Inclusion Criteria:  Ongoing low back and/or referred pain (non-specific pattern) above or just below the gluteal fold of at least 3/10 on a numerical pain rating scale (NRS), for at least 3 months; Pain has resulted in a problem on at least 50% of the days in the past 6 months; Only use of oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain treatment in the 4 weeks before treatment; Willingness to commit to treatment sessions (acupuncture, chiropractic therapy or therapeutic massage) and to follow-up visits.  Exclusion Criteria:  Back pain attributable to a specific, recognizable, known pathology:  protrusion or prolapse of 1 or more intervertebral discs with concurrent neurological symptoms; radicular pain (sciatica); infectious spondylopathy; low back pain caused by inflammatory, malignant, or autoimmune disease; congenital deformation of the spine (except for slight lordosis or scoliosis); compression fracture caused by osteoporosis; spinal stenosis; spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis; Pregnancy; History of spinal surgery; History of pelvis or hip fractures; Acupuncture, spinal manipulation or therapeutic massage for back pain within the past year; Severe clotting disorders or anticoagulant therapy;