Inclusion Criteria:  Inclusion criteria were age > 40 years old phakic eye diagnosis of PACD, including primary angle-closure suspect (PACS), primary angle-closure (PAC) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) as classified by Foster et al  Exclusion Criteria:  patients who had opaque optical media dense cataract anterior and/or posterior segment diseases such as advanced pterygium, diabetic retinopathy, or maculopathy Participants who had previous history of ocular trauma, ocular surgery