Inclusion Criteria:  Consent provided Participant is between 8-20 weeks post-conception Female aged 24 years of age and younger Confirmation of pregnancy Intend to comply with study procedures and follow up  Exclusion Criteria:  Women who do not meet the enrolment age criteria Women who are 20 + weeks post-conception Women who have taken antibiotics within the past 3 months Note: it is common practice to give the mother penicillin in perinatal period if they are GBS positive; because this is standardized across the board it would not act as an exclusion factor. BMI 25.0 kg/m2 and higher