Inclusion Criteria:  Diagnosis of stage 0-3 breast cancer made by a specialist physician Women and spouses with a legal marriage Women and spouses aged ≥20 years Mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery Women and spouses with no history of mental illness Spouses who were willing to participate in postoperative care Women and spouses who could read and write in Chinese.  Exclusion Criteria:  Women and spouses without a legal marriage Diagnosis of terminal breast cancer Women and spouses aged <20 years Planned or had undergone breast reconstruction Active chemotherapy or radiotherapy Women and spouses with a history of mental illness Women and spouses currently undergoing psychotherapy.