Inclusion Criteria:  Patients from the retina clinic in Assiut University Hospital who had simultaneously undergone same-day FA and OCT with a diagnosis of confirmed or suspected DME.  Exclusion Criteria:  Significant media opacity that obscured the view of the fundus OCT images with high signal-to-noise ratio expressed by the device as"TopQ image quality," below 60 Vitreoretinal interface disease distorting the OCT thickness map. Patients with concurrent ocular conditions interfering with blood flow Patients with uveitic diseases High myopia of more than -8.0 diopters.