Case: Pratap Chand Vs. Ram Narayan And Another

Wanchoo, J.1. This is an appeal on a certificate granted by the Nagpur High Court. The brief facts necessary for present purposes are these. One Ramchandar Jat originally owned Annas -10/8 share in Mauza Tamalawadi while the rest belonged to others. Ramchandar executed a simple mortgage deed on July 27, 1920, in favour of Seth Ram Jiwan and two. minors Ram Narain and Radhey Sham. The plaintiffs. respondents are the representatives of the mortgagees. On August 27, 1926, the defendant-appellant -purchased Annas -/5/4 share belonging to the other share holders in the village. Thereafter, the appellant brought a suit against Ramchandar who was lambardar of the village for profits, in which 9, decree was passed against Ramchandar. In execution of that decree the appellant purchased the entire Annas -/10/8 share of Ramchandar in the village about the year 1932. In consequence, the appellant became the owner of the entire village subject to the mortgage of the respondents on Annas -/5/4 share therein. On July 27, 1932, the respondents sued Ramchandar on the basis of their mortgage-deed and a preliminary decree for sale was passed in March, 1937. To this suit the appellant was also a party. The preliminary decree was followed by a final decree and thereafter the property was put to sale and was purchased by the respondents on March 1, 1940. This sale was confirmed on April 12, 1940, and a sale certificate was granted to the respondents. So by the year 1940 the respondents were the owners of Annas -/5/4 share in the village while the appellant was the owner of Annas -/10/8 share. The appellant was also a lambardar.2. Ramchandar Jat held sir land in certain khasras with a total area of 252-49 acres. On the sale of Ramchandars share to the appellant, Ramchandar became an ex-proprietary tenant of his sir land. Thereafter Ramchandar was ejected from his exproprietary tenancy sometime in 1936 and the lands came into possession of the appellant. There were certain other lands which were nominally recorded as Muafi Khairati in the name of Ramchandars mother but were actually in the possession of Ramchandar. It appears that Ramchandar was ejected from these lands also and they came into, the possession of the appellant. Further the appellant as a lambardar came into possession of certain other lands by surrender or otherwise.3. The respondents filed a suit for partition before the Sub- Divisional Officer, Hard&, in 1942. In that suit they claimed half share in the lands of Ramchandar and his mother which came into. the possession of the appellant. They also claimed a share in other lands which came into-the possession of the appellant as lambardar. Their case was that these lands were accession to the mortgage in their favour and they were - therefore entitled to a proper share in them. This claim was resisted by the appellant before the Sub-Divisional Officer. On October 20, 1943, the Sub-Divisional Officer passed an order which in effect rejected the contention of the respondents and accepted the plea of the appellant.4. Thereupon the respondents filed the present suit for a declaration in the civil court in 1944 claiming that they were entitled to a proportionate share in the lands specified in the plaint. The suit was resisted by the appellant and his contention was that the respondents had purchased specific khudkashat and chhotaghas plots and that they therefore could not be allowed anything more than what was mentioned in the decree and the sale certificate which were the basis of their title. As the specific lands with respect to which the respondents claimed a declaration in this suit were not mentioned in the sale certificate, they were not entitled to any share in them. A large number of issues were framed by the trial court, which decreed a part of the claim put forward by the respondents but dismissed the rest. Consequently, the respondents went up in appeal to the High Court. The appeal was allowed so far as the respondents claim to one-half share in the sir plots held by Ramchandar was concerned. Further, they were allowed one-third share in the lands held by the mother of Ramchandar and also in certain other lands which came into the possession of the appellant as lambardar subject to payment of certain amounts. This was followed by an application by the appellant for leave to appeal to this Court and a certificate was granted by the High Court. That is how the matter has come up before us.5. The main contention of the appellant before us is that the mortgage deed of 1920 -which is the basis of the title of the respondents did not include the sir plots in the possession of, Ramchandar nor the plots of Ramchandars mother. Nor were these plots included in the suit which was brought by the respondents on the basis of the mortgage- deed. Further, the sale certificate also did not include these plots, though some other plots were mentioned therein. Therefore, the respondents were not entitled to these plots as accession to the mortgage.6. This brings us to a consideration of the mortgage in favour of the respondents. The mortgage was without possession and the property mortgaged was mentioned in these terms:" I do hereby mortgage without possession half share -/5/4, five annas and four pies, area 678.31 acres, jama-sarkar Rs. 326/10/8 together with khudkashat, chhotaghas, big shrubs, abadi, gair abadi, cultivated and that lying vacant, and the rights and privileges appertaining to water, forests, chahat, gardens, and right of cultivation, malguzari and trees of every kind whether giving fruits or no fruits and prohibited and unprohibited wood with entire rights and prvileges appertaining to the village."7. It will be seen that what was mortgaged was the entire half share of Ramchandar in -/10/8 share which he owned in the village. It is true that the mortgage goes on to describe certain other things but that in our opinion is merely by way of precaution, for even if the part underlined* was not there in the mortgage, the respondents being the mortgagees of -/5/4 share would be entitled to everything contained in that share. The underlined* part of the mortgage therefore does not cut down the amplitude of the mortgage with respect to the entire -/5/4 share out of -/10/8 share of Ramchandar. It is true that sir is not specifically mentioned in the mortgage but as the mortgage was of the entire -/5/4 share out of -/10/8 share it will include (unless there is a specific exclusion of sir) the area of sir also pertaining to the share mortgaged. In this connection our attention was drawn to as. 68 and 69 of the Central Provinces Land Revenue Act, No. 11 of 1917, which was in force at the relevant time. Section 68 deals with sir land and s. 69 wit khudkashat. Sir is defined in s. 2 (17) and khudkashat is defined in s. 2 (5) as " that part of the home-farm of a mahal which is cultivated by the -proprietor as such and which is not sir land. " Thus though sir land may be a part of the home-farm it is a different entity Here printed in italics. from khudkashat land. Reference was also made to ss. 49 and 50 of the Central Provinces Tenancy Act, No. 1 of 1920 (hereinafter called the Tenancy Act) which deal with transfer of sir land. Under s. 49 (1) a proprietor who temporarily or permanently loses whether under a decree or order of a civil court or by transfer or otherwise his right to occupy any portion of his sir land as a proprietor shall at the date of such loss, become an occupancy. tenant except where he has obtained a sanction under s. 50 of the Tenancy Act. Further under s. 49 (2) there is a prohibition on the registration of documents which purport to transfer all the rights of a proprietor in big sir land without reservation of the right of tenancy specified in sub-s. (1). It is urged for the appellant that the reason why sir land was not mentioned in the mortgage deed of 1920 was that otherwise sanction of the Revenue Officer would have been required under s. 50 of the Tenancy Act. Now s. 50 provides that if a proprietor desires to transfer the proprietary rights in any part of his sir without reservation of a right of occupancy specified in s. 49(1) he may apply to the Revenue Officer and if such Revenue Officer is satisfied that the transferor is not wholly or mainly an agriculturist or that the property is self-acquired or has been -acquired within the twenty years last preceding, he shall sanction the transfer. Sections 49 and 50 in our opinion only come into play when the proprietor making a transfer loses his right to occupy any portion of his sir land temporarily or permanently and sanction has to be obtained under s. 50 only where the transfer is to be made without reservation of the right of occupancy. But the mortgage in this case is a simple mortgage and there was no transfer of possession under it. Therefore the proprietor Ramchandar never lost his right to occupy his sir land by this mortgage and there was therefore no necessity for him to make any reservation in that respect or to apply for sanction under s. 50, for he was not losing the right to occupy his sir at all. But that does not mean that when he mortgaged his entire share of -/5/4 out of -/10/8 share, , he was excluding from the mortgage the area of sir corresponding to the share mortgaged. As the mortgage deed of 1920 stands, it is a mortgage of all the proprietary rights in -/5/4 share including the proprietary right in the sir pertaining to that share ; but as the proprietor was not losing his right to occupy the sir land, the mortgage being without possession, it was not necessary for him to make any application under s. 50 of the Tenancy Act. We are therefore of opinion that the appellant cannot take advantage in the circumstances of the fact that no application was made under s. 50 of the Tenancy Act and therefore there was no effect of this mortgage on the sir rights. As we read the mortagage it clearly affected the sir Tight also pertaining to -/5/4 share and it was not necessary to make an application under s. 50 of the Tenancy Act, for the mortgagor was not losing possession of his sir and there would be no question of any ex-proprietary tenancy arising in his favour, to relinquish which he would have to apply under s. 50.8. Turning now to the plaint in the mortgage suit we find that the property subject to the mortgage is mentioned in para. 2 thereof inexactly the same terms as in the mortgage deed. In para. 13 it is again recited that the mortgagor mortgaged -/5/4 share out of his -/10/8 share. Paragraph 13 then goes on to say that on the date of the mortgage, the mortgagor had certain khudkashat and chhotaghas lands and both cultivating and proprietary rights in them pertaining to half share only were liable to be sold. No mention was made of sir in this paragraph. But that in our opinion was not necessary, for the mortgage included the mortgage of sir land also pertaining to -/5/4 share though without possession. The prayer in the suit was for sale of the mortgaged property together with khudkashat, etc.; but this again was a mere matter of precaution, for in any case the entire proprietary right in sir, khudkashat, etc., relating to -/5/4 share would be sold on a decree following on the mortgage.9. Then coming to the sale certificate we find that it certifies that the respondents had purchased -/5/4 share in the village with abadi, khudkashat, chhotaghas and all rights pertaining to the share. It is true that khudkashat and chhotaghas are specifically mentioned in the sale certificate but the words " all rights pertaining to the share " appearing in the sale certificate would include such proprietary rights in the sir land as belonged to the share mentioned in the sale certificate. We are, therefore, of opinion. that so far as sir land is concerned, the proprietary right in it pertaining to -/5/4 share was mortgaged and the respondents by their sale certificate got a right in the sir land also.10. Now what happened after the mortgage deed in favour of the respondents was that the appellant purchased the entire -/10/8 share of Ramchandar subject to the mortgage of the respondents in 1932. At that time Ramchandar became an ex- proprietary tenant of his entire sir relating to this share under s. 49 of the Tenancy Act. In 1936 Ramchandar was ejected from the ex-proprietary tenancy which came in the possession of the appellant as lambardar and has apparently since then remained in his possession. The case of the respondents is that in 1936 their mortgage was subsisting and the sir land which thus came into the possession of the appellant on the extinction of the ex-proprietary tenancy became an accession to the mortgage and, therefore, they as mortgagees were entitled to half share in the lands which thus came into the possession of the appellant. We have already pointed out that the mortgage covered the sir plots also so for as the proprietary rights in them were concerned. Therefore, when Ramchandars ex-proprietary rights came to an end and the land came into the possession of the appellant and became khudkashat, the mortgage would cover this khudkashat land to the extent of the mortgagees share therein. It is, true that if Ramchandars ex- proprietary tenancy had continued, the mortgagee would have no right to ask for half share in it; but when the ex- proprietary tenancy was extinguished and this land came in the possession of the lambardar mortgagor it, was an accession to the mortgage under s. 70 of the Transfer, of Property Act and the mortgagees could claim a share in it., It was however urged that accession to be available to the mortgage must be a legal accession. We however see no illegality in the accession which took place. There is also no doubt that the accession took place when the mortgage was still subsisting. Therefore, we agree with the High Court that on the ex-proprietary tenancy being extinguished, the sir land which Would otherwise-have remained in the exclusive possession of Ramchandar as an ex-proprietary tenant became an accession to the mortgaged property and the respondents would be entitled to half of it on their purchasing the /5/4 share in execution of the decree on the mortgage. The fact that the rent of an ex-proprietary tenant is due to the person whose ex-proprietary tenant he becomes by virtue of the sale or mortgage with possession would make no difference after ex-proprietary tenancy is extinguished, for on such extinction the land would go to the entire proprietary body and would thus in this case be an accession to the mortgage to the extent of the share mortgaged.11. This brings us to the lands in the name of Ramchandars mother. It appears that these lands came into the possession of Ramchandar after the mortgage but before the institution of the mortgage suit. They were nominally recorded in the name of his mother and in 1932 after his entire share was purchased by the appellant lie was recorded as an occupancy tenant of these lands. Later the appellant came into possession of them apparently as a lambardar. It is not clear when and how the appellant got possession of them. There can be no doubt however that his possession was for the entire body of proprietors and the respondents would be entitled to a share in them. But it was urged that the claim of the respondents to these lands was barred by 0. 11, r. 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure, because they were not specified in the plaint based on the mortgage deed of 1920. Reliance in this connection is placed on Hazarilal v. Hazarimal (A. I. R. 1923 Nag. 130) and Seth Manakchand v. Chaube Manoharlal (A.I.R. 1944 P.C 46, ). These cases in our opinion do not apply, because they are cases of foreclosure while in the present case the respondents suit was for sale of the share mortgaged with them. Further in the plaint, when specifying the khudkashat plots it wag made clear that they were khudkashat on the date of the mortgage; the respondents thus did not specify the khudkashat plots on the date of the plaint. Though they had specified some plots in the plaint which were mentioned in the sale certificate also, the suit "-as for the sale of the entire /5/4 share and that would include khudkashat lands pertaining to the share existing at the time when the suit was filed. It is not necessary in a suit for sale to specify the lands in the possession of the mortgagor specifically and they would pass on sale along with the share sold. The claim, therefore, would not be barred under 0. 11, r. 2, on the ground that these plots entered in the name of the mother of Ramchandar were not specifically mentioned in the plaint.12. This leaves certain lands which came into the possession of the appellant as a lambardar in the ordinary course of management. The respondents would clearly be entitled to a share in these lands also on payment of proportionate expenses incurred by the appellant in the course of suits in which he came into possession. This is what the High Court has ordered and we see no reason to disagree with that view.13.

Decision reasoning: 0[ds]Sections 49 and 50 in our opinion only come into play when the proprietor making a transfer loses his right to occupy any portion of his sir land temporarily or permanently and sanction has to be obtained under s. 50 only where the transfer is to be made without reservation of the right of occupancy. But the mortgage in this case is a simple mortgage and there was no transfer of possession under it. Therefore the proprietor Ramchandar never lost his right to occupy his sir land by this mortgage and there was therefore no necessity for him to make any reservation in that respect or to apply for sanction under s. 50, for he was not losing the right to occupy his sir at all. But that does not mean that when he mortgaged his entire share of -/5/4 out of -/10/8 share, , he was excluding from the mortgage the area of sir corresponding to the share mortgaged. As the mortgage deed of 1920 stands, it is a mortgage of all the proprietary rights in -/5/4 share including the proprietary right in the sir pertaining to that share ; but as the proprietor was not losing his right to occupy the sir land, the mortgage being without possession, it was not necessary for him to make any application under s. 50 of the Tenancy Act. We are therefore of opinion that the appellant cannot take advantage in the circumstances of the fact that no application was made under s. 50 of the Tenancy Act and therefore there was no effect of this mortgage on the sir rights. As we read the mortagage it clearly affected the sir Tight also pertaining to -/5/4 share and it was not necessary to make an application under s. 50 of the Tenancy Act, for the mortgagor was not losing possession of his sir and there would be no question of any ex-proprietary tenancy arising in his favour, to relinquish which he would have to apply under s.now to the plaint in the mortgage suit we find that the property subject to the mortgage is mentioned in para. 2 thereof inexactly the same terms as in the mortgage deed. In para. 13 it is again recited that the mortgagor mortgaged -/5/4 share out of his -/10/8 share. Paragraph 13 then goes on to say that on the date of the mortgage, the mortgagor had certain khudkashat and chhotaghas lands and both cultivating and proprietary rights in them pertaining to half share only were liable to be sold. No mention was made of sir in this paragraph. But that in our opinion was not necessary, for the mortgage included the mortgage of sir land also pertaining to -/5/4 share though without possession. The prayer in the suit was for sale of the mortgaged property together with khudkashat, etc.; but this again was a mere matter of precaution, for in any case the entire proprietary right in sir, khudkashat, etc., relating to -/5/4 share would be sold on a decree following on thecoming to the sale certificate we find that it certifies that the respondents had purchased -/5/4 share in the village with abadi, khudkashat, chhotaghas and all rights pertaining to the share. It is true that khudkashat and chhotaghas are specifically mentioned in the sale certificate but the words " all rights pertaining to the share " appearing in the sale certificate would include such proprietary rights in the sir land as belonged to the share mentioned in the sale certificate. We are, therefore, of opinion. that so far as sir land is concerned, the proprietary right in it pertaining to -/5/4 share was mortgaged and the respondents by their sale certificate got a right in the sir landwhat happened after the mortgage deed in favour of the respondents was that the appellant purchased the entire -/10/8 share of Ramchandar subject to the mortgage of the respondents in 1932. At that time Ramchandar became an ex- proprietary tenant of his entire sir relating to this share under s. 49 of the Tenancy Act. In 1936 Ramchandar was ejected from the ex-proprietary tenancy which came in the possession of the appellant as lambardar and has apparently since then remained in his possession. The case of the respondents is that in 1936 their mortgage was subsisting and the sir land which thus came into the possession of the appellant on the extinction of the ex-proprietary tenancy became an accession to the mortgage and, therefore, they as mortgagees were entitled to half share in the lands which thus came into the possession of the appellant. We have already pointed out that the mortgage covered the sir plots also so for as the proprietary rights in them were concerned. Therefore, when Ramchandars ex-proprietary rights came to an end and the land came into the possession of the appellant and became khudkashat, the mortgage would cover this khudkashat land to the extent of the mortgagees share therein. It is, true that if Ramchandars ex- proprietary tenancy had continued, the mortgagee would have no right to ask for half share in it; but when the ex- proprietary tenancy was extinguished and this land came in the possession of the lambardar mortgagor it, was an accession to the mortgage under s. 70 of the Transfer, of Property Act and the mortgagees could claim a share in it., It was however urged that accession to be available to the mortgage must be a legal accession. We however see no illegality in the accession which took place. There is also no doubt that the accession took place when the mortgage was still subsisting. Therefore, we agree with the High Court that on the ex-proprietary tenancy being extinguished, the sir land which Would otherwise-have remained in the exclusive possession of Ramchandar as an ex-proprietary tenant became an accession to the mortgaged property and the respondents would be entitled to half of it on their purchasing the /5/4 share in execution of the decree on the mortgage. The fact that the rent of an ex-proprietary tenant is due to the person whose ex-proprietary tenant he becomes by virtue of the sale or mortgage with possession would make no difference after ex-proprietary tenancy is extinguished, for on such extinction the land would go to the entire proprietary body and would thus in this case be an accession to the mortgage to the extent of the sharebrings us to the lands in the name of Ramchandars mother. It appears that these lands came into the possession of Ramchandar after the mortgage but before the institution of the mortgage suit. They were nominally recorded in the name of his mother and in 1932 after his entire share was purchased by the appellant lie was recorded as an occupancy tenant of these lands. Later the appellant came into possession of them apparently as a lambardar. It is not clear when and how the appellant got possession of them. There can be no doubt however that his possession was for the entire body of proprietors and the respondents would be entitled to a share incases in our opinion do not apply, because they are cases of foreclosure while in the present case the respondents suit was for sale of the share mortgaged with them. Further in the plaint, when specifying the khudkashat plots it wag made clear that they were khudkashat on the date of the mortgage; the respondents thus did not specify the khudkashat plots on the date of the plaint. Though they had specified some plots in the plaint which were mentioned in the sale certificate also, the suit "-as for the sale of the entire /5/4 share and that would include khudkashat lands pertaining to the share existing at the time when the suit was filed. It is not necessary in a suit for sale to specify the lands in the possession of the mortgagor specifically and they would pass on sale along with the share sold. The claim, therefore, would not be barred under 0. 11, r. 2, on the ground that these plots entered in the name of the mother of Ramchandar were not specifically mentioned in theleaves certain lands which came into the possession of the appellant as a lambardar in the ordinary course of management. The respondents would clearly be entitled to a share in these lands also on payment of proportionate expenses incurred by the appellant in the course of suits in which he came into possession. This is what the High Court has ordered and we see no reason to disagree with that view.