Inclusion Criteria:  presence of mild dementia, mild cognitive impairment; vascular cognitive impairment, subjective cognitive impairment; age between 50 and 85 years; educational level ≥ 5 years.  Exclusion Criteria:  MMSE > 20 CRD > 1 pre-existing cognitive impairment (e.g. aphasia, neglect); severe disturbances in consciousness; concomitant severe psychiatric disease or others neurological conditions (e.g. depression and behavioral disorders).