Inclusion Criteria:  Scheduled to undergo elective upper airway surgery at the University of Pennsylvania  Exclusion Criteria:  Underlying medical conditions in which brief periods of hypoxemia or hypercarbia are not well tolerated Coronary artery disease Severe heart failure with EF < 40% or implanted ICD Pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary fibrosis History of increased intracranial pressure History of skull base or intracranial surgery Severe nasal obstruction Extremely low or extremely high BMI (BMI <16 or >40) At high risk for aspiration Taken to OR for urgent or emergent upper airway surgery