Inclusion Criteria:  a confirmed diagnosis of T1D by an endocrinologist before the age of 16 and a disease duration of >6months patients aged 16-25 years mean HbA1C level ≥7.5% one year before inclusion ability to communicate in Chinese or Mandarin patients who own smartphones with internet access patients who agreed to voice recording during a session explaining the treatment process patients who signed the informed consent form prior to participation; for minors, a legal representative must provide consent and sign the informed consent form.  Exclusion Criteria:  ･ T1D patients with other concomitant metabolic diseases, chromosomal aberrations, major illnesses, and cognitive impairment will be excluded from this study.