Inclusion criteria:  Patient and parent showing cooperation and compliance. Medically free children. Children with missing first primary molars, where space analysis indicates the need for space maintainer fabrication. Caries free, non-restored buccal surfaces of the mandibular second primary molars and deciduous canines. Less than 2/3 of the roots of permanent successors to the prematurely lost primary molars are formed.  Exclusion criteria:  Uncooperative children or parents. Children with systemic diseases. Children with any parafunctional habits. Children with previous allergies to stainless steel. Abutment teeth with buccally decayed or restored surfaces. Crowned abutment teeth. Permanent successors with 2/3 of its roots formed and space analysis does not indicate the fabrication of space maintainer.