Inclusion Criteria:  Patients presenting with bone defects (less than 5 cm) in the diaphysis of the long bones of the lower extremities due to trauma and other bone healing disorders No history of comorbid diseases Willing to be involved in the clinical trial  Exclusion Criteria:  Patients with bone defects or impaired bone healing caused by tumors, infections, and metabolic diseases Suffered from multiple fractures and multitrauma patients Loss to follow-up