Inclusion Criteria:  The inclusion criteria consisted of the following: (1) completely edentulous participants; (2) removable complete denture wearers diagnosed with denture stomatitis (loss of filiform papillae, erythema, and feeling of mucosal burning); and (3) habitual cigarette smokers (individuals smoking at least 1 cigarette per day since ≥3 years).  Exclusion Criteria:  The exclusion criteria consisted of the following: (1) individuals who received steroids, antifungals, or antibiotics over the past 90 days before the initiation of the study; (2) lactating or pregnant women; (3) individuals who had been using the same denture over the past ten years; individuals who underwent cancer treatment (chemotherapy or radiotherapy); (5) patients who are immunocompromised, anemics, or diabetics; (6) habitual alcohol drinkers; and (7) participants who refused to sign the informed consent document.