Inclusion Criteria:  Male and female patients aged 18 or older Patients that have undergone pelvic exenteration or abdominoperineal excision at participating sites, at any time, that have complete data (work package 1 - retrospective study) Patients undergoing pelvic exenteration or abdominoperineal excision at participating sites (work package 2 - prospective study) Patients that have already had pelvic exenteration or abdominoperineal resection that can speak English (work package 3 - mixed-methods study)  Exclusion Criteria:  Patients eligible for, but that are unfit, decline or are not offered abdominoperineal excision or pelvic exenteration surgery Patients that undergo surgery by an intersphincteric abdominoperineal resection approach Patients that are unable to complete the questionnaire over the telephone with a researcher Patients unable or unwilling to provide informed consent Patients that have been identified for semi-structured interviews that are not fluent in English Patients that are prisoners in the custody of HM Prison Service or who are offenders supervised by the probation service