Case: Luka Mathai Vs. S Subramonia Iyer

1. By Judgment dated May 26,1970, this Court (Sikri J., as he then was, and Ray J.) allowed Civil Appeal No. 542 of 1967, set aside the judgment of the High Court and passed a decree in favour of the appellant after modifying the decree passed by the Trial Court. The respondent subsequently filed Review Petition No. 35 of 1970 for review on the ground that they bad failed to bring to the notice of the Court the provisions of Travancore Regulation IX of 1094 and the fact that the loans were granted under the above Regulation. We allowed review on February 1, 1971. This judgment is, however, in continuation of our earlier judgment dated May 26, 1970.2. The only new point which needs discussion is the effect of the provisions of Travancore Regulation IX of 1094 on our conclusion on the fourth point in that judgment.3. We had inter alia held that the "fourth point raised by the learned counsel for the plaintiff is fata! for the respondent." We observed that "the bonds do not give power to the Government to sell the properties other than those mentioned in the bond. The properties mentioned in plaint A schedule items 2 to S, B Schedule items 1 and 3 to 8; and C schedule items were not given as security under the bond and the Government bad no authority to sell them. It is conceded on behalf of the respondent that all the properties were sold in one lot. This, in our opinion, vitiates ... that the sale of all the properties was void." The fourth point raised before us was that "the Government had no authority to attach and sell plaint A schedule items 2 to 5 and B Schedule items 1 and 3 to 8 and C schedule items, which were not given as security under the bonds; and if the Government had no authority then the sale of all the properties is void." We had while dealing with the third ground also observed that "no other regulation has been brought to our notice which makes dues under this bond to be recoverable as arrears of public or land revenue."4. It now transpires that Regulation IX of 1094 Travancore Land Improvement & Agriculural Loans Regulation provides for recovery of land improvement loans from the borrower as if they were arrears of land revenue due by him. S.7 of the above Regulation provides:"7(1) Subject to such Rules as may be made under S.10, all loans granted under this Regulation, all interests (if any) chargeable thereon and costs (if any) incurred in making the same shall When they become due, be recoverable in any of the following modes:(a) from the borrower as if they were arrears of land revenue due by him;(b) from his surety (if any) as if they were arrears of land revenue due by him;(c) except as regards the loans referred to in S.4, out of the land for the benefit of which the loan has been granted as if they were arrears of land revenue due in respect of that land; (d) out of the property comprised in (he collateral security according to the procedure for the realisation of land revenue by sale of immovable property other than the land on which the revenue is due:Provided that no proceeding in respect of any land under Clause (c) shall affect any interest in that land which existed before the date of the order granting the loan, other than the interest of the borrower, and of mortgagees of, or persons having charges, on. that interest, and. where the loan is granted under S.3 with the consent of another person, the interest of that person, and of mortgagees of, or persons having charges on, that interest.(2) When any sum due on account of any such interests or costs is paid by a surety or an owner of property comprised in any collateral security, or recovered from a surety or out of any such property, such sum shall, on the application of the surety or the owner of such property be recovered on his behalf from the borrower or out of the land for the benefit of which the loan has been granted, in manner provided in this Section."From these provisions it is quite clear that the loans granted under the Regulation, interest and charges, etc. can be recovered in any or all of the four modes described in the section. They can be recovered from the borrower under clause (a); they can be recovered from a surety under clause (b); the land for the benefit of which the loan had been granted can be proceeded against under clause (c); and under clause (d) property comprised in the collateral security can be proceeded against. The fact that the properties which had been sold were not mentioned in the bond as collateral security or were not expressly hypothecated does not make any difference because the Travancore Revenue Recovery Act I of 1068 provides under S.5 that "when Public Revenue doe on land may be in arrear, such arrear, together with interest, if any, and costs of process, may be recovered by the sale of the defaulters movable or immovable property or both, in the manner hereinafter provided."5. The learned counsel for the appellant contends that neither the Travancore Revenue Recovery Act I of 1068 nor the Land Improvement and Agricultural Loans Regulation I of 1094, and the rules made thereunder, confer any power or jurisdiction on the State Government or its officers to sell through the machinery of the Revenue Recovery Act any other property of the borrower than what he has specifically given by his bond as security for the loan. It is further contended that the borrower does not incur any personal liability unless he has specifically so covenanted in the bond and hence the sale of all the 12 out of the 13 items of land sold one item alone having been a security property under the loan agreement was unauthorised, illegal and void.6. We are unable to agree with this contention. It is not necessary for the borrower to specifically so covenant in his bond that he would be personally liable because S.7 (1) (a) of Regulation IX of 1094 makes the borrower personally liable. This is also made clear by sub-S. (2). Under sub-S. (2), if a surety pays the loan he can request that the money be recovered from the borrower on his behalf.7. The learned counsel relied on the decision in Ulahannan Ouseph v. Koohitti Kochukumari 23 Travancore Law Journal 1051;1054 where reference was, made to an earlier judgment in the Dewan of Travancore v. Eravi Narayanan 29 Travancore Law Reports 37 in which it was held that "though under S.59 of the Revenue Recovery Regulation, moneys due to Government under written agreements and all sums declared by other Regulations to be realisable as arrears of public revenue may be recovered under this Regulation, that section only makes the machinery or procedure prescribed in the Regulation applicable to such cases, and it would not follow that the incidents of a Revenue sale held under S.39 would also attach to sales held under the authority conferred by the provisions of S.59". The Court held that the property In the case remained subject to the plaintiffs prior charge.8. We are unable to appreciate how this case assists us on the question whether there is any personal liability of the appellant or not.9. The learned counsel also drew our attention to Birendra Nath Raha v. Mir Mahabubar Rahiman AIR. 1917 Cal. 332. In this case it was held that according to the provisions of the Bengal Land Revanue Sales Act, 1868, the properties in question could not be sold because they were neither an estate nor a tenure within S.5 of the Act. No such question arises in this case but it may be mentioned that at page 336 the Court interpreted cl. (a) of S.7 of the Land Improvement Loans Act to mean that it imposed a personal liability on the borrower.10. There is, however, authority against the contentions of the appellant. The Madras High Court observed in Gonjulada Bhojarajappa v. Korlaballi Halappa AIR. 1946 Mad. 226 as follows:It is clear from S.5, Revenue Recovery Act, that for the recovery of a loan advanced under the Agriculturists Loans Act it is open to the Collector to sell any part of the immovable property belonging to the defaulter, and the remedy is not confined to that particular property in respect of which or for whose improvement the Joan had been taken."11. It may be noted that S.5 of the Agriculturists Loans Act, 1884, provides: "Every loan made in accordance with such rules, all interest (if any) chargeable thereon, and costs (if any) incurred in making or recovering the same, shall, when they become due, be recoverable from the person to whom the loan was made, or from any person who has become surety for the repayment thereof, as if they were arrears of land, revenue or costs incurred in recovering the same due by the persons to whom the loan was made or by his surety.In interpreting this section, the Madras High Court, in the above-mentioned case clearly held that it was open to the Collector to sell any part of the immovable property belonging to the defaulter, and the remedy was not confined to that particular property is respect of which or for whose improvement the loan had been taken.12. We may also mention that in Lakshman Venkatesh Naik v. Secretary of State AIR. 1939 Bom.183 while dealing with S.7 of the Land Improvement Loans Act, 1883, which is in terms similar to S.7 of Travancore Regulation II of 1094, it was observed that "it was therefore open to the Collector to adopt all or any of the four different methods which the Section provides for the recovery of the taqavi arrears."13.

Decision reasoning: 0[ds]It is not necessary for the borrower to specifically so covenant in his bond that he would be personally liable because S.7 (1) (a) of Regulation IX of 1094 makes the borrower personally liable. This is also made clear by sub-S. (2). Under sub-S. (2), if a surety pays the loan he can request that the money be recovered from the borrower on his behalf.We are unable to appreciate how this case assists us on the question whether there is any personal liability of the appellant or not.It may be noted that S.5 ofthe Agriculturists Loans Act, 1884, provides: "Every loan made in accordance with such rules, all interest (if any) chargeable thereon, and costs (if any) incurred in making or recovering the same, shall, when they become due, be recoverable from the person to whom the loan was made, or from any person who has become surety for the repayment thereof, as if they were arrears of land, revenue or costs incurred in recovering the same due by the persons to whom the loan was made or by hisinterpreting this section, the Madras High Court, in the above-mentioned case clearly held that it was open to the Collector to sell any part of the immovable property belonging to the defaulter, and the remedy was not confined to that particular property is respect of which or for whose improvement the loan had been taken.12. We may also mention that in Lakshman Venkatesh Naik v. Secretary of State AIR. 1939 Bom.183 while dealing with S.7 ofthe Land Improvement Loans Act, 1883, which is in terms similar to S.7 of Travancore Regulation II of 1094, it was observed that "it was therefore open to the Collector to adopt all or any of the four different methods which the Section provides for the recovery of the taqavithese provisions it is quite clear that the loans granted under the Regulation, interest and charges, etc. can be recovered in any or all of the four modes described in the section. They can be recovered from the borrower under clause (a); they can be recovered from a surety under clause (b); the land for the benefit of which the loan had been granted can be proceeded against under clause (c); and under clause (d) property comprised in the collateral security can be proceeded against. The fact that the properties which had been sold were not mentioned in the bond as collateral security or were not expressly hypothecated does not make any difference because the Travancore Revenue Recovery Act I of 1068 provides under S.5 that "when Public Revenue doe on land may be in arrear, such arrear, together with interest, if any, and costs of process, may be recovered by the sale of the defaulters movable or immovable property or both, in the manner hereinafter provided.We are unable to agree with this contention.It is not necessary for the borrower to specifically so covenant in his bond that he would be personally liable because S.7 (1) (a) of Regulation IX of 1094 makes the borrower personally liable. This is also made clear by(2), if a surety pays the loan he can request that the money be recovered from the borrower on his behalf.