Inclusion Criteria:  age 21-55 fluent in English diagnosis of mood, anxiety, or traumatic stress disorder clinically elevated repetitive negative thinking outpatient status 6-week stability if taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medications  Exclusion Criteria:  past year diagnosis of severe alcohol or moderate or greater substance use disorder lifetime history of psychotic or bipolar I disorder acute suicidality necessitating immediate clinical intervention neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental disorders history of moderate or severe traumatic brain injury or other known neurological condition sensory deficits that would preclude completing tasks conditions unsafe for completing MRI scanning (e.g., metal in body) currently receiving psychosocial treatment currently receiving psychiatric pharmacotherapy, except SSRIs