Inclusion Criteria:  All prior treatment-related toxicities must be Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) (version 5.0) =< grade 1 (except alopecia) at the time of enrollment >= 18 years old Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), histologically and/or cytologically proven Clinical American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage II-III NSCLC (T1-4N0-3M0) Patients must be considered unresectable or medically-inoperable Within 60 days of registration: patients must have fludeoxyglucose F-18 (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) scan (or CT chest/abdomen/pelvis with IV contrast), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain with IV contrast (preferred) or CT scan of the brain with contrast. Non-contrast MRI scans of the chest/abdomen/pelvis or brain are permitted for workup if patient has allergy to CT contrast or renal insufficiency Within 30 days of registration: patients must have vital signs, history/physical examination, laboratory studies (CBCP with differential, chemistries including liver function tests, creatinine clearance (CrCl) assessment; pregnancy test if needed within 14 days of registration) Absolute neutrophil count >=1.5 x 10^9/L (within 30 days of study registration) Hemoglobin >= 9 g/dL (within 30 days of study registration) Platelets >= 100 x10^9/L (within 30 days of study registration) Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) (within 30 days of study registration) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) =< 2.5 x ULN (within 30 days of study registration)  Creatinine < 1.5 mg/dL or calculated creatinine clearance* >= 50 mL/min or 24-hour urine creatinine clearance >= 50 mL/min (within 30 days of study registration)  Calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula  If a pleural effusion is present and visible on both CT scan AND chest Xray, the investigator should exclude malignant disease by pleurocentesis to confirm cytologically-negative pleural fluid. If fluid is exudative or cytologically positive for tumor cells, patient is excluded  Patients with effusions that are minimal (i.e. not visible on chest x-ray) and that are too small to safely tap are eligible Life expectancy of > 6 months in the opinion of investigator Patient has an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0-2 within 30 days of registration Patients must be a minimum of 3 weeks from thoracotomy (if performed) and well-healed before starting treatment Ability to provide written informed consent obtained prior to participation in the study and any related procedures being performed Women of child-bearing potential (WOCBP) must have a negative pregnancy test within 14 days of registration. Urine human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is an acceptable pregnancy assessment Nursing women may participate only if nursing is discontinued, due to the possibility of harm to nursing infants from the treatment regimen Women/men of reproductive potential must be counselled on contraception/ abstinence while receiving the study treatment Patient is suitable to receive standard chemotherapy with radiation during study treatment (i.e. carboplatin + paclitaxel)  Exclusion Criteria:  Documented or pathologically-proven metastatic disease Presence of nodules considered neoplastic in contralateral lobes (M1a) Patients with history of pneumonectomy Prior cytotoxic chemotherapy or molecularly-targeted agents (e.g. erlotinib, crizotinib), unless > 2 years prior Any concurrent malignancy other than non-melanoma skin cancer, non-invasive bladder cancer, or carcinoma in situ of the cervix. Patients with a previous malignancy without evidence of disease for >= 3 years will be allowed to enter the trial History of active connective tissue disease (scleroderma) or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis History of previous radiation therapy which would result in overlapping radiation fields Uncontrolled neuropathy grade 2 or greater, regardless of cause Subjects who are breast-feeding and plan to continue breast-feeding during therapy, or have a positive pregnancy test will be excluded from the study. Should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately If patient elects to have two research MRIs during dose-finding phase of trial, medical contraindication to MR imaging (e.g. pacemakers, metallic implants, aneurysm clips, known contrast allergy to gadolinium contrast, pregnancy, nursing mothers, weight greater than 350 pounds) or severe anxiety/claustrophobia related to MR imaging despite medications to relieve anxiety/claustrophobia Hepatic insufficiency resulting in jaundice and/or coagulation defects, or not meeting laboratory values above (albumin, total bilirubin, AST/ALT)  Any serious and/or unstable pre-existing medical disorder (aside from malignancy exception above), psychiatric disorder, or other conditions that could interfere with subject's safety, obtaining informed consent or compliance to the study procedures, in the opinion of the treating physicians. This could include severe, active co-morbidities such as:  Unstable angina and/or congestive heart failure requiring hospitalization within the last 6 months Transmural myocardial infarction within the last 6 months Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) based upon the current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definition; note, however, that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing is not required for entry into this protocol. The need to exclude patients with AIDS from this protocol is necessary because the treatments involved in this protocol may be significantly immunosuppressive Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation or other respiratory illness requiring hospitalization or precluding study therapy within 30 days of registration Hepatic insufficiency resulting in jaundice and/or coagulation defects