RESPONDENT’S MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT GRANTED IN
PART; APPELLANT’S MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT DENIED:
January 10, 2024
CBCA 7704
CLEAN HARBORS ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.,
Appellant,
v.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES,
Respondent.
Anuj Vohra and Eric Kyle Herendeen of Crowell & Moring LLP, Washington, DC,
counsel for Appellant.
Tami S. Hagberg, Eno-Obong J. Essien, and Anastasia M. Hautanen, Office of the
General Counsel, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, counsel for
Respondent.
Before Judges LESTER, GOODMAN, and O’ROURKE.
GOODMAN, Board Judge.
Appellant, Clean Harbors Environmental Services, Inc. (Clean Harbors or appellant),
appeals the termination for cause of a purchase order with respondent, the Department of
Health and Human Services.  The parties have filed cross-motions for partial summary
judgment on two issues.  We grant respondent’s motion and deny appellant’s motion as to
the first issue, and we do not resolve the second issue because the parties are in agreement
as to its resolution.


CBCA 7704 2
Background
In March 2022, respondent, acting through the Indian Health Service, issued a request
for quote (RFQ) entitled Combined Synopsis/Solicitation IHS1447316, seeking a contractor
to provide waste disposal services at Claremore Indian Hospital (CIH or the hospital) for a
period of performance from April 1, 2022, through March 31, 2023.  Exhibit 1.1
The RFQ requested prices for three contract line item numbers (CLINs).  CLIN 0001
required the provision of “standard service pharmacy waste program in accordance with the
attached terms and conditions”; CLIN 0002 required the provision of “non-standard
pharmacy waste disposal services as needed in accordance with attached terms and
conditions for each year”; and CLIN 0003 required the contractor to provide “[a]dditional
18 gallon container[s] after the initial 8 containers.”  Exhibit 1 at 0008.  In addition, the RFQ
contained the following language relevant to the resolution of the parties’ motions:
Vendor Requirements:  SEE ATTACHED Statement of Work (SOW)
. . . .
Evaluation:  FAR [(Federal Acquisition Regulation)] 52.212-2 [(48 CFR
52.212-2 (2021))] Evaluation –
(a) The Government will award a firm fixed price contract resulting from
this solicitation to the responsible offeror whose offer conforming to the
solicitation will be most advantageous to the Government, price and other
factors considered.  The following factors shall be used to evaluate offers:
Lowest Price Technically Acceptable
– Offers shall be a pharmacy waste disposal contractor.
– Vendor shall pick up waste according to SOW.
VENDORS SUBMITTING OR EQUAL ITEMS MUST SUMBMIT [sic]
DESCRIPTITVE [sic] LITERATURE SHOWING HOW THEIR PRODUCT
MEETS OR EXCEEDS THE REQUIREMENTS BEING SOLICITED –
INCLUDES SERVICE CONTRACT.
Id.  The solicitation also provided that the terms and conditions identified in the solicitation
would be those upon which the contract would be based and that other terms and conditions
would not be accepted:
1 Exhibits are in the appeal file.

CBCA 7704 3
This solicitation will result in a firm fixed price purchase order pursuant to the
terms and conditions below.  Terms and conditions other than those stated will
not be accepted.  The above pricing is all inclusive.
PROVISIONS:  The following FAR provisions apply to this solicitation [a list
of FAR provisions followed.]
Id. at 0009.
The RFQ also contained a five-page statement of work.  Included in the statement of
work was the following language relevant to the resolution of the parties’ motions:
4. LEVEL OF EFFORT
4.1. The contractor shall pickup and dispose of pharmacy waste, hazardous
waste, universal waste, radioactive waste and E-waste for the Claremore
Indian Hospital (CIH) upon request.
4.2. The contractor shall provide a manifest and labeling for all waste
picked up from CIH.
Id. at 0012.
10. DELIVERABLES/PERFORMANCE METRIX
10.1. The contractor shall pickup and dispose of pharmacy waste, hazardous
waste, universal waste, radioactive waste and E-waste for the Claremore
Indian Hospital (CIH) upon request.  This will be reported with every
scheduled pick up requested from CIH Safety Office.
10.2. The contractor shall provide a manifest and labeling for all waste
picked up from CIH.  A manifest will be sent with receiving after every
scheduled pickup.
Id. at 0014.
On March 17, 2023, appellant submitted an initial quote in response to the RFQ. 
Exhibits 2-7.  On March 31, 2023, appellant submitted a second quote and attached an
unsigned copy of its standard environmental services agreement (ESA).  Exhibits 11, 15.
Appellant states that “the parties intended for Clean Harbors’ waste profile requirement to
be included in the Contract and acted accordingly.”  Appellant’s Opposition to Respondent’s

CBCA 7704 4
Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and Cross-Motion for Partial Summary Judgment at
22.  However, appellant also states that “[t]he waste profile requirement was not part of
CIH’s RFQ or any other government-issued document; it exists only in Clean Harbors’
ESA.”  Id. at 23-24.
An email dated March 31, 2023, from appellant’s health care manager to the CIH
contract specialist states, “I have . . . attached the ESA we discussed . . . .”  Exhibit 16 at
0055.
On April 4, 2022, following additional exchanges between appellant’s health care
manager and the CIH contract specialist, appellant submitted a document entitled
“Combined Synopsis Solicitation–Clean Harbors.docx” containing its final pricing. 
Exhibits 22, 23.  This document was two pages, verbatim from the RFQ, with the pricing
inserted for the period from April 1, 2022, through March 31, 2023, for the three CLINs as
follows:
CLIN DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT UNIT
PRICE
TOTAL
0001 04/01/2022 – 03/31/2023 – The
contractor shall provide standard
service pharmacy waste program in
accordance with the attached terms
and conditions.
12 EA $793.00 $9516.00
0002 04/01/2022 – 03/31/2023 – The
contractor shall provide
non-standard pharmacy waste
disposal services as needed in
accordance with attached terms and
conditions for each year.  Estimated
1 Annual T&D pickup for all
universal waste streams
12 EA $175.00 $2100.00
0003 Additional 18 gallon container after
the initial 8 containers 
12 EA $37.00 $444.00
Exhibit 23 at 0066.  The ESA was neither referenced in nor otherwise attached to the April 4
submission.
On April 27, 2022, the contracting officer issued purchase order no. 75H71122P00420
(order), Standard Form 347, to appellant.  Exhibit 30.  Box 8 specified “PURCHASE
REFERENCE YOUR 4/4/22 Quote IHS1447316.”  Id. at 0075.  The second page of the
order identifies the three CLINs; identifies the unit price and total dollar amount of each

CBCA 7704 5
CLIN, which matches the pricing contained in appellant’s quote attached to the order; and
states the performance period as June 1, 2022, through May 31, 2023.  Id. at 0076.  In
addition, language was added to the purchase order’s description of the supplies and/or
services to be provided under each CLIN to indicate expressly that the work to be provided
will be “according to the attached Statement of Work (SOW)” (CLIN 0001), “in accordance
with attached Statement of Work (SOW)” (CLIN 0002), and “per attached Statement of
Work” (CLIN 0003).  Id.
The purchase order also contained a section identifying the documents that comprised
the parties’ contract:
SECTION D – CONTRACT DOCUMENTS, EXHIBITS AND
ATTACHMENT
Document No.       Title                                                  Date        # of Pages
1                            Statement of Work                                             5
2                            Quote                                                                2
Exhibit 30 at 0082.  Both of those documents were attached to and were a part of the
purchase order.  The five-page statement of work attached to the order was identical to the
statement of work in the RFQ.  Id. at 0083-87.  The two-page quote attached to the order was
appellant’s two-page April 4, 2022, “Combined Synopsis Solicitation–Clean Harbors.docx”
document, which was also referenced in Box 8(a) of the Standard Form 347.  Compare
Exhibit 23 at 0066-67 with Exhibit 30 at 0088-89.  Nowhere in the purchase order was the
ESA referenced, nor was it attached to the purchase order.
From May through August 2022, representatives of appellant and CIH communicated
by email attempting to arrange for appellant to fulfill its obligations under the order and pick
up and dispose of pharmaceutical waste.  During this period, appellant’s representatives
requested that CIH personnel complete waste profiles specifying the waste to be picked up. 
Appellant did not pick up any waste during this period.  Complaint ¶¶ 38-72.
On August 18, 2022, respondent’s contracting officer issued a cure notice, stating that
appellant’s failure to pick up pharmaceutical waste was “endangering the performance of the
contract.”  Exhibit 80 at 0292.  On October 27, 2022, respondent’s contracting officer issued
a show cause notice, stating that appellant had failed to cure the conditions identified in the
previous cure notice.  Exhibit 103.
On November 9, 2022, appellant sent to CIH quote 4090034 for pickup of waste
“reflecting new pricing” and requested that the quote be signed and returned.  Exhibits 110,

CBCA 7704 6
111.  When CIH did not sign the quote, appellant retransmitted it on November 15, 2022. 
Exhibits 112, 113.  CIH did not respond to the quote.  Complaint ¶¶ 82-85.
On November 16, 2022, CIH sent to appellant a draft modification of the order
terminating the contract for cause.  Exhibits 114, 115.  In response, appellant again sent CIH
quote 40900034, requesting that it be signed and returned.  Exhibit 116; Complaint ¶ 88.
On December 15, 2022, respondent’s contracting officer issued modification P00001,
terminating the order for cause.  Exhibits 126, 127.  Appellant appealed the termination to
this Board.
Discussion
Respondent’s motion for partial summary judgment seeks resolution of two legal
issues:  (1) whether appellant’s ESA was incorporated into the order so that respondent was
required to complete waste profiles before appellant was obligated to pick up the waste, and
(2) whether there was a legal requirement for the hospital to sign appellant’s new quote
(quote 4090034) before appellant was obligated to provide the waste removal services. 
Respondent asserts that the ESA was not incorporated into the order and therefore there was
no obligation to first complete the waste profiles, and the hospital had no duty to sign the
new quote.  Appellant’s’s cross-motion for partial summary judgment only seeks resolution
of the first issue.  Appellant asserts that the ESA was incorporated into the order and that
respondent therefore was required to complete waste profiles prior to pickup of waste.  As
to the second issue, however, appellant maintains that it never claimed CIH was legally
obligated to sign the new quote and that respondent is requesting resolution of an issue that
appellant never asserted.
The ESA
Section D of the order listed the documents that were a part of the contract – the
statement of work and appellant’s April 4, 2022, quote.  The two pages from the RFQ upon
which appellant inserted its pricing and submitted as its quote on April 4, 2022, included the
following statement from the RFQ:
VENDORS SUBMITTING OR EQUAL ITEMS MUST SUMBMIT [sic]
DESCRIPTITVE [sic] LITERATURE SHOWING HOW THEIR PRODUCT
MEETS OR EXCEEDS THE REQUIREMENTS BEING SOLICITED –
INCLUDES SERVICE CONTRACT.
Appellant maintains that this language incorporates its ESA and all of its terms into the order,
even though the ESA was neither attached to the order nor specifically referenced by name

CBCA 7704 7
anywhere in the order.  It argues that the term “service contract” in the quoted language must
refer to its ESA, given that appellant submitted a copy of the ESA with its proposal and the
word “include” means that the service contract, and therefore the ESA, was incorporated in
the order.
Appellant’s position lacks merit.  The language of the order does not incorporate the
ESA or any of its terms into the order.  Appellant’s quote, attached to the order, contained
the following clear and unambiguous statement from the RFQ:
This solicitation will result in a firm fixed price purchase order pursuant to the
terms and conditions below.  Terms and conditions other than those stated
will not be accepted.
Exhibit 1 at 0009 (emphasis added).  Thus, according to the plain language of the RFQ, the
terms and conditions of the RFQ would not be varied.
The language concerning submission of descriptive literature relied upon by appellant
was clearly not meant to incorporate terms and conditions of descriptive literature, including
a vendor’s service contract, but to request information to show how the vendor could meet
the requirements of the RFQ.  The direction to include a service contract is only a request to
include a service contract in the descriptive literature.  While directing “vendors” submitting
“OR EQUAL ITEMS” to submit descriptive literature, the language does not say that such
literature will be included or become part of the purchase order if the quote is accepted.  The
descriptive literature was to be submitted to show how an “or equal item” meets or exceeds
the requirements being solicited.  There is nothing in the correspondence before the order
was issued to indicate that appellant was submitting an “or equal item” or otherwise
deviating from the requirements of the RFQ.
Further, when the purchase order was issued, the language describing the supplies
and/or services being purchased through each of the three CLINs expressly indicates that the
purchased work will be provided “according to the attached Statement of Work (SOW)”
(CLIN 0001), “in accordance with attached Statement of Work (SOW)” (CLIN 0002), and
“per attached Statement of Work” (CLIN 0003), Exhibit 30 at 0076, not the ESA.  The
statement of work contained no language requiring the agency to complete waste profiles
before the contractor had an obligation to begin disposing of the waste.2  The order did not
2 As mentioned previously, appellant states that “[t]he waste profile requirement
was not part of CIH’s RFQ or any other government-issued document; it exists only in Clean
Harbors’ ESA.”  Appellant’s Opposition to Respondent’s Motion for Partial Summary
Judgment and Cross-Motion for Partial Summary Judgment at 23-24.

CBCA 7704 8
refer to the ESA, did not attach it as a contract document, and did not in any way incorporate
the ESA or any of its terms into the order.
The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has made clear that the type of language
used in the purchase order at issue here, including the absence of any language expressly and
clearly incorporating an ESA into the purchase order, precludes us from doing so:
To incorporate material by reference, “the incorporating contract must use
language that is express and clear, so as to leave no ambiguity about the
identity of the document being referenced, nor any reasonable doubt about the
fact that the referenced document is being incorporated into the contract.” 
Northrop [Grumman Information Technology, Inc. v. United States], 535 F.3d
[1339,] 1344 [(Fed. Cir. 2008)].  Said differently, “the language used in a
contract to incorporate extrinsic material by reference must explicitly, or at
least precisely, identify the written material being incorporated and must
clearly communicate that the purpose of the reference is to incorporate the
referenced material into the contract (rather than merely to acknowledge that
the referenced material is relevant to the contract, e.g., as background law or
negotiating history).”  Id. at 1345; see also Callaway Golf Co. v. Acushnet Co.,
576 F.3d 1331, 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (A “mere reference to another
[document] is not an incorporation of anything therein.”  (citation omitted)).
CSI Aviation, Inc. v. Department of Homeland Security, 31 F.4th 1349, 1355 (Fed. Cir.
2022).  “[T]he incorporating document must not only refer to the incorporated document, it
must bring the terms of the incorporated document into itself as if fully set out.”  Sucesion
J. Serralles, Inc. v. United States, 46 Fed. Cl. 773, 785 (2000) (quoted with approval in
Northrop Grumman, 535 F.3d at 1347).  While appellant submitted a copy of its ESA with
its second proposal, and there is an email from appellant’s health care manager stating that
the ESA was “discussed,” there is no evidence as to how or if respondent reviewed the ESA
in the evaluation process, and there is no language in the executed purchase order that clearly
and expressly brings the ESA into the purchase order to create additional terms to the parties’
agreement.
In fact, the sample ESA that appellant provided to respondent contains terms that
respondent’s contracting officer could not have accepted, and nothing in the record shows
that the parties ever addressed or attempted to define how they would deal with conflicts
between the ESA and the actual purchase order language and illegalities that the ESA would
create if adopted.  For example, the ESA provides that it “shall be governed and construed
in accordance with the Laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and [that] the parties
agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for any disputes
arising under this [ESA].”  Exhibit 15 at 0052.  Yet, as made clear in the commercial items

CBCA 7704 9
clause incorporated by reference into the purchase order, Exhibit 30 at 0077 (FAR 52.212-4
(Oct. 2018)), any disputes between the parties would be resolved in accordance with the
Contract Disputes Act (CDA), 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101–7109 (2018), which requires the
application of federal law and resolution, if necessary, by the boards of contract appeals or
the U.S. Court of Federal Claims.  In addition, the fifteen-day payment terms of the ESA, see
Exhibit 15 (Article 5), directly conflict with the thirty-day period for payment expressly
identified in the actual purchase order, Exhibit 30 at 0074.  The ESA also purports to provide
that, although the agreement would have an initial term of one year, it “shall continue in
effect from year to year thereafter” unless a party terminates it “upon thirty (30) days prior
written notice,” Exhibit 15 (Article 1), a provision that not only is inconsistent with the actual
express terms of the written purchase order but would violate general federal appropriations
law that preclude such arrangements.  See Mach I AREP Carlyle Center LLC, ASBCA
59821, 16-1 BCA ¶ 36,389, at 177,418 (discussing Leiter v. United States, 271 U.S. 204, 207
(1926)).  The inclusion in the ESA of so many provisions that would have to be stricken for
it to be enforceable against the United States and that would create direct conflicts with the
actual express terms of the purchase order, without any evidence that the parties considered
and dealt with those problems, further supports respondent’s position that the ESA could not
have been incorporated into the purchase order.
Our resolution of whether the ESA was incorporated into and became a part of the
purchase order does not resolve the main issue in this appeal:  whether the contracting
officer’s decision terminating the purchase order for cause should be upheld.  The statement
of work incorporated into the purchase order contains certain language about the necessity
of the contractor providing “a manifest and labeling for all waste picked up from CIH,” and
the record is unclear regarding to the extent to which the parties claim that those provisions
are relevant to the viability of the termination decision.  These issues are not a part of the
parties’ cross-motions, and we do not address or resolve those issues here.  In response to the
parties’ cross-motions, we find only that the ESA was not incorporated into and did not
become a part of the purchase order.
The New Quote
Respondent’s motion requests a determination whether there was a legal requirement
for the hospital to sign appellant’s quote 4090034 before appellant had an obligation to
provide the pharmaceutical and related waste removal services required by the terms and
conditions of the order.
Appellant maintains that respondent mischaracterizes its position relating to this
quote.  Appellant alleges that statements in its complaint were “not to suggest that CIH was
‘legally required’ to sign Quote No. 4090034 before waste disposal services could
commence. . . .  Accordingly, [respondent]’s argument here responds to a position Clean

CBCA 7704 10
Harbors has never taken . . . .”  Appellant’s Opposition to Respondent’s Motion for Partial
Summary Judgment and Cross-Motion for Partial Summary Judgment at 19.
This position seems inconsistent with appellant’s email transmitting the new quote to
the hospital “reflecting new pricing,” even though the order was a firm-fixed-price purchase
order and requesting that the new quote be signed and returned.  Even so, as appellant now
states that it is not its position that respondent was legally required to sign the new quote,
there is no dispute as to this issue.
Decision
As we find that the ESA was not incorporated into the order, respondent’s motion for
partial summary judgment is GRANTED, and appellant’s motion for partial summary
judgment is DENIED as to this issue.  As the parties agree that there was no legal
requirement for the hospital to sign the new quote, that issue is moot.
    Allan H. Goodman        
ALLAN H. GOODMAN
Board Judge
We concur:
    Harold D. Lester, Jr.         Kathleen J. O’Rourke    
HAROLD D. LESTER, JR. KATHLEEN J. O’ROURKE
Board Judge Board Judge