Inclusion Criteria:  were non-pregnant adults >18 years of age regardless of gender or ethnicity; spoke and understood Bahasa Malaysia had a medical record showing haemoglobin A1c test (HbA1c) level of ≥6.3% (45 mmol/mol) and fasting plasma glucose test (FPG) ≥7.0 mmol/L Patients also need to be able to provide informed consent to participate in the study  Exclusion Criteria:  Participants were excluded if they could not answer the quizzes independently or had a hearing or vision impairment. Patients unable to read, write and speak Malay, medically unstable or unable to provide informed consent will be excluded. Patients who are currently attending intensive psychological treatment, hospitalised and participating in other studies will also be excluded from the study.