Inclusion Criteria:  Age between 18 to 80 years old Imaging diagnosis of primary HCC, without other malignancies No antibiotic treatment within two weeks before surgery Regular diet and no severe diarrhea Laparoscopic or open hepatectomy is performed  Exclusion Criteria:  No liver resection is performed No preoperative or postoperative stool samples during the perioperative period Pathological diagnosis is not HCC