Inclusion Criteria:  age≥18 years A definite diagnosis of cirrhosis (confirmed by medical history, laboratory examination and imaging examination) The cause of bleeding was identified as esophageal and/or gastric vein rupture  Exclusion Criteria:  End-stage diseases of major organs (such as heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, end-stage renal disease, and malignancies other than hepatocellular carcinoma) The subject (or legal representative/guardian) refused to sign the informed consent