(Development Study)  Inclusion criteria:  PHS 2014/2015 participants Completed the health examination including physical measurements (body height, weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference) and blood tests (fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c and lipid profile) during PHS 2014/2015 aged 18-84 years  Exclusion criteria:  Doctor-diagnosed DM Doctor-diagnosed high blood glucose Doctor-diagnosed cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease, stroke) Doctor-diagnosed cancer Doctor-diagnosed chronic kidney disease Doctor-diagnosed anaemia  (Validation study)  Inclusion Criteria:  Chinese aged 18-84 years Can communicate in Chinese Consent to participate in the study  Exclusion Criteria:  Doctor-diagnosed DM Doctor-diagnosed high blood glucose Doctor-diagnosed cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease, stroke) Doctor-diagnosed cancer Doctor-diagnosed chronic kidney disease Doctor-diagnosed anaemia Inability to complete the survey or blood test because of sickness or cognitive impairment Do not give consent to the study