Inclusion Criteria:  Patients over 18 years of age, who were referred for extraction of the hopeless teeth. The reasons for tooth extraction included root fracture, failed root canal therapy, and extensive non-restorable caries.  Exclusion Criteria:  a history of systemic disease and head/neck radiotherapy, use of drugs affecting bone metabolism, smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day, the presence of significant periapical or periodontal lesions around the respective teeth, and the presence of dehiscence or fenestration larger than 3mm in the buccal bone plate.