Inclusion Criteria:  1. Infants ≥ 37 weeks gestation with prenatal opioid exposure  Exclusion Criteria:  Infants < 37 weeks gestational age at birth Infants receiving opioids for non-NOWS indications Infants with congenital anomalies Infants with known central nervous system anomalies Infants with seizures unrelated to opioid withdrawal Infants with hydrocephalus Infants with intraventricular hemorrhage ≥ grade 2 (Papille Scale) Infants with severe anemia (hemoglobin < 8) Infants with suspected and/or confirmed infection Infants deemed to be clinically unstable by their medical provider Multiple births