Inclusion Criteria:  Mandibular CBCT scans of an acceptable quality (devoid of imaging artifacts). Egyptian male or female patients older than 18 years old. Trabecular bone is free of pathology. Teeth are present at the region of interest  Exclusion Criteria:  Low quality CBCT scans. CBCT scans not including region of interest. CBCT scans for patients less than 18 years old. Trabecular bone is affected by osteolytic or osteoblastic bone pathologies. The region of interest is apical to a missing tooth or a restored tooth.