a controlled comparative trial of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim versus aerosolized pentamidine for secondary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids patients receiving azidothymidine (azt)

Conditions: Pneumonia, Pneumocystis Carinii; HIV Infections

Summary: to determine if the drug combination sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (smx-tmp), given by mouth, and the drug pentamidine (pen), given by inhaled aerosol, are effective in preventing a relapse of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) when they are given to patients who have recovered from a first episode of pcp and are being given zidovudine (azt) to treat primary hiv infection. azt prolongs survival in patients with aids and decreases the occurrence of opportunistic infections such as pcp. however, pcp recurs in about 43 percent of patients receiving azt, indicating a need for other treatments to reduce the relapse rate. the two medications to be tested in this study, smx/tmp and aerosolized pen, have also been partially effective in preventing recurrence of pcp. it is hoped that the combination of azt with these medications will be more effective than azt or one of the medications alone.

azt prolongs survival in patients with aids and decreases the occurrence of opportunistic infections such as pcp. however, pcp recurs in about 43 percent of patients receiving azt, indicating a need for other treatments to reduce the relapse rate. the two medications to be tested in this study, smx/tmp and aerosolized pen, have also been partially effective in preventing recurrence of pcp. it is hoped that the combination of azt with these medications will be more effective than azt or one of the medications alone. patients receive the standard dose of azt at study entry. low body weight patients receive azt at a lower dose. patients are randomly assigned to one of two medications intended to prevent the recurrence of pcp. patients assigned to smx/tmp will take 1 capsule which contains both drugs once a day for 1 year. patients assigned to pen will have 1 aerosol treatment every 4 weeks for 1 year. blood will be drawn at intervals in order to estimate blood levels of the drugs and to detect any adverse effects from the drugs. note: earlier versions of this protocol reflect its original design as a 3-arm study comparing aerosolized pen, smx/tmp, and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine as secondary prophylaxis of pcp in aids patients receiving azt. in order to reduce the effective sample size and permit the completion of accrual in a reasonable period of time, the pyrimethamine - sulfadoxine arm of this study has been discontinued. patients randomized to this arm will be continued in this study on the original randomized therapy. management of these patients will follow that described for smx/tmp in the latest protocol version. amended: lower dose of azt allowed.

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria patients must fulfill the following criteria: * randomization within 10 weeks of completing therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). * ability to tolerate oral and aerosolized therapy at the time of randomization. * life expectancy \> 4 months. concurrent medication: allowed: * inhaled bronchodilators for cough and bronchospasm related to aerosolized pentamidine treatment. * aspirin at modest doses. * ibuprofen at modest doses. * acetaminophen at modest doses. * erythropoietin for management of anemia. * allowed to treat opportunistic infections while on study: * acyclovir. * ketoconazole. * amphotericin b. * nystatin. * clotrimazole. * also allowed: * ganciclovir (dhpg) for maintenance therapy of life-threatening or sight-threatening cytomegalovirus retinitis (cmv retinitis) infection only. * zidovudine (azt) must be discontinued during the acute induction phase of treatment and will be restarted when maintenance therapy is introduced. concurrent treatment: allowed: * local radiation therapy for kaposi's sarcoma. prior medication: allowed: * primary prophylactic therapy prior to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) episode. risk behavior: allowed: * patients maintained in a methadone maintenance program per local investigator's judgment. exclusion criteria * active drug or alcohol abuse which would impair performance as a study subject. concurrent medication: excluded: * famotidine. * any medications suspected of interference with the metabolism of zidovudine. * flurazepam. * chronic probenecid. * phenobarbital. * phenytoin. * experimental therapies, except as noted. * chronic oral bronchodilators should not be started in patients in order to maintain them on aerosolized pentamidine after they have exhibited pulmonary toxicity. prior medication: excluded for the 30 patients who will undergo pharmacokinetic studies: * zidovudine (azt) at any time. * excluded within 7 days of study entry for the 30 patients who will undergo pharmacokinetic studies: * trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole. * pyrimethamine / sulfadoxine. * aerosolized pentamidine. * excluded: * pentamidine by any route for the original infection. * prophylactic therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) between the discontinuation of acute treatment and study entry. prior treatment: excluded within 2 weeks of study entry: * transfusions of blood or red blood cells. patients may not have any of the following symptoms or diseases: * known treatment-limiting hypersensitivity to sulfonamides, trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, pentamidine, or zidovudine (azt), especially but not limited to, exfoliative dermatitis, erythema multiforme, and stevens-johnson syndrome. * development of severe hypoglycemia (serum glucose \< 50 mg/dl with pentamidine therapy). * history of neoplasms other than basal cell carcinoma of the skin or carcinoma in situ of the cervix, or mucocutaneous kaposi's sarcoma. * known visceral kaposi's sarcoma. * known glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g-6-pd) deficiency.

Keywords: sulfadoxine trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination aids-related opportunistic infections pneumonia, pneumocystis carinii pentamidine pyrimethamine drug evaluation administration, inhalation administration, oral aerosols acquired immunodeficiency syndrome zidovudine