Inclusion Criteria:  1.Patients who will receive scheduled NOVATS surgery under general anesthesia Patients who met the following criteria were considered candidates for NIVATS: tumours smaller than 6 cm, peripheral lesions, no evidence of severe adhesion, no evidence of chest wall, diaphragm, or main bronchus involvement.  Exclusion Criteria:1. Patients who had potential or confirmed airway complications such as bronchial tumor or hemothorax, morbid obesity (body mass index [BMI] greater than 35 kg·m-2), coagulopathy, anatomical deformity or an American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) classification greater than 3 were excluded.