efficacy and safety of regorafenib as maintenance therapy after first-line treatment in patients with bone sarcomas

Conditions: Bone Sarcoma; Osteosarcoma; Ewing Sarcoma; Chondrosarcoma; Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma; Leiomyosarcoma; Angiosarcoma

Summary: this is a randomized, double-blinded, 2 arms study concerning patients with bone sarcoma after the first line therapy. in the first arm, patients will be treated with regorafenib for a maximum of 12 months as maintenance therapy after first line therapy, whereas in the second arm, patients will be treated with placebo (standard of care). the comparison between this two arms will allow to determine whether or not regorafenib is efficient for disease control, in terms of relapse-free survival improvement.

bone sarcomas are rare primary bone cancers, although, their frequency has been increasing by 0.3% per year over the last decade. they include a very large number of tumour types belonging to the family of primary malignant bone tumours and originate from bone as osteosarcomas (os), chondrosarcomas (cs), fibrosarcomas, chordomas, ... current conventional treatments for os combine chemotherapy and surgery. chemotherapy treatment is commonly given for os over a period of 6-10 months, with a period of preoperative chemotherapy, to facilitate local surgical treatment. the conventional cocktail used in os is composed by a minimum of three drugs (reference combination: methotrexate, doxorubicin and cisplatin (map)). the currently recommended treatments for ewing sarcomas (for both localized and metastatic diseases) consist of multimodal approaches including surgery and/or radiotherapy associated to neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy, comprising respectively from 3 to 6, and then from 6 to 10 cycles. doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, vincristine, dactinomycin and etoposide are considered as the most active substances. current trials require combination chemotherapies, and most of them are based on the combination of 5-6 of these substances. concerning chondrosarcomas, the treatment is adapted according to the subtype. thus, the treatment regimen for mesenchymal chondrosarcomas and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas differs. indeed, an ewing-type chemotherapy regimen is usually suggested to treat mesenchymal chondrosarcomas while dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas are often treated as high-grade bone sarcoma, with systemic and local therapies. compared with surgery alone, multimodal treatment of high-grade sarcomas increases disease-free survival probabilities from only 10%-20% to 50-65% depending on the bone sarcoma type. in general, despite second-line treatment, the prognosis of recurrent disease has remained poor, with long-term post-relapse survival of \<20%. the outcome of bone sarcoma has been dramatically improved by the addition of chemotherapy in the 70' and 80' but has remained remarkably stable in the last 3 decades, with a survival rate largely plateaued, despite introduction of novel regimens, both in localized and metastatic disease, in children and in adults. primary bone cancer presented challenges in new drug development partly because of their rarity and heterogeneity. thus, improving treatments for these diseases is a high priority, but advances have been few in recent years. in this context, maintenance therapy may be an interesting option as a way to prolong the benefit of first-line chemotherapy. regorafenib may play a role in the maintenance setting for bone sarcomas (as improved progression-free survival and sustained responses were observed in the regobone study) in maintaining the initial response to standard treatments and delaying the need for further treatment at relapse, while exerting a manageable associated toxicity and minimal negative impact on health-related quality of life. currently there is no available agent used as maintenance therapy after first-line treatments. in the context of a clinical trial with close monitoring, it is, thus, acceptable to consider a placebo-control group. on this basis, this study propose to conduct a double-blinded randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of regorafenib versus placebo in the treatment of patients with bone sarcomas, who have no evidence of disease after standard multimodal treatments based on the histological subtype. the main goal of the present study is then to explore whether sequential addition of regorafenib after completion of a standard treatment in patients with bone sarcomas would improve outcomes in term of event-free-survival (efs) defined by local or distant recurrence of the disease. results will be stratified on the "high-risk" versus "low-risk" of relapse. as response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and metastatic status at time of diagnosis are known to be important on patient's outcome, stratification will rely on a combined criteria taking into account these two factors. thus, "high-risk" of relapse will be defined by the group of patients who are poor responders to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and/or in metastatic setting at diagnosis, whereas "low-risk" of relapse will be defined by the group of patients who have no metastatic disease at time of diagnosis and are good responders to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria : i1. age ≥ 12 years at the day of consenting to the study; i2. patients must have histologically confirmed diagnosis of primary bone sarcoma including but not limited to: osteosarcomas, ewing sarcomas, chondrosarcomas, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas (ups), leiomyosarcomas (lms) and angiosarcomas; i3. prior treatment for localized or metastatic disease for bone sarcoma must have been completed, consisting of a standard multimodal treatment based on the histological subtype: for os, (excepted head and neck localisations), neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant chemotherapy should include methotrexate-based regimen for patients \< 18 years old; patients ≥ 18 years old may have received either methotrexate-based regimen or anthracycline and cisplatin-based regimen for head and neck os, neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant chemotherapy should include adriamycin, cisplatin or ifosfamide-based regimen. for non-os, neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant chemotherapy should include adriamycin and/or cisplatin-based regimen. i4. recovery to nci-ctcae v5 grade 0 or 1 level or recovery to baseline preceding the prior treatment from any previous drug/procedure related toxicity (except alopecia, anaemia, and hypothyroidism); i5. interval between the last chemotherapy administration and the date of randomisation: at least 4 weeks but no longer than 2 months; i6. confirmed complete remission or no evidence of disease (for metastatic disease); patients with pulmonary micro nodules can be included provided they do not meet the following criteria: * at least one lung nodule of 10mm or more * and/or at least two nodules well limited between 6-9mm * and/or at least 5 nodules well limited of 5mm or less all the other situations will be considered as doubtful lesions except in case of metastatic disease confirmed during the lung surgery of the residual lung lesions after pre-operative chemotherapy. if no other metastatic localisation is detected at the initial staging, the patient will be considered as localised disease and eligible for randomisation. i7. life expectancy of greater than 12 months; i8. karnofsky performance status ≥70 (patients younger than 18-year old) or ecog performance status \< 2 (adult patients) ; i9. patients must have adequate bone marrow, renal, and hepatic function, as evidenced by the following within 7 days of study treatment initiation: * absolute neutrophil count ≥ 1.5 giga/l * platelets ≥ 100 giga/l * haemoglobin≥ 9 g/dl * serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 x uln * glomerular filtration rate (gfr) ≥30 ml/min/1.73m2 according to the modified diet in renal disease (mdrd) abbreviated formula * ast and alt ≤2.5 x uln ( ≤5.0 × uln for patients with liver involvement of their cancer) * bilirubin ≤1.5 x uln * alkaline phosphatase ≤2.5 x uln (≤5 x uln in patient with liver involvement of their cancer). if alkaline phosphatase \> 2.5 uln, hepatic isoenzymes 5-nucleotidase or ggt tests must be performed; hepatic isoenzymes 5-nucleotidase must be within the normal range and/or ggt \< 1.5 x uln. * lipase ≤1.5 x uln * spot urine must not show ≥ 1 "+"protein in urine or the patient will require a repeat urine analysis. if repeat urinalysis shows 1 "+" protein or more, a 24-hour urine collection will be required and must show total protein excretion \<1000 mg/24 hours i10. inr/ptt ≤1.5 x uln; patients who are therapeutically treated with an agent such as warfarin or heparin will be allowed to participate provided that no prior evidence of underlying abnormality in coagulation parameters exists. close monitoring of at least weekly evaluations will be performed until inr/ptt is stable based on a measurement that is pre-dose as defined by the local standard of care; i11. women of childbearing potential and male patients must agree to use adequate contraception (appendix 4) for the duration of treatment and for 7 months (210 days) in wocbp or 4 months (120 days) in men sexually active with wocbp after the last dose of regorafenib; i12. women of childbearing potential must have a negative serum β-hcg pregnancy test within 7 days prior randomization and/or urine pregnancy test within 48 hours before the first administration of the study treatment; i13. patients, and their parents when applicable, must sign and date an informed consent document indicating that they have been informed of all the pertinent aspects of the trial prior to enrolment; i14. patients must be willing and able to comply with scheduled visits, treatment plan, laboratory tests and other study procedures; i15. patients covered by a medical insurance. i16. body surface area (bsa) ≥ 1.30m² at the time of consenting to the study. non-inclusion criteria : e1. prior treatment with any vegfr inhibitor (thus, any prior exposure to sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib, bevacizumab, or other vegfr inhibitor); e2. all soft tissue sarcomas (including but not limited to soft tissue osteosarcomas and ewing soft tissue sarcomas) and chordomas; e3. prior history of other malignancies other than study disease (except for basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin or carcinoma in situ of the cervix) within 3 years prior to randomization; e4. cardiovascular dysfunction: * left ventricular ejection fraction (lvef) \< 50%, * congestive heart failure ≥ new york heart association (nyha) class 2, * myocardial infarction \< 6 months prior to first study drug administration, * cardiac arrhythmias requiring therapy (beta blockers or digoxin are permitted), * unstable (angina symptoms at rest) or new-onset angina within the last 3 months prior to first study drug administration; e5. uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure \> 150mmhg or diastolic pressure \> 90 mmhg despite optimal treatment); e6. arterial or venous thrombotic or embolic events such as cerebrovascular accident (including transient ischemic attacks), deep vein thrombosis, or pulmonary embolism within the last 6 months before the first study drug administration; e7. major surgical procedure, open biopsy or significant traumatic injury within 28 days before the first study drug administration; e8. ongoing infection \> grade 2 according to nci-ctcae v5; e9. known history of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection; nota bene: subjects with diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are eligible to participate in the study if they meet the following criteria: 1. no history of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids)-defining opportunistic infection within the past 12 months prior to enrolment; 2. no history of aids-defining cancers (e.g. kaposi's sarcoma, aggressive b-cell lymphoma and invasive cervical cancer); 3. subjects should be on established anti-retroviral therapy for at least 4 weeks and have an hiv viral load of \< 400 copies/ml prior to enrolment; e10. active hepatitis b or c or chronic hepatitis b or c requiring treatment with antiviral therapy; nota bene: subjects with a history of hepatitis b or c who have normal alanine aminotransferase (alt) and are hepatitis b surface antigen negative and/or have undetectable hcv rna are eligible; e11. dehydration according to nci-ctc v5 grade \>1; e12. difficulties to swallow oral medication and/or any mal-absorption condition and/or any gastrointestinal (gi) disease that may significantly alter the absorption of regorafenib (e.g., ulcerative diseases, uncontrolled nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, malabsorption syndrome, or small bowel resection); e13. patients with seizure disorder requiring medication; e14. concurrent enrolment in another clinical trial in which investigational therapies are administered; e15. known hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients; e16. pregnant women, women who are likely to become pregnant or are breast-feeding e17. patients with any psychological, familial, sociological or geographical condition potentially hampering compliance with the study protocol and follow-up schedule; those conditions should be discussed with the patient before registration in the trial; e18. patients with history of non-compliance to medical regimens or unwilling or unable to comply with the protocol; e19. interstitial lung disease with ongoing signs and symptoms at the time of informed consent; e20. non-healing wound, non-healing ulcer, or non-healing bone fracture; e21. patients with evidence or history of any bleeding diathesis, irrespective of severity; e22. any haemorrhage or bleeding event ≥ ctcae v5 grade 3 within 4 weeks prior to the first study drug administration; e23. clinically significant unrelated systemic illness (e.g., serious infection or significant cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, or other organ dysfunction) that would compromise the patient's ability to tolerate study treatment or would likely interfere with study procedures or results; e24. patients using prohibited concomitant and/or concurrent medications (see section "prohibited concomitant/concurrent treatments); e25.patients under tutorship or curatorship.

Keywords: maintenance therapy first line therapy regorafenib randomization double-blinded placebo controlled relapse-free survival time to treatment failure overall survival quality of life compliance bone sarcoma osteosarcoma efficacy complete response tyrosine kinase inhibitor multi-target inhibitor safety