Inclusion Criteria:  Postmenopausal women aged ≥50 years were randomly selected from community centers in Changsha City, Hunan Province, China in September 2017. Menopause was defined as the absence of menstrual cycles for at least one year. All subjects were noninstitutionalized and in good health.  Exclusion Criteria:  The criteria for exclusion were morphological abnormalities or skeletal distortions that prohibited either clinical measurements or morphometric assessments of skeletal radiographs.