can high-flow nasal oxygenation improve oxygen saturation during analgo-sedation in obese adults?

Conditions: Noninvasive Ventilation; Respiratory Insufficiency; Obesity; Deep Sedation; Hypoxia; Airway Management; Colonoscopy

Summary: obesity is omnipresent problem in everyday anesthesiology practice associated with low level of blood oxygen (hypoxemia) during analgo-sedation. overweight outpatients are often scheduled for colonoscopy usually undergo analgo-sedation. in obese patients, intravenous analgo-sedation often diminish respiratory drive causing hypoxemia. to avoid hypoxemia, low-flow nasal oxygenation (lfno) of 2-6 l/min is applied via standard nasal catheter to provide maximum 40 % of inspired fraction of oxygen (fio2). lfno comprises applying cold and dry oxygen which causes discomfort to nasal mucosa of patient. lfno is often insufficient to provide satisfying oxygenation. insufficient oxygenation adds to circulatory instability - heart rate (hr) and blood pressure (bp) disorder. on the other side, high-flow nasal oxygenation (hfno) brings 20 to 70 l/min of heated and humidified of o2/air mixture up to 100% fio2 via specially designed nasal cannula. heated and humidified o2/air mixture is much more agreeable to patient. hfno brings noninvasive support to patients' spontaneous breathing by producing continuous positive pressure of 3-7 cmh2o in upper airways consequently enhancing oxygenation. investigators intend to analyze effect of hfno vs. lfno on oxygen saturation during procedural analgo-sedation for colonoscopy in obese adult patients. investigators expect that obese patients with preserved spontaneous breathing, oxygenized by hfno vs. lfno, will be less prone to hypoxemia thus more respiratory and circulatory stable during procedural analgo-sedation for colonoscopy. obese patients with applied hfno should longer preserve: normal oxygen saturation, normal level of co2 and o2, reflecting better respiratory stability. investigators expect obese participnts to have more stable hr and bp, reflecting improved circulatory stability. there will be less interruption of breathing pattern of obese patients and less necessity for attending anesthesiologist to intervene.

obese patients are often scheduled for colonoscopy under analgo-sedation. analgo-sedation is characterized by deep conscious sedation and preserved spontaneous breathing. continuous intravenous application of sedatives favors patients' circulatory stability and application of oxygenation contributes to maintaining adequate patients' oxygenation. typically, low-flow nasal oxygenation (lfno) of 2-6 l/min is applied via standard nasal catheter to provide maximum 40% of inspired fraction of oxygen (fio2) before (preoxygenation), during (procedural oxygenation) and after (postprocedural oxygenation) until patient regains consciousness. during analgo-sedation obese patients are prone to intervals of bradypnea and hypoventilation. transitory apnea in obese patients could lead to hypoxemia, hypoxia, hypercapnia and hemodynamic insufficiency despite lfno application. fatal outcome may occur, especially at higher risk overweight patients (asa iii class). respiratory and hemodynamic stability of morbidly obese outpatients during analgo-sedation for endoscopic procedures represent challenge to anesthesiologists. there is no generally accepted protocol of preoxygenation and intraoperative ventilatory management for obese patients. obese (30\<bmi\<40 kg/m2, bmi= body mass index) and morbidly obese patients (bmi ≥40 kg/m2) are classified to higher anesthesia risk groups, even if obese patients may not have other comorbidities (30\<bmi\<40 kg/m2 = asa ii, bmi ≥40 kg/m2 = asa iii). partial relaxation of pharyngeal muscles characteristic for analgo-sedation in overweight patients causes prolapse of fatty tissue that partially obstructs pharynx and can cause obstructive sleep apnoea (osa). although osa is not related to obesity, osa can accompany obesity. besides perioperatively, hypoxia and bradypnoea episodes occur postoperatively in obese patients, which makes additional observation of obese patients necessary. more frequent hypoxia and bradypnoea during awakening require additional respiratory effort. ventilation strategies in obese patients are necessary to optimize gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics in order to reduce pulmonary complications. high-flow nasal oxygenation (hfno) brings 20 to 70 l/min heated and humidified o2/air mixture up to 100% fio2 via specially designed, soft nasal cannula. hfno brings non-invasive support to patients' inspiratory effort by developing 3-7 cmh2o of continuous pressure in upper airway, decreasing it's resistance and dead space. also, heated and humidified oxygen/air mixture with possibility to bring higher fio2 adds to better patients' oxygenation preservation and improved patients' comfort during procedure. aim of this study is to compare effect of hfno vs. lfno during standardized procedure of intravenous analgo-sedation on periprocedural oxygenation maintenance in patients of different weight groups: 18\<bmi\<30 kg/m2, 30\<bmi\<40 kg/m2 and bmi ≥40 kg/m2. investigators hypothesized that application of hfno compared to lfno, in obese patients with preserved spontaneous breathing during procedural analgo-sedation, contributes to maintaining adequate oxygenation, consequently adding to greater peri-procedural circulatory and respiratory stability of obese patients. investigators expect that hfno will ensure reduced bradypnoea intervals (frequency of breathing, fob 1/min), longer maintenance of adequate oxygenation, shorter intervals of desaturation (spo2 ≤ 92%), reducing hypercapnia (paco2 ≥ 6 kpa) and less airway - opening maneuvers performed by attending anesthesiologist (aom). these will prevent partial respiratory insufficiency detected by low spo2 or low pao2 ≤ 11 kpa accompanied by normal or low paco2 ≤ 6 kpa, and global respiratory insufficiency detected by decreased spo2 ≤ 92% and pao2 ≤ 11 kpa with increased paco2 ≥ 6 kpa. investigators plan to conduct prospective, parallel group, randomized controlled clinical trial. trial will be managed according to principles of declaration of helsinki for scientific clinical research and will be planned and guided according to consort guidelines (consolidated standards of reporting trials). the trial has been approved by hospital's ethic committee. the source of information are going to be 126 adult patients scheduled for colonoscopy under analgo-sedation in the setting of daily outpatient gastroenterology ambulance. eligible participants will be interviewed and examined ambulatory by anesthesiologist together with evaluation of asa status, difficulty of airway management and bmi. after initial examination inclusive and exclusive criteria will be distinguished. eligible participants who give written consent of participation will be included in this trial. after that, participants will be assigned to equal normal weight (18\<bmi\<30 kg/m2), obese (30\<bmi\<40 kg/m2) or morbidly obese (bmi ≥40 kg/m2) group. each group will be randomized to intervention (hfno) and control (lfno) subgroup by random numbers generator. randomization will be used until adequate number of participants in every group is reached. interventions: intervention subgroups participants will be oxygenated via nasal cannula using high flow (40 l/min) of humidified and heated oxygen in air mixture (fio2 40%). hfno will be applied by oxygenator (airvo™2, fisher and paykell, new zealand, technomedika croatia d.o.o.) during procedural analgo-sedation for colonoscopy with maintained spontaneous breathing. in control subgroups, oxygenation will be applied via nasal catheter (bauerfeind d.o.o, zagreb, croatia) using standard low flow oxygen (5 l/min, fio2 40%) lfno. in both groups concentration of oxygen delivered depends on oxygen flow which is regulated by standard flow-regulator (flowmeter). oxygen is delivered through pipelines from central hospital gas supply or from portable cylinder gas supply. anesthesia procedure will be uniformed for all participants. integrated noninvasive monitoring of vital functions will be set: ekg - (heart rate/min), spo2 (%), blood pressure (mmhg), indirect respiration (number of breaths/min) (compact 7; medical econet gmbh, germany). every participant will have established intravenous infusion of 250 ml nacl 0.9% through intravenous cannula regulated by continuous flow (extension set/control-a-flo regulator 19" male luer lock adapter, baxter/agmar d.o.o. united states of america/croatia). arterial cannula (ref30401, 20 g - 1,10 mm x 45 mm 49 ml, atraumatic needle tip, medbar ltd, izmir, turkey) will be placed in radial artery in a previously anesthetized area with local anesthetic (emla). oxygenation (hfno or lfno) will be administrated in continuity until patients' awakening. oxygenation will be started 3 minutes before starting analgo-sedation (preoxygenation), continued during analgo-sedation and procedure of colonoscopy (perioperative oxygenation) and up to five minutes after colonoscopy and until patient is awaken (postprocedural oxygenation). intravenous analgo-sedation will be started through continuous infusions of propofol and fentanyl. induction of sedation will be guided by tci (target control infusion) (b. braun melsungen, germany) with initial target propofol concentration of 6 micrograms/minute. expected time of induction with this concentration is 60-120 seconds. this target concentration allows hemodynamic and respiratory stability. required analgesia will be simultaneously applied through slow continuous infusion in dose of 0.05 mcg/kg/min in order to preserve spontaneous breathing. slow infusion will be applied through perfusor (b.braun, melsungen, germany). analgo-sedation will be discontinued immediately after end of the procedure. control of nasopharyngeal airway passage during procedure is achieved by using oropharyngeal airway, if necessary. oropharyngeal airway (airway; vigon-medicpro d.o.o.) will be inserted after achieving moderate sedation, and only if base of tongue is closing airway by dropping on posterior pharyngeal wall. every manipulation of patients' airway by anesthesiologist will be documented (insertion of airway, jaw thrust maneuver). sampling: one milliliter of arterial blood will be collected as three consecutive samples from arterial cannula before, during and after analgo-sedation. sample of arterial blood will be drawn from left radial or cubital artery. measurements: measurement of oxygenation will be done using two methods: indirect (noninvasive) method using pulse oxymeter (compact 7, medical econet gmbh, germany) and direct (invasive) method from obtained arterial blood sample. measurement of spo2 and drawing arterial blood sample will be done simultaneously. direct measurements of spo2 and pao2 will be taken in intervals of time. spo2 will be measured on the left-hand index finger. data will be uniformly collected through indirect - noninvasive (spo2, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate) and direct - invasive (arterial blood gas analysis - ph, pao2, paco2, sao2) measurements. possible biases and confounding variables could be caused by hypothermia of participant, by sphygmomanometer cuff pressure on the same arm where blood samples are drawn and by prolonged time of arterial blood analysis. these difficulties can be bypassed by: adjustment of room temperature where analgo-sedation is performed, blood pressure measuring on opposite arm from where samples of blood are taken and by arterial blood gas analysis without delay. basic data analyses will be performed by statistician. sample size is determined by statistic computing web program: http://www.stat.ubc.ca/\~rollin/stats/ssize used statistic test inference for proportions: comparing two independent samples. assessment of sample size is computed for two independent samples with assumption of clinically significant difference in patients' oxygenation: ≤11 and ≥14.4 kpa with delta 4.4. statistical significance of difference will be inferred with 5% α-error, 50% β-error and study power 0.80. calculated size of sample is: 21 participant pro subgroup (total of 126 participants). investigators expect no changes to methods after trial commencement. all potential unwanted events which may happen during analgo-sedation and colonoscopy that could cause deviation from this trial's protocol will be reason for exclusion of participant from this trial. if circumstances change, anesthesiologist responsible for application of anesthesia will carry out procedure in way which is in patients' best interest.

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria: * normal weight (18\<bmi\<30 kg/m2) * obese patients (30\<bmi\<40 kg/m2) * morbidly obese patients (bmi≥40 kg/m2) * intravenous analgo-sedation * elective colonoscopy * colorectal tumors. exclusion criteria: * emergency colonoscopy * diseases of peripheral blood vessels * hematological diseases * psychiatric diseases * sideropenic anemia * patients' refusal * ongoing chemotherapy or irradiation * propofol allergies * fentanyl allergies.

Keywords: "noninvasive ventilation"[mesh] "obesity"[mesh] "deep sedation"[mesh] "hypoxia"[mesh] "adult"[mesh] "airway management"[mesh] "colonoscopy"[mesh]