Inclusion Criteria:  English as the primary language of communication. No history of neurological diseases or diagnosed speech-language disorders apart from stuttering. Parent report or direct observation of oral-facial structural abnormalities (such as cleft lip and/or cleft palate). Free of any medications that may affect neural functions (e.g., medications of seizures). Normal hearing acuity (must pass a hearing screening). Normal vision per parent report.  Exclusion Criteria:  Failure to meet the inclusionary criteria listed above Parental report of neurodevelopmental disorders (such as autism spectrum disorders) Parental report of vision problems that are not corrected or corrected with glasses.