Inclusion Criteria:  Patients aged 18 years and older Patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery at any spinal level from L1 to sacrum (including decompression, discectomy, posterior fusion, interbody fusion, wound revision or washout, intradural tumor resection, treatment of vascular spinal lesion, tethered cord release, repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, hardware removal)  Exclusion Criteria:  Patients undergoing surgery that includes thoracic levels Patients from whom pain scores could not be elicited in the immediate postoperative period due to mental status (e.g. prolonged intubation requirement, etc.)