Inclusion Criteria:  • HIV-1 infected patients attending HIV care and treatment facilities in three counties of Meru, Kilifi, and Mombasa.  Registered at the comprehensive care centre Currently prescribed ART Able to understand consent process Have a viral load threshold of <1000 copies/mL or with viral loads below the limit of detection  Exclusion Criteria:  • High-risk pregnancy for reasons other than HIV status (e.g., pregnancy complications, preeclampia, gestational diabetes, preterm labor)  Have known history of chronic diseases Self-reported participation in another HIV-related study Both participant and guardian unable to understand consent process Planning on relocating out of study sites over the next 12 months Patients of tender years(<18 yr) or extreme old age (>70 yr) Incapacitated patients will not be recruited