effect of insulin staging in the context of pharmaceutical care on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Conditions: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Summary: the number of people with diabetes rose from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke and lower limb amputation. current challenges in diabetes management include: (1) optimizing the use of currently available therapies to ensure adequate glycemic control and to reduce complications; (2) educating patients on diabetes self-management; (3) improving patient adherence to lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions; ; and (4) reducing barriers to the early use of insulin. in this research, the impact of pharmaceutical care and insulin staging will be evaluated in patients with type 2 diabetes to overcome this challenges. the concept of "pharmaceutical care" was first introduced by helper and strand in 1990, pushing for the transformation of the pharmacy profession from "product-focused" to "patient-centric". pharmaceutical care is a patient-centered practice in which the practitioner assumes responsibility for a patient's drug-related needs and is held accountable for this commitment. due to the progressive nature of the disease, which requires timely optimization of treatment, leading in a majority of cases to insulin therapy, so that proper use of insulin is one of the critical tools for prevention of long-term complications. from the hundred patients in this study, half of the patients will be the control group without any intervention, and pharmaceutical care and insulin staging will be applied on the remaining. in this research two strategies will be applied including pharmaceutical care process and insulin staging approach on patients with t2dm, those who are on end stage treatment.

* in 2018, 34.2 million americans, or 10.5% of the population, had diabetes. * of the 34.2 million adults with diabetes, 26.8 million were diagnosed, and 7.3 million were undiagnosed * the percentage of americans age 65 and older remains high, at 26.8%, or 14.3 million seniors (diagnosed and undiagnosed). * diabetes mellitus (dm) is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. * it results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, or both. chronic microvascular, macrovascular, and neuropathic complications may ensue . * one of the challenges facing the management of t2dm is the lack of an established guideline for insulin administration in most of the communities. * considering the slogan of clinical pharmacy: safe, cost-effectiveness of medication, there are many insulin products available and often doctors get confused on choosing the right drug for the right patient. * the hypothesis of this study is that clinical pharmacist intervention through applying pharmaceutical care and insulin staging has significant impact on quality of life and therapeutic outcomes of patients with type ii diabetes with the end stage management protocol, while the null hypothesis states that there is no correlation between clinical pharmacist intervention with patient's quality of life and therapeutic outcomes. * study design: two-arm randomized, selective control trial. * interventions: insulin staging in the context of pharmaceutical care. * number of participants = 100. * number of groups = 2 groups each of 50 patients.

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria: * t2dm patients. * patients must be on insulin therapy * willing to participate in the study exclusion criteria: * t1dm * t2dm patients whose not on insulin therapy * patients that have disabilities that interfere with compliances towards medications

Keywords: type 2 diabetes mellitus. insulin staging. pharmaceutical care.