Case: State Of Assam & Anr Vs. D.C. Choudhuri & Ors

Grover, J.1. These are nine connected appeals by certificate from a judgment of the High Court of Assam and Nagaland whereby nine petitions filed by the respondents under Art. 226 of the Constitution were allowed and the assessment orders made under the provisions of the Assam Agricultural Income-tax Act, 1939, hereinafter called Act, were quashed.2. The facts may be first stated. D. C. Choudhuri and S. C. Dutt petitioners in four of the writ petitions owned the Martycherra Tea Estate in the district of Cachar which they had purchased on January 1, 1948. They sold this Estate on July 9, 1953. From January 1, 1948 to July 9, 1953 they carried on the business of cultivation, manufacture and sale of black tea at the said Estate under a partnership of which they were the sole partners. The partnership firm was served with a notice under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 hereinafter called the Income-tax Act and was assessed to income-tax for the assessment year 1951-52. Appeals were filed against the assessment order before the Appellate Assistant Commissioner of Income-tax and the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal in which substantial reliefs were given to the assessee. After the sale of the Tea Estate these assessees ceased to have any agricultural income. The case of the assessees as laid in the writ petition was that on January 25, 1961 a letter was received by one of them from the Agricultural Income-tax Officer directing both the assessees to furnish returns of their agricultural income for the assessment years 1949-50 to 1953-54. Thereafter they received a notice of demand under Sec. 23 of the Act for payment of a certain amount as agricultural income-tax for the assessment year 1950-51. The assessment order was stated to have been made under Sec. 20 (4) of the Act. Similar orders were made and demands created with regard to the subsequent years, namely, 1951-52, 1952-53 and 1953-54. All these assessment orders were challenged by means of four petitions under Art. 226 of the Constitution. Apart from other points which were raised the main objection taken was that no notice under Sec. 30 of the Act had been served at any time in respect of the assessment covered by the impugned orders. Such a notice could be served only within three years of the end of the financial year. In the absence of service of the aforesaid notice within the prescribed period the Income-tax Officer had no jurisdiction to make any assessment nor could such as assessment be made after the expiry of a period of three years from the end of each financial year.3. The other set of petitions under Art. 226 of the Constitution was filed by the company - The Eastern Tea Estate Private Ltd. This company owned two tea estates, the Chandana Tea Estate and the Martycherra Tea Estate. The Chandana Tea Estate was purchased from the Indian Tea and Mill Industries Limited in 1950 and the Martycherra Tea Estate was purchased from M/s. D. C. Choudhuri and S. C. Dutt on July 9, 1953. The case of the company was that no notice had been received under Section 19 (2) of the Act for the assessment years 1951-52 to 1955-56 and therefore no returns were filed. On October 9, 1959 the company received a letter from the Agricultural Income-tax Officer, Shillong asking it to submit returns in respect of Martycherra Tea Estate for the assessment year 1950-51 onwards. The company addressed a communication to the Agricultural Income-tax Officer on November 18, 1959 saying, inter alia, that no notice had been served on it under the Act previously and as it also owned the Chandana Tea Estate it proposed to submit returns for the years in respect of which it was liable under the Act. On October 19, 1959, the company received a notice under Sec. 19 (2) of the Act directing it to submit the return in respect of the previous year for Martycherra Tea Estate. In response to the notice the company submitted the return for the year ending December 31, 1958 showing the agricultural income from tea estates. A number of notices were served subsequently and there was further exchange of correspondence. It was alleged in the petitions filed by the company that a letter was received dated January 23, 1960 from the Agricultural Income-tax Officer in which it was stated that the company had failed to submit the returns for the years 1950-51 to 1958-59 and it was asked to show cause why the assessments for these years should not be completed summarily. After further exchange of correspondence the company received an assessment order dated June 19, 1961 in respect of the assessment year 1951-52 which was made under S. 20 (4) of the Act together with a notice of demand for payment of a certain amount of agricultural income-tax. Similar assessment orders were passed under Sec. 20 (4) and demands created in respect of the assessment years 1952-53, 1953-54, 1954-55 and 1955-56. All these assessments were challenged by means of five petitions under Art. 226 of the Constitution. The main point raised in all these petitions was that unless individual notices under Sec. 19 (2) of the Act had been served no assessment could be made under Section 20 (4) except by way of proceedings under Sec. 30 of the Act.4. In the returns which were filed by the Agricultural Income-tax Officer to all the petitions filed in the High Court it was maintained that the assessees had refused to accept the service of the notices under Ss. 19 (2) and 30 of the Act. The notice under Sec. 19 (1) had been published in the Assam Gazette and the assessees were bound to make a return pursuant to that notice. It was denied that there was any necessity of serving notices under Section 19 (2) or 30 of the Act and that the assessments which had been made were barred by limitation.5. A Division Bench of the Assam and Nagaland High Court consisting of Mehrotra C. J. and S. K. Dutta J. allowed all the petitions but delivered separate judgments. The learned Chief Justice held that where no return had been filed pursuant to a general notice under Sec. 19 (1), the Agricultural Income-tax Officer was bound to proceed under Sec. 30 and issue a notice under Sec. 19 (2) of the Act within the prescribed period, namely, three years of the end of the financial year. He further held that there was no service of notice on the respondent in respect of the assessment years in question either under Section 19 (2) or Section 30 of the Act. S. K. Dutta, J., came to the same conclusion as the learned Chief Justice but he relied on a judgment of the Calcutta High Court in Commr. of Agricultural Income-tax v. Sultan Ali, (1951) 20 ITR 432 (Cal) in which a dissent had been expressed from the Bombay judgment in Harakchand Makanji and Co. v. Commr. of Income-tax, Bombay City, (1948) 16 ITR 119 = (AIR 1948 Bom 401 ), on the question as to when proceedings relating to assessment could be regarded as having commenced. According to the learned Judge if no return is made in response to a public notice under Section 19 (1) of the Act and no individual notice is served under Section 19 (2) there would be no pending proceedings and it would be a case of escaped assessment. But this would be so only after the expiry of the financial year. In other words after the publication of the notice under Section 19 (1) there would be no escapement of income till the end of the financial year. Once the financial year is over and no return has been made in response to a notice under Section 19 (1) and no individual notice has been served under S. 19 (2) a case would arise of "escaped assessment for the financial year".6. The relevant provisions in Chapter IV of the Act may now be noticed. Sections 19 and 20 contain provisions similar to Sections 22 and 23 of the Income-tax Act, 1922. Under S. 19 (1) of the Act the Agricultural Income-tax Officer before the specified date shall give notice by publication in the press, or otherwise, requiring every person whose agricultural income exceeds the limits of taxable income prescribed in Section 6 to furnish within such period not being less than 30 days as may be specified a return in the prescribed form setting forth his agricultural income during the previous year. Sub-section (2) provides that in the case of any person whose total agricultural income is, in the opinion of the Agricultural Income-tax Officer, of such amount as to render such person liable to payment of agricultural income-tax for any financial year, he may serve in that financial year a notice requiring him to furnish within the prescribed period a return. Sub-s. (3) enables a person who has not furnished a return within the time allowed by or under sub-s. (1) or sub-s. (2) to furnish a return or a revised return at any time before the assessment is made. Thus sub-sections (1), (2) and (3) of S. 19 of the Act are identical with and correspond to sub-sections (1), (2) and (3) of Section 22 of the Income-tax Act.7. Under Section 20 of the Act if the Agricultural Income-tax Officer is satisfied that a return made under Section 19 is correct and complete he has to assess total agricultural income of the assessee according to it. If he has reason to believe that such a return is incorrect or incomplete he has to serve a notice requiring the person who has made the return to produce any evidence on which he may rely in support of the return. After hearing such evidence as the person making the return may produce and such other evidence as the officer may require on specified points the assessment order is to be made. These are the provisions of sub-sections (1), (2) and (3). Sub-section (4) is in the following terms :"If the principal officer of any company or other person fails to make a return under sub-section (1) or, sub-section (2) of Section 19, as the case may be or having made the return, fails to comply with all the terms of the notice issued under sub-section (2) of this section, or to produce any evidence required under sub-section (3) of this section, the Agricultural Income tax Officer shall make the assessment to the best of his judgment, and determine the sum payable by the assessee on the basis of such assessment :Provided..........."Turning to Section 23 of the Income-tax Act, sub-sections (1), (2) and (3) thereof correspond to sub-sections (1), (2) and (3) of Section 20 of the Act. Sub-section (4) of Section 23 reads :"If any person fails to make the return required by any notice given under sub-section (2) of Section 22 and has not made a return or a revised return under sub-section (3) of the same section or fails to comply with all the terms of a notice issued under sub-section (4) of the same section or, having made a return, fails to comply with all the terms of a notice issued under sub-section (2) of this section, the Income-tax Officer shall make the assessment to the best of his judgment and determine the sum payable by the assessee on the basis of such assessment and in the case of a firm may refuse to register it or may cancel its registration if it is already registered :Provided .............."Section 30 of the Act which corresponds to Section 34 of the Income-tax Act which deals with income escaping assessment may now be reproduced :"If for any reason any agricultural income chargeable to agricultural income-tax has escaped assessment for any financial year, or has been assessed at too low a rate or has been the subject of undue relief under this Act, the Agricultural Income-tax Officer may, at any time within three years of the end of that financial year serve on the person liable to pay agricultural income-tax on such agricultural income or, in the case of a company on the principal officer thereof, a notice containing all or any of the requirements which may be included in a notice under sub-section (2) of Section 19, and may proceed to assess or reassess such income, and the provisions of this Act shall, so far as may be, apply accordingly as if the notice were a notice issued under that sub-section :Provided............"The principal contention raised on behalf of the appellant is that for an assessment to be made under S. 20 (4) of the Act it is not necessary that any proceedings should have been taken under Section 30. The argument is that assessment proceedings commence with the publication of a general notice under Section 19 (1) and it is open to the Agricultural Income-tax Officer to make the best judgment assessment under Section 20 (4) without any limitation as to time. It is not necessary to issue any individual notice under Section 19 (2) or to initiate proceedings under Section 30 in such a situation. Reliance has been placed on the observations in (1948) 16 ITR 119 = (AIR 1948 Bom 401 ) that once a public notice is given under sub-section (1) of Section 22 of the Income-tax Act, 1922, which is similar in terms to Section 19 (1) of the Act, the assessment proceedings should be deemed to have commenced and there is no obligation on the Income-tax Officer to serve an assessee individually as well. But in the same case it was said that"a notice under S. 34 is only necessary if at the end of the assessment year no return has been made by the assessee and the Income-tax authorities wish to proceed under Section 22 (2) by serving a notice individually. It may then be said that as the assessment year had come to an end and as no return had been furnished and as the authorities wished to proceed under Section 22 (2) they should not do so without a notice under Section 34".8. The above view was approved by this Court in Commr. of Income-tax, Bombay v. Ranchhoddas Karsondas, Bombay, (1960) 1 SCR 114 = (AIR 1959 SC 1154 ), but the portion which has been extracted does not support the contention which has been pressed on behalf of the appellant. Indeed it has been relied upon more firmly by the counsel for the respondents. If this view is accepted to be correct it follows that a notice under Section 30 of the Act, in the present case, would be necessary if at the end of the assessment year no return has been made by the assessee and the authorities wish to proceed under Section 19 (2). The case would be entirely different where he himself chooses voluntarily to make a return. This he can do after the publication of a general notice under Section 19 (1) of the Act. If the return is filed no question arises of any income having escaped assessment. The return under the provisions of Section 19 (3) of the Act can be furnished at any time before the assessment is made. This is what this Court held in State of Assam v.Deva Prasad Barua, Civil Appeals Nos. 808 and 809 of 1967, D/- 14-8-1968 = (reported in AIR 1969 SC 831 ).9. The position is altogether different if no return has been made by the assessee and where income has not been assessed at all because for one reason or the other no assessment proceedings were initiated. That would be a case of "escaped assessment" within Section 30 of the Act. The matter was examined at length by this Court in Ghanshyam Das v. Regional Asst. Commr. of Sales Tax, Nagpur, (1964) 4 SCR 436 = (AIR 1964 SC 766 ) with reference to the provisions of the Central Provinces and Berar Sales Tax Act, 1947. The following principles were laid down in that case which are noteworthy :(1) In the case of a registered dealer the proceedings before the Commissioner started factually when a return was made or when a notice was issued to him either under Section 10 (3) (under which the Commissioner has to issue a notice if no return is submitted) or under Section 11 (4) (which provides for the best judgment assessment) of the Sales Tax Act. The statutory obligation to file a return did not initiate the proceedings.(2) Once a statutory return was filed pursuant to a notice under S. 10 (3) or Section 11 of the Sales Tax Act the proceedings did not come to an end until the final assessment was made.(3) The expression "escaped assessment" in Section 11-A of the Sales Tax Act included that of a turnover which had not been assessed at all because for one reason or the other no assessment proceedings were initiated and no assessment was made in respect thereof.10.Keeping in view the above principles it must be held that in the absence of a return having been filed by the assessees in the present case pursuant to a general notice under Section 19 (1) of the Act assessment could be made only after due notice under Section 19 (2) or by initiating proceedings under Section 30 of the Act. Section 19 (2) requires that an individual notice is to be served in the financial year. If no notice is served under that section proceedings under Section 30 can be initiated by a notice in accordance with that section within three years of the end of that financial year.In this connection it may also be remembered that Section 43 (2) (a) of the Act confers a valuable right on the assessee in the matter of choosing the forum for the assessment. According to that provision an assessee may on receipt of the first notice served on him under Section 19 (2) apply to the Agricultural Income-tax Officer by whom such notice is served, to be assessed at the usual place of residence or at the place where the accounts relating to his agricultural income are kept. The Agricultural Income-tax Officer can then make an order that the assessee shall be assessed at the place specified in the application or he has to refer the matter to the Assistant Commissioner of Agricultural Income-tax whose decision shall be final. No such right is conferred on the assessee with reference to publication of a general notice under Section 19 (1). It shows, therefore, that the proceedings for assessment under the Act can be initiated only by service of a notice under Section 19 (2) or by having resort to the provisions of Section 30 of the Act.11. Counsel for the appellant has sought to make a distinction between the decision given under the provisions of the Income-tax Act by pointing out that under Section 20 (4) of the Act best judgment assessment can be made on the failure to make a return under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) of Section 19 whereas under S. 23 (4) of the Income-tax Act such an assessment can be made only where any person fails to make the return required by any notice given under sub-section (2) of Section 22 which is equivalent to Section 19 (2) of the Act. This distinction is hardly material when the principles which have been laid down by this Court are kept in view. In support of his contention counsel for the appellant has also called attention to a decision of the Privy Council in Gokuldas Ratanji Mandavia v. Commr. of Income-tax, (1960) 38 ITR 224 (PC) in which the provisions of the East African Income Tax (Management) Act, 1952, came up for consideration. Those provisions are altogether different and the decision rested on the wording of S. 71 of that enactment. It cannot, therefore, be of any assistance in the present case.

Decision reasoning: 0[ds]Thus sub-sections (1), (2) and (3) of S. 19 of the Act are identical with and correspond to sub-sections (1), (2) and (3) of Section 22 of the Income-tax Act.7. Under Section 20 of the Act if the Agricultural Income-tax Officer is satisfied that a return made under Section 19 is correct and complete he has to assess total agricultural income of the assessee according to it. If he has reason to believe that such a return is incorrect or incomplete he has to serve a notice requiring the person who has made the return to produce any evidence on which he may rely in support of the return. After hearing such evidence as the person making the return may produce and such other evidence as the officer may require on specified points the assessment order is to be made.The position is altogether different if no return has been made by the assessee and where income has not been assessed at all because for one reason or the other no assessment proceedings were initiated. That would be a case of "escaped assessment" within Section 30 of the Act. The matter was examined at length by this Court in Ghanshyam Das v. Regional Asst. Commr. of Sales Tax, Nagpur, (1964) 4 SCR 436   = (AIR 1964 SC 766  ) with reference to the provisions of the Central Provinces and Berar Sales Tax Act, 1947. The following principles were laid down in that case which are noteworthyIn the case of a registered dealer the proceedings before the Commissioner started factually when a return was made or when a notice was issued to him either under Section 10 (3) (under which the Commissioner has to issue a notice if no return is submitted) or under Section 11 (4) (which provides for the best judgment assessment) of the Sales Tax Act. The statutory obligation to file a return did not initiate the proceedings.(2) Once a statutory return was filed pursuant to a notice under S. 10 (3) or Section 11 of the Sales Tax Act the proceedings did not come to an end until the final assessment was made.(3) The expression "escaped assessment" in Section 11-A of the Sales Tax Act included that of a turnover which had not been assessed at all because for one reason or the other no assessment proceedings were initiated and no assessment was made in respectin view the above principles it must be held that in the absence of a return having been filed by the assessees in the present case pursuant to a general notice under Section 19 (1) of the Act assessment could be made only after due notice under Section 19 (2) or by initiating proceedings under Section 30 of the Act. Section 19 (2) requires that an individual notice is to be served in the financial year. If no notice is served under that section proceedings under Section 30 can be initiated by a notice in accordance with that section within three years of the end of that financial year.In this connection it may also be remembered that Section 43 (2) (a) of the Act confers a valuable right on the assessee in the matter of choosing the forum for the assessment. According to that provision an assessee may on receipt of the first notice served on him under Section 19 (2) apply to the Agricultural Income-tax Officer by whom such notice is served, to be assessed at the usual place of residence or at the place where the accounts relating to his agricultural income are kept. The Agricultural Income-tax Officer can then make an order that the assessee shall be assessed at the place specified in the application or he has to refer the matter to the Assistant Commissioner of Agricultural Income-tax whose decision shall be final. No such right is conferred on the assessee with reference to publication of a general notice under Section 19 (1). It shows, therefore, that the proceedings for assessment under the Act can be initiated only by service of a notice under Sectiondistinction is hardly material when the principles which have been laid down by this Court are kept in view. In support of his contention counsel for the appellant has also called attention to a decision of the Privy Council in Gokuldas Ratanji Mandavia v. Commr. of Income-tax, (1960) 38 ITR 224 (PC) in which the provisions of the East African Income Tax (Management) Act, 1952, came up for consideration. Those provisions are altogether different and the decision rested on the wording of S. 71 of that enactment. It cannot, therefore, be of any assistance in the present case.