Inclusion Criteria:  a body mass index between 18 - 35 kg/m2 18-35 years of age right-hand dominant willingness to comply with the immobilization requirements willingness to refrain from strength training outside of the study willingness to comply with the strength training procedures of the study  Exclusion Criteria:  a personal or family history of blood clots a personal or family history of thyroid disorders previous orthopedic surgeries to the upper limbs and/or joint pain of the upper limbs in the last 6 months neuromuscular or metabolic disorders osteoarthritis use of hormone replacement therapy (ie., testosterone, estrogen, and/or growth hormone pharmaceuticals) pregnancy and/or nursing