Inclusion Criteria:  Patients carry a diagnosis of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Patients have given informed consent Pharmacological or electrical cardioversion has be performed successfully late gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (LGE-MRI) were performed after cardioversion at least twice  Exclusion Criteria:  Prior radiofrequency ablation treatment for atrial fibrillation Prior cardiac surgical procedures Individuals with cognitive impairments who are unable to give informed consent