Inclusion Criteria:  The inclusion criteria were no previous functional orthopaedic and/or fixed orthodontic treatment, complete permanent dentition, aged between 13 and 20 years old at the begining of the treatment, no systemic problems and related medications, good oral hygiene, no gingival inflammation and periodontal diseases, unilateral labially or palatally impacted maxillary canines, indication of surgical uncovering of the impacted maxillary canine using closed eruption technique, presence of normally positioned contralateral maxillary canine, and complete good quality pretreatment and posttreatment records.  Exclusion Criteria:  Subjects who had fixed orthodontic treatment with teeth extraction, missing teeth adjacent to the canine, and significant distortion between the left and right half jaws in the initial panoramic radiographs were excluded from the study.