Inclusion criteria:  Newly initiated nintedanib during 10/01/2014 to 12/31/2018 Were at least 66 years old as of the date of their first nintedanib prescription claim (index date) Qualified for Medicare based on age Had at least 12 months (365 days) of continuous enrollment in Medicare Parts A, B and D before (baseline period) and 12 months (360 days) after the index date (follow-up period) Had at least one inpatient or two outpatient claims (>14 days apart) with a diagnosis code for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) during the baseline period  Exclusion criteria:  Had any history of pirfenidone or nintedanib use during the baseline period Had any history of lung transplant during the baseline, index date or follow-up periods Had any claims for skilled nursing facility, long-term care facility or hospice during the baseline, index date or follow-up period Had evidence during the baseline period of any of the following conditions: lung cancer, autoimmune, or connective tissue diseases (i.e. rheumatoid arthritis (RA), sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), dermatopolymyositis, systemic sclerosis, Sjogren's, and mixed connective tissue disease (CTD)) during the baseline period Had dual eligibility of Medicare and Medicaid Had history of using pirfenidone at the same time with nintedanib during follow-up