Inclusion Criteria:  18-45 years old regularly participate in exercise for at least 150 min per week run at least 3 days per week for 30 minutes able to complete a VO2max test able to exercise for 45 min moderate intensity exercise at one time without breaks  Exclusion Criteria:  not participating in structured exercise of 150 min/week for the past 6 months not running at least 3 days per week for 30 minutes not attaining a VO2max of 50 ml/kg/min (60th percentile fitness classification according to the American College of Sports Medicine) currently smoke or quit smoking less than one year ago. diagnosed with or are being treated for a cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome or a metabolic disorder such as diabetes, thyroid disorder, or high cholesterol. food allergies or sensitivities. not willing to have blood drawn on 4 occasions during each trial (16 total times)