Inclusion Criteria:  1, men living with their wives and planning to have children; 2, men seeking medical help for preconception tests, infertility, and recurrent miscarriage of their wives; and 3, consenting to participate in the survey and signing an informed consent form.  Exclusion Criteria:  1, men with significant genital malformations, severe cardiovascular disease, stroke and mental disorders; 2, men who could not live with their female partners every day because they worked in different cities; 3, medical history of female partners with reproductive system abnormalities by gynecological examination.