Inclusion Criteria:  Children ages from 4 to 8 years classified as class I or II according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). No previous dental experience. Non-vital primary molar (necrotic or with chronic apical periodontitis) which confirmed radiographicly with the presence or absence of periapical radiolucency. Severe tooth mobility.  Exclusion Criteria:  Severe behaviour or emotional disabilities. Analgesic intake in the preceding 12 hours. Non-restorable crowns of primary molars. Radiographic presence of internal root resorption or massive bone destruction.  Root resorption exceeded one-third of the root length.  -