carotid-femoral, oscillometric and estimated pulse wave velocity

Conditions: Hypertension; Arterial Stiffness; Pulse Wave Analysis; Pulse Wave Velocity

Summary: what is the purpose of this research? this research aims to compare three different methods of measuring pulse wave velocity, which is the main parameter used for assessing arterial stiffness. this parameter is as important as blood pressure in predicting future cardiovascular risk. the investigators intend to compare carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, which is the gold standard for measuring arterial stiffness, with brachial pulse wave velocity measured using a device similar to a blood pressure monitor and a mathematical formula validated in a large european population. who is eligible for this survey? anyone aged 18 or older who has been invited may participate, provided they sign an informed consent form. where will the field research be conducted? the research will be conducted at a health center specializing in the treatment of hypertension. this center is a reference for outpatient blood pressure monitoring in the city of uberaba (mg), brazil. which procedures will be performed by research participants? all participants who consent will answer some questions about their demographic and health information. a trained nurse will measure their weight, height, and blood pressure after a 5-minute rest, and then measure carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. the participant will lie down on a bed and the nurse will place a sensor on the middle of their neck and the groin. the device will automatically deliver the parameters. at least three measurements are required for each participant. measurements normally take between 10 and 15 minutes. then, participants will wear a device to record blood pressure and pulse wave velocity for 24 hours. the nurse will fit the cuff around the participant's arm and attach the monitoring device to a belt around their waist. the device will take measurements every 20 to 30 minutes. 24 hours later, the participant must return to the research venue to have the equipment removed. what are the risks and adverse events of the procedures? there are no known risks or adverse events (aes) associated with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity measurements. the risks of this research are minimal, limited to discomfort during the ambp recording, which occurs at a low frequency. however, excessive arm pain, allergic reactions, and edema may occur. to minimize these risks, a nurse will be available via telephone to aid all participants during the ambp recordings.

•background it is estimated that 1 in 4 adults suffers from hypertension, including 40% of those over the age of 25. blood pressure tends to be higher in older adults, and in developed countries, an estimated 9 in 10 adults who live to 80 years of age will develop hypertension. over the decades, data have shown a positive and continued association between bp values and the occurrence of heart attacks and strokes. artery stiffening (as) and increased pulsatile diameter were identified as standard features of hypertension in individuals aged between 40 and 50 years, and have emerged as two of the most valuable, distinctive, and independent predictors of cardiovascular events. considering that pulse waves from the aorta travel to the peripheral arterial vessels more quickly in stiffer vessels, some authors suggested, in 1987, that aortic pulse wave velocity (pwv) could give reliable information about arterial stiffness. in the last few decades, due to numerous studies demonstrating that carotid-femoral pwv (cf-pwv) is a strong independent predictor of total mortality and major cardiovascular (cv) events, pwv has become a gold standard biological marker of arterial stiffness. therefore, in medical literature, arterial stiffness has long been strongly associated with pulse wave velocity (pwv). pwv is calculated as the distance traveled by the arterial pulse between proximal and distal vascular sites by the corresponding time interval. currently, invasive catheter-based pwv measurement is used only in validation studies due to its complexity, high cost, and ethical limitations. over the last two decades, several noninvasive devices for measuring pwv have been validated in published studies. simultaneous carotid and femoral artery measurement is the non-invasive reference for studies involving cf-pwv. two investigators should conduct the measurement, ensuring a minimum recording time of 10 cardiac cycles. ideally, measurements should be performed at the same time; ecg-gated sequential measurements are the second-best alternative. the recordings from the right carotid and right femoral arteries are preferred. transit time should be determined using the intersecting tangent method. commercial devices that currently fulfill these criteria are the complior analyze device (alam medical, saint quentin fallavier, france) and the original sphygmocor system that used tonometry for both carotid and femoral pulse wave acquisitions (discontinued; atcor medical, cardiex pty, ltd, sydney, nsw, australia). in recent decades, new devices have enabled the measurement of pwv by recording signals at more peripheral areas using brachial cuffs. the mobil-o-graph is one of them. it is an automated oscillometric brachial cuff-based ambulatory bp monitoring device that can measure pwv (br-pwv) by proprietary algorithms. the br-pwv can independently predict mortality in chronic kidney disease (ckd) stage 2-4. it is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients. additionally, mathematical formulas can estimate pwv (epwv) based on the reference values for arterial stiffness collaboration, published nearly fifteen years ago. the aim of this publication was to define the determinants and reference values of cf-pwv. this study demonstrated age and bp accounted for pwv and its variance in a population. therefore, the authors proposed two formulas that used mean bp and age to calculate cf-pwv. analyses of data from two european populations demonstrated that e-pwv was able to predict major cardiovascular events regardless of the systematic coronary risk evaluation (score), the framingham risk score (frs), and the cf-pwv. another recent study found an association between epwv and cv diseases and all-cause mortality in a chinese population, independent of cv risk factors. in addition, epwv predicted cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with suspected coronary artery disease, and it also improved risk stratification in hospitalized covid-19 patients, beyond conventional risk factors and scores. therefore, since the mobil-o-graph device measures pwv using an algorithm based on age and bp values, it is an expensive option. in contrast, e-pwv estimates pulse wave velocity solely through mathematical formulas. this study aimed to evaluate the correlation between the epwv and br-pwv with the gold standard cf-pwv. • methods population and location subjects were selected from a health center specializing in diagnosing and treating non-communicable diseases in the city of uberaba, brazil, who were referred to undergo ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (abpm) to confirm a hypertension diagnosis or evaluate uncontrolled hypertension. data collection demographic and clinical data were collected from all subjects, including previous reports of acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, coronary or other arterial revascularization, stroke, transient ischemic attack, aortic aneurysm, peripheral artery disease, and severe chronic kidney disease (ckd). they also had their weight, height, and waist circumference measured. a nursing assistant conducted bp measurements and pulse wave analyses (pwa). blood pressure measurement the office bp (obp) measurements followed recommended guidelines to ensure accurate pressure values. a nursing assistant operated a microlife device model afib bpa200 (onbo electronic co, shenzhen, china). this device operates in microlife average mode, which takes three consecutive measurements and calculates the average bp value. the nursing assistant took one set of three bp measurements. carotid-femoral pulse wave analyses after having their bp measured, participants rested for 10 minutes in the supine position. the assistant then performed the pulse wave analyses (pwa) utilizing a complior analyze device (alam medical, saint quentin fallavier, france). the determination of pwa followed all the standards set in the 2012 expert consensus document for measuring aortic stiffness, including conducting procedures in a quiet room with stable temperature. the device uses non-invasive pressure sensors to record arterial pulse simultaneously. one sensor was positioned at the carotid artery site, and the other at the femoral artery site, on the dominant side of the body. complior automatically calculated pwv as pwv =δl/δt, where δt represents the transit time and δl being the effective distance between the two recording sites. transit time was measured using the intersecting tangent method, and the distance was estimated as 0.8× the measured carotid-femoral distance. brachial pulse wave analyses finally, for data collection, all subjects recorded twenty-four hours of abpm utilizing a dyna-mapa monitor (cardios, são paulo, brazil), equipped with an appropriately-sized cuff on their non-dominant arm. the device was set up to take both bp and br-pwv readings every 20 minutes throughout the day (7 am to 11 pm). during the night (11 pm to 7 am), bp was measured every 30 minutes, and br-pwv was measured hourly. for abpm analyses, 'night' was defined as the period between going to bed and waking up. all recommended protocols were strictly followed in order to ensure quality recordings. calculation of estimated pulse wave velocity to determine the appropriate equation for calculating epwv, we assessed the prevalence of healthy and at-risk individuals in the sample population. healthy individuals were those who presented no risk factors and a non-elevated bp (\ 140 or 90 mmhg) or at least one risk factor, such as history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, obesity (bmi ≥ 30 kg/m2), abdominal waist circumference at risk (\> 102 cm in males, \> 88 cm in females). therefore, we calculated e-pwv using equations 1 and 2, derived from the reference values for arterial stiffness collaboration, based on age and mbp, as follows. at-risk individuals: e-pwv = 9.58748315543126-0.402467539733184\*age+4.56020798207263\*10-3\*age2-2.6207705511664\*10-5\*age2\*mbp+3.1762450559276\*10-3\*age\*mbp-1.832150382185\*10-2\*mbp. healthy individuals: e-pwv = 4.62 - 0.13\*age + 0.0018\*age\^2 + 0.0006\*age\*mbp + 0.0284\*mbp we used the average of the first three bp measurements to estimate mbp, which was calculated as 40% of office pulse pressure plus diastolic bp; mbp = diastolic bp+ 0.4\*(systolic bp- diastolic bp). statistical analysis the normal distribution of the variables will be analyzed. depending on the results, data will be expressed through proportions, mean, or median. we will apply the chi-squared test to compare proportions. if the distribution is normal, we will use the concordance correlation coefficient (pc) to assess the association, precision (p), and accuracy among cf-pwv, br-pwv, and e-pwv. if the distribution is abnormal, we will use the rank correlation to assess the relationship among all pwv metrics. additionally, we will use a bland-altman plot to investigate the agreement among cf-pwv, br-pwv, and e-pwv values. the databases will be built using microsoft excel, and the statistical analyses will be conducted using medcalc. all participants will provide written informed consent to participate in the study.

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria : - individuals older than 18 with an elevated office blood pressure : * suspected hypertension diagnosis or * uncontrolled hypertension under treatment exclusion criteria: 24-hour abpm recordings presenting: * less than 70% of the expected measurements or * fewer than 20 valid awake or seven valid sleeping measurements or * fewer than two valid daytime and one valid night-time measurement per hour

Keywords: arterial stiffness hypertension pulse wave velocity