efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin for the hospital management of patients with type 2 diabetes

Conditions: Type2diabetes; Coronary Artery Disease

Summary: the purpose of the trial is to examine whether treatment with dapagliflozin plus insulin as compared with insulin alone (basal-bolus insulin) will result in similar blood glucose control and similar rate of complications in patients with diabetes, who are admitted to a hospital in a noncritical setting

background good glycemic control is crucial for improving clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with diabetes. multiple insulin injections (one dose of long-acting insulin and three doses of rapid-acting pre-meal bolus insulins) are the standard of care for the hospital management of patients with diabetes. sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (sglt-2) inhibitors is a class of glucose-lowering agents that are increasingly being used in patients with type 2 diabetes, due to multiple pleiotropic effects. these drugs reduce cardiovascular mortality, especially by reducing risk of heart failure, and also improve renal outcomes. the role of sglt-2 inhibitors in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital in a non-critical care setting has not been assessed. accordingly, the proposed study will provide a clinically useful information on the efficacy (blood glucose control) and safety (hypoglycemia) of dapagliflozin (an sglt-2 inhibitor) for the management of hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes. summary the purpose of the trial is to examine whether treatment with dapagliflozin plus insulin as compared with insulin alone (basal-bolus insulin) will result in similar blood glucose control and similar rate of complications in patients with diabetes, who are admitted to a hospital in a noncritical setting. arms and interventions arms study participants with type 2 diabetes undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft (cabg) surgery will receive basal-bolus regimen (one dose of long-acting basal insulin and three doses of rapid-acting pre-meal bolus insulins) on the third day of surgery (transition from intravenous insulin infusion). one arm (dapagliflozin group) will receive dapagliflozin 10 mg daily in addition to basal-bolus regimen while another group (basal-bolus group) will receive basal-bolus insulin without dapagliflozin. both arms will receive glargine u300 as basal insulin and lispro u100 as rapid-acting bolus insulin. dapagliflozin group: dapagliflozin 10 mg, every day before breakfast. glargine insulin 300 units/ml, average dose: 10-20 u/day; insulin lispro 100 units/ml, average dose: 10-30 u/day basal-bolus group: glargine insulin; 300 units/ml, average dose: 10-20 u/day; insulin lispro 100 units/ml, average dose: 10-30 u/day primary outcome measure noninferiority in mean differences between groups in their daily blood glucose concentrations. \[time frame: the first 7 days of therapy in hospital and 5 days post-discharge\] blood glucose will be measured pre-breakfast, pre-lunch, pre-dinner and night-time (0300 hours). mean daily blood glucose concentration will be calculated to determine differences in inpatient glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with dapagliflozin 10 mg plus basal-bolus insulin or basal-bolus regimen, using glargine u300 as basal insulin and insulin lispro u100 before meals. sample size calculation noninferiority for the primary end point of glycemic control will be defined as a mean blood glucose difference of \ 90% power. procedures patients will be treated with a basal-bolus insulin regimen approach as previously reported. in brief, all study participants will receive insulin infusion till soft diet is initiated. dose of insulin (units/hour) for last 4 hours will be calculated and that dose will be multiplied by 24 to get the 24 hour insulin utilization, and 80% of that 24-h dose was be as total daily dose (tdd). half of the tdd will be administered as once-daily basal insulin (glargine u300) at 11:00 am, and half as prandial insulin (lispro u100) divided in three equal doses before meals. insulin infusion will be continued till lunch time, and will be discontinued once pre-lunch rapid-acting bolus dose is administered. no interim analysis will be performed. dapagliflozin group will receive first dose of dapagliflozin 10 mg, before lunch on the same day, followed by before breakfast next day onwards. glargine u100 will be given once daily, at the same time of the day (11:00 am). insulin doses will be adjusted daily to maintain a fasting blood glucose \ 240 mg/dl. glucose monitoring glucose levels will be assessed by capillary point-of-care (poc) testing before meals, and at night-time (0300 hours). a subgroup of participants (n = 100) will wear a professional (blinded) abbott freestyle libre continuous glucose monitor (cgm). statistical analysis noninferiority for the primary end point of glycemic control was defined as a mean bg difference of \ 90% power. to compare baseline and clinical characteristics and outcomes, such as mean daily bg, occurrence of hypoglycemia, and occurrence of complications between treatment groups,principal investigato used nonparametric wilcoxon tests for continuous variables and χ2 tests (or the fisher exact test) for discrete variables. to determine differences in the primary end point, principal investigatoperformed a cross-sectional analysis using nonparametric kruskal-wallis tests (or wilcoxon tests) or one-way anova, followed by repeated-measures anova to estimate and test the difference between the two treatment groups while simultaneously examining mean daily bg across multiple days during treatment. secondary end point analysis was not adjusted for multiple comparisons. a p value of \<0.05 was considered significant. the data are presented as mean ± sd for continuous variables and count (percentage) for discrete variables. principal investigatoperformed the statistical analyses with sas 9.4 software.

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria: 1. males or females 30 years or above admitted to the hospital for elective cabg surgery 2. a known history of type 2 diabetes treated with any combination of oral antidiabetic agents, short-acting glp1-ra (exenatide, liraglutide) or insulin therapy. 3. study participants must have a randomization total daily dose (tdd) insulin requirement of at least 12 units per day. 4. signed, informed consent prior to any study procedures exclusion criteria: 1. subjects with increased bg concentration, but without a known history of diabetes (stress hyperglycemia). 2. subjects treated with diet alone (no antidiabetic agents) and admission hba1c \<7%. 3. subjects with a history of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or ketonuria. 4. patients treated with long-acting weekly glp1-ra (weekly exenatide, or dulaglutide). 5. any known hypersensitivity to dapagliflozin. 6. history of recurrent urinary tract infections (\>2 episodes) requiring antibiotic therapy in the last 1 year. 7. history of intolerance to dapagliflozin or any other sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. 8. patients with history of clinically relevant hepatic disease (diagnosed liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension). 9. patients with ongoing corticosteroid therapy (equal to a prednisone dose ≥5 mg/day). 10. patients with impaired renal function (egfr \<45 ml/min/1.73m2). 11. patients with congestive heart failure (nyha- iv). 12. patients with medical and surgical pancreatic disease. 13. mental condition rendering the subject unable to understand the nature, scope, and possible consequences of the study. 14. body mass index (bmi) \<18.5 kg/m2.