Inclusion Criteria:  care recipients having clinical diagnosis of dementia of any stage participants being the family caregivers of care recipients, providing care for at least 10 hours per week caregivers receiving case manager support for at least 3 months  Exclusion Criteria:  caregivers who were under age of 18 and those exhibiting intellectual impairment caregivers who were not immediate family members of care recipients caregivers who could not communicate in Cantonese or English