Inclusion Criteria:  Age between 18 and 80 years American Society of Anesthesiologists classification 1-3 Body mass index between 20 and 35 (kg/m2)  Exclusion Criteria:  Adults who are unable to give their own consent Sepsis (assessed by history and physical examination and, if deemed clinically necessary, by blood work up i.e. leukocytosis, increased c-reactive protein, increased procalcitonin) Coagulopathy (assessed by history and physical examination and, if deemed clinically necessary, by blood work up i.e. platelets ≤ 100, International Normalized Ratio ≥ 1.4 or prothrombin time ≥ 50) Allergy to local anesthetics (LAs) Prior surgery in the thoracic spine