what or when to eat to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes (wow)

Conditions: Time-restricted Eating; Diet Quality

Summary: a parallel, single-blinded, multi-centre randomized controlled trial conducted at the south australian health and medical research institute (sahmri) and the mary mackillop institute for health research (mmihr; australian catholic university), by researchers from the university of adelaide, australian catholic university and la trobe university.

in a parallel groups design, a total of 268 individuals will be recruited across both sites. after a 2-week baseline period, and a baseline metabolic visit, participants will be randomized into one of two groups (tre, time-restricted eating; cp, current practice guidelines). all participants will receive five (5) telehealth consultations at baseline, week 2, 4, 8 and 12, the content of which will be based around their randomized condition. they will undergo metabolic testing on two (2) further occasions (4 months, 12 months) over a 12-month period to assess the changes in primary and secondary outcomes.

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria: * study participants will be aged 35 to 70 years, overweight or obese (bmi: \>25 but \<45 kg/m2), ≥15 on the ausdrisk assessment tool and have hba1c \<6.5% at screening exclusion criteria: type 1 or type 2 diabetes, or diabetes detected at screening hba1c ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol). * a personal history/diagnosis (self-reported) of: * major psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, eating disorders) * gastrointestinal disorders/disease (including malabsorption) * haematological disorders (i.e. thalassemia, iron-deficiency anaemia) * insomnia * currently receiving, or have received treatment/diagnosis of cancer in the past 3 years (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) * significant liver or kidney disease * previous or planned gastro-intestinal surgery (including bariatric surgery) * congestive heart failure (nyha stage 2 or above) * previous myocardial infarction or significant cardiac event ≤ 6 months prior to screening * previous cerebrovascular event ≤ 12 months prior to screening and/or any other condition deemed unstable by the study physician. currently taking the following medications: * any medication used, or known to lower blood glucose, or antidiabetic medications, including, but not limited to: sglt2 inhibitors, metformin, sulfonylureas, glucagon-like peptide-1 (glp-1) analogues \[i.e. exenatide\], thiazolidinediones or dpp-iv inhibitors \[i.e. 'gliptins'\]) * medications affecting weight, appetite or gut motility, including, but not limited to: (domperidone, cisapride, orlistat, phentermine, topiramate). * diuretics (i.e. frusemide, thiazides) or combination blood pressure medications containing a diuretic * beta-blockers * glucocorticoids * anti-epileptic medications * antipsychotic medications * opioid medications unless combined with paracetamol in a single formulation and used occasionally on a prn basis additional exclusion criteria include: * do not consume a regular breakfast (i.e. eat breakfast on an average of 5 or more days per week), and do not eat for more than 12 hours per day on an average of 5 or more days per week * have an extreme or restricted pattern of eating (i.e. following an intermittent fasting diet) or are already engaged in a tre protocol * shift-workers * pregnant, planning a pregnancy or currently breastfeeding * those who have lost or gained \>5% of body weight in the last 6 months * current smokers of cigarettes/marijuana/e-cigarettes/vaporisers * anyone unable to comprehend the study protocol or provide informed consent (i.e. due to english language or cognitive difficulties) * participants will not have seen a dietitian in the preceding 3 months. * score on k10 ≥30 (kessler psychological distress scale) * score on edeq ≥2.8 (eating disorder examination questionnaire)