Inclusion Criteria:  Volunteer to participate in the study with good compliance. Able to complete the observation and follow-up and have signed the informed consent; More than 18 years old with no limit of sex; Pathologically confirmed stage T4N0-3 or T1-3N2-3 NSCLC with residual tumor after first-line treatment (first-line chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy, etc.) evaluated operable for radical resection; pathologically confirmed stage IVA NSCLC evaluated operable after first-line treatment (first-line chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy, etc.); ASA score: I-III; Cardiopulmonary functions meet the requirements of radical operation for lung cancer with normal liver and kidney functions.  Exclusion Criteria:  Serious heart, lung, liver and kidney dysfunction and unable to tolerate the operation; Neurologic, mental illness or mental disorder which is hard to control, poor compliance, unable to cooperate or describe the treatment response; Unable to receive radical resection; Need of palliative or emergency operation due to lung abscess or hemoptysis; Having received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.