Inclusion Criteria:  Positive HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) for 6 months or more; Elevated ALT levels (>1×ULN) and detectable HBV DNA; Treatment-naïve; Willing to attend this study and able to provide the written informed consent.  Exclusion Criteria:  Co-infection with other viral hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus; Concurrent with other chronic liver diseases, including primary biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty hepatitis, and hereditary metabolic liver disease; Patients with liver cirrhosis; Coexistence of hepatocellular carcinoma and other malignant tumor; Underwent liver transplantation before the enrollment; Severe cardiac, renal, respiratory, hematological, or psychiatric illness.