Inclusion Criteria:  locally advanced (cT3-4 and/or N+, TNM stage II-III) low and medium rectal cancer (<11 cm) or low rectum adenocarcinoma cT≤2, at risk for abdominoperineal amputation, undergoing neoadjuvant therapy will be included in the study group. Only neoadjuvant therapy protocols including long course radiotherapy (45 Gy) and fluoropyrimidine-based regimens will be included while short radiation therapy of radiation therapy or chemotherapy alone will be excluded at least 6 weeks after the end of the neoadjuvant therapy will be included Full availability of clinical records at least 1 year of follow up