THIS OPINION WAS INITIALLY ISSUED UNDER PROTECTIVE ORDER AND
IS BEING PUBLICLY RELEASED IN ITS ENTIRETY ON SEPTEMBER 24, 2025
APPELLANTS’ MOTION FOR
PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT GRANTED:  September 17, 2025
CBCA 8250, 8251
GREAT LAKES EDUCATIONAL LOAN SERVICES, INC.,
Appellant in CBCA 8250,
and
NELNET SERVICING, LLC,
Appellant in CBCA 8251,
v.
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION,
Respondent.
Stuart W. Turner, Amanda J. Sherwood, and Nicole A. Williamson of Arnold &
Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, Washington, DC, counsel for Appellant.
Candice Jackson and Tim Rushenberg, Office of the General Counsel, Department
of Education, Washington, DC, counsel for Respondent.
Before Board Judges BEARDSLEY (Chair), SULLIVAN, and VOLK.
SULLIVAN, Board Judge.


CBCA 8250, 8251 2
Great Lakes Educational Loan Services, Inc. (Great Lakes) and Nelnet Servicing, LLC
(Nelnet) (appellants) contracted with the Department of Education (Education) to provide
student loan processing services.  In 2023, Education modified the contracts to require that
appellants pay the federal contractor minimum wage and allow employees to earn paid sick
leave.  In 2024, Education denied appellants’ claims for the cost of these additional
requirements, asserting that the Economic Price Adjustment (EPA) clause in the contracts
precluded payment of these costs.  We hold that appellants are entitled to recover the cost of
those increases, and we will determine the amount in future proceedings.
Background
I. Contracts and Relevant Terms
Pursuant to the contracts executed in June 2009, appellants were to provide
“commercial contract services to manage all types of Title IV student aid obligations,
including, but not limited to, servicing and consolidation of outstanding debt.”  Exhibits 1
at 22, 2 at 95.1  The contracts were indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity contracts with a
$5,000,000 guarantee for the five-year base period.  Exhibits 1 at 3, 2 at 76.
The contracts had an initial five-year term from June 2009 to June 2014 with an option
to extend for an additional five years from 2014 to 2019.  Exhibits 1 at 3, 2 at 76.  Through
a series of modifications, Education extended the period of performance through December
2023 for Great Lakes and through March 2024 for Nelnet.  Exhibits 11, 18.  On
December 14, 2022, Education issued modifications to the contracts pursuant to FAR
52.217-9, Option to Extend the Terms of the Contract, extending the period of performance
on the contracts from December 15, 2022, to December 14, 2023.  Exhibits 11, 12.  In June
2023, Great Lakes transferred all of its loan servicing volume to Nelnet.  Exhibit 20 at 220. 
In April 2024, Nelnet began servicing borrowers on a new contract and ceased operations on
the contract awarded in 2009.  Notice of Appeal (CBCA 8251), Exhibit B (Nelnet claim)
at 4.
Appellants were paid on a per borrower basis pursuant to a common pricing structure
established by Education.  Exhibits 1 at 16, 2 at 89.  The contracts included “an escalation
methodology based upon the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ (BLS) Employment Cost Index
(ECI) for Total Compensation, Private Industry, Service Occupations (Not Seasonally
1 Unless otherwise noted, “Exhibit XX at XX” refers to the exhibit numbers in
the appeal file and the bates numbers appended by the parties.

CBCA 8250, 8251 3
Adjusted), to account for significant inflation and/or deflation.”  Id. (EPA clause).2   Pursuant
to this clause, the Government was obligated to adjust “the established common pricing” by
the amount that the cost index increase exceeded three percent.  Id.  Common pricing was
defined to include “all supplies, services and other costs to deliver Title IV servicing under
[the] contract.”  Id.
The contracts incorporated by reference the clauses from Federal Acquisition
Regulation (FAR) 52.222-41 (Service Contract Act of 1965 (NOV 2007) (48 CFR 52.222-41
(2008))), and FAR 52.222-43 (Fair Labor Standards Act and Service Contract Act—Price
Adjustment (Multiple Year and Option Contracts) (NOV 2006)), which implement the
requirements of, respectively, the Service Contract Act of 1965, 41 U.S.C. §§ 351–358
(2006), and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, 29 U.S.C. §§ 201–219.  Exhibits 1
at 20, 2 at 93.  Pursuant to FAR 52.222-41(e), the contracts required that appellants and their
subcontractors pay employees at least the hourly minimum wage established in section six
of the Fair Labor Standards Act, which was raised to $7.25 the year the contracts were
awarded.  29 U.S.C. § 206(a)(1); Pub. L. 110-28, title VIII, § 8102(a), 121 Stat. 112 (codified
at 29 U.S.C. § 206 (2012)).  Pursuant to FAR 52.222-43(d), the contract prices would be
adjusted “to reflect the Contractor’s actual increase or decrease in applicable wages and
fringe benefits to the extent that the increase is made to comply with . . . [a]n increased or
decreased wage determination otherwise applied to the contract by operation of law.”  In
signing the contract, the “[c]ontractor warrant[ed] that the prices in this contract do not
include any allowance for any contingency to cover increased costs for which adjustment is
provided under this clause.”  FAR 52.222-43(b).  The contracts in the record do not include
a wage determination.
The contracts also included a Changes clause, which permitted the contracting officer
to make changes to the services to be performed:
(1) Changes.  The Contracting Officer may at any time, by written order,
and without notice to the sureties, if any, make changes within the
general scope of this contract in any one or more of the following: 
(i) Description of services to be performed.
2 According to the BLS website, the ECI “measures the change in the cost of
labor, free from the influence of employment shifts among occupations and industries.” 
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Cost Index–June 2010, U.S. Department of Labor
at 4 (July 30, 2010) (https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/eci_07302010.pdf (last
visited Sept. 15, 2025)). 

CBCA 8250, 8251 4
(ii) Time of performance (i.e., hours of the day, days of the week,
etc.)
(iii) Place of performance of the services.
(2) If any such change causes an increase or decrease in the cost of, or the
time required for, performance of any part of the work under this
contract, whether or not changed by the order, the Contracting Officer
shall make an equitable adjustment in the contract price, the delivery
schedule, or both, and shall modify the contract.
Exhibit 1 at 5 (FAR 52.212-4(c), Contract Terms and Conditions—Commercial Items (MAR
2009)—TAILORED); Exhibit 2 at 78.3
II. Executive Orders and Contract Modifications
A. Federal Minimum Wage
In 2014, the President signed Executive Order 13658, which established a $10.10
hourly federal minimum wage for employees on government contracts.  79 Fed. Reg. 9851
(Feb. 12, 2014).  The order and the new wage applied only to new contracts entered into after
the date of the order.  Id. at 9853.  The order directed the Department of Labor to determine
a new wage every year.  Id. at 9851.
In April 2021, the President signed Executive Order 14026 (Increasing the Minimum
Wage for Federal Contractors).  86 Fed. Reg. 22835 (Apr. 30, 2021).  Pursuant to this order
and the regulations promulgated by the Department of Labor to implement it, the hourly
minimum wage on federal contracts increased to $15 on January 30, 2022.  Id.; 86 Fed. Reg.
67126, 67224 (Nov. 24, 2021).  Agencies were directed to insert a clause—into contracts
governed by the Service Contract Act and the Fair Labor Standards Act—requiring
contractors and subcontractors to pay the new minimum wage payment.  86 Fed. Reg. 22835,
22837.  The order was effective upon the exercise of options for existing contracts after
January 30, 2022.  Id.  The implementing regulations stated that the requirement would apply
“[t]o existing contracts . . . when extending, renewing, or exercising an option on the existing
contract on or after the effective date of the rule,” which was January 30, 2022.  87 Fed. Reg.
4117 (Jan. 26, 2022).  The implementing regulation noted that the executive order did not
create or change “any rights under the Contract Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. § 7101 et seq.” 
29 CFR 23.10(c) (2022).
3 Appellants note that the “tailored” version of this clause is the same as FAR
52.243-1, Changes—Fixed Price (Alternate I) (48 CFR 52.243-1 (2008)).

CBCA 8250, 8251 5
In June 2023, the parties executed a modification to add the FAR clause that
effectuated this executive order.  Exhibit 14 (adding FAR 52.222-55, Minimum Wages for
Contractor Workers under Executive Order 14026 (JAN 2022) (48 CFR 52.222-55 (2022)). 
This clause provided that the applicable minimum wage established in January of every year
was “incorporated by reference into this contract.”  FAR 52.222-55(b)(2).  The clause
provided a mechanism for an adjustment to the contract prices following issuance of the new
wage determination:
The Contractor may request a price adjustment only after the effective date of
the new annual [Executive Order (E.O.)] minimum wage determination. 
Prices will be adjusted only for increased labor costs (including subcontractor
labor costs) as a result of an increase in the annual E.O. minimum wage, and
for associated labor costs (including those for subcontractors).  Associated
labor costs shall include increases or decreases that result from changes in
social security and unemployment taxes and workers’ compensation insurance,
but will not otherwise include any amount for general and administrative costs,
overhead, or profit.
FAR 52.222-55(b)(3)(i).  This clause replaced the other price adjustment clause in the
contracts and stated that the contracting officer would not provide duplicate payments under
those clauses.  Id. 52.222-55(b)(3)(iii).  The clause also stated that the “[c]ontractor warrants
that the prices in this contract do not include allowance for any contingency to cover
increased costs for which adjustment is provided under this clause.”  Id. 52.222-55(b)(4). 
Finally, the clause directed that “disputes concerning contractor compliance” would be
resolved by the Department of Labor.  Id. 52.222-55(h).
On March 14, 2025, the President issued Executive Order 14236, which rescinded
Executive Order 14026.  90 Fed. Reg. 13037 (Mar. 20, 2025).  The Department of Labor is
no longer enforcing Executive Order 14026 or the regulations that it issued to implement it. 
Final Rule: Increasing the Minimum Wage for Federal Contractors (Executive Order 14026)
(https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/government-contracts/eo14026 (last visited Sept. 17,
2025)).
B. Paid Sick Leave Benefits
In September 2015, the President signed Executive Order 13706, which required
federal contractors to permit their employees to earn paid sick leave.  80 Fed. Reg. 54697
(Sept. 7, 2015).  The order was to apply to new contracts covered by the Service Contract
Act.  80 Fed. Reg. at 54699; 81 Fed. Reg. 67598 (Sept. 30, 2016); 29 CFR 13.3 (2017).

CBCA 8250, 8251 6
In June 2023, the parties executed a modification to add the FAR clause that
effectuated the paid sick leave order.  Exhibit 13 (adding FAR 52.222-62, Paid Sick Leave
Under Executive Order 13706 (JAN 2022)  (48 CFR 52.222-62 (2022)).  This clause required
that the contractor allow each employee to earn at least one hour of paid sick leave for every
thirty hours worked.  FAR 52.222-62(c).  Unlike the clause implementing Executive Order
14026, the clause provided no mechanism for the contractor to be reimbursed the cost of
providing paid sick leave to employees.  The clause also directed that disputes “related to the
application of E.O. 13076 to this contract” would be resolved by the Department of Labor. 
FAR 52.222-62(l).
III. Appellant’s Claims
On April 5, 2024, appellants submitted claims to the contracting officer, seeking the
costs incurred to comply with the minimum wage and paid sick leave requirements.  Nelnet
claimed $5,103,345 for the increases in salaries for employees in 2023 and 2024; employer
taxes and corresponding wage driven benefits due to the increase in the minimum wage;
increases in the fringe rate paid to employees; and increases in salaries due to the requirement
to provide paid leave and the costs of its subcontractors to implement the requirements. 
Notice of Appeal (CBCA 8251), Exhibit B (Nelnet claim) at 1, 15.  Great Lakes claimed
$197,128 for the increases in salaries for employees; employer taxes; and corresponding
wage driven benefits in 2023 due to the increase in the federal minimum wage.  CBCA 8250,
Notice of Appeal (CBCA 8250), Exhibit B (Great Lakes claim) at 1, 11.  Although both
claims included a reference to a “quantum spreadsheet,” id. at 11; Notice of Appeal
(CBCA 8251), Exhibit B (Nelnet claim) at 15, the record currently contains no evidence to
support the amounts claimed.  Education denied the claims in October 2024.  Exhibits 19,
20.4
IV. Proceedings Before the Board
Appellants filed their appeals in November 2024, and the appeals were consolidated. 
Order (Nov. 12, 2024) at 1.  The parties requested that the Board first determine entitlement
and then convene a hearing, as necessary, to determine quantum.  Appellants filed their
4 The Board deemed appellants’ claims to be the consolidated complaint and the
contracting officer’s decisions to be the consolidated answer in these appeals.  Order (Dec. 3,
2024) at 2.

CBCA 8250, 8251 7
motion for summary judgment in January 2025.5  Education filed a response to the motion,
and appellants filed a reply.  The Board issued two orders requesting further briefing
regarding, among other issues, whether the Board possessed jurisdiction to decide the
appeals.  Appellants provided responses to the Board’s orders, but Education did not.6 
Following the transfer of the appeals to the current presiding judge, the Board issued an order
that provided a deadline for Education to respond to the Board’s prior orders requesting
briefing and warned that, if Education did not respond, the Board would decide the motion
on the current record.  Education did not respond to the Board’s order or provide additional
briefing.
Discussion
I. The Board Possesses Jurisdiction to Decide the Appeals
Both clauses under which appellants’ claims arise assign responsibility for deciding
disputes concerning a contractor’s compliance with or related to the application of the
requirements to the Department of Labor.  FAR 52.222-55(h); FAR 52.222-62(l).  These
provisions do not eliminate the Board’s jurisdiction to decide the appeals because appellants
are not challenging the application of the requirements to their contracts.  According to their
notices of appeal, they have incurred costs complying with the directives of the clauses. 
Before the Board, appellants seek to recover those costs pursuant to the terms of their
contracts.  To decide the appeals, the Board will determine the effect of those clauses on
appellants’ rights under the contracts and possesses jurisdiction to do so.  Burnside-Ott
Aviation Training Center, Inc. v. United States, 985 F.2d 1574, 1580 (Fed. Cir. 1993).
II. Appellants May Recover the Costs of the Application of the Executive Orders
Appellants, by the terms of the original contracts, were obligated to pay the federal
minimum wage set pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act.  In 2014, the President signed
an executive order establishing a minimum wage for federal contracts, but that order only
applied to new contracts.  In 2021, the President signed an executive order increasing the
5 Although appellants titled their motion as one for summary judgment, we
construe it to be a motion for partial summary judgment because we only decide the issue of
entitlement.
6 Counsel for Education who filed the response to the motion withdrew as
counsel on March, 19, 2025.  Current counsel for Education filed their notice of appearance
on July 1, 2025.

CBCA 8250, 8251 8
federal minimum wage level again and requiring that it be applied to existing contracts at the
time that the contracts were extended or renewed.  Appellants became subject to this
increased compensation requirement when their contracts were extended in December 2022. 
87 Fed. Reg. 4117.  The Minimum Wages clause giving rise to appellants’ claims provides
for a price adjustment for the increased labor costs resulting from the executive order
directive.  FAR 52.222-55(b)(3)(i).
Appellants seek to recover the increased cost of the higher wage level, pursuant to the
Changes clause, arguing that the insertion of the clause into their contracts represents a
change that has increased the costs of their performance.  Boards and courts have awarded
increased labor costs based upon both the Changes clause and the Price Adjustment clause
similar to FAR 52.222-55.  E.g., Lockheed Support Systems, Inc. v. United States, 36 Fed.
Cl. 424, 429-30 (1996); U.S. Contracting, Inc., ASBCA 49713, 97-2 BCA ¶ 29,232, at
145,426.  Appellants have not briefed the issue of why the Changes clause should be the
basis for their claims, although it may be that the Changes clause allows for the recovery of
indirect costs of overhead and profit attributable to the increased costs whereas the Minimum
Wages clause does not.  Id.  We defer a decision on whether appellants may recover the
indirect costs and only determine now that appellants have established entitlement to the
increased costs, subject to additional proof of quantum.
Education presents three arguments as to why appellants may not recover on their
claims.  First, Education asserts that the EPA clause in the contracts precludes any price
adjustment because any increased costs that appellants incur, including labor costs, are
accounted for by this clause.7  The original contracts included both the EPA clause and the
Price Adjustment clause (FAR 52.222-43).  If Education were correct in its assertion, FAR
52.222-43 would be superfluous.  A central tenet of contract interpretation is that the contract
is to be read as a whole and all parts are to be given meaning.  Bell/Heery v. United States,
739 F.3d 1324, 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2014).  Therefore, the Price Adjustment clause and the EPA
clause serve different purposes, and the presence of the EPA clause is not a bar to appellants’
claims.  See Centel Communications Co., GSBCA 8218, 89-1 BCA ¶ 21,225, at 107,068-69
(1988).
7 Education asserts in its brief, without citation to proposed findings or other
documentary evidence, that the parties negotiated this clause.  Respondent’s Opposition to
Appellant’s Motion for Summary Judgment at 1, 2-3.  Appellants state that the contracts
included the clause but provide no information as to its origin.  See Appellant’s Statement
of Undisputed Facts ¶ 11.  Because the solicitation is not in the appeal file, we do not know
whether this clause was part of the terms of the solicitation issued by Education or was
inserted later.  Given our resolution of this issue, we need not consider this argument further.

CBCA 8250, 8251 9
Second, Education asserts that FAR 52.222-55 precludes any price adjustment because
that clause contains a warranty that the prices do not include an allowance for any
contingency to cover increased costs.  Education argues that the EPA clause is such an
allowance so appellants cannot fulfill the terms of the warranty.  Education misapprehends
the function of the warranty provision.  The warranty is a promise by the contractor that it
has not escalated its future labor costs.  Corrections Corporation of America v. Department
of Homeland Security, CBCA 2647, 15-1 BCA ¶ 35,971, at 175,744-45.  “The underlying
purpose of the clause is essentially to eliminate the possibility of contractors overestimating
future labor rate increases in order to protect themselves and thereby unnecessarily increasing
government contract costs.”  Id. at 175,743 (quoting IBI Security Service, Inc., 69 Comp.
Gen. 707, 710 (1990), modified on other grounds, 1991 WL 73003 (Feb. 13, 1991)).  The
original contracts contained the same warranty in FAR 52.222-43, and this warranty was a
promise by appellants that their rates did not contain future increases so that they could
receive future wage adjustments.  That promise is not a bar to appellants’ claims for the
increased costs now.
Third, Education asserts that the contracts are fixed-price contracts and that appellants
bore the risk of cost increases.  While it is true that fixed-price contracts shift the risk of cost
increases to the contractor, Dalton v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 98 F.3d 1298, 1305 (Fed. Cir.
1996), the regulatory definition of a fixed-price contract allows that the contract price may
be adjusted “by operation of contract clauses providing for equitable adjustment or other
revision of the contract price under stated circumstances.”  FAR 16.201(a).  As described
above, the contracts contain clauses that permit increases for wage adjustments and other
charges, and the fixed-price nature of the contracts is not a bar to appellants’ claims.
III. Nelnet May Recover Costs of Providing Paid Leave
Nelnet also seeks to recover the costs that it incurred to allow its employees to earn
paid sick leave.  This new requirement was imposed upon Nelnet when the FAR 52.222-62
clause was added to its contract.  Nelnet seeks the increased costs of this requirement
pursuant to the Changes clause, as an increased cost of performance of its contract.  FAR
52.222-62 does not contain provision for reimbursement or adjustment, but FAR
52.222-43(d) provides for adjustments to the contract price for “Contractor’s actual increase
or decrease in applicable wages and fringe benefits to the extent that the increase is made to
comply with . . . [a]n increased or decreased wage determination otherwise applied to the
contract by operation of law.”  Under one of these clauses, Nelnet is entitled to recover the
increased cost of providing paid leave.  We defer a determination as to which clause applies
to when we determine quantum.

CBCA 8250, 8251 10
In its brief, Education does not argue specifically against Nelnet’s ability to recover
these costs, but the contracting officer, in the decision on Nelnet’s claim, asserted that
Education was not required to reimburse Nelnet for the increased costs of paid sick leave
based upon the terms of FAR 52.222-62(g), which provides that the obligations of the clause
are in addition to those obligations to provide benefits under the Service Contract Act.
The paid sick leave required by E.O. 13706, 29 CFR part 13, and this clause
is in addition to the Contractor’s obligations under the Service Contract Labor
Standards statute and the Wage Rate Requirements (Construction) statute, and
the Contractor may not receive credit toward its prevailing wage or fringe
benefit obligations under those Acts for any paid sick leave provided in
satisfaction of the requirements of E.O. 13706 and 29 CFR part 13.
52.222-62(g); see 81 Fed. Reg. at 67642.  A plain reading of this provision does not support
the idea that this provision is a bar to Nelnet’s claim.  Instead, the provision states that the
requirement to provide paid leave is in addition to other benefits that Nelnet was required to
provide pursuant to statute.
Decision
Appellants’ motion for partial summary judgment is granted.  The Board will issue
a separate order regarding proceedings to decide quantum.
    Marian E. Sullivan         
MARIAN E. SULLIVAN
Board Judge
We concur:  
    Erica S. Beardsley               Daniel B. Volk               
ERICA S. BEARDSLEY DANIEL B. VOLK
Board Judge Board Judge