comparing injection treatments for tennis elbow

Conditions: Tennis Elbow; Lateral Epicondylitis; Elbows Tendonitis

Summary: tennis elbow is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems affecting the arm and is thought to be mainly due to overuse of the muscles that extend the wrist. the pain arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, where the tendons of the wrist extensor muscles attach. there are many treatment options available for tennis elbow including oral medication, physiotherapy and injection therapy. surgical options are reserved for those who fail to respond to more conservative treatments. physiotherapy is a widely used, non-invasive treatment option for the management of tennis elbow. research has shown that in the longer term, physiotherapy is superior to corticosteroid injection in the treatment of tennis elbow and a meta-analysis of published research concluded that platelet rich plasma injection and hyaluronic acid injection are superior to corticosteroid for long term pain relief in tennis elbow. at present there is not enough evidence to indicate what the 'gold standard' treatment for tennis elbow is, and more research is therefore needed to help guide decision-making. the aim of this study is therefore to examine the effects of injection therapy in addition to physiotherapy treatment, in comparison to physiotherapy and a control injection on pain and function in patients with tennis elbow. all participants in this study will undergo a structured, specifically designed, class-based physiotherapy intervention, in addition to being randomly allocated to receive one of the following three types of injection: (a) a control injection whereby a needle is inserted into the skin but no therapeutic substance is injection, (b) a single therapeutic injection of platelet-rich plasm or (c) a single therapeutic injection of hyaluronic acid. baseline data will be collected at the time of recruitment and participants will be followed up at 3 months and 12 months post treatment. outcomes will be assessed using various patient-reported outcome measures in addition to clinical examination. the primary outcome for this study is the improvement in the quick dash score at 12 months post-treatment compared to baseline.

the design of the current study is a prospective, randomised, controlled, double blinded, single centre trial. on the day of their initial appointment in the outpatient department, patients diagnosed with tennis elbow by their consultant who meet all of the necessary inclusion and exclusion criteria will be introduced to the study by the consultant. they will also be provided with a copy of the participant information sheet. when the potential participant then attends their pre-operative assessment appointment, they will be invited to discuss the study further with a member of the host trust's research team. if they then wish to proceed, they will be invited to read and sign a copy of the study consent form. consenting patients will then be asked to complete a questionnaire designed to record all relevant demographic data including: age, gender, affected side, dominant side, weight, height (so that bmi may be calculated), duration of symptoms, current use of pain-relieving medications, occupation, leisure activities and ethnicity. they will also be asked to complete a visual analogue pain scale, and the following 4 validated patient reported outcome measures. following completion of the patient reported outcome questionnaires, participants will then be randomised to one of the following three treatment groups: group(a)will receive a standardised, class-based physiotherapy program in addition to a single therapeutic injection of platelet-rich plasma; group (b) will undergo an identical physiotherapy program to group a, but with a single therapeutic injection of sodium hyaluronate with mannitol; or group (c) who will undergo an identical physiotherapy program to both groups (a) and (b), however they will receive a sham injection, which will penetrate the skin, but no therapeutic substance will be injected. the randomisation sequence will be generated using freely available online randomisation facilities prior to the start of the study. participants will be randomised to either group a, group b or group c in a 1:1:1 ratio (see above for group descriptions). the allocation sequence will be concealed in sealed opaque envelopes which will be prepared prior to the start of the study and will be opened after informed consent has been gained and baseline data has been collected. consenting participants will all attend wrightington hospital for their allocated injection to be administered under ultrasound guidance to ensure accurate needle placement. all participants will have 30mls of whole blood drawn under aseptic conditions in order to aid blinding of participants to their treatment allocation. for those allocated to receive a prp injection (group a), the whole blood will be placed in a cell separator and centrifuged at 32000 rpm for 15 minutes. whilst the blood is being centrifuged, 2ml of 2% plain lidocaine will be injected into the subcutaneus layer at the site where the prp is to be injected. 1ml of the prp produced will then be drawn into a syringe which will be wrapped in silver foil so as to conceal the contents from the participants. the prp will then be injected into the lateral epicondyle via a blue (20 gauge) hypodermic needle using a peppering technique under ultrasound control. for groups (b) and (c), the withdrawn blood will be discarded into a suitable clinical waste container out of sight of the participant in an adjoining room. the centrifuge, also in the adjoining room, will be set to run at 32000rpm for 15 minutes in order to aid in participant blinding. for those in group (b), whilst the centrifuge is running, 2ml of 2% plain lidocaine will be injected into the subcutaneous layer at the site of injection. a pre-prepared 'ostenil tendon' syringe will be wrapped in silver foil (again to help conceal the nature of the contents from the participants) and 2ml will be injected into the peri-tendinous area via a blue (20 gauge) hypodermic needle under ultrasound control. for those in group (c) whilst the centrifuge is running, 2ml of 2% plain lidocaine will be injected into the subcutaneous layer at the site of injection. an empty syringe wrapped in silver foil with a blue (20 gauge) will then be used to perform a sham injection into the subcutaneous tissue only, by passing the needles into the tissue with no injectate. in order to further aid blinding of participants, during the procedure they will be distracted by asking them to confirm their personal details. in order to gain a measure of how the participant's pain changes in the days and weeks following surgery, they will be given a pain diary on the day of their treatment to complete on days 1,2,3,7,14, and at 6 and 12 weeks. prior to discharge from the hospital participants will be taught basic home exercises by a physiotherapist who is unaware of the participant's group allocation. they will then begin a specifically designed, formal, class-based physiotherapy program 5-15 days post-injection. exercises taught on the day of treatment will include eccentric loading exercises of the wrist extensors and they will be asked to commence these exercises the day after the injection and to complete 3 sets of 15 repetitions 3 times per day. they will also be taught simple stretches of the wrist extensors to complete after each set of eccentric strengthening exercises. the formal physiotherapy program will include fortnightly physiotherapy classes taught by a blinded physiotherapist. after being taught the exercises on a 1:1 basis in order to ensure correct technique, the participants will be supervised during a circuit style exercise program. the circuit will include exercises to load the common extensors, strengthening of the rotator cuff muscles, strengthening of the scapular stabilising muscles and upper limb strengthening using the full kinetic chain. participants will also be taught a home exercise program which will reflect the content of the class circuit. at 3 months and 12 months post-injection participants will be assessed by a clinician who again is unaware of the participant's grouping. at each follow-up, the participants will be asked to complete the patient reported outcome questionnaires. they will also be asked regarding their use of rescue medication (i.e. how much analgesic medication they require to manage their pain) and this will be recorded by the clinician. if any participant is unable to attend the hospital for follow-up at either the 3 or 12 month time-point, they will be contacted by telephone to gather the outcome information. all participants will be discharged from the care of the treating consultant at 12 weeks unless enduring or subsequently manifesting symptoms are present and the final 12 month visit will therefore be solely for the purposes of research.

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria: invitations to participate in the study will be extended to male and female patients, 18 years and above, referred to the orthopaedic departments who receive a diagnosis of lateral epicondyle tendinosis (with or without degenerative changes) with symptoms present for \> 3 months, whose symptoms and clinical evaluation warrant the prescription of a peri-tendinous injection to relieve symptoms and who are competent to give informed consent. exclusion criteria: * absence of tenderness at the lateral epicondyle. * congenital or traumatic bio-mechanical deformities of elbow complex. * previous corticosteroidal, local anaesthetic, prp or hyaluronic acid injections to target elbow within the last three months. * known hypersensitivity to prp, hyaluronic acid or any excipients associated with any of the prescribed injections. * known contraindication to any treatments constituting normal/appropriate therapy in the view of the consulting clinician including local infection * ipsilateral arm pathology severe enough to cause confusion of localised pain perception. * pregnant or lactating women * pain score less than 4/10 * patients commenced on medication for the treatment of anxiety or depression within the last 6 weeks * previous involved in research in last 12 months * any progressive, degenerative neuromuscular disorder