Inclusion Criteria:  adults (>18 years) admitted to general wards of Tupua Tamasese Meaole (TTM) Hospital with a diagnosis of AKI between the 1st December 2019 and the 31st of May 2020 serum creatinine level of >200 micromol/L compliance with the current Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria for AKI diagnosis  Exclusion Criteria:  patients on chronic haemodialysis patients with underlying chronic kidney disease with no evidence of AKI patients for whom it was not possible to ascertain a diagnosis (i.e., patients with one elevated serum creatinine result and no subsequent follow-up haematology)