Case: State Of Kerala And Anr Vs. The Gwalior Rayon Silk Manufacturing (Wvg.) Co. Ltd. Etc

Palekar, J. (For himself and on behalf of A. N. Ray, C. J. and Y. V. Chandrachud, J.). 1. All the above cases involve a challenge to The Kerala Private Forests (Vesting and Assignment) Act 26 of 1971 (hereinafter called the Act) on the ground that the Act as a whole was violative of Articles 14, 19 (1) (f) (g) and 31 of the Constitution. 2. The lands involved are private forest lands situated in the former Malabar District which, after the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, stood transferred from the old State of Madras to the new State of Kerala. As a result of the Act referred to above these forest lands vest in the State, allegedly, as a measure of agrarian reform. 3. The Writ Petitions are filed in this court under Article 32 of the Constitution by several owners and/or lessees of large tracts of forest lands. The Civil Appeals are filed by the State of Kerala from the judgment and order of a Full Bench of the Kerala High Court (Reported in AIR 1973 Kerala 36) in petitions filed in that court challenging the Act. The High Court held that the provisions of the Act are not protected by Article 31A of the Constitution and accordingly declared the Act as unconstitutional and void Thus in all the proceedings now before us which were argued together, the question involved is the validity of the Act. That will depend entirely on the question whether the Act is protected by Article 31A (1) of the Constitution. 4. The conclusion of the High Court was expressed in the following words: Having regard to our conclusions that forest lands in the State of Kerala cannot generally be regarded as agricultural lands and, therefore, cannot be the subject of agrarian reform and that the scheme of agrarian reform envisaged by the impugned Act is not real or genuine but only illusory, we are of the opinion that the provisions of the Act are not protected by Article 31A of the Constitution. We therefore declare the Kerala Private Forests (Vesting and Assignment) Act 26 of 1971 unconstitutional and void. It is contended on behalf of the State of Kerala that in order to get the protection of Article 31A (1) (a) of the Constitution the law must fulfil two conditions - (1) that it must relate to an estate as defined in Article 31A (2) (a) and (2) that the law must be one of agrarian reform. What is included in the expression estate is specified in sub-clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) of clause (2) of Article 3lA and, since the sub-clauses are disjunctive, it will be enough for the State to show that the law relates to land covered by an estate falling in at least one of the sub-clauses. It was submitted that the private forests in Malabar are held in janmam right and hence they are an estate within the meaning of sub-clause (i). If the State further shows, he contended, that the law envisages a measure of agrarian reform it was not necessary for the State to establish additionally that forest lands are similar to lands described in sub-clause (iii), that is to say, lands held or let for purposes of agriculture or for purposes ancillary thereto. In short, in the submission on behalf of the State, the forest lands with which we are concerned are an estate within the meaning of Article 31A (2) (a) (i) of the Constitution and since Section 10 of the impugned Act, inter alia embodies a scheme of agrarian reform, the Act is valid. 5. This will be the proper place to refer to the provisions of the Act. The Act is described as one to provide for the vesting in the Government of private forests in the State of Kerala and for the assignment thereof to agriculturists and agricultural labourers for cultivation. The preamble is as follows: WHEREAS the private forests in the State of Kerala are agricultural lands; AND WHEREAS Government consider that such agricultural lands should be so utilised as to increase the agricultural production in the State and to promote the welfare of the agricultural population in the State; AND WHEREAS Government also consider that to give effect to the above objectives it is necessary that the private forests should vest in the Government; Be it enacted etc. 6. By Section 1 the Act is made to extend to the whole of the State of Kerala and is deemed to have come into force on the 10th day of May, 1971. Section 2 gives some definitions. We are not concerned with all of them. Clause(c) defines an owner as follows: (c) owner, in relation to a private forest, includes a mortgagee, lessee or other person having right to possession and enjoyment of the private forest. Clause (f) defines private forest. Private forest means. - (l) in relation to the Malabar district referred to in sub-section (2) of Section 5 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (Central Act 37 of 1956), - (i) any land to which the Madras Preservation of Private Forests Act, 1949 (Madras Act XXVII of 1949), applied immediately before the appointed day excluding - (A) lands which are gardens or nilams as defined in the Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963 (1 of 1964); (B) lands which are used principally for the cultivation of tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber, cardamom or cinnamon and lands used for any purpose ancillary to the cultivation of such crops or for the preparation of the same for the market (C) lands which are principally cultivated with cashew or other fruitbearing trees or are principally cultivated with any other agricultural crop: and (D)sites of buildings and lands appurtenant to, and necessary for the convenient enjoyment or use of, such buildings; (ii) any forest not owned by the Government, to which the Madras Preservation of Private Forests Act 1949, did not apply, including waste lands which are enclaves within wooded areas; (2) in relation to the remaining areas in the State of Kerala, any forest not owned by the Government, including waste lands which are enclaves within wooded areas. Section 3 is important. Private forests to vest in Government - (l) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, or in any contract or other document, but subject to the provisions of sub-sections (2) and (3) with effect on and from the appointed day, the ownership and possession of all private forests in the State of Kerala shall, by virtue of this Act, stand transferred to and vested in the Government free from all encumbrances, and the right, title and interest of the owner or any other person in any private forest shall stand extinguished. The appointed day means the 10th day of May 1971. Sub-sections (2) to (4) of Section 3 are not relevant for our present enquiry Since some time lag between vesting and distribution under S. 10 was inevitable, Section 4 provided of follows: 4. Private forests to be deemed to be reserved forests - All private forests vested in the Government under sub-section (1) of Section 3 shall so Long as they remain vested in the Government, be deemed to be reserved forests constituted under the Kerala Forest Act, 1961 (4 of 1962) and the provisions of that Act shall, so far as may be, apply to such private forests. Section 5 provides for eviction of persons in unauthorized occupation and Section 6 for the demarcation of boundaries of the private forests. Section 7 provides for the constitution of Tribunals, their powers and functions. Sub-clause (2) of that section provides that the Tribunal shall consist of a single person who is, or has been, or is qualified to be appointed as, a District Judge. Section 8 provides that Where any dispute arises as to whether - (a) any land is a private forest or not; or (b) any private forest or portion thereof has been vested in the Government or not, the person who claims that the land is not a private forest or that the private forest has not vested in the Government, may apply to the Tribunal for decision of the dispute. Sub-section (3) provides that If the Tribunal decides that any land is not a private forest or that a private forest or portion thereof has not vested in the Government, the custodian shall, as soon as may be, restore possession of such land or private forest or portion, as the case may be, to the person in possession thereof immediately before the appointed day. Section 9 provides that No compensation shall be payable for the vesting in the Government of any private forest or for the extinguishment of the right, title and interest of the owner or any other person in any private forest under sub-section (i) of section 3. 7. Having thus provided for acquisition of private forest lands without the necessity to pay compensation the Act now proceeds to provide for a scheme of agrarion reform. Section 10 Assignment of Private forests - (l) The Government shall after reserving such extent of the private forests vested in the Government under sub-section (l) of Section 3 or of the lands comprised in such private forests as may be necessary for purposes directed towards the promotion of agriculture or the welfare of the agricultural population or for purposes ancillary thereto assign on registry or lease to - (a) agriculturists: (b) agricultural labourers; (c) Members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes who are willing to take up agriculture as means of their livelihood; (d) unemployed young persons belonging to families of agriculturists and agricultural labourers, who have no sufficient means of livelihood and who are willing to take up agriculture so means of their livelihood; (e) labourers belonging to families of agriculturists and agricultural labourers, whose principal means of livelihood before the appointed day was the income they obtained as wages for work in connection with or relate to private forests and who are willing to take up agriculture as means of their livelihood, the remaining private forests or the lands comprised in the private forests on such terms and subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed (2) The Government may, by notification in the Gazette, delegate their power under sub-section (l) to any officer of the Government or any class of officers of Government, subject to such restrictions and control as may be specified in the notification. (3) The extent of private forests or lands comprised in private forests which may be assigned to each of the categories of persons specified in subsection (l) and the order of preference in which assignment may be made shall be such as may be prescribed. Section 11 is important. It reads: Assignment to be made within two years. - Assignment of the private forests or the lands comprised therein under Section 10 shall, as far as may be, be completed within two years from the date of publication of this Act in the Gazette. Section 12 deals with the powers of the Tribunals and the custodian and Section 13 bars the jurisdiction of civil courts. Section 15 reads: Constitution of Agriculturists Welfare Fund. - (1) A fund called the Agriculturists Welfare Fund shall be constituted by the Government to be utilised for the settlement and welfare of persons to whom private forests or lands comprised in private forests have been assigned under Section 10 and shall be administered in such manner as may be prescribed. (2) The Fund referred to in subsection (1) shall consist of grants or loans by or from the Government and monies received by the Government by the sale of trees standing in such portion of the private forests as are or may be assigned under Section 10 Section 17 provides for the rulemaking power of the Government By the repealing Section 18 several Acts have been repealed including the Kerala Private Forests (Vesting and Assignment) Ordinance, 1971 which had been promulgated prior to this Act. 8. In short the Act purports to acquire forest lands without payment of compensation for implementing a scheme of agrarian reform by assigning lands on registry or by way of lease to the poorer sections of the rural agricultural population. This is done after reserving portions of the forests as may be necessary for purposes directed towards the promotion of agriculture or the welfare of the agricultural population or for purposes ancillary thereto. This scheme of agrarian reform is intended to be completed within two years. 9. Mr. Chagla, who addressed us the principal argument in this case on behalf of the owners, contended that private forests could not be converted into agricultural lands by a mere legislative fiat contained in the Preamble of the Act, because forest lands are lands in which forests grow spontaneously and naturally without human effort or skill and are quite distinct from agricultural lands which, however defined, must contain the element of tilling the soil for sowing and planting. He pointed out that in subclause (iii) of Article 31A (2) (a) a forest land may be regarded as an agricultural land only when that land is held or let for purposes of agriculture or for purposes ancillary thereto in which case a forest land may be included in the definition of the word estate. It was not shown that vast areas of private forests which are now in the possession of the owners and the lessees thereof were held or let for purposes of agriculture and hence they cannot be regarded as an estate within the definition. That alone according to Mr. Chagla deprived the Act of the protection under Art. 31A (1). Secondly, assuming that forest lands are estate within the definition he further contended that their acquisition was not for implementing any scheme of agrarian reform but for a collateral purpose, namely, to increase the revenues of the State by exploiting the forest wealth of the lands by selling valuable timber naturally growing in them. 10. Since the Preamble to the impugned Act affirms that private forests in the State of Kerala are agricultural lands and there is no definition of what is meant by agricultural lands in the Act itself, we shall have to consider in what sense the expression agricultural lands has been used in the Act. It is conceded by the learned Advocate General for the State of Kerala that a mere recital in the Preamble, although admissible, will not be conclusive of the facts. But he submits that courts should show decent respect to such an affirmation of fact because the legislature of a State is presumed to know the character of the lands situated in the State, the tenure under which they are held, the use and abuse to which they are put and the manner in which such natural resources of the State are best utilized for the benefit of the community. He submits that this affirmation in the Preamble is not irresponsibly made and that the expression agricultural lands has been used in a special sense having regard to the uses to which these forest lands have been put over generations. In his submission forest lands in Kerala are agricultural lands in the sense that they are capable of being used for raising food crops, cash crops, plants or trees and other purposes of husbandry. 11. The statement of objects and reasons in the Act contains the following: There are vast extents of private forests in the State particularly in the Malabar area where such forests are owned by Jenmies. These private forests are agricultural lands. In the Judgment reported in 1969 Ker LT 320 = (AIR 1969 Ker 304 ) (V. Venugopala Varma Rajah v. Controller of Estate Duty. Kerala) a division bench of the High Court has held that in the absence of exceptional circumstances such as the land being entirely rocky and barren for other reasons, all forests lands in the State are agricultural lands in the sense that they can be prudently and profitably exploited for agricultural purposes. 12. Reference may also be made in this connection to some of the passages in the affidavit filed by Shri K. Viswanathan Nair, Joint Secretary to Government of Kerala, Law Department, in this connection. In para 4 of his affidavit he says Approximately 28 per cent of the total land area in the Kerala State constitutes forest lands. Generally forest lands comprised in the erstwhile native States of Travancore and Cochin area are owned by Government, whereas that of the erstwhile Malabar District of Madras Presidency belonged partly to private individuals and partly to the State Government. It was estimated that the total extent of private forests in Malabar area would come to about 1,200 sq. miles, i.e. about 7.5 lakh acres.... As per the Survey conducted by the Madras Government in the year 1945, private forest lands in Malabar area the extent of which was found to be 1,200 sq. miles then, belonged to 116 private individuals, the extent owned by them varying from 100 acres to 1,00,000 acres. Then he proceeds to say, the forest lands in Kerala are agricultural lands and can be put to cultivation of various food and cash crops. Cultivation of forest lands will increase the agricultural production in the State and will also provide means of livelihood to land less agricultural labourers. The Government considered such lands should be distributed to those persons for purposes of agriculture and that to ensure effective and proper distribution of such lands, the private forests should be vested in the Government. Then at para 19 he states as follows : It is also pertinent to place before this Honble Court the fact that in large tracts of areas which had been already clear-felled by the owners of the private forests or their contractors, food-crops like coffee, cocoanut, pepper, etc., have been raised converting them into such food crop plantations. Even planting teak and other plantation crops is agricultural operation and the lands on which these are planted are agricultural lands. After assignment of private forests from the jenmies or after trespassing into the private forests, large numbers of settlers of the poor classes have clearfelled the forests including dense forest areas and have cultivated food crops therein. Plantations like tea, coffee, rubber, teak and cardamom have been raised in the private forests by the rich planters. In other places after clear-felling the forests, cocoanut, areca, tapioca and other cultivations have been raised, the yield of which is found to be considerably high when compared to the other areas of the State. Similarly, coffee, pepper and rubber plantations have been successful in the forest lands in Wynad (Malabar District). 13. A fact to which attention must be drawn is that that whereas a large proportion of the forests in the former Travancore Cochin State belonged to the Government and only a small proportion to private owners or jenmies, the position in the Malabar District was just the opposite. Forest Lands in that District belonged predominantly to private owners or jenmies. Many of these private owners were heads of Hindu Religious Endowments. A committee known as the Kutti Krishna Menon Committee had been appointed for recommending the unification of laws relating to Hindu Religious Endowments in the Madras State and that Committee, in one place of its report, suggested - and this is referred to in the affidavit - as follows: 74. We would suggest that the large areas of virgin forest lands available within some of the Devaswoms may be utilized for plantation of cocoanut, arecanut, pepper, cashew, rubber, etc. The Malabar Tenancy Act, 1929 as amended in 1951, contained the following provision: 52. (1) The State Government or such officer as they may authorise in this behalf may by order require the landlord of any waste or forest land to lease it for agricultural purposes to such person for such term subject to such conditions and within such times as may be specified in the order. By reason of the increasing population of the area and consequent pressure on land there was widespread squatting by agriculturists in forest areas where trees were cut and large blocks were brought under the plough. The former State of Travancore and Cochin bowed to the inevitable by regularising the occupation by unauthorised settlers and issued orders for settling agriculturists on land in the forests which could be put to agricultural use. In this connection the affidavit says: Forest lands in the Travancore-Cochin area of the State which are Government Reserve Forests have been widely used since long past for agriculture and purposes ancillary thereto by persons to whom these lands were assigned by the State and by large numbers of encroachers. Use of these lands for agricultural purposes on a large scale has been adverted to, in the Report of the Sub-Committee on the eviction of encroachers from the forest lands in the State of Kerala to which also this respondent craves leave to refer in detail at the hearing. The Government is currently distributing 3 lakh acres of forest lands for settlement of agriculturists. 14. Reference was also made to the report of the Special Officer Shri K. Anantan Pillai who was asked to prepare a list of arable lands in the reserve forests of the former Travancore and Cochin suitable for cultivation. That report was made in 1969. The extracts from his report are given in the affidavit and they show to what extent lands in the Govt. reserve forests were made available to hungry agriculturists for food production. The officer says Now that the position of food supplies is far more serious and the scope for finding employment for a very large number of people is getting more and more limited, one of the possible alternate solutions will be to take a fairly big slice of cultivable land from the Government forests for assignment to these people with this object in view, I have inspected these lands in all these divisions and I have prepared a list of areas considered suitable for cultivation, details of which are furnished. After furnishing the details the Officer says: The present attempt is to find out suitable cultivable lands in the reserve area and to give the land on a systematic basis. With this view in mind I have tried to find out suitable areas preferably in large blocks. This will help the formation of fairly large sized colonies or villages so that the allottees can have a social life and in course of time all the facilities for communal living can be provided to them. If a large block is taken, normally because of the nature of land in our State a few steep hills cannot be excluded. The colony can be formed on the base of these hills in fairly elevated places and it can be so arranged that the individual families will have their residences at convenient places (within two or three miles) in relation to the area he is given for cultivation. Some of the blocks I have pointed out are fairly large areas where even small townships can be formed. This will aid the formation of co-operative societies to help the allottees in both their cultivation and in constructing suitable building for them. This shows how the Special Officer felt the need of settling chunks of the agricultural population in blocks of reserve forests and envisaged the formation of large blocks in the forest area so that in the neighbourhood and on the slopes of the hills villages and even small townships could be built. The Officer was chiefly concerned with the reserve forests in the Kerala State. But in his report he also referred to the private forests in the Malabar District. In that connection he says Apart from this 1 understand that extensive areas of private forests are available in the Malabar Districts. They can also be acquired and distributed. 15. It must be remembered that what is stated generally about the nature of the reserve forest lands in the old State of Travancore Cochin applies equally to the private forest lands of Malabar District because all these forests are contiguous and form one long belt of a mountainous terrain now forming part of the State of Kerala. It will be thus seen that all forest lands, whether reserve or private, have been applied for generations for the settlement of agriculturists whether such settlements were authorised or unauthorised. Vast areas in the forests were clear-felled, as the expression goes, for bringing patches and blocks of lands under agriculture. Several types of produce were obtained by agriculture and a large population lives on the same. Plantations of coffee, tea, rubber, cardamom and the like were grown on an extensive scale in these forests. In recent years Industrialists have taken leases of vast areas of these forests from their owners and a fraction of the same has been brought under cultivation by planting eucalyptus and other types of trees useful for paper and other industries. Large areas in these forests seem to be even now in their pristine form but are capable of being utilized by absorbing a large proportion of the population by settling them on the land. These forests, therefore, have attained a peculiar character owing to their geography and climate and the evidence available to us shows that vast areas of these forests are still capable of supporting a large agricultural population. The several authoritative reports to which reference was made in the affidavit were made available to us and the extracts therefrom were read out at the time of the argument. They seem to support what a bench of the Kerala High Court said in 1969 Ker LT 320 = (AIR 1969 Ker 304 ) in para 6 of the judgment. It is well known that the extensive areas of different varieties of plantations that we have got in this State were once forest lands; and it is also equally well known that year after year large areas of forest lands in this State are being cleared and converted into valuable plantations. In the absence of exceptional circumstances such as the land being entirely rocky or barren for other reasons, all forest lands in this State are agricultural lands in the sense that they can be prudently and profitably exploited for agricultural purposes This judicial opinion as we have already seen has been referred to in the Statement of Objects and Reasons of the Act. It is, therefore, manifest that when the legislature stated in the Preamble that the private forests are agricultural land, they merely wanted to convey that they are lands which by and large could tee prudently and profitably exploited for agricultural purposes. 16. Having appreciated the true nature and character of these private forests we have to see whether they can be regarded as estate within the contemplation of Article 31A (2) of the Constitution. That Article is as follows: 31A.2 (a) the expression estate shall in relation to any local area have the same meaning as that expression or its local equivalent has in the existing law relating to land tenures in force in that area and shall also include - (i) any jagir, inam or muafi or other similar grant and in the States of Madras and Kerala, any janmam right; (ii) any land held under ryotwari settlement; (iii) any land held or let for purposes of agriculture or for purposes ancillary thereto, including waste land, forest land, land for pasture or sites of buildings and other structures occupied by cultivators of land agricultural labourers and village artisans; (b) The expression rights, in relation to an estate, shall include any rights vesting in a proprietor, sub-proprietor, under-proprietor, tenure-holder (raiyat, under-raiyat) or other intermediary and any rights or privileges in respect of land revenue. The definition of estate is an inclusive definition. In sub-clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) certain categories of rights and lands are included in the definition of the word estate. It is the contention on behalf of the Kerala State that these forest lands which are held in janmam right fall squarely under sub-clause (i). Since janmam right to these lands is in an estate it could be acquired by the State under Article 31-A (1) (a). There is force in this contention. Janmam rights in the States of Madras and Kerala are, as explained by Subba Rao, J. in Kavalappara Kottarathil Kochuni v. The State of Madras, (1960) 3 SCR 887 = (AIR 1960 SC 1080 ) rights of hereditary proprietorship in land. These rights, like the rights created by grant of jagir or inam relating to land, which included agricultural lands or waste lands or forests and hills (See: State of U. P. v. Raja Anand Brahma Shah), (1967) 1 SCR 362 = (AIR 1967 SC 661 ) are brought within the definition of the word estate, and are, therefore, liable to be acquired by the State under Article 31-A (1) (a). 17. It is not disputed that all the private forests with which we are now concerned are held in Janmam right. Janmam rights being an estate are liable to be acquired by the State under Article 31-A (1) (a) as a necessary step to the implementation of agrarian reform. Section 3 of the impugned Act vests the ownership and possession of all private forests in the State. Therefore they would attract the protection of Article 31-A (1). It would not be, in such a case, necessary to further examine if the lands so vested in the Government are agricultural lands falling within Sub-clause (iii) This is explained in some detail by this court in (1972) 2 SCC 133 = (AIR 1972 SC 2240 ) Balmadies Plantations Ltd. v. State of Tamil Nadu in para 15 at page 147. 18. Indeed this does not mean that the State is absolved from showing that the acquisition is for the purpose of agrarian reform. In fact in Balmadies case, referred to above, the acquisition of forests owned by jenmies was set aside on the sole ground that the impugned law on the material on record did not indicate that the transfer of forests from the jenmies to the Government was linked in any way with a scheme of agrarian reform or betterment of village economy. 19. What then is the scheme of agrarian reform envisaged in the impugned Act? The title of the Act shows that it is an Act to provide for the vesting in the Government of private forests for the assignment thereof to agriculturists and agricultural labourers for cultivation. The Preamble shows that such private forests which the legislature thought to be agricultural lands in the sense, already explained should be so utilised as to increase their agricultural production in the State and to promote the welfare of the agricultural population in the State. It is further stated in the Preamble that in order to give effect to the above objects it was necessary that the private forests should vest in the Govt. The objectives of increasing the agricultural production and the promotion of the welfare of the agricultural population are clearly a predominant element in agrarian reform. How these objectives are to be implemented are generally stated in Sections 10 and 11.All the private forests, after certain reservations, are to be assigned to agriculturists or agricultural labourers and to the poorer classes of the rural population desiring bona fide to take up agriculture as a means of their livelihood. The reservation in respect of certain portions of the forests is also made in the interest of the agricultural population because the section says that the reservations will be such as may be necessary for purposes directed towards the promotion of agriculture or welfare of the agricultural population or for purposes ancillary thereto. Section 11 further provides that after making the necessary reservations the scheme for the assignment of the private forests to the various beneficiaries described in Section 10 shall as far as may be, be completed within two years from the date of the publication of the Act. The conditions and restrictions under which the assignments are to take place have to be prescribed by rules. We understand that in view of the stay granted by the courts, the rules have not been framed. But it is clear that the rules will have to be framed forthwith because of the urgency of the matter as seen in Section 11 and these rules will undoubtedly unfold the details of the scheme generally envisaged in Section 10. It would not be necessary to emphasize that the rules will have to be consistent with the purposes of the Act. In Statutes of this nature, provision can only be generally made to indicate the broad details of the scheme for agrarian reform and that is what is done in the Act. In Balmadies case referred to above no such scheme had been envisaged. But in another case namely the Kannan Devan Hills Produce v. State of Kerala, (1972) 2 SCC 218 = (AIR 1972 SC 2301 ) the Statute viz. The Kannan Devan Hills (Resumption of Lands) Act 5 of 1971 disclosed a scheme in Section 9 which is very similar to our own Section 10 of the impugned Act. Section 9 of that Act was as follows : 9. Assignment of lands. - (1) The Government shall, after reserving such extent of the lands, the possession of which has vested in the Government under sub-clause (1) of Section 3, as may be necessary for purposes directed towards the promotion of agriculture or the welfare of the agricultural population to be settled on such lands, assign on registry the remaining lands to agriculturists and agricultural labourers in such manner, on such terms and subject to such conditions and restrictions, as may be prescribed. That scheme as envisaged in this section was upheld by this court as a scheme for agrarian reform and we do not see any good reason why we should take a different view with regard to the scheme envisaged in Section 10 of the impugned Act. 20. The High Court thought that the scheme was not real or genuine but illusory and has given some reasons in para 12 of the judgment why it took that view. The reasons given do not stand scrutiny. One reason was that whereas in the Kannan Devan Hills (Resumption of Lands) Act 1971 Section 9 provided for only assignment on registry of the lands, in Section 10 of the impugned Act the forest lands are intended to be assigned both on registry and by way of lease Exception is taken to assignments by way of lease on the ground that the lessee does not get any fixity of tenure Rules are to be still framed and it would be too early now to say what conditions and restrictions will be imposed, in the leases. Moreover, assuming that there is no fixity of tenure, that would not mean that leases in favour of agriculturists or agricultural labourers are not part of agrarian reform. The point is that forest lands, overgrown by shrubs and jungle growth, will have to be cleared in the first instance before the land is made cultivable; and after the land is made cultivable agricultural produce will be grown there by some lessee or the other. Assuming any particular lessees tenure is not fixed, that would not mean that the land will remain fallow. Other agriculturists will step into the shoes of the lessee and the process of growing agricultural produce will continue in the interest of the grower and the agricultural community as a whole. The other reason given is that there is no provision with regard to trees in the forest reserve under Section 10 and a suspicion is expressed that the Government may appropriate to itself the value of the trees. Mention is made that even a single log of rose wood fetches a price of Rs. 40,000/-. It seems, however, to have escaped the notice of the High Court that the reserve portions of the forests under Section 10 are clearly earmarked in the section itself for purposes directed towards the promotion of agriculture or the welfare of the agricultural population or for purposes ancillary thereto. There is, therefore, no foundation for the suspicion that valuable trees which form part of the reserve private forests are liable to be appropriated for purposes other than those specifically mentioned in that section. Section 15 provides for the constitution of the Agriculturists Welfare Fund and this relates to the price of trees standing in the lands assigned on registry or given on lease. That fund, according to sub-clause (2) shall consist of grants and loans by or from the Government and monies received by the Government by the sale of trees standing in such portions of the private forests as are or may be assigned under Section 10. No such fund is created for the purpose of the trees standing in the reserve area. But that does not mean that the value of the trees in the reserve area can be utilized for purposes other than those specifically mentioned in Section 10. That will be part of the scheme and Government will have to make adequate provision as to how the value of the trees can be utilized for purposes directed towards the promotion of agriculture or welfare of the agricultural population or for purposes ancillary thereto. 21. Another objection was that assignment of land without demarcation and survey was impracticable and productive of strife. We do not see why assignment of land is impracticable in the absence of survey. Even before the introduction of the survey, lands had been assigned and cultivated by agriculturists. The process of assignment must involve demarcation of the land assigned. Sub-section (3) of Sec. 10 says the extent of private forests or lands comprised in private forests which may be assigned to each of the categories of persons specified in subsection (1) and the order of preference in which assignment may be made shall be such as may be prescribed. After determining the extent of the land to be assigned, the land, when assigned, will have to be inevitably demarcated by the officers who make the assignment. That is not an insuperable difficulty. As a matter of fact we know from the affidavit on behalf of the Government that about 3 lakh acres of forests land have been already distributed. Indeed steps should be taken for an early survey in the interest of law and order. But survey is not the sine qua non of any genuine scheme for distribution of land. We do not think that the High Court has given any substantial reasons for coming to the conclusion that the scheme of agrarian reform is a teasing illusion and a promise in un-reality. 22. In an attempt to show that the impugned Act was a piece of colourable legislation, reference was made to the Kerala Private Forests Acquisition Bill, 1968 L. A. Bill No. 33 of 1968 which provided for the acquisition of private forests on payment of compensation for the acquisition. That Bill, it is contended, was allowed to lapse and the present Act was enacted with the obvious intention of expropriating vast forest lands without paying compensation. We can hardly countenance such an argument. The question really is, in the first place, of the competence of the legislature to pass the impugned Act and, in the second, whether the Act is constitutional in the sense that it is protected by Section 31A (l). So far as the competence of the legislature is concerned, no objection is made before us. As to its constitutionality we have shown that the Act purports to vest the janmam rights to the forests in the Government as a step in the implementation of agrarian reform. If this could be constitutionally done by the legislature, the fact that at an earlier stage the Government was toying with the idea of paying compensation to owners of private forests is of little consequence. The dominant purpose of the impugned Act, as already pointed out, is to distribute forest lands for agricultural purposes after making reservations of portions of the forests for the benefit of the agricultural community. The fear is expressed that such a course if, genuinely implemented, may lead to deforestation on a large scale leading to soil erosion and silting of rivers and streams and will actually turn out to be detrimental to the interests of the agricultural community in the long run. It is undoubtedly true that reckless deforestation might lead to very unhappy results. But we have no material before us for expressing opinion on such a matter. It is for the legislature to balance the comparative advantages of a scheme like the one envisaged in the Act against the possible disadvantages of resulting deforestation. There are many imponderables to which we have no safe guides. It is presumed that the legislature knows the needs of its people and will balance the present advantages against possible future disadvantages. If there is pressure on land and the legislature feels that forest lands in some areas can be conveniently and, without much damage to the community as a whole, utilized for settling a large proportion of the agricultural population, it is perfectly open, under the constitutional powers vested in the legislature, to make a suitable law, and if the law is constitutionally valid this court can hardly strike it down on the ground that in the long run the legislation instead of turning out to be a boon will turn out to be a curse. 23. Mr. Menon who appeared for the respondent in Civil Appeal No. 1398/72 put forward a plea of equitable estoppel peculiar to his client company. It appears that the Company established itself in Kerala for the production of rayon cloth pulp on an understanding that the Government would bind itself to supply the raw material. Later Government was unable to supply the material and by an agreement undertook not to legislate for the acquisition of private forests for a period of 60 years if the Company purchased forest lands for the purpose of its supply of raw-materials. Accordingly, the Company purchased 30,000 acres of private forests from the Nilambhuri Govila Kannan estate for Rs. 75/-lakhs and, therefore, it was argued that, so far as the company is concerned, the agreement not to legislate should operate as equitable estoppel against the States. We do not see how an agreement of the Government can preclude legislation on the subject. The High Court has rightly pointed out that the surrender by the Government of its legislative powers to be used for public good cannot avail the company or operate against the Government as equitable estoppel.

Decision reasoning: 1[ds]15. It must be remembered that what is stated generally about the nature of the reserve forest lands in the old State of Travancore Cochin applies equally to the private forest lands of Malabar District because all these forests are contiguous and form one long belt of a mountainous terrain now forming part of the State of Kerala. It will be thus seen that all forest lands, whether reserve or private, have been applied for generations for the settlement of agriculturists whether such settlements were authorised or unauthorised. Vast areas in the forests were clear-felled, as the expression goes, for bringing patches and blocks of lands under agriculture. Several types of produce were obtained by agriculture and a large population lives on the same. Plantations of coffee, tea, rubber, cardamom and the like were grown on an extensive scale in these forests. In recent years Industrialists have taken leases of vast areas of these forests from their owners and a fraction of the same has been brought under cultivation by planting eucalyptus and other types of trees useful for paper and other industries. Large areas in these forests seem to be even now in their pristine form but are capable of being utilized by absorbing a large proportion of the population by settling them on the land. These forests, therefore, have attained a peculiar character owing to their geography and climate and the evidence available to us shows that vast areas of these forests are still capable of supporting a large agricultural populationThe definition of estate is an inclusive definition. In sub-clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) certain categories of rights and lands are included in the definition of the word estateThe dominant purpose of the impugned Act, as already pointed out, is to distribute forest lands for agricultural purposes after making reservations of portions of the forests for the benefit of the agricultural community. The fear is expressed that such a course if, genuinely implemented, may lead to deforestation on a large scale leading to soil erosion and silting of rivers and streams and will actually turn out to be detrimental to the interests of the agricultural community in the long run. It is undoubtedly true that reckless deforestation might lead to very unhappy results. But we have no material before us for expressing opinion on such a matter. It is for the legislature to balance the comparative advantages of a scheme like the one envisaged in the Act against the possible disadvantages of resulting deforestation. There are many imponderables to which we have no safe guides. It is presumed that the legislature knows the needs of its people and will balance the present advantages against possible future disadvantages. If there is pressure on land and the legislature feels that forest lands in some areas can be conveniently and, without much damage to the community as a whole, utilized for settling a large proportion of the agricultural population, it is perfectly open, under the constitutional powers vested in the legislature, to make a suitable law, and if the law is constitutionally valid this court can hardly strike it down on the ground that in the long run the legislation instead of turning out to be a boon will turn out to be a curset appears that the Company established itself in Kerala for the production of rayon cloth pulp on an understanding that the Government would bind itself to supply the raw material. Later Government was unable to supply the material and by an agreement undertook not to legislate for the acquisition of private forests for a period of 60 years if the Company purchased forest lands for the purpose of its supply of raw-materials. Accordingly, the Company purchased 30,000 acres of private forests from the Nilambhuri Govila Kannan estate for Rs. 75/-lakhs and, therefore, it was argued that, so far as the company is concerned, the agreement not to legislate should operate as equitable estoppel against the States. We do not see how an agreement of the Government can preclude legislation on the subject. The High Court has rightly pointed out that the surrender by the Government of its legislative powers to be used for public good cannot avail the company or operate against the Government as equitable estoppelIt is thus clear to those who understand developmental dialectic and rural planning that agrarian reform is more humanist than mere land reform and scientifically viewed, covers not merely abolition of intermediary tenures, zamindaris and the like but re-structuring of village life itself taking in its broad embrace the socio-economic regeneration of the rural population.The Indian Constitution is a social instrument with an economic mission and the sense and sweep of its provisions must be gathered by judicial statesmen on that seminal footingWe, on our part, do not think there is any merit in it.Once we find the legislative area is barricaded by Art. 31A, it cannot be breached by Arts. 14, 19 and 31 and judicial break-in is constitutionally interdicted. But, at the same time, we must hasten to point out that Art. 31A is no charter of legislative freedom to refuse compensation altogether in every case. The Court may not strike down a statute for non-payment of compensation but the legislature is expected, except in exceptional sociohistorical setting, to provide just payment for the deprived persons. To exclude judicial review is not to black out the beneficent provisions of Articles 14, 19 and 31.May be the present legislation dealing with extensive antiquated Janman rights relates to the exceptional category. All that we can say is that this is an area where not the court but the elector is the proper corrective instrument.