Inclusion Criteria:  tumor thrombus involving the main trunk and/or first branches of the portal vein, unsuitable for surgery or TACE; an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) of 0-2; 3. no refractory ascites;  4. Child-Pugh class A and B, or class C with good performance status; 5. no previous radiotherapy to the liver; 6. more than 700 cc of uninvolved liver  Exclusion Criteria:  Have received local or systemic treatments in the past, including but not limited to TACE, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, radiofrequency therapy, etc.; Diffuse HCC or accompanied by distant metastasis; Severe bleeding tendency or coagulation dysfunction within the previous 6 months; Patients with a history of hepatic encephalopathy