Inclusion Criteria:  Participants included in this study will have the following criteria:  Pregnancies complicated with FGR (EFW <10th percentile). Singleton pregnancy.  Exclusion Criteria:  • Fetal structural malformations or chromosomal abnormalities as detected by neonatal examination and anomaly scan during pregnancy.  Identified infectious etiologies detected during immediate postnatal examination or during pregnancy. Gestational age cannot be calculated accurately. Missing antenatal or perinatal outcome data.