Inclusion Criteria:  Patients covered by the French national health insurance general scheme With at least one reimbursement of AC treatment (apixaban, rivaroxaban, dabigatran, or VKAs) Aged ≥18 years as of the index date With a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation (AF) prior to or on the index date With at least one risk factor for gastrointestinal bleeding  Exclusion Criteria:  Patients with different types of AC treatment at the index date Patients with a diagnosis or procedure code indicative of rheumatic mitral valvular heart disease or valve replacement procedure Individuals with a diagnosis of VTE during the 12 months prior to or on the index date