Inclusion Criteria:  Patients aged > 18 years of age presenting with traumatic rib fractures in a major trauma centre over the past 5 years Meet the criteria for the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust 'Invasive rib fracture management pathway'  Exclusion Criteria:  Under 18 years old Prisoners Pregnant Private patients Meet the criteria for the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust 'Non-invasive rib fracture management pathway'