Inclusion criteria:  Prevalent metformin use + initiation of empagliflozin OR prevalent metformin use + initiation of sulfonylurea ≥18 years of age at index date during study observation ≥1 inpatient and/or ≥ 2 outpatient claims denoting T2D diagnosis (in any position) in the 12 months prior to index date ≥1 inpatient and/or ≥2 outpatient claims denoting CVD (in any position) diagnosis in the 12 months prior to index date ≥2 months post-index date ≥12 months of no exposure to T2D medications in the pre-index period (excluding metformin in both arms) ≥12 months of continuous enrolment prior to index date  Exclusion criteria:  Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes, secondary, or gestational diabetes in the 12 months prior to index date Diagnosis of severe comorbidities including malignancy, end-stage renal disease, human immunodeficiency virus, Hepatitis C infection, or organ transplant in the 12 months prior to index date Admission to nursing home in the 12 months prior to index date