Workstream 1 Inclusion criteria (Adult Healthy Volunteers)  Male or female aged 18 years and over Capacity to give informed consent Normal blood pressure (systolic BP > 90 mmHg and diastolic BP >50 mmHg) Resting heart rate > 50bpm For women, negative urinary β-hCG at the screening and subsequent visits (where clinical uncertainty of pregnancy) Subject able to hold breath for 10 seconds Subject able to understand the requirements of the study and to cooperate with the study procedures Subject has normal lung function by spirometry criteria Smoking history of > 10 pack years of tobacco smoking  Workstream 1 Exclusion criteria (Adult Healthy Volunteers)  Unsuitable for MRI scanning (e.g. have metal implants or pacemaker or contraindicated following questionnaire) Subject deemed unlikely to comply with instructions during imaging Subject not deemed fit enough to tolerate procedure Subject deemed unsuitable by clinical investigator for other reasons Abnormal spirometry  Workstream 2 Inclusion criteria (Adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)  Male or female aged 18 years and over Capacity to give informed consent Normal blood pressure (systolic BP > 90 mmHg and diastolic BP >50 mmHg) Resting heart rate > 50bpm For women, negative urinary β-hCG at the screening and subsequent visits (where clinical uncertainty of pregnancy) Subject able to hold breath for 10 seconds Subject able to understand the requirements of the study and to cooperate with the study procedures Diagnosis of COPD made by respiratory physician and confirmed by spirometry criteria (FEV1/FVC ratio < 0.7) and > 10 pack years of tobacco smoking.  Workstream 2 Exclusion criteria (Adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)  Unsuitable for MRI scanning (e.g. have metal implants or pacemaker or contraindicated following questionnaire) Acute illness considered to be of sufficient severity to prevent safe MRI scanning. In this instance, the subject will be invited to be rescreened > 4 weeks later. Subject deemed unlikely to comply with instructions during imaging Subject not deemed fit enough to tolerate procedure Subject deemed unsuitable by clinical investigator for other reasons  Workstream 3 Inclusion criteria (Adults with COPD due to alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency - A1ATD)  Male or female aged 18 years and over Capacity to give informed consent Normal blood pressure (systolic BP > 90 mmHg and diastolic BP >50 mmHg) Resting heart rate > 50bpm For women, negative urinary β-hCG at the screening and subsequent visits (where clinical uncertainty of pregnancy) Subject able to hold breath for 10 seconds Subject able to understand the requirements of the study and to cooperate with the study procedures Diagnosis of A1ATD (PiZZ or PiZ-) and either evidence of emphysema on a previous clinical CT scan or evidence of airways obstruction  Workstream 3 Exclusion criteria (Adults with COPD due to alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency - A1ATD)  Unsuitable for MRI scanning (e.g. have metal implants or pacemaker or contraindicated following questionnaire) Acute illness considered to be of sufficient severity to prevent safe MRI scanning. In this case, the subject will be rescreened >4 weeks later Subject deemed unlikely to comply with instructions during imaging Subject not deemed fit enough to tolerate procedure Subject deemed unsuitable by clinical investigator for other reasons