Inclusion Criteria:  Participants must have at least 6 months baseline information prior to index date (this may apply to the relevant databases, if the study participants are identified and the outcomes are ascertained via multiple linked data source) For the pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS) Cohort Participants must have records in both the intelligent research in sight (IRIS) database and the closed claims portion of the Komodo claims database and have at least one record of PPS dispensing For the interstitial cystitis (IC) Cohort not exposed to PPS Participants must have records in both the IRIS database and the closed claims portion of the claims database; have at least one diagnosis of IC; and have no record of PPS dispensing  Exclusion Criteria:  - Evaluated based on the Komodo database. Participants will be excluded from the study if they have no information on age or sex (or both)