Inclusion Criteria:  History of head trauma 18 ≤ age ≤ 70 years Abnormal head CT scan (skull fracture, intracranial hematoma, brain contusion, cerebral infarction, brain edema, hydrocephalus, etc.) Glasgow coma scale at admission: 9-12 Arriving at hospital within 24 hours after injury Systolic blood pressure ≥100 millimeter of mercury No pregnant  Exclusion Criteria:  Refusing follow up visit Penetrating head injury, spine or spinal cord injury Surgical treatment in other hospital before admission Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after injury or in need of blood transfusion due to active bleeding Consciousness disorder caused not by head trauma (alcoholism, drug overdose, etc.) Prior history of head trauma or stroke Multiple injuries, with severity score of other parts>18 Rhabdomyolysis, with blood creatine kinase (CK)>5000 international unit/L Injury of aorta, carotid artery or vertebral artery Serum creatinine (female)>1.2mg/dL (106μmol/L), serum creatinine (male)>1.5mg/dL (133μmol/L) Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 milliliter/min Body mass index (BMI) <18.5kg/m2 or >40kg/m2 Estimated survival time less than 1 year Participating in other on-going clinical researches Other systemic diseases: uremia, liver cirrhosis, malignant tumor, mental illness, drug, or alcohol dependence, etc.