Inclusion Criteria:  ≥18 years old during year of index date with valid gender and geographic information Continuous enrollment (CE) in the health plan with medical and pharmacy benefits for ≥6 months (180ii days) before the index date (pre-index period) CE with medical and pharmacy benefits for ≥18 months (540ii days) beginning on the index date (post-index period) All patients had uniform 6-month pre-index and 18-month post-index periods ≥1 medical claim with an MS diagnosis codeiii in any position during the pre-or post-index periods ≥1 claim for fingolimod after the index date (i.e., from index date +1 to 539 days post-index) By requiring ≥1 medical claim with an MS diagnosis code and ≥2 claims with an NDC for fingolimod, the inclusion criteria essentially incorporated the preferred/overall best performing MS case-finding definition validated by Culpepper et al. The criteria for that definition required at least 3 separate encounters from any of the following: MS-related ambulatory visits, MS-related inpatient stays, and DMT claims during a 12-month period. Slightly higher accuracy was found when a 24-month period was used.  Exclusion criteria  ≥1 pharmacy or medical claim for any MS DMT during the pre-index period