iloprost for bridging to heart transplantation in ph

Conditions: Chronic Left Ventricular Failure; Pulmonary Hypertension

Summary: trial rationale/ justification to assess efficacy and safety of inhaled iloprost in treatment naïve patients with left heart failure and pulmonary hypertension, who are on the waiting list for orthotopic heart transplantation. as patients often show increasing hemodynamic values while waiting for a donor organ, the transplantation becomes infeasible at the time of identification of an appropriate donor organ when reaching the exclusion limits. therefore, there is a high need of improvement and stabilisation of the patients' hemodynamic values as pvr, pap and tpg. in a retrospective, non-controlled study inhaled iloprost has already shown a beneficial effect on the hemodynamics as reduction of pvr, tpg and ci (schulz 2010). treatment with inhaled iloprost could stabilize the hemodynamics and prevent the patients from being classified as ineligible by the time an appropriate donor organ is identified. however, the adverse event profile regarding frequency, time-dependency has to be further validated to show safety and tolerability of inhaled iloprost in this indication. all patients can be transferred to a long-term medically supervised observation period with inhaled iloprost therapy.

scientific background in many patients with severe left heart failure (lhf) a chronic pulmonary hypertension (ph) occurs during follow-up leading to a remodeling of pulmonary arteries with an increase in pulmonary artery pressure (pap), pulmonary vascular resistance (pvr) and transpulmonary gradient (tpg). according to the international society for heart and lung transplantation and the german standing committee on organ transplantation, cardiac transplantation is contraindicated if values of pap, pvr, and/or tpg are above 40 mmhg, 240 dyn x s x cm-5, and 15 mmhg, respectively. even if the patients show only slightly elevated hemodynamic values at the time of application for transplantation, values most often reach the respective exclusion limits during the waiting period. patients signed in for transplantation partially are not any longer electable for orthotopic heart transplantation (oht) at the time of identification of an appropriate donor organ. in the meantime the time on the waiting list for heart transplantation is increasing. in 2001, patients being on the waiting list were undergoing heart transplantation within one year. in contrast, 972 patients were on the waiting list while only 325 heart transplantations were performed in germany in 2011 (www.eurotransplant.nl). at present, no specific therapy for ph due to left heart disease is available (galie 2009), treatment with pah agents is not recommended due to lack of data (rosenkranz 2011). there are only few studies with ph-targeted medication within this indication. phosphodiesterase inhibitors (e.g. sildenafil), endothelin-receptor antagonists and prostacyclin are potential agents for the treatment of ph during the waiting period for a heart transplantation. iloprost is a synthetic analogue of prostacyclin pgi2. iloprost dilates systemic and pulmonary arterial vascular beds leading to a reduction of blood pressure. in a previous study the investigators administered aerosolized iloprost (ilo) in 14 patients with pulmonary hypertension due to chronic cardiac failure on the waiting list for heart transplantation. iloprost caused a significant reduction in pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance without severe side effects and was more effective than nitric oxide (sablotzky, grünig et al. 2002, 2003). in a retrospective non-controlled study in 51 patients awaiting orthotopic heart transplantation iloprost inhalation caused a significant decrease in pvr (from 458 dyn x s x cm-5 to 345 dyn x s x cm-5), a significant decrease in tpg (21 mmhg to 17 mmhg), and a significant improvement in cardiac index (ci) from 2,09 l/min/m2 to 2,23 l/min/m2 (schulz et al., 2010). in a retrospective non-controlled study low-dose bosentan improved hemodynamic parameters and 1-year survival rate in 82 end-stage heart failure patients on the waiting list for cardiac transplantation (hefke et al., 2011). randomized-controlled trials are missing within this indication. sildenafil is not a medication of first choice due to contraindications and as well as many patients waiting for oht are treated with nitrate (medication due to coronary heart disease). in contrast, inhaled iloprost has advantageous effects on coronary perfusion. however, in this indication the adverse event profile of inhaled iloprost regarding frequency and time-dependency is not yet clear. in germany inhaled iloprost is administered by the i-neb aad-system which allows precise, reproducible dose of the drug. due to the positive results in retrospective analyses and in the treatment of patients with pulmonary hypertension, the initiation of this proof-of-concept study seems to be justified.

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria: * female and male patients of any ethnic origin with left heart insufficiency and secondary ph * having fulfilled his/her 18th birthday on visit 1 (day -7 to -1) of the study * written informed consent (must be available before enrollment in the trial) * modified who functional class iii-iv * ph diagnosed by right heart catheter showing: * baseline mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mpap) ≥ 25 mmhg * baseline pulmonary vascular resistance (pvr) \> 230 dyn x s x cm-5 * baseline transpulmonary gradient (tpg) \> 15 mm hg * echocardiogram on visit 1/day -7 to -1 consistent with secondary ph, specifically evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy or dilation, and absence of mitral valve stenosis * patients receiving maximal conventional left heart failure therapy according to current guidelines (ishlt guidelines 2006) including intensified treatment with diuretics and have been stable for at least 2 months before entering the study (i.e. no acute decompensations requiring i.v. diuretic treatment). * except for diuretics, vasodilators and antihypertensives, medical treatment should not be expected to change during the entire 12-week study period. * negative pregnancy test (β-hcg or urine dipstick) at the start of the trial and appropriate contraception throughout the study for women with child-bearing potential. * able to understand and sign the informed consent form * ability of subject to understand character and individual consequences of the clinical trial exclusion criteria: * ph of any cause other than permitted in the entry criteria, e.g. concomitantly to portal hypertension, complex congenital heart disease, reversed shunt, anamestic hiv infection, suspected pulmonary veno-occlusive disease based on pulmonary oedema during a previous vasoreactivity test or on abnormal findings compatible with that diagnosis (septal lines or pulmonary edema detected previously at high resolution computer tomography), congenital or acquired valvular defects with clinically relevant myocardial function disorders not related to pulmonary hypertension * contraindication for right heart catheterization * severe lung disease: fev1/fvc \<0.5 and total lung capacity \< 70% of the normal value * any subject who had received any investigational medication within 4 weeks prior to the start of this study or who is scheduled to receive another investigational drug during the course of this study * any pah-specific medication (eras, pde-5-i, prostacyclins) during the last 30 days prior to inclusion (randomization). * known intolerance to inhalation treatment * conditions where the effects of inhaled iloprost on platelets might increase the risk of haemorrhage (e.g. active peptic ulcers, trauma, and intracranial haemorrhage). * severe coronary heart disease or unstable angina, myocardial infarction within the last six months * cerebrovascular events (e.g. stroke) within the last 3 months * active liver disease, porphyria or elevations of serum transaminases \>3 x uln (upper limit of normal) or bilirubin \> 1.5 x uln * hemoglobin concentration of less than 75 % of the lower limit of normal * systolic blood pressure \< 85 mmhg * history or suspicion of inability to cooperate adequately * pregnancy and lactation * history of hypersensitivity to the investigational medicinal product or to any drug with similar chemical structure or to any excipient present in the pharmaceutical form of the investigational medicinal product