Inclusion Criteria:  cardiac surgery utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp  Exclusion Criteria:  Coronary artery bypass grafting Concomitant cryo-Maze procedure Myectomy Heart transplantation Concomitant major non-cardiac surgery Isolated complicated congenital heart surgery descending thoracic aorta surgery with partial cardiopulmonary bypass Emergency surgery Minimally invasive or robot-assisted surgery Estimated GFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m2 Documented end-stage renal disease Preoperative renal replacement therapy Preoperative history of percutaneous coronary intervention within 6 month before surgery Acute coronary syndrome within 4 weeks before surgery Preoperative mechanical circulatory support devices