Inclusion Criteria:  Patients of any age with symptomatic malaria confirmed by asexual stage parasitaemia (of any Plasmodium species) on blood film.  Exclusion Criteria:  Patients with asymptomatic malaria; Patients with congenital malaria; Patients with Plasmodium gametocytaemia only; Patients with known HIV; Patients who have received antimalarial treatment for symptomatic malaria in the 28 days prior to hospital presentation; Patients who explicitly deny consent.