Inclusion Criteria:  Age ≥ 18 years Diagnosis of persistent atrial fibrillation(AF) or long-standing persistent AF by medical history and Holter monitoring (persistent AF lasting more than 7 days; long-standing persistent AF lasting more than 1 year). Rheumatic mitral valve disease(RMVD) requires mitral valve surgery( RMVD was determined by history of acute rheumatic fever, valve morphology, echocardiographic findings and pathological diagnosis). Consent to surgical ablation of AF  Exclusion Criteria:  Paroxysmal AF Degenerative or ischemic mitral valve disease Evidence of active infection Previous catheter ablation or surgical ablation for AF Surgical management of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy Absolute contraindications for anticoagulation therapy Left atrial thrombosis (not including left atrial appendage thrombosis alone) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)<30% anticipated value) Uncontrolled hypo- or hyperthyroidism Mental impairment or other conditions that may not allow participants to understand the nature, significance, and scope of study Left atrial diameter>70mm Right ventricular dysfunction (TAPSE<16) or moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation or pulmonary artery pressure (estimated by echocardiography) >60mmHg Coronary artery bypass grafting is required for participants with coronary heart disease Previous cardiac surgery Refuse to participate in this study