understanding the roles of hormones in adipocyte remodeling following menopause

Conditions: Menopause Surgical; Estrogen Deficiency; Adiposity; Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Deficiency; Hormone Deficiency

Summary: the overarching aims of this study are to: 1. characterize the rate of in vivo adipogenesis, and changes in adipose tissue gene and protein expression, in the scabd and scfem depots of women undergoing surgical menopause (↓e2, ↑fsh). 2. characterize the rate of in vivo adipogenesis, and changes in adipose tissue gene and protein expression, in the scabd and scfem depots of women undergoing gonadal suppression (↓e2, ↓fsh).

this is a cross-sectional study where two groups of premenopausal women (ages 18-50 y) will be enrolled in a parallel arm study: * arm 1 (surgical menopause): up to 6 women undergoing laparoscopic, elective bilateral oophorectomy \[site: pennington biomedical research center\]. * arm 2 (pharmacology-induced menopause): up to 6 women undergoing gonadal suppression via leuprolide acetate (lupron \[abbvie inc.\]) \[site: uc-denver\]. we will compare each arm of women to non-oophorectomized, premenopausal women (controls) with normal menstrual cycles (apple\&pear study; nct01748994; pi: ravussin) selectively matched (1:2) for age and bmi. the apple\&pear study uses the same in vivo adipogenesis labeling protocol, with similar age and bmi criteria, as the proposed study.

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria: * healthy female * ages 18-50 y * planning to have either a laparoscopic bilateral oophorectomy or a laparoscopic unilateral oophorectomy (which would result in no remaining ovaries) * are willing to drink heavy water (2h2o) over an 8-week period * medically cleared for participation in the study by ob/gyn and medical investigator * are willing to have blood and fat tissue stored for future use exclusion criteria: * meet either of the following criteria: * have all 3 of the major menopause-related symptoms \[hot flashes, mood swings, insomnia (trouble sleeping)\] * have 2 of the major menopause-related symptom combinations \[hot flashes and mood swings, or hot flashes and insomnia (trouble sleeping)\] * unstable weight in the last 3 months \[gain or loss \>7 lb (or 3.2 kg)\] * history of clinically diagnosed diabetes or a fasting blood glucose \>126 mg/dl * chronic use of systemic glucocorticoids, antipsychotic/antidepressant medications, thiazolidinediones and other medications that cause clinically significant weight gain, weight loss or are known to make changes in fat cell number/size \* * previous bariatric surgery (or other surgeries) for obesity or weight loss (\< 3 years ago) * use of over the counter or prescription weight loss products * history of metabolic diseases (other than diabetes) * history of neurological disease * history of cardiovascular disease (or other chronic diseases) * pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding * use of hormone replacement therapy * unwilling to discontinue any form or hormonal therapy (e.g., contraceptives including birth control pills, vaginal ring, injections, implant, or skin patch; hormonal supplements, etc.) upon enrollment (after the screening visit). * inconsistent use of medications listed above will be evaluated and left up to the discretion of the medical investigator to evaluate safety.