Inclusion Criteria:  age ≥ 18 years; no history of surgical treatment or radiotherapy; no contraindication to MRI scanning; agreeable to receive the fMRI scanning and awake craniotomy with DCS  Exclusion Criteria:  basing on the anatomic MRI, the distance from the tumor to the hand-knob area lower than 20 mm; disable to finish the task of clenching fist during fMRI scanning.