ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS 
Appeal of --
Access Personnel Services, Inc. 
Under Contract No. N00189-09-C-Zl 14 
APPEARANCE FOR THE APPELLANT: 
) 
) 
) 
) 
) 
APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT: 
ASBCA No. 59900 
Mr. Tyrone G. Miller 
CEO 
Ronald J. Borro, Esq. 
Navy Chief Trial Attorney 
Paul C. Scheck, Esq. 
Attorney Advisor 
NA VSUP Fleet Logistics Center Norfolk 
Philadelphia, PA 
OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE MCNULTY 
This appeal involves the performance of above-captioned personnel services contract 
(the contract) for services supporting the Naval Supply Systems Command Fleet Logistics 
Center's Naval Inventory Control Point. The contract is a negotiated Small Business 
Administration Section 8(a) set aside. The 
dispute arises from the disallowance of some of the 
contractor's subcontractor costs, involving the interpretation of Federal Acquisition Regulation 
(FAR) 52.232- 7, PAYMENTS UNDER TIME-AND-MATERIALS AND LABOR-HOUR CONTRACTS 
(DEC 2002), (the Payments clause). The parties elected to proceed under Board Rule 11. The 
government also incorporated a motion for summary judgment with its Rule 11 brief. We 
decide entitlement only and, because we find the government failed to pay appellant in 
accordance with the Payments clause of the contract, we sustain the appeal. 
FINDINGS OF FACT 
1. On 29 September 2009, the contract was awarded to Access Personnel 
Services, Inc. (APS or appellant) (R4, tab 1 ). The contract was a time-and-materials 
type contract, which incorporated by reference the Payments clause (R4, tab 1 at 36). 
The 
contract indicated that 23 full-time equivalents would be required to perform the 
contract in specific labor categories as follows: four for CA V, two for Carcass 
Tracking, three for SIT, one for IWST SSS, two for Code 0341, one for Code 0363, 
two for Code 03621, and eight for Code 02 DoD Acquisition 1 (R4, tab 1 at 16-17). 
1 The Performance Work Statement includes descriptions of the duties to be 
performed and the skill sets necessary for each of these labor categories (see 

The contract's performance period was for twelve months measured from the date of 
award (R4, tab I at 25). 
2. The contract included an estimated number of total labor hours, a ceiling 
amount and hourly labor rates for contract line item number (CLIN) 0001 negotiated 
by the parties as follows: 
Hourly Estimated Ceiling Amount 
Labor Rate Labor Hours 
CA V Analyst (College Trainees) $33.02 8,000 $264,160.00 
Carcass Tracking Specialist I 70.25 2,000 140,500.00 
Carcass Tracking Specialist 2 63.23 2,000 126,460.00 
SIT Specialist I 70.25 2,000 140,500.00 
SIT Specialist 2 63.23 4,000 252,920.00 
IWST SSS 59.71 2,000 119,420.00 
Code 0341 Specialist 59.71 4,000 238,840.00 
Code 0363 Specialist 59.71 2,000 119,420.00 
Code 03621 Specialist 66.74 4,000 266,960.00 
Code 02 Acquisition Specialist I 63.23 4,000 252,920.00 
Code 02 Acquisition Specialist 2 59.71 4,000 238,840.00 
Code 02 Acquisition Specialist 3 56.20 8,000 449,600.00 
Contract Management 100.00 240 24,000.00 
Total Estimated Hours and Ceiling 46,240 $2,634,540.00 
(R4, tab I at 4) 
3. In accordance with the Payments clause, the hourly rates the contractor was 
to charge the government 
were to include wages, indirect costs, general and 
administrative expense, and profit. FAR 52.232-7, in pertinent part, also provided 
with respect to subcontract costs: 
(4)(i) The Government will reimburse the Contractor for 
costs of subcontracts that are authorized under the 
subcontracts clause of this contract, provided that the costs 
are consistent with paragraph (b)(5) of this clause. 
(ii) The Government will limit reimbursable costs in 
connection with subcontracts to the amounts paid for 
R4, tab I at 5-19). Resolution of the dispute does not require that we discuss 
these in the opinion. 
2 

supplies and services purchased directly for the contract 
when the Contractor has made or will make payments 
determined due of cash, checks, or other forms of payment 
to the subcontractor-
(iii) The Government will not reimburse the Contractor for 
any costs arising from the letting, administration, or 
supervision of performance of the subcontract, if the costs 
are included in the hourly rates payable under paragraph 
(a)(l) of this clause. 
(R4, tab 11 at 14) 
4. Under date of 6 October 2009, APS entered into a subcontract agreement 
with Professional Services of America, Inc. (PSA) to perform up to 49% of the work 
under the contract (R4, tab 10). 
5. The contract between APS and the government included FAR 52.219-12, 
SPECIAL 8(a) SUBCONTRACT CONDITIONS (FEB 1990), which requires a contractor to 
obtain written consent from the contracting officer before subcontracting with a lower 
tier subcontractor 2 (R4, tab 1 at 32-33). Although APS did not seek prior written 
consent to subcontract with PSA, the contracting officer subsequently ratified APS 
having done so (R4, tab 16). Neither the Defense Contract Audit Agency (DCAA), 
nor the contracting officer raised APS's failure to obtain prior written consent to 
subcontract as a basis for disallowing APS 's subcontract costs, although the failure to 
obtain such consent was asserted by the DCAA as the basis for disallowing all of the 
costs charged by another of APS's lower tier subcontractors, Burr Business Solutions 
(BBS)3 (R4, tabs 2, 6, 8). 
2 Pursuant to the Special 8(a) Subcontract Conditions clause APS is recognized as a 
subcontractor to an agreement between the Small Business Administration and 
the Navy's FISC Norfolk Philadelphia Office. 
3 The contracting officer also ratified APS's election to subcontract with BBS and 
issued a modification establishing labor categories and hourly rates to be used 
by APS to bill the government for BBS's services (R4, tab 6). The record 
includes no evidence that a similar modification was issued with respect to 
PSA. In its brief, the government hints at suggesting APS's failure to obtain 
written consent to subcontract as a basis for denying the appeal (gov't br. at 7, 
14-15, 31). Had this argument been fully developed we would not have found 
it persuasive given the contracting officer's ratification of APS's subcontract 
agreement with PSA. 
3 

6. With respect to pricing, the subcontract agreement with PSA included a 
table setting forth how the parties would divide the work responsibility under the 
contract by labor category and the annual fee for the personnel associated with each of 
the contract's labor categories (R4, tab 10). The agreement stated: 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
Examples of Subcontractor's fees for providing contract 
employees pursuant to this Agreement are as follows: 
Job Titles Tasked to PSA Access Bill Rate 
Or Access 51% 
POl-CAV PSA 
POl-CAV PSA 
POl-CAV Access $66,035 
POl-CAV Access $66,035 
PO I-Carcass Tracking Access $140,500 
PO I-Carcass Tracking Access $126,450 
POI-SIT PSA 
POI-SIT Access $126,450 
POI-SIT PSA 
P03-IWST SSS PSA 
P03-Code 0341 PSA 
P03-Code 0341 PSA 
P03-Code 0363 Access $119,425 
P03-Code 0363 PSA 
P03-Code 0363 PSA 
P02-DoD Acquisition PSA 
P02-DoD Acquisition PSA 
P02-DoD Acquisition Access $119,425 
P02-DoD Acquisition Access $119,425 
P02-DoD Acquisition Access $112,400 
P02-DoD Acquisition Access $112,400 
P02-DoD Acquisition Access $112,400 
P02-DoD Acquisition Access $112,400 
Total Dollars $1,333,345 
Percentage 51.08% 
PSA Bill Rate 
49% 
$66,035 
$66,035 
$140,500 
$126,450 
$119,425 
$119,425 
$119,425 
$133,475 
$133,475 
$126,450 
$126,450 
$1,277,145 
48.92% 
(Id. at 3) The table indicates that where the personnel from PSA would be working in 
the same labor category as APS's personnel, APS intended for PSA to bill it at the 
same hourly rate that APS would bill the government for its own personnel, e.g., PSA 
would bill APS $66,035 annually for a CAV Analyst, which equates to the hourly rate 
4 

of $33.02 set forth in the contract for this labor category when the annual rate is 
divided by 2,000 hours and rounded to two places. All of the annual fee rates set forth 
in the agreement for PSA's personnel equate to the corresponding hourly rate set forth 
in the contract between APS and the government when the annual fee is divided by 
2,000 hours and rounded to two places. The agreement also states that PSA had 
accepted the same markup on base wages that APS had used in calculating the rates set 
forth in the contract (R4, tab 10 at 4 ). Accordingly, the record indicates that APS 
intended PSA to bill it at the same hourly rates as APS billed the government. 
7. On 2 February 2011, the DCAA issued a DCAA Form 1, Notice of Contract 
Costs Suspended and/or Disapproved to APS, which identified six separate and unrelated 
items of costs questioned by DCAA (R4, tab 2). 
8. Only Item No. 1, relating to PSA's subcontractor costs remains in dispute. Under 
this item, DCAA disapproved costs totaling $22,236, stating: "APS billed subcontract 
direct labor hours at prime contract direct labor rates. We calculated the differences 
between the prime contract direct labor rates and the subcontract direct labor rates and 
applied the claimed subcontract direct labor hours to the difference." DCAA reviewed the 
27 invoices that had been submitted and paid previously and calculated the difference for 
each invoice to arrive at the total amount disapproved. (R4, tab 2) 
9. In a letter dated 10 February 2011, APS responded to the DCAA disapproval. 
APS acknowledged it had billed its subcontractor's labor hours at the hourly rates set 
forth in the contract and that this was more than the hourly rate that its subcontractor had 
charged APS for the hours its personnel had worked. APS explained that PSA had 
made 
a mistake in its invoicing and had failed to follow APS' s direction to bill it in 
accordance with the billing rates set forth in their subcontract agreement. APS advised 
the contracting officer PSA had divided the yearly fee by 
2,080 hours instead of the 
2,000 hours (a 4% difference) the contract 
agreement between APS and the government 
was based on and that PSA had invoiced separately for its personnel's vacation pay 
instead of incorporating it into the hourly rates PSA billed APS. (R4, tab 3) APS 
advised it had not included the vacation pay PSA billed it separately, when it billed the 
government. APS' s assertions in this regard are confirmed by the invoices it received 
from PSA, which show, (1) a 4% difference from the hourly rates included in APS's 
contract with the government; and (2) a separate line item charge for vacation pay for 
Marion Green.4 (R4, tabs 12, 14) 
10. PSA's Invoice No. 11, covering the week ending 10 January 2010, for 
example, includes the following hourly rates for the personnel that worked during the 
4 The record includes only two of PSA's invoices to APS (R4, tabs 12, 14). It does 
not include all of the invoices PSA submitted to APS. 
5 

period covered by the invoice: $57.42, $60.79, $64.17, $31.75 and $67.55 (R4, tab 12 
at 2). Increasing these rates by 4% equates to the corresponding contract rates of 
$59.71, $63.23, $66.74, $33.02 and $70.25 (finding 2). The record indicates APS did 
not include the separate vacation pay item charge PSA had included in its Invoice 
No. 11 for Marion Green in its invoice to the government corresponding to the period 
for the week ending 10 January 2010 (ex. 7, voucher No. 11 at 1-2). 
11. In her final decision dated 28 April 2011, the contracting officer agreed 
with the DCAA, stating: "You have incorrectly billed the government for services that 
were provided by Professional Services of America (PSA). The amount you billed 
exceeds the amount that you were billed by PSA for these services. I concur with 
DCAA findings that these costs are disapproved." 5 (R4, tab 6) 
12. APS sought reconsideration of the contracting officer's decision in an 
email message sent by its representative, Mr. Tyrone Miller, on 28 April 2011. APS 
reiterated that the hourly rates PSA had charged APS in its invoices did not include 
allowances for vacation pay, which APS was nevertheless responsible for under its 
agreement with PSA. Mr. Miller concluded APS's message by stating: "Ifwe are to 
base your decision on what I am be [sic] billed by PSA I would think it has to be based 
on the total that I am being billed by them." (R4, tab 7) 
13. Under date of6 May 2011, the contracting officer again denied APS's 
claim. In her denial the contracting officer stated: "You cannot bill the Government at 
a rate higher than the rate billed to you by your subcontractor. This is a Time and 
Material type contract and indirect costs, such as vacation or holiday pay should 
behave [sic] been built into the direct labor rate." (R4, tab 8) 
14. The government maintained its position through the end of appellant's 
performance of the contract, leading to further disallowances and resulting in a total 
current claim of$39,785 (notice of appeal, 20 March 2015). 
5 The final decision failed to include the appeal rights language mandated by the 
Contract Disputes Act (41 U.S.C. § 7103(e)) as implemented by FAR 33.211 
(a)(4)(v)). We have previously ruled in this appeal that the failure to include 
the appeal rights language prejudiced appellant, a contractor we described as 
being an "unknowledgeable contractor," neither aware of the dispute process 
generally, nor the Board's existence at the time of the decision denying the 
claim. Access Personnel Services, Inc., ASBCA No. 59900, 16-1 BCA 
ii 36,407. 
6 

DECISION 
The government contends that under the plain meaning of the Payments clause, 
appellant is entitled to be reimbursed only for the hours its subcontractor personnel 
worked and at the hourly rates the subcontractor billed appellant (gov't br. at 1-2). It 
argues the Payments clause precludes appellant from billing the government at hourly 
rates higher than the rates its subcontractor used to bill it. In perhaps the clearest 
expression of its position, the government asserts: "Under the contract's Payments 
Clause, specifically FAR 52.232-7(b ), APS is entitled to receive reimbursement for the 
hours worked by its subcontractor at the actual labor rates of its subcontractor." 
(Gov't br. at 2) Appellant's position is that it is entitled to be paid the hourly rates set 
forth in the contract for both its own work as well as that of its subcontractor. In this 
regard appellant asserts: 
[The government] is erroneously attempting to apply 
Section (b) to an area that clearly falls under the purview 
of Section (a) sentence 1, which reads: (a) Hourly rate. 
(1) The amounts shall be computed by multiplying the 
appropriate hourly rates prescribed in the Schedule by 
the number of direct labor hours performed. This is the 
sole basis of my claim that I be paid at the hourly rates as 
prescribed in my contract. 
(App. br. at 2) We hold that both parties have misinterpreted the Payments clause. 
In part, we rely on time-honored rules of contract interpretation to resolve this 
dispute. The starting point for contract interpretation is the language of the written 
agreement. NVT Technologies, Inc. v. United States. 370 F.3d 1153. 1159 (Fed. Cir. 
2004 ). When interpreting the language of a contract, reasonable meaning must be given 
all parts of the agreement so as not to render any portion meaningless, or to interpret any 
provision so as to create a conflict with other provisions of the contract. Hercules Inc. v. 
United States. 292 F.3d 1378, 1380-81 (Fed. Cir. 2002); Fortec Constructors v. United 
States, 760 F.2d 1288, 1292 (Fed. Cir. 1985): United States v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 
713 F.2d 1541. 1555 (Fed. Cir. 1983). The nature of the contract is to be determined bv 
an objective reading of its language, i.e .. its plain meaning, not by the parties' 
characterizations or their subjective intent. Mc Hugh v. DLT Solutions, Inc., 618 F .3d 
1375, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Valley Apparel, LLC, ASBCA No. 57606, 12-1 BCA 
ii 35,013 at 172,052. The Federal Circuit permits the use of dictionaries to establish the 
ordinary or plain meaning of contract terms and does not consider this to constitute 
impermissible extrinsic evidence. Teg-Paradigm Envtl., Inc. v. United States, 465 F.3d 
1329, 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2006); see also Vanguard Products Corp. v. Parker Hannifin 
Corp., 234 F.3d 1370, 1372 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (involving interpretation of patent claim); 
7 

Int'! Bus. Mach. Corp. v. United States, 201F.3d1367, 1372 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (involving 
interpretation of statute). 
It should be noted the parties do not dispute the number of hours worked by 
appellant's subcontractor. The issue is centered on whether appellant is limited to only 
receiving reimbursement for the hourly labor rates its subcontractor, PSA, billed it. 
Our response to this question is no because the contract's Payments clause does not 
state that a contractor will be reimbursed for the hourly rates it is charged by its 
subcontractor. Instead, it plainly states the government will reimburse the contractor 
for costs of subcontracts. The record does not reflect any dispute regarding whether 
the vacation pay that appellant was responsible for under the subcontract agreement is 
a subcontract cost or that it is allowable. In fact, the contracting officer's statement 
that the hourly rates PSA used in its billing should have included vacation pay, 
suggests that she recognized such costs are allowable (finding 13). Nor does the 
record reflect any dispute over appellant's contention that it has not been compensated 
for the vacation pay for PSA's employees, or that it was obligated to pay it. 
Neither the contract, nor the FAR define "reimburse." Accordingly, as we must, 
we give it its common meaning, which is defined as: "To pay back or compensate (a 
person) for money spent or for losses or damages incurred." WEBSTER'S II, NEW 
RIVERSIDE UNIVERSITY DICTIONARY (1988). The problem we have with the 
government's position is that it ignores entirely, or at best is at odds with the meaning of 
"reimburse" and the Payments clause's mandate that the contractor be reimbursed for 
costs of subcontracts. If we were to adopt the government's position, appellant would 
receive no compensation for the cost of the vacation pay it undisputedly has paid to PSA. 
There is no language in the Payments clause, or elsewhere in the contract, mandating that 
appellant develop an hourly labor rate covering all of its subcontract costs to use in billing 
the government as the contracting officer suggested should have occurred, although the 
record indicates that this is indeed what appellant intended. 6 (Findings 6, 9, 10) PSA's 
failure to bill appellant in accordance with appellant's directive interfered with this plan. 
There is language in the Payments clause with respect to contractors that requires that 
an hourly rate, including all direct, fringe benefits, overhead and profit be used when billing 
the government for the contractors' employees' time, but, when it comes to subcontractors, 
the version of the Payments clause included in the contract plainly states contractors will be 
reimbursed for subcontract costs, not hours. We find the government has failed to pay 
appellant in accordance with the Payments clause and therefore sustain the appeal. 
6 The contracting officer's statement is somewhat ironic given that, in essence, this 
may be what appellant did or was trying to do by charging the hourly labor 
rates set forth in the contract for its subcontractor's employees (finding 6). 
8 

This does not mean, however, that we necessarily agree that appellant is entitled to 
all of the costs it seeks, for it too, misinterprets the Payments clause. Appellant also 
disregards the language regarding reimbursement of subcontractor costs. Instead of seeking 
reimbursement of its subcontract costs, appellant billed the government for its 
subcontractor's hours, using the same hourly rate set forth in the contract for its employees' 
services. It is possible the resultant total cost billed to the government would be identical to 
the reimbursable subcontract cost that appellant is entitled to under the Payments clause, 
given the adjustments appellant's subcontractor made to the contract's hourly rates to 
account for the vacation pay separately (findings 9, 10). It is also possible that appellant has 
under, or over, billed the government for the actual cost of the vacation pay it has paid to its 
subcontractor. The record, however, does not permit this determination because it does not 
include all of the invoices PSA submitted to appellant, so we are unable to compare the 
amount appellant billed the government to what it paid its subcontractor. However, we are 
not called upon to make this finding, as the appeal was bifurcated to determine entitlement 
only. The appeal is sustained and returned to the parties for resolution of the quantum to be 
paid appellant in accordance with our decision. We dismiss the motion for summary 
judgment as moot. 
Dated: 7 September 2017 
Administrative Judge 
Acting Chairman 
Armed Services Board 
of Contract Appeals 
9 
Administrative Judge 
Armed Services Board 
of Contract Appeals 
I concur 
J. RE1I)l!'PRouTY 
Administrative Judge 
Vice Chairman 
Armed Services Board 
of Contract Appeals 

I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the 
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA No. 59900, Appeal of Access 
Personnel Services, Inc., rendered in conformance with the Board's Charter. 
Dated: 
10 
JEFFREY D. GARDIN 
Recorder, Armed Services 
Board of Contract Appeals