Case: Commissioner Of Income-Tax, West Bengalcalcutta & Anr Vs. Hemchandra Kar & Ors

Grover, J.1. This is an appeal by certificate from a judgment of the Calcutta High Court in an Income-tax Reference.2. The assessee during the material time was a Hindu Undivided Family consisting of the six members. In the original assessment for the assessment year 1946-47 the year of account being from April 14, 1945 to April 13, 1946, the Income-tax Officer determined the total income of the assessee at Rs. 35,741/- accruing from the business and other sources such as sale proceeds of forest produce, fisheries etc. Following demonetization of High Denomination Notes in January 1946 the assessee encashed such notes of the value of Rs. 19,000. The five members of the family named below also enacted notes of the value shown against each of them, the total value of the notes so encashed being Rs. 1,10,000:1. Hem Chandra KarRs. 26,0002. Jatindra Nath KarRs. 24,0003. Atul Chandra KarRs. 23,0004. Narendra Nath KarRs. 21,0005. Bishnuram KarRs. 16,0003. The Income-tax Officer reopened the assessments of the Hindu Undivided Family and of the five members for the assessment year 1946-47. He included Rs. 19,000 in the total income of the family and the amounts which had been separately encashed by the five members were included in the reassessments of their respective individual income. This reassessment was completed on January 31, 1955.Two days later i. e. February 2, 1955 the Income-tax officer issued another notice under S. 34 of the Income-tax Act 1922 to the family seeking to include in the income of the family the amount of the High Denomination notes of the total value of Rs. 1,10,000 which had been encashed separately by the five members. On behalf of the assessee it was explained that each of the five members was in receipt of the pocket allowance varying from Rs. 100 to Rs. 150 per month and also received cash and jewellery as gifts from his relations; therefore the amounts encashed by such members belonged to them individually. The Income-tax Officer was not satisfied with the explanation. He included the sum of Rs. 1,10,000 in the total income of the family. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner, on appeal, held that the second notice under section 34 issued to the family on February 2, 1955 was incompetent. He annulled the reassessment made pursuant thereto. The Appellate Tribunal, however, held on appeal by the department that the notice issued under section 34 was valid. The Tribunal called for a report from the Appellate Assistant Commissioner on merits. In his report the Assistant Commissioner agreed with the view of the Income-tax Officer. The Tribunal was finally satisfied that the amounts of the High Denomination notes which had been encashed in the name of the five members individually belonged to the Hindu Undivided Family. The following questions of law were referred by the Tribunal for the decision of the High Court:(1) "Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the assessment made upon the assessee Hindu Undivided family pursuant to a notice under section 34 of the Indian Income-tax Act issued on the 2nd February, 1955 was in accordance with law.(2) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the sum of Rs. 1,10,000 was rightly included in the assessment of the Hindu Undivided family"The High Court held that the second notice issued under S. 34 of the Act on February 2, 1955 could not have been issued by the Income-tax Officer to the Hindu Undivided Family. It was found that when the first reassessment was made the primary facts necessary for reassessment of the family were in the possession of the Income-tax Officer. These facts came into possession not by virtue of disclosure made by the family but were discovered by him otherwise. At the time of the first reopening of the assessment of the Hindu Undivided Family and of the individual members the question of assessment of the entire amount represented by the High Denomination Notes was under direct consideration. It was open to the Income-tax Officer to assess the whole amount of Rs. 19,000/- and Rupees 1,10,000/- in the hands of the Hindu Undivided Family at that stage. The escapement, if any, therefore, took place by reason of the failure of the Income-tax Officer to assess the family with respect to the sum of Rupees 1,10,000 when he was in full possession of all the material facts. The answer to the first question was given by the High Court in the negative. On the second question it was considered that the answer would be merely academic but in spite of this High Court proceeded to express its agreement with the finding of the Tribunal on the point.4. Section 34 of the Act has been amended from time to time. In the present case this section, as amended in 1948, would be applicable by reason of S. 31 of the Income-tax Amendment Act, 1953. We are concerned with S. 34 (1) (a). If the present case could be brought under that provision the second notice which was issued in February 1955 would not be barred by time. But if action could not be taken under it there could be no manner of doubt that the notices which were issued and the reassessment which was made would be beyond the period prescribed. Section 34 (1) (a) is in the following terms:"Income escaping assessment. - (1) If -(a) the Income-tax Officer has reason to believe that by reason of the omission or failure on the part of an assessee to make a return of his income under section 22 for any year or to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, income, profits or gains chargeable to income-tax have escaped assessment for that year, or have been under-assessed, or assessed at too low a rate, or have been made the subject of excessive relief under the Act, or excessive loss or depreciation allowance has been computed, or"What has to be seen is whether the Income-tax Officer could have reason to believe that omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment there had been escapement of income. The High Court rightly relied on the observations in the majority judgment in Calcutta Discount Co. Ltd. v. Income-tax Officer, Companies District I Calcutta, (1961) 41 ITR 191 = (AIR 1961 SC 372 ) that in every assessment proceedings the assessing authority will, for the purpose of computing or determining the proper tax, require to know all the facts which help him in coming to the correct conclusion. From the primary facts in his possession whether on disclosure by the assessee or discovered by him on the basis of facts disclosed or otherwise the assessing authority has to draw inferences as regards certain other facts and ultimately from the primary facts and the further facts inferred from them the authority has to draw the proper legal inferences. Therefore, the duty of disclosing all the primary facts lies on the assessee. The primary facts were admittedly within the knowledge of the Income-tax Officer at the time when he completed the first reassessment under S. 34. This is clear from the order of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner to whom the Incometax Officer reported that in the course of reassessment under S. 34 in respect of individual members it became anparent that "they acted as merely name lenders of the Hindu Undivided Family and that the total sum of Rs. 1,10,000 encashed by them actually belonged to the Hindu Undivided Family."When the Income-tax Officer was in possession of all these facts and he proceeded to make the reassessment of the individual members by including the amounts in question in their individual accounts he could not a few days later merely change his opinion and issue the notices under S. 34 to the Hindu Undivided Family. In this situation it could hardly be said that the reuirements of S. 34 (1) (a) were satisfied. The escapement had taken place by reason of the failure of the Income-tax Officer to include the sum of Rs. 1,10,000 in the assessment of the Hindu Undivided Family when he was in full possession of all the necessary and material facts. We have no doubt that the High Court returned the correct answer to the first question. Evidently the second question need not be answered as it becomes purely academic when answer to the first question is in favour of the assessee.

Decision reasoning: 0[ds]What has to be seen is whether ther could have reason to believe that omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment there had been escapement of income.The High Court rightly relied on the observations in the majority judgment in Calcutta Discount Co. Ltd. v. Income-tax Officer, Companies District I Calcutta, (1961) 41 ITR 191  = (AIR 1961 SC 372 ) that in every assessment proceedings the assessing authority will, for the purpose of computing or determining the proper tax, require to know all the facts which help him in coming to the correct conclusion. From the primary facts in his possession whether on disclosure by the assessee or discovered by him on the basis of facts disclosed or otherwise the assessing authority has to draw inferences as regards certain other facts and ultimately from the primary facts and the further facts inferred from them the authority has to draw the proper legal inferences. Therefore, the duty of disclosing all the primary facts lies on the assessee. The primary facts were admittedly within the knowledge of the Income-tax Officer at the time when he completed the first reassessment under S. 34. This is clear from the order of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner to whom the Incometax Officer reported that in the course of reassessment under S. 34 in respect of individual members it became anparent that "they acted as merely name lenders of the Hindu Undivided Family and that the total sum of Rs. 1,10,000 encashed by them actually belonged to the Hindu Undivided Family."When the Income-tax Officer was in possession of all these facts and he proceeded to make the reassessment of the individual members by including the amounts in question in their individual accounts he could not a few days later merely change his opinion and issue the notices under S. 34 to the Hindu Undivided Family. In this situation it could hardly be said that the reuirements of S. 34 (1) (a) were satisfied. The escapement had taken place by reason of the failure of the Income-tax Officer to include the sum of Rs. 1,10,000 in the assessment of the Hindu Undivided Family when he was in full possession of all the necessary and material facts. We have no doubt that the High Court returned the correct answer to the first question. Evidently the second question need not be answered as it becomes purely academic when answer to the first question is in favour of the assessee.