Inclusion Criteria:  postoperative pathologically were confirmed cholesteatoma with or without mastoid involvement the extent of disease was confirmed by preoperative HRCT temporal bone undergoed microscopic and/or endoscopic surgery for cholesteatoma including primary or revision surgery  Exclusion Criteria:  were lacking in clinical characteristics had not preoperative audiometric data missed the follow-up data were lacking in surgical times were microscopic combined endoscopic ear surgery