Case: Raman & Raman Limited Vs. State of Madras & Another

Imam, J. 1. This appeal comes before us on a certificate granted by the Madras High Court that the case was a fit one for appeal to this Court as it involved two important questions, namely, the powers of the Government under S. 64-A, Motor Vehicles Act, 1939, as amended by the Motor Vehicles (Madras Amendment) Act, 1948 for the State of Madras (hereinafter referred to as the Act), to interfere with the orders of Subordinate Transport Authorities on the ground of property and the limits of judicial review which the courts have under Art. 226 of the Constitution of India. 2. The appellant and respondent 2 had applied for stage-carriage permits in the Mayuram Town Service for routes Nos. 1 and 2. These applications, along with others, were considered by the Regional Transport Authority, Tanjore. By its order dated 31-5-1954, it granted a permit for route No. 1 to the appellant and for route No. 2 to respondent 2. Both the appellant and respondent 2 being dissatisfied appealed under S. 64 of the Act to the appropriate authority, the Central Road Traffic Board (hereinafter referred to as the Board), but the appeals were dismissed by its order dated 18-8-1954. As S. 64-A conferred upon the State Government certain powers, which have been described in the case as revisional powers, the appellant and respondent 2 filed representations thereunder before the state Government against the orders of the Regional Transport Authority and the Board. The State Government set aside the orders passed by the aforesaid authorities and directed that permits for both the routes Nos. 1 and 2 be issued to respondent. 3. Against this order, the appellant filed an application under Art. 226 of the Constitution in the High Court for the issue of a writ of certiorari. The application was heard by a single Judge who issued the requisite writ. Against his decision there was a Letters Patent appeal by respondent 1, which was allowed and the decision of the single Judge was set aside. 4. The ground upon which the Regional Authority granted the appellant and respondent 2 permits for routes Nos. 1 and 2 respectively was that they were experienced and were operating town buses at Kumbakonam. This opinion was approved by the Board which also thought that a certain amount of healthy competition was required in the Mayuram Town routes. It also considered that the Regional Transport Authority was within its rights in not considering the aspect of sector coverage by muffassil buses of the appellant and respondent 2. It appears that respondent 2 was covering the entire route No. 1 and the appellant was covering a portion of route No. 2. The State Government in setting aside the orders of the Regional Transport Authority and the Board passed the following order : As between the claims of Sri Raman and Raman Ltd., and Sri Sathi Vilas Bus Service, the Government consider that it will be in the interest of the public to grant both the permits to Sri Sathi Vilas Bus Service, Poryar, since he has better facilities for operation and will be able to serve the public better. The Government of Madras therefore sets aside as improper the order of the Central Road Traffic Board No. R27792/A2/54 dated 18-8-1954 in so far as it confirms the order of the Regional Transport Authority, Tanjore granting one permit of route No. 1 to Sri Raman and Raman Ltd. And directs that the two permits in question be granted to Sri Sathi Vilas Bus Service, Poryar. 5. Before dealing with the submissions made on behalf of the appellant, it would be desirable to make reference to certain provisions of the Act concerning the grant of permits. Section 42 of the Act prohibits an owner of a transport vehicle from using or permitting it to be used in any public place save in accordance with the conditions of a permit granted by a Regional Transport Authority. Section 43 gives certain powers to the State Government to control road transport. Section 44 authorises the State Government to constitute a State Transport Authority as well as a Regional Transport Authority to perform certain functions mentioned therein. Section 47 sets forth certain matters which a Regional Transport Authority shall bear in mind in deciding to grant or to refuse a stage carriage permit. Section 64 enables a person aggrieved by the order of the Regional Transport Authority, with respect to matters mentioned therein to appeal to the prescribed authority. Section 64-A states : The State Government may, of its own motion or on application made to it, call for the records of any order passed or proceeding taken under this Chapter by any authority or officer subordinate to it, for the purpose of satisfying itself as to the legality, regularity or propriety of such order or proceeding and after examining such records, may pass such order in reference thereto as it thinks fit. 6. Mr. Pathak, for the appellant, contended that having regard to the terms of S. 64-A there were two stages for the exercise of power thereunder by the State Government. The first stage was the condition precedent for assumption of jurisdiction for the exercise of that power. A collateral fact had to be decided, namely whether the order passed by any authority or officer subordinate to the State Government was in fact illegal, irregular or improper. If the decision was in the affirmative then and then only would the State Government have jurisdiction to revise the order complained against. The decision of the State Government both with respect to questions of fact and law could be examined by a court in a proceeding for the issue of a writ of certiorari and such court in doing so could decide whether the order which was revised by the State Government was or was not illegal, irregular or improper. In the present case, there was no question of illegality or irregularity in the orders of the Regional Transport Authority and the Board. The only question was as to whether these orders were improper. The propriety of an order does not necessarily mean that it must be correct order. There must be something extraneous to the order itself which made it improper. Merely because the State Government took a different view of the facts to that of the authority or officer subordinate to it would not make the order of such authority or officer improper. The second stage, namely, the passing of an order as the State Government thought fit, could only be reached after a decision had been arrived at on the condition precedent conferring jurisdiction on the State Government to revise an order. The substantial ground upon which the State Government revised the order of the authority subordinate to it was that respondent 2 had better facilities for operation and would, therefore, be able to serve the public better. The authorities subordinate to the State Government, however, had the representations of the appellant and respondent 2, as well as other applicants, which fully stated all material particulars in this respect and it could not be said that these matters were not considered by them. The orders of the subordinate authorities accordingly must be read to mean that as between the appellant and respondent 2 both had equal facilities for operation and that things being equal between them in very way, one permit should be granted for the route to the appellant and another for another route to respondent 2. There could be nothing improper in this. The condition precedent to the exercise of jurisdiction to revise the order was therefore absent and the State Government acted in excess of its jurisdiction in revising the orders of its subordinate authorities. 7. Mr. Pathak further contended that there was an error on the face of the record in the order passed by the State Government as it had refused to consider seniority or experience in motor transport as a factor for the granting of a permit and it thought that it could come to any conclusion it liked and reference was made to para 8 of the affidavit filed on behalf of the State Government in the High Court. On the basis of that affidavit and that paragraph, it was also urged that the error on the face of the record was that the Government acted on an erroneous idea of its own jurisdiction. He further contended that S. 64-A was an invalid provision. 8. In the alternative, he urged that a court or authority, in the exercise of its revisional powers, cannot take a contrary view of the facts to that taken by the subordinate court or authority. Exercise of such revisional power could only be made in cases where the subordinate court or authority had taken a perverse view of the facts and had arrived at a conclusion which no reasonable person could have arrived at. 9. In support of his first contention Mr. Pathak relied upon para 116 at p. 59 of Halsburys Laws of England, Edn. 3, Vol. 11.It appears from an examination of that paragraph and para 117 at p. 60 of the same volume that there may be cases where the jurisdiction of an inferior tribunal may depend upon the fulfilment of some condition precedent or upon the existence of some particular fact. Such a fact is collateral to the actual matter which the inferior tribunal has to try, and the determination of whether it exists or not is logically and in sequence prior to the determination of the actual question which the inferior tribunal has to try. In such a case, in certiorari proceedings, a court can enquire into the correctness of the decision of the inferior tribunal as to the collateral fact and may reverse, that decision if it appears to it, on the materials before it, to be erroneous. There may be tribunals, however, which by virtue to legislation constituting them, have the powers of determine finally the preliminary facts on which the further exercise of their jurisdiction depends. With respect to them, in such cases, their decision even if wrong on facts or law cannot be corrected by a writ of certiorari. In cases where the fact in question is a part of the very issue which the inferior tribunal has to enquire into, a court will not issue a writ of certiorari, although the inferior tribunal may have arrived at an erroneous conclusion with regard to it. In the present case, if there was at all any collateral fact to be decided, it was whether the appropriate authority had in fact passed any order in respect of which powers under 64-A could be exercised. It is not disputed that in fact orders were passed by the Regional Transport Authority and the Board, authorities subordinate to the State Government, and that these orders existed when the appellant and respondent 2 moved the Government to exercise its powers under S. 64-A. the condition precedent and the existence of a collateral fact in that way for the exercise of powers under that section were therefore present when the State Government exercised its powers. In order to satisfy itself whether the order of an authority subordinate to it was legal, regular, or proper, the State Government was not deciding the existence of a collateral fact but the issue itself as to the legality, regularity or the propriety of the order. The satisfaction of the State Government in this respect would be an expression of its opinion and not the determination of a fact upon which depends its jurisdiction to exercise its powers under S. 64-A. 10. What is the nature of the function performed under the Act by the Regional Transport Authority, the Board and the State Government in the matter of granting or refusing to grant a permit may now be considered. That they are not judicial is accepted but, it is said, they are not administrative but quasi judicial and therefore amenable to the jurisdiction of a court possessing the power to issue a writ of certiorari. In proceedings under Ss. 47, 64 and 64-A of the Act there is no determination of any individuals rights and from that point of view the function of these authorities may be regarded as executive or administrative. On the other hand, it may be said that a person has the fundamental right to carry on his business of plying buses and therefore has the right to have the statutory functions of these authorities properly exercised in which case they would be quasi-judicial functions. Assuming this to be so, it has yet to be seen whether the State Government acted in excess of its legal authority. Chapter IV of the Act contains provisions concerning the control of transport vehicles. The Act authorises the State Government to constitute a State Transport Authority and Regional Transport Authorities, and under S. 43, subject to its provisions, it can control road transport. In the first instance the author to grant or refuse to grant a permit is vested in the Regional Transport Authority, but its order is not final as a dissatisfied party an appeal against the order under S. 64 to the appropriate authority. Before S. 64-A was inserted into the Act by an Act of the legislature of the State of Madras, it might have been possible to contend that the order of a Regional Transport Authority which had not been appealed against and the order of the appropriate authority under S. 64, where an appeal had been made, were incapable of interference by the State Government for lack of statutory authority. By enacting S. 64-A, the legislature clearly intended that that should not be so and that the State Government should have the powers to intervene, if it was satisfied that the order in question was either illegal, irregular or improper. In clothing the State Government with such power the legislature clearly intended the State Government to decide the issue as to whether any order in question was illegal, irregular or improper. It would not be open to court exercising the power of certiorari to intervene merely because it might be of the opinion that the view taken by the State Government was erroneous. 11. The word propriety has nowhere been defined in the Act and is capable of a variety of meanings. In the Oxford English Dictionary (Vol. VIII), it has been stated to mean fitness; appropriateness; aptitude; suitability; appropriateness to the circumstance or conditions; comfirmity with requirement, rule or principle; rightness; correctness, justness, accuracy. If the State Government was of the opinion that respondent 2 had better facilities for operation than the appellant and their service to the public would be more beneficial, it could not be said that the State Government was in error in thinking that the order of the Board confirming the order of the Regional Transport Authority was improper. It is to be remembered that under S. 47 of the Act a Regional Transport Authority in deciding whether to grant or to refuse a permit shall have regard, amongst other things, to the interest of the public generally and the advantages to the public of the service to be provided. Assuming that in the matter of experience there was nothing much to choose between the appellant and respondent 2, better facilities for operation of the bus service possessed by respondent 2, would be to the interest of the public generally and an advantage to the public of the service to be provided and therefore was an overriding factor when other things were equal. As between the appellant and respondent 2 neither the Regional Transport Authority nor the Board recorded a finding as to which of them had the better facilities for transport operation or that such facilities as existed between them were of equal merit. The State Government did not have therefore, the advantage of knowing, on the face of the orders of these authorities, what view they took of this matter. Even if it is assumed that their orders meant that the facilities for operation as between the appellant and respondent 2 were of equal merit, still the State Government was not in a position to know on what material this opinion was based or that it was a reasonable view. In order to satisfy itself the State Government examined the materials available to it and came to the conclusion that respondent 2 had the better facilities, in other words, it would be unreasonable to hold that respondent 2 had not the better facilities. The learned single Judge of the High Court more than once held that he could not find that there was no material before the State Government to justify its finding that respondent 2 had the better facilities, and he further held that that was a factor which restricted the jurisdiction of the High Court under Art. 226 of the Constitution. That should have concluded the matter so far as the High Court was concerned. He, however, thought that it could not be said that the conclusion reached by the State Government was the only conclusion possible and a mere disagreement on the conclusions to be drawn from the available materials, where either view was a reasonable one, was not enough to establish that the orders passed by the Board and the Regional Transport Authority were improper within the meaning of section 64-A. The State Government had therefore acted in excess of its jurisdiction.It seems to us, that the order of the State Government as it stands, cannot be said to be in excess of its jurisdiction nor can it be said that in recording a finding that respondent 2 had the better facilities for operation and would serve the public better, it went beyond its powers, in the absence of a finding to the contrary by the authorities subordinate to it. The interests of the public and the advantages to it of the service to be provided were very, if not the most, important factors to be taken into consideration in the matter of granting or refusing to grant a permit. In the conflicting claims of the appellant and respondent 2 concerning the facilities available to them for operation of the bus service, the State Government was bound to decide, in the interests of the public generally, which of these had the better facilities. It was within the scope of its authority to decide this and a Court in certiorari proceedings ought not to interfere with that decision. To hold that the opinion of the Regional Transport and the Board that the facilities for operation were equal as between these persons was a reasonable view would be to constitute the Court as the final authority in a matter, in which, by the provisions of the Act, that function was accorded to the State Government. We are not prepared therefore to say that the State Government acted in excess of its statutory authority. 12. There is no error on the face of the record so far as the order of the State Government is concerned and reference to para 8 of the State Governments affidavit in the High Court does not establish any such thing. That paragraph was in answer to paras. 13 and 14 of the appellants affidavit and it set out the contentions of the State Government as to its powers. There is nothing in that paragraph to establish that in fact the State Government had declined to consider seniority or experience in the matter of selection. 13. No substantial ground was put forward for supposing that S. 64-A was an illegal provision. It was within the competence of the State Legislature to insert S. 64-A into the Act. It was a reasonable provision in keeping with the entire scheme of the Act concerning transport vehicles and control of road transport. 14. As to the extent of powers of revision in a Court or authority we do not intend to express any opinion in this case having regard to the view we take that the order of the State Government cannot be interfered with the issue of a writ of certiorari. 15. As regards the limits of judicial review which the Courts have under Art. 226 which is one of the grounds on which the certificate was issued by the High Court, that question has since been considered in the various decisions of this Court, which do not require recapitulation.

Decision reasoning: 0[ds]In the present case, there was no question of illegality or irregularity in the orders of the Regional Transport Authority and the Board. The only question was as to whether these orders were improper. The propriety of an order does not necessarily mean that it must be correct order. There must be something extraneous to the order itself which made it improper. Merely because the State Government took a different view of the facts to that of the authority or officer subordinate to it would not make the order of such authority or officer improperThe second stage, namely, the passing of an order as the State Government thought fit, could only be reached after a decision had been arrived at on the condition precedent conferring jurisdiction on the State Government to revise an order. The substantial ground upon which the State Government revised the order of the authority subordinate to it was that respondent 2 had better facilities for operation and would, therefore, be able to serve the public betterSuch a fact is collateral to the actual matter which the inferior tribunal has to try, and the determination of whether it exists or not is logically and in sequence prior to the determination of the actual question which the inferior tribunal has to try. In such a case, in certiorari proceedings, a court can enquire into the correctness of the decision of the inferior tribunal as to the collateral fact and may reverse, that decision if it appears to it, on the materials before it, to be erroneousThere may be tribunals, however, which by virtue to legislation constituting them, have the powers of determine finally the preliminary facts on which the further exercise of their jurisdiction depends. With respect to them, in such cases, their decision even if wrong on facts or law cannot be corrected by a writ of certiorari. In cases where the fact in question is a part of the very issue which the inferior tribunal has to enquire into, a court will not issue a writ of certiorari, although the inferior tribunal may have arrived at an erroneous conclusion with regard to itIn proceedings under Ss. 47, 64 and 64-A of the Act there is no determination of any individuals rights and from that point of view the function of these authorities may be regarded as executive or administrative. On the other hand, it may be said that a person has the fundamental right to carry on his business of plying buses and therefore has the right to have the statutory functions of these authorities properly exercised in which case they would be quasi-judicial functionsBy enacting S. 64-A, the legislature clearly intended that that should not be so and that the State Government should have the powers to intervene, if it was satisfied that the order in question was either illegal, irregular or improper. In clothing the State Government with such power the legislature clearly intended the State Government to decide the issue as to whether any order in question was illegal, irregular or improper. It would not be open to court exercising the power of certiorari to intervene merely because it might be of the opinion that the view taken by the State Government was erroneousIf the State Government was of the opinion that respondent 2 had better facilities for operation than the appellant and their service to the public would be more beneficial, it could not be said that the State Government was in error in thinking that the order of the Board confirming the order of the Regional Transport Authority was improperAs between the appellant and respondent 2 neither the Regional Transport Authority nor the Board recorded a finding as to which of them had the better facilities for transport operation or that such facilities as existed between them were of equal merit. The State Government did not have therefore, the advantage of knowing, on the face of the orders of these authorities, what view they took of this matter. Even if it is assumed that their orders meant that the facilities for operation as between the appellant and respondent 2 were of equal merit, still the State Government was not in a position to know on what material this opinion was based or that it was a reasonable viewThe State Government had therefore acted in excess of its jurisdiction.It seems to us, that the order of the State Government as it stands, cannot be said to be in excess of its jurisdiction nor can it be said that in recording a finding that respondent 2 had the better facilities for operation and would serve the public better, it went beyond its powers, in the absence of a finding to the contrary by the authorities subordinate to it. The interests of the public and the advantages to it of the service to be provided were very, if not the most, important factors to be taken into consideration in the matter of granting or refusing to grant a permitIn the conflicting claims of the appellant and respondent 2 concerning the facilities available to them for operation of the bus service, the State Government was bound to decide, in the interests of the public generally, which of these had the better facilities. It was within the scope of its authority to decide this and a Court in certiorari proceedings ought not to interfere with that decision12. There is no error on the face of the record so far as the order of the State Government is concerned and reference to para 8 of the State Governments affidavit in the High Court does not establish any such thing. That paragraph was in answer to paras. 13 and 14 of the appellants affidavit and it set out the contentions of the State Government as to its powers. There is nothing in that paragraph to establish that in fact the State Government had declined to consider seniority or experience in the matter of selection.