Inclusion Criteria:  Age 19 years to no upper limit Patients receiving liver resection under general anesthesia (Including open surgery and laparoscopic surgery) American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status 1,2  Exclusion Criteria:  Patients presenting with coagulopathy prior to surgery Patients with neurological deficits Patients with spinal anomaly or disorders Patients with allergies to opioids or local anesthetics Patients with severe respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, or hepatic disorders Severe systemic infection or infections involving proposed intrathecal injection site Patients with severe psychological disorders severe that may interfere with pain evaluation Patients with chronic diseases that require opioids