ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS 
 
Appeal of - )  
 )  
Trade West Construction, Inc. ) ASBCA No.  61068 
 )   
Under Contract No. W912PM-15-C-0024 )  
    
APPEARANCES FOR THE APPELLANT: Karl Dix, Jr., Esq.  
Lochlin B. Samples, Esq. 
    Smith, Currie & Hancock LLP 
    Atlanta, GA 
 
APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT: Michael P. Goodman, Esq. 
    Engineer Chief Trial Attorney 
 David C. Brasfield, Jr., Esq. 
Carl E. Pruitt, Jr., Esq. 
    Engineer Trial Attorneys 
    U.S. Army Engineer District, Mobile 
 
OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE STINSON 
 
 Appellant Trade West Construction, Inc., (Trade West), appeals a contracting 
officer’s denial of its October 21, 2016, claim, in the amount of $304,062, for shaping 
armor stone prior to placing it on top of an existing jetty.  Trade West argues that the 
government wrongfully rejected the armor stone it wished to use, thereby forcing it to 
spend time and money shaping the armor stone to make it acceptable to the 
government.  (R4, tab 3)  We have jurisdiction pursuant to the Contract Disputes Act 
of 1978 (CDA), 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101-7109.  The parties submitted cross-motions for 
summary judgment, reply briefs, and exhibits to be considered in deciding this appeal.1  
Appellant also submitted two affidavits.  For the reasons stated below, the parties’ 
cross-motions for summary judgment are denied. 
 
                                              
1 The government’s motion for summary judgment and appellant’s cross-motion for 
summary judgment/response to the government’s motion are referred to herein 
as “gov’t mot.” and “app. mot.”  The government’s response to appellant’s 
cross-motion/reply in support of its own motion is referred to as “gov’t resp.”  
Appellant’s reply in support of its motion for summary judgment is referred to 
as “app. reply.”   

2 
STATEMENT OF FACTS (SOF) FOR PURPOSES OF THE 
PARTIES’ CROSS-MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT 
 
 1.  On September 25, 2015, the United States Army Corp of Engineers (USACE), 
Wilmington District, awarded Trade West Contract No. W912PM-15-C-0024 (the 
Contract), in the amount of $3,294,362.00, for South Jetty repairs to the Masonboro, 
Inlet located in New Hanover County, North Carolina (R4, tab 4.1 at 126, 132-33).  The 
Contract required placement of armor stone weighing of 14 to 22 tons on an existing 
jetty, insuring that the armor stone “form a compact mass and interlock with each other 
and the existing stones” (R4, tab 4.1 at 134, 298). 
 
 2.  The Contract included specifications for “Exterior Improvements,” 
Section 32 05 00.38, entitled “Stone.”  Contained within that section was Part 1, 
“General,” Part 2, “Products,” and Part 3, “Execution.”  (R4, tab 4.1 at 293)   
  
 3.  Part 1.1, entitled “Scope,” provided, “[t]he work under this section shall 
include all plant, labor, materials, work surface, and equipment required for the 
furnishing, transportation, storage, and placing of stone as shown on the drawings” 
(R4, tab 4.1 at 294). 
  
 4.  Part 2.1, entitled “Materials,” provided, in part:  
 
2.1.2 Armor Stone 
 
Stone shall consist of fresh, sound, hard, dense, durable, 
crystalline igneous or metamorphic rock which shall be 
separated from bedrock by quarrying.  The stone shall be 
of such quality that the individual stone integrity and 
permanence within the jetty is assured under all conditions 
to which it is subjected. 
 
 . . . .  
 
The stone shall be free from open or incipient cracks, 
joints, seams, fissures and structural planes of weakness 
which might contribute to spalling or breakdown from; 
handling and placing, freeze-thaw cycles, wet-dry cycles, 
or from wave action.  The stone shall be furnished in 
blocky and angular shapes.  Flat stones, tabular stones, 
slabs, boulders and parts of boulders will be rejected.  No  
  

3 
stone will be permitted which has a longest dimension that 
is three times (3X) or greater, than its least dimension. 
 
(R4, tab 4.1 at 296) 
 5.  Part 2.1.3, entitled “Stone Size and Gradations,” provided “[f]or the 
granite/granite gneiss armor stone, the specified weight range shall be 14.0 tons to 
22.0 tons with 75% weighing more than 18.0 tons” (R4, tab 4.1 at 297). 
  
 6.  Part 2.1.4, entitled “Stone Sources,” provided: 
 
The source(s) from which the Contractor proposes to 
obtain stone materials as required for these specifications 
shall be selected and identified to the Contracting Officer 
or his/her designated representative within 15 days of 
receipt of Notice to Proceed.  This source(s) shall be 
inspected by a Corps of Engineers Geologist.  The stone 
source(s) shall provide test results of ASTM 
D5312/D5312M and ASTM D5313/D5313M and records 
of successful use on similar projects.  The stone sampled 
by the Contractor shall be no less than 5 inches per side, 
excluding the thickness, and shall be tested by a Corps of 
Engineers validated commercial testing laboratory, or a 
Corps of Engineers laboratory.  The tests shall include; 
bulk specific gravity, saturated surface dry (SSD) unit 
weight, absorption (all three tests as per ASTM C127), 
abrasion, wetting and drying (ASTM D5313/D5313M), 
and freeze-thaw (ASTM D5312/D5312M).  The results of 
the testing shall be submitted to the Contracting Officer or 
his/her designated representative for review and approval 
at least 30 days prior to being shipped to the construction 
site. 
 
(R4, tab 4.1 at 297)  
 7.  Part 2.1.5, entitled “Stone Not Meeting The Specifications,” provided, in 
part: 
 
If, during the progress of the work, it is found that the 
stone being furnished and/or placed by the Contractor does 
not meet all the requirements of the specifications, the 
Contractor shall furnish other stone of a quality acceptable 
to the Contracting Officer or his/her designated 

4 
representative.  Any stone rejected at the site of work as 
not meeting the requirements of these specifications for 
quality, condition, size, or otherwise, shall be removed 
from the site by and at the expense of the Contractor.  All 
stones which are broken during shipment to the work site 
or during placement shall be rejected.  The Contractor shall 
dispose of all rejected stone in a manner that is approved 
by the Contracting Officer or his/her designated 
representative. 
 
(R4, tab 4.1 at 297) 
 8.  Part 3.2, entitled “Placement of Stone,” provided, in part: 
 
3.2.1 General 
 
Care shall be taken to place the stone so that they will form 
a compact mass, and form as nearly as practicable a cross-
section of the height, width, and slopes as shown on the 
contract drawings.  All stones shall be carefully placed so 
as to form a compact mass and to minimize the voids 
between them.  Special care shall be taken during 
placement of stone to avoid damaging the existing 
sheetpile wall.  
 
(R4, tab 4.1 at 298) 
 9.  Part 3.2.4, entitled “Armor Stone Placement,” provided: 
Armor stone shall be placed in a single layer to achieve the 
design cross sections and top elevation, as shown on the 
drawings.  Begin placement of the stone at the toe of the 
placement limits and work upslope to reduce the risk of 
stone rolling and launching.  Dropping of stones onto the 
structure is strictly prohibited.  Each armor stone shall be 
lowered to rest before being released and shall be placed to 
the satisfaction of the Contracting Officer or his/her 
representative.  All stones shall be carefully placed so as to 
minimize the size of voids between them.  The armor 
stones of various sizes and shapes shall be distributed such 
  

5 
that they form a compact mass and interlock with each 
other and the existing stones. 
 
(R4, tab 4.1 at 298) 
 10.  Part 3.3, entitled “Quality Control,” provided, in part: 
 
3.3.1  General 
 
The Contractor shall establish and maintain quality control 
for the armor stone and all other operations in connection 
therewith to assure compliance with contract requirements.  
The Contractor shall inspect for compliance with contract 
requirement and record the inspection of all operations, 
including but not limited to the following: 
 
a.  Armor stone complies with the specifications for quality 
and weight and is placed to the lines and grades shown in 
the drawings within allowable tolerances. 
 
b.  All stone placed in a dense compact mass. 
 
(R4, tab 4.1 at 298-99) 
 11.  Note 2 on Contract drawing CN101 stated, “[t]he intent of the project is to 
provide one new layer of armor stone within the approximate armor stone placement 
limits area shown.  The cross hatched areas shown are a general guide for stone 
placement.”  (Ex. A-8)2 
 
 12.  Note 4 on Contract drawing CN301 stated, in part: 
Armor stone shall be placed to achieve the design cross 
sections and top elevation, as shown on plates CN301 thru 
                                              
2 Appellant included a total of eight exhibits with its filings.  The five exhibits 
included with its initial motion were labeled “TWC Exhibit A,” through “TWC 
Exhibit E.”  The three exhibits included with its responsive motion were labeled 
“EXA,” through “EXC.”  Where referenced in this decision, we refer to 
appellant’s eight exhibits sequentially as “ex. A-1” through, “ex. A-8” 
beginning with the five exhibits included with its initial motion (which were 
labeled TWC Exhibit A through E) and concluding with the three exhibits 
included with its responsive motion (which were labeled EXA through EXC). 
 

6 
CN308.  Stone shall be placed in a single layer within the 
horizontal and vertical limits shown . . . .  Please note, the 
stones depicted on the typical cross sections, as well as the 
cross sections themselves, are merely general 
representations, and do not mandate the size of the stone to 
be utilized.  They are only intended to be a general 
example of proper stone placement. 
 
(Ex. A-8) 
 
 13.  The Contract incorporated FAR 52.243-4, CHANGES (JUN 2007), stating, 
in part:  
 
(b) Any other written or oral order (which, as used in this 
paragraph (b), includes direction, instruction, 
interpretation, or determination) from the Contracting 
Officer that causes a change shall be treated as a change 
order under this clause; provided, that the Contractor gives 
the Contracting Officer written notice stating  
 
(1) the date, circumstances, and source of the order and  
 
(2) that the Contractor regards the order as a change order. 
 
(c) Except as provided in this clause, no order, statement, 
or conduct of the Contracting Officer shall be treated as a 
change under this clause or entitle the Contractor to an 
equitable adjustment. 
 
(d) If any change under this clause causes an increase or 
decrease in the Contractor’s cost of, or the time required 
for, the performance of any part of the work under this 
contract, whether or not changed by any such order, the 
Contracting Officer shall make an equitable adjustment 
and modify the contract in writing.  However, except for 
an adjustment based on defective specifications, no 
adjustment for any change under paragraph (b) of this 
clause shall be made for any costs incurred more than 
20 days before the Contractor gives written notice as 
required.  In the case of defective specifications for which 
the Government is responsible, the equitable adjustment 
shall include any increased cost reasonably incurred by the 

7 
Contractor in attempting to comply with the defective 
specifications. 
 
(e) The Contractor must assert its right to an adjustment 
under this clause within 30 days after  
 
(1) receipt of a written change order under paragraph (a) of 
this clause or  
 
(2) the furnishing of a written notice under paragraph (b) 
of this clause, by submitting to the Contracting Officer a 
written statement describing the general nature and amount 
of proposal, unless this period is extended by the 
Government.  The statement of proposal for adjustment 
may be included in the notice under paragraph (b) above. 
 
48 C.F.R. § 52.243-4; (R4, tab 4.1 at 218-19). 
 14.  The September 25, 2015, cover letter congratulating Trade West on the 
award of the Contract, stated, in part: 
 
It is emphasized that only a warranted Contracting Officer 
(either a Procuring Contracting Officer (PCO), or an 
Administrative Contracting Officer (ACO)), acting within 
their delegated limits, has the authority to issue 
modifications or otherwise change the terms and 
conditions of this contract.  If an individual other than the 
Contracting Officer attempts to make changes to the terms 
and conditions of this contract you shall not proceed with 
the change and shall immediately notify the Contracting 
Officer. 
 
(R4, tab 4.1 at 127) 
 15.  Modification No. P00001 issued the Notice to Proceed, effective 
November 24, 2015, and established a Contract completion date of May 22, 2016 (R4, 
tabs 4.2 at 440-43).  
 
 16.  On November 24, 2015, Andy Leavitt, Trade West’s Project 
Superintendent, requested a site meeting with USACE geotechnical personnel at the 
Martin Marietta Fountain Quarry (Fountain Quarry) to view armor stone proposed for 

8 
use on the project (exs. G-1, A-1).3  The parties met at Fountain Quarry, and, 
subsequently, on December 28, 2015, the government notified the contractor “that the 
rock submitted and inspected at the quarry is acceptable for use on the subject project” 
(ex. G-2).  Appellant proposed no other supplier of armor stones other than Fountain 
Quarry, although appellant had communicated with other quarries about providing 
armor stone for the project (exs. G-18 to -22).     
 
 17.  In February 2016, appellant made additional inquiries from quarries about 
supplying armor stone for the project (exs. G-23 to -24).   
 
 18.  Appellant experienced a slow rate of production at Fountain Quarry, and, 
by email dated February 24, 2016, Trade West requested an on-site meeting with the 
government to consider armor stone from a second source.  Trade West stated it would 
deliver stone samples to its staging area for the government to review and was 
gathering test reports for review, which would be forwarded to the government “once 
they have been found to meet all the specifications of the contract.”  (Ex. G-3)  The 
parties held a telephone conference that same day, discussing Trade West’s request 
(ex. G-4). 
 
 19.  The parties met at the project site on February 26, 2016, to discuss the use of 
stone from Salisbury Quarry.  In an email dated February 29, 2016, Rolando Serrano, 
the contracting officer’s representative, expressed concerns arising from what was 
witnessed at that meeting: 
 
On Friday February 26, 2016 during our meeting between 
TWC and members of the Corps of Engineers at TWC’s 
Stock Yard; it was observed that a rather large quantity of 
rock (flat faced) from the Salisbury quarry had been 
delivered to your yard for which our representatives have 
strong concerns about.  I strongly suggest that TWC not 
continue delivery of rock from an un-approved source. 
 
(Exs. G-4 to -5)   
 20.  By Serial Letter TWC-0001, dated February 29, 2016, and addressed to 
Contracting Officer Charlene Figgins, Trade West’s Quality Control Manager, 
Steven Potter, sought “to clarify Trade West Construction’s interpretation of the 
contract specification pertaining to Armor Stone, and why we believe that the blocky 
and angular stone we are proposing to use meets the specification requirements as 
                                              
3 Where referenced in this decision, we refer to the 26 consecutively-numbered 
exhibits submitted by the government with its initial and responsive motion as 
“ex. G-1” through “ex. G-26.”   

9 
outlined in the contract” (ex. G-7 at TWC004086).  As support, Mr. Potter cited 
Contract specifications relating to both “Materials” (Part 2.1) and “Placement” 
(Part 3.2): 
 
Specification Section 32 05 00.38 STONE, paragraph 2.1.2 
Armor Stone, states that “The stone shall be furnished in 
blocky and angular shapes.”  After extensive digging into 
what defines a stone as “blocky and angular” we found 
several credible sources, all of which have similar 
definitions.  You can see all of the definitions we 
uncovered attached to this letter.  We find that “blocky” is 
best defined as “resembling a block in form,” and 
“angular” is best defined as “having one or more angles.”  
Additionally, the USGS interprets “angular” at the granular 
level as being the “opposite of round.”  Further search into 
a definition where “blocky and angular” were used in 
conjunction with one another, typically turned up 
landscaping stones which closely resembled the blocky 
stones we are proposing to use, but on a much smaller 
scale.  
 
Specification Section 32 05 00.38 STONE, paragraph 3.2.4 
Armor Stone Placement, states that “The armor stones of 
various sizes and shapes shall be distributed such that they 
form a compact mass and interlock with each other and the 
existing stones.”  I reference this segment of the 
specifications due to the verbiage pertaining to various size 
and shapes.  The stone we are proposing to use consistently 
produces various sizes and shapes with no two stones 
holding the same dimensions, angles or shapes.  On 
February 26, 2016, while the COE had representatives 
on-site, we measured several blocks and found that every 
sample produced its own unique dimensions.  
 
(Id.)  Trade West also cited a mockup presentation allegedly demonstrating the 
proposed Salisbury Quarry armor stone could be placed to minimize voids and 
increase surface contact (id. at TWC004087).  A copy of the mockup presentation was 
provided to the government on March 3, 2016 (exs. G-8 to -9). 
 
 21.  More than 60 Salisbury Quarry stones were delivered to, and stockpiled at, 
the contractor’s staging area prior to appellant’s submitting to the government 
information required by paragraph 2.1.4 of the specifications and prior to the 

10 
government’s approval of stone from that quarry (ex. A-4 at TWC000456-457, ex. A-7 
at 5; R4, tab 5.3 at 493-94). 
 
 22.  By Serial Letter C-0001, dated March 7, 2016, the contracting officer 
responded to appellant’s Serial Letter TWC-0001, rejecting the stones delivered to the 
site from Salisbury Quarry as not meeting specification requirements and being 
unacceptable for placement (R4, tab 5.3).  The contracting officer stated that “[t]he 
specifications and contract documents presented in their entirety clearly indicate the 
intent of the Corps to have random, irregularly shaped stone that will provide the 
maximum potential for interlocking of various shaped stones” (id. at 493).  The 
government made an “[e]ngineering determination that rectangular stones will not 
sufficiently interlock with the existing stones, as mandated by the specifications, and 
therefore will not provide the requisite stability over the functional life of this 
structure” (id. at 492).  The contracting officer also stated that the “non-interlocking 
stones if placed on the existing structure would act as individual structures and not as a 
system of stones to resist wave and current forces that occur in the ocean environment 
as the design intended” (id.).  The contracting officer relied upon paragraph 3.2.4 of 
the Contract, which requires “[t]he armor stones of various sizes and shapes . . . be 
distributed such that they form a compact mass and interlock with each other and the 
existing stones,” stating “[b]ecause the existing stones in the jetty are of varying sizes 
and shapes, it is unlikely that a significant number of rectangular stones can be placed 
in a manner to be satisfactorily interlocked with the existing stones” (id.). 
 
 As to the issue of “blocky stone,” the contracting officer stated that “the surface 
area contact of rectangular stones with relatively flat sides does not equate to the 
specifications’ intent of interlocking, and does not provide sufficient stability during 
settling of the structure” (id. at 493).  The contracting officer also stated: 
 
In your correspondence, you focus your justification on 
two words in the specification – “blocky” and “angular”.  
However, that sentence must be read in the context of the 
surrounding sentences and the specification as a whole.  
Per specification section 32 05 00.38, paragraph 2.1.2, 
“...stone shall be furnished in blocky and angular shapes.  
Flat stones, tabular stones, slabs, boulders and parts of 
boulders will be rejected.”  The samples presented in your 
documentation are rectangular, and are considered to be 
unacceptable, as they share the seminal characteristic of 
several of the specified types of stones that will be rejected 
– flat surfaces.  Stones that are flat, tabular and slabs, with 
  

11 
their flat sides, are not able to satisfy the interlocking 
requirement. 
 
(Id.) 
 23.  By Serial Letter TWC-0002, dated March 8, 2016, Mr. Potter responded to 
the contracting officer’s letter, acknowledging the government’s position that it “does 
not like the shape of the stone” and informing the government that it had ceased 
hauling materials from the Salisbury Quarry (R4, tab 5.4).  Appellant requested a 
meeting “to inspect materials available at the quarry that are of more various shapes 
and not so rectangular” and stated it had “discovered on [the] ground at the quarry 
there are multiple various stone shapes we would like, as a team effort, to get 
approved” (id.). 
 
 24.  The parties visited Salisbury Quarry on March 11, 2016.  In a March 16, 
2016, government “Memorandum For:  Contracting,” Shannon Geoly, Resident 
Engineer, documented the trip, stating, in part: 
 
4.  Mr. Leavitt proposed cutting the stone to shape it to 
meet the satisfaction of the Government.  It was 
determined the sample available was not a final product.  
When questioned why the product was not finalized for 
review, he indicated he requested we visit the quarry to 
show us the color of the stone once it had weathered.  It 
was noted the color of the stone was not an issue and that 
none of the documentation thus far had referenced the 
color of the stone but the shape of the stone. 
 
5.  Mr. Leavitt continued discussions regarding cutting the 
stone to alter the shape and stated multiple times that he, 
“was bending over backwards,” offering this course of 
action because the Government had no choice but to 
approve this stone.  I responded that was the opinion of 
Trade West Construction and not the Government. 
 
6.  Mr. Leavitt stated he wanted to know what the 
Government wanted.  I responded that we already indicated 
our desired stone based upon the original stone that was 
submitted for acceptance and that had already been 
delivered to the storage area from Fountain Quarry . . . . 
 
 . . . . 
 

12 
7.  During discussions, Mr. Leavitt repeatedly voiced his 
opinion the stone he was offering to use from Salisbury 
Quarry was a superior stone to that offered from Fountain 
Quarry.  He maintained the stone was of better quality and 
would better interlock with the existing stone and with 
each other.  He indicated that purchasing the stone from 
Salisbury Quarry would be 30-35% more expensive than 
purchasing from Fountain Quarry but that he could 
transport it to the storage yard much faster and mitigated 
concerns regarding obtaining stones of the proper tonnage. 
 
 . . . . 
 
9.  Mr. Leavitt spoke adamantly that he felt the 
Government had no choice but to accept the rectangular 
stone from the Salisbury Quarry because it fully met the 
project specifications.  However, he offered to shape the 
rectangular stones to keep things moving forward.  He 
stated that he would shape one of the already delivered 
stones and request the Government inspect the shaped 
stone upon completion at the Wilmington area storage 
yard.  The Government agreed to inspect the proposed 
shaped stone upon completion but cautioned him that 
agreeing to inspect the stone did not guarantee approval of 
the process or the resultant shaped stone. 
 
(Ex. G-10) 
 
 25.  On March 11, 2016, following the site visit at the Salisbury Quarry, 
Mr. Leavitt emailed the contracting officer a copy of a letter authored by appellant’s 
counsel, Karl Dix, Jr., stating his opinion that stone from Salisbury Quarry met the 
specification requirements (exs. G-11 to -12).  Mr. Dix stated, in part: 
 
Based upon the review of these submissions and our 
understanding of the nature and character of the stone 
proposed for use on the contract, we believe that the stone 
complies with the requirements of the specification both 
according to its plain terms as well as its intent.  According 
to Corps of Engineers Board of Contract Appeals 
decisional law, rejection of specification compliant Armor  
  

13 
Stone entitles the contractor to recover its extra costs for 
complying with the additional Armor Stone requirements. 
 
 . . . . 
 
Obviously, cut block stone is “blocky”, much more so than 
stone which is quarried by blasting.  It is angular in that the 
cut block stone has flat surfaces which converge to form 
angles rather than rounded surfaces which could be 
produced by blasting.  The specification does not prohibit 
flat surfaces in the stone but does contain requirements 
relating to the proportion of dimensions to ensure that 
slabs, rather than blocks, are not used.  The stone offered 
by Trade West, we understand, meets this dimensional 
requirement.  We understand that cut block stone is 
generally not used for these applications since it is far 
more expensive than stone quarried by blasting.  As the cut 
stone is safer (less susceptible to rolling or shifting), it will 
provide a much more stable armor for the jetty and better 
protect the jetty structure beneath it. 
 
(Ex. G-12 at TWC008398, TWC008401)  Mr. Dix also stated that the Contract did not 
define the term “interlocking” (ex. G-12 at TWC008399).  Mr. Dix concluded that 
appellant was entitled “to its additional costs of performance” in the event the 
government did not accept the Salisbury Quarry stone (ex. G-12 at TWC008401). 
 
 26.  Appellant submitted with its responsive motion a draft inspection report 
prepared by government Geologist Kelley Kaltenbach summarizing “the pertinent 
facts regarding the quarry inspection that took place on Friday, March 11, 2016 at the 
Rock of Ages, Salisbury Quarry” (ex. A-7 ¶ 1).  Mr. Kaltenbach’s report states, in part: 
 
The quarry produces high grade granite dimension 
stone and cut block for high-end countertops.  The stone 
proposed to supply the project is dimension stone that was 
rejected for high end commercial use.  While the stone 
appears to be of high strength and quality, the smooth, saw 
cut faces are considered by USACE to be a cause for 
concern due to the possibility of stone slippage and 
movement within high energy coastal environment.  The 
smooth-cut dimension stone was inspected at the quarry 
and found to be [sic] not to be acceptable for use on 
project, primarily due to the presence of the smooth cut 
face surfaces.  The Contractor proffered to roughen the 

14 
faces by use of a hoe ram in order to utilize the stone at the 
quarry, primarily due to the quantities available to him 
USACE agreed to the demonstration, which was scheduled 
for the week of 14 MAR16. 
 
(Id.) 
 
 27.  By Serial Letter TWC-0003, dated March 20, 2016, and addressed to the 
USACE Wilmington District, Trade West stated that Fountain Quarry was depleted, 
and the rate of production could not provide the needed quantity of stones to 
successfully complete the Contract.  Regarding the shaping of stone from Salisbury 
Quarry, Trade West stated: 
 
At this time we understand that the stone and source are 
still under review by the government and that the 
government would like the following concerns to be 
addressed.  Of the samples that were provided on the 
morning of March 17, 2016 COE saw 3 that were close to 
the desired shapes.  The main concerns with the best stones 
were related to the amount of smooth surfaces still present 
along the saw cut of each stone.  The remaining 
unsatisfactory shaped stone samples had both excessive 
smooth surfaces and were still too blocky in form.  Just 
over 1 hour after the conclusion of the onsite meeting four 
more pictures were provided of stone via email that are 
still on ground at the Salisbury Quarry.  These were 
provided for COE comments and further analysis to ensure 
the next set of samples meet all the physical properties 
desired.  These stones, while closer to the desired shape, 
still had qualities that were found to be blocky in form.  
One stone had two sides opposite one another that 
appeared mostly flat with one of the sides being of a 
smooth surface.  We have taken all of these concerns into 
consideration and are working to develop an adequate 
sample to satisfy the governments [sic] directed 
requirements.  Once we have developed a satisfactory 
shape we will keep the initially accepted samples on-site to 
be used as reference guides when inspecting new shaped 
stones that are delivered to the staging area.  These 
reference stones will be left on ground until the end of the 
job and will be the last to be placed on the jetty structure. 
 
 . . . . 

15 
 
The benefit of the Salisbury Quarry is the [sic] that the 
quantity already exists.  We need only retrieve it from the 
near limitless stockpiles.  Using the Salisbury stone 
provides a guarantee that the required amount can be 
harvested in time for an on-time completion.  Shaping of 
the stone takes approximately 15-20 minutes per stone and 
we are capable of shaping and shipping upwards of 
14 stones per day with a certain level of control to the 
weight of the stones.  The quality of the stone is also 
greatly increased as there are little to no concerns with the 
fracturing that can occur during blasting.  
 
(R4, tab 5.6 at 515-16)  
 28.  By email to the contracting officer dated March 21, 2016, Mr. Leavitt 
provided a copy of appellant’s March 20, 2016, letter referenced in SOF ¶ 27.  
Mr. Leavitt’s email stated, in part: 
 
The reason that I am shaping the rock coming from 
Salisbury to meet the direction of the USACE is that the 
current stockpile of rock meeting the COE requirements is 
over 4000 stones.  I need approximately 350 to finish this 
project.  It is my intention to produce a rock shape that the 
COE will approve and then shape each rock that will be 
hauled from Salisbury and use the Salisbury quarry for the 
balance of the needed rock to complete the Masonboro 
project. 
 
(Ex. A-3) 
 
 29.  Mr. Leavitt stated in his affidavit: 
 
20.  Trade West had strongly advocated for the use of the 
Salisbury Quarry rock without shaping as not only 
acceptable under the contract, but also a better product.  
The Corps refused to accept the stone by requiring Trade 
West to shape the rock.  Since we had 475 stones left to 
place from the Salisbury Quarry rock, we were forced to 
perform as directed by the Corps.  However, we repeatedly 
advocated to the Corps that the shaping of the rock was 
additional work.  Even presuming that the shaping 

16 
operation would last 20 minutes per stone, that could 
equate to one month of extra work. 
 
 . . . . 
 
22.  Thereafter, on March 22, 2016, the Corps approved 
the large stone from the Salisbury Quarry to be used on the 
project provided that each individual stone was shaped 
consistent with the three examples that Trade West had 
shown the Corps of this stone that Trade West had 
mechanically shaped.  This shaping made the stones jagged 
and less blocky and angular. 
 
(Ex. A-1 at 6-7) 
 
 30.  On March 22, 2016, the government issued a Quality Assurance Report 
(QAR) regarding approval of stone from the Salisbury Quarry, stating “[a]ll submittals 
now in and approved...stone to be shaped will follow 3 examples in the yard...ok to 
start work” (ex. G-13) (ellipses in original).  
 
 31.  By email dated March 24, 2016, Mr. Potter contacted Jack Cox, an 
engineer and adjunct professor at the University of Wisconsin, concerning the 
interlock capability of Salisbury Quarry stone.  Mr. Potter’s email stated: 
 
 My name is Steven Potter and I am the Quality 
Control Manager for Trade West Construction.  I am 
seeking information on the feasibility of stones 
interlocking along a jetty structure that is primarily 
comprised of jagged angular boulders weighing between 
14 and 22 tons.  The stones we are looking to place on top 
of this structure are of a blocky granite also weighing 
between 14 and 22 tons.  The question in a nutshell is will 
blocky stones interlock with jagged boulders?  It is our 
belief that the blocky stone will work, but I’d like to obtain 
your council [sic] and discuss whether or not the stone we 
want to use will work.  You can reach me anytime at the 
number below here [or] at this email.  I can provide you 
with pictures and any other information you may need.  
Please let me know if your services are available and if this 
is something you can help us with.   
 
(Ex. G-25 at TWC005332-5333) 

17 
 32.  In an email also dated March 24, 2016, Mr. Cox responded: 
 I will call you Monday to discuss, but that is a tough 
question. If you are placing the blocks on top of the 
existing armor of the jetty, I would say no, not a good idea.  
There will be a slip plane between them.  You did not say 
how thick or how many layers you plan so I’m assuming 
this is placing a repair veneer over the old so likely just 
one layer.  Likely you will not get much interlock.  Square 
cubes of concrete have been used for armor, but they are 
still placed randomly at least two units thick, and care is 
taken so that they don't just stack on another giving a flat 
surface. 
 
 I only know of one example where Bedford cut 
stone was used to cap some breakwaters.  In that case they 
were more square log shaped so that the long axis spanned 
across the crest.  It did seem to work but was so ugly that 
the owner ultimately rejected it[.] 
 
 If you can send me a picture showing how blocky 
these are, maybe I can make a better call and get it 
approved for you.  In the end, it will be how skilled your 
crane operator is that will matter, and that may require 
onsite inspection and control to assure a satisfactory 
product. 
 
(Ex. G-25 at TWC005331-5332) 
 33.  In an email from Mr. Potter to Mr. Leavitt, also dated March 24, 2016, 
Mr. Potter stated: 
 
 Here is a response from one Engineer I reached out 
to.  My email was short with little detail trying simply to 
open a dialogue.  His response sounds great, but not in our 
favor.  I’ll put a packet of all we know together along with 
some photographs and see what he thinks. 
 
(Ex. G-25 at TWC005331)   
 34.  Although Mr. Potter indicated that he would provide Mr. Cox additional 
information regarding the interlock issue, Mr. Cox stated in an affidavit that he “did 

18 
not have any other email exchanges with Trade West until [he] was contacted by their 
counsel on July 17, 2019” (ex. A-6 at 2).  Mr. Cox also stated: 
 
 6.  My email did not advise Trade West that the 
“Salisbury Quarry stone would not provide better 
interlocking capability”.  What my email did state was that 
if the stone was installed as a veneer over the current stone, 
that the interlocking between the veneer and the current 
structure may not provide for proper interlocking.  In my 
original email to Trade West, I was concerned about “slip 
planes” which could occur if two flat sides of a stone came 
in contact and then was infiltrated by liquid to cause the 
planes to slide in opposite directions.  Some stone 
movement is acceptable if the slip or slide causes the stone 
to wedge itself into the slope to fill a void.  A slip or slide 
of a stone is not favored if it causes the stone, and/or 
adjacent stones to fracture, slump or simply displace from 
its intended location, thus compromising the integrity of 
the slope.  A veneer of stone could produce unfavorable 
sliding between the veneer and original structure. 
 
 7.  I have since learned that each stone for this 
Project was individually selected and placed into the jetty 
to fill voids then existing in the jetty and to build the jetty 
to a specified elevation.  The interlocking is achieved by 
the skillful placement of the stone in the jetty.  Maximizing 
surface contact between the stones to nestle the majority of 
the stone weight between the other stones when filling the 
voids and, thereby reducing the size of the voids, would 
provide for better interlocking especially since the stone is 
quite heavy weighing 14 to 22 tons.  
 
 8.  Interlocking of stone in a jetty and other coastal 
structures does not involve simply filling voids in the 
armor face with appropriately sized rocks.  Interlocking is 
required and achieved by the use of heavy stone and 
placing it to fill voids in such a way so as to provide a 
compact, i.e. tightly bound and restrained mass or 
structure.  Effective interlocking is not a characteristic of 
purely the stone geometry, but rather primarily a result of 
proper placement of angular and blocky stone (not rounded 
stone) such that multiple contacts between adjacent rocks 
is achieved.  That is why “interlocking” is required under 

19 
the specification section (3.2.4) entitled “Armor Stone 
Placement” and not the section (2.1.2) generally titled 
“Armor Stone” which provides the characteristics of 
acceptable stone. 
 
(Ex. A-6 at 2-3) 
 
 35.  A total of 702 armor stones were placed at the project, 277 from Fountain 
Quarry and 425 from Salisbury Quarry stones (ex. G-14).  Contract work was 
completed on or about April 29, 2016, and Trade West began to demobilize from the 
site on April 30, 2016 (R4, tab 2 at 31; ex. G-15).   
 
 36.  The record contains a letter from appellant dated September 28, 2016, 
requesting an equitable adjustment based upon appellant’s “belief that this direction 
was in direct conflict with the specifications and is subject to a change of conditions” 
(ex. A-4 at TWC000440).  In its responsive brief, the government states, regarding that 
letter, “[t]here is nothing in the record showing the REA was submitted to USACE on 
that date.  Regardless, this does not constitute a genuine issue of fact because it was 
still submitted several months after the project had been completed.”  (Gov’t resp. at 3) 
  
 37.  In October 2016, the government sent appellant the final modification to 
close out the Contract.  On October 19, 2016, appellant indicated it would not sign the 
final modification, stating: 
 
 Sorry it has taken me so long to reply to you I have 
been working at a remote site.  On the final mod for the 
Masonboro project, I cannot sign and return the 
modification because it will close out the contract.  During 
the course of performing the Masonboro project I was 
directed and required to shape some of the armor stones 
which I believe was not required by the specifications.  As 
such I will be submitting a cost claim to recover the 
amounts required to complete the rock shaping as per 
USACE personnel direction.  I will be contacting Charlene 
Figgins Contracting Officer shortly in regards to my claim. 
 
(Ex. G-16) 
 
 38.  By letter dated October 21, 2016, appellant submitted a certified claim to 
the contracting officer in the amount of $304,062, and requested a final decision (R4, 
tab 3). 
   

20 
 39.  By letter dated November 29, 2016, the contracting officer requested 
appellant submit certified cost or pricing data (R4, tab 5.9 at 546).  Trade West 
responded by email dated December 23, 2016 (R4, tab 5.10). 
 
 40.  By letter dated January 20, 2017, the contracting officer issued a final 
decision denying appellant’s claim.  The contracting officer’s final decision did not 
raise lack of notice pursuant to the Changes clause as a defense to appellant’s claim.  
(R4, tab 2; app. mot. at 11; gov’t resp. at 7)  
 
 41.  Appellant filed a notice of appeal on February 21, 2017. 
 
 42.  The parties agree that the government’ answer did not raise lack of notice 
as an affirmative defense (app. mot. at 11; gov’t resp. at 7). 
 
 43.  On April 23, 2018, appellant submitted a revised claim to the contracting 
officer in the amount of $275,266.38 (ex. G-17). 
 
DECISION 
 
 “Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue as to any 
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”  
Immunocept, LLC v. Fulbright & Jaworski LLP, 504 F.3d 1281, 1286 (Fed. Cir. 2007) 
(citation omitted).  “The moving party bears the burden of establishing the absence of 
any genuine issue of material fact and all significant doubt over factual issues must be 
resolved in favor of the party opposing summary judgment.”  Mingus Constructors v. 
United States, 812 F.2d 1387, 1390 (Fed. Cir. 1987).  To defeat summary judgment, a 
responding party “must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for 
trial.”  Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986) (quoting First Nat’l 
Bank of Ariz. v. Cities Serv. Co., 391 U.S. 253, 288 (1968)).   
 
The Parties’ Areas of Agreement  
 
The parties agree that their respective motions present questions of Contract 
interpretation (gov’t mot. at 1; app. mot. at 2).  “When resolving a question of contract 
interpretation, our primary purpose is to ascertain the intention of the contracting 
parties.”  Southbridge Assocs., LLC, ASBCA No. 54628, 05-1 BCA ¶ 32,855 
at 162,799 (citing Beta Sys., Inc. v. United States, 838 F.2d 1179, 1185 (Fed. Cir. 
1988)).  “Under basic principles of the law, a contract is interpreted ‘in terms of the 
parties’ intent, as revealed by language and circumstance.”  Watts Constructors, LLC, 
ASBCA No. 61493, 20-1 BCA ¶ 37,563 at 182,385 (quoting United States v. Winstar 
Corp., 518 U.S. 839, 911 (1996) (citations omitted)).  Indeed, “the cardinal rule of 
contract construction [is] that the joint intent of the parties is dominant if it can be 

21 
ascertained.”  Edward R. Marden Corp. v. United States, 803 F.2d 701, 705 (Fed. Cir. 
1986) (citing United States v. Bethlehem Steel Co., 205 U.S. 105, 119 (1907)).    
 
It is significant here, that in their respective motions, neither party argues that 
the armor stone Contract specifications are ambiguous.  Contract specification 2.1.2 
required that armor stone “be furnished in blocky and angular shapes” (SOF ¶ 4).  
Specification 3.2.4 required that “armor stones of various sizes and shapes shall be 
distributed such that they form a compact mass and interlock with each other and the 
existing stones” (SOF ¶ 9).  The parties agree that the Contract required “blocky and 
angular” stones, as well as stones of varying sizes and shapes (app. mot. at 4 (intent of 
the specifications was “to provide blocky and angular stones of various sizes and 
shapes”); gov’t mot. at 1 (“scope of work included providing armor stone of varying 
sizes of blocky and angular shapes.”)).4  Reading the Contract as a whole, we agree 
that the Contract specifications, taken together, required “blocky and angular” stones, 
as well as stones of varying sizes and shapes.   
 
Between a Rock and a Hard Place - the Parties’ Divergent Views  
 
The parties disagree whether Salisbury Quarry stone, without shaping, met the 
Contract specifications, including the “compact mass and interlock” requirement (see 
SOF ¶¶ 1, 8-9).  Trade West argues that Salisbury Quarry stone, without shaping, was 
blocky and angular, as required by Contract specification 2.1.2, and was even “more 
blocky and angular than the previously approved stone” (app. mot. at 1).  The 
government asserts that “[t]he Salisbury Quarry stone as initially presented failed to meet 
Contract requirements because all the stones furnished were the same shape - rectangular 
cubes of relatively uniform size” (gov’t mot. at 9).  The government argues that “whether 
the rectangular stone block from the Salisbury Quarry met the definition of ‘blocky and 
angular shapes’ is not dispositive,” because “in addition to being ‘blocky and angular 
shapes,’ the armor stone was to be ‘of various sizes and shapes . . . distributed such that 
they form a compact mass and interlock with each other and the existing stone’” (gov’t 
resp. at 8).  
 
Appellant denies the government’s contention, stating “the proposed Salisbury 
Quarry blocky and angular blocks of stone interlock better than the Fountain Quarry 
jagged stone produced by blasting” (app. mot. at 4).  Appellant admits that “[t]he 
specifications required the Armor Stones to also consist of various shapes and sizes.”  
Appellant alleges it met this requirement, however, arguing that “[v]arious shapes and 
sizes were provided since the [Salisbury Quarry stone] blocks had different rectangular 
                                              
4 The government notes that, as recognized in appellant’s own documents, “Fountain 
Stone, in addition to being blocky and angular shapes, was also provided in 
various sizes and shapes” (gov’t resp. at 10 (citing ex. A-1 at 50-73; R4, 
tab 5.2)). 

22 
dimensions.”  (App. mot. at 12)  In its reply brief, appellant states that “[t]he quarry 
stone proposed by Trade West was not ‘uniformly shaped’ and the size difference was 
not relatively minor.”  As support, appellant provides the dimensions and weight of 
several Salisbury Quarry stone, noting that “[s]ince the angles are different for each 
blocky stone (and for many of planes on the blocky stone), the shapes are not 
uniform.”  (App. reply at 3, discussing ex. A-1 at TWC000629)  
 
Although the government is entitled to strict compliance with the specifications, 
“rejection of a contractually permissible method of performance can constitute a 
constructive change to the contract and entitle appellant to an equitable adjustment.”  
W.M. Schlosser Co., Inc., ASBCA No. 44778, 96-2 BCA ¶ 28,297 at 141,288.  
Resolution of the issue presented is not amenable to summary judgment as both parties 
have proffered conflicting evidence concerning the “compact mass and interlock” 
requirement, specifically whether Salisbury Quarry stones, without shaping, would 
have met the requirement that they be distributed such that they formed a compact 
mass and interlock with other stones and existing stones (SOF ¶¶ 20-22, 24, 34).  A 
material issue of fact exists also as to whether the Salisbury Quarry stone met the 
requirement that stones be of varying sizes and shapes (SOF ¶¶ 20-22). 
 
For example, the government characterizes appellant’s argument as being 
“intended to demonstrate that as a factual matter the Salisbury Quarry provides for 
better interlocking, based on that particular stone’s qualities.  What Trade West does 
not do, is even attempt to demonstrate how that stone met the contractual requirement 
to interlock via the use of stones of varying sizes and shapes to form a compact mass.”  
(Gov’t resp. at 10)  The record reflects, however, that appellant provided 
documentation, including a mockup of the Salisbury Quarry stone, purportedly 
addressing the interlocking capability of that stone (SOF ¶ 20).  Determining the 
sufficiency of this evidence as to the interlocking capability of Salisbury Quarry stone 
likewise requires the Board make factual findings it is unable to make in the context of 
summary judgment.    
 
Also, according to the government, Salisbury Quarry stone was noncompliant 
based upon an “[e]ngineering determination that the rectangular shaped stones would 
‘not sufficiently interlock with the existing stones, as mandated by the specifications, 
and therefore [would] not provide the requisite stability over the functional life of the 
structure’” (gov’t mot. at 4 (Statement of Undisputed Material Facts No. 6) (bracketed 
word in original)).  Whether this determination was correct is an issue of fact which 
requires the Board to make findings assessing the correctness of that determination.5 
                                              
5 The parties likewise disagree about the import of statements made by an engineer in 
a March 2016 email about the interlocking capability of the Salisbury Quarry 
stone (SOF ¶¶ 31-32).  Appellant included with its response an affidavit from 

23 
 
Simply stated, appellant alleges that the stones met the compact mass and 
interlock requirements, and the government alleges the stones did not.  Resolution of 
that issue is not possible at this point in the proceedings as it presents a triable issue.  
Alderman Building Co., Inc., ASBCA No. 58082, 15-1 BCA ¶ 35,841 at 175,272 (on 
summary judgment, “[o]ur task is not to resolve factual disputes, but to ascertain 
whether material disputes of fact-triable issues-are present.” (quoting Conner Bros. 
Construction Co., ASBCA No. 54109, 04-2 BCA ¶ 32,784 at 162,143, aff’d, Conner 
Bros. Construction Co. v. Geren, 550 F.3d 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2008))).  It does not matter 
that the parties have cross-moved for summary judgment, both claiming that there 
exists no material issue of fact.  Osborne Constr. Co., ASBCA No. 55030, 09-1 BCA 
¶ 34,083 at 168,513 (“[e]ach cross-motion is evaluated separately on its merits, and all 
reasonable inferences are drawn in favor of the defending party; the Board is not 
bound to ‘grant judgment as a matter of law for one side or the other’” (quoting 
Mingus Constructors, Inc. v. United States, 812 F.2d 1387, 1391 (Fed. Cir. 1987)).   
 
The Parties Pre-Dispute Contract Interpretation 
 
The government argues that “Trade West’s initial choice of armor stone 
demonstrates that it understood the correct interpretation of the contract requirement” 
(gov’t mot. at 9), and that “[b]oth parties interpreting the contract consistently prior to 
a dispute is entitled to ‘great, if not controlling, weight’” (gov’t resp. at 10 (quoting 
Ver-Val Enters., ASBCA No. 43766, 95-1 BCA ¶ 27,334 at 136,232)).  As a general 
matter, although “extrinsic evidence may not be used to interpret an unambiguous 
contract provision,” tribunals “have looked to it to confirm that the parties intended for 
the term to have its plain and ordinary meaning.”  TEG-Paradigm Envtl., Inc. v. 
United States, 465 F.3d 1329, 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (citing Coast Fed. Bank, FSB v. 
United States, 323 F.3d 1035, 1040 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (en banc) (examining 
contemporaneous evidence of parties’ understanding to determine whether it was 
consistent with contract’s plain meaning)). 
 
It is undisputed that soon after award, pursuant to Contract specification 2.1.4, 
appellant selected and identified to the government the source from which “the 
Contractor proposes to obtain stone materials as required for these specifications” 
(SOF ¶ 6), and the government accepted Fountain Quarry stone, as selected and 
identified by appellant (SOF ¶ 16).  “Where the parties have attached the same 
meaning to a promise or agreement or a term thereof, it is interpreted in accordance 
with that meaning.”  Optic-Elec. Corp., ASBCA No. 24962, 83-2 BCA ¶ 16,677 
at 83,004 (citation omitted), amended on reconsid., 84-3 BCA ¶ 17,565.  “The parties’ 
contemporaneous construction of an agreement, before it has become the subject of 
                                              
the engineer explaining his March 2016 email and the alleged ability of various 
armor stone to interlock (SOF ¶ 34).   

24 
dispute, is of course entitled to great weight in its interpretation.”  Ariz. Dep’t of Trans. 
v. United States, 216 Ct. Cl. 221, 236, 575 F.2d 855, 863 (1978).  
 
Appellant argues that its “prior performance did not demonstrate ‘the same 
interpretation and understanding of the contract’, but rather reflected that various 
shapes and sizes of stone, to include both the Fountain Quarry stone and the Salisbury 
Quarry stone, were acceptable under the contract” (app. mot. at 4 (citing ex. A-1 at 6 
(Leavitt aff. ¶¶ 19-20))).6  Notwithstanding appellant’s contrary assertion, its “prior 
performance” did not reflect its belief or demonstrate whether Salisbury Quarry stone 
was “acceptable under the contract.”  Rather, Trade West’s prior performance 
reflected its belief (and confirmation) that Fountain Quarry stone met Contract 
requirements.   
 
It also is undisputed that Fountain Quarry and Salisbury Quarry produced 
different types of armor stone.  Appellant admits that Salisbury Quarry stones “were 
rectangular blocks” (app. mot. at 15) and “were more blocky and angular than the 
previously approved stone” (app. mot. at 1).7  According to appellant, this difference 
in shape largely was a function of the manner in which the stones were quarried, i.e., a 
more jagged stone is obtained through blasting, while a more smoothed-edged stone is 
obtained through cutting (SOF ¶ 25; see also app. mot. at 7 n.2).  As stated by 
appellant, “[t]he initial Fountain Quarry had used a different extraction method for the 
stone resulting in stone acceptable to the Corps, but which while blocky and angular, 
was not as blocky and angular as the stone rejected by the Corps” (app. mot. at 4).8    
 
According to the government, “Fountain Quarry stone was produced in varying 
sizes and shapes with angular surface features, and closely resembled the stone in the 
existing jetty structure” (gov’t mot. at 10).  After a site visit to inspect Salisbury 
Quarry, a government geologist noted that Salisbury Quarry:  
 
                                              
6 Appellant states that “the Fountain stone complied with the contract requirements as 
approved by the Government while the Salisbury stone blocks was likewise 
compliant with the specification in a superior product” (app. mot. at 15 (citing 
Proposed Findings of Fact Nos. 23-24 and ex. A-1 at 4 (Leavitt aff. ¶ 13))).   
7 Appellant included with its motion its March 1, 2016, “Mockup of Jetty Conditions,” 
which demonstrates, in stark contrast, the difference in shape between the 
“jagged” stone extracted from Fountain Quarry and the “more blocky and 
angular” stone offered by appellant from Salisbury Quarry (compare ex. A-1 
at TWC000606-608, with TWC000613-614).   
8 Appellant likewise admits that “cut block stone is generally not used for these 
applications since it is far more expensive than stone quarried by blasting” 
(SOF ¶ 25). 

25 
[P]roduces high grade granite dimension stone and cut 
block for high-end countertops.  The stone proposed to 
supply the project is dimension stone that was rejected for 
high end commercial use.  While the stone appears to be of 
high strength and quality, the smooth, saw cut faces are 
considered by USACE to be a cause for concern due to the 
possibility of stone slippage and movement within high 
energy coastal environment. 
 
(SOF ¶ 26)   
 
That appellant recognized the difference between the stone it supplied from 
Fountain Quarry and the stone it proposed to supply from Salisbury Quarry, is evident 
in Mr. Potter’s inquiry to Mr. Cox, stating “[t]he question in a nutshell is will blocky 
stones interlock with jagged boulders” (SOF ¶ 31).  One reason this is important is the 
Contract required Trade West to place a single layer of armor stone that interlocked 
with the existing stones, which Mr. Potter recognized were “primarily comprised of 
jagged angular boulders.”  (SOF ¶¶ 9, 11-12, 31)9   
 
Although this pre-dispute extrinsic evidence of the parties’ intent and contract 
interpretation ultimately may be entitled to “great weight,” the factual dispute 
regarding whether Salisbury Quarry stone met the contract requirements first must be 
addressed.  The difference between the two types of stone, as noted above, is one 
factor to consider in determining whether the Salisbury Quarry stone met the contract 
requirements.  However, the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment do not 
provide a proper vehicle by which to resolve that dispute.   
 
Government Alleged Direction to Shape Salisbury Quarry Stone 
 
According to appellant, “[t]he issue in this appeal is whether the Corps’ 
requirement for Trade West to mechanically reshape stone blocks was a change to the 
contract” (app. mot. at 12).  Appellant argues that the government “directed Trade 
West to hammer and fracture the stone so that they were less ‘blocky’ and ‘angular’” 
(app. mot. at 1-2).  The government argues that it “never directed the contractor to 
shape the Salisbury Quarry stone.  Instead, USACE allowed Trade West to perform 
the shaping effort in order to use that particular source of stone.”  (Gov’t mot. at 10)   
 
                                              
9 Mr. Potter noted the difference between the two types of stone, stating “I am seeking 
information on the feasibility of stones interlocking along a jetty structure that is 
primarily comprised of jagged angular boulders weighing between 14 and 22 tons.  
The stones we are looking to place on top of this structure are of a blocky granite 
also weighing between 14 and 22 tons.”  (SOF ¶ 31)  

26 
It is well established that “[t]o recover under a constructive change theory, a 
contractor has the burden of showing that the work performed was not ‘volunteered,’ 
but was performed pursuant to Government direction.”  S-TRON, ASBCA Nos. 45893, 
46466, 96- 2 BCA ¶ 28,319 at 141,397 (citing Len Co. and Assocs. v. United States, 
181 Ct. Cl. 29, 38 , 385 F.2d 438, 443 (1967)).  “In the absence of a direction by the 
Government, there can be no reliance by appellant even though it incurred increased 
costs.”  Dan G. Trawik III, ASBCA No. 36260, 90-3 BCA ¶ 23,222 at 116,541.   
 
The arguments as stated by the parties suggest the existence of a disputed 
factual dispute, i.e., whether the government directed appellant to shape Salisbury 
Quarry stone.  As discussed above, in considering the parties’ summary judgment 
motions, our function is not “to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the 
matter but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.”  Anderson, 477 U.S. 
at 249.  Here, we must consider whether there is any genuine issue for trial, i.e., has 
appellant proffered specific evidence of any direction by the government requiring 
appellant to shape Salisbury Quarry stone.  The Boeing Co., ASBCA No. 54853, 12-1 
BCA ¶ 35,054 at 172,196 (“[o]ur task is not to resolve factual disputes, but to ascertain 
whether material disputes of fact–triable issues–are present” (citations omitted)).   
 
The nature of the government’s alleged direction is, in the words of appellant, 
that “the Corps would only approve the Salisbury stone blocks if the blocks were 
shaped as approved by the Corps” (app. mot. at 10).  Although this does not equate to 
an affirmative direction by the government to shape the stone, and perhaps is more 
properly cast as a decision by appellant to shape the stone to meet the government’s 
concerns, it raises the factual issue whether the government’s rejection of the Salisbury 
Quarry stone implicitly required some change on the part of the contractor.   
 
As support for its argument that it was directed to shape the stone, appellant 
cites Mr. Leavitt’s email dated March 21, 2016, to the contracting officer which states, 
in part, “[t]he reason that I am shaping the rock coming from Salisbury to meet the 
direction of the USACE is that the current stockpile of rock meeting the COE 
requirements is over 4000 stones” (app. mot. at 9 (citing ex. A-3); SOF ¶ 28).10  The 
factual issue requiring resolution also is evident in the parties’ discussion of 
appellant’s Statement of Additional Undisputed Material Facts (Undisputed Material 
Facts) No. 27, which states:  “The Corps directed Trade West as the Corps would only 
approve the Salisbury stone blocks if the blocks were shaped as approved by the 
Corps” (app. mot. at 10 (citing ex. A-1 at 7 (Leavitt aff. ¶ 22))).  In response to 
Undisputed Material Facts No. 27, the government “admits that it would only approve 
the Salisbury Quarry stone if it was shaped to meet the specification requirements, but 
                                              
10 Mr. Leavitt’s email identifies neither a specific, affirmative direction from the 
government to shape the stone, nor the government employee who allegedly 
directed appellant to shape the stone.   

27 
further states it did not direct Trade West to shape the Salisbury Quarry stone and that 
other potential sources were available” (gov’t resp. at 6).  Appellant replies to the 
government’s response, stating that “Trade West proposed stone that was compliant 
with the specifications and was required to reshape it to cause its acceptance by the 
Corps which constituted a change to the Contract.  Trade West is claiming its 
increased costs to perform work not required by the specifications.”  (App. reply at 7) 
 
As we noted recently, “[a] constructive change occurs when a contractor 
performs work beyond the contract requirements, without a formal order under the 
Changes clause, due either to an express or implied informal order from an authorized 
government official or to government fault.”  Optimization Consulting, Inc., ASBCA 
No. 58752, 19-1 BCA ¶ 37,426 at 181,905 (quoting  Parwan Group Co., ASBCA 
No. 60657, 18-1 BCA ¶ 37,082 at 180,498).  Although the record suggests that the 
contractor volunteered to shape the stone in the first instance (SOF ¶ 24), to resolve the 
issue ultimately we must determine whether the government’s refusal to accept 
Salisbury Quarry stone without shaping amounted to an informal order to shape the 
stone.  As noted above, the contracting officer was well aware of the contractor’s 
efforts to shape the stone (SOF ¶¶ 27-28). 
 
The government notes that quarries other than Salisbury Quarry were available, 
stating “Trade West received multiple expressions of interest and quotations both prior 
to receiving [the] Notice to Proceed and after when it became clear the Fountain Quarry 
could not meet production requirements” (gov’t resp. at 4 (citing ex. G-18 to -24)).  
Whether these quarries had stone that met Contract requirements, and were a viable 
alternative, is an issue of fact that likewise cannot be resolved here.  
 
 Appellant argues that: 
  
As the government agency in charge of the Project, it could 
have suspended Trade West’s performance and directed 
Trade West to identify a preferable alternative to the 
Fountain Quarry armor stone or analyzed other, perhaps 
more cost efficient options to complete the Project.  
Instead, the Corps did none of these things. 
 
(App. reply. at 13)  However, appellant, not the government, was responsible for 
performing the work on this project (SOF ¶ 3).  Appellant was responsible for 
identifying the stone source and the government was responsible for approving 
appellant’s source, based upon testing of the stone sampled by appellant (SOF ¶ 6).  
The Contract did not provide the government the right to direct appellant to use a 
specific stone source or quarry. 
 

28 
Government Notice of Contractor’s Claim   
 
The government seeks denial of this appeal based upon appellant’s alleged lack 
of notice pursuant to the Changes clause, stating, “when a directive by the government 
may be construed as a change order, the contractor must give written notice to the 
contracting officer within 20 days after any costs are incurred as a result of the change, 
and the contractor must request an equitable adjustment within 30 days of the 
submission of written notice” (gov’t mot. at 10 (citing FAR 52.253-4 (2007) and 
AAB Joint Venture v. United States, 75 Fed. Cl. 414, 423-424 (Fed. Cl. 2007))).   
 
The government argues that “[a]t the time shaping was being discussed, Trade 
West did not indicate verbally or in writing that it considered the shaping effort to be a 
change or that it intended to seek monetary damages for the shaping effort” (gov’t mot. 
at 10-11).  In response, appellant does not allege that it specifically notified the 
government that it considered reshaping the Salisbury Quarry stone to be a Contract 
change (app. mot. at 16-17; app. reply at 10).  Instead, appellant argues that it complied 
with the notice requirements, citing to documents wherein appellant informed the 
government of its “interpretation of the specification to permit use of the Salisbury 
Quarry blocks of stone . . . .” (app. mot. at 16 (citing ex. A-4 at TWC000441-53)).  
Although the letter cited by appellant as support does discuss appellant’s Contract 
interpretation, it does not mention shaping Salisbury Quarry stone.   
 
Appellant likewise cites to an “opinion letter” wherein appellant’s counsel 
allegedly “asserted that the refusal to accept the blocks of stone was a change to the 
contract for which the contractor would be entitled to compensation” (app. mot. at 16 
(citing ex. A-4 at TWC000459-63)).  Contrary to appellant’s assertion, the “opinion 
letter” does not state that the government’s “refusal to accept the blocks of stone was a 
change to the contract.”  Rather, the letter states “we believe that the stone complies 
with the requirements of the specification both according to its plain terms as well as 
its intent.  According to Corps of Engineers Board of Contract Appeals decisional law, 
rejection of specification compliant Armor Stone entitles the contractor to recover its 
extra costs for complying with the additional Armor Stone requirements.”  (SOF ¶ 25)  
The opinion letter does not detail appellant’s “extra costs” or mention shaping 
Salisbury Quarry stone.11 
 
                                              
11 Appellant also cites the affidavit of Mr. Leavitt, who states that he offered to waive 
the costs of shaping Salisbury Quarry stone if the government would accept, 
without shaping, Salisbury Quarry stone already delivered to the project site 
(app. mot. at 17 (citing ex. A-1 at 7-8)).  The government denies this allegation, 
stating instead that appellant “assumed the risk of delivering the Salisbury 
Quarry stone prior to USACE approval” (gov’t resp. at 6-7). 

29 
In its reply brief, appellant argues that “to satisfy the contract’s notice 
requirement, Trade West need only have ‘reasonably manifest[ed] its intention to seek 
recovery of money based on a claim of legal right under the contract’” (app. reply. at 9 
(quoting Gulf & Western Indus., Inc. v. United States, 6 Cl. Ct. 742, 750 (1984))).  
Appellant likewise argues that the government had constructive notice of its claim, 
stating “[a] contractor’s failure to provide the government with notice of a potential 
claim arising out of additional work does not bar to the contractor’s claim where (1) the 
government was ‘aware of the operative facts’ underlying the claim such that (2) the 
failure to provide notice did not prejudice the government” (app. reply at 11 (citing Dan 
Rice Constr. Co., Inc., ASBCA No. 52160, 04-1 BCA ¶ 32,595 at 161,263)).   
 
The government argues that “Trade West only raised the issue of a potential 
claim six months after the project was completed” (gov’t mot. at 11).  The Contract 
was completed at the end of April 2016 (SOF ¶ 35).  By letter dated September 28, 
2016, appellant requested an equitable adjustment for shaping the Salisbury Quarry 
stone (SOF ¶ 36).  By email dated October 19, 2016, appellant informed the 
government that it would not sign the modification closing out the Contract because it 
was “directed and required to shape some of the armor stones” and would “be 
submitting a cost claim to recover the amounts required to complete the rock shaping 
as per USACE personnel direction” (SOF ¶ 37).  On October 21, 2016, appellant 
submitted to the contracting officer a certified claim in the amount of $304,062, and 
requested a final decision (SOF ¶ 38). 
 
On the issue of whether the government was on constructive notice of 
appellant’s potential claim, it is undisputed that during a meeting between the parties 
on March 11, 2106, appellant notified the government of its intent to shape Salisbury 
Quarry stone (SOF ¶¶ 24, 26).  That same day, appellant emailed to the government 
Mr. Dix’s letter stating that Trade West was entitled “to recover its extra costs for 
complying with the additional Armor Stone requirements” (SOF ¶ 25).  It likewise is 
undisputed that, by letter to the government dated March 20, 2016, and email dated 
March 21, 2016, appellant notified the contracting officer of its plan to shape Salisbury 
Quarry stone, and stated the amount of time it would take to shape each stone 
(approximately 15-20 minutes per stone) and the number of stones the contractor could 
shape and ship per day (14 stones) (SOF ¶¶ 27-28).  The government’s March 22, 
2016, QAR, confirms the government’s understanding that appellant would shape the 
Salisbury Quarry stone, and approved appellant “to start work” (SOF ¶ 30).   
 
The record establishes that the government was on notice of the facts 
underlying appellant’s claim in March 2016.  The contracting officer was aware of the 
contractor’s decision to shape Salisbury Quarry stone, as well as appellant’s labor 
estimate per stone, per day, for that shaping work (SOF ¶¶ 27-28).  The government’s 
burden “to establish that it was prejudiced by the absence of the required notice . . . 
cannot be satisfied simply by allegation, but must be supported by evidence in the 

30 
record.”  Grumman Aerospace Corp., ASBCA Nos. 48006 et al., 03-1 BCA ¶ 32,203 
at 159,185.   
 
The government notes that “[t]he purpose of the notice provision is to enable 
the Government to collect data on increased costs of having a contractor continue 
performing an activity it considers a change to the contract to determine whether to 
allow the activity to continue” (gov’t resp. at 11 (also citing Dan Rice Constr., 04-1 
BCA ¶ 32,595)).  The government claims that because of the alleged lack of notice, it 
“was precluded from evaluating the additional cost associated with that effort, 
track[ing] any additional time or effort to perform the shaping, or issue[ing] an upfront 
modification to cover those costs” (gov’t resp. at 11).  Other than argument of counsel, 
the government offers no record evidence in support of its claim of prejudice.   
 
The government notes also that this “Board has found prejudice to the 
Government in situation[s] where the passage of time between the alleged change and 
notice of the [change] results in the loss of project documentation, made locating project 
personnel more difficult or resulted in less memory of the project” (gov’t resp. at 11 
(citing Hunt Building Corp., ASBCA No. 31775, 89-1 BCA ¶ 21,196 at 106,969-70)).  
However, the government does not offer any evidence that this passage of time 
prejudiced it here.   
 
Furthermore, it is undisputed that the contracting officer did not raise in the 
final decision lack of notice under the Changes clause as a basis for denying 
appellant’s claim (SOF ¶ 40).  Harper Dev. & Assocs., ASBCA No. 34719, 90-1 BCA 
¶ 22,534 at 113,085 (declining to bar claim on technical ground of lack of written 
notice where “the contracting officer’s final decision under the Disputes clause 
considered the claim on its merits and did not raise the lack of written notice issue.”).  
It likewise is undisputed that the government did not plead lack of notice as an 
affirmative defense (SOF ¶ 42).  Michael, Inc., ASBCA No. 35653, 92-1 BCA 
¶ 24,412 at 121,863 (government waived affirmative defense of lack of notice by not 
raising it until post-hearing brief); Northrop Worldwide Aircraft Servs., Inc., ASBCA 
Nos. 45216, 45877, 96-2 BCA ¶ 28,574 at 142,630-31 (failure to timely raise 
affirmative defense may waive it); see Board Rule 6(b) (requiring government to 
include in its answer any affirmative defense).  Even assuming appellant failed to 
provide the requisite Changes clause notice, the government waived any objection it 
may have had to appellant’s claim based upon that lack of notice. 
  

31 
CONCLUSION 
 
The parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment are denied.  The parties are 
ordered to confer and file a joint report with the Board setting forth the status of this 
appeal, including further proceedings, within 30 days of their receipt of this decision. 
  
 Dated:  October 8, 2020
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
DAVID B. STINSON 
Administrative Judge 
Armed Services Board 
of Contract Appeals 
I concur 
 
 
RICHARD SHACKLEFORD  
Administrative Judge 
Acting Chairman 
Armed Services Board 
of Contract Appeals 
 I concur 
 
 
 J. REID PROUTY 
Administrative Judge 
Vice Chairman 
Armed Services Board 
of Contract Appeals 
 
 
 
 I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the 
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA No. 61068, Appeal of Trade West 
Construction, Inc., rendered in conformance with the Board’s Charter. 
 
 Dated: October 13, 2020 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PAULLA K. GATES-LEWIS 
Recorder, Armed Services 
Board of Contract Appeals