Inclusion Criteria:  Emirati Nationality Within first trimester of pregnancy (between 8 -12 weeks of gestation) Singleton pregnancy Absence of major illness preconception (Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, kidney disease, cancer, epilepsy, severe psychiatric illness, and other chronic diseases of infections such as autoimmune disorders, human immunodeficiency virus, and hepatitis).  Exclusion Criteria:  Non-Emirati Unconfirmed viable, intrauterine pregnancy at first obstetric ultrasound during first trimester Twin or multiple gestation pregnancy and a history of multiple gestations History of chronic illness (i.e., T2DM, hypertension, etc.) Previously given birth to babies with malformation, intellectual disability, or inborn errors of metabolism. Experience of a miscarriage before 28 weeks of gestation On significant regular medications, including insulin, anti-hypertensive agents, psychotropic medications, anti-epileptic drugs, steroids, immune-suppressive agents, and chemotherapeutic agents.