K&K Industries, Inc.
Docket: ASBCA 61189
Decision date: 2019-05-16

ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS 
Application Under the Equal Access ) 
to Justice Act of~ ) 
) 
K&K Industries, Inc. ) 
) 
Under Contract No. W912HY-l l-C-0009 ) 
APPEARANCES FOR THE APPELLANT: 
APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT: 
ASBCA No. 61189 
Terrence L. Brennan, Esq. 
Brian S. Schaps, Esq. 
Deutsch Kerrigan, L.L.P. 
New Orleans, LA 
Michael P. Goodman, Esq. 
Engineer Chief Trial Attorney 
Clark Bartee, Esq. 
James Purcell, Esq. 
P. Alex Petty, Esq. 
Engineer Trial Attorneys 
U.S. Army Engineer District, Galveston 
OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE PROUTY 
ON APPELLANT'S EQUAL ACCESS TO JUSTICE ACT APPLICATION 
Pending before the Board is an application for fees and other expenses pursuant 
to the Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA), 5 U.S.C. § 504, submitted by appellant, 
K&K Industries, Inc. (K&K). The underlying appeal was taken pursuant to the · 
Contract Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101-7109. See K&K Industries, Inc., ASBCA 
No. 61189, 18-1 BCA ,-i 37,134 at 180,720. Familiarity with that decision is 
presumed. Because we find that K&K is an eligible, prevailing party, and that the 
government's position was not substantially justified, we grant K&K's application but 
reduce the requested recovery to that which is allowed by the EAJA. 
BACKGROUND 
This appeal involves the above-captioned contract for the rehabilitation of four 
floodgates on the Brazos River in the Gui f Intracoastal Waterway, Texas. K&K, 18-1 
BCA ,-i 37,134 at 180,720. During contract performance, K&K discovered that one of 
the large hinge castings, to which the floodgates were attached, was cracked. This 
necessitated the installation of a spare casting, which required substantial time and 
effort. As a consequence of the work installing the spare casting, on January 13, 2016, 
K&K submitted a certified claim to the contracting officer (CO) seeking additional 

compensation and an extension of time on the contract. K&K submitted a revised 
claim to the CO on September 12. 2016. Id. at 180.722. On March 6, 2017, the CO 
approved a portion of the sought-for additional compensation and contract extension, 
denying the balance. Id. at 180. 723. K&K then appealed to the Board. In our 
September 5, 2018 decision on the merits, we found that K&K was entitled to recover 
$61,092 plus interest for additional costs associated with the contract. Id. at 180,724. 
On November 15, 2018, K&K filed its application for fees and costs under the EAJA. 
DISCUSSION 
As a partial waiver of sovereign immunity. the EAJA is to be strictly construed 
in favorofthe United States. Ardestaniv. I.NS .. 502 lJ.S. 129,137 (1991). To 
recover under the EAJA. an applicant must timely file its application, establish that it 
is an eligible party as defined by the EAJA, and prove that it was a prevailing party in 
the underlying action. Rex Systems, Inc .. ASBCA No. 52247, 02-1 BCA 131,760 
at 156,854. Even if an applicant is otherwise qualified, an award may be denied if the 
government's position is determined to have been substantially justified, or if special 
circumstances make an award unjust. 5 U.S.C. § 504(a)(l). 
The government does not contest K&K's status as a prevailing party or the 
timeliness of the application, and we find that K&K meets these prerequisites. Instead, 
the government argues that K&K failed to provide sufficient evidence that it is an 
eligible party; that the government's position was substantially justified; that the 
attorneys' fees requested should be capped at the statutory $125 hourly rate; and that 
travel costs for lay witnesses are not recoverable expenses. (Gov't opp'n at 2-5) In its 
reply, K&K submitted additional evidence supporting its position that it is an eligible 
party and argued that the government failed to meet its burden to show that its position 
in the underlying appeal was substantially justified (app. reply br. at 1-3). K&K did 
not respond to the government's arguments regarding the fee cap or the 
appropriateness of paying lay witness travel costs. 
Eligibility 
A party is generally eligible for consideration of an award of costs under the 
EAJA if it is ai:i entity having a net worth of no more than $7,000,000 and no more 
than 500 employees at the time the adversary adjudication was initiated. 5 U.S.C. 
§ 504(b)(l)(B)(ii). "Net worth is determined by subtracting an applicant's total 
liabilities from its total assets." Kostmayer Construction, LLC, ASBCA No. 55053, 
09-2 BCA 134,302 at 169,440 (citing Broaddus v. United States Corps of Engineers, 
380 F.3d 162, 167 (4th Cir. 2004)). K&K asserts that it is eligible to receive fees and 
expenses under the EAJA because it meets these criteria. The government questions 
the proof submitted by K&K. 
2 

To support its position that it is an eligible party, K&K submitted a financial 
statement with balance sheets as of December 31, 2015, and December 31, 2016, as 
part of its application. These showed a net worth of $6,156,323 and $6,145,576, as of 
those dates respectively. (App. br., ex. 3 at 3-5) Given how close these amounts were 
to the $7 million threshold, the government responded that appellant failed to meet the 
burden of presenting sufficient evidence of a net worth under $7 million and fewer 
than 500 employees as of May 31, 2017 (gov't opp'n at 4). The government allowed, 
however, that K&K could prove its eligibility by submitting a supplemental balance 
sheet better demonstrating its value at the time this appeal was initiated (id. at 5 ( citing 
Kostmayer Constr., 09-2 BCA, 34.302 at 169,440)). K&K's response included a 
financial statement for the year ending on December 31, 2017, reflecting a net worth 
of$6,184,096, and an employee earnings summary dated May 2017, showing 48 
employees as of May 2017 (app. reply, ex. 9 at 4-5, ex. 10). In light of K&K's 
additional financial statement, which is consistent with its earlier-filed statements, we 
are satisfied that K&K has proved that it is an eligible party. 
Substantial Justification 
The law regarding "substantial justification" and the EAJA is well established. 
The government bears the burden to show that its position was substantially justified. 
Amaratek, ASBCA Nos. 59149, 59395, 15-1 BCA, 35,866 at 175,348 (citing 
Lucia E. Naranjo, ASBCA No. 52084, 00-2 BCA, 30,937 at 152,707). To prevail on 
a substantial justification defense, the government is not required to prove that it had a 
substantial likelihood of success in the litigation; rather that "a reasonable person 
could think [the government's position is] correct, that is [that] it has a reasonable 
basis in law and fact." Pro-Built Construction Firm, ASBCA No. 59278, 18-1 BCA 
, 36,975 at 180,116 (citing Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 566 n.2 (1988); 
Rex Sys., 02-I BCA, 31,760 at 156,854). Put another way, the government's position 
is more likely to be substantially justified when greater "legal uncertainty" is 
presented. SST(Supply and Service Team) GmbH, ASBCA No. 59630, 18-1 BCA 
, 36,932 at 179,932 (citing Rex Sys., 02-1 BCA, 31,760 at 156,855). 
Substantial justification applies to the entirety of the litigation position and not 
just the posture on individual issues. Thus, the Supreme Court has held that, "[ w ]hile 
the parties' postures on individual matters may be more or less justified, the EAJA­
like other fee-shifting statutes - favors treating a case as an inclusive whole, rather 
than as atomized line-items." Commissioner, INSv. Jean, 496 U.S. 154, 161-62 
(1990) ( citations omitted); cf Texas State Teachers Association v. Garland 
Independent School Disirict, 489 U.S. 782, 793 (1989) (in other fee-shifting statutes, 
overall success goes to reasonableness, not availability, of the award). 
The government's position regarding substantial justification appears to be that 
it always recognized that it owed K&K compensation for the cracked hinge casting, 
3 

but that K&K's failure to properly support its claims deprived the government of its 
ability to make a reasonable settlement and thus compelled it to engage in this 
litigation (gov't opp'n at 6). In particular_ it argues that two specific failures of K&K 
to support its claim led to this result: first, K&K supposedly failed to produce a 
schedule demonstrating that the hinge work was on the critical path to project 
completion (id. at 7); second, the government argues that the consultant fees sought by 
K&K were apparently for claim preparation and thus it was reasonable for it to dispute 
them (id. at 8). Neither matter makes the government's position substantially justified. 
First with respect to the lack of a critical path analysis, the actual 
circumstances before the government during contract performance set forth in our 
decision on the merits made clear that the cracked hinge substantially held up progress 
on the large scale work on the project. See K&K, 18-1 BCA, 37,134 at 180,721-23. 
The scope of this work, as described in our opinion, was significant and readily 
apparent. Thus, the government, being present while the work was being performed, 
did not need a formal critical path analysis to judge that it was responsible for the 21 
days of delay, and hewing to this formalism, under these circumstances, was not a 
substantially-justified position. 
Turning to the consulting fees, although we agree that K&K would not have 
been eligible for an award in the event that the fees were for claim preparation, we held 
on the merits that the fees awarded were not for such a purpose. 18-1 BCA , 37,134 
at 180,724. We did so based upon the timing of the incurred costs (id.), which was a 
fact that would have been known to the government when it denied the claim. 
Given the foregoing, a reasonable person could not think that the government's 
decision to litigate this appeal had a '·reasonable basis in Jaw and fact." Thus, we find 
the government's position not substantially justified. Pro-Built, 18-1 BCA, 36,975 
at 180,116 (citing Pierce, 487 U.S. at 566 n.2; Rex Sys., 02-1 BCA, 31,760 at 156,854). 
Request for Enhanced Attorneys' Fees 
Notwithstanding the EAJA's limitation of the attorney fee rate to $125 per hour 
under 5 U.S.C. § 504(b)(l)(A), K&K requests increased rates of$275.00 and $180.00 
per hour for attorneys' fees, for a total of$44,322.55 of attorneys' fees and costs 
directly related to this appeal, due to alleged special circumstances (app. br. at 2). 
Unlike the portion of the EAJA which permits enhanced attorneys' fees in cases 
brought before the federal courts pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(A), the provision 
of the EAJA applicable to adjudication before administrative agencies, such as the 
Board, only permits the assessment of fees greater than $125 per hour if an agency 
regulation provides for it. See 5 U.S.C. § 504(b)(l)(A); Optimum Services, Inc., 
ASBCA Nos. 58755, 59952, 17-1 BCA, 36,816 at 179,431-32. As of the date of this 
decision, no such regulation has been issued by the Department of Defense, and we 
4 

consequently possess no authority to award enhanced fees. Accordingly, the hourly 
rate will not be increased above the statutorily allowed $125 per hour. 
K&K's application listed the number of hours worked by attorneys in this 
appeal as 181.5: 74.8 hours billed at $275.00 per hour and 106.7 hours billed at 
$180.00 per hour. It also seeks 29.4 hours worked by paralegals and billed at $90.00 
per hour (app. br. at 2, ex. 4 at 9). Additional litigation expenses were listed in the 
amount of $1,900.55, for a total of $44,322.55 related to the appeal (id., ex. 5 at 2). 
The government has not challenged the reasonableness of the number of hours claimed 
by K&K (gov't opp'n at 2). Keeping in mind the $125 per hour statutory limit, we 
award attorneys' fees, paralegal fees, and litigation expenses as follows: 
Type Rate Hours Fees 
Attorneys' Fees $125/hour 181.5 $22,687.50 
I Paralegal Fees $90/hour 29.4 $2,646.00 
! Litigation $1,900.55 
! Expenses 
TOTAL 27,234.05 
Request for Expert Fees 
K&K requests $7,900 of incurred costs for its consulting and testifying expert 
in addition to attorneys' fees (app. br. at 2). The government stipulated that it does not 
dispute the reasonableness of the consultant expenses (gov't opp'n at 2-3). 
Accordingly. we grant K&K's request for $7,900 for expert witness fees. 
Travel and Miscellaneous Costs 
K&K also requests lay witness travel expenses of$1,777.69 for its witness who 
testified at the March 8, 2018 hearing in the underlying appeal (app. br. at 2). The 
government responds that the claimed expenses are not reimbursable under the EAJA 
and our precedent (gov't opp'n at 3). We have consistently held that fees oflay 
witnesses are generally not reimbursable, and K&K has not responded to the 
government's argument apparently abandoning this request. We thus deny this 
portion ofK&K's application. See Optimum Servs., 17-1 BCA, 36,816 at 179,433 
(citing Watsky Construction Co .. ASBCA No. 41541, 95-2 BCA ~ 27,889 at 139,137). 
5 

CONCLUSION 
K&K has established that it is an eligible party entitled to fees under the EAJA. 
Conversely, the government has not carried its burden to prove that its defense of this 
appeal was substantially justified or that special circumstances exist precluding an 
award. K&K's application for fees and costs under the EAJA is granted. K&K is 
awarded fees and costs as follows: 
I Category 
I Attorneys· and Paralegal Fees 
l_1itigation Costs ------~~---
/ Expert Fees & Related Costs 
I TOTAL AWARD 
Dated: May 16, 2019 
I~ 
RICHARD SHACKLEFORD 
Administrative Judge 
Acting Chairman 
Armed Services Board 
of Contract Appeals 
6 
Amount 
J. REID PimUTY 
Administrative Judge 
Vice Chairman 
Armed Services Board 
of Contract Appeals 
I concur 
mistrative Judge 
cting Vice Chairman 
Armed Services Board 
of Contract Appeals 
$25,333.50 
$1,900.55 
$7,900.00 
$35,134.05 

I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the 
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals on an application for fees and other 
expenses incurred in connection with ASBCA No. 61189, Appeal of K&K Industries, 
Inc., rendered in accordance with 5 U.S.C. § 504. 
Dated: 
7 
PAULLA K. GATES-LEWIS 
Recorder, Armed Services 
Board of Contract Appeals