Inclusion Criteria:  Age >18 years. Confirmed HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection Judged willing to initiate and adhere to cART by the HIV physician.  Exclusion Criteria:  Inability to place venous catheters to draw blood.  Major comorbidities:  Severe symptomatic anemia or recent symptomatic cardiovascular event (un-stable angina pectoris, decompensated heart failure, myocardial infarction). The inability to participate due to any other relevant social, environmental,psychological, factors or according to the HIV treating physician's judgement.