Inclusion Criteria:  rapid-deployment aortic valve replacement (RD-AVR) with the Edwards Intuity™ bioprosthesis for severe aortic valve stenosis between July 2012 and May 2018  Exclusion Criteria:  preoperative permanent pacemaker or defibrillator, complete intraventricular conductive disorder defined by a QRS width ≥ 120 ms. absence of patient's authorization for anonymous publication of their clinical data for research purposes.