Inclusion Criteria:  Extracted single rooted teeth with mature apices. (carious/ non carious) Teeth extracted for orthodontic and periodontal purpose. Patient age between 18 to 40 years.  Exclusion Criteria:  Intracanal calcification. (will be assessed from pre-operative radiograph before extraction) Root dilacerations. Root caries, fracture or cracked. Root resorption. Previously treated or initiated root canal treatment.