comparison of efficacy of three orthodontic appliances

Conditions: Malocclusion, Angle Class II

Summary: to investigate each treatment modality in its "optimal" environment to avoid operator experience bias. therefore we propose to operate out of three "specialist centres" with specific units providing one modality alone which of the three orthodontic appliances does achieve best clinical progress, produce least discomfort to the patient, minimize the time taken for completion of treatment and maximize compliance.

patients and materials: the patient population will consist of patients age 10-16 that have, or are close to having, a full permanent dentition, and present to the clinic with class ii malocclusions with more than 1/2 unit ii molar relationship. (normal or deep overbite cases are also included). the treatments to be compared are the three (routinely-used) orthodontic appliances: twin block, herbst and frog. hypothesis: the principal (null) hypothesis is that there is no difference between the three appliances in terms of their effectiveness, efficiency and compliance. study design: the study is designed as a multicentre, prospective expertise based matched controlled longitudinal trial and the assessments will be longitudinal in time. all patients that consent/assent to be part of the study (and their parents) will receive an information leaflet about the study and will be asked to sign an assent form. patients are free to discontinue treatment if they wish to do so. the normal length of orthodontic treatment is between 18 and 24 months. assessments will be taken prior to treatment and throughout the treatment period, with regular progress reviews every 3 months, as per standard practice. outcomes: the principal outcome for efficiency is the time taken for completion of treatment. the principal outcomes for effectiveness are the clinical progress, discomfort (caused by the appliance to the patient) and compliance. clinical progress will be assessed by measuring tooth movement on each review appointment, using radiographic examination (dpt and lateral cephalograms). each patient will record discomfort in a visual analogue scale (vas or likert scale)and compliance by writing the days the appliance was not in the mouth for any reason. covariates: socio-economic variables: age, gender, etc.

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria: 1. patients aged 10-16 years of age in the late mixed/permanent dentition with class ii malocclusions (both cl ii div 1 and cl ii div 2) 2. \> 1/2 unit class ii molar relationship bilaterally (at least 3.5mm) 3. normal or deep overbite cases will be included 4. skeletal class ii relationship (anb \> 4°) 5. overjet ≥ 5 mm in cl ii/1 cases 6. non-extraction cases exclusion criteria: 1. children in the early mixed dentition 2. class i and class iii malocclusions 3. malocclusions with less than 1/2 unit ii molar relationship 4. reduced overbite / anterior openbite 5. medically compromised patients, syndromic patients or patients with severe facial asymmetry 6. special needs patients not able to comply with instructions / difficulty with compliance 7. hypodontia or extracted permanent tooth (except third molars) 8. poor oral hygiene with both gingival bleeding index and plaque index scoring no more than 1