Case: Paresh Chandra Chatterjee Vs. State of Assam & Another

Subba Rao, J.1. The petitioner owns a tea estate called the Urrunabund Tea Estate in village Udarbund in the District of Cachar in the State of Assam. The extent of the Tea Estate is about 2682 acres. Out of the said area 553.73 acres are under tea cultivation and the rest, according to the petitioner, is utilised for the purpose of tea industry and for purposes connected with the said industry. The respondents do not admit this fact and state in the counter-affidavit that the remaining area is lying fallow and unutilised. On December 4, 1959, the Deputy Commissioner of Cachar at Silchar, respondent No. 2, issued a notification requisitioning all area of183 bighas of land of the said Tea Estate, and by another notification dated December 5, 1959, he requisitioned another extent of 149 bighas 19 cottahs and 11 chattacks of land of the said Tea Estate. The petitioner filed two petitions in this Court under Art. 32 of the Constitution praying for the issue of writs of mandamus directing the respondents to forbear from giving effect to the said orders.2. Learned counsel appearing for the petitioner raised before us two contentions namely, (i) tea industry is a matter for exclusive legislation by the parliament under Entry 52, List I of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution, and, therefore, the Assam Land (Requisition and Acquisition) Act of 1948, (hereinafter called the Act), in so far as it provides for the requisition and acquisition of a tea estate or lands appertaining to it is ultra vires the State Legislature; and (ii) the said Act is also constitutionally void as it offends Art. 31 (2) of the Constitution, inasmuch as it does not either provide for payment of compensation for the property requisitioned or specify the principles on which and the manner in which compensation is to be determined.3. To appreciate the first contention, it is necessary to state some facts. The Land (Requisition and Acquisition) Act. 1948, was passed by the Assam Legislature and it received the assent of the Governor on November 14, 1948. It is a pre-Constitution Act, presumably made under Entry 9, List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Government of India Act, 1935, which related to "compulsory acquisition of land". Entry 34, List I of the Seventh Schedule to the said Act was "development of industries, where development under Federal control is declared by Federal law to be expedient in the public interest.4. It is not stated that there was any Federal law declaring that the development of tea industry was expedient in the public interest. Therefore, at the time when the Act was passed by the Assam Legislature, even on the assumption that the entry relating to development of industries would cover legislation to prevent acquisition and requisition of land forming part of a tea estate, there was no Federal law declaring that development of tea industry was expedient in the public interest, with the result the Act was constitutionally valid at the time it was made. If so, the said law, by reason of Art. 372 of the Constitution, would continue to be in force after the commencement of the constitution until altered, repealed or amended by a competent Legislature or other competent authority. The Tea Act of 1953 was a central Act which received the assent of the President on May 28, 1953. It was passed by the Parliament in exercise of the power to make laws with respect to matters enumerated in Entry 52, List I of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. Entry 52 reads, "industries, the Control of which by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest. Section 2 of the Tea Act in specific terms declares that it was expedient in the public interest that the Union should take under its control the tea industry. The question, therefore, is not whether at the time the Act was passed by the Legislature of the Province it had constitutional competence to make it-there cannot be any doubt about its competence at the time it was passed-but whether by reason of the passing of the Tea Act the Act was either altered, repealed or amended within the meaning of Art. 372 of the Constitution. This leads us to the consideration of the scope of both the Acts.5. First taking the Act, the preamble shows that it was passed to provide for the requisition and speedy acquisition of premises and land for certain purposes. Section 3 confers on the Provincial Government a power to requisition any land for the purpose of maintaining supplies and services essential to the life of the community or for providing proper facilities for accommodation, transport, communication, irrigation or drainage. Section .4 enables the Government to acquire the land so requisitioned. Section 6 provides for the release of the land from requisition. Sections 7 and 8 prescribe, the mode of awarding compensation for requisition or acquisition of land; as the case may be. The Act in essence provides only for requisition or acquisition of lands in public interest. It has nothing to do with tea industry, and as for that matter any industry.6. The Tea Act was enacted for a different purpose altogether. The long title given in the Act shows that it was enacted "to provide for the control by the Union of the tea industry, including the control, in pursuance of the International Agreement now in force, of the cultivation of tea in and of the export of tea from, India and for that purpose to establish a Tea Board and levy a customs duty on tea exported from India." Chapter II provides for the establishment an constitution of the Tea Board and S. 10 therein describes its duties and functions; its functions are mainly intended to promote the development of the tea industry, to regulate the production and extent of cultivation of tea, to improve its quality and to regulate the internal and external trade in tea. Chapter III prescribes the method of control over the extension of tea cultivation and Ch. IV, the control over the export of tea and tea seeds Chapter V deals with finance, accounts and audit, chapter VI regulates the power of the Central Government to control price and distribution of tea or tea waste. Chapter VII provides for miscellaneous matters such as licensing of brokers, tea manufacturers, etc., power of inspection and penalties for the commission of certain offences created by the Act.It is, therefore, manifest that the Tea Act is mainly concerned with the development of the tea industry, and it has nothing to do with the requisition or acquisition of lands, though the said lands may form part of a tea estate or used for purposes incidental to the tea industry. Indeed, S. 15(1)(b) of the Tea Act provides for the contingency of a part of a land on which tea is planted being compulsorily acquired under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (Act I of 1894) or by any other law for the time being in force and no longer carries tea. In such an event the said section authorizes the owner of the tea estate in which such land is situated to apply to the Board for permission to plant tea on land not planted with tea. The Tea Act, therefore, not only does not expressly prohibit the acquisition of any land, but also in express terms provides for the replacement, of the area acquired by other land for the purpose of tea plantation. Though the Tea Act does not in term visualize the contingency of requisition as distinguished from acquisition, we cannot come to a different conclusion in respect of it, for the word "acquisition" must have been used in a comprehensive sense so as to include requisition also. That apart, the provisions of the Act do not expressly or by necessary implication prohibit requisition of a land used directly or incidentally for the purpose of plantation of tea. The rules made under the Act only provide for the control of tea industry and they have no bearing on the question of requisition or acquisition of land. A comparative study of both the Acts makes it clear that the two Acts deal with different matters and were passed for different purposes. The Tea Act in no sense of the term can be described as one altering, repealing or amending the Act passed by the Assam Legislature. This contention is, therefore, rejected.7. There are no merits in the second contention either. Article 31 (2) of the Constitution reads:"No property shall be compulsorily acquired or requisitioned save or a public purpose and save by authority of a law which provides for compensation for the property so acquired or requisitioned and either fixes the amount of the compensation or specifies the principles on which, and the manner in which the compensation is to he determined and given; and no such law shall be called in question in any court on the ground that the compensation provided by that law is not adequate."Under this Article, the law made for acquiring or requisitioning a property is conditioned by two circumstances, namely, (i) the existence of a public purpose, and (ii) the payment of compensation. If the law provides for compensation and either fixes the amount of compensation or specifies the principles on which, and the manner in which, the compensation is to be determined, the adequacy of the compensation is not justiciable. The question is whether the Act satisfies the said conditions. The relevant provisions of the Act dealing with compensation in the case of requisition of land are as under.Section. 6 (1) Where any land requisitioned under S. 3 is not acquired and is to be released from requisition it will revert to the owner and the Collector will deliver the possession of the land to such owner or interested person who was recognised under S. 7(3).Section 7. (3) Where any land is requisitioned under S. 3, there shall be paid to every person interested such compensation as may be agreed upon in writing between such person and the Collector, in respect of :-(a) the requisition of such land; and(b) any damage done during the period of requisition to such land other than what may have been sustained by natural causes.Section. 8, (1) The Collector shall in every case-.......... ........ ........ ............(b) where there is any disagreement with regard to the compensation payable under sub-sec. (3) of S. 7 between the Collector and the person to whom possession of any land is delivered under S. 6, refer the matter to the decision of the Court.(2) The provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, shall mutatis mutandis apply in respect of any reference made to the Court under sub-sec. (i).These provisions provide for the payment of agreed compensation, and, in the case of disagreement between the Collector and the person to whom possession of any land is delivered under S: 6, for a reference to the Court. In respect of any such reference to the Court, the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, shall mutatis mutandis apply. The argument is that in the matter of requisition, the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, does not prescribe and principles for awarding compensation and therefore, in respect of requisition, either sub-sec. (2) of S. 8 is not applicable or becomes otiose, with the result that the Act does not lay down any principles on which and manner in which the compensation is to be determined. This argument ignores the expression "mutatis mutandis" in sub-s. (2) of S. 8. The said expression means "with due alteration of details". The Land Acquisition Act applies only to acquisition of land as distinguished from requisition of land, Acquisition deprives the owner permanently of his land; and requisition deprives him only of his right to present possession. When the necessity for which the land was requisitioned ceased, it may be made to revert to him. Sub-section (2) of S. 8 of the Act makes the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, with due alterations of details or appropriate changes, apply in respect of any reference made to the Court. Part III of the Land Acquisition Act provides for a reference to the Court and the procedure thereof. With appropriate modifications the provisions of that Chapter apply to a reference in respect of compensation for requisition. Sections 23, 24 and 25 lay down the principles for ascertaining the amount of compensation payable to a person whose land has been acquired. We do not see any difficulty in applying those principles for paying compensation in the matter of requisition of land. While in the case of land acquired, the market value of the land is ascertained, in the case of requisition of land, the compensation to the owner for depriving him of his possession for a stated period will be ascertained. It may be that appropriate changes in the phraseology used in the said provisions may have to be made to apply the principles underlying those provisions. To illustrate: S. 23 of the Land Acquisition Act says :(1) In determining the amount of compensation to be awarded for land acquired under this Act, the Court shall take into consideration-first the market value of the land at the date of the publication of the notification under S. 4, sub-sec. (1);secondly, the damage sustained by the person interested, by reason of the taking of any standing crops or trees which may be on the land at the time of the collectors taking possession thereof;thirdly, the damage if any, sustained by the person interested, at the time of the Collectors taking possession of the land, by reason of severing such land from his other land;fourthly, the damage if any sustained by the person interested, at the time of the Collectors taking possession of the land, by reason of the acquisition injuriously affecting his other property, movable or immovable, in any other manner, or his earnings;fifthly, if, in consequence of the acquisition of the land by the Collector, the person interested is compelled to change his residence or place of business, the reasonable expenses if any incidental to such change andsixthly, the damage if any bona fide resulting from diminution of the profits of the land between the time of the publication of the declaration under S. 6 and the time of the Collectors taking possession of the land2. In addition to the market value of the land as above provided, the Court shall in every case award a sum of fifteen per centum on such market value, in consideration of the compulsory nature of the acquisition. "If instead of the word "acquisition" the word "requisition" is read, and instead of the words "the market value of the land" the words "the market value of the interest in the land" of which the owner has been deprived are read, the two sub-sections of the section can, without any difficulty, be applied to the determination of compensation for requisition of a land. So too, the other sections can be applied. If the argument of learned counsel for the petitioner be accepted, we would be attributing to the Legislature an incongruity namely, that while it provides principles of compensation in the matter of acquisition, it omits to do so in the matter of requisition, though in both the cases a reference to the Court is provided. For the aforesaid reasons, we reject this contention.

Decision reasoning: 0[ds]The Act in essence provides only for requisition or acquisition of lands in public interest. It has nothing to do with tea industry, and as for that matter anyTea Act, therefore, not only does not expressly prohibit the acquisition of any land, but also in express terms provides for the replacement, of the area acquired by other land for the purpose of tea plantation. Though the Tea Act does not in term visualize the contingency of requisition as distinguished from acquisition, we cannot come to a different conclusion in respect of it, for the word "acquisition" must have been used in a comprehensive sense so as to include requisition also. That apart, the provisions of the Act do not expressly or by necessary implication prohibit requisition of a land used directly or incidentally for the purpose of plantation of tea. The rules made under the Act only provide for the control of tea industry and they have no bearing on the question of requisition or acquisition of land. A comparative study of both the Acts makes it clear that the two Acts deal with different matters and were passed for different purposes. The Tea Act in no sense of the term can be described as one altering, repealing or amending the Act passed by the Assam Legislature. This contention is, therefore,instead of the word "acquisition" the word "requisition" is read, and instead of the words "the market value of the land" the words "the market value of the interest in the land" of which the owner has been deprived are read, the two sub-sections of the section can, without any difficulty, be applied to the determination of compensation for requisition of a land. So too, the other sections can be applied. If the argument of learned counsel for the petitioner be accepted, we would be attributing to the Legislature an incongruity namely, that while it provides principles of compensation in the matter of acquisition, it omits to do so in the matter of requisition, though in both the cases a reference to the Court is provided. For the aforesaid reasons, we reject thisargument ignores the expression "mutatis mutandis" in sub-s. (2) of S. 8. The said expression means "with due alteration of details". The Land Acquisition Act applies only to acquisition of land as distinguished from requisition of land, Acquisition deprives the owner permanently of his land; and requisition deprives him only of his right to present possession. When the necessity for which the land was requisitioned ceased, it may be made to revert to him. Sub-section (2) of S. 8 of the Act makes the provisions ofthe Land Acquisition Act, 1894, with due alterations of details or appropriate changes, apply in respect of any reference made to the Court. Part III of the Land Acquisition Act provides for a reference to the Court and the procedure thereof. With appropriate modifications the provisions of that Chapter apply to a reference in respect of compensation for requisition. Sections 23, 24 and 25 lay down the principles for ascertaining the amount of compensation payable to a person whose land has been acquired. We do not see any difficulty in applying those principles for paying compensation in the matter of requisition of land. While in the case of land acquired, the market value of the land is ascertained, in the case of requisition of land, the compensation to the owner for depriving him of his possession for a stated period will be ascertained. It may be that appropriate changes in the phraseology used in the said provisions may have to be made to apply the principles underlying those provisions.