Inclusion Criteria:  normophakic participants with a clear natural lens age between 40 to 75 years old UNVA: logMAR 0.1, 0.4, or 0.7  Exclusion Criteria:  astigmatism >1.00 diopters glaucoma intraocular pressure lowering medications former incisional eye surgery corneal or fundus disease diabetes mellitus autoimmune diseases neurological, psychiatric or mental diseases