Inclusion Criteria:  included gestational age (GA) of 28-41 weeks and 5-min APGAR score of ≥7, and neonatal age of <7 days  Exclusion Criteria:  including small for gestational age, presence of a chromosomal abnormality, multiple congenital anomalies, genetic syndromes, history of premature rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis, neonatal asphyxia, and missed inclusion criterion.