Inclusion Criteria:  undergoing elective colectomy data has been collected in the NSQIP® Procedure Targeted Colectomy dataset from 2014-2019  Exclusion Criteria:  American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status (PS) V (defined as "5-Moribund") (ASA PS 6 - organ donation is not included within NSQIP) undergoing urgent or emergency surgery indication for colectomy consisting of "Acute diverticulitis", "Enterocolitis (e.g. C. Difficile)", and "Volvulus" due to the non-elective nature of these pathologies patient with disseminated cancer wound infection (i.e. potentially recent surgery) systemic sepsis ventilator-dependence preoperatively