Inclusion Criteria:  Patients 18 years of age or older. Undergoing primary or revision TJR. Informed consent obtained.  Exclusion Criteria:  Received antibiotics for any reason in the two weeks prior to their TJR. Chronic or acute infection at or near the TJR site. Prior history of PJI. Undergoing surgery for a diagnosis of a fracture. Open wounds on affected limb. Undergoing bilateral TJR. Medical contraindication to povidone-iodine. Medical contraindication to chlorhexidine. Medical contraindication to vancomycin. Current or anticipated incarceration. Terminal illness with expected survival less than 90 days. Currently enrolled in a study that does not permit co-enrollment. Unable to obtain informed consent due to language barriers. Problems, in the judgment of study personnel, with maintaining follow-up with the patient. Prior enrollment in the trial. Other reason to exclude the patient, as approved by the Methods Centre.