Inclusion criteria:  Age of 18 years or older; Scheduled to undergo radical nephrectomy for renal cancer.  Exclusion criteria  Refused to participate; Diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (stage 3 or higher) before surgery; Uncontrolled severe hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥180 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥110 mmHg); Unable to communicate due to severe dementia, language barrier, or end-stage disease before surgery; Enrolled in other trials; Other conditions that are considered unsuitable for inclusion (specific reasons should be indicated).