Inclusion Criteria:  • Age range: 18-45 years (inclusive)  Body mass index (BMI) ≤40kg/m2 >1 risk factor for GDM <16wks gestation Gender: only females will be recruited into this study Target disease or condition: pregnancy Individuals with treated hypertension, prehypertension, and dyslipidemia will be allowed to participate in the study Ability to provide written informed consent  Exclusion Criteria:  • Presence of chronic kidney disease (creatinine >2.5mg/dL) and/or active cancer  Smoking Multiple pregnancies Congenital abnormalities Use of chronic medications which influence blood [glucose] or [insulin] Subsequent diagnosis of GDM