Inclusion Criteria:  18<age<80; ASA≤III Patients with no clinically significant cardiac history, such as ischaemic heart disease, valvular heart disease, rhythm disturbances such as frequent atrial fibrillation or premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). Patients with significant cardiac history should be optimized according the relevant guidelines before surgery is considered. Normal cardiopulmonary function [predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second(FEV1%) >50% and ejection fraction (EF) >50%of predicted value]. Resting blood gas analysis showing arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)≥75 mmHg and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) <45 mmHg;  Exclusion Criteria:  History of ipsilateral surgery and other conditions which can result in extensive pleural adhesion; Coagulopathy, hypoxemia (PaO2 <60 mmHg), hypercapnia [arterial carbon dioxide tension(PaCO2) >50 mmHg]; Significant cardiac history.