been imposed by the circular of the Railway Board under which compassionate appointment cannot be granted to the children born from a second marriage of a deceased employee (except where the marriage was permitted by the administration taking into account personal law, etc.) accords with basic notions of fairness and equal treatment, so as to be consistent with Article 14 of the Constitution…. 16. The issue essentially is whether it is open to an employer, who is amenable to Part III of the Constitution to deny the benefit of compassionate appointment which is available to other legitimate children. Undoubtedly, while designing a policy of compassionate appointment, the State can prescribe the terms on which it can be granted. However, it is not open to the State, while making the scheme or rules, to lay down a condition which is inconsistent with Article 14 of the Constitution. The purpose of compassionate appointment is to prevent destitution and penury in the family of a deceased employee. The effect of the circular is that irrespective of the destitution which a child born from a second marriage of a deceased employee may face, compassionate appointment is to be refused unless the second marriage was contracted with the permission of the administration. Once Section 16 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 regards a child born from a marriage entered into while the earlier marriage is subsisting to be legitimate, it would not be open to the State, consistent with Article 14 to exclude such a child from seeking the benefit of compassionate appointment. Such a condition of exclusion is arbitrary and ultra vires. 17. Even if the narrow classification test is adopted, the circular of the Railway Board creates two categories between one class of legitimate children. Though the law has regarded a child born from a second marriage as legitimate, a child born from the first marriage of a deceased employee is alone made entitled to the benefit of compassionate appointment. The salutary purpose underlying the grant of compassionate appointment, which is to prevent destitution and penury in the family of a deceased employee requires that any stipulation or condition which is imposed must have or bear a reasonable nexus to the object which is sought to be achieved. The learned Additional Solicitor General has urged that it is open to the State, as part of its policy of discouraging bigamy to restrict the benefit of compassionate appointment, only to the spouse and children of the first marriage and to deny it to the spouse of a subsequent marriage and the children. We are here concerned with the exclusion of children born from a second marriage. By excluding a class of beneficiaries who have been deemed legitimate by the operation of law, the condition imposed is disproportionate to the object sought to be achieved. Having regard to the purpose and object of a scheme of compassionate appointment, once the law has treated such children as legitimate, it would be impermissible to exclude them from being considered for compassionate appointment. Children do not choose their parents. To deny compassionate appointment though the law treats a child of a void marriage as legitimate is deeply offensive to their dignity and is offensive to the constitutional guarantee against discrimination. 18. … The exclusion of one class of legitimate children from seeking compassionate appointment merely on the ground that the mother of the applicant was a plural wife of the deceased employee would fail to meet the test of a reasonable nexus with the object sought to be achieved. It would be offensive to and defeat the whole object of ensuring the dignity of the family of a deceased employee who has died in harness. It brings about unconstitutional discrimination between one class of legitimate beneficiaries — legitimate children. 7. This Court held that the scheme and the rules of compassionate appointment cannot violate the mandate of Article 14 of the Constitution. Once Section 16 of the Hindu Marriage Act regards a child born from a marriage entered into while the earlier marriage is subsisting to be legitimate, it would violate Article 14 if the policy or rule excludes such a child from seeking the benefit of compassionate appointment. The circular creates two categories between one class, and it has no nexus to the objects sought to be achieved. Once the law has deemed them legitimate, it would be impermissible to exclude them from being considered under the policy. Exclusion of one class of legitimate children would fail to meet the test of nexus with the object, and it would defeat the purpose of ensuring the dignity of the family of the deceased employee. This judgment has now been followed by a number of High Courts as well [See, K. Santhosha v. Karnataka Power Transmission Corp Ltd. 2022(1) Kant LJ 154 (Decided on 24.06.2021 by The High Court of Karnataka); Yuvraj DajeeKhadake v. Union of India: 2019 SCC OnLine Bom 299 (Decided on 21.02.2019 by The High Court of Bombay); Union of India v Rohit Chand 2020 SCC OnLine Del 157. (Decided on 24.01.2020 by The High Court of Delhi)]. 8. Apart from the discrimination ensuing from treating equals unequally, which is writ large as demonstrated in the judgment of this Court referred to above, there is also discrimination on the ground of descent, which is expressly prohibited under Article 16(2). In V. Sivamurthy v. State of A.P. , this Court observed that appointments made only on the basis of descent is impermissible. However, compassionate appointments are a well-recognized exception to the general rule if they are carved out in the interest of justice to meet public policy considerations [Director General of Posts v. K. Chandrashekar Rao, (2013) 3 SCC 310 (at para 18); Further, constitutionality of compassionate appointments was upheld in State of Haryana v. Ankur Gupta (2003) 7 SCC 704 (at para 6); Yogender Pal Singh v. Union of India (1987) 1 SCC 631 (at para 17)]. It lends justification only that far and no further. 9. While compassionate appointment is an exception to the constitutional guarantee under Article 16, a policy for compassionate appointment must be consistent with the mandate of Articles 14 and 16. That is to say, a policy for compassionate appointment, which has the force of law, must not discriminate on any of the grounds mentioned in Article 16(2), including that of descent. In this regard, descent must be understood to encompass the familial origins of a person [See, Gazula Dasaratha Rama Rao v. State of Andhra Pradesh and Ors. (1961) 2 SCR 931 ]. Familial origins include the validity of the marriage of the parents of a claimant of compassionate appointment and the claimants legitimacy as their child. The policy cannot discriminate against a person only on the ground of descent by classifying children of the deceased employee as legitimate and illegitimate and recognizing only the right of legitimate descendant. Apart from the fact that strict scrutiny would reveal that the classification is suspect, as demonstrated by this Court in V.R. Tripathi, it will instantly fall foul of the constitutional prohibition of discrimination on the ground of descent. Such a policy is violative of Article 16(2). 10. We note with approval the decision of the Delhi High Court in Union of India v. Pankaj Kumar Sharma (Union of India v. Pankaj Kumar Sharma MANU/DE/3959/2014, WP(C) No.9008/2014 dt 19.04.2014), to which one of us (Justice S. Ravindra Bhat) was a party, which held that descent cannot be a ground for denying employment under the scheme of compassionate appointments. Speaking through Sanghi J., the Court held: 22. The Court is of opinion that - apart from being textually sound - understanding descent in terms of prohibiting discrimination against a person on the basis of legitimacy, or on the basis of his mothers status as a first or second wife, fits within the principles underlying Article 16(2). Not only is ones descent, in this sense, entirely beyond ones control (and therefore, ought not to become a ground of State-sanctioned disadvantage), but it is also an established fact that children of second wives, whether counted as illegitimate or legitimate, have often suffered severe social disadvantage. Another significant observation here is that at the entry level - legitimacy is and cannot be a ground for denial of public employment. For these reasons, this Court is of the opinion that the Petitioners regulation violates Article 16(2).

Decision reasoning: 1[ds]Having considered the matter, we have agreed with the counsel for the appellant that the issue is covered by the judgment of this Court in Union of India v. V.R. Tripathi (Union of India v. V.R. Tripathi, (2019) 14 SCC 646) . We have allowed the appeal on this ground. We have also held that such a denial is discriminatory, being only on the ground of descent under Article 16(2) of the Constitution of India.6. It is true that the matter is no more res integra. This Court in V.R. Tripathi considered the very same policy and circular that arise for the consideration in the present case. The judgment covers the issue, as is evident from the following passages:14. The real issue in the present case, however, is whether the condition which has been imposed by the circular of the Railway Board under which compassionate appointment cannot be granted to the children born from a second marriage of a deceased employee (except where the marriage was permitted by the administration taking into account personal law, etc.) accords with basic notions of fairness and equal treatment, so as to be consistent with Article 14 of the Constitution….16. The issue essentially is whether it is open to an employer, who is amenable to Part III of the Constitution to deny the benefit of compassionate appointment which is available to other legitimate children. Undoubtedly, while designing a policy of compassionate appointment, the State can prescribe the terms on which it can be granted. However, it is not open to the State, while making the scheme or rules, to lay down a condition which is inconsistent with Article 14 of the Constitution. The purpose of compassionate appointment is to prevent destitution and penury in the family of a deceased employee. The effect of the circular is that irrespective of the destitution which a child born from a second marriage of a deceased employee may face, compassionate appointment is to be refused unless the second marriage was contracted with the permission of the administration. Once Section 16 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 regards a child born from a marriage entered into while the earlier marriage is subsisting to be legitimate, it would not be open to the State, consistent with Article 14 to exclude such a child from seeking the benefit of compassionate appointment. Such a condition of exclusion is arbitrary and ultra vires.17. Even if the narrow classification test is adopted, the circular of the Railway Board creates two categories between one class of legitimate children. Though the law has regarded a child born from a second marriage as legitimate, a child born from the first marriage of a deceased employee is alone made entitled to the benefit of compassionate appointment. The salutary purpose underlying the grant of compassionate appointment, which is to prevent destitution and penury in the family of a deceased employee requires that any stipulation or condition which is imposed must have or bear a reasonable nexus to the object which is sought to be achieved. The learned Additional Solicitor General has urged that it is open to the State, as part of its policy of discouraging bigamy to restrict the benefit of compassionate appointment, only to the spouse and children of the first marriage and to deny it to the spouse of a subsequent marriage and the children. We are here concerned with the exclusion of children born from a second marriage. By excluding a class of beneficiaries who have been deemed legitimate by the operation of law, the condition imposed is disproportionate to the object sought to be achieved. Having regard to the purpose and object of a scheme of compassionate appointment, once the law has treated such children as legitimate, it would be impermissible to exclude them from being considered for compassionate appointment. Children do not choose their parents. To deny compassionate appointment though the law treats a child of a void marriage as legitimate is deeply offensive to their dignity and is offensive to the constitutional guarantee against discrimination.18. … The exclusion of one class of legitimate children from seeking compassionate appointment merely on the ground that the mother of the applicant was a plural wife of the deceased employee would fail to meet the test of a reasonable nexus with the object sought to be achieved. It would be offensive to and defeat the whole object of ensuring the dignity of the family of a deceased employee who has died in harness. It brings about unconstitutional discrimination between one class of legitimate beneficiaries — legitimate children.7. This Court held that the scheme and the rules of compassionate appointment cannot violate the mandate of Article 14 of the Constitution. Once Section 16 of the Hindu Marriage Act regards a child born from a marriage entered into while the earlier marriage is subsisting to be legitimate, it would violate Article 14 if the policy or rule excludes such a child from seeking the benefit of compassionate appointment. The circular creates two categories between one class, and it has no nexus to the objects sought to be achieved. Once the law has deemed them legitimate, it would be impermissible to exclude them from being considered under the policy. Exclusion of one class of legitimate children would fail to meet the test of nexus with the object, and it would defeat the purpose of ensuring the dignity of the family of the deceased employee. This judgment has now been followed by a number of High Courts as well [See, K. Santhosha v. Karnataka Power Transmission Corp Ltd. 2022(1) Kant LJ 154 (Decided on 24.06.2021 by The High Court of Karnataka); Yuvraj DajeeKhadake v. Union of India: 2019 SCC OnLine Bom 299 (Decided on 21.02.2019 by The High Court of Bombay); Union of India v Rohit Chand 2020 SCC OnLine Del 157. (Decided on 24.01.2020 by The High Court of Delhi)].8. Apart from the discrimination ensuing from treating equals unequally, which is writ large as demonstrated in the judgment of this Court referred to above, there is also discrimination on the ground of descent, which is expressly prohibited under Article 16(2). In V. Sivamurthy v. State of A.P. , this Court observed that appointments made only on the basis of descent is impermissible. However, compassionate appointments are a well-recognized exception to the general rule if they are carved out in the interest of justice to meet public policy considerations [Director General of Posts v. K. Chandrashekar Rao, (2013) 3 SCC 310  (at para 18); Further, constitutionality of compassionate appointments was upheld in State of Haryana v. Ankur Gupta (2003) 7 SCC 704  (at para 6); Yogender Pal Singh v. Union of India (1987) 1 SCC 631  (at para 17)]. It lends justification only that far and no further.Apart from the fact that strict scrutiny would reveal that the classification is suspect, as demonstrated by this Court in V.R. Tripathi, it will instantly fall foul of the constitutional prohibition of discrimination on the ground of descent. Such a policy is violative of Article 16(2).10. We note with approval the decision of the Delhi High Court in Union of India v. Pankaj Kumar Sharma (Union of India v. Pankaj Kumar Sharma MANU/DE/3959/2014, WP(C) No.9008/2014 dt 19.04.2014),to which one of us (Justice S. Ravindra Bhat) was a party, which held that descent cannot be a ground for denying employment under the scheme of compassionate appointments. Speaking through Sanghi J., the Court held:22. The Court is of opinion that - apart from being textually sound - understanding descent in terms of prohibiting discrimination against a person on the basis of legitimacy, or on the basis of his mothers status as a first or second wife, fits within the principles underlying Article 16(2). Not only is ones descent, in this sense, entirely beyond ones control (and therefore, ought not to become a ground of State-sanctioned disadvantage), but it is also an established fact that children of second wives, whether counted as illegitimate or legitimate, have often suffered severe social disadvantage. Another significant observation here is that at the entry level - legitimacy is and cannot be a ground for denial of public employment. For these reasons, this Court is of the opinion that the Petitioners regulation violates Article 16(2).