Case: State of Bihar Vs. Barakar Engineering and Foundry Works Ltd

Hegde, J.1. The respondent-original plaintiff (which will hereinafter be referred to as the plaintiff) is a company having its registered office at Calcutta. It was a registered dealer under the Bihar Sales Tax Act, 1947 (in brief the Act). On or about December 14, 1953, the plaintiff issued a cheque to the defendant-appellant for a sum of Rs. 10,000/- drawn on the Oriental Bank of Commerce Ltd., Calcutta towards the sales tax due from it for the years 1950-51. 1951-52 and 1952-53. That cheque was sent to Calcutta for encashment and encashed at that place. On September 25, 1954, the Assistant Superintendent of Sales-tax passed assessment orders in respect of the years mentioned earlier. According to those orders, the plaintiff was liable to pay sales tax amounting to Rs. 2803/2/- in respect of the year 1950-51; Rs. 3670/5/- for the year 1951-52; Rs. 4623/6/- for the year 1952-53, thus a total of Rs. 11,096 /-13/-. As seen earlier, it had already paid a sum of Rs. 10,000/- earlier. On July 23, 1955, it paid the balance of Rupees 1096/13/-; this again by a cheque on the bank mentioned earlier. This was also encashed at Calcutta.2. Aggrieved by the assessment orders made by the assessing authority, the plaintiff went up in appeal to the Assistant Commissioner of Sales Tax, Chhotanagpur Division, Bihar. Those appeals were heard by the appellate authority at Calcutta. The appellate authority by its order of September 24, 1955 allowed the appeals and set aside the orders of assessment. Before that order was made, this Court had ruled in Bengal Immunity Co. Ltd. v. State of Bihar (1955) 2 SCR 603 = (AIR 1955 SC 661 ) that until Parliament by law made in exercise of the powers vested in it by clause (2) of Art. 286 provides otherwise, no State can impose or authorise the imposition of any tax on sales or purchases of goods when such sales or purchases take place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce. On the basis of that conclusion this Court held that the charging section of the Act read with the relevant definitions cannot operate to tax inter-State sales or purchases and as the Parliament has not otherwise provided, the Act, in so far as it purports to tax sales or purchases that take place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce, is unconstitutional, illegal and void. Evidently that decision was brought to the notice of the appellate authority at the hearing of the appeals and that authority purported to act on the basis of that decision. The appeals in question were allowed with these observations :"These three appeals are directed against assessment order for the years 1950-51, 1951-52 and 1952-53.The only point pressed before me is that since this is a case of non-resident dealers, there should have been no assessment. The lower Court records show that the workshop of the plaintiff is situate in Barakar which is outside Bihar. From here he supplies goods to collieries in Bihar. In other words, he is a non-resident dealer and so, according to the latest decision of Supreme Court, he cannot be assessed to pay any tax in Bihar.These appeal are accordingly allowed in full."Sd/- M. Ahmad,24-9-195,Assistant Commissioner of Sales Tax."3. It is rather difficult to understand this order. But before the High Court Counsel for both the parties agreed that the decision referred to in the order is the decision in the Bengal Immunitys case, (1955) 2 SCR 603 - (AIR 1955 SC 661 ) (supra).4. On October 12, 1955, the plaintiff filed an application before the Superintendent of Sales Tax, Dhanbad for refund of the tax paid by him. This claim was made on the basis of the appellate order. On January 30, 1956, Sales Tax Laws Validation Ordinance (No. 3 of 1956) was issued which was followed up by Sales Tax Laws Validation Act, 1956. The scope of this Act was considered by this Court in M. P. V. Sundararamier and Co. v. State of Andhra Pradesh (1958) SCR 1422 = (AIR 1958 SC 468 ). Therein this Court by majority held that the Sales Tax Laws Validation Act, 1956 is in substance one lifting the ban on taxation of inter-State sales and is within the authority conferred on Parliament under Art. 286 (2) and further that under that provision it was competent to Parliament to enact a law with retrospective operation. Therein this Court further held that S. 2 of the Sales Tax Laws Validation Act validates not only levies already collected but also authorised the imposition of tax on sales falling within the explanation which had taken place within the period specified in S. 2. It was also held that the Act was not a temporary one though its operation is limited to sales taking place within a specified period. Evidently because of the Sale-tax Laws Validation Ordinance and the Sale Tax Laws Validation Act, the Superintendent of Sales Tax, Dhanbad did not comply with the demands made by the plaintiff. Thereafter the plaintiff issued to the defendant a notice on June 7, 1958 calling upon the defendant to refund the amount paid by it with interest. The defendant ignored that demand. Then the plaintiff filed a suit on the original side of the Calcutta High Court claiming a sum of Rs. 13,176/69 P. with interest and costs. In the plaint the plaintiff put forward three different grounds as affording him a cause of action to institute the suit on the original side of the High Court. They are : (1) that the payments in question were made by it under a bona fide mistake of law namely that it was liable to pay sales tax to the defendant during the periods in question; hence it has a right to get back that amount and as the cheques in question were encashed at Calcutta, a part of the cause of action arose in Calcutta. (2) its appeals to the Assistant Commissioner of Sales Tax were heard in Calcutta and the order of the appellate authority was received at Calcutta, therefore, a part of the cause of action on that basis also arose in Calcutta and (3) its Registered Office is situate in Calcutta. It is the duty of the debtor to find out the creditor and pay the debt. Hence it was open to the plaintiff to sue the defendant in Calcutta.5. The defendant resisted the plaintiffs claim. It contended (1) that in view of S. 2 of the Sales Tax Laws Validation Act, the impugned levy and collection must be considered as valid, therefore no question of reimbursement arose and (2) the Calcutta High Court had no jurisdiction to entertain the suit as no part of the cause of action arose in Calcutta.6. The suit was heard by Ray J. (at present a judge of this Court) on the original side of the High Court. The learned judge came to the conclusion that a part of the cause of action for the suit did arise in Calcutta for two reasons viz. (1) the cheques issued by the plaintiff were encashed at Calcutta and (2) under the circumstances of the case the State of Bihar must be held to be the debtor and the plaintiff its creditor; hence it was the duty of the debtor to find out its creditor and pay the debt to the creditor at Calcutta. But on merits, the learned single judge held against the plaintiff. He came to the conclusion that in view of S. 2 of the Sale Tax Laws Validation Act, the levy and collection must be held to be valid despite the order of the appellate authority.7. Aggrieved by that decision the plaintiff took up the matter in appeal to a Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court and the appeal was heard by a Division Bench consisting of Bachawat J. (who later became a judge of this Court) and Arun K. Mukherjea J. The learned judges of the Division Bench allowed the appeal in full. On the question whether any part of cause of action arose in Calcutta, differing from the view taken by Ray J. they held that the doctrine that the debtor must find out his creditor and pay the debt did not apply to the facts of this case because of the rules framed under the Act under which the refund claimed can only be made inside Bihar. But all the same the learned judges came to the conclusion that as the cheques issued by the plaintiff were encashed at Calcutta, part of cause of action must be held to have arisen in Calcutta; therefore, the Calcutta High Court had jurisdiction to entertain the suit. On merits the learned judges came to the conclusion that whatever might be the effect of the provisions of the Sales Tax Laws Validation Act, in view of the appellate authoritys order allowing the appeals of the plaintiff, whether that order was right or wrong, the defendant was bound to refund the amount. According to the Division Bench, the order of the appellate authority became final as it had not been appealed against nor altered in any manner. It held that the provisions of the Sales Tax Laws Validation Act did not override the decision of the appellate authority.8. Let us first take up the question of the validity of the assessments as originally made. This question has to be examined under two different heads namely the validity of the assessment for the period from April 1, 1950 to March 31, 1951 and the validity of the assessments for the remaining two years. So far as the assessment for the first period is concerned, the same was not touched by the Sales Tax Laws Validation Act. Section 2 of that Act which validates the assessment already made reads :"Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any Court, no law of a State imposing, or authorising the imposition of a tax on the sale or purchase of any goods where such sale or purchase took place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce during the period between the 1st day of April 1951 and the 6th day of September 1955 shall be deemed to be invalid or ever to have been invalid merely by reason of the fact that such sale or purchase took place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce; and all such taxes levied or collected or purporting to have been levied or collected during the aforesaid period shall be deemed always to have been validly levied or collected in accordance with law."9. It is clear that this provision only deals with taxes levied or collected or purporting to have been levied or collected during the period commencing April 1, 1951 till September 6, 1955. Hence this section does not take in the assessment for the year 1950-51. The question of the validity of that assessment has to be separately considered without reference to the Sale Tax Laws Validation Act. It is seen that the levy and collection of tax relating to that period is governed by the Sales Tax Continuance Order 1950 made by the President in exercise of his powers under the proviso to cl. (2) of Art. 286 of the Constitution of India as that Article stood then. In view of that order, it cannot be said that the assessment made for the year 1950-51 is violative of Art. 286. The validity of the above referred order has not been challenged before us. Hence our conclusion is that the assessment in respect of the year 1950-51 was validly made.10. Now coming to the validity of the assessments made for the second period, the same is fully covered by the validating provisions contained in S. 2 of the Sales Tax Laws Validation Act. This section has been given retrospective effect as from April 1, 1951. Therefore we have to proceed on the basis of the fiction that the provisions of the Act relating to levy of tax on inter-State sales have all along been valid provisions. This position is made clear by the decision of this Court in Sundararamiers case, (1958) SCR 1422 = (AIR 1958 SC 468 ) (supra).11. From the above discussion it follows that if the assessments made by the assessing authority are examined solely on the basis of law, there is no ground for coming to the conclusion that those assessments are invalid assessments. If they are not invalid assessments then the plaintiffs case that he made the payments in question under a bona fide mistake of law is clearly unsustainable. In law, as interpreted by us, he was bound to make those payments.12. But the complicating factor is the order of the appellate authority. The appellate authority had come to the conclusion that the impugned assessments were not validly made. It is that order that gave the plaintiff right to claim back the amounts paid by it though that order was partly erroneous even when it was made and it became wholly erroneous when the Parliament validated the law with retrospective effect. But, that did not take away the effect of the order. It was an order made by a competent authority, which authority who, to repeat the often quoted saying had the right to decide the case before it rightly or wrongly.13. Section 2 of the Sale Tax Laws Validation Act, does not take in any order made by any of the authorities under the Sales Tax Act. It merely refers to judgments, decrees or orders of any court. The orders of the appellate authority cannot be considered either as judgments or decrees or order of the court. In this view, it is not necessary to examine the scope of the remaining part of that section.14. From what has been stated above, it follows that as the assessments made were set aside by the appellate authority the plaintiff was entitled to the refund of the amounts paid by him. The validity of the order made by the appellate authority cannot be called into question in a civil Court in view of Section 23 of the Act. It says :"Save as is provided in S. 25, no assessment made and no order passed under this Act or the rules made thereunder by the Commissioner or any person appointed under Sec. 3 to assist him shall be called into question in any Court, and save as is provided in Section 24, no appeal or application for revision or review shall lie against any such assessment or order."15. In view of that section, the State could not have challenged the validity of the order made by the appellate authority before the High Court.16. This takes us to the question whether the High Court of Calcutta had territorial jurisdiction to entertain the plaintiffs suit. We have earlier come to the conclusion that under law, the assessments made by the assessing authority are valid assessments and therefore it cannot be said that the payments made by the plaintiff were made under any mistaken impression of the law. Hence in our opinion the fact that the cheques issued by the plaintiff were encashed in Calcutta could not have afforded any cause of action for filing the suit in the Calcutta High Court Assuming, but not deciding that, the fact of the encahsment of cheques in Calcutta gave rise to a cause of action at Calcutta gave rise to a cause of action at Calcutta for a claim based on the ground that the payments were made on a mistaken impression of law but that circumstance cannot be said to give rise to a cause of action for the suit on the ground that the plaintiff is entitled to the refund of the amounts paid because of the appellate authority order. In our judgment the High Court failed to keep apart the two questions namely the claim for the return of the amount paid on the basis that it was paid under a mistaken impression of the law and the claim made in pursuance of the order of the appellate authority. The payments made by the plaintiff by cheques have nothing to do with the appellate authoritys order. They have not been made on the basis of that order. They were made on the basis of the original assessments. The only ground on which the High Court has come to the conclusion that the plaintiff is entitled to claim refund of the amount paid is because of the fact that the appellate authority had decided the appeals in its favour.17. Now, let us take up the question whether any part of the cause of action for the suit arose outside Bihar. In consequence of the order of the appellate authority. As per Rule 40 of the Bihar Sales Tax Rules, 1949 made in pursuance of the rule making power conferred under the Act, all applications from a dealer for refund of the excess tax paid have to be made to the Commissioner in form XIII. Rule 41 provides that when the Commissioner is satisfied that refund is due, he shall record an order sanctioning the refund. Rule 42 provides that when an order for refund has been passed under Rule 41, the Commissioner shall, if the dealer desires payment in cash issue the refund payment order in form XIV and shall make it over to the dealer for encashment at the Government treasury, a copy of the refund order shall also be forwarded to the Treasury Officer concerned. Rule 43 says that if the dealer desires payment by adjustment against any amount payable to him the Commissioner shall issue a refund adjustment order in form XV accompanied by a challenge for adjustment. In view of these rules an application for refund could have been made only before the Commissioner whose office is situated in Bihar and the refund could have been made only in accordance with the rules. As per the rules the amount to be refunded can be paid to a dealer only through one of the Government treasuries. Hence the entire cause of action in respect of the claim for refund on the basis of the appellate authoritys order arose only within the State of Bihar and no part of that cause of action arose outside Bihar. For the same reasons no part of the cause of action for claiming the amount in question on the basis of the doctrine that the debtor must seek his creditor and pay the debt due could have arisen outside Bihar, in view of the rules referred to earlier. The fact that the plaintiff based his claim on three alternative grounds, for one of which alone a part of the cause of action can at best be said to have arisen in Calcutta but not for others, cannot confer jurisdiction on the Calcutta High Court to try the suit on the basis of grounds in respect of which no part of the cause of action arose in Calcutta. The cause of action, within the contemplation of law is that which relates to a tenable plea.

Decision reasoning: 1[ds]9. It is clear that this provision only deals with taxes levied or collected or purporting to have been levied or collected during the period commencing April 1, 1951 till September 6, 1955. Hence this section does not take in the assessment for the year 1950-51. The question of the validity of that assessment has to be separately considered without reference to the Sale Tax Laws Validation Act. It is seen that the levy and collection of tax relating to that period is governed by the Sales Tax Continuance Order 1950 made by the President in exercise of his powers under the proviso to cl. (2) of Art. 286 of the Constitution of India as that Article stood then. In view of that order, it cannot be said that the assessment made for the year 1950-51 is violative of Art. 286. The validity of the above referred order has not been challenged before us. Hence our conclusion is that the assessment in respect of the year 1950-51 was validly made.From the above discussion it follows that if the assessments made by the assessing authority are examined solely on the basis of law, there is no ground for coming to the conclusion that those assessments are invalid assessments. If they are not invalid assessments then the plaintiffs case that he made the payments in question under a bona fide mistake of law is clearly unsustainable. In law, as interpreted by us, he was bound to make those payments.12. But the complicating factor is the order of the appellate authority. The appellate authority had come to the conclusion that the impugned assessments were not validly made. It is that order that gave the plaintiff right to claim back the amounts paid by it though that order was partly erroneous even when it was made and it became wholly erroneous when the Parliament validated the law with retrospective effect. But, that did not take away the effect of the order. It was an order made by a competent authority, which authority who, to repeat the often quoted saying had the right to decide the case before it rightly orhave earlier come to the conclusion that under law, the assessments made by the assessing authority are valid assessments and therefore it cannot be said that the payments made by the plaintiff were made under any mistaken impression of the law. Hence in our opinion the fact that the cheques issued by the plaintiff were encashed in Calcutta could not have afforded any cause of action for filing the suit in the Calcutta High Court Assuming, but not deciding that, the fact of the encahsment of cheques in Calcutta gave rise to a cause of action at Calcutta gave rise to a cause of action at Calcutta for a claim based on the ground that the payments were made on a mistaken impression of law but that circumstance cannot be said to give rise to a cause of action for the suit on the ground that the plaintiff is entitled to the refund of the amounts paid because of the appellate authority order. In our judgment the High Court failed to keep apart the two questions namely the claim for the return of the amount paid on the basis that it was paid under a mistaken impression of the law and the claim made in pursuance of the order of the appellate authority. The payments made by the plaintiff by cheques have nothing to do with the appellate authoritys order. They have not been made on the basis of that order. They were made on the basis of the original assessments. The only ground on which the High Court has come to the conclusion that the plaintiff is entitled to claim refund of the amount paid is because of the fact that the appellate authority had decided the appeals in its favour.17. Now, let us take up the question whether any part of the cause of action for the suit arose outside Bihar. In consequence of the order of the appellate authority. As per Rule 40 of the Bihar Sales Tax Rules, 1949 made in pursuance of the rule making power conferred under the Act, all applications from a dealer for refund of the excess tax paid have to be made to the Commissioner in form XIII. Rule 41 provides that when the Commissioner is satisfied that refund is due, he shall record an order sanctioning the refund. Rule 42 provides that when an order for refund has been passed under Rule 41, the Commissioner shall, if the dealer desires payment in cash issue the refund payment order in form XIV and shall make it over to the dealer for encashment at the Government treasury, a copy of the refund order shall also be forwarded to the Treasury Officer concerned. Rule 43 says that if the dealer desires payment by adjustment against any amount payable to him the Commissioner shall issue a refund adjustment order in form XV accompanied by a challenge for adjustment. In view of these rules an application for refund could have been made only before the Commissioner whose office is situated in Bihar and the refund could have been made only in accordance with the rules. As per the rules the amount to be refunded can be paid to a dealer only through one of the Government treasuries. Hence the entire cause of action in respect of the claim for refund on the basis of the appellate authoritys order arose only within the State of Bihar and no part of that cause of action arose outside Bihar. For the same reasons no part of the cause of action for claiming the amount in question on the basis of the doctrine that the debtor must seek his creditor and pay the debt due could have arisen outside Bihar, in view of the rules referred to earlier. The fact that the plaintiff based his claim on three alternative grounds, for one of which alone a part of the cause of action can at best be said to have arisen in Calcutta but not for others, cannot confer jurisdiction on the Calcutta High Court to try the suit on the basis of grounds in respect of which no part of the cause of action arose in Calcutta. The cause of action, within the contemplation of law is that which relates to a tenable plea.