Inclusion Criteria:  Had histologically proven primary cancer. Had newly diagnosed brain metastases in contrast-enhanced MRI. Brain metastases focus should be measurable. All the patients should safely receive radiotherapy and/or systematic tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Karnofsky performance score (KPS) ≥60 or KPS ≥40, but only caused by brain metastases.  Exclusion Criteria:  Patients with prior intracranial local treatments, such as surgery and radiotherapy without dose prescription in detail Patients with leptomeningeal metastases at first diagnosis. Had synchronous or metachronous malignancies that might affect survival. Had severe systemic diseases, abnormal conditions that might lead to incoordinate behavior during the implementation of clinical measures. Had incomplete sociodemographic and/or clinicopathologic baseline data