Case: Turner Morrison & Company Limited Vs. Commissioner of Income Tax, West Bengal

S.R. Das, J.(1) This appeal arises out of six references made by the Calcutta Bench of the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal under Sec. 66(1) Income-tax Act, two of them relating to the Income tax assessment years 1943-44 and 1943-45 and the remaining four relating to Excess Profits Tax for the chargeable accounting periods on 31st December of each of the years 1940, 1941, 1942 and 1943 respectively.(2) The relevant facts appearing in the statements of the case are as follows: Messrs. Port Said Salt Association Ltd., (hereinafter referred to as "the Association") is a company incorporated in the United Kingdom and has its registered office there. The Association, however, carries on business in Egypt and its head office is situate in Alexandria where the annual general meetings of its share-holders are held. Not being resident in the United Kingdom the Association pays no British Income-tax, an its profits. For the purposes of assessment under the Indian Income-tax Act, the Association has been considered to be a non-resident. The Association manufactures salt in Egypt where it has certain concessions and the salt as manufactured is sent for sale in any country where there is a suitable market. Part of the salt so manufactured by the Association is consigned to Messrs. Turner Morrison and Co. Ltd., for sale in India. All shipping operations, i.e. chartering of steamer, loading, insurance etc. are effected in Egypt by the Association who sends the documents to Messrs. Turner Morrison and Co., Ltd. Messrs. Turner Morrison and Company Ltd. effect sales in India through brokers at the best price obtainable at or above the prices approved by the Association. Turner Morrison and Co. Ltd. are paid commission at the rate of 2-1/2 per cent generally on all the sales except in some cases where 1-1/4 per cent, is paid. All handing of the cargoes when they arrive at Calcutta and the necessary disbursements in connection therewith are carried out and made by Turner Morrison and Co. Ltd. The sale proceeds are collected by Turner Morrison and Co. Ltd., and credited to the account kept in their own name with the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. After deducting the expenses including their commission, the balance is remitted by Turner Morrison and Co., Ltd. to the Association in Egypt. On these facts the Income-tax Officer treated Turner Morrison and Co. Ltd., as the agents of the Association under S. 43, Income-tax Act, and assessed them to income-tax for the two assessment years mentioned above under S. 4(1) (a) or, alternatively, under the first part of S. 4(1) (c). They were also assessed to Excess Profits Tax for the four chargeable accounting periods hereinbefore mentioned.(3) Turner Morrison and Co. Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as the Agents) preferred appeals against the aforesaid assessment orders to the Appellate Assistant commissioner who, however, dismissed the appeals. The Agents took a further appeal to the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal. The submission of the Agents before the Tribunal was that the assessment under S. 4(1) (a) was bad and that the assessment should have been made under S. 42 of the Act. The Tribunal, on a consideration of the facts, came to the conclusion that the assessment was properly made under S. 4(1) (a) and incidentally the Tribunal also came to the conclusion that the alternative contention of the Income-tax authorities that then assessment should be made under the first part of S. 4(1) (c) was also well-founded and that S. 42 had no application to the case. The result was that the Tribunal confirmed the findings of the Income-tax Officer and the Appellate Assistant Commissioner and dismissed the appeals.(4) On the application of the Agents made under S. 66(1) of the Act the Appellate Tribunal referred the following questions to the High Court: " (1) Whether, in the facts and circumstances of this case, the Tribunal was right in holding that the income, profits and gains derived from the sale of salt in British India are assessable to tax as income, profits and gains received or deemed to be received under S. 4(1) (a)? And if the answer to the first question is in the negative, (2) Whether, in the facts and circumstances of his case, the Tribunal was right in accepting the contention of the Department that the income accrued or arose or is deemed to accrue or arise in India and is assessable to tax as contemplated by S. 4(1) (c)? (3) Whether the Tribunal was right in the circumstances of this case in rejecting the contention of the Assessee (Applicant) that the income, profits and gains are chargeable to tax from the sale of sale in British India under S. 42 only? " The reference came up for disposal before a Bench of the Calcutta High Court consisting of Sen and Chunder JJ. The learned Judges gave the following answers to the questions: Question (1). The answer is in the affirmative so far as income-tax is assessed. Excess Profits Tax, however, cannot be levied on this basis, Question (2), The Tribunal was wrong in accepting the contention of the department that the income accrued or arose in India. The Tribunal did not hold that the income is income which should be deemed to accrue or arise in India. The part of the question which states that the Tribunal did so is not in accordance with fact. We find that the income, profits and gains must be deemed to have arisen or accrued in India so far as excess profits tax is concerned and that S. 42(3), Income-tax Act, applies to the levy of excess profits tax by virtue of S. 21, Excess Profits Tax Act. Question (3). The Tribunal was right in rejecting the contention that the income, profits and gains are chargeable to tax under S.42 only. They are also chargeable to income-tax as falling within the purview of S. 4 (l) (a), Income-tax Act as income received in India on behalf of the assesses company. In such a case S. 42, Income-tax Act would have no application." It will be noticed that the Agents succeeded in their contentions so far as they related to the assessment of Excess Profits Tax. The answers given by the High Court, however, went against them in so far as they related to the assessment of income-tax for both the assessment years.(5) The Agents thereafter made two applications to the High Court under S. 66A for leave to appeal to this Court in respect of the income-tax assessments for each of the two assessment years. The High Court certified that the cases were fit for appeal to this Court and granted leave to appeal and directed that the two appeals be consolidated. The Commissioner of Income-tax. West Bengal, however, has not preferred any appeal from that part of the judgment of the High Court which sets forth its opinion on the questions in so far as they relate to the assessment of Excess Profits Tax, This appeal is, therefore, concerned only with the answers given by the High Court to the questions in so far as they relate to the assessments of income-tax only.(6) The first main contention urged by Mr. S. Mitra appearing in support of this appeal is that no income, profits and gains were received in India by or on behalf of the Association. He seeks to make good this contention on a variety of reasons all of which are not quite consistent with each other and some of which may even be mutually destructive. Relying on the decisions in Narasammal v. Secy. of State, 39 Mad 885 , and Pondicherry Rly. Co. Ltd. v. Commr. of Income-tax Madras, 54 Mad 691: 58 Ind. App. 239 (P.C.), Mr. Mitra urges that no income, profits and gains were "received" in India at all, for the Agents were nothing but "an animated Post office." We are bound to reject this reasoning as unsound on the same grounds on which the Privy Council rejected a similar contention in the case of Pondicherry Rly. Co. Ltd. (supra). In the language of Lord Macmillan the functions of the Agents far transcended the mere mechanical act of transmitting the sums collected by them to the Association in Egypt. They were entrusted with important duties on behalf of the Association namely, selling of the goods consigned to them for sale, handling the cargoes, issuing delivery orders, collecting rule proceeds and then to remit the same after deducting the expenses incurred by them and their own commission. The description of "an animated Post Office" can hardly apply to an agent of this description.(7) Mr. Mitra thereupon shifts his ground and urges that even if income, profits and gains were received in India, the receipt was not by or on behalf of the Association. The contention is that though the Agents are described as agents, they were not so in fact or in law and reliance is placed on the well known case of Ex Parte White, (187l) 6 Ch. A. 397. A persual of that case will clearly show that there the person to whom goods were consigned, together with a price list, was, by their course of dealings, entitled to sell the goods at any price he liked and that he remitted to the consignor of the goods only the listed price. In other word, although the parties looked upon their dealings as constituting an agency the consignee did not in fact sell the goods as agent of the consignor but did so on his own account and any price realised in excess of the listed price was his own profit. On the facts found by the Tribunal, which the learned counsel is not entitled to challenge for the purposes of these proceedings, it is quite clear that the goods were not imported by the Agents on their own account and they never became a purchaser at any stage. They could not sell the goods or any price they liked, for, they had to sell them at or above the price approved by the Association. If the sale was at a rate above the approved price the excess was never retained and appropriated by the Agents as their own profit;. Mr. Mitra thereupon contends that assuming that the Agents had sold the goods as agents of the Association they did not necessarily have the authority to receive payment of the price. Reliance is placed on Butwick v. Grant, (1924) 2 K.B 483, in support of the proposition that an authority to sell does not of necessity imply an authority to receive payment of the price. The argument is then formulated that as the Agents had no authority to receive the price, it cannot be said that the receipt was by or on behalf of the Association. This argument again overlooks the course of business as found by the Tribunal which clearly implies that the Agents were not only agents for selling the salt but also for collecting the sale proceeds.(8) The third ground urged in support of the first main contention is that the entire amounts collected by the Agents were not receivable by the Association, for the agents were entitled to a portion of it, namely, the amount spent by them in meeting the handling charges and their own commission. On the authority of Colquhoun v. Brooks, (1889) 2 Tax Cas. 490, and Ali Imam v. Emperor, 4 Pat, 210; AIR 1925 Pat 281 , Mr. Mitra contends that the sale proceeds collected by the Menu were not so completely under the control of the Association that it could by an act of its own have the entire sale proceeds actually transferred to it in Egypt. This argument is obviously fallacious. The concession that the Agents were entitled to deduct their disbursements and their commission out of the sale proceeds clearly implies that the sale proceeds belonged to the Association, for the Agents could not deduct the dues by the Association from something which did not belong to the Association. S. 217, Contract Act, gives to an agent the right to retain, out of any sum received on account of the principal in the business of the agency, all moneys due to himself in respect of advances made or expenses properly incurred by him in conducting such business and such remuneration as may be payable to him for acting as agent. S. 221 also confers a right on the agent to retain the goods, papers and other property of the principal received, by him until the amount due to him for commission, disbursements and services in respect of the same has been paid or accounted for by him. The right of retainer and lien conferred on the agent does not make the amount received by the agent on behalf of the principal any the less the property of the principal. The principal is the full owner and has complete control over his properties in the hands of the agent subject only to the latters statutory right of retainer and lien. It follows, therefore, that the entire sale proceeds received by the Agents in the case before us were received on behalf of the Association and belonged to it subject to the rights of the Agents.(9) Finally, Mr. Mitra urges that the gross sale proceeds were not really income, for they were only credit items in the account and that several amounts were to be debited in the same account and if there remained any credit balance, such balance alone could be regarded as stamped with the formal impress of the character of income profits and gains and capable of being dealt with as such and income, profits and gains could be said to have been received only at that stage. We have been referred, in support of this contention, to certain observations in the cases of Commr. of Taxes v. The Melbourne Trust Ltd., (1914) A. C. 1001 at p. l0ll, Russell v. Aberdeen Town and County Bank, (1888) 2 Tax. Cas 321 at p. 327 ReRogers Pyatt Shellac and Co. v. Secy. of State, 52 Cal 1 at p. 31, Commr. of Income Tax, Bombay City v. Agarwal and Co., Bombay., 1952-21 ITR 293 (Bom.), In re Govind Ram Tansukh Rai, 1944-12 ITR 450 (All) and other cases. The observations in those several cases have to he read in the light of the facts of those cases and the subject which was then under discussion. So read, those observations can have no application to the facts of this case. The case Morley v. Tattersall, (1938) 3 All. ER 298 also relied on by Mr. Mitra is clearly distinguishable because the liability for the sale proceeds received by the auctioneers continued to exist even after the unclaimed balances were transferred to the account of the partners and, therefore, they could not be regarded as trade receipts. On the other hand, the case of Grainger and Son v. Gough, (1896) A. C. 325, will clearly show that the moneys received by an agent on behalf of his foreign principal could be regarded as including trade profits within the meaning of S. 41 of the English Income-tax Act of 1842 : The several passages quoted in the judgment under appeal from the cases of Nielson Anderson and Co, v. Collins, (1926) 13 Tax Cas 91, clearly indicate that the net sale proceeds are included in the gross sale proceeds. The same principle, as pointed out in Bangalore Woollen Cotton and Silk Mills Co. Ltd. v. Commr. of Income-Tax, Madras, 1950-18 ITR 423 at p. 438 (Mad.) is implicit in the decisions of the Privy Council in Commr. of Income-Tax, Bombay Presidency and Aden v. Chumilal B. Mehta, 65 Ind. App. 332 PC) and Commr. of Income-Tax, Madras v. S. L. Mathias, ILR (1939) Mad. 178: 1939-7 ITR 48 (PC). There can therefore, be no question that when the gross sale proceeds were received by the Agents in India they necessarily received whatever income, profits and gains were lying dormant or hidden or otherwise embedded in them. Of course, if on the taking of accounts it be found that there was no profits during the year then the question of receipt of income, profits and gains would not arise but if there were income, profits and gains, then the proportionate part thereof attributable to the sale proceeds received by the Agents in India were income, profits and gains received by them at the moment the gross sale proceeds were received by them in India and that being the position the provisions of S. 4 (1) (a) were immediately attracted and the income profits and gains so received became chargeable to tax under S. 3 of the Act. In our opinion there is no substance in the first main contention adumbrated by Mr. S. Mitra.(10) Mr. Mitras second main point is that assuming that there was receipt of income, profits and gains within India, such income profits and gains clearly arose through or from a business connection in India and, therefore, the provisions of S. 42 (1) would apply and such income, profits and gains should be dealt with as income, profits and gains deemed to accrue or arise in India and consequently the inclusion of such income, profits and gains in the total income should be under S. 4 (1) (c) for the Association is non-resident Mr. Mitra urges that the charging under S. 3 is to be " in accordance with and subject to the provisions of this Act." Likewise, S. 4 (1) is also "subject to the provisions of this Act." This, according to Mr. Mitra, at once attracts S. 42 and such income, profits and gains being within S. 42 must be included in S. 4 (1) (c) and the other alternative, i.e., S. 4 (1) (a) is no longer applicable. In other words, according to Mr. Mitras contention, S. 4 (1) (a) becomes a dead letter so far as income; Profits and gains arising or accruing to a non-resident are concerned. We are unable to accede to this contention. S. 42 only speaks of deemed income. The whole object of that section is to make certain income, profits and gains to be deemed to arise in India so as to bring them to charge. The receipt of the income, Profits and gains being one of the tests of liability, where the income, profits and gains are actually received in India it is no longer necessary for the revenue authorities to have recourse to the fiction and this has been held quite clearly in - Hira Mills Ltd., v. Income-tax Officer, Cawnpore, 1946-14 ITR 417 at p. 423 (All) and in - Nagayya v. Commr. of Income-tax, Madras , 1949-17 ITR 194 (Mad). This is also implicit in the decision of the Privy Council in - Pondicherry Rly, Co. Ltd. v. Commr. of Income-tax, Madras, 54 Mad 691: 58 Ind App 239 PC, to which reference has already been made. Section 4 (1) (a) in terms is, unlike Ss. 4 (1) (b) or 4 (1) (c), not confined in its application, to any particular category of assesses. S. 4 (1) (a) is general and applies to a resident or a non-resident person. The second proviso to S. 4 (1), although it relates to the case of a person not ordinarily resident, also indicates that income, profits and gains which accrue or arise to such a person without the taxable territories can be included in his total income if they are brought into or received in the taxable territories and become chargeable to tax under S. 3 read with S. 4 (1) (a). For reasons hereinbefore stated this contention of Mr. Mitra must be rejected. It may be that the construction we are adopting in agreement with the High Court may operate harshly against non-resident in that income, profits and gains attributable to business operations outside India may also be brought to charge as having been received in India and such consequence may deter non-resident merchants from doing business in India. These indeed are serious considerations but the Courts have to construe the statute according to the plain language and tenor thereof and if any untoward consequences result therefrom it it for authority other than this Court to rectify or prevent the same.(11) The last main point urged by Mr. Mitra is that as soon as Turner Morrison and Co. Ltd. were treated as agents under S. 43, the provisions of S. 42 were immediately attract . In support of this contention Mr. Mitra relies on the decisions in-Imperial Tobacco CO. of India Ltd., v. Secy. of State, 49 Cal 721 (SB): - Commr of Income-tax Bombay v. Metro Goldwyn Mayer (India) Ltd,1939-7 ITR 176 (Bom) and - Calter (India) Ltd. v. Commr. of Income- tax, Bombay City, 1952-21 ITR 278 (Bom), where it has been held that S. 43 is only a machinery for giving effect to S. 42. To say that S. 43 is really only machinery for giving effect to Section 42 is not to say that S. 43 has no other purpose. S. 42 refers to income, profits or gains accruing or arising directly or indirectly through or from (i) any business connection in India, (ii) any property in India or (iii) any assets or sources of income in India, or (iv) any money lent at interest and brought into India in cash or in kind or (v) the sale, exchange or transfer of a capital asset in India. All these incomes by virtue of this section have to be deemed to be income accruing or arising within India and where the person entitled to such income, profits or gains is a non-resident such income, profits and gains are made chargeable to Income-tax either in his name or in the name of his agent who is to be deemed to be for all the purposes of this Act the asseesee in respect of such income-tax. S. 43, however, refers to a person (a) employed by or on behalf of a non-resident, (b) having any business connection with such non-resident or (c) through whom such non- resident is in receipt of any income, profits or gains. A person who comes within one or other of these three categories, may, under this section, be treated by the Income-tax Officer as agent of the non-resident and such person is for all the purposes of this Act to be deemed to be such agent. The third category refers to a person through whom the non-resident is in receipt of any income, profits or gains. The portion of S. 43 which refers to the person through whom the non-resident is in receipt of any income, profits or gains does not necessarily attract the provisions of S. 42, for the income profits and gains received by the person who is treated as agent under S. 43 may not fall within any of the several categories of income, profits or gains referred to in S. 42.The language of S. 43 will also attract the provisions of S. 40, for that section also contemplates a person who is entitled to receive on behalf of the non-resident any income, profits and gains chargeable under this Act and may even attract the provisions of S. 4 (1) (a). In our opinion there is no warrant for the contention that an appointment of a person as a statutory agent under S. 43 only attracts S. 42 for such appointment is for the purposes of of the Act and not only for the purposes of section 42.

Decision reasoning: 1[ds](6) The first main contention urged by Mr. S. Mitra appearing in support of this appeal is that no income, profits and gains were received in India by or on behalf of the Association. He seeks to make good this contention on a variety of reasons all of which are not quite consistent with each other and some of which may even be mutuallyare bound to reject this reasoning as unsound on the same grounds on which the Privy Council rejected a similar contention in the case of Pondicherry Rly. Co. Ltd. (supra). In the language of Lord Macmillan the functions of the Agents far transcended the mere mechanical act of transmitting the sums collected by them to the Association in Egypt. They were entrusted with important duties on behalf of the Association namely, selling of the goods consigned to them for sale, handling the cargoes, issuing delivery orders, collecting rule proceeds and then to remit the same after deducting the expenses incurred by them and their own commission. The description of "an animated Post Office" can hardly apply to an agent of thisconcession that the Agents were entitled to deduct their disbursements and their commission out of the sale proceeds clearly implies that the sale proceeds belonged to the Association, for the Agents could not deduct the dues by the Association from something which did not belong to the Association. S. 217, Contract Act, gives to an agent the right to retain, out of any sum received on account of the principal in the business of the agency, all moneys due to himself in respect of advances made or expenses properly incurred by him in conducting such business and such remuneration as may be payable to him for acting as agent. S. 221 also confers a right on the agent to retain the goods, papers and other property of the principal received, by him until the amount due to him for commission, disbursements and services in respect of the same has been paid or accounted for by him. The right of retainer and lien conferred on the agent does not make the amount received by the agent on behalf of the principal any the less the property of the principal. The principal is the full owner and has complete control over his properties in the hands of the agent subject only to the latters statutory right of retainer and lien. It follows, therefore, that the entire sale proceeds received by the Agents in the case before us were received on behalf of the Association and belonged to it subject to the rights of thesecond proviso to S. 4 (1), although it relates to the case of a person not ordinarily resident, also indicates that income, profits and gains which accrue or arise to such a person without the taxable territories can be included in his total income if they are brought into or received in the taxable territories and become chargeable to tax under S. 3 read with S. 4 (1) (a). For reasons hereinbefore stated this contention of Mr. Mitra must be rejected. It may be that the construction we are adopting in agreement with the High Court may operate harshly against non-resident in that income, profits and gains attributable to business operations outside India may also be brought to charge as having been received in India and such consequence may deter non-resident merchants from doing business in India. These indeed are serious considerations but the Courts have to construe the statute according to the plain language and tenor thereof and if any untoward consequences result therefrom it it for authority other than this Court to rectify or prevent theperson who comes within one or other of these three categories, may, under this section, be treated by the Income-tax Officer as agent of the non-resident and such person is for all the purposes of this Act to be deemed to be such agent. The third category refers to a person through whom the non-resident is in receipt of any income, profits or gains. The portion of S. 43 which refers to the person through whom the non-resident is in receipt of any income, profits or gains does not necessarily attract the provisions of S. 42, for the income profits and gains received by the person who is treated as agent under S. 43 may not fall within any of the several categories of income, profits or gains referred to in S. 42.The language of S. 43 will also attract the provisions of S. 40, for that section also contemplates a person who is entitled to receive on behalf of the non-resident any income, profits and gains chargeable under this Act and may even attract the provisions of S. 4 (1) (a). In our opinion there is no warrant for the contention that an appointment of a person as a statutory agent under S. 43 only attracts S. 42 for such appointment is for the purposes of of the Act and not only for the purposes of section 42.