Inclusion Criteria:  diagnosis of idiopathic PD according to the MDS clinical diagnostic criteria (Postuma et al. 2015); b) diagnosis of PSP according to the MDS clinical diagnostic criteria (Höglinger et al. 2017); c) diagnosis of MSA according to the second diagnostic consensus statement (Gilman et al. 2008); d) diagnosis of VP according to Zijlmans et al (Zijlmans et al. 2004).  Exclusion Criteria:  a) any focal brain lesion detected with brain imaging studies (CT or MRI); b) diagnosis of clinically relevant psychiatric disorders, psychosis (evaluated with Neuropsychiatric Inventory) and/or delirium; c) diagnosis of dementia or MCI; d) diagnosis of neurological diseases other than PD or atypical parkinsonian syndromes; e) other medical conditions negatively affecting the cognitive status; f) disturbing resting and/or action tremor, corresponding to scores 2-4 in the specific items of MDS Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) III, such as to affect the psychometric evaluation; g) disturbing dyskinesia, corresponding to scores 2-4 in the specific items of MDS-UPDRS III, such as to affect the psychometric evaluation; h) auditory and/or visual dysfunctions impairing the patient´s ability to perform cognitive tests.