Inclusion Criteria:  For this study placentae were collected from:  Patients who were diagnosed as GDM during second trimester screening for FBS and RBS, confirmed further by OGCT and OGTT. GDM patients who signed the written informed consent. GDM patients who were in ages between 18 years and 40 years and had no other comorbid such hypertension, CVD etc Full term GDM patients with singleton pregnancy (37 weeks and above) GDM patients whose placenta were preserved within 30-40 minutes of delivery.  Exclusion Criteria:  Placentae were not collected from:  GDM Patients with ages less than 18 or more than 40 years GDM females with some co-morbid and complications (e.g. hypertension, CVD, diabetes type 1 or diabetes type 2 before gestation, abnormal Urea Creatinine Electrolyte (UCE) and Liver function test (LFTs). GDM Patients who delivered pre-termed (< 37 weeks of gestation) or post termed (>42 weeks of gestation) GDM patients with twin pregnancy. GDM Patients if not preserved in the formalin properly within 30-40 minutes of delivery. GDM females who were given combined (Metformin and insulin) therapy.