the influence of virtual reality approach on phantom pain in trans tibial amputation

Conditions: Phantom Pain Following Amputation of Lower Limb

Summary: 1. to investigate the effect of virtual reality (vr) on phantom limb pain in trans tibial amputation. 2. to investigate the effect of virtual reality (vr) on lower limb function in trans tibial amputation. a sample size of 60 will be randomly allocated to two groups(30 in each group) , by using computer-generated random number list method. control group will receive conventional physiotherapy(tens- phantom exercises and mirroring exercise) for reducing phantom pain in trans -tibial amputation and the experimental group will receive conventional physiotherapy(tens- phantom exercises and mirroring exercise) and virtual reality for reducing phantom pain in trans -tibial amputation .

pain management has become an increasingly important healthcare concern in clinical practice. the investigators use the phrase (phantom nerve pain) for pain described by patients related to the absence of sensation. though simple numbness is often well-tolerated and not bothersome, phantom nerve pain develops for some patients. the painful area is essentially numb yet painful, hence the term "anesthesia dolorosa," which translates as "painfully numb." in a similar way to amputees who have phantom limb pain (plp) in a limb no longer present, patients with peripheral nerve injury can have phantom nerve pain in the denervated area. the investigators hypothesize that damage to the peripheral first-order neurons, along with spontaneously firing second-order neurons, causes this pain and, if not treated in a timely manner, results in cortical remodeling and centrally mediated pain (as in phantom limb pain). phantom limb pain (plp) is experienced by 65-85% of limb amputees. in addition, a range of other sensations can originate in the missing limb including phantom limb awareness, phantom sensations (such as itching and pins and needles), and kinetic and kinesthetic sensations (movement and position in space). traditionally the treatment target has been plp; however, it has become clear over many years that treatment options have limited success. although in many cases these phenomena do not cause suffering, phantom limb- distortions often co-occur with phantom limb pain (plp) , in other words, a painful sensation located in the phantom and thus outside the physical borders of the body. plp is reported by the majority of amputees , accounts for a significant reduction in health-related quality of life and only insufficiently responds to conventional pharmacological interventions the large variation in symptomatology suggests a multifactorial origin of phantom phenomena. it has been shown that the amputation induces negative effects on peripheral and central physiological mechanisms, both contributing to the experience of phantom phenomena including plp. the two most common types of lower limb amputation (llas) are transfemoral amputation (tfa) and trans-tibial amputation (tta). tfas make up 31% of all amputations, and ttas make up 39% of all amputations . virtual reality (vr) is characterized by an artificial computer-generated environment created to replace real-world sensory inputs ,it uses a computer to generate a simulation environment, which the users interact with, providing an immersive experience that facilitates the perception of being physically present in the virtual environment. in recent years, with the advent of more affordable devices such as head-mounted displays, vr has become a more feasible and popular technology ). unlike many analgesics, which disrupt the c-fiber pathway that relays nociceptive signals to the central nervous system, vr affects pain perception through attention, concentration, and emotional alteration.( the immersive environment created by vr reduces pain experience by up-regulating nonpainful neural signaling. increasing evidence supports vr as an alternative strategy for acute, burn, and experimental pain management in both adults and children. additional experiments have demonstrated the positive effect of vr on pain in a variety of medical procedures including chemotherapy and wound care. with immersive technology, participants view the full panorama, which enables the creation of a high sense of presence and immersion as if the participant is essentially inside the created environment. one of the strategies for the management of plp is phantom motor execution (pme), also known as phantom exercises. pme involves the imaginary movement of phantom limb in the brain along with the performance of certain actual physical movements. neurophysiological networking involved in pme is similar to that of actual executed physical activities of sound limb and it should be distinguished from pure imaginary activities as it follows a different neurophysiological pathway . such exercises have been shown to safely and effectively relieve plp in various types of limb amputations .

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria: 1. all participants were prescreened older than 18 years; able to provide informed consent; with unilateral traumatic factors phantom limb pain lower limb amputation after complete recovery. 2. chronic plp for more than 3 months. 3. if the subject was taking any medications, dosages must have been stable for at least 2 weeks before enrollment in the study. 4. normal body mass index ranged from 18.5 to 24.9. exclusion criteria: 1. history of alcohol or drug abuse within the past 6 months. 2. medical history of photophobia, epilepsy or any other light sensitivity. 3. visual impairment thought to render the test invalid (people who need to wear glasses day to day are not excluded. 4. uncontrolled epilepsy or prior seizures within the past year. 5. history of unexplained fainting spells or loss of consciousness as self-reported during the past 2 years. 6. mirror therapy within 3 months prior to enrollment.