Case: Mohd. Amin And Others Vs. Vakil Ahmed And Others

Bhagwati, J.1. This is an appeal from the judgment and decree of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad which set aside a decree passed by the Civil Judge of Azamgarh decreeing the plaintiffs claim.2. One Haji Abdur Rahman, hereinafter referred to as "Haji" a Sunni Mohammedan, died on 26-1-1940 leaving behind him a large estate. He left him surviving plaintiffs 1 to 3, his sons plaintiff 4 his daughter and plaintiff 5 his wife, defendant 6 his sister, defendant 7 his daughter by a pre-deceased wife Batul Bibi and defendants 1 to 4 his nephews and defendant 5 his grandnephew. Plaintiffs case is that immediately after his death defendant 1 who was the Chairman, Town Area qasba Mubarkpur and a member of the District Board, Azamgarh and defendant 5 who was an old associate of his, started propaganda against them that they set afloat a rumour to the effect that plaintiffs 1 to 4 were not the legitimate children of Haji and that plaintiff 5 was not his lawfully wedded wife, that defendants 1 to 4 set up an oral gift of one-third of the estate in their favour and defendant 5 set up an oral will bequeathing one-third share of the estate to him and sought to interfere with the possession of the plaintiffs over the estate and nearly stopped all sources of income. It was alleged that under these circumstances a so-called deed of family settlement was executed by and between the parties one 5-4-1940 embodying an agreement in regard to the distribution of the properties belonging to the estate, that plaintiff 3 was a minor of the age of about 9 years and he was represented by plaintiff 1 who acted as; his guardian and executed the deed of settlement for and on his behalf. On these allegations the plaintiffs filed on 25-11-1940 in the Court of Civil Judge of Azamgarh the suit out of which the present appeal arises against defendants 1 to 5 and defendants 6 to 7 for a declaration that the deed of settlement dated 5-4-1940 be held to be invalid and to establish their claim to their legitimate shares in the estate of Haji under Mohammedan Law. Defendant 8 a daughter of plaintiff 5 whose paternity was in dispute was added as a party defendant to the suit, the plaintiffs claiming that she was the daughter of plaintiff 5 by Haji and defendants 1 to 5 alleging that she was a daughter of plaintiff 5 by her former husband Alimullah.3. The only defendants who contested the claim of the plaintiff were defendants 4 to5. They denied that plaintiff 5 was the lawfully wedded wife and plaintiff 1 to 4 were the legitimate children of Haji. They also contended that the deed of settlement embodied the terms of a family settlement which had been bona fide arrived at between the parties in regard to the disputed claims to the estate of Haji and was binding on the plaintiffs.4. It is significant to observe that defendants 6 to 7 who were the admitted heirs of Haji did not contest the plaintiffs claim at all.5. The two issues which were mainly contested before the trial Court were, (1) Whether plaintiffs 1 to 4 are the legitimate issues of, and plaintiff 6 is the wedded wife of Abdul Rahman deceased;(2) Whether the agreement dated 5-4-1940 was executed by the plaintiffs after understanding its contents fully or was obtained from them by fraud or undue influence ? Was the said deed insufficiently stamped ? Was it beneficial to the minor plaintiffs ?6. As regards the first issue there was no document evidencing the marriage between plaintiff 5 and Haji. Plaintiff 5 and Haji had however lived, together as man and wife for 23 to 24 years and plaintiffs 1 to 4 were born of that union. There was thus a strong presumption of the marriage of Haji with plaintiff 5 having taken place and of the legitimacy of plaintiffs 1 to4. The trial Court did not attach any importance to the question of onus or presumption, examined the evidence which was led by both the parties with a view to come to a finding in regard to this issue, and found as follows :"So far as Mt. Rahimas marriage with Alimullah or another Abdul Rahman is concerned the evidence of both the parties stands on the same level and is not worthy of much credit. I have, however, not the least hesitation to observe that so far as the oral evidence and the circumstances of the case are concerned, they all favour the plaintiffs. I, however, find it difficult to ignore the testimony of the defendants witnesses Shah Allaul Haq and Molvi Iqbal Ahmad........... Owing to the voluminous oral evidence adduced by the plaintiffs and the circumstances that apparently favour them, I gave my best attention to this case, but upon a careful consideration of the whole evidence on the record, I am not prepared to hold that plaintiffs 1 to 4 are the legitimate issues of plaintiff 5 the lawfully wedded wife of the deceased, Haji Abdul Rahman. I frankly admit that the matter is not free from difficulty and doubt but to my mind the scale leans away from the plaintiffs and I am not satisfied that their version is correct."On the second issue the learned trial Judge came to the conclusion that the disputed compromise amounted to a family settlement; that it was beneficial to the interests of the minor plaintiff and that it was made by the parties willingly and without any fraud or undue influence. On these findings the suit was dismissed with costs.7. The plaintiffs filed an appeal to the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad. After considering the several authorities on the binding nature of family settlements cited before it, it came to the conclusion that it did not bind the plaintiffs. As regards defendants 1 to 5 it was held that there was no consideration whatsoever which could in any way support the arrangement. Plaintiffs 4 and 5 being Purdauashin ladies, it was found that they had no chance at any stage of the transaction of getting independent advice in regard to the contents or the effect of the document which they were executing and that even if the deed were valid otherwise it would not be binding on them. It was further held that plaintiff 3 who would be about 9 years of age at the time of the execution of the deed was represented in the transaction by his brother who could not be the legal guardian of his property and that the deed in so far as it adversely affected the interest of plaintiff 3 would not be binding on him. On the question of marriage and legitimacy, the High Court came to the conclusion that if the trial Court had considered the question of onus in its proper light and given the plaintiffs the benefit of the initial presumption in favour of legitimacy and lawful wedlock under the Mohamedan Law, he would have recorded a finding in their favour. Defendants 1 to 5 had alleged that at the time of the commencement of sexual relation between plaintiff 5 and Haji, plaintiff 5 was the wife of one Alimullah who was alive and that, therefore, the connection between plaintiff 5 and Haji was in its origin illicit and continued as such, with the result that the presumption in favour of a marriage between plaintiff 5 and Haji and in favour of the legitimacy of plaintiffs 1 to 4 would not arise. The learned trial Judge disbelieved the evidence led by defendants 1 to 5 in regard to this marriage between plaintiff 5 and Alimullah. The High Court upheld the finding and said :"All these circumstances, to my mind, strongly militate against the theory of a first marriage of Mt. Rahima Bibi with the man called Alimullah. In this state of the evidence one cannot but hold that this story of the marriage with Alimullah was purely an after-thought on the part of defendants 1 to 5 and it was invented only to get rid of the strong presumption under the Mohamedan Law in favour of the paternity of plaintiffs 1 to 4 and the lawful wedlock of plaintiff 5."Having thus discredited the theory of the first marriage of plaintiff 5 with Alimullah the High Court came to the conclusion that it was fully established that Mt. Rahima Bibi was the lawfully wedded wife and that plaintiffs 1 to 4 are the legitimate children of Haji. Defendants 1 to 5 obtained leave to appeal to His Majesty in Council and the appeal was admitted on 10-1-1947.8. Shri S. P. Sinha who appeared for defendants 1 to 5 before us has urged the self-same two questions, namely, (i) Whether the deed of settlement is binding on the plaintiffs and (2) Whether plaintiff 5 was the lawfully wedded wife and plaintiffs 1 to 4 are the legitimate children of Haji.9. In regard to the first question, it is unnecessary to discuss the evidence in regard to fraud, undue influence, want of independent advice etc., as the question in our opinion is capable of being disposed of on a short point. It is admitted that plaintiff 3 Ishtiaq Husan was a minor of the age of about 9 years at the date of the deed, and he was not represented as already stated by any legal guardian in this arrangement. The minors brother had no power to transfer any right or interest in the immovable property of the minor and such a transfer if made was void. (See Mullas Mahomedan Law, 13th Edn., page 303, S. : 364.)10. Reference may be made to the decision of their Lordships of the Privy Council in Imambandi v. Haji Mutsaddi,45 Ind. App. 73 (P. C.). In that case the mother who was neither the legal quardian of her minor children nor had been appointed their quardian under the Guardians and Wards Act had purported to transfer the shares of her minor children in the property inherited by them from their deceased father. Mr. Ameer Ali who delivered the judgment of the Board observed at page 82 as follows :"The question how far, or under what circumstances according to Mahomedan Law, a mothers dealing with her minor childs property are binding on the infant has been frequently before the Courts in India. The decisions, however, are by no means uniform, and betray two varying tendencies : one set of decisions purports to give such dealings a qualified force; the other declares them wholly void and ineffective. In the former class of cases the main test for determining the validity of the particular transaction has been the benefit resulting from it to the minor; in the latter, the admitted absence of authority or power on the part of the mother to alienate or incumber the minors property."The test of benefit resulting from the transaction to the minor was negatived by the Privy Council and it was laid down that under the Mahomedan Law a person who has charge of the person or property of a minor without being his legal guardian, and who may, therefore, be conveniently called a"de facto guardian", has no power to convey to another any right or interest in immovable property which the transferee can enforce against the infant.11. Shri S. P. Sinha relied upon a decision of the Calcutta High Court reported in Mahamed Keramutullah Miah v. Keramutulla, A. I. R. 1919 cal. 218, where it was held that there was nothing in the doctrine of family arrangements opposed to the general principle that when it was sought to bind a minor by an agreement entered into on his behalf, it must be shown that the agreement was for the benefit of the minor; that if improper advantage had been taken of the minors position, a family arrangement could be set aside on the ground of undue influence or inequality of position or one or other of the grounds which would vitiate such arrangement in the case of adults; but where there was no defect of this nature, the settlement of a doubtful claim was of as much advantage to a minor as to an adult, and where a genuine dispute had been fairly settled the dispute could not be re-opened solely on the ground that one of the parties to the family arrangement was a minor.12. The decision was reached on 19-7-1918, i. e., almost 5 months after the decision of their Lordships of the Privy Council but it does not appear that the ruling was brought to the notice of the learned Judges of the Calcutta High Court. The test of the benefit resulting from the transaction to the minor which was negatived by their Lordships of the Privy Council was applied by the learned Judges of the Calcutta High Court in order to determine whether the family arrangement which was the subject-matter of the suit before them was binding on the minor.13. Shri S. P. Sinha next relied upon a decision of the Chief Court of Oudh, Ameer Hasan v. Md. Ejaz Hussain, A. I. R. 1929 oudh 134. In that case an agreement to refer to arbitration was entered into by the mother for her minor children and an award was made by the arbitrators. The scheme of distribution of properties promulgated in the award was followed without any objection whatever for a long period extending over 14 years and proceedings were taken at the instance of the minors for recovery of possession by actual partition of their shares in the properties. The Court held that the reference to arbitration could not be held binding on the minors and the award could not be held to be an operative document, but if the scheme of distribution promulgated in the award was in no way perverse or unfair or influenced by any corruption or misconduct of the arbitrators and had been followed without any objection whatever for a long period extending over 14 years; it would as well be recognised as a family settlement and the Court would be extremely reluctant to disturb the arrangement arrived at so many years ago. This line of reasoning was deprecated by their Lordships of the Privy Council inPartap Singh v. Sant Kaur,I. L. R. (1938) 19 Lah. 313 (P. C.) at p. 317 where their Lordships observed :"it is, however, argued that the transaction should be upheld, because it was a family settlement. Their Lordships cannot assent to the proposition that a party can, by describing a contract as a family settlement, claim for it an exemption from the law governing the capacity of a person to make a valid contract."14. We are, therefore, unable to accept this case as an authority for the proposition that a deed of settlement which is void by reason of the minor not having been properly represented in the transaction can be rehabilitated by the adoption of any such line of reasoning.15. If the deed of settlement was thus void, it could not be void only qua the minor plaintiff 3 but would be void altogether qua all the parties including those who were sui juris. This position could not be and was not as a matter of fact contested before us.16. The contention of defendants 1 to 5 in regard to the lawful wedlock between plaintiff 5 and Haji and the legitimacy of plaintiffs 1 to 4 was equally untenable. The plaintiffs had no doubt to prove that plaintiff 5 was the lawfully wedded wife and plaintiffs 1 to 4 were the legitimate children of Haji. Both the Courts found that the factum of the marriage was not proved and the plaintiffs had, therefore, of necessity to fall back upon the presumption of marriage arising in Mahomedan Law. If that presumption of marriage arose, there would be no difficulty in establishing the status of plaintiffs 1 to 4 as the legitimate children of Haji because they were admittedly born by plaintiff 5 to Haji. The presumption of marriage arises in Mahomedan Law in the absence of direct proof from a prolonged and continual cohabitation as husband and wife. It will be apposite in this connection to refer to a passage from the judgment of their Lordships of the Privy Council in Khajah Hidayat Oollah v. Rai Jan Khanum,3 Moo. Ind. App. 295 (P. C.) at p. 317. Their Lordships there quoted a passage from Macnaughtens Principles of Mahomedan Law :"The Mahomedan lawyers carry this disinclination (that is against bastardizing) much further; they consider it the legitimate of reasoning to infer the existence of marriage from the proof of cohabitation........ None but children who are in the strictest sense of the word spurious are considered incapable of inheriting the estate of their putative father. The evidence of persons who would, in other cases, be considered incompetent witnesses is admitted to prove wedlock, and, in short, where by any possibility a marriage may be presumed, the law will rather do so than bastardize the issue, and whether a marriage be simply voidable or void ab initio the offspring of it will be deemed legitimate.......... This I apprehend, with all due deference, is carrying the doctrine to an extent unwarranted by law; for where children are not born of women proved to be married to their father, or of female slaves to their fathers, some kind of evidence (however slight) is requisite to form a presumption of matrimony........ The mere fact of casual concubinage is not sufficient to establish legitimacy; and "if there be proved to have existed any insurmountable obstacle to the marriage of their putative father with their mother, the children, though not born of common women, will be considered bastards to all intents and purposes."Their Lordships deduced from this passage the principle that where a child had been born to a father of a mother where there had been not a mere casual concubinage, but a more permanent connection, and where there was no insurmountable obstacle to such a marriage, then according to the Mahomedan Law, the presumption was in favour of such marriage having taken place.17. The presumption in favour of a lawful marriage would thus arise where there was prolonged and continued cohabitation as husband and wife and where there was no insurmountable obstacle to such a marriage, e.g. prohibited relationship between the parties, the woman being an undivorced wife of a husband who was alive and the like. Further illustrations are to be found in the decisions of their Lordships of the Privy Council in Abdul Rasak v. Aga Mohomed Jaffer,21 Ind. App. 56 (P. C.) and Ghazanfar Ali Khan v. Kaniz Fatima,37 Ind. App. 105 (P. C.) where it was laid down that the presumption does not apply if the conduct of the parties was incompatible with the existence of the relation of husband and wife nor did it apply if the woman was admittedly a prostitute before she was brought to the mans house (see Mullas Mahomedan Law, p. 238, s. 268). If, therefore, there was no insurmountable obstacle to such a marriage and the man and woman had cohabited with each other continuously and for a prolonged period the presumption of lawful marriage would arise and it would be sufficient to establish that there was a lawful marriage between them.18. Plaintiff 5 and Haji had been living as man and wife for 23 to 24 years openly and to the knowledge of all their relations and friends. Plaintiffs 1 to 4 were the children born to them. Plaintiff 5, Haji and the children were all staying in the family house and all the relations including defendant 1 himself treated plaintiff 5 as a wife of Haji and plaintiffs 1 to 4 as his children. There was thus sufficient evidence of habit and repute. Haji moreover purchased a house and got the sale deed executed in the names of plaintiffs 1 and 2 who were described therein as his sons. The evidence which was led by defendants 1 to 5 to the contrary was discarded by the High Court as of a negative character and of no value. Even when the deed of settlement was executed between the parties plaintiff 5 was described as the widow and plaintiffs 1 to 4 were described as the children of Haji. All these circumstances raised the presumption that plaintiff 5 was the lawfully wedded wife and plaintiffs 1 to 4 were the legitimate children of Haji.19. The result therefore is that both the contentions urged by defendants 1 to 5 against the plaintiffs claim in suit fail and the decree passed in favour of the plaintiffs by the High Court must be affirmed.20. It was however pointed out by Shri S. P. Sinha that the High Court erred in awarding to the plaintiffs mesne profits even though there was no demand for the same in the plaint. The learned Solicitor-General appearing for the plaintiffs conceded that there was no demand for mesne profits as suchbut urged that the claim for mesne profits would be included within the expression "awarding possession and occupation of the property aforesaid together with all the rights appertaining thereto." We are afraid that the claim for mesne profits cannot be included within this expression and the High Court was in error in awarding to the plaintiffs mesne profits though they had not been claimed in the plaint. The provision in regard to the mesne profits will therefore have to be deleted from the decree.

Decision reasoning: 0[ds]14. We are, therefore, unable to accept this case as an authority for the proposition that a deed of settlement which is void by reason of the minor not having been properly represented in the transaction can be rehabilitated by the adoption of any such line of reasoning.15. If the deed of settlement was thus void, it could not be void only qua the minor plaintiff 3 but would be void altogether qua all the parties including those who were sui juris. This position could not be and was not as a matter of fact contested before us.16. The contention of defendants 1 to 5 in regard to the lawful wedlock between plaintiff 5 and Haji and the legitimacy of plaintiffs 1 to 4 was equally untenable. The plaintiffs had no doubt to prove that plaintiff 5 was the lawfully wedded wife and plaintiffs 1 to 4 were the legitimate children of Haji. Both the Courts found that the factum of the marriage was not proved and the plaintiffs had, therefore, of necessity to fall back upon the presumption of marriage arising in Mahomedan Law. If that presumption of marriage arose, there would be no difficulty in establishing the status of plaintiffs 1 to 4 as the legitimate children of Haji because they were admittedly born by plaintiff 5 to Haji. The presumption of marriage arises in Mahomedan Law in the absence of direct proof from a prolonged and continual cohabitation as husband and wife.The result therefore is that both the contentions urged by defendants 1 to 5 against the plaintiffs claim in suit fail and the decree passed in favour of the plaintiffs by the High Court must beare afraid that the claim for mesne profits cannot be included within this expression and the High Court was in error in awarding to the plaintiffs mesne profits though they had not been claimed in the plaint. The provision in regard to the mesne profits will therefore have to be deleted from the decree.