Inclusion Criteria:  adult patients (18-65 years), American society of anesthesiologist I-III, scheduled for emergency laparotomy under general anesthesia  Exclusion Criteria:  history of difficult intubation, abnormal airway examination, cardiac morbidities (impaired contractility with ejection fraction < 50%, heart block, arrhythmias, tight valvular lesions), patients on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers medications, patients with uncontrolled hypertension, patient with allergy of any of the study drugs Patients on vasopressor infusion, patients with high shock index (heart rate / systolic blood pressure >1), body mass index > 35 kg/m2, increased intracranial tension pregnant women