Inclusion Criteria:  1. 3 - 9 months post first-time stroke of infarct hemorrhagic type at the beginning of participation.  2. over the age of 18 years with no upper age limit.  3. cleared by a medical physician to participate.  4. Independent in basic activities of living.  5. minimum motor criteria: at least 10 degrees of active wrist extension, 10 degrees of finger extension in at least two fingers and the thumb (abduction) and the elbow (90 degrees flexion and extension) and shoulder (45 degrees flexion and abduction motion criteria.  Exclusion Criteria:  1. score below 24 on the Folstein Mini-mental status exam (MMSE)  2. score greater than an average of 2.5 on the Motor Activity Log (MAL) amount scale  3. are concurrently participating in any experimental drug study  4. are concurrently participating in any formal physical rehabilitation or clinical trials  5. do not meet the minimum motor criteria or who do not meet the minimum balance criteria.  6. pre-menopausal woman who is pregnant