Case: Nagpur Electric Light & Power Co., Ltd Vs. Regional Director Employees State Insurancecorporation, Et

Bachawat, J. 1. The question in issue in these appeals is whether certain employees of the Nagpur Electric Light and Power Co., Ltd., are employees within the meaning of S. 7(9) of the Employees State Insurance Act. 1948 (34 of 1948). The company and the employees filed two separate applications before the Employees insurance Court under S. 70 of the Act for the determination of the question. Their case is that out of the five categories of staff mentioned in appendices 1 to 5 to the companys petition, those connected with the receiving station and workshop (appendices 1 and 2) were employees within the meaning of S. 2(9), but those connected with the engineering, stores and outdoor work, meter, consumers and allocation departments and administration Appendices 3, 4 and 5) were not such employees. The Regional Director. Employees State insurance Corporations contested the applications, but he admitted that the workers of the categories mentioned in items .5 to 14 of appendix 4 and items 1, 7 and 8 of appendix 5 of appendix 5 were not employees within the meaning of S. 2 (9). The Employees; Insurance Court found that those workers and also the workers mentioned in item 12 of appendix .5 were not such employees. The correctness of this finding is not in issue in these appeals and we express no opinion on it. The categories of workers mentioned in Appendix III, items 1 -4 in Appendix IV and items 2-6 and 9-11 of Appendix V are as follows:"Appendix III Mains Senior: (1) assistant engineers, (a) supervisors (3) electricians, (4) overseers. Main junior : (1) cable jointers; (2) mistries, (3) sub-mistries (4) lineman-H.T.O.H. mains, (5) mains coolies, (6) mains coolies temporary, (7) wireman temporary, (8) sub-mistries, (9) sub-station attendants. Clerical staff: (1) clerk to asstt. engineers, (2) draughtsman, (3) mains office peons. Stores department: (1) storekeeper, (2) asst. store-keeper, (3) clerks, (4) coolies. Motor car staff: (1) motor drivers, (2)motor cleaners Mason. Appendix IV Meter senior and junior: (1) deputy meter superintendent, (2) senior meter mechanie, (3) junior meter mechanic, (4) meter testers. Appendix V (2). accounts department: accountant, chief cashier, asst. accountant, account clerks, clerks. (3) Time-keeping department: group head, clerks. (4) Filing department: group head, clerks. (5) Typing department; Steno-typists, typists. (6) Telephone operators. (9) Record-keeper and daftari. (9A) Station clerk. (10) Motor car staff: mechanic, drivers, cleaners. (11) Menial staff: peons, garden malies, chowkidars, sweepers, rejas temporary." 2. The Employees Insurance Court held that the aforesaid workers were employess within the meaning of S. 2 (9) of the Act. The company and the employees filed two separate appeals from this decision to the High Court of Bombay (Nagpur Bench) under S. 82 of the Act. Abhyankar, J., affirmed the finding of the Employees Insurance Court and dismissed the appeals. Letters Patent appeals from his orders were summarily dismissed by a Bench of the High Court. The company and employees have now preferred two separate appeals to this Court by special leave. 3. The Nagpur Electric Light and Power Co. Ltd., occupies certain premises at Kamptee Road, Nagpur where it carries on the work of transforming and transmitting electrical energy. The premises are located within a compound wall. Inside the premises there are several buildings, yards and open spaces. The receiving station, the workshop, the meter testing department, the engineers quarters, the general office, and stores are in different buildings inside the premises. The company does not generate electricity. It maintains a receiving station inside the premises where it receives electrical energy in bulk from the generating station of the Maharashtra Electricity Board at Khapparkheda. The energy when received is of 11000 volts. From the receiving station, the energy is either carried through electric supply lines to a transformer and is stepped down to 3300 volts and is then carried to the sub-stations in the city where it is again stepped down to 400 volts by other transformers, or is carried from the stepped down directly from 11000 to 400 volts. From the sub-stations, the energy is transmitted by electric supply lines and distributed to consumers. The first question is whether the company maintains a factory and if so, where its factory is located. 4. The Employees State Insurance .Act 1948 applies in the first instance to all factories other than seasonal factories [S. 1 (4)] and may be extended to any other establishment or class of establishments, industrial commercial, agricultural or otherwise [S. l (5)]. Sec. 2 ( 12) defines a factory. The relevant part of that section reads:"Sec. 2 (12)" factory means any premises including the precincts thereof where on twenty or more persons are working or were working on any day of the preceding twelve months, and in any part of which a manufacturing process is being carried on with the aid of power or is ordinarily so carried on but dues not include a mine subject to the operation off the Indian Mines Act, 1923 or a railway running shed: * * * * * The expressions manufacturing process and power shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in the Factories Act, 1948." 5. Any premises including the precincts thereof (excepting a mine and a railway running shed) constitute a factory if (1) 20 or more persons are working or were working thereon on any day of the preceding 12 months, and (2) in any part there of a manufacturing process is being carried on with the aid of power. If these two conditions are satisfied, the entire premises including the precincts thereof constitute a factory, though the manufacturing process is carried on in only a part of the premises. The premises constituting a factory may be a building or open land or both, see Ardeshir H. Bhiwandiwala v. State of Bombay. 1961-3 SCR 592 : (AIR 1962 SC 29 ). Inside the same compound wall, there may be two or more premises; the premises used in ~ connection with manufacturing processes may constitute a factory, and the other premises within the same compound wall may be used for purposes unconnected with any manufacturing process and may form no part of the factory. 6. Sections 2 (g) and 2 (k) of the Factories Act 1948, define power and manufacturing process. They are in these terms:-2 (g). " power means electrical energy, or any other form of energy which is mechanically transmitted and is not generated by human or animal agency;" 2 (k). " manufacturing process means any process for (i) making, altering, repairing, ornamenting, finishing, packing, oiling, washing, cleaning, breaking up, demolishing, or otherwise treating or adapting any article or substance with a view to its use, sale, transport, delivery or disposal, or (ii) pumping oil, water,/or sewage or (iii) generating, transforming or transmitting power or (iv) composing types for printing, printing by letter press, lithography, photogravure or other similar process or book binding; (v) constructing, reconstructing. repairing refitting, finishing or breaking up ships or vessels," 7. In view of S. 2 (k) (iii), the process of transforming electrical energy from a high to a low potential and the process of transmitting the energy through supply lines are both manufacturing processes. In a part of the premises occupied by the company, the two processes are carried on with the aid of power by means of electrical gadgets and other devices. On the premises more than twenty persons were and are working. No part of the premises is used for purposes unconnected with the manufacturing processes. The premises therefore constitute a factory within the meaning of S. 2 (12) of the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948. 8. The High Court said:"This manufacturing process is carried on by the Company not only in the building called the workshop or the receiving station but over the whole area over which the process of transmission is carried on including the sub-stations where electricity is stored and supplied to the consumers by further transmission lines. Thus every part over which this process is carried on will be a factory within the meaning of the Employees State Insurance Act." We cannot accept this line of reasoning. It seems to us a startling proposition that every inch of the wide area over which the transmission lines are spread is a factory within, the meaning of S. 2 (I2) "A factory must occupy a fixed site", see Halsburys Laws of England, 3rd ed., vol. 17, Art. 15, p. 15. The companys factory has a fixed site. It is located inside the Kamptee Road premises and its boundaries are fixed by the compound wall of the premises. 9. The next question is whether the members of the staff of the categories mentioned in appendix III, items l -4 of appendix IV and items 2-6 and 9-11 of appendix to the companys petition are employees within the meaning of S. 2 (9) of the Employees State Insurance Act. It is common case that these workers are employed on remuneration which in the aggregate does not exceed four hundred rupees a month. Section 2 (9) is in these terms:-"employee" means any person employed for wages in or in connection with the work of a factory or establishment to which this Act applies and - (i) who is directly employed by the principal employer on any work of, or incidental or preliminary to or connected with the work of, the factory or establishment, whether such work is done by the employee in the factory or establishment or elsewhere; or (ii) who is employed by or through an immediate employer on the premises of the factory or establishment or under the supervision of the principal employer or his agent on work which is ordinarily part of the work of the factory or establishment or which is preliminary to the work carried on in or incidental to the purpose of the factory or establishment: or (iii) whose services are temporarily lent or let on hire to the principal employer by the person with whom the person whose service are so lent or let on hire has entered into a contract of service; but does not include (a) any member of the Indian naval, military or air forces; or (b) any person employed on a remuneration which in the aggregate exceeds four hundred rupees a month." The definition of employee in S. 2 (9) may be contrasted with that of a worker in S. 2 (1) of the Factories Act 1948 which is in these terms:" worker means a person employed, directly or through any agency, whether for wages or not, in any manufacturing process, or in cleaning any part of the machinery or premises used for a manufacturing process or in any other kind of work incidental to or connected with, the manufacturing process, or the subject of the manufacturing process; " It is to be seen that the definition of all employees in the Employees State Insurance Act is wider than that of a worker in the Factories Act. The object of the Factories Act is to secure the health, safety, welfare, proper working hours, leave and other benefits for workers employed in factories. The benefit of this Act does not extend to field workers working outside the factory, see the State of Uttar Pradesh v. M. P. Singh, 1960-2 SCR 605 - (AIR 1960 SC 569). The object of the Employees State insurance Act is to secure sickness, maternity, disablement and medical benefits to employees of factories and establishments and dependents benefits to their dependants. The benefit of this Act extends inter alia to the employees mentioned in S. 2 (9) (i) whether working inside the factory or establishment or elsewhere. 10. The definition of "employee" in S. 2 (9) clears with three classes of employees. We are concerned with the class of employees mentioned in S. 2 (9) (i). The courts below concurrently found, and in our opinion, rightly, that all the workers of the disputed categories are persons employed for wages in or in connection with Network of the companys factory and are directly employed by the company on work of or incidental to or connected with the work of the factory. Some of them do the work in the factory and some work elsewhere, but they are all employees within the meaning of S. 2 (9) (i). Take the case of the workers mentioned in appendix III. The assistant engineers, supervisors, electricians, and overseers are engaged in the erection and maintenance of the electricity supply lines connected with transmission of power. The cable jointer, mistries, linemen, coolies ad wireman are employed for inspection of the supply lines, digging pits, erecting poles for laying distribution mains and service lines. The masons attend to the masonry work of the buildings. The attendants in-charge of the sub-stations look after the transformation and transmission of power. The motor drivers and cleaners are employed for carrying materials and tower ladders in trucks for maintenance of the supply lines. The clerks, draughtsman and main office peons help the assistant engineers. The store keepers and clerks with the assistance of coolies issue stores to all the departments and keep accounts relating to stock. The deputy meter superintendent, meter mechanics and meter testers mentioned in items 1 to 4 of appendix IV attend to the testing calibration and repairs of the meters. Let us now take the case of the staff mentioned in items 2 to 6 and 9 to 11 of appendix V. The clerks in the accounts, time-keeping and filing departments are employed to maintain accounts, attendance registers, muster rolls, pay-sheets, typing, filing and dispatching documents required in connection with all the departments including the receiving station and the workshop. The telephone operators attend to the telephone calls for all the departments. The menial staff is required to do miscellaneous work including the cleaning of the office compound. The motor car staff is employed to look after the cares employed in the administration section. All these employees, clerical or otherwise, are employed in connection with the work of the factory, that is to say, in connection with the work of transforming and transmitting electrical power. Some of the employess are clerks; they are not engaged in manual labour. But a person doing non manual work can be an employee within the meaning of S. 2 (9) (I) if he is employed in connection with work of the factory. The duties of the administrative staff are directly connected with the work of the factory. The case of the Employees State Insurance Corporation, Bombay v. Raman, 1957-1 Lab LJ 267 (Bom) is distinguishable. In that case a company had a factory and an administrative office. The office was situated in a building which was situated within the same compound in which the factory was located. The entire compound was surrounded by one compound wall. It was found that the work of the factory began with the collection of raw materials and ended with the production of finished articles and the work of selling the products was not connected with the work of the factory. The administrative office handled sales of the products manufactured in the factory as well as goods imported from abroad. The factory and the administrative office maintained separate muster and wage rolls and separate accounts. In these circumstance, it was held that the clerks employed in the administrative office, whose work consisted mainly of taking down dictations from the manager and other officers and typing out letters, were not employees within the meaning of S. 2 (9). The facts of the present case are entirely different. The company maintains one establishment for its factory. The factory does the work of transforming and transmitting electrical energy. All the workers in question including the clerks and the administrative staff are engaged in connection with this work. None of them is employed in any separate establishment unconnected with the work of the factory. 11. Some of the employees work outside the factory, but their duties are connected with the work of the factory. They are therefore employees within the meaning of S. 2 (9) (I). Some are employed in the sub-stations. It is common case that the sub-stations are not independent factories. The sub-stations attendants attend to work which is directly connected with the work of the factory at the main station. They are therefore employees within the meaning of S. 2 (9) (I).

Decision reasoning: 0[ds]7. In view of S. 2 (k) (iii), the process of transforming electrical energy from a high to a low potential and the process of transmitting the energy through supply lines are both manufacturing processes. In a part of the premises occupied by the company, the two processes are carried on with the aid of power by means of electrical gadgets and other devices. On the premises more than twenty persons were and are working. No part of the premises is used for purposes unconnected with the manufacturing processes. The premises therefore constitute a factory within the meaning of S. 2 (12) of the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948We cannot accept this line of reasoning. It seems to us a startling proposition that every inch of the wide area over which the transmission lines are spread is a factory within, the meaning of S. 2 (I2) "A factory must occupy a fixed site", see Halsburys Laws of England, 3rd ed., vol. 17, Art. 15, p. 15. The companys factory has a fixed site. It is located inside the Kamptee Road premises and its boundaries are fixed by the compound wall of the premises10. The definition of "employee" in S. 2 (9) clears with three classes of employees. We are concerned with the class of employees mentioned in S. 2 (9) (i). The courts below concurrently found, and in our opinion, rightly, that all the workers of the disputed categories are persons employed for wages in or in connection with Network of the companys factory and are directly employed by the company on work of or incidental to or connected with the work of the factory. Some of them do the work in the factory and some work elsewhere, but they are all employees within the meaning of S. 2 (9) (i). Take the case of the workers mentioned in appendix III. The assistant engineers, supervisors, electricians, and overseers are engaged in the erection and maintenance of the electricity supply lines connected with transmission of power. The cable jointer, mistries, linemen, coolies ad wireman are employed for inspection of the supply lines, digging pits, erecting poles for laying distribution mains and service lines. The masons attend to the masonry work of the buildings. The attendants in-charge of the sub-stations look after the transformation and transmission of power. The motor drivers and cleaners are employed for carrying materials and tower ladders in trucks for maintenance of the supply lines. The clerks, draughtsman and main office peons help the assistant engineers. The store keepers and clerks with the assistance of coolies issue stores to all the departments and keep accounts relating to stockThe deputy meter superintendent, meter mechanics and meter testers mentioned in items 1 to 4 of appendix IV attend to the testing calibration and repairs of the meters. Let us now take the case of the staff mentioned in items 2 to 6 and 9 to 11 of appendix V. The clerks in the accounts, time-keeping and filing departments are employed to maintain accounts, attendance registers, muster rolls, pay-sheets, typing, filing and dispatching documents required in connection with all the departments including the receiving station and the workshop. The telephone operators attend to the telephone calls for all the departments. The menial staff is required to do miscellaneous work including the cleaning of the office compound. The motor car staff is employed to look after the cares employed in the administration section. All these employees, clerical or otherwise, are employed in connection with the work of the factory, that is to say, in connection with the work of transforming and transmitting electrical power. Some of the employess are clerks; they are not engaged in manual labour. But a person doing non manual work can be an employee within the meaning of S. 2 (9) (I) if he is employed in connection with work of the factory. The duties of the administrative staff are directly connected with the work of the factoryThe facts of the present case are entirely different. The company maintains one establishment for its factory. The factory does the work of transforming and transmitting electrical energy. All the workers in question including the clerks and the administrative staff are engaged in connection with this work. None of them is employed in any separate establishment unconnected with the work of the factory11. Some of the employees work outside the factory, but their duties are connected with the work of the factory. They are therefore employees within the meaning of S. 2 (9) (I). Some are employed in the sub-stations. It is common case that the sub-stations are not independent factories. The sub-stations attendants attend to work which is directly connected with the work of the factory at the main station. They are therefore employees within the meaning of S. 2 (9) (I).