Inclusion Criteria:  American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status class I-III. elective single-port video-assisted thoracic surgery under general  Exclusion Criteria:  a history of thoracic surgery a history of chronic pain ongoing pain treatment opioid drug or alcohol abuse a history of allergy to anesthetics obesity (body mass index [BMI] >30 kg/m2 ) pregnancy psychiatric disorders neurological disease severe diabetes renal or hepatic insufficiency uncontrolled hypertension, or arrhythmia