Inclusion Criteria:  1） intention to undergo gastroscopy during health checkup examination; and 2) 25-75 years of age  Exclusion Criteria:  1) a history of gastric ulcer, gastric polyp, or GC; 2) a history of gastrectomy; 3) treatment with a proton pump inhibitor in the last month; 4) contraindications to gastroscopy; 5) a history of Hp eradication; 6) a history of abdominal pain, abdominal distention, belching, acid reflux, nausea and other digestive tract symptoms within 1 month or 67) incomplete data.