Inclusion Criteria:  Men and women, 60 years and older Competent to independently give informed consent Successful completion of screening Maximal oxygen consumption below the 60th percentile based on gender: Women: ≤ 21.2 mL/kg/min Men: ≤ 30.5 mL/kg/min  Exclusion Criteria:  Estrogen supplementation (in any form) within the previous 6 months Any medication that could affect outcome measures such as statins, blood pressure medications, or anti-depressives Use of anti-oxidant supplements, in excess of standard multi-vitamins (1 tablet/day) and/or any supplements known to target Nrf2 including resveratrol, Protandim, and sulforaphane Current smoker Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than 33 kg/m2 (Class I Obesity) Any chronic illness that could affect outcome measures, including diabetes, liver or renal disease, or cancer (other than skin cancer) History of a myocardial infarction within the last 6 months, clinically significant aortic stenosis, use of cardiac defibrillator, or uncontrolled angina Clinically significant arrhythmia on a resting EKG or significant EKG changes during the baseline VO2 max test Any other condition that would contraindicate maximal exercise testing, including elevated blood pressure at rest (systolic BP >150 or diastolic BP >90 mm Hg on at least 2 measurements, at least 10 minutes apart) or musculoskeletal problems