Inclusion Criteria:  Good quality CBCT scans. Field of view (FOV) including the whole mandibular bone. Absence of artifacts, dental implants, craniofacial deformities, and temporomandibular disorders.  Exclusion Criteria:  Low-quality CBCT scans. FOV not including the whole mandibular bone. Presence of artifacts, dental implants, craniofacial deformities, and temporomandibular disorders.