pushing using real-time sonographic ultrasound education

Conditions: Transperineal Ultrasound; Midwife-led Pushing Training Program; Duration of the Second Stage; Coactivation Rates of Pelvic Floor Muscles; Maternal Satisfaction; Perineal Tear Rates

Summary: the study aims to assess whether the use of ultrasound during a pushing lesson can facilitate easier and safer childbirth. the research will be conducted at a single hospital and will involve pregnant women in their second trimester who enroll in an online childbirth course. participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: one group will receive standard pushing instructions from a midwife. the other group will receive the same instructions along with a brief ultrasound session to visually support correct pushing techniques. the primary outcome is a potential reduction in the duration of the second stage of labor (when the baby is being delivered). secondary outcomes include improved coordination of pelvic floor muscles, fewer perineal tears, a higher rate of vaginal births, reduced postnatal urinary incontinence, and greater maternal satisfaction. approximately 136 women will be enrolled in the study (accounting for potential dropouts). the expectation is that this integrated teaching approach will enhance the effectiveness, safety, and overall experience of pushing during labor for both mothers and their newborns.

this single-center, open-label, parallel-group randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate whether integrating transperineal ultrasound into a midwife-led pushing training program can reduce pelvic floor muscle coactivation during childbirth. pregnant women in their second trimester, recruited from an online pre-childbirth course at fondazione policlinico agostino gemelli irccs, will be randomized to receive either standard midwife-led training or additional ultrasound-guided instruction. the primary outcome is the reduction in the duraction of the second stage of labour, with secondary outcomes including coactivation rates of pelvic floor muscles at delivery, maternal satisfaction, perineal tear rates, vaginal delivery rates, and postpartum urinary incontinence. with an estimated sample size of 136 participants accounting for a 15% dropout, the study anticipates that ultrasound-guided training will improve pushing efficiency, decrease pelvic trauma, and enhance delivery outcomes.

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria: 1. nulliparous women in their second trimester (approximately 14-28 weeks of gestation). 2. willingness to participate in the preparation training program on pushing techniques. 3. singleton pregnancy. 4. age 18 years or older. 5. ability to understand and provide informed consent in italian. 6. plan to deliver at the fondazione policlinico agostino gemelli irccs. exclusion criteria: 1. multifetal (e.g., twins, triplets) pregnancies. 2. known obstetric complications or conditions that contraindicate a vaginal delivery (e.g., placenta previa). 3. medical or psychiatric conditions that would prevent participation in the educational program or adherence to study protocols. 4. history of pelvic floor surgery or severe pelvic floor dysfunction that might affect participation or outcomes. 5. inability to understand study requirements or provide informed consent. 6. participants already enrolled in conflicting clinical trials or interventions that could influence the study's outcomes.