Inclusion Criteria:  body mass index (BMI) between 18-40 kg/m2 (not morbidly obese) if a smoker, smokes at least 5 cigarettes per day for the past 12 months if a smoker, experience occasional mild skin irritations (e.g., rash, dryness, redness, itching, etc.) if non-smoker, not have used tobacco products or any smoked product (e.g., marijuana, cigar, pipe) in the past 12 months if non-smoker, not exposed to regular second-hand smoke (e.g., lives with or works in close proximity to a smoker) no consumption of alcohol-containing beverages within 48 hours of testing no consumption of caffeine-containing beverages within 24 hours of testing without active infection or illness of any kind if female, not be pregnant able to fast overnight (10-12 hours) Not have doctor prescribed immune function or antioxidant nutritional supplements, over the counter medications, or prescription drugs that might impact outcomes (e.g. Vitamin-C, elderberry, ginger, turmeric, quercetin, supplements with "Immun" or have immunity on their label, Immunosuppressives: prednisolone, Azathioprine, Mycophenolate mofetil, Monoclonal antibodies - of which there are many ending in "mab", such as bevacizumab, rituximab and trastuzumab, Anti-TNF drugs such as etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab and golimumab, Methotrexate, Ciclosporin, Tacrolimus, Sirolimus, Cyclophosphamide, Leflunomide, Immunotherapies: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, Adoptive Cell Therapies, Monoclonal Antibodies, Oncolytic Virus Therapy, Immune System Modulators, etc.) be willing to stop non-prescribed immune function or antioxidant nutritional supplements and over the counter medications (e.g. Vitamin-C, elderberry, ginger, turmeric, quercetin, supplements with "Immun" or have immunity on their label, etc.) one month prior to and through the duration of the study  Exclusion Criteria:  -