Inclusion Criteria:  Be scheduled to undergo any one of the 5 major types of cardiothoracic surgical operations: coronary artery bypass grafting, aortic valve replacement, aortic valve repair, lung resection, and esophagectomy Age > 18 No cognitive or psychiatric conditions prohibiting study consent or participation.  Exclusion Criteria:  Clinical signs of cardiogenic shock at time of surgery Severe irreversible hypertension Congenital heart disease Chronic renal insufficiency defined by Cr ≥ 2.5 or chronic renal replacement therapy Evidence of cirrhosis or hepatic synthetic failure Patients with odor allergies or anosmia (lost their sense of smell)