point of care ultrasound for prediction of fluid responsiveness in off pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery

Conditions: Prevention of Hypotension

Summary: to exclude hypovolemia before starting off pump coronary artery grafting surgeries by an efficient and good predictive test. we will assess the sensitivity and specificity of dynamic ivc-derived parameters (dispensability index) in comparison to carotid doppler peak velocity as predictors of fluid response before skin incision in patients undergoing off pump cardiac surgery.

monitoring we will monitor all patients using, invasive blood pressure, pulse oximeter, central venous pressure (cvp), 5 leads electrocardiogram ecg and capnogram. anesthetic technique: anesthesia will be inducted by; lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg, fentanyl 10 mic/kg, propofol (2 mg/kg) and atracurium (0.5 mg/kg). after good muscle relaxation, intubation will be done smoothly. mechanical ventilation parameters will be fixed in all patients during the study period. tidal volume will be adjusted to 10 ml/kg without positive end expiration pressure. end tidal carbon dioxide will be kept around 35-40 centimeter water(cmh2o). anesthesia will be maintained by sevoflurane 2% minimal alveolar concentration(mac), atracurium infusion; 0.05-0.01 mg/kg/min and fentanyl infusion rate; 1 mic/kg/hour. study measurements: after induction of anesthesia we will perform the measurement of the diameter of the inferior vena cava through standard ultrasonic techniques. the m-mode portable ultrasound 1-5 megahertz (mhz) transthoracic phased-array transducer probe will be positioned longitudinally along the xiphoid process when the patient is supine. the diameter of the inferior vena cava will be measured at 2 cm close to the entrance of the right atrium. ultrasound images will be taken at the end of inspiration (dmax) and at the end expiration (dmin) to calculate the inferior vena cava dispensability index (divc), and will be recorded before and after fluid challenge test of 5 ml/kg crystalloid within 15 min. the inferior vena cava (ivc) distensibility index (ivc-di) will be calculated using the formula: ivc-di = ivcmax - ivcmin/ ivcmin. the indices will be expressed as a percentage. carotid ultrasound images will be obtained from the left common carotid artery( cca) in both short-axis and long-axis views by experienced sonographers. the patient will be in supine position, with the head rotated slightly to the right. a broadband linear array transducer 12-4 mhz and the short-axis view will be used for orientation and identification of the cca. next, in the long-axis view, peak waveform doppler signals will be acquired by placing a 0.5 mm calliper at the center of the vessel and parallel to the vessel walls, approximately 2 cm proximal from the carotid bifurcation. insonation-angles between the ultrasound beam and blood flow will be maintained. difference of peak velocity(δvpeak) of cca = (maxcdpv-mincdpv)+(maxcdpv+mincdpv)x100 2 cardiac output (co) will be recorded as baseline measure and after fluid administration. if co increased more than 15%, it will be considered fluid responder. increase in cardiac output = (cardiac output after first fluid challenge - cardiac output before)/cardiac output before) x 100. transthoracic echocardiography(tte) will be used to measure ltot and velocity time integral (vti) x heart rate (hr). cvp, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, difference between diameters of ivc during inspiration and expiration (δivc-d) in single respiratory cycle, and difference between velocities of carotid doppler peak velocity in single respiratory cycle (δcdpv) will all be measured as hemodynamic records. the benefits include declining heart rate, normotension, and increase and urine volume, also known as fluid responsiveness

Eligibility criteria:
inclusion criteria: * patients with accepted cardiac capacity (ef \>45%) * patients scheduled for off pump open heart surgeries for coronary artery grafting exclusion criteria: * age under 18 years, * patients with poor cardiac capacity * patients suffering any type of arrhythmias * preoperative left ventricular dilatation (end-diastolic dimension ≥6 cm) * preoperative severe tricuspid valve regurgitation, * preoperative right ventricular dysfunction * patients with high intrathoracic pressure e.g.chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd).