the impact of clinical pharmacist intervention and dapagliflozin as add-on therapy in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Conditions: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

Summary: diabetes mellitus is a progressive endocrine disease characterized by insulin deficiency with or without insulin resistance. management of type 2 diabetes requires a comprehensive team following and monitoring the disease carefully. dapagliflozin is a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (sglt2) inhibitor, has been shown to be an effective medication for the treatment of t2dm, and has been demonstrated to improve glycemic control. the investigators believe that enrolling clinical pharmacist intervention as a part of a multidisciplinary approach and dapagliflozin is necessary to provide better patient care in patients that are on dual or triple oral hypoglycemic agents other than dapagliflozin. therefore, the hypothesis of this study is that the impact and tolerability of clinical pharmacist-led intervention can be comparable to add on dapagliflozin alone on glycemic control in the management of t2dm.

the study will be a three-arm prospective, randomized, controlled trial conducted in the diabetes and endocrine center in sulaymaniyah, iraq. participants will be randomly assigned to one of the following three groups. group 1 receives dapagliflozin 10 mg as add-on therapy along with their standard dual or triple oral hypoglycemic medicines; group 2 receives clinical pharmacist-led intervention including dosage adjustment, dietary modification, education on the importance of adherence, strategies to improve adherence, and regular follow-up along with their standard dual or triple oral hypoglycemic medicines; group 3 is the standard therapy group when patients are receiving their standard dual or triple therapy only; and the duration of the study is 3 months. glycemic control will be measured by measurement of hba1c and fasting plasma glucose level after 3 months. changes in body weight and bmi will also be done; in addition, compliance will be measured using a hill-bone compliance scale for high blood pressure medication applied to diabetic medication. the expected outcome includes improving both hba1c and fasting plasma glucose levels in both groups compared to baseline and comparable improvement in parameters between the clinical pharmacist-led intervention group and dapagliflozin 10 mg add-on therapy group.

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria: * patients with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus having either dual or triple therapy, including (metformin, sulfonylurea, and/or dpp-4 inhibitors). * hba1c level between 7.0% and 10% and patients with hba1c above 10% but refusing insulin therapy. * willing to provide informed consent. exclusion criteria: * presence of comorbidities (e.g., severe renal impairment (egfr \< 30 ml/min/1.73m²), thyroid dysfunction, liver dysfunction). * presence of type 1 diabetes mellitus. * history of diabetic ketoacidosis. * pregnancy or breastfeeding. * cognitive impairment or inability to provide informed consent.

Keywords: uncontrolled type 2 diabetes dapagliflozin effects on hba1c effects on body weight effects on fasting plasma glucose level