Shoreline Foundation, Inc.
Docket: ASBCA 62876, ASBCA 63616
Decision date: 2024-06-06

DOCUMENT FOR PUBLIC RELEASE                                                                                               
The decision issued on the date below is subject to an ASBCA Protective Order. 
This version has been approved for public release. 
 
 
 
                                ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS 
OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE O’CONNELL ON 
RESPONDENT’S MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT 
 
Respondent, the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), has filed a 
motion for partial summary judgment in No. 62876.  The Board held oral argument on 
the motion and grants the motion with respect to appellant’s defective specifications 
theory but denies it with respect to superior knowledge.  The Board issued a previous 
decision striking allegations of impacts and/or delays regarding a 2016 bid protest 
from the complaint filed in ASBCA No. 63616.  Shoreline Foundation, Inc., ASBCA 
Nos. 62876, 63616, 23-1 BCA ¶ 38,468.  Familiarity with that decision is presumed. 
 
STATEMENT OF FACTS (SOF) FOR PURPOSES OF THE MOTION 
 
In support of its motion USACE has filed a statement of undisputed material 
facts (GSUMF).  Appellant has filed a statement of genuine issues precluding 
summary judgment (ASGI).  The following facts are undisputed or uncontroverted. 
  
Appeals of - )  
 )  
Shoreline Foundation, Inc. ) ASBCA Nos. 62876, 63616 
 )  
Under Contract No. W912EP-16-C-0027 )  
   
APPEARANCES FOR THE APPELLANT: Robert G. Barbour, Esq. 
Matthew D. Baker, Esq. 
    Watt, Tieder, Hoffar & Fitzgerald L.L.P. 
    McLean, VA 
 
APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT: Michael P. Goodman, Esq. 
    Engineer Chief Trial Attorney 
 Amber R. Jackson, Esq. 
Bruce E. Groover, Esq. 
Susan E. Symanski, Esq. 
Kristin M. Bigham, Esq. 
    Engineer Trial Attorneys 
    U.S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville 
  
 

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2 
 
A Brief Summary of Contract Requirements 
 
1.  USACE issued the solicitation for the above-captioned contract (Hurricane and 
Storm Damage Reduction Project, Brevard County, Florida, Mid-Reach Segment - 
Mitigation Feature) on August 9, 2016.  Bids were due on September 26, 2016.  (R4, 
tab 1 at 1-2, 7451)  USACE held a pre-bid site visit on August 18, 2016, that appellant, 
Shoreline Foundation, Inc. (SFI), attended (R4, tab 1 at 6352). 
 
2.  On September 29, 2016, USACE awarded the contract to SFI, which is based 
in Florida (compl. ¶¶ 1, 15).  The original value of the contract was $13,236,255.08 (R4, 
tab 55 at 2, 4).  The contract required completion within 730 days after issuance of the 
notice to proceed (R4, tab 1 at 73). 
 
3.  The contract required SFI to manufacture, transport, and install concrete mats 
with coquina rock surfaces to establish a 4.8-acre artificial reef off the coast of Brevard 
County, Florida, in water depths of 14 to 16 feet, 1,000 feet from shore, in an area 
referred to as the Mid-Reach (R4, tab 1 at 208-09).  The primary component of the 
contract price was a lump sum of $7,650 per reef mat (R4, tab 55 at 4). 
 
4.  A reef block, per the contract, is an individual 2.6 feet by 2.6 feet by 1-foot-
high piece of concrete/coquina.  A reef mat is 18 reef blocks connected by lateral and 
longitudinal cables in a three by six block pattern.  A reef set is 45 reef mats.  The project 
included 36 reef sets with three to four reef sets placed in proximity to one another 
at 10 reef sites.  (R4, tab 1 at 208-09). 
 
5.  An SFI supplier manufactured the mats and SFI brought them to the site by 
barge (ASGI
3 ¶¶ 11, 45, 117).  The contract required SFI to lower the reef mats to the 
bottom and place them in the specified position no more than 12 inches from adjacent 
reef mats.  The contract prohibited dropping the reef mats through the water or pushing or 
pulling them after they were in contact with the floor or geotextile.  (R4, tab 1 at 440, 
445). 
 
6.  SFI alleges that it bid the project based upon its belief that it would be able to 
work at the project site in wave heights up to four feet (app. opp’n at 4). 
 
1 R4, tab 1 is the solicitation, to which we will cite in this opinion.  Tab 55 is the contract 
signed by the contracting officer.  The contract incorporated the solicitation (R4, 
tab 55 at 2). 
2 R4 cites are to the .pdf page number of the electronic file. 
3 Citations to ASGI mean that the government in its reply brief did not dispute the cited 
fact. 

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3 
 
USACE Knowledge Concerning Site Conditions 
 
7.  Prior to issuing the solicitation, USACE studied the feasibility of the project 
and had accumulated years of research related to conditions at the project site (ASGI ¶ 3).  
As described below, SFI contends that conditions at the site were more difficult than it 
expected and that the season in which it could place the mats was shorter than the 
contract indicated.  One of the key issues in dispute is the significance of information that 
USACE possessed but did not disclose in the solicitation. 
 
8.  USACE prepared a design document report (DDR) dated September 11, 2015 
(ASGI ¶ 35; ASGI, ex. B).  The DDR stated that it had been prepared by the Engineering 
Team Lead to provide “a technical record for the mitigation reef feature for Brevard 
County . . .” (ASGI, ex. B at 11).  The DDR stated that Brevard County was the sponsor 
of the project and that both the County and its coastal engineering consultant, Dr. Kevin 
Bodge of Olsen and Associates, Inc. (Olsen), were actively involved with USACE in the 
project development team (ASGI, ex. B at 8).  Olsen is a coastal engineering firm that 
“specializes in the study, design, permitting, and management of projects located in 
coastal and estuarine environments . . .” (ASGI ¶ 38). 
 
9.  The DDR cited three reports attributed to Olsen issued in 2005, 2007, and 
2016, and three reports attributed to Dr. Bodge dated between 2013 and 2015 (ASGI, 
ex. B at 22).  These reports included a document prepared by the Olsen firm in 2007 
entitled “Practical Consideration of Depth for the Construction of Nearshore Mitigation 
along the Mid Reach Coastline of Brevard County, Florida” (id.) (Olsen 2007).  The 
DDR repeatedly cited Olsen 2007 (ASGI, ex. B at 9, 22-23, 29-31, 33).  Among other 
things, the DDR stated that Olsen 2007 “provided the principal physical characteristics 
at the reef placement sites” (id. at 23). 
 
10.  Olsen 2007 stated that “[t]he wave climate along the Mid Reach was 
considered through fifty years of six-hour hindcast wave data (July 1954-June 2004), 
developed in water depth of about -20 ft (NGVD), offshore of about R-106, as prepared 
for the Corps of Engineers” (ASGI, ex. H at 392 (footnote omitted)).  Olsen purchased 
at least some of the data used to perform the analysis from Dr. William Dally (the “Dally 
Data”) for $1,600 in 2006
4 (ASGI, ex. K at 2-3).  Olsen completed its report over 10 
months after it received the Dally Data (ASGI ¶ 44). 
 
4 During oral argument, the Board asked for clarification of the term “six-hour hindcast 
wave data.”  SFI filed a supplemental brief, but the explication is too complicated to 
restate here.  Basically, SFI contends that Dr. Dally took a wave model developed 
by USACE and improved it.  Dr. Dally used his improved version of the model to 
take data from a deepwater area to project conditions in the nearshore area where the 

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11.  The Olsen 2007 report contains several statements that indicate difficult site 
conditions.  Among other things, Olsen 2007 described the site as having “chronically 
limited, near-zero underwater visibility” (ASGI, ex. H at 391). 
 
12.  The Olsen 2007 report stated that the maximum wave heights in which a 
contractor could work would be 2-feet or less and that work in 3-foot seas was “mostly 
infeasible” (id. at 392).  It stated that “significant wave heights” of 2-feet or less occurred 
on average only 25% of the year (id. at 394).  The period from June to August was the 
most consistently calm with significant wave heights of 2-feet or less between 33% and 
48% of the time.  Olsen then opined “[t]he marine construction window for a reef 
construction project of this scale, offshore of the Mid-Reach, is pragmatically limited to 
between mid-May and mid-September.”  (Id.)  Olsen also observed that June and July are 
the only months in which the site experiences, on average, at least one four-day stretch of 
“calm seas” (id. at 398).  But the report stated that “some years exhibit few or no periods 
of calm seas, including June – August” (id. at 394). 
 
13.  However, Olsen 2007 contained one statement opining that the conditions in 
the Mid-Reach were well known: 
 
The general area – from Cocoa Beach through Satellite Beach 
and Indialantic -- is well known for its consistent, high swell.  
It is not coincidental that multi-time world surfing champions 
Kelly Slater, Lisa Anderson, and others, grew up surfing in 
this area. 
 
(ASGI, ex. H at 391) 
 
14.  USACE did not include Olsen 2007 as part of the solicitation, nor did it 
provide it to SFI (ASGI ¶¶ 52-53).  USACE did not provide the DDR to SFI (gov’t supp. 
Br. at 2). 
 
15.  The DDR also cited a 2013 memorandum from Dr. Bodge regarding “Mid 
Reach Reef Mitigation Design” (ASGI, ex. B at 22).  This memorandum contemplates 
construction from May to August but adds that if construction continued past mid-
September additional costs should be added to the price.  (ASGI, ex. O at 6).  USACE did 
not provide the 2013 Bodge memorandum to SFI prior to bid (ASGI ¶ 58). 
 
work was performed.  SFI states that the Dally Data contains an entry every six 
hours for 50 years.  (App. first supp. br. at 2-3) 
 

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5 
 
16.  USACE relied on Olsen 2007 when it performed its cost estimating for the 
project (ASGI ¶¶ 61-62).  USACE based its cost estimate for the project, in part, on the 
assumption that “construction would only be practical when seas are less than 3 feet and 
ideally less than 2 feet” (ASGI, ex. N at 10, no. 22).  The USACE estimate stated that 
“weather conditions are most favorable for placement during the months of May through 
August” (ASGI, ex. T at 18). 
 
Contract Provisions Defining the Work Season 
 
17.  Contract section 35 32 30 (Articulated Concrete – Coquina Embedded Reef 
Mats), paragraph 1.3.6, Placement Season, provided: 
 
A placement season will be defined on the Contractor’s 
project schedule as to when seasonal weather patterns that
5 
will allow placement operations at selected reef sites.  It is 
anticipated that the placement season may occur between 
April 1
st and October 1st.  Reef Mat placement will be over 
two seasons where the Contractor shall successfully place 4 to 
5 reef sites in the first placement season and place the 
remaining 5 to 6 reef sites in the second season. 
 
(R4, tab 1 at 726 (emphasis by SFI (ASGI ¶ 17))).  Accordingly, the contract speaks of a 
placement season longer than that contained in Olsen 2007 or the time period USACE 
referenced in its cost estimate (SOF ¶¶ 12, 16). 
 
18.  Neither party contends that sea and weather conditions would have allowed 
for the placement of mats from late-fall to early spring.  In fact, this same contract 
section, in the Project Order of Work paragraph, states “the area where placement sites 
are located experience [sic] inclement weather which typically occurs between 
November 1st and May 1st” (R4, tab 1 at 730).  Accordingly, April is identified as both 
the last month of the inclement weather season and the first month of the placement 
season. 
 
 
5 The original solicitation did not contain the word “that” in this sentence.  It was added 
in Amendment 5 (compare R4, tab 1 at 424 (original solicitation), with R4, tab 1 
at 726 (Amendment 5)).  We see no plausible explanation for the addition of 
“that” other than that it was a mistake.  It does not change our interpretation of the 
sentence or the contract.  

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6 
 
Contract Provisions Requiring SFI To Evaluate Weather Conditions 
 
19.  Contract section 01 11 00, Summary of Work, at 1.9.1, provided that “[t]he 
project area may be affected by stormy, windy and/or rainy weather, including 
thunderstorms, during any time of the year” (R4, tab 1 at 212).  It provided that the 
“Contractor shall be responsible for obtaining information concerning rain, wind and 
wave conditions that could influence safety, dredging and disposal operations prior to 
submitting a proposal or bid” (id.). 
 
20.  Contract section 00 33 50 (Weather and Water Stage Data) provided: 
 
Weather Conditions.  The project area is subject to tropical 
storms and hurricanes from June through November, and to 
windy and/or rainy weather during any time of the year. . . . 
The wet season in the project area is from May through 
October. Rainfall during these months is closely associated 
with convective activity. These rainfall events are normally of 
short duration and amounts are spatially variable. . . . 
Dangerous thunderstorms can occur in this area at any time of 
the year.  
 
It shall be the contractor’s responsibility to obtain information 
concerning weather conditions in the project area. 
 
(R4, tab 1 at 203, 206)  This section also stated that the site was subject to storm surges 
during the entire year (id. at 204). 
 
21.  Section 35 32 30 (Articulated Concrete – Coquina Embedded Reef Mats), 
at paragraph 1.5.4, Working Environment, contained another warning that it was up to 
the contractor to determine the impact of environmental conditions on the work: “[t]he 
Contractor shall ascertain the environmental conditions which can affect water and land 
access, such as climate, terrain, winds, current, waves, swells, depths, shoaling, and 
scouring tendencies” (R4, tab 1 at 428-29). 
 
22.  The contract incorporated the full text of Federal Acquisition Regulation 
(FAR) 52.236-3, SITE INVESTIGATION AND CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE 
WORK (APR 1984) (R4, tab 1 at 573-74).  
 
23.  The contract incorporated FAR 52.249-10, DEFAULT (FIXED-PRICE 
CONSTRUCTION) (APR 1984) (R4, tab 1 at 53, 163-64). 
 

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Identification of Weather-Related Web Sites in the Contract 
 
24.  The Summary of Work section of the contract referred offerors to section 
00 33 50, stating that it provided “data links and information to where the Contractor can 
ascertain the weather conditions that could be encountered at the project location” (R4, 
tab 1 at 210).  Section 00 33 50 provides links to web sites maintained by USACE, the 
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Data Buoy 
Center, and the Florida Institute of Technology Coastal Processes Research Center Group 
(R4, tab 1 at 205). 
 
25.  USACE contends that these web sites would have provided bidders relevant 
information with respect to conditions near the site (tr. 12).  During oral argument, 
USACE’s attorney represented that one could identify “the sea conditions, just by going 
to the NOAA website” (tr. 14).  But USACE has not provided the Board with any 
declarations or exhibits that demonstrate site specific information that offerors could have 
obtained. 
 
26.  SFI observes that the one data point specifically identified in the contract is 
10 miles out to sea in 69 feet of water, which SFI portrays as irrelevant to the work site 
(ASGI ¶ 87; tr. 47-48).  SFI represents that the NOAA web site does not provide any 
information with respect to underwater visibility (tr. 41).  SFI also contends that it would 
be “inherently unreasonable” for offerors to send divers down to examine the working 
conditions prior to submitting their offers (tr. 43-44), albeit without a supporting 
declaration or other record evidence.  
 
27.  USACE did not make any representations in its brief as to what information 
was available on the listed web sites concerning water clarity or what steps an offeror 
should have taken to determine water clarity. 
 
28.  The Board considers the nature of the information that could have been 
obtained from these web sites to be disputed.  However, the Board also observes that 
there is no allegation that SFI or any other interested contractor complained to USACE 
prior to bid that the listed web sites failed to provide site specific information. 
 
SFI’s Calculation of Expected Adverse Weather Days 
 
29.  Section 00 33 50 included a chart of the average number of days per month in 
which rainfall exceeded 0.1 inches.  For the April to September period, these were:  April 
3.5 days, May 4.7, June 9.2, July 8.7, August 10.4, and September 9.3.  (R4, tab 1 at 206) 
 

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8 
 
30.  SFI’s president, James Royo, states in a declaration that SFI did not construe 
this chart as predictive of adverse weather days because light or brief rain would have 
minimal impacts on its work (ASGI, ex. C ¶¶ 1, 11).  He stated that, in preparing its bid, 
SFI calculated the number of anticipated adverse weather delays “by using prior weather 
data to correlate wind speeds with wave heights.”  SFI calculated the days in which it 
would be unable to work due to weather, but its calculation was “significantly less” than 
the number of days in which there were rainfall of at least 0.1 inches.  Mr. Royo did not 
disclose the number of weather days that SFI calculated.   
(ASGI, ex. C ¶¶ 11-12)  
 
SFI’s Work on the Project 
 
31.  USACE issued a notice to proceed on November 29, 2016 (R4, tab 3 at 1). 
 
32.  SFI indicated in its initial project schedule that it would begin placing mats on 
May 9, 2017, and place the last mat of the season on October 20, 2017.  SFI further 
indicated that in 2018 the first placement would be on April 16 and the last on October 2.  
(ASGI ¶ 101) 
 
33.  SFI did not begin work until June 20, 2017 (app. Supp. R4, tab 50 at 24).  SFI 
placed the first mat on June 27, 2017 (GSUMF ¶ 40 & app. Resp. to GSUMF ¶ 40). 
 
34.  SFI does not allege that its late start was due to the weather or sea conditions.  
As the Board described in Shoreline Foundation, Inc., ASBCA Nos. 62876, 63616, 
23- 1 BCA ¶ 38,468 at 186,974, Shoreline contended that the late start was due, at least in 
part, to a bid protest to which it attributed 54 days of delay (see ASGI ¶ 99).  However, 
SFI did not submit a claim to the contracting officer seeking this extra time and we 
dismissed SFI’s delay claim related to the bid protest for lack of jurisdiction.  Shoreline 
Foundation, 23-1 BCA ¶ 38,468 at 186,975-77.  The effect of missing nearly half the first 
placement season on SFI’s ability to timely complete the project is not at issue in this 
motion. 
 
35.  SFI informed the CO by letter dated October 10, 2017, that it was 
demobilizing for the season.  SFI stated “it was SFI’s intent to continue operations 
longer, however deteriorating weather conditions since September 4, 2017, Hurricane 
Irma, have hampered our ability to return to normal operations.  The sea conditions 
present a clear present danger to both the divers and barge personnel.”  (R4, tab 14) 
 
36.  On March 5, 2018, CO Paul Cotter wrote to SFI to complain about the lack of 
progress and to direct it to submit a recovery schedule (R4, tab 20).  Among other things, 
he stated that SFI had demobilized after placing the mats at Site 1 and less than 50% of 

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9 
 
the mats at Site 2 (on a project with 10 sites).  He acknowledged that there had been 
excusable weather delays in September 2017, based on what he described as “several 
tropical storms” but noted that SFI had not requested a time extension and that it was 
225 days behind schedule.  (R4, tab 20 at 1-2). 
 
37.  SFI submitted a recovery schedule showing final completion by December 1, 
2018 (R4, tab 23).  In 2018, SFI added a materials barge and a second tugboat, an 
additional personnel transportation skiff, more dive personnel, and paid its supplier to 
accelerate mat fabrication (ASGI, ex. C ¶ 23; app. supp. R4, tab 50 at 16, 23).  But SFI 
did not complete the work and on September 28, 2018, it notified USACE that it was 
demobilizing for the season, citing “deteriorating weather conditions since September 20, 
2018” (R4, tab 33). 
 
38.  SFI mobilized for a third season in 2019.  SFI contends that it placed the last 
reef mat on June 22, 2019, and on that date the project was “ready for use” (compl. dated 
June 29, 2023, ¶ 54).  USACE contends that SFI completed the work on August 1, 2019 
(GSUMF) ¶ 55).  It is not immediately clear what occurred between June 22 and 
August 1, 2019. 
 
39.  On October 21, 2020, SFI submitted a certified claim seeking $2,838,231 and 
a 245-day time extension (app. supp. R4, tab 50 at 1, 21, 23, 30).  The 32-page claim 
cites defective specifications, superior knowledge, and specifically the weather in 2017 
and 2018 as the cause of the delays (id. at 3-4, 14, 21-22).  The defective specifications 
theory alleged that the contract inaccurately identified the months in which the weather 
would allow SFI to work at the site (id. at 3, 8-12).  The superior knowledge theory was 
that USACE had superior knowledge about weather conditions and the limitations on 
placement activity caused by the weather (id. at 3-4). 
 
40.  Many of the allegations in the claim focused upon what SFI contended were 
difficult sea or weather conditions in April, May, and September.  Among other things, 
SFI stated: 
 
The weather conditions that SFI encountered in April, May 
and September of both 2017 and 2018 differed vastly from 
the working conditions forecasted in the Contract Documents.  
During the referenced months, wind speeds routinely 
exceeded 15 meters per second, and waves exceeded 1 meter, 
creating murky underwater conditions that rendered the 
requisite underwater diving operations unsafe, as well as 
impeding the ability of the crane barge to remain on position 

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for the precision mat placement requirements. (citation 
omitted) 
 
. . . [W]hile SFI was able to work on 93.5% of the available 
workdays during the months of June, July and August of 2018 
and 2019, due to the harsh weather conditions, SFI worked 
only 81.0% of the available work days between June and 
August 2017, and 11.1% of the available work days in 
September 2017.  In April and May 2018, SFI was able to 
work on only 46.2% of the available days and on only 29.2% 
of the available days in September 2018. 
 
(Id. at 13) 
 
41.  On March 26, 2021, CO Griselle Gonzalez-Aquino denied the claim (R4, 
tab 49). 
 
42.  SFI filed a timely appeal on April 6, 2021, that the Board docketed as ASBCA 
No. 62876.
6 
 
SFI’s Complaint   
 
43.  SFI filed a complaint on May 14, 2021, that contains a single count of breach 
of contract.  SFI alleges in this count that USACE: 
 
failed to perform and/or fulfill its obligations to SFI under the 
Contract including but not limited to by: (i) failing to provide 
accurate, complete, and feasible plans, specifications, and 
other designs documents; (ii) failing to advise SFI of its 
actual knowledge of climatic conditions at the Project site and 
the associated limitations imposed by such conditions on 
SFI’s work; (iii) failing to reject SFI’s work plan and or to 
 
6  While litigation of that appeal was ongoing, on February 16, 2023, CO Gonzalez-
Aquino issued a second final decision. In this decision she stated that USACE had 
granted SFI excusable, but non-compensable, weather days and assessed 
liquidated damages in the amount of $249,690.  SFI filed a timely notice of appeal 
on May 12, 2023, that the Board docketed as ASBCA No. 63616.  Shoreline 
Foundation, Inc., 23-1 BCA ¶¶ 38,468 at 186,974.  The appeals were consolidated 
on May 16, 2023. 

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advise of its lack of feasibility; (iv) failing to equitably adjust 
the Contract per SFI’s request; (v) denying the Claim. 
 
Compl. ¶ 39. 
 
44.  SFI’s opposition to USACE’s motion for partial summary judgment described 
its theories as “misrepresentation, failure to disclose superior knowledge, and deficient 
design” (app. opp’n at 1). 
 
45.  SFI’s first supplemental brief submitted after oral argument states that SFI has 
three legal theories:  (1) breach of contract/defective specifications; (2) breach of 
contract/superior knowledge; and (3) breach of contract/acceleration.  It further states that 
the breach of contract/defective specifications theory encompasses “three sub-theories: 
(a) breach of the implied warranty of the performability/feasibility of the specifications; 
(b) breach of the implied warranty of accuracy of the specifications; and (c) USACE’s 
breach of its own internal design standards (including failing to provide the anticipated 
adverse weather chart required by ER 415-1-15).”  SFI further states that the breach of 
contract/acceleration theory encompasses “sub-theories of directed acceleration and 
constructive acceleration.”  (App. First supp. Br. At 6) 
 
DECISION 
 
Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue of material fact 
and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.  Anderson v. Liberty 
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986).  When considering a motion for summary 
judgment, the Board’s function is not to “weigh the evidence and determine the truth of 
the matter but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.”  Id. at 249.  When 
considering a summary judgment motion, “all evidence must be viewed in the light most 
favorable to the nonmoving party, and all reasonable factual inferences should be drawn 
in favor of the nonmoving party.”  Dairyland Power Co-op. v. United States, 16 F.3d 
1197, 1202 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (citing Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 255; Adickes v. S.H. Kress 
& Co., 398 U.S. 144, 158-59 (1970)). 
 
I.  Weather Delays Are Generally Not Compensable 
 
As the Court of Claims explained, “[w]eather conditions generally are considered 
to be acts of God.  Neither party is obligated to the other for additional costs or price 
increases resulting solely from acts of God.”  Turnkey Enters., Inc. v. United States, 
220 Ct. Cl. 179, 186 (1979).  Weather is not a risk that is shifted to the government by the 
Differing Site Conditions or Changes clauses.  Id.  In general, contractors are entitled to 
additional time, but not money, for unusually severe weather per the Default Clause 

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incorporated in this contract (SOF ¶ 23; FAR 52.249-10(b)(1)(x)).  Luhr Bros., Inc., 
ASBCA No. 52887, 01-2 BCA ¶ 31,443 at 155,292. 
 
Furthermore, to be entitled to an extension of time for unusually severe weather, 
the contractor must show that the weather was more severe than ordinarily encountered.  
Cape Ann Granite Co. v. United States, 100 Ct. Cl. 53, 72 (1943) (citing United States v. 
Brooks-Callaway, 318 U.S. 120 (1943); Caribbean Engineering Co. v. United States, 
97 Ct. Cl. 195, 229 (1942)).  SFI has not attempted to show that the weather in April to 
September in 2017 and 2018 was more severe than the weather in the preceding years. 
 
SFI attempts to avoid these general rules by relying upon defective specifications, 
misrepresentation, and superior knowledge theories. 
 
II.  Defective Specifications  
 
“When the government issues design specifications of a detailed nature . . . it 
warrants the sufficiency and efficacy of those specifications to produce the desired 
product in a satisfactory manner.”  Ordnance Rsch., Inc. v. United States, 609 F.2d 462, 
479 (Ct. Cl. 1979) (citing La Crosse Garment Mfg. Co. v. United States, 432 F.2d 1377 
(Ct. Cl. 1970); J.D. Hedin Constr. v. United States, 347 F.2d 235 (Ct. Cl. 1965)).  “If 
such specifications prove defective or impossible to perform, the government must 
compensate the contractor for the additional costs of performance.”  Id. (citing United 
States v. Spearin, 248 U.S. 132 (1918)).  “The Spearin doctrine provides that if a 
government contract contains detailed design specifications, as opposed to performance 
specifications, the government gives an implied warranty that if the specifications are 
followed an acceptable result will be produced.”  Rick’s Mushroom Serv., Inc. v. United 
States, 521 F.3d 1338, 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (citing Stuyvesant Dredging Co. v. United 
States, 834 F.2d at1576, 1582 (Fed.Cir.1987)).  “Design specifications explicitly state 
how the contract is to be performed and permit no deviations.  Performance 
specifications, on the other hand, specify the results to be obtained, and leave it to the 
contractor to determine how to achieve those results.”  Id. at 1344, n.3 (quoting 
Stuyvesant Dredging, 834 F.2d at 1582). 
 
The parties disagree as to whether the specifications in this appeal are best 
characterized as design or performance specifications.  Because we conclude that SFI is 
not entitled to recover based on any reasonable reading of the contract we need not 
resolve whether the specifications are design or performance. 
 

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13 
 
A.  The Contract Allocated the Risk of Evaluating Weather to SFI 
 
 At its most basic level, SFI’s claim is that the wind, waves, and the clarity of the 
water were worse than it expected (SOF ¶ 40).  While the contract made no 
representations as to precise wind speeds, wave heights, or water clarity, it did disclose 
that the site was subject to stormy, windy, and rainy conditions year-round (SOF ¶¶ 19, 
20).  The contract identified some basic aspects of the weather that a Florida-based 
contractor would already know, namely that dangerous thunderstorms can occur at any 
time of the year and that the placement season largely overlapped with the “wet season,” 
as well as the hurricane and tropical storm season (id.).  But, beyond these general 
warnings, the contract demonstrates a clear effort by USACE to place responsibility on 
SFI to educate itself as to the weather and sea conditions and to price the work 
accordingly.  
 
 The contract provisions that required SFI to ascertain the weather conditions 
included section 01 11 00, Summary of Work, which provided that “[t]he Contractor 
shall be responsible for obtaining information concerning rain, wind and wave conditions 
that could influence safety, dredging and disposal operations prior to submitting a 
proposal or bid” (SOF ¶ 19).  Similarly, section 00 33 50, Weather and Water Stage Data, 
provided that “[i]t shall be the contractor’s responsibility to obtain information 
concerning weather conditions in the project area” (SOF ¶ 20).  And section 35 32 30, 
at paragraph 1.5.4, Working Environment, provided “[t]he Contractor shall ascertain the 
environmental conditions which can affect water and land access, such as climate, terrain, 
winds, current, waves, swells, depths, shoaling, and scouring tendencies” (SOF ¶ 21). 
 
The specific references to weather, climate, winds, current, waves, and safety put 
SFI on notice that it was its responsibility to determine how these conditions would affect 
its ability to bring mats to the site and place them on the ocean floor (see SOF ¶ 5). 
 
In addition, the contract incorporated FAR 52.236-3, SITE INVESTIGATION 
AND CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE WORK (APR 1984) (SOF ¶ 22).  This clause 
provides, in part: 
 
(a) The Contractor acknowledges that it has taken steps 
reasonably necessary to ascertain the nature and location of 
the work, and that it has investigated and satisfied itself as to 
the general and local conditions which can affect the work or 
its cost, including but not limited to (1) conditions bearing 
upon transportation, disposal, handling, and storage of 
materials . . . (3) uncertainties of weather, river stages, tides, 
or similar physical conditions at the site . . . (5) the character 

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14 
 
of equipment and facilities needed preliminary to and during 
work performance . . . . Any failure of the Contractor to take 
the actions described and acknowledged in this paragraph will 
not relieve the Contractor from responsibility for estimating 
properly the difficulty and cost of successfully performing the 
work, or for proceeding to successfully perform the work 
without additional expense to the Government. 
 
(b) The Government assumes no responsibility for any 
conclusions or interpretations made by the Contractor based 
on the information made available by the Government. 
 
FAR 52.236-3(a)-(b). 
 
The Board reads the requirement in this clause to investigate and determine the 
cost of “conditions bearing upon transportation . . .[and] handling . . . of materials” to 
include the transportation of the mats across the water, and the handling of them at the 
site.  The Board reads the requirement to investigate and determine the impact on cost of 
“uncertainties of weather” to include the wind, and the reference to “weather, river 
stages, tides, or similar physical conditions at the site” as broad enough to encompass the 
water conditions at the site.  The Board reads the requirement to identify “the character of 
equipment and facilities needed . . . during work performance” as requiring SFI to make 
its own judgment as to the equipment needed at the site given the prevailing weather 
conditions. 
 
Taken together, these four clauses demonstrate a clear intent to allocate to SFI the 
risk of determining how future sea and weather conditions would impact the cost and 
difficulty of the work. 
 
B.  The Placement Season Clause 
 
 SFI builds most of its case on the Placement Season clause (SOF ¶ 17).  SFI 
contends that it read this clause as a representation and/or a warranty that the work could 
be performed from April to October (app. opp’n at 7-11, 17-22).  The Board does not 
agree with this interpretation.  
 
While SFI relies heavily upon the second sentence of this clause, we believe that 
the first sentence is equally, if not more, important.  The first sentence states: “[a] 
placement season will be defined on the Contractor’s project schedule as to when 
seasonal weather patterns that will allow placement operations at selected reef sites” 
(SOF ¶ 17).  The Board reads this sentence in the context provided by the provisions 

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15 
 
discussed above requiring SFI to investigate the weather and environmental conditions.  
Thus, SFI had the responsibility to use the information it accumulated to “define” when 
“seasonal weather patterns” would “allow placement” at the 10 reef sites.  In other words, 
SFI had to use its own judgment to determine when the weather would allow placement, 
with SFI taking into consideration its own skills and resources. 
 
 The second sentence of this paragraph states: “[i]t is anticipated that the placement 
season may occur between April 1st and October 1st” (SOF ¶ 17).  In our view, SFI reads 
far too much into this sentence because the words “anticipated” and “may occur” are too 
vague or imprecise to provide a warranty. 
 
 SFI does not explain precisely what it interpreted this sentence to mean, that is, it 
does not explain exactly how many suitable weather days it believed USACE was 
warranting.  But any reasonable contractor would have understood that future weather 
was not so predictable that USACE could guaranty that calm seas would appear precisely 
on April 1.  The phrase “may occur between April 1st and October 1st”
 proved to be 
accurate in the sense that work did occur in every month from April through September 
(SOF ¶ 40).  For example, in April-May 2018 (the only year SFI attempted to place mats 
in those months (SOF ¶ 33)), SFI represents that it was able to work on 46.2% of 
workdays (SOF ¶ 40).  We understand that SFI was disappointed by this number, but we 
do not read the contract as representing that there would a minimum number of good 
weather days (higher than 46.2%) in these two months.7  
 
 The Board holds that it would make little sense to require the contractor to analyze 
the weather and sea conditions and define when the seasonal weather would allow 
placement if the government warranted suitable weather from April 1 to October 1.  Read 
in context with the rest of the contract (including identification of April as the last month 
of the inclement weather season (SOF ¶ 18)) and the general unpredictability of weather, 
we read the phrase “[i]t is anticipated that the placement season may occur between April 
1st and October 1st,” as merely a general statement as to the months in which placement 
may (or might) be possible.  But it was ultimately up to SFI to determine when it could 
place the mats. 
 
 
7 SFI states in its second supplemental brief that it interpreted the contract to mean that 
there would be “only a handful of adverse weather delay days” during April (app. 
second supp. br. at 7).  The Board sees no warranty or representation by USACE 
that there would only be a “handful” of adverse weather days.  

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16 
 
C.  April 
 
 Our interpretation of the Placement Season clause as not warranting good 
weather is bolstered by the observation that, at first blush, the contract seems to have 
been of two minds when it came to mat placement in April.  On the one hand it 
defined the placement season as April 1 to October 1, but it also stated that the 
inclement weather season is from November 1 to May 1 (SOF ¶¶ 17-18).  Thus, April 
is part of both the inclement weather season and the placement season. 
 
 When interpreting a contract, we must read the instrument as a whole “so as to 
harmonize and give reasonable meaning to all of its parts.”  NVT Techs., Inc. v. United 
States, 370 F.3d 1153, 1159 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (citing McAbee Constr., Inc. v. United 
States, 97 F.3d 1431, 1434-35 (Fed. Cir. 1996)).  We conclude that the clauses 
defining the inclement weather and placement seasons can be harmonized. 
 
 Reading the solicitation in August of 2016 (SOF ¶ 1), we believe that any 
offeror would have known that USACE could only make statements as to the general 
weather pattern in an area and could not predict the weather one to two years in 
advance.  For example, USACE could state the approximate duration of the season for 
hurricanes and tropical storms (SOF ¶ 20), but it could not predict how many storms 
there would be or when they would occur.  Similarly, USACE could not predict the 
weather in April, May, and September of 2017 and 2018.  Thus, USACE could not 
have known the precise date when the inclement weather season would end, or if it 
would even have a precise end date rather than a gradual change. 
 
 The sentence defining the inclement weather season supports the interpretation 
that USACE was not attempting to predict the weather in 2017 and 2018.  It provides:  
“the area where placement sites are located experience inclement weather which 
typically occurs between November 1st and May 1st” (SOF ¶ 18) (emphasis added).  
This means that, typically or generally, the inclement weather season stretches from 
November 1 to May 1, but, by implication, any particular year could have a longer or 
shorter season.  In other words, the weather might be quite nice on November 1.  This 
also means that in any particular year April and even May could have inclement 
weather that would make placement difficult. 
 
 This interpretation is consistent with the placement season clause which, as we 
have already discussed, stated that it was “anticipated” that placement “may occur” 
between April 1 and October 1.  These words do not portray certainty.  Reading the 
language of the clauses together, and keeping in mind the inherent unpredictability of 
weather, one can see that the contract provided only an estimate, or a general 
guideline, of the duration of the placement and inclement weather seasons. 

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 If the contract cannot be harmonized in this fashion, then we would have to 
treat the contract as plainly inconsistent as to whether April was a suitable month for 
performing work.  But this does not help SFI.  A patent ambiguity such as that would 
have required SFI to seek clarification prior to bid, but SFI did not seek clarification.  
NVT Techs, 370 F.3d at 1162. 
 
D.  Misrepresentation 
 
 Because SFI seems to be pursuing a misrepresentation claim under the rubric of 
defective specifications, we address it here. 
 
 The Court of Claims considered a comparable misrepresentation claim in L.G. 
Everist, Inc. v. United States, 231 Ct. Cl. 1013 (Ct. Cl. 1982).  L.G. Everist involved a 
streambank restoration project that required the contractor to obtain riprap.  Id. 
at 1014.  The government did not specify a quarry, but it verified whether there was 
at least one local source.  Id. at 1015.  A government geologist visited what was 
referred to as the Lackner quarry and concluded that it had enough rock for the project.  
But he observed that there were extensive fissures and joints in the rock and opined 
that a determination to use the source should be contingent on test quarrying to 
evaluate the breakdown characteristics of the rock.  The government did not conduct 
any test quarrying and did not give the geologist’s report to prospective bidders.  Id.  
During a pre-bid site visit, the government’s area engineer told prospective bidders 
that the Lackner quarry was an approved source and had an adequate quantity of rock.  
Id. at 1016-17. 
 
 The plaintiff conducted its own review of the site by an employee with 
experience in evaluating quarries.  He made very similar observations as the 
government geologist with respect to the jointing and fissuring of the rock.  But he 
recommended to his superior that the rock be used.  L.G. Everist, 231 Ct. Cl. at 1016-
18.  When performing the work, the plaintiff obtained sufficient rock from the quarry 
but found that it had a 50% waste rate, which slowed production and increased costs.  
Id. at 1016.  The plaintiff filed suit alleging misrepresentation, among other things.  Id. 
at 1017. 
 
 The Court of Claims granted the government summary judgment, holding that it 
made no erroneous representations.  The Court held that the contract made no 
representation as to the amount of rock that would be wasted.  Nor did it make any 
representation as to the cost of quarrying the rock.  The Court held that the plaintiff 
understood this because it visited the site and made its own determination that the 
Lackner quarry would be the most economical.  L.G. Everist, 231 Ct. Cl. at 1017-18. 
 

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 Similar considerations apply in this appeal.  USACE made no representations as 
to how difficult it would be to work at the site.  USACE did represent that the site was 
subject to rainy, windy and stormy conditions year-round (SOF ¶ 19), but this appears 
to have been true.  And USACE made no specific representations as to water clarity, 
wave heights, or wind speeds.  It made no representation as to the percentage of days 
in April, May and September that would have weather suitable for mat placement.  
SFI, like L.G. Everist, visited the site and made its own determination as to how much 
it would cost to perform the work (SOF ¶¶ 1, 30).  Accordingly, because USACE 
made no misrepresentations, SFI cannot recover on a misrepresentation theory. 
 
E.  ER 415-1-15  
 
 SFI contends that a USACE regulation, ER 415-1-15, Construction Time 
Extensions for Weather (31 Oct 1989), required USACE to include a chart of adverse 
weather days in the contract (app. opp’n at 23-24; ASGI, ex. F).  However, SFI did not 
raise this theory in its claim.  A claim presented for the first-time during litigation must 
be considered a new and separate claim from the claim submitted to the CO if the 
claims “either request different remedies (whether monetary or non-monetary) or 
assert grounds that are materially different from each other factually or legally.”  K-
Con Bldg. Sys., Inc. v. United States, 778 F.3d 1000, 1005 (Fed. Cir. 2015). 
 
 SFI’s ER 415-1-15 claim is a new claim.  It relies on a new legal theory, a 
supposed governmental duty to calculate the expected number of adverse weather days 
and to include them in the contract, and that the cited regulation gives the contractor a 
legal remedy.  See, e.g., Am. Tel. & Tel. Co. v. United States, 307 F.3d 1374, 1380 
(Fed. Cir. 2002) (alleged violation of internal agency regulation held not actionable).  
It also alleges new operative facts, that USACE could have calculated the number of 
weather days in which offerors would be unable to place mats but it failed to do so.  
Accordingly, we lack jurisdiction to consider this claim.  K-Con, 778 F.3d at 1006-07.  
 
III.  SFI’s Superior Knowledge Claim 
 
 To recover under a superior knowledge theory, the contractor must prove four 
elements:  “(1) a contractor undertook to perform without vital knowledge of a fact 
that affects performance costs or duration; (2) the government was aware the 
contractor had no knowledge of and had no reason to obtain such information; (3) any 
contract specification supplied misled the contractor or did not put it on notice to 
inquire; and (4) the government failed to provide the relevant information.”  Grumman 
Aerospace Corp. v. Wynne, 497 F.3d 1350, 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (quoting Giesler v. 
United States, 232 F.3d 864, 876 (Fed. Cir. 2000)). 
 

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 In terms of applying this test, it is undisputed that USACE had the Olsen 2007 
report and did not provide it to SFI (SOF ¶¶ 9, 14).  This report had several cautionary 
comments about the length of the placement season, the murkiness of the water, and 
the wave heights in which a contractor could place mats (SOF ¶¶ 11-12). 
 
 Other important facts are disputed or undeveloped.  We briefly discuss them 
here. 
 
 First, the Olsen 2007 report was issued about nine years before the solicitation 
(SOF ¶¶ 1, 9).  We do not know whether the project changed or evolved in those years 
and thus do not know the degree to which Olsen 2007 remained relevant. 
 
 Second, Olsen 2007 cast doubt on a contractor’s ability to work in seas greater 
than 2-feet (SOF ¶ 12).  But based on its expertise and equipment, SFI would be in the 
best position to determine the wave heights in which it could place mats.  SFI 
calculated that it would be able to place mats in 4-foot seas (SOF ¶ 6).  Thus, it is not 
clear if Olsen’s opinion about the infeasibility of working in 3-foot seas would have 
changed SFI’s bidding strategy. 
 
 Third, it is not clear if SFI could have obtained site-specific weather 
information from other sources, such as the NOAA and other web sites listed in the 
contract (SOF ¶¶ 24-28). 
 
 Fourth, it is not clear what steps a reasonable bidder would be expected to take 
to prepare an offer on a contract such as this.  The solicitation was issued, and the site 
visit occurred in August, which is one of the calmest months of the year (SOF ¶¶ 1, 
12).  However, the deadline for bids was September 26 (SOF ¶ 1).  Based on SFI’s 
experience in 2017 and 2018 the weather deteriorates in September (SOF ¶¶ 35, 37).  
It is not clear if SFI could have identified the wind and wave conditions in September 
2016. 
 
 Fifth, with respect to Olsen’s statement that the site has “chronically limited, 
near-zero underwater visibility” (SOF ¶ 11), it is not clear why SFI could not have 
observed this in August-September 2016.  We have SFI’s representation at oral 
argument that it would be unreasonable to bring divers to the site, but no declarations 
or other evidence (SOF ¶ 26).  We have no evidence as to what other measures an 
offeror could have taken to determine how visible the water is.  We have no 
representations at all from USACE as to what an offeror could have learned 
concerning the water visibility. 
 

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 The decision of the Court of Claims in Hardeman-Monier Hutcherson v. United 
States, 458 F.2d 1364 (Ct. Cl. 1972), supports the denial of summary judgment on 
superior knowledge.  Hardeman involved a Navy contract that required, among other 
things, the construction of a pier in a remote area of Australia.  Prior to issuing the 
solicitation, the Navy obtained two reports indicating that the construction area was 
subject to high winds, strong currents, and rough seas.  Id. at 1365-66.  The Navy did 
not provide the reports to bidders.  Id. at 1367.  The solicitation, similar to this appeal, 
informed bidders of rainfall amounts and that the site was subject to cyclones but 
otherwise instructed bidders to perform their own site and weather investigation.  Id. 
at  1366-67.  The contractor, like SFI, contended that it inspected the site and reviewed 
various records but that it did not learn the severity of conditions.  Id. at 1367.  During 
performance, the contractor found that the sea conditions were worse than it expected, 
and that it was able to work only 40% of the time.  Id. at 1367-68. 
 
 The Court of Claims denied relief under the Changed Conditions clause, in part 
because of the general rule that the risk of weather is not transferred to the government 
under this clause, but also because the contract contained no affirmative 
representations of the sea conditions.  Hardeman, 458 F.2d at 1370-71.  This is 
consistent with our summary of the law concerning weather delays in section I above 
and our holding with respect to misrepresentation in section II.D. 
 
 By contrast, the Court of Claims held that the contractor was entitled to recover 
for a breach of contract due to the failure to furnish the reports indicating the difficulty 
posed by the weather and sea conditions.  The Court stated “[i]t is well settled in this 
court that where the Government possesses special knowledge, not shared by the 
contractor, which is vital to the performance of the contract, the Government has an 
affirmative duty to disclose such knowledge.”  Id. at 1371-72.  The Court found that 
the withheld reports contained “vital information concerning the weather and sea 
conditions at the site” and that the “the weather and sea conditions were of paramount 
importance in the performance of the contract . . . .”  Id. at 1372.  The Court concluded 
by holding that the government “had a duty to disclose and share its superior 
knowledge and the failure to discharge this duty constituted a breach of contract.”  Id. 
 
 One of the key facts in Hardeman seems to have been that the two reports 
at issue were issued after a one-month site visit in 1961 and a two-month visit in 1962.  
Preparing these reports seems to have required far more effort than a bidder could 
reasonably have taken.  Hardeman, 458 F.2d at 1365-66.  In this appeal, Olsen spent 
years studying the site.  Olsen and/or Dr. Bodge issued at least six reports between 
2005 and 2016 that USACE cited in the DDR (SOF ¶ 9).  In addition, Dr. Dally spent 
an unknown amount of time preparing the wave model and producing the Dally Data 
that Olsen relied upon in preparing Olsen 2007 (SOF ¶ 10). 

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21 
 
 With respect to the Olsen 2007 report, over 10 months passed between the time 
that Olsen obtained the Dally Data and the date that it issued its 2007 report 
(SOF ¶ 10).  This is far more time than offerors had to prepare their bids: 
approximately 1.5 months (SOF ¶ 1).  Construing the facts in the light most favorable 
to SFI and making all reasonable inferences in its favor, there is a plausible basis to 
conclude that the Olsen 2007 report contained vital information about the site, that SFI 
would not have known about the report, that USACE would have known that SFI did 
not have it, and that SFI did not have enough time before offers were due to recreate 
the Olsen 2007 report.  
 
 Accordingly, the Board concludes that a hearing is warranted on SFI’s superior 
knowledge claim. 
 
IV.  Acceleration 
 
 USACE also moves for summary judgment on SFI’s  acceleration claim.  As 
described above, breach of contract/acceleration is one of the prongs of the breach of 
contract alleged by SFI (SOF ¶ 45). 
 
 As stated by SFI’s counsel at oral argument “acceleration is a component of our 
damages under both the defective specs and the superior knowledge theories” (tr. 84).  
Because of the connection between SFI’s defective specifications and superior 
knowledge theories the Board will defer ruling on the acceleration theory until we 
have resolved the superior knowledge claim.  Board R. 7(a). 
 
CONCLUSION 
 
 Respondent’s motion for partial summary judgment is granted with respect to 
defective specifications and misrepresentation but denied as to superior knowledge. 
 
 Dated:  June 6, 2024 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(Signatures continued) 
 
 
 
MICHAEL N. O’CONNELL 
Administrative Judge 
Vice Chairman 
Armed Services Board 
of Contract Appeals 

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22 
 
I concur 
 
 
 
OWEN C. WILSON 
Administrative Judge 
Acting Chairman 
Armed Services Board 
of Contract Appeals 
 I concur 
 
 
 
 DAVID B. STINSON 
Administrative Judge 
Armed Services Board 
of Contract Appeals 
 
 
 I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the 
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA Nos. 62876, 63616,
 Appeals of 
Shoreline Foundation, Inc., rendered in conformance with the Board’s Charter. 
 
 Dated:  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PAULLA K. GATES-LEWIS 
Recorder, Armed Services 
Board of Contract Appeals