Inclusion Criteria:  (a) no prior history of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or corticosteroid treatment; (b) a histopathologic diagnosis of WHO grade-III gliomas and GBM according to the WHO criteria; (c) known IDH genotype; (d) access to preoperative MR imaging examinations, including perfusion imaging and diffusion imaging.  Exclusion Criteria:  (a) poor quality images; (b) errors when processed with automatic pipeline (c) suffering from other intracranial tumors at the same time