Inclusion Criteria:  healthy, type 2 diabetes BMI 18-40 kg/m2, non-pregnant, non-breastfeeding, non-nicotine users.  Exclusion Criteria:  cardiovascular disease including myocardial infarction, heart failure, coronary artery disease, stroke; renal or hepatic diseases; active cancer; autoimmune diseases; immunosuppressant therapy; excessive alcohol consumption (>14 drinks/week); current nicotine use; foot ulcers; diabetic neuropathy; medication directly influencing sympathetic nervous system activity