association of beta blocker use with depressive outcomes

Conditions: Depression - Major Depressive Disorder

Summary: an observational study to explore the association between β-blocker use and depressive outcomes

study design- this is a prospective, retrospective, cross-sectional observational study. in prospective study, cardiovascular patients will be divided into two groups: those taking β-blockers and those not taking β-blockers. a questionnaire-based study will be conducted to assess the depression status of both groups. the study will include depression inventory (mdi) (lcd-10), hamilton rating scale for depression (hdrs) and patient health questionnaire-9 (phq-9) for prospective study. in the retrospective study, clinically diagnosed depression patients with cardiovascular co morbidity will be identified from the psychiatric department. study population- total number of patients to be included in both prospective and retrospective study: 1136 prospective: 684 participants from cardiology department (two subgroups = 342 with β-blockers and other 342 without β-blockers) retrospective: 452 participants from psychiatric department (two subgroups = 226 with β-blockers and other 226 without β-blockers) planned time period for the study: jan 2025 to may 2025 procedure- prospective: a prospective study, a total of 684 cardiovascular participants will be recruited from the cardiology department. participants will be divided into two groups: participants who are currently on β-blockers from at least 1 year and those who are not on β-blockers. then a depression inventory (mdi) (lcd-10), hamilton rating scale for depression (hdrs) and phq-9 (patient health questionnaire-9) depression questionnaire will be run on both to assess depression levels. data collected from both groups will be compared to evaluate differences in depression status. retrospective: a retrospective study will be conducted involving 452 patients diagnosed with depression and atleast one cardiovascular co morbidity from the psychiatry department. patients will be classified into two groups: those who were prescribed with β-blockers and those who were not. medical records of these patients will be obtained from their respective staff. the primary objective is to determine the prevalence of β-blocker use among depressed patients with cardiovascular conditions by reviewing their medical histories.

Eligibility criteria:
for prospective study:- inclusion criteria: 1. participants aged from ≥18 years at the time of consent. 2. participants on β-blockers for at least 1 year. 3. no significant cognitive impairment. 4. participants who are willing to participate. 5. to be able to understand and answer the self-assessment questionnaires. exclusion criteria: 1. having severe sensory and physical limitations, severe disconnection from the environment, or presence of severe neuropsychiatric symptoms that make it impossible to administer the assessment. for retrospective study:- inclusion criteria: 1. diagnosis with major depressive disorder or reference to "clinical depression" in patient charts. 2. participants with cardiovascular co-morbidity. 3. participants aged from ≥18 years. exclusion criteria: 1. depression with other psychiatric illness for e.g., schizophrenia, cognitive impairment and without any cardiac comorbidity.

Keywords: beta-blockers depression prevalence