test-retest and experiences during balance assessment with the mini-bestest

Conditions: Chronic Non-Cancer Pain

Summary: the goal of this observational study is to test psychometric properties of a clinical balance assessment scale, the mini-bestest, as well as to explore experiences and beliefs about balance and being balance tested. the main research questions are: * what is the test-retest reliability of the mini-bestest balance assessment scale for individuals with long-term pain? * what is the individual's subjective beliefs and experiences about their own balance and being balance tested with the mini-bestest? tow samples of participants will be included. one sample for a) the test-retest evaluation or b) an interview during and after performing the mini-bestest.

individuals with chronic pain, i.e., pain \> 3 months, report balance problems and falls in their everyday lives. how balance affects daily functioning, and how to identify individuals with balance impairments are less studied. the mini-bestest has previously shown adequate construct validity in individuals with chronic pain, however, the test-retest reliability has not been explored. there is also a need of studies that have focus on the person's own experiences of balance and the balance tested. in this observational study we aim to examine the psychometric properties of the mini-bestest, in individuals with chronic pain. further we aim to explore individual subjective beliefs and experiences about own balance and being balance tested. a convenience selection will be used to include two samples of participants. one sample for the test-retest evaluation, here after called the test-retest part of the study. and one sample for a think aloud interview, here after called the interview part of the study. at baseline the participants will be included to one of the two parts. participants in the test-retest part will be assessed with the mini-bestest on two occasions, the baseline and the re-test within approximately 2 weeks. the inclusion to the test-retest sample will continue until at least 50 individuals with no subjective experience of improvement or deterioration in balance status between the first and second occasions, according to the self-report measure the patient global impression of change (pgic), are included. this sampling is done in purpose to calculate test-retest reliability in individuals without subjective change in balance between the two occasions. to the interview part, approximately ten to twenty individuals will be included for concurrent think aloud, i.e., think aloud during balance testing with the mini-bestest, and recurrent think aloud, i.e., an interview after the balance assessment. the interviews will cover questions about the participants experience of the testing with the mini-bestest and their balance. data will be collected by use of digitized questionnaires, physical performance tests, a structured interview and data from medical records. statistical tests will be used to evaluate test-retest reliability and internal consistency. the interviews will be analyzed using thematic analysis.

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria: * 18 years or older * pain duration of 3 months or more * a visit for investigation or treatment at the pain clinic exclusion criteria: * receiving acute care related to active cancer treatment * receiving palliative care * having cognitive impairments * illiterate in the swedish language * wheelchair users or bed-bound * current participating in any of the rehabilitation programs at the pain clinic

Keywords: postural balance chronic pain psychometrics experiences test-retest