Inclusion Criteria:  Patients who underwent clinically-indicated invasive coronary angiography Patients who underwent comprehensive physiologic assessments Patients who were evaluated by echocardiography  Exclusion Criteria:  Patients with unavailable echocardiography data Patients with hemodynamic instability Patients with severe LV dysfunction (LV ejection fraction<30%) Patients with severe valvular stenosis or regurgitation Culprit vessel of acute coronary syndrome