Inclusion Criteria:  Participants invited in this study were aged more than 60 years, diagnosed with the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) ≦1, able to communicate, free to stand and walk, and willing to participate this study.  Exclusion Criteria:  The exclusion criteria were as followings: use of hormone drugs, brain trauma, head surgery, vitamin B12 deficiency, decreased memory and judgment due to hypothyroidism or malnutrition with medical contraindications for exercise, and practicing qigong or exercise regularly.