Case: Atul Mathur, Divisional Sales Manager Ofjenson And Nicholso Vs. Atul Kalra And Anr

NATARAJAN, J. 1. What falls for consideration in this appeal by special leave is whether the High Court has erred in law in setting aside the judgments of the courts below in a matter arising under Section 630 of the Companies Act in exercise of its powers under Section 482, CrPC. 2. The facts are as under: Messrs Jenson and Nicholson (India) Ltd. (appellant company), has secured a flat in Bombay (No. 84, Mehr-Dad, Cuffe Parade) belonging to one Mehdi Mandil, on leave and licence basis for the residential occupation of the flat by its officers/ employees. The leave and licence agreement was entered into on behalf of the company by respondent 1 who was then the Divisional Sales Manager of the company at Bombay, the registered office of the company being at Calcutta. It is common ground respondent 1 acted on behalf of the company under a power of attorney executed in his favour by the company. The leave and licence was for an initial period of 11 months but subject to renewal for a total period of 66 months. The agreement provided for payment of advance compensation of Rs. 16, 500 for 11 months and a monthly compensation of Rs. 1, 500 and a deposit of Rs. 3, 50, 000 free of interest to be returned at the end of the licence period. The company paid the deposit and the advanced compensation and was paying the monthly compensation of Rs 1, 500 therefore. On taking possession of the flat on November 1, 1980, the company allowed respondent 1 to occupy it as an employee of the company. More than three years later, i.e. on March 23, 1984, respondent 1 filed a suit (Suit No. 1360 of 1984) in the Court of Small Causes, Bombay against the company and the owner of the flat fro a declaration - that he is the actual licensee of the flat and for permanent injunction to restrain the defendants from interfering with his possession of the flat. Respondent 1 claimed to be the licensee of the flat on the basis of two letters dated January 25, 1984 and February 1, 1984 written to him by a junior employee of the company, viz. one Mr. Jain who was the Office Manager of the company at Bombay and working under respondent 1. In those letters Mr. Jain has made it appear that respondent 1 was the tenant of the flat. Besides the reliefs of declaration and injunction, certain other reliefs such as fixation of standard rent etc. were also asked for in the suit against the owner of the flat. Three days after the filing of the suit i.e. on March 26, 1984, respondent 1 tendered a letter of resignation to the company and his resignation was accepted by the management on March 27, 1984. In accordance with his claim to be the licensee of the flat, respondent 1 offered to reimburse the company the deposit amount of Rs. 3, 50, 000 but the company declined the offer and asserted that it was the licensee of the flat and not respondent 1. 3. As respondent 1 failed to vacate the flat after resigning his post, the company filed a complaint against him under Section 630 of the Companies Act in the Court of the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, Bombay. The complaint was filed on behalf of the company by its power of attorney Mr. Atul Mathur who had been appointed as Divisional Sales Manager, Bombay in place of respondent 1 after his resignation. The Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate took the complaint on file and after trial found respondent 1 guilty under Section 630 of the Companies Act and sentenced him to pay a fine of Rs. 1, 000 and also directed him to deliver possession of the flat to the company on or before June 15, 1987 in default to suffer S.I. for three months. Against the said judgment, respondent 1 preferred an appeal to the Sessions Court but by judgment dated October 22, 1986, the Additional Sessions Judge, Greater Bombay dismissed the appeal. The trial Magistrate as well as the appellate court concurrently held that the company was the licensee of the flat, that respondent 1 had acted only as the power of attorney of the company in entering into the agreement, that his occupation of the flat was only s an employee of the company and consequently respondent 1 was in unlawful occupation of the flat after he ceased to be an employee of the company. Respondent 1 was therefore directed to deliver possession of the flat to the company. 4. Despite the concurring judgments rendered against him, respondent 1 filed a petition before the High Court under Article 227 of the Constitution but at the time of arguments, he was permitted to convert the petition into one under Section 482, Code of Criminal Procedure. Three contentions as under were urged before the High Court to assail the judgments of the courts below: "(1) The complaint had been filed by a person without due authority to act on behalf of the company and this irregularity vitiated the entire proceedings(2) The Additional Sessions Judge had wrongly cast the burden of proof on the accused and the wrong approach has vitiated the judgment of the first appellate court(3) Since complicated questions of title were involved, the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate had no jurisdiction or competence to adjudicate the matter in summary proceedings under Section 630 of the Companies Act." 5. The first two contentions did not find favour with the High Court. On the first contention, the High Court held that though the power of attorney conferred only special powers on Mr. Atul Mathur to act on behalf of the company only in civil suits, tax proceedings and excise matters, Mr. Atul Mathur could still validly file the complaint as he was an officer of the company in the rank of Manager and could therefore validly act on behalf of the company. The High Court further held that even if Mr. Atul Mathur did not have the requisite competence to file the complaint, the irregularity was a curable one under Section 465 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. As regards the second contention, the High Court held that the Additional Sessions Judge has nowhere cast the burden of proof on the accused in dealing with the appeal and hence the appellate judgment did not suffer from any perversity or illegality. The High Court, however, sustained the third contention of respondent 1 and set aside the sentence of fine and the direction to respondent 1 to deliver possession of the flat to the company. In giving its acceptance to the third contention, the High Court felt influenced by the two letters Exs. 3 and 4 written by Mr. Jain and felt that the letters afforded basis for respondent 1 to bona fide dispute the companys claim for possession of flat. The High Court was also of the view that since respondent 1 had filed a suit even before the complaint was filed, the civil court was in seisin of the matter and therefore the criminal court "ought to have stayed its hand and allowed the civil court to adjudicate upon the issue". In support of its view, the High Court invoked the ratio in Damodar Das Jain v. Krishna Charan Chakraborty ((1985) 57 Com 115 (Bom)). 6. The aggrieved company is now before us. Mr. Anil Divan, learned senior counsel appearing for the company argued that the High Court, after having held that there were no reasons to interfere with the concurrent findings of the courts below, ought not to have gone back on its view and rendered a finding that a bona fide dispute was involved in the proceedings and the dispute could only be adjudicated upon by a civil court and not by a criminal court in summary proceedings under Section 630 of the Companies Act. Mr. Anil Divan referred to the acceptance of the findings of the first two courts by he High Court in its judgment in the following terms: "I do not think that there is any scope for re-appreciating or re-appraising the evidence. Two courts below have come to concurrent findings of fact, and I see no reason for interfering with the conclusions arrived at by the courts below." It was therefore urged by the counsel that once the concurrent findings of the courts below found acceptance with the High Court, there was no justification for the High Court to set aside the judgments of the two courts. The learned counsel further submitted that Section 630 of the Companies Act has been provided with an intent and purpose and its scope and ambit have been set out by this Court in reported decisions, but the High Court has failed to notice them and construed Section 630 in an unrealistic manner and this had led to miscarriage of justice. Mr. Divan also invited our attention to the leave and licence agreement entered into by the company with the owner of the flat as well as an affidavit and letter given by respondent 1 at the time of the agreement and submitted that in the face of these clinching documents, there was absolutely no room for respondent 1 to contend that he was the licensee and not the company of the flat in question. He also commented upon the conduct of respondent 1 in getting two letters Exs. 3 and 4 written by a junior employee of the company without the knowledge of the Directors of the company and filing a suit on the basis of those letters and resigning his post three days later and refusing to vacate the flat. It was finally urged by Mr. Divan that the High Court went wrong in applying the ratio in Damodar Das Jain ((1985) 57 Com Cas 115 (Bom)) because there was no bona fide dispute between respondent 1 and the company regarding the flat occupied by respondent 1. 7. Mr. Jagtiani, learned counsel for respondent 1 who had appeared for him before the High Court also contended on the other hand that the High Court has acted rightly in exercising its power under Section 482 CrPC and in setting aside the judgments of the lower courts and the High Courts judgment does not suffer from any error of law which needs correction by this Court. The arguments of Mr. Jagtiani may briefly be summarised as under: (1) Proceedings under Section 630 of the Companies Act are in the nature of criminal proceedings and consequently the burden of proof is upon the complainant. Besides the accused is entitled to the benefit of doubt on all matters not proved beyond reasonable doubt. Moreover any weakness in the accuseds case set up by way of defence cannot be relied upon to fill up the lacuna in the prosecution case.(2) The letters Exs. 3 and 4 written by Mr. Jain on behalf of the company have not been convincingly disproved by the company and as such a bona fide doubt exists as to who is the actual licensee of the fact and the said dispute can be resolved only by a civil and not by a criminal court.(3) A civil suit had already been filed by respondent 1 and it was pending in the civil court and as such the criminal court should not have adjudicated upon the rights of the parties but should have directed them to seek their remedies before the civil court.(4) The explanation offered by Mr. Jain that he had written the letters under duress and coercion has been falsified by this admissions in cross-examination and hence the criminal court should have accepted respondent 1s plea that a bona fide dispute existed between the parties regarding the licence rights over the flat and refrained from adjudication upon the rights of the parties in the complaint filed under Section 630(5) Damodar Das Jain case ((1985) 57 Com 115 (Bom)) sets out the correct ratio and the High Court was fully justified in applying the said ratio to this case. 8. Before we deal with the contentions of the parties, we may refer to Section 630 of the Companies Act and the decisions of this Court on the Scope and ambit of the section. Section 630 reads as under: "630. Penalty for wrongful withholding of property. - (1) If any officer or employee of a company(a) wrongfully obtains possession of any property of a company; or(b) having any such property in his possession, wrongfully withholds it or knowingly applies it to purposes other than those expressed or directed in the articles and authorised by the Act;he shall, on the complaint of the company or any creditor or contributory thereof, be punishable with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees(2) The court trying the offence may also order such officer or employee to deliver up or refund, within a time to be fixed by the court, any such property wrongfully obtained or wrongfully withheld or knowing misapplied, or in default, to suffer imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years." There was a divergence of opinion between the Bombay High Court and the Calcutta High Court regarding the interpretation of the words any officer or employee of a company", the Bombay High Court giving a broader interpretation to the words and the Calcutta High Court giving a narrow interpretation. The controversy was set at rest by this Court in Baldev Krishna Sahi v. Shipping Corporation of India Ltd ((1987) 4 SCC 361 : 1987 SCC (Cri) 750) by holding that the term "officer or employee" of a company applies not only to existing officers or employees but also to past officers or employees if such officer or employee either (a) wrongfully obtains possession of any property, or (b) having obtained possession of such property during his employment, wrongfully withholds the same after the terminating of his employment. It was pointed out that wrongful obtainment of possession would attract Section 630(1)(a) and wrongful withholding of possession of companys property would attract Section 630(1)(b) of the Act. It is therefore clear that the purpose of enacting Section 630 is to provide speedy relief to a company when its property is wrongfully obtained or wrongfully withheld by an employee or ex-employ. 9. In a later case Amrit Lal Chum v. Devoprasad Dutta Roy ((1988) 2 SCC 269 : 1988 SCC (Cri) 339 ) which arose directly from the decision of the Calcutta High Court in Amritlal Chum v. Devi Ranjan Jha ((1987) 61 Com Cas 211 (Cal)) the view taken in Baldev Krishan Sahi ((1987) 4 SCC 361 : 1987 SCC (Cri) 750) was affirmed and the High Courts judgment was reversed. 10. Coming now to the question whether the licence for occupation of the flat was obtained by the company or respondent 1, We may refer to three crucial documents. The first one is the leave and licence agreement dated November 1, 1980. The deed specifically states that the licensee is Messrs Jenson and Nicholson (India) Ltd. having its registered office at Calcutta and executive office at Bombay and that the company shall have the flat "for use and occupation as residence by its bona fide employee/ employees and/or his/ their families" and shall not be transferred to anyone else (vide clauses 11 and 12). The agreement was entered into by respondent 1 as the power of attorney agent of the company and he has contemporaneously executed an affidavit on November 1, 1980 wherein he has affirmed as follows: "I say that for the purpose of securing a flat on leave and licence basis for providing residence for the employees of the company, I have entered into negotiations on behalf of the company, with Shri Mehdi Mandil the owner of flat No. 84 on the 8th floor of the building known as Mehr-Dad at Cuffe Parade, Bombay, to allow the company the use and occupation of the said flat under a leave and licence to be executed between the said Mehdi Mandil and the said company." In para 3 of the affidavit, respondent 1 has given an assurance that the flat "would be made use of the purpose of residence only by the bona fide employees of the company and/or their family/families." In para 4, respondent 1 has affirmed" that neither the company nor any employees of the company nor any employee of the company who may be in occupation of the flat would claim any rights/title or interests or any rights of tenancy other than the right to use and occupy the said flat purely as a licensee under and in accordance with the terms and conditions of the leave and licence company." On November 5, 1980, respondent 1, acting for the company, has written a letter to the licensor Mr. Mehdi Mandil stating inter alia as under"The flat being given to the company, it would be occupied by only the bona fide official employee of the companyYours faithfullyJenson & Nicholson (India) LtdSd/- Atul KalraDivisional Sales Manager, Bombay." These documents clinch the issue and prove beyond a shadow of doubt that the flat was taken on leave and licence basis by the company only for providing accommodation to its employee or employees during their term of employment in the company. It was purely on that basis respondent 1 who was the Divisional Sales Manager was allowed to occupy the flat and he was allowed to occupy the flat till he resigned his post on March 26, 1984. It is pertinent of Rs. 3, 50, 000 to the licensor and had been paying the licence fees, advance and monthly, all through. 11. Notwithstanding this incontrovertible position, respondent 1 developed ideas to cling to his possession of the flat even after ceasing to be an employee of the company. Consequently, he contrived to obtain two letters dated January 25, 1984 and February 1, 1984 from Mr. Jain who was only working as Office Manager at Bombay. In the first letter, Mr. Jain has formally written to say (though he and respondent 1 were working in the same office) that the company has received a letter from the Municipal Corporation regarding the rateable value of the flat and that respondent 1 may deal with the matter. Instead of stopping with that, Mr. Jain has gone on to say as follows: "We are forwarding the said letter to you, to deal with the same as you are the tenant of the flat and you are in possession of the same. The flat was taken by you from the landlord, but the landlord had insisted to have the agreement in the name of the company merelyThe company will not be liable if the rateable value of the flat is increased and if there is any consequential increase in the property taxes. All the matters will be between you and the landlord. Please therefore deal with the letter as you deem fitYours faithfullyJenson & Nicholson (India) LtdSd/-(A. S. Jain)Office Manager, Bombay." On January 30, 1984, the appellant has acknowledged the letter and agreed on deal with the corporation authorities and has in addition stated that he will also take steps for fixation of standard rent by the court as the landlord was charging exorbitant rent. Digressing for a moment, it has to be noticed that respondent 1 had come to realise the rent to be exorbitant only after 3 years and 2 months and just before he wanted to claim tenancy rights for himself. Reverting back to the correspondence. Mr. Jain has sent reply on February 1, 1984 to state that the company will have no objection to legal proceedings being taken for fixation of standard rent "of your flat at 84, Mehr-Dad, Cuffe Parade, Bombay but however he (respondent 1) alone will have to bear the expenses including the court fees and advocates fees and the company will not be liable to reimburse him. It is on the footing of these two letters respondent 1 sought to build up a case that he was the actual licensee of the flat and not the company. 12. Before considering the explanation given by Mr. Jain as to his writing the letters, it will be worthwhile to notice certain factors. In the first place, Mr. Jain was only a junior employee of the company viz. Office Manager, Bombay and could not therefore have directed respondent 1 to attend to the matter of furnishing information to the corporation authorities about the rateable value of the flat. Secondly, Mr. Jain and respondent 1 were both working in the same office and as such it is inconceivable that Mr. Jain would have carried on a correspondence with respondent 1 for suitable action by him. Thirdly, Mr. Jain joined the services of the company only in the July 1983 i.e. long after the company had taken the flat on licence and as such he could not have known what were the terms of the leave and licence agreement and who was the actual licensee of the flat. Frothily, even if Mr. Jain had purported to act on behalf of the company, he would have sent copies of the letters to the Head Office at Calcutta but he had not done any such thing and on the other hand he had suppressed information from the Head Office about the correspondent. Respondent 1 too had not brought the matter to the notice of the Head Office at Calcutta Respondent 1 resigned his post on March 26, 1984 and in order to forestall the company from seeking his eviction, he had filed a suit on March 23, 1984 to seek the reliefs of declaration and injunction. All these factors lead to the unmistakable conclusion that respondent 1 had somehow prevailed upon Mr. Jain to give the letters Exs. 3 and 4. with the ulterior motive of filing a suit and then tendering his resignation. 13. Now coming to the explanation offered by Mr. Jain for writing the two letters, he has sworn to an affidavit that he was "pressurised and threatened" by respondent 1 to sign the letters brought by him and that he signed the letters without knowing the implications. He has also given evidence to the same effect in the trial of the case before the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate. Mr. Jagtiani strenuously contended that Mr. Jains statement that he gave the letters under coercion has been disproved by the answers elicited from Mr. Jain in his cross-examination viz. that respondent 1 did not actually threaten him but he construed the commanding manner in which he made the demand as containing a threat. Mr. Jagtianis argument was that once Mr. Jains explanation for giving the letters stood falsified, then the letters must be treated as genuine documents binding on the company and affording material to respondent 1 to contend that he was the real licensee of the flat. We are unable to find any merit in this contention. Even assuming for arguments sake that Mr. Jain and not written the letters under threat, respondent 1s case will not stand advanced in any manner. A junior employee of the company cannot relinquish the rights of the company in favour of respondent 1 especially when respondent 1 himself had categorically stated in the leave and licence agreement as well as in his affidavit and letter that the company was the licensee of the flat and the employees are not entitled to claim any tenancy rights for themselves. 14. Fully realising the weakness in his case. respondent 1 has made an attempt to authenticate the letter Exs. 3 and 4 by contending that Mr. Roy, Director of the company had instructed Mr. Jain from Calcutta to write the letters and hence the letters were fully binding upon the company. The story invented by respondent 1 was rightly disbelieved by the trial court and the appellate court because it is inconceivable that Mr. Roy would asked a junior officer like Mr. Jain to write the letters. No suggestion was put to Mr. Jain in the witness box that he wrote the letters under the instructions of Mr. Roy. There is also no mention in the letters that they were being written as per the instructions received from the Head Office. Another strange feature is that a copy of the letters has not been sent to the Head Office. Such would not have been the case if the letters had really been written by Mr. Jain under directions from the Head Office. 15. Mr. Jagtiani sought to discredit the affidavit and the evidence of Mr. Jain had given his affidavit after consulting the companys lawyer and secondly he had not been punished by the company the company for his misconduct. The arguments of the counsel in this behalf have no merit in them because Mr. Jain was duty bound to explain to the company the circumstances in which he had arrogated powers to himself and written the letters Exs. 3 and 4 to respondent 1. Naturally therefore he would have sought the guidance of the companys counsel as to how the affidavit is to be formally worded. As regards the company not awarding any punishment to Mr. Jain, it was open to the company to pardon him for the folly of his action when it came to know that he had been unwrittingly made use of by respondent 1 to write the letters in question. 16. All these factors have unfortunately escaped the notice of the High Court and the omission has led the High Court to accept respondent 1s contention that there was a bona fide dispute between him and the company as to who was the actual licensee of the flat. We have already referred to the relevant portions of the leave and licence agreement and the affidavit and letter of respondent 1 wherein he has categorically accepted that the company was the licensee of the flat. Secondly, the evidence projected by respondent 1 to lay claim to licence rights over the flat is his own creation without the knowledge of the company. The two letters in question had been obtained from a junior employee who had joined the company long after the flat was taken on rent and who knew nothing of the agreement between the company and the owner of the flat. The author of the letters has himself confessed that he had signed the letters at the behest of respondent 1 without knowing the implications of his act. Leaving aside these factors, even if we are to take that Mr. Jain had of his own accord written the letters, can it ever be said that the letters afford scope for respondent 1 to contend that he is bona fide entitled to dispute the companys claim to possession of the flat ? The sequence of events also go to show that respondent 1 had formulated a plan for clinging to his possession of the flat even after resigning his post and in accordance with that plan he had obtained the letters Exs. 3 and 4 and then filed a suit in order to forestall the company from proceeding against him under Section 630 of the Companies Act. Merely because respondent 1 had schemingly filed a suit before tendering his resignation, it can never be said that the civil court was in seisin of a bona fide dispute between the parties and as such the criminal court should have stayed its hands when the company filed a complaint under Section 630. If a view is mechanically taken that whenever a suit has been filed before a complaint is laid under Section 630, the criminal court should not proceed with the complaint, it would not only lead to miscarriage of justice but also render ineffective the salutary provisions of Section 630. 17. So much for the bona fides of the alleged dispute projected by respondent 1 regarding the companys claim to possession of the flat. Coming now to the question of law, the High court has invoked the ratio in Damodar Das Jain ((1985) 57 Com Cas 115 (Bom)). The facts therein were very different and it was with reference to those facts, the High Court held that a bona fide dispute existed between the parties therein were very different and it was with reference to those facts, the High Court held that a bona fide dispute existed between the parties therein. This may be seen from the question posed for consideration by the High Court, viz. "whether on the facts and circumstances of the case, the Magistrate could himself, under Section 630, determine the dispute as to the title to the property". On the evidence before it, the High Court held and rightly so that there was a genuine dispute between the parties and the said dispute required adjudication by a civil court in the suit filed by the ex-employee. While rendering its judgment, the High Court had constructed Section 630 properly and observed that "the Magistrates jurisdiction thereunder (under Section 630) would extend only to those cases where there was no dispute, or in any event no bona fide dispute, that the property involved was the property of the company". 18. Mr. Jagtiani pointed out that the decision of the High Court in Damodar Das Jain ((1985) 57 Com Cas 115 (Bom)) was affirmed by this Court in Damodar Das v. Krishna Charan Chakraborty ((1989) 4 SCC 531 : (1988) 4 JT 714). He fails to notice that the acceptance of the High Courts view was with reference to the facts of the case. This may be seen from the following observation in the judgments of this Court: "The High Court felt that the disputes raised by the respondent herein were bona fide disputes. Before us it has not been disputed that this view of the High Court was correct as far as the question whether the company could be held to be a tenant of the flat is concerned." 19. Therefore what has to be seen in a complaint under Section 630 is whether there is "no dispute or no bona fide dispute" regarding a property claimed by the company between the company and its employee or ex-employee. It is needless to say that every dispute would not become a bona fide dispute merely because the companys claim to possession is refuted by an employee or ex-employee of the company. As to when a dispute would amount to a bona fide dispute would depend upon the facts of each case. In the present case the High Court has realised this position and observed that "while considering whether the plea of tenancy is a bona fide plea, it is always necessary to examine and consider the transaction on the basis of which the plea is based" (vide para 39). While stating the position correctly, the High Court went wrong in holding that the self-serving documents produced by respondent 1 gave a touch of bona fides to his defence. The High Court was therefore not right in thinking that the ratio in Damodar Das Jain ((1985) 57 Com Cas 115 (Bom)) was attracted to the case inasmuch as the defence put forward by respondent 1 was patently and incredible story. 20. Another contention of respondent 1 to thwart the proceedings under Section 630, which has been repelled by all the courts including the High Court, is regarding the competence of PW 1 Mr. Atul Mathur, the Present Divisional Sales Manager of the company, to file the complaint on behalf of the company. Belatedly, respondent 1 has filed a memorandum or cross-objections against the finding of the High Court on this question. The appellants counsel objected to the memorandum or cross-objections being entertained as it has been filed belatedly and furthermore, the appellant has not been given notice or furnished copies of the cross-objections. Leaving aside the technical pleas, we find the cross-objections to be worthless even on merit. Respondent 1 world say that the power of attorney in favour of Mr. Atul Mathur empowers him to act on behalf of the company only in civil suits, sales tax proceedings, and excise matters and does not empower him to file criminal complaints on behalf of the company. Respondent 1s contentions suffer from a misconstruction of the terms of the power of attorney executed by the company. The power of attorney, read as a whole, is seen to confer general powers on Mr. Atul Mathur and not merely special powers. It has been engrossed on stamp papers of the value of Rs. 50 and it is indicative of the nature of the deed. Though specific reference is made in the power of attorney only to the filing of suits and to matters relating to sales tax and central excise, there is a general clause which reads as follows: "AND THE COMPANY HEREBY agrees that all acts, deeds and things lawfully done by the attorney shall be construed as acts, deeds and things done by it and the company undertakes to ratify and confirm all and whatsoever that its said Attorney shall do or cause to be done by virtue of powers hereby given." 21. The power of attorney has been executed just before the complaint was filed and it is stated in the complaint that Mr. Atul Mathur was filing the complaint on behalf of the company and he was duly authorised to do so. The High Court was therefore, not right in construing the power of attorney as conferring only special powers and not general powers on Mr. Atul Mathur. Be that as it may, the High Court has held, and very rightly, that as Mr. Atul Mathur was the Divisional Sales Manager of the company at Bombay, he was certainly competent to file the complaint on behalf of the company as per instruction given to him from the Head Office of the company. We do not therefore find any substance in the contention of respondent 1 that the complaint suffered from a material irregularity not curable under Section 465 CrPC. Incidentally, we may observe that in spite of contending that the complaint suffered from an irregularity, respondent 1 has neither pleaded nor proved that a failure of justice has been occasioned on account of the alleged irregularity. 22. Learned counsel for respondent 1 relied upon Ballavdas Agarwala v. J. C. Chakravarty ((1960) 2 SCR 739 : AIR 1960 SC 576 : 1960 Cri LJ 752) in support of his contention that the companys complaint suffered from an irregularity not curable under Section 465 CrPC. In the view we have taken of the matter viz. that Mr. Atul Mathur had the requisite authority to file the complaint on behalf of the company, the question does not survive for consideration. The cross-objections must therefore fail even if entertained.

Decision reasoning: 1[ds]10. Coming now to the question whether the licence for occupation of the flat was obtained by the company or respondent 1, We may refer to three crucial documents. The first one is the leave and licence agreement dated November 1, 1980. The deed specifically states that the licensee is Messrs Jenson and Nicholson (India) Ltd. having its registered office at Calcutta and executive office at Bombay and that the company shall have the flat "for use and occupation as residence by its bona fide employee/ employees and/or his/ their families" and shall not be transferred to anyone else (vide clauses 11 and 12). The agreement was entered into by respondent 1 as the power of attorney agent of the company and he has contemporaneously executed an affidavit on November 1, 1980 wherein he has affirmed assay that for the purpose of securing a flat on leave and licence basis for providing residence for the employees of the company, I have entered into negotiations on behalf of the company, with Shri Mehdi Mandil the owner of flat No. 84 on the 8th floor of the building known as Mehr-Dad at Cuffe Parade, Bombay, to allow the company the use and occupation of the said flat under a leave and licence to be executed between the said Mehdi Mandil and the saidpara 3 of the affidavit, respondent 1 has given an assurance that the flat "would be made use of the purpose of residence only by the bona fide employees of the company and/or their family/families." In para 4, respondent 1 has affirmed" that neither the company nor any employees of the company nor any employee of the company who may be in occupation of the flat would claim any rights/title or interests or any rights of tenancy other than the right to use and occupy the said flat purely as a licensee under and in accordance with the terms and conditions of the leave and licence company." On November 5, 1980, respondent 1, acting for the company, has written a letter to the licensor Mr. Mehdi Mandil stating inter alia as under"The flat being given to the company, it would be occupied by only the bona fide official employee of the companyYours faithfullyJenson & Nicholson (India) LtdSd/- Atul KalraDivisional Sales Manager,documents clinch the issue and prove beyond a shadow of doubt that the flat was taken on leave and licence basis by the company only for providing accommodation to its employee or employees during their term of employment in the company. It was purely on that basis respondent 1 who was the Divisional Sales Manager was allowed to occupy the flat and he was allowed to occupy the flat till he resigned his post on March 26, 1984. It is pertinent of Rs. 3, 50, 000 to the licensor and had been paying the licence fees, advance and monthly, allNotwithstanding this incontrovertible position, respondent 1 developed ideas to cling to his possession of the flat even after ceasing to be an employee of the company. Consequently, he contrived to obtain two letters dated January 25, 1984 and February 1, 1984 from Mr. Jain who was only working as Office Manager at Bombay. In the first letter, Mr. Jain has formally written to say (though he and respondent 1 were working in the same office) that the company has received a letter from the Municipal Corporation regarding the rateable value of the flat and that respondent 1 may deal with the matter. Instead of stopping with that, Mr. Jain has gone on to say asare forwarding the said letter to you, to deal with the same as you are the tenant of the flat and you are in possession of the same. The flat was taken by you from the landlord, but the landlord had insisted to have the agreement in the name of the company merelyThe company will not be liable if the rateable value of the flat is increased and if there is any consequential increase in the property taxes. All the matters will be between you and the landlord. Please therefore deal with the letter as you deem fitYours faithfullyJenson & Nicholson (India) LtdSd/-(A. S. Jain)Office Manager,January 30, 1984, the appellant has acknowledged the letter and agreed on deal with the corporation authorities and has in addition stated that he will also take steps for fixation of standard rent by the court as the landlord was charging exorbitant rent. Digressing for a moment, it has to be noticed that respondent 1 had come to realise the rent to be exorbitant only after 3 years and 2 months and just before he wanted to claim tenancy rights for himself. Reverting back to the correspondence. Mr. Jain has sent reply on February 1, 1984 to state that the company will have no objection to legal proceedings being taken for fixation of standard rent "of your flat at 84, Mehr-Dad, Cuffe Parade, Bombay but however he (respondent 1) alone will have to bear the expenses including the court fees and advocates fees and the company will not be liable to reimburse him. It is on the footing of these two letters respondent 1 sought to build up a case that he was the actual licensee of the flat and not theBefore considering the explanation given by Mr. Jain as to his writing the letters, it will be worthwhile to notice certain factors. In the first place, Mr. Jain was only a junior employee of the company viz. Office Manager, Bombay and could not therefore have directed respondent 1 to attend to the matter of furnishing information to the corporation authorities about the rateable value of the flat. Secondly, Mr. Jain and respondent 1 were both working in the same office and as such it is inconceivable that Mr. Jain would have carried on a correspondence with respondent 1 for suitable action by him. Thirdly, Mr. Jain joined the services of the company only in the July 1983 i.e. long after the company had taken the flat on licence and as such he could not have known what were the terms of the leave and licence agreement and who was the actual licensee of the flat. Frothily, even if Mr. Jain had purported to act on behalf of the company, he would have sent copies of the letters to the Head Office at Calcutta but he had not done any such thing and on the other hand he had suppressed information from the Head Office about the correspondent. Respondent 1 too had not brought the matter to the notice of the Head Office at Calcutta Respondent 1 resigned his post on March 26, 1984 and in order to forestall the company from seeking his eviction, he had filed a suit on March 23, 1984 to seek the reliefs of declaration and injunction. All these factors lead to the unmistakable conclusion that respondent 1 had somehow prevailed upon Mr. Jain to give the letters Exs. 3 and 4. with the ulterior motive of filing a suit and then tendering hisNow coming to the explanation offered by Mr. Jain for writing the two letters, he has sworn to an affidavit that he was "pressurised and threatened" by respondent 1 to sign the letters brought by him and that he signed the letters without knowing the implications. He has also given evidence to the same effect in the trial of the case before the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate. Mr. Jagtiani strenuously contended that Mr. Jains statement that he gave the letters under coercion has been disproved by the answers elicited from Mr. Jain in his cross-examination viz. that respondent 1 did not actually threaten him but he construed the commanding manner in which he made the demand as containing a threat. Mr. Jagtianis argument was that once Mr. Jains explanation for giving the letters stood falsified, then the letters must be treated as genuine documents binding on the company and affording material to respondent 1 to contend that he was the real licensee of the flat. We are unable to find any merit in this contention. Even assuming for arguments sake that Mr. Jain and not written the letters under threat, respondent 1s case will not stand advanced in any manner. A junior employee of the company cannot relinquish the rights of the company in favour of respondent 1 especially when respondent 1 himself had categorically stated in the leave and licence agreement as well as in his affidavit and letter that the company was the licensee of the flat and the employees are not entitled to claim any tenancy rights forFully realising the weakness in his case. respondent 1 has made an attempt to authenticate the letter Exs. 3 and 4 by contending that Mr. Roy, Director of the company had instructed Mr. Jain from Calcutta to write the letters and hence the letters were fully binding upon the company. The story invented by respondent 1 was rightly disbelieved by the trial court and the appellate court because it is inconceivable that Mr. Roy would asked a junior officer like Mr. Jain to write the letters. No suggestion was put to Mr. Jain in the witness box that he wrote the letters under the instructions of Mr. Roy. There is also no mention in the letters that they were being written as per the instructions received from the Head Office. Another strange feature is that a copy of the letters has not been sent to the Head Office. Such would not have been the case if the letters had really been written by Mr. Jain under directions from the HeadMr. Jagtiani sought to discredit the affidavit and the evidence of Mr. Jain had given his affidavit after consulting the companys lawyer and secondly he had not been punished by the company the company for his misconduct. The arguments of the counsel in this behalf have no merit in them because Mr. Jain was duty bound to explain to the company the circumstances in which he had arrogated powers to himself and written the letters Exs. 3 and 4 to respondent 1. Naturally therefore he would have sought the guidance of the companys counsel as to how the affidavit is to be formally worded. As regards the company not awarding any punishment to Mr. Jain, it was open to the company to pardon him for the folly of his action when it came to know that he had been unwrittingly made use of by respondent 1 to write the letters inAll these factors have unfortunately escaped the notice of the High Court and the omission has led the High Court to accept respondent 1s contention that there was a bona fide dispute between him and the company as to who was the actual licensee of the flat. We have already referred to the relevant portions of the leave and licence agreement and the affidavit and letter of respondent 1 wherein he has categorically accepted that the company was the licensee of the flat. Secondly, the evidence projected by respondent 1 to lay claim to licence rights over the flat is his own creation without the knowledge of the company. The two letters in question had been obtained from a junior employee who had joined the company long after the flat was taken on rent and who knew nothing of the agreement between the company and the owner of the flat. The author of the letters has himself confessed that he had signed the letters at the behest of respondent 1 without knowing the implications of his act. Leaving aside these factors, even if we are to take that Mr. Jain had of his own accord written the letters, can it ever be said that the letters afford scope for respondent 1 to contend that he is bona fide entitled to dispute the companys claim to possession of the flat ? The sequence of events also go to show that respondent 1 had formulated a plan for clinging to his possession of the flat even after resigning his post and in accordance with that plan he had obtained the letters Exs. 3 and 4 and then filed a suit in order to forestall the company from proceeding against him under Section 630 of the Companies Act. Merely because respondent 1 had schemingly filed a suit before tendering his resignation, it can never be said that the civil court was in seisin of a bona fide dispute between the parties and as such the criminal court should have stayed its hands when the company filed a complaint under Section 630. If a view is mechanically taken that whenever a suit has been filed before a complaint is laid under Section 630, the criminal court should not proceed with the complaint, it would not only lead to miscarriage of justice but also render ineffective the salutary provisions of SectionSo much for the bona fides of the alleged dispute projected by respondent 1 regarding the companys claim to possession of the flat. Coming now to the question of law, the High court has invoked the ratio in Damodar Das Jain ((1985) 57 Com Cas 115 (Bom)). The facts therein were very different and it was with reference to those facts, the High Court held that a bona fide dispute existed between the parties therein were very different and it was with reference to those facts, the High Court held that a bona fide dispute existed between the parties therein. This may be seen from the question posed for consideration by the High Court, viz. "whether on the facts and circumstances of the case, the Magistrate could himself, under Section 630, determine the dispute as to the title to the property". On the evidence before it, the High Court held and rightly so that there was a genuine dispute between the parties and the said dispute required adjudication by a civil court in the suit filed by the ex-employee. While rendering its judgment, the High Court had constructed Section 630 properly and observed that "the Magistrates jurisdiction thereunder (under Section 630) would extend only to those cases where there was no dispute, or in any event no bona fide dispute, that the property involved was the property of theMr. Jagtiani pointed out that the decision of the High Court in Damodar Das Jain ((1985) 57 Com Cas 115 (Bom)) was affirmed by this Court in Damodar Das v. Krishna Charan Chakraborty ((1989) 4 SCC 531 : (1988) 4 JT 714). He fails to notice that the acceptance of the High Courts view was with reference to the facts of the case. This may be seen from the following observation in the judgments of thisHigh Court felt that the disputes raised by the respondent herein were bona fide disputes. Before us it has not been disputed that this view of the High Court was correct as far as the question whether the company could be held to be a tenant of the flat is concerned.Therefore what has to be seen in a complaint under Section 630 is whether there is "no dispute or no bona fide dispute" regarding a property claimed by the company between the company and its employee or ex-employee. It is needless to say that every dispute would not become a bona fide dispute merely because the companys claim to possession is refuted by an employee or ex-employee of the company. As to when a dispute would amount to a bona fide dispute would depend upon the facts of each case. In the present case the High Court has realised this position and observed that "while considering whether the plea of tenancy is a bona fide plea, it is always necessary to examine and consider the transaction on the basis of which the plea is based" (vide para 39). While stating the position correctly, the High Court went wrong in holding that the self-serving documents produced by respondent 1 gave a touch of bona fides to his defence. The High Court was therefore not right in thinking that the ratio in Damodar Das Jain ((1985) 57 Com Cas 115 (Bom)) was attracted to the case inasmuch as the defence put forward by respondent 1 was patently and incrediblerespondent 1 has filed a memorandum or cross-objections against the finding of the High Court on this question. The appellants counsel objected to the memorandum or cross-objections being entertained as it has been filed belatedly and furthermore, the appellant has not been given notice or furnished copies of the cross-objections. Leaving aside the technical pleas, we find the cross-objections to be worthless even on merit. Respondent 1 world say that the power of attorney in favour of Mr. Atul Mathur empowers him to act on behalf of the company only in civil suits, sales tax proceedings, and excise matters and does not empower him to file criminal complaints on behalf of the company. Respondent 1s contentions suffer from a misconstruction of the terms of the power of attorney executed by the company. The power of attorney, read as a whole, is seen to confer general powers on Mr. Atul Mathur and not merely special powers. It has been engrossed on stamp papers of the value of Rs. 50 and it is indicative of the nature of the deed. Though specific reference is made in the power of attorney only to the filing of suits and to matters relating to sales tax and central excise, there is a general clause which reads asTHE COMPANY HEREBY agrees that all acts, deeds and things lawfully done by the attorney shall be construed as acts, deeds and things done by it and the company undertakes to ratify and confirm all and whatsoever that its said Attorney shall do or cause to be done by virtue of powers hereby given.The power of attorney has been executed just before the complaint was filed and it is stated in the complaint that Mr. Atul Mathur was filing the complaint on behalf of the company and he was duly authorised to do so. The High Court was therefore, not right in construing the power of attorney as conferring only special powers and not general powers on Mr. Atul Mathur. Be that as it may, the High Court has held, and very rightly, that as Mr. Atul Mathur was the Divisional Sales Manager of the company at Bombay, he was certainly competent to file the complaint on behalf of the company as per instruction given to him from the Head Office of the company. We do not therefore find any substance in the contention of respondent 1 that the complaint suffered from a material irregularity not curable under Section 465 CrPC. Incidentally, we may observe that in spite of contending that the complaint suffered from an irregularity, respondent 1 has neither pleaded nor proved that a failure of justice has been occasioned on account of the allegedLearned counsel for respondent 1 relied upon Ballavdas Agarwala v. J. C. Chakravarty ((1960) 2 SCR 739 : AIR 1960 SC 576 : 1960 Cri LJ 752) in support of his contention that the companys complaint suffered from an irregularity not curable under Section 465 CrPC. In the view we have taken of the matter viz. that Mr. Atul Mathur had the requisite authority to file the complaint on behalf of the company, the question does not survive for consideration. The cross-objections must therefore fail even if entertained