diabetic self-care education at primary health care in saudi arabia: a pragmatic randomized trial in tabuk

Conditions: Self-care; Preventive Care; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Summary: diabetes self-care education (dsce) is a formal term used to describe the ongoing process of facilitating the knowledge, skills, and ability necessary for diabetes self-care. supporting self-care is a crucial aspect of any health service, especially the one that targeting diabetes. it has shown a positive effect on the clinical, psychological, and behavioural aspects of diabetics. however, culturally adapted educational services that recognize the context should be established and used carefully, as most of the social media and youtube educational products are not relevant most of the time. diabetic patients who receive no education about their diabetes, are four times as likely to develop complications as those who do not. oppositely, those who attending diabetes education programs are less likely to develop long-term complications. the core question of the trial is to find an answer to the question: how the diabetes self-care information, education provided by trained health care educator at primary care is effective in controlling patterns of blood glucose, reducing bmi, and enhancing self-care behaviour among diabetic patients attending chronic care clinic compared to the control group receiving routine care for diabetes.

a pragmatic trial is a modern approach for testing research hypotheses in real life to draw inspiration from the implemented intervention to inform decision making and change in health policy at the level of primary health care and the community. the trial outcomes could be used in making new policy that directly contributes to the model of care, health economics, and population health management program. it is a 12 months pragmatic randomized trial that will recruit type ii diabetic patients attending primary health care centres in tabuk city. conclusion: upon successful completion of the trial, the primary and secondary outcomes of the trial like reduction in the blood glucose level, body mass index (bmi), waist circumference, hba1c, serum cholesterol level, and blood pressure are expected. besides, the development of new recommendations for diabetes self-care policy, model of care, and on-the-job training at primary health care. sample size calculation: a sample of 250 participants for the two trial arms with an average cluster sample (m) of about 35 participants per cluster is calculated using stata clustersampsi command. this is by specifying the total number of clusters (k) = 6, the mean for sample1 as (mu1) = 0.6, the mean for sample2 (mu2) = 0.31, the intra-class correlation coefficient (rho) = 0.01, at the power beta (0.8), and significant alpha level of (0.05). data analysis: the collected baseline data and end-line data will be initially analyzed by carrying out both univariate and bivariate analyses. the univariate analysis will summarize data as means, standard deviations while multivariate analysis will yield correlations between the measured variables. standard statistical tests such as the student t-test, anova, and f statistic will be used to test for the effects of interventions and to facilitate comparisons between intervention and control groups. then the data will be further analyzed using multilevel models/hierarchical linear modelling as it allows adjustment of the effect of an intervention for (imbalance on) individual-level and cluster-level baseline predictors of outcomes. the collected data will be analyzed based on the intention to treat evaluate the primary outcomes among both the intervention and control groups i.e. the participants will remain in the group to which they were randomized. linear regression models will be used for comparing the continuous variables. the bmi as a primary outcome will be analyzed using a linear regression model to find out the effects of the intervention among the intervention groups as well as among the control groups. the secondary outcomes include reduction in blood glucose level, serum cholesterol level, blood pressure, and waist circumference will be analyzed using linear regression models. statistical significance will be set at 5%. missing data will be managed by applying appropriate multiple imputation stat commands. as the variables are continuous; markov chain monte carlo (mcmc) method will manage the missing data; it is planned to use sola software for managing data (available at http://www.solasmissingdata.com/software. generalizability: this trial is expected to draw some more convenient findings that match the context in saudi arabia and other gulf regions. given the great similarities in sociodemographic, and cultural aspect in addition to the similarities in a health care setting in the whole kingdom. it is expected that a successful result could fairly be generalized to other health care settings in saudi arabia and even to other gulf regions. expected limitation: the quality of data collection is expected to be not to the expected level. this is because the same health provider who will conduct the trial intervention is supposed to carry the data collection task. after all, the physical environment in the health care setting doesn't permit bringing additional staff to complete the task. ethical considerations: ethical approval will be obtained from the institutional review board in the faculty of medicine at the university of tabuk and the research ethics committee at the ministry of health in tabuk. informed consent: the investigator will make sure that written informed consent is obtained from each participant before randomization and before the participant has undergone any study intervention or data collection procedures. the informed consent will be obtained by the primary health care physician in a special room at the health centre. the primary health care physician will provide the information about the trial and as well ensure that the participant has understood the information. this can be achieved through answering adequately the questions raised by participants; hence, the participants are encouraged to ask questions about the trial and will be given adequate time to decide, voluntarily, either to participate in the trial or not. if a participant needs more to decide, then the primary health care physician should give another appointment for the participants

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria: * the participants were type ii diabetic patients of both genders attending the selected primary health care centers irrespective of their duration of disease and the types of medication currently received. the participants were adults aged 18 years and above. exclusion criteria: * children and young adults with juvenile diabetes mellitus were excluded. in addition, severely ill patients, patients with mental disorders were also excluded.