Inclusion Criteria:  (1) CHRF (i.e., PaCO2 ≥ 7 kPa or 52.5 mmHg) for at least 4 weeks, and (2) using domiciliary NIV for ≥ 4 weeks, and (3) non-adherer (i.e., used domiciliary NIV for < 4 hours per night or < 70% of days or with a mean daily use < 5 hours per day in the last 2 weeks)  Exclusion Criteria:  (1) known psychiatric disorders except anxiety and depression; or (2) diseases limiting life expectancy to ≤ one year; or (3) active malignancy