trigger point injection for myofascial pain syndrome in the low back: a randomized controlled trial

Conditions: Low Back Pain; Myofascial Pain Syndrome Lower Back

Summary: rationale: low back pain (lbp), or myofascial pain syndrome (mps) of the low back, accounts for approximately 2.63 million visits in the united states, or 2.3 percent of annual emergency department (ed) visits. an estimated 100 billion dollars per year is lost from lbp. approximately one-third of this is direct costs. previous studies have established the safety of trigger point injections (tpi). however, the results of these studies are highly heterogeneous regarding tpi's ability to treat pain or improve functional outcomes. the two most promising tpi studies conducted in the ed have been published in the last two years. they both suffered from a small sample size. additionally, they suffered from a combination of limitations including: lack of randomization, inconsistent medical management, lack of a follow-up assessment, and lack of patient centered functional outcomes. these studies were both two armed and either compared standard medical management to tpi with local anesthetic or tpi with local anesthetic to tpi with normal saline (ns). one of these studies concluded that tpi is generally beneficial. the other concluded that tpi with ns is superior. research hypothesis: the investigators hypothesize that standard therapy (st) plus tpi with 8 ml of 0.5 percent bupivacaine is superior to st alone or st plus tpi with 8 ml of ns for the treatment of the pain associated with mps of the low back. significance: this will be the first tpi study to compare st, to tpi with local anesthetic, and tpi with ns for lbp conducted in an ed. it will also be the first tpi study to incorporate a patient centered functional outcome and patient follow-up after discharge from an ed. tpi's are a popular treatment modality for lbp among many emergency medicine providers. however, to date, there is limited evidence for or against it. the investigators are hopeful that this study will answer whether or not trigger point injections are benefiting patients and, if so, which type of tpi is most beneficial.

significance: low back pain (lbp) is a common presenting complaint in the emergency department (ed), accounting for 2.63 million visits in the united states and 2.3 percent of ed visits annually.1 an estimated 100 billion dollars per year is lost from low back pain. one-third of this is direct costs.2 for the united states military, in 2015, 195,844 acute cases of lbp were identified, leading to significant loss of person-hours.3 the definitions of durations, or types, of lbp vary among sources. for example, the american association of family physicians defines acute low back pain as six to 12 weeks of pain and chronic pain as anything more than 12 weeks.4 a more specific definition used by the american college of physicians defines acute lbp from 0-4 weeks, subacute lbp as 5-12 weeks, and chronic low back pain as greater than 12 weeks.5 a specific definition of chronic low back pain is essential if including acute on chronic low back pain in a study. these specific definitions will not only be used for demographics, they will also aid in excluding other causes of lbp from the study such as fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.6,7 the investigators will include exacerbations of chronic lbp, but they will have to satisfy a specific definition. an excepted definition of an exacerbation of chronic low back pain is an increase of 1.5 cm above baseline pain on a 10 cm visual analog scale (vas). the justification is that this is outside the standard deviation of typical back pain estimations.8 as this study of lbp focuses on tpis, the investigators are narrowing the definition of lbp to myofascial pain syndrome (mps) of the low back. the investigators chose this definition as mps is defined by trigger points.9 use of mps is also consistent with prior tpi studies of lbp.10-15 the trigger points of mps are recognized clinically by having two out of three of the following criteria: a taut band of muscle on exam, reproduction of pain upon palpation, and referred pain along a band of muscle upon palpation.16-18 the two most promising tpi studies previously conducted in the ed have been published in the last two years.19,20 they both suffered from a small sample size. additionally, they suffered from a combination of limitations including: lack of randomization, inconsistent medical management, lack of a follow-up assessment, and lack of patient centered functional outcomes.19,20 these studies were both two armed and either compared standard medical management to tpi with local anesthetic or tpi with local anesthetic to tpi with normal saline (ns).19,20 one of these studies concluded that tpis are generally beneficial.19 the other concluded that tpis with ns are superior.20 the investigators endeavor to complete a randomized controlled trial (rct) that definitively answers whether tpis with local anesthetic are superior to tpis with ns in an ed setting. the investigators will also be comparing both of these treatments to standard therapy (st). bupivacaine was chosen as it is the longest acting commonly available local anesthetic in most eds.21 the investigators hypothesize that tpis with bupivacaine are superior to tpis with ns or st. if the investigators are correct this simple and inexpensive treatment could have a large impact on the financial burden and loss in person-hours caused by mps of the low back.1-3,21 innovation: the invistigators will innovate by building upon lessons learned from previous tpi studies for mps conducted in the ed.19,20 the study has also been designed with the best practices of consort standards in mind.22 unlike previous studies, this rct will include three groups, st, st plus tpi with bupivacaine, and st plus tpi with ns. additionally, each of these treatment arms will be highly regimented to improve the quality of evidence the investigators produce. the investigators will also follow up with study participants via telephone at 60-72 hours to determine if the treatment provided more than temporary pain relief. lastly, the investigators will incorporate a patient centered functional score.23 a measure of functional ability is particularly relevant to mps given its associated cost in lost person-hours.2 to date, such an endeavor to investigate tpis in the ed has not been undertaken. approach: this study will be conducted in the emergency department at madigan army medical center on joint base lewis-mcchord in tacoma, wa. this is an academic center and level ii trauma center with an annual emergency department census of 60,000. it is home to an emergency medicine residency program and serves as a tertiary referral center for department of defense personnel in the pacific region. this study has approval from the local institutional review board. this study is a prospective 3-armed rct. the first arm will be st. the second army will be st plus tpi with 8 ml of 0.5 percent bupivacaine. the third arm will be st plus tpi with 8 ml of ns. the first arm will be single blinded as it will be obvious to medical professionals that the patient is not receiving trigger points. the remaining two arms will be double blinded. the st arm will be highly standardized to eliminate variation in treatment. it will also contain no narcotics or benzodiazepines. st will consist of 975mg of acetaminophen po and either 30mg of ketorolac im or 15 mg iv. upon discharge st will consist of prescriptions for acetaminophen 650mg every 4 hours by mouth, ibuprofen 400mg every 4 hours by mouth, and 10 mg of cyclobenzaprine nightly by mouth. if a potential participant is allergic to any of the study medications, they cannot participate. additionally, participants will be provided a handout going over these medications and the use of heat for low back pain and instructions on the performance of mckenzie stretching exercises for low back pain.4 bupivacaine was chosen as it is the longest acting local anesthetic commonly available in most eds. with a toxic dose of 2mg/kg, 8 ml is well within safety limits for the study population as it only contains 40mg of bupivacaine.21 ns was chosen as the third arm as it is the primary tpi treatment that local anesthetic tpis are compared to, bupivacaine and ns are also identical in appearance.12,21 it is possible that participants will be able to tell which tpi they have received based on bupivacaine's anesthetic properties.21 to address this, the investigators will be asking participants that received a tpi to guess which medication they received on the data collection form. 30-minutes following study medication administration, data will be collected. 60-72 hours after treatment is initiated, telephone follow-up will be completed by a member of the study team. this time frame was chosen as it is a clinically relevant timeframe for ed bounce backs.24 additionally, this time frame is well beyond four half-lives of bupivacaine (2.7 hours x 4 = 10.8 hours).21 this ensures that the data collected at telephone follow-up will not be influenced by any lingering impact of the medication. the investigators plan to begin enrolling participants january 2nd, 2021. the institution's research pharmacist will contact one of the institution's statisticians to obtain a randomization scheme. the investigators will then be sent pre-drawn up and pre-randomized medications for storage in the ed medication refrigerator. participants randomized to st will be represented by empty syringes. the investigators plan to enroll participants as a convenience sample. although continuous enrollment would be ideal, the research team consists of nine investigators, five of which are emergency medicine residents. given off-service rotations and a small research team, providing 24-hour coverage for enrollment is not feasible. review of the eds census over the last three months revealed that the ed sees a minimum of 40 patients a month for the chief complaint (cc) of "low back pain". a review of the census in the three month prior to the covid-19 outbreak revealed that this number is less than half of the number of patients the investigators usually see for the cc of "low back pain". this is very likely due to a decreased ed utilization rates for non-emergent cc's during covid-19. the investigators suspect that as vaccinations become more widely available, these numbers will normalize. however, if the census remained as is and the investigators operate under the assumption that the investigators could reasonably capture 50 percent of the lbp patients that came through the emergency department, it would take us a minimum of nine months to complete the study. with these assumptions, enrollment would be complete in june of 2022.

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria: 1. age ≥ 18 years 2. must have at least 1 trigger point in low back paraspinal muscles. 3. for exacerbations of chronic low back pain, the pain on presentation must be 1.5 cm above baseline pain on vas exclusion criteria: 1. allergy or inability to take study medications. 2. new focal neurologic deficit in lower extremities. 3. known active malignancy with bony spinal metastases. 4. identifiable spinal, lumbosacral or hip fracture. 5. history of fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis. 6. current use of anticoagulation. 7. overlying cellulitis. 8. spinal, hip, or pelvic surgery within the past 6 months. 9. previous administration of trigger point injections for current episode. 10. sciatica-extending down the back of the leg to the heel. 11. alternate identifiable cause of participant's acute pain other than myofascial or musculoskeletal pain. 12. febrile patients. 13. pregnant 14. unable to understand english or otherwise unable to provide informed consent (mental handicap, inability to understand instructions, risks, or benefits), or is an at risk population (wounded warrior, resident physicians, prisoners, cadets, midshipmen, or students).

Keywords: trigger point injection low back pain myofascial pain syndrome emergency department