Inclusion Criteria for all participants:  absence of facial nerve transposition; participants must be 18 years of age or older; signed informed consent.  Inclusion Criteria for patients with facial synkinesis:  patients must have severe facial synkinesis based on the Sunnybrook facial grading system at the time the MRI scan is performed synkinesis must occur only on one side of the face  Exclusion Criteria for all participants:  previous neurosurgery contraindications for MRI investigation, such as a pacemaker, implanted pumps or stimulators, iron materials (e.g., piercings), facial tattoos and permanent make up, or claustrophobia.  Exclusion Criteria for control participants:  control participants must have no forms of facial paralysis prior to the MRI examination and at the time of the MRI procedure.