Inclusion Criteria:  Primary hyperparathyroidism who will be undergoing parathyroid surgery Persistent primary hyperparathyroidism after having undergone a failed prior parathyroid surgery who will be undergoing repeat parathyroid surgery  Exclusion Criteria:  Pregnant women (Those patients who could potentially will receive preoperative pregnancy testing, as is standard before general anesthesia. Any patients with positive pregnancy test results will not be included in the study.) Patients with concurrent parathyroid and thyroid disease that require total thyroidectomy Patients with secondary or tertiary hyperparathyroidism