Inclusion Criteria:  type 1 diabetes diagnosed for at least 1 year regular menses using monophasic oral contraceptives  Exclusion Criteria:  HbA1c > 9.9% frequent and unpredictable hypoglycemia change in insulin management strategy within two months of the study use of an automated insulin delivery system blood pressure > 140/95 history of cardiovascular disease severe peripheral neuropathy active proliferative retinopathy use of medications (other than insulin) that would affect blood glucose levels any musculoskeletal condition that would contraindicate exercise (e.g. sprain, strain, joint injury, etc.)