hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy and immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

Conditions: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)

Summary: dear sir/madam, we would like to invite you to participate in this clinical research, which has been approved by the medical ethics committee of zhejiang cancer hospital. this informed consent form provides you with detailed information to help you decide whether or not to participate in this study. please read it carefully, and ensure you fully understand it or get satisfactory answers to your questions before making your decision. if you have any questions, please feel free to consult the researchers, and we will provide you with comprehensive explanations. hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy (haic) has recently become a popular local treatment method for liver cancer. a large phase iii clinical study from sun yat-sen university cancer center demonstrated that in a randomized comparison of haic versus transarterial chemoembolization (tace) for unresectable large hepatocellular carcinoma (≥7 cm), the objective response rate (orr) for haic was 46%, while tace had an orr of only 18%, with a statistically significant difference between the two. additionally, haic showed advantages over tace in terms of progression-free survival (pfs) and overall survival (os), reducing the risk of disease progression by 43% and the risk of death by 42%. in subgroups based on age, sex, performance status, alpha-fetoprotein levels, tumor size, and number of tumors, haic consistently demonstrated superior pfs and os. a study from taiwan indicated that for patients with advanced liver cancer with portal vein tumor thrombus, the orr for the haic group reached 22.86%, compared to 26.09% for those using immune checkpoint inhibitors alone, and an orr of 50.00% for the group receiving haic combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. folfox (fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin) has shown positive results as a systemic treatment regimen for advanced liver cancer, with an orr of 8.15%, a pfs of 2.93 months, and an os of 6.47 months in comparative studies. when used as a treatment option in advanced liver cancer through hepatic artery infusion, its orr increased to 31.5%, pfs to 7.8 months, and os to 13.9 months. common immune checkpoint inhibitors include pd-1 monoclonal antibodies and pd-l1 monoclonal antibodies. pd-1 antibodies prevent immune evasion by blocking pd-1 on immune cells, while pd-l1 antibodies block pd-l1 on tumor cells to inhibit their interaction, thus preventing immune evasion. therefore, pd-1 monoclonal antibodies primarily target immune cells, while pd-l1 monoclonal antibodies primarily target tumor cells. this leads us to attempt hepatic artery infusion of pd-l1 monoclonal antibodies, utilizing a high-concentration saturation infusion method to maximally block pd-l1 on tumor cells and reduce tumor immune evasion. concurrently, combining folfox-haic localized chemotherapy leads to the release of tumor necrosis antigens, facilitating immune system activity. thus, we aim to utilize hepatic artery infusion to deliver both pd-l1 monoclonal antibodies and chemotherapy into the liver, killing tumors with high concentrations of chemotherapy, which will lead to antigen release that aids subsequent immune drug effectiveness while reducing suppressive factors in the immune microenvironment, such as tregs and m2 macrophages. this approach will help change the inhibitory status of the immune microenvironment and provide a foundation for subsequent immunotherapy. in bclc staging, stage a patients and some stage b patients have resectable liver cancer. however, factors affecting tumor staging, such as maximum tumor diameter and tumor quantity, are also considered high-risk recurrence factors in clinical models. therefore, later tumor staging itself is a high-risk factor for tumor recurrence. in 2009, professor mazzaferro and colleagues proposed the up-to-seven criteria (the sum of maximum tumor diameter and tumor number not exceeding 7). patients who met this criteria and received liver transplantation had a five-year survival rate as high as 71%. liver cancer patients exceeding the up-to-seven criteria are considered unsuitable candidates for liver transplantation, as exceeding this limit indicates a poor tumor biological behavior. furthermore, the criteria align with the primary surgical treatment staging (cnlc ia-iia) recommended in the "primary liver cancer diagnosis and treatment guidelines (2024 edition)" published by china's national health commission. therefore, we plan to conduct a neoadjuvant study targeting resectable liver cancer exceeding the up-to-seven criteria, using hepatic artery chemotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitor (pd-l1 monoclonal antibody) infusion as the treatment regimen.

overall design 1. screening period for patients willing to participate in this clinical study, an informed consent form (in duplicate, with one copy kept by the researcher and one by the patient) will be signed. the researcher will screen for eligibility based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, with all screening tests to be completed between 28 and 0 days before treatment. patients who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria will enter the treatment phase. 2. neoadjuvant treatment period 2.1 establishment of arterial infusion pathway interventional radiologists will be responsible for catheter placement through the femoral artery or distal radial artery, with the catheter tip adjusted in real-time under dsa monitoring to the distal end of the hepatic artery (beyond the bifurcation of the gastroduodenal artery). 2.2 infusion of hepatic artery chemotherapy drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors day 1: adebrelimab 1200 mg, infused over 1 hour. day 1: oxaliplatin 85 mg/m², infused over 1-3 hours. day 1: calcium folinate 400 mg/m², infused over 3-4 hours. day 1: 5-fluorouracil 400 mg/m², bolus injection during the 4th hour (50 ml/min); 5-fluorouracil 2400 mg/m², infused continuously for more than 46 hours. if a patient has two or more feeding arteries, consideration may be given to placing an infusion catheter in the main artery, while other arteries may use iodized oil, doxorubicin, or oxaliplatin for chemotherapy embolization. this treatment regimen is repeated every 3 weeks. an evaluation will be conducted at the end of each treatment cycle. patients who achieve objective response rate (orr) will proceed to the surgical phase, where the researcher will determine whether to perform laparoscopic minimally invasive or open radical surgery. patients who do not achieve orr may undergo up to three additional cycles of treatment. those who achieve orr will undergo radical surgery three weeks after stopping the treatment. in cases where patients do not achieve orr, the researcher will evaluate if radical surgery is feasible. if it is feasible, surgery will be performed three weeks after stopping treatment; if not, the patient will be submitted for multidisciplinary discussion regarding subsequent treatment plans. if surgery is delayed due to drug-related side effects within four weeks after obtaining orr, it will be recorded as a surgical delay, and the time beyond this point will be noted as the duration of the surgery extension. 3. perioperative period complete preoperative assessments and evaluations will be conducted, with surgery performed using either minimally invasive or open techniques. the method of liver resection may be anatomical or non-anatomical resection. 4. postoperative adjuvant treatment postoperative adjuvant treatment: patients who achieve orr in the neoadjuvant treatment phase will receive intravenous adebrelimab 1200 mg every three weeks. patients with postoperative pathological negative microvascular invasion (mvi) will continue treatment for six months, while those with positive mvi will continue for twelve months. for patients who did not achieve orr but underwent surgical treatment, the subsequent adjuvant treatment plan will be discussed by the multidisciplinary team (mdt). 5. safety follow-up 5.1 pre-treatment safety follow-up: ensure that the patient's physical condition is in a generally normal state before treatment. a complete blood count, biochemical tests, coagulation function, and electrocardiogram must be completed within seven days prior to treatment to ensure the patient's condition meets pre-treatment requirements. 5.2 post-treatment safety follow-up: this follow-up is used to monitor damage to the patient's physical condition after treatment, facilitating early correction of any abnormalities. blood counts and biochemical tests must be completed within three days after treatment; if there is bone marrow suppression or liver/kidney function damage, correction must be achieved before entering the next treatment phase. 5.3 periodic safety follow-up: this is to monitor damage caused by the cumulative dose of treatment drugs. tests will include chest ct, cardiac troponin, cortisol (8 am), and thyroid function, with re-evaluation every treatment cycle. 6. survival follow-up this study is exploratory, with the primary endpoint being objective response rate (orr). however, the time to recurrence (for patients who underwent surgery after neoadjuvant treatment) and progression-free survival (for patients who did not undergo surgery) will still be recorded for every patient participating in the study, as well as overall survival time.

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria: 1. aged between 18 and 75 years; 2. preoperative pathological diagnosis or clinically diagnosed liver cancer meeting easl/aasld diagnostic criteria. no prior systemic chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or other anti-tumor treatments for hcc; 3. staging in bclc stage a or b, and beyond the up-to-seven criteria but deemed resectable (negative margins and remaining liver volume sufficient to meet body needs); 4. ecog performance status score of 0 before the first medication in the study; 5. liver function classified as child-pugh class a and icg retention rate at 15 minutes ≤ 10%; 6. estimated survival time of at least 6 months; 7. organ function levels meet the requirements and are capable of tolerating surgery before the first medication in the study; key organ function indicators must meet the following criteria: hemoglobin ≥ 90 g/l, neutrophil count ≥ 1.5 × 10⁹/l, platelet count ≥ 100 × 10⁹/l; aspartate or alanine aminotransferase ≤ 5 times the upper limit of normal (uln), alkaline phosphatase ≤ 2.5 uln, serum albumin ≥ 30 g/l; serum creatinine \< 1.5 uln; international normalized ratio (inr) ≤ 2 or prothrombin time (pt) exceeding the upper limit of normal ≤ 6 seconds; serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 uln, creatinine clearance ≥ 60 ml/min. 8. male and female participants with reproductive potential must agree to use effective contraception throughout the study period; 9. sign a consent form agreeing to provide previously stored blood samples, tumor tissue specimens, or fresh biopsy tumor lesions. exclusion criteria: 1. pathological diagnosis of non-hepatocellular carcinoma; 2. previous treatment for liver cancer-related chemotherapy, radiotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, interventional therapies and targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or surgical procedures (excluding prior non-tumor-related surgeries or diagnostic biopsies); 3. preoperative assessment indicates the tumor is unresectable; 4. viral load limitations: hepatitis b virus (hbv) dna \> 2000 copies/ml, hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna \> 1000; 5. long-term hormone users require ongoing systemic hormone treatment (equivalent to \> 10 mg prednisone/day) or any other form of immunosuppressive therapy; 6. clinical significant bleeding events or bleeding tendencies within 3 months prior to enrollment or currently receiving thrombolytic or anticoagulant treatment; 7. history of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.; 8. active severe clinical infection (\> grade 2, nci-ctcae version 5.0), including active tuberculosis; history of active tuberculosis infection within the past year without receiving formal anti-tuberculosis treatment or ongoing active tuberculosis; known or suspected active autoimmune diseases; 9. uncontrolled diabetes (fasting blood glucose ≥ 10 mmol/l), severe lung disease (such as acute lung disease, pulmonary fibrosis affecting lung function, interstitial lung disease. however, resolved radiation pneumonitis is excluded); 10. clinically significant cardiovascular disease; hypertension that is poorly controlled by antihypertensive medications (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmhg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmhg); 11. recipients of renal replacement therapy; 12. history of other malignancies within the last 5 years. however, cured skin basal cell carcinoma or cervical carcinoma in situ is excluded; 13. other conditions that are expected to render the participant unable to tolerate surgical treatment; 14. allergic reactions to any components of the study drug; 15. presence of alcohol dependence, mental illnesses, pregnancy (or breastfeeding), or other conditions that make participation in clinical trials inappropriate.

Keywords: neoadjuvant therapy beyond up to seven hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy and immunotherapy