The inclusion criteria will differ for each group enrolled into the study:  Inclusion criteria for Group 1 (Children 6-59 months of age diagnosed with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria):  Aged 6-59 months Resident of health facility catchment area Provision of parental consent Fever (temperature of ≥37.5°C) or history of fever in the past 24 hours Confirmed P. falciparum parasitemia by RDT and/or microscopy  Inclusion criteria for Group 2 (Children 6-59 months of age without malaria):  Aged 6-59 months Resident of health facility catchment area Provision of parental consent Negative for P. falciparum parasitemia by RDT and/or microscopy  Inclusion criteria for Group 3 (Children 5-10 years of age diagnosed with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria):  Aged 5-10 years Resident of health facility catchment area Provision of parental consent Fever (temperature of ≥37.5°C) or history of fever in the past 24 hours Confirmed P. falciparum parasitemia by RDT and/or microscopy  The exclusion criteria for all children are as follows:  Refusal to participate Residence outside of health facility catchment areas Known treatment of malaria (not SMC) in the past 14 days Danger signs (lethargy, unable to drink or breast feed, repeated vomiting, unable to stand or sit due to weakness) Signs of severe malaria, including altered conscious, respiratory distress (rapid breathing), severe anemia (<5 g/dL), or other signs of organ dysfunction. Non-malarial illness that is severe or prevents necessary study procedures