Inclusion Criteria:  type 2 diabetes patients diagnosed by at least one of these criteria: 1) random blood glucose >= 11.1mmol/L; 2) fasting blood glucose >= 7.0 mmol/L; 3) 2-hr post oral glucose tolerance test blood glucose >= 11.1mmol/L; 4) hemoglobin A1c >= 6.5%. aged between 50-65 years at baseline disease course of type 2 diabetes between 2-10 years  Exclusion Criteria:  type 1 diabetes fasting blood glucose > 16.7 mmol/L, or suffers frequent hypoglycemia, or have significant glucose fluctuations considered by the physician body mass index > 33 kg/m2 severe diabetes complications, including cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetic retinopathy, kidney diseases, diabetic ketoacidosis, and diabetic foot ulcers neuromuscular disorders, sarcopenia, severe osteoporosis, dementia have regular moderate-intensive exercise habit resting systolic blood pressure >= 160 mmHg or resting diastolic blood pressure >= 100 mmHg abnormal electrocardiogram other comorbidities or medications irrelevant to diabetes treatment that may influence glycemia during the past 6 months