Inclusion Criteria:  visually significant cataract age of 20 years or older preoperative corneal astigmatism of 1.50 diopters (D) or lower.  Exclusion Criteria:  previous ocular surgery active ocular pathology amblyopia systemic or ocular medication that could affect vision subclinical or clinical corneal ectatic disease pupil abnormalities intraoperative complication leading to capsular or zonular abnormalities