Table of Contents ADOBE INC.  NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Goodwill, Purchased Intangibles and Other Long-Lived Assets Goodwill is assigned to one or more reporting segments on the date of acquisition.
We review our goodwill for impairment annually during our second quarter of each fiscal year and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of any one of our reporting units below its respective carrying amount.
In performing our goodwill impairment test, we first perform a qualitative assessment, which requires that we consider events or circumstances including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, changes in management or key personnel, changes in strategy, changes in customers, changes in the composition or carrying amount of a reporting segment’s net assets and changes in our stock price.
If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair values of our reporting segments are greater than the carrying amounts, then the quantitative goodwill impairment test is not performed.
If the qualitative assessment indicates that the quantitative analysis should be performed, we then evaluate goodwill for impairment by comparing the fair value of each of our reporting segments to its carrying value, including the associated goodwill.
To determine the fair values, we use the equal weighting of the market approach based on comparable publicly traded companies in similar lines of businesses and the income approach based on estimated discounted future cash flows.
Our cash flow assumptions consider historical and forecasted revenue, operating costs and other relevant factors.
We completed our annual goodwill impairment test in the second quarter of fiscal 2018.
We determined, after performing a qualitative review of each reporting segment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of each of our reporting segments substantially exceeds the respective carrying amounts.
Accordingly, there was no indication of impairment and the quantitative goodwill impairment test was not performed.
We did not identify any events or changes in circumstances since the performance of our annual goodwill impairment test that would require us to perform another goodwill impairment test during the fiscal year.
We amortize intangible assets with finite lives over their estimated useful lives and review them for impairment whenever an impairment indicator exists.
We continually monitor events and changes in circumstances that could indicate carrying amounts of our long-lived assets, including our intangible assets may not be recoverable.
When such events or changes in circumstances occur, we assess recoverability by determining whether the carrying value of such assets will be recovered through the undiscounted expected future cash flows.
If the future undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount of these assets, we recognize an impairment loss based on any excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of the assets.
We did not recognize any intangible asset impairment charges in fiscal 2018, 2017 or 2016.
During fiscal 2018, our intangible assets were amortized over their estimated useful lives ranging from 1 to 14 years.
Amortization is based on the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible asset will be consumed or on a straight-line basis when the consumption pattern is not apparent.
The weighted average useful lives of our intangible assets were as follows:
||Weighted AverageUseful Life (years)|
|Purchased technology|6|
|Customer contracts and relationships|9|
|Trademarks|9|
|Acquired rights to use technology|10|
|Backlog|2|
|Other intangibles|4|

Income Taxes We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes.
Under this method, income tax expense is recognized for the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year.
In addition, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and for operating losses and tax credit carryforwards.
We record a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to an amount for which realization is more likely than not.
2007 compared with 2006 The decrease in interest expense in 2007 compared with 2006 was primarily due to the following: ?
a $7.2 million decrease due to the retirement of the Company’s 5.625% euro notes in July 2006; ?
a decrease of $4.3 million related to higher capitalized interest during the construction of capital investment projects in 2007 compared with 2006; partially offset by; ?
an increase of $1.8 million as a result of additional expense related to the compounding of interest on the amount payable pursuant to the asbestos settlement agreement; and ?
an increase of $1.2 million due to the impact of higher interest rates on the Company’s $300.0 million of outstanding interest rate swaps entered into to effectively convert its 5.375% senior notes due April 2008 into floating rate debt.2006 compared with 2005 The decrease in interest expense in 2006 compared with 2005 was primarily due to the following: ?
a $7.5 million decrease due to the retirement of the Company’s 5.625% euro notes in July 2006, and ?
a decrease of $1.8 million related to higher capitalized interest during the construction of capital investment projects in 2006 compared with 2005; partially offset by; ?
an increase of $5.0 million due to the impact of higher interest rates on the Company’s $300.0 million of outstanding interest rate swaps entered into to effectively convert its 5.375% senior notes due April 2008 into floating rate debt; and ?
an increase of $1.7 million caused by additional expense related to the compounding of interest on the amount payable pursuant to the asbestos settlement agreement.
Gain on Sale of Equity Method Investment On February 9, 2007, the Company sold its 50% investment in PolyMask Corporation to its joint venture partner, 3M Company (the ‘‘PolyMask transaction’’).
The joint venture was formed in 1991 between the Company and 3M to produce and sell non-packaging surface protection films.
Prior to the sale, the Company accounted for this joint venture under the equity method of accounting.
The Company received an aggregate cash amount of $36.0 million for the transaction and other related assets and recorded a pre-tax gain of $35.3 million ($22.4 million after-tax) in the first quarter of 2007.
This gain was reflected as a gain on sale of equity method investment on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
The Company’s proportionate share of PolyMask Corporation’s net income was $0.4 million in 2007, $3.9 million in 2006 and $2.6 million in 2005 and was included in other income, net, on the consolidated statements of operations.
The Company’s investment in this joint venture was not material to the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.
Other Income, Net The following table provides details of the Company’s other income, net:
||2007|2006|2005|
|Interest and dividend income|$19.9|$16.8|$11.1|
|Net foreign exchange transaction loss|-6.4|-4.1|-4.7|
|Asbestos settlement and related costs|-0.7|-1.6|-2.2|
|Advisory expenses incurred prior to ceasing work on an acquisition|-7.5|—|—|
|Loss on sale of small product line|-6.8|—|—|
|Gain on termination of forward starting interest rate swaps|3.7|—|—|
|Other, net|9.8|10.9|11.7|
|Other income, net|$12.0|$22.0|$15.9|

Interest and dividend income increased in 2007 compared with 2006 and 2005 primarily due to higher interest rates on the Company’s investments and to a lesser extent higher cash balances.
See Note 12,
Global Operations We operate through our subsidiaries and have a presence in the U. S.  and the 57 other countries/regions listed below, enabling us to distribute our products to our customers in 122 countries/regions.
|Argentina|Egypt|Italy|Peru|Sweden|
|Australia|Finland|Jamaica|Philippines|Switzerland|
|Austria|France|Japan|Poland|Taiwan|
|Belgium|Germany|Kenya|Portugal|Thailand|
|Brazil|Greece|Luxembourg|Romania|Turkey|
|Canada|Guatemala|Malaysia|Russia|Ukraine|
|Chile|Hong Kong|Mexico|Saudi Arabia|United Arab Emirates|
|China|Hungary|Morocco|Singapore|United Kingdom|
|Colombia|India|Netherlands|Slovakia|Uruguay|
|Costa Rica|Indonesia|New Zealand|South Africa||
|Czech Republic|Ireland|Nigeria|South Korea||
|Denmark|Israel|Norway|Spain||

In maintaining our foreign operations, we face risks inherent in these operations, such as currency fluctuations, inflation and political instability.
Information on currency exchange risk appears in Part II, Item 7A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which information is incorporated herein by reference.
Other risks attendant to our foreign operations are set forth in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which information is incorporated herein by reference.
Information on the impact of currency exchange on our Consolidated Financial Statements appears in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
” Financial information showing net sales and total long-lived assets by geographic region for each of the two years ended December 31, 2017 appears in Note 4, “Segments,” which information is incorporated herein by reference.
We maintain programs to comply with the various laws, rules and regulations related to the protection of the environment that we may be subject to in the many countries/regions in which we operate.
See Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” under the caption “Environmental Matters.
” Employees As of December 31, 2017, we had approximately 15,000 employees worldwide.
Approximately 5,800 of these employees were in the U. S. , with approximately 112 of these employees covered by collective bargaining agreements.
Of the approximately 9,200 employees who were outside the U. S. , approximately 5,400 were covered by collective bargaining agreements.
Collective bargaining agreements related to 15% of our employees, primarily outside the U. S. , will expire within the next year and we will be engaged in negotiations to attain new agreements.
Many of the covered employees are represented by works councils or industrial boards, as is customary in the jurisdictions in which they are employed.
We believe that our employee relations are satisfactory.
Marketing, Distribution and Customers At December 31, 2017, we employed approximately 2,300 sales, marketing and customer service personnel throughout the world who sell and market our products to and through a large number of distributors, fabricators, converters, e-commerce and mail order fulfillment firms, and contract packaging firms as well as directly to end-users such as food processors, foodservice businesses, supermarket retailers, lodging, retail, pharmaceutical companies, healthcare facilities, medical device manufacturers, and other manufacturers.
To support our Food Care and New Ventures customers, we operate three Packforum?
innovation and learning centers that are located in the U. S. , France, and China.
At Packforum?
Centers, we assist customers in identifying the appropriate packaging materials and systems to meet their needs.
We also offer ideation services, educational seminars, employee training and customized graphic design services to our customers.
To assist our marketing efforts for our Product Care products and to provide specialized customer services, we operate 35 industrial Package Design Centers (PDCs) worldwide within our facilities.
These PDCs are staffed with professional
net sales excluding the impact of foreign currency translation, a non-U.
S.  GAAP measure, which we define as “constant dollar” and the change in net sales excluding acquisitions and divestitures and the impact of foreign currency translation, a non-U.
S.  GAAP measure, which we define as "organic. "
We believe using constant and organic dollar measures aids in the comparability between periods as it eliminates the volatility of changes in foreign currency exchange rates and eliminates large fluctuations due to acquisitions or divestitures.
|(In millions)|North America|EMEA|Latin America|APAC|Total|
|2017 Net Sales|$2,415.0|54.1%|$984.7|22.1%|$409.3|9.2%|$652.6|14.6%|$4,461.6||
|Volume – Units|14.2|0.6%|15.1|1.5%|23.4|5.7%|15.0|2.3%|67.7|1.5%|
|Price/mix-1|76.0|3.1%|13.7|1.4%|45.6|11.1%|-2.3|-0.4%|133.0|3.0%|
|Total organic change (non-U.S. GAAP)|90.2|3.7%|28.8|2.9%|69.0|16.8%|12.7|1.9%|200.7|4.5%|
|Acquisition|43.8|1.8%|—|—%|1.4|0.3%|68.6|10.5%|113.8|2.6%|
|Total constant dollar change (non-U.S. GAAP)|134.0|5.5%|28.8|2.9%|70.4|17.1%|81.3|12.4%|314.5|7.1%|
|Foreign currency translation|-0.1|—%|24.5|2.5%|-62.6|-15.3%|-5.2|-0.8%|-43.4|-1.0%|
|Total change (U.S. GAAP)|133.9|5.5%|53.3|5.4%|7.8|1.8%|76.1|11.6%|271.1|6.1%|
|2018 Net Sales|$2,548.9|53.9%|$1,038.0|21.9%|$417.1|8.8%|$728.7|15.4%|$4,732.7||

(In millions)
|(In millions)|North America|EMEA|Latin America|APAC|Total|
|2016 Net Sales|$2,237.8|53.1%|$962.7|22.9%|$396.8|9.4%|$614.0|14.6%|$4,211.3||
|Volume – Units|161.4|7.2%|12.9|1.3%|5.9|1.5%|8.6|1.4%|188.8|4.5%|
|Price/mix-1|12.9|0.6%|-7.9|-0.8%|4.0|1.0%|-1.0|-0.2%|8.0|0.2%|
|Total organic change (non-U.S. GAAP)|174.3|7.8%|5.0|0.5%|9.9|2.5%|7.6|1.2%|196.8|4.7%|
|Acquisition|—|—%|—|—%|—|—%|23.6|3.8%|23.6|0.6%|
|Total constant dollar change (non-U.S. GAAP)|174.3|7.8%|5.0|0.5%|9.9|2.5%|31.2|5.0%|220.4|5.3%|
|Foreign currency translation|2.9|0.1%|17.0|1.8%|2.6|0.7%|7.4|1.2%|29.9|0.7%|
|Total change (U.S. GAAP)|177.2|7.9%|22.0|2.3%|12.5|3.2%|38.6|6.2%|250.3|6.0%|
|2017 Net Sales|$2,415.0|54.1%|$984.7|22.1%|$409.3|9.2%|$652.6|14.6%|$4,461.6||

(1) Our price/mix reported above includes the net impact of our pricing actions and rebates as well as the period-to-period change in the mix of products sold.
Also included in our reported price/mix is the net effect of some of our customers purchasing our products in non-U.
S.  dollar or euro-denominated countries at selling prices denominated in U. S.  dollars or euros.
This primarily arises when we export products from the U. S.  and euro-zone countries.
The impact to our reported price/mix of these purchases in other countries at selling prices denominated in U. S.  dollars or euros was not material in the periods included in the table above.
Net Sales by Segment The following tables present the components of change in net sales by our segment reporting structure for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared with 2017 and for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared with 2016.
We also present the change in net sales excluding the impact of foreign currency translation, a non-U.
S.  GAAP measure, which we define as “constant dollar” and the change in net sales excluding acquisitions and divestitures and the impact of foreign currency

Question: What is the sum of the Price/mix-1 in the sections where Volume – Units is positive?

Solution:
def solution():
    # Define variables name and value
    part_0 = 12.9 - 7.9
    part_1 = part_0 + 4
    part_2 = part_1 - 1
    answer = part_2 + 8
    
    return answer
Answer: 16