Inclusion Criteria:  Patient is undergoing investigation of recent confirmed hematuria (by either flexible or rigid cystoscopy/TURBT), including hematuria patients referred due to suspicious/positive imaging, in order to determine the presence of urothelial carcinoma. Able to provide a voided urine sample of the required minimum volume Able to give written consent Able and willing to comply with study requirements Aged 18 years or older  Exclusion Criteria:  Prior history of bladder malignancy, prostate or renal cell carcinoma Prior genitourinary manipulation (flexible or rigid cystoscopy / catheterisation, urethral dilation) in the 14 days before urine collection History of glomerulonephritis, nephrosis or other renal inflammatory disorders, recent history of pyelonephritis Previous alkylating based chemotherapy Pregnancy.