Inclusion Criteria:  type 1 diabetes, diagnosed for at least one year post-menopause (at least one year since last menstrual period), or have had a hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo oophorectomy able to perform aerobic and resistance exercise  Exclusion Criteria:  HbA1c > 9.9 % frequent and unpredictable hypoglycemia change in insulin management strategy within the last 2 months blood pressure > 140 / 95 severe peripheral neuropathy history of cardiovascular disease musculoskeletal injuries interfering with exercise performance use of medications (other than insulin) that affect glucose metabolism BMI > 30 kg/m2 smoking moderate to high alcohol intake (> 2 drinks/day)