Inclusion Criteria:  All adult patients between 18 to 85-years old undergoing open-heart surgery who can undergo the consent process for the study Healthy donor hearts that are deemed non-transplantable and consent received from a legal representative  Exclusion Criteria:  This criterion is kept to a minimum since the availability of human myocardial samples are finite and dependent on the limited number of patients undergoing cardiac surgery annually within the local hospital.  Patients who do not have the mental capacity to undergo the consent process For the safety of researchers, patients with evidence of ongoing blood-borne infections such as HIV, or a recent positive test for COVID-19 (within 10 days of last PCR test).