Inclusion Criteria:  diagnosed with ASD by registered pediatric psychiatrists according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5th Edition aged 48 to 71 months old had no sensory impairments, such as visual or hearing impairments  Exclusion Criteria:  diagnosed with additional diseases, comorbidities, or presence of other disorders, such as epilepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or Fragile X syndrome children with physical disabilities caused by head injuries, or neurological disorders the inability to follow researcher's instructions and complete the research procedures