Inclusion criteria:  Patients with advanced benign or malignant lesions involving trachea or bronchi, and has failed conventional treatment. Patients with proximal pulmonary tumors that require surgical resection and has involved proximal airways which is indicated for a pneumonectomy, sleeve lobectomy, or carina resection.  Exclusion criteria:  Less than 20-year-old Unable to obtain informed consent. Pulmonary tumors that can be treated with standard lobectomy. Unresectable locally advanced malignant tumors Malignant tumors with contralateral lymph nodes involvement. Malignant tumors with distal metastases; except for simple resectable brain metastasis. Tracheal lesions which can be treated with standard resection and direct anastomosis. Allergic to iodine Unable to tolerate standard lobectomy Has human immunodeficiency virus infection Tracheal stenosis at proximal 2 cm on upper trachea