Inclusion Criteria:  Term newborns (>37 weeks) admitted to the NICU Diagnosis of surgical pathology, non-neurological, to be resolved in the NICU, in the next hours or days. Need for continuous sedation-analgesia prior to surgery.  Exclusion criteria:  Perinatal asphyxia Evidence of severe neurological injury. Suspected or diagnosed brain malformations Uncontrolled metabolic and hemodynamic instability at the time of surgery.