prevention of hypotension during cesarean section

Conditions: Hypotension Symptomatic; Obstetric Anesthesia Problems; Cesarean Section Complications; Vasoconstriction

Summary: the aim of this double-blind randomized study will be to compare a fixed-rate prophylactic noradrenaline infusion to a fixed-rate prophylactic phenylephrine infusion during elective cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia

* spinal anesthesia is the anesthetic technique of choice for elective cesarean section. * spinal anesthesia can be complicated by hypotension, with incidence exceeding 80% occasionally. hypotension can lead to nausea, emesis and a subjective feeling of discomfort due to cerebral hypoperfusion. if left untreated, severe or sustained hypotension can lead to decreased uteroplacental flow and fetal distress of premature or compromised fetuses while severe complications to the parturient might ensue, such as loss of consciousness, aspiration, apnea or cardiac arrest * one of the standard techniques to avoid maternal hypotension is the administration of a continuous phenylephrine infusion while studies have demonstrated its superiority as compared to rescue bolus phenylephrine administration. additionally, as compared to ephedrine, phenylephrine is associated with less neonatal acidosis and better maintenance of uteroplacental blood flow. however, phenylephrine can lead to baroreceptor-mediated reflex bradycardia, with untoward consequences for maternal cardiac output. * recently, noradrenaline has been shown to be effective in maintaining blood pressure in obstetric patients. noradrenaline is a strong-alpha agonist with weak beta-action, too. therefore, it might prove superior in maintaining cardiac output as compared to phenylephrine. there have been a few studies examining the use of noradrenaline as a continuous infusion in this context but the optimal dose and safety and efficacy profile of noradrenaline continuous infusion in obstetrics is yet to be determined * in all parturients, standard hemodynamic monitoring will be applied. baseline systolic arterial pressure will be considered the average of three consecutive measurements that will not differ more than 10% among them. all parturients will have a peripheral intravenous catheter placed in the upper extremity after baseline hemodynamic measurements are recorded and will be infused 5 ml/kg of hydroxyethylstarch (pre-loading) before the regional procedure. * study group allocation will taker place according to a computer-generated sequence of random numbers. a standard spinal anesthetic consisting of ropivacaine 0.75% 1.8 ml plus fentanyl 10 μg will be administered in the left lateral position at the l3-4 or l4-5 vertebral interspace. the study infusion medication (either phenylephrine or norepinephrine, depending on group allocation) will be started at the same time cerebrospinal fluid is obtained, immediately before injection of spinal medications. after the intrathecal injection, patients will placed in the supine position with a left lateral tilt of the table to provide left uterine displacement and to prevent aortocaval compression. the spinal sensory level will be tested bilaterally by pinprick to ensure a t4 dermatomal level before surgical incision. * hemodynamic parameters (systolic arterial blood pressure, diastolic arterial blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate) will be measured and recorded at discrete timepoints throughout the operation (baseline, start of vasoactive agent administration, parturient at supine position, sympathetic block at t4, knife-to-skin, neonatal delivery, start of oxytocin administration, start of skin closure, end of operation. * during the operation, a rescue dose of phenylephrine 50 μg will be administered when systolic arterial pressure drops below 80% of baseline in combination with heart rate\>80 bpm. ephedrine 5 mg will be administered when there is hypotension (systolic arterial pressure \ 120% of baseline) will be treated with halving the infusion while when systolic arterial pressure increases above 130% of baseline the infusion will be discontinued and will be restarted when systolic blood pressure decreases below the upper limit of the target range (120% of baseline value).

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria: * adult parturients, american society of anesthesiologists (asa) i-ii, singleton gestation\>37 weeks * elective cesarean section exclusion criteria: * body mass index (bmi) \>40 kg/m2 * body weight \<50 kg * body weight\>100 kg * height\<150 cm * height\>180 cm * multiple gestation * fetal abnormality * fetal distress * active labor * cardiac disease * pregnancy-induced hypertension * thrombocytopenia * coagulation abnormalities * use of antihypertensive medication during pregnancy * communication or language barriers * lack of informed consent * contraindication for regional anesthesia

Keywords: hypotension phenylephrine noradrenaline cardiac output fetal maternal hemodynamics cesarean section