Inclusion Criteria:  Body mass index (BMI) between 27.5 to 40 kg/m2 Aged 21 to 65 years  Exclusion Criteria:  Individuals with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes on insulin heart failure active cancer or in remission for less than 5 years advanced kidney disease hypothyroidism pregnancy depression untreated anemia, known thalassaemia, or other blood disorders.