the effect of pnf and shoulder stabilization exercises on pain, qol and functionality in patient with ac

Conditions: Adhesive Capsulitis

Summary: adhesive capsulitis (ac), also known as frozen shoulder, is an insidious, painful condition of the shoulder lasting more than 3 months. this inflammatory condition causing fibrosis of the glenohumeral joint capsule is accompanied by gradual progressive stiffness and marked limitation of range of motion (typically external rotation). patients experiencing this condition often suffer from poor quality of life due to the limitation of both the active and passive range of shoulder mobility. the prevalence of frozen shoulder is between 2-5% and is more common in women. along with the increase in comorbidities and changes in lifestyle, the incidence of fs is increasing. however, the natural history and pathogenesis of adhesive capsulitis have not been widely studied and are still unknown. adhesive capsulitis presents clinically as shoulder pain with progressive restricted movement, both active and passive, with normal radiographic scans of the glenohumeral joint. classically, it progresses prognostically with 3 overlapping stages: pain (stage 1, lasting 2-9 months), stiffness (stage 2, lasting 4-12 months), and healing (stage 3, lasting 5-24 months). however, this is an estimated time frame and many patients may still experience symptoms after 6 years. treatment modalities include conservative (ie, steroid injection, physiotherapy) and operative (ie, distension arthrography, manipulation under anesthesia, and arthroscopic release). various physical therapy treatments commonly used in the treatment of adhesive capsulitis include ice pack, hot pack, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and active and passive rom exercises, joint mobilization techniques, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (pnf), supervised home exercise programs, and kinesio taping.

there are studies on the application of pnf techniques in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (pnf), sports injuries, orthopedics, cardiorespiratory and neurological conditions developed by knott and kabat. recently, the application of these techniques in orthopedic conditions has been developing. however, studies have been conducted to find out the effect of pnf therapy on adhesive capsulitis, but there is conflicting evidence between them. although some studies have suggested pnf, determining which technique is better in the treatment of ac remains controversial and needs to be answered. therefore, in our study, it was aimed to compare the effects and advantages of proprioceptive neuromuscular exercises and shoulder stabilization exercises applied in the treatment of patients with adhesive capsulitis and to evaluate the acute effects of these exercises on shoulder movements.

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria: * patients aged 20- 65 years diagnosed with unilateral stage ii adhesive capsulitis by magnetic resonance imaging * shoulder pain persisting for at least 3 months * vas pain score equal to or greater than 5/10 * patients who agreed to participate in the study exclusion criteria: * - receiving physical therapy or manual therapy on the same shoulder within 1 year * having mental and cognitive problems, * patients who have undergone surgical procedure/injection/manipulation to the shoulder joint for any reason * neurological disorders that affect shoulder function during daily activities * pain or discomfort in the cervical spine, elbow, wrist, or hand * other pathological conditions concerning the shoulder (rotator cuff tear, tendinitis, etc.)

Keywords: adhesive capsulitis pain proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation shoulder stabilization exercises