Inclusion Criteria:  1. Aged 18 to 80 years old; 2. Persistent AF; 3. Nonresponse or intolerance to ≥1 antiarrhythmic drug.  Exclusion Criteria:  With uncontrolled congestive heart failure; Having significant valvular disease and/or prosthetic heart valve(s); With myocardial infarction or stroke within 6 months of screening; With Significant congenital heart disease; Ejection fraction was <40% measured by echocardiography; Allergic to contrast media; Contraindication to anticoagulation medications; Severe pulmonary disease e.g. restrictive pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive disease (COPD); Left atrial (LA) thrombus measured by pre-procedure transesophageal echocardiography; Having any contraindication to right or left sided heart catheterization; 11. Previous atrial fibrillation ablation;  12. Presence of an implanted cardioverter-defibrillator; 13. Any cardiac surgery within the past 2 months; 14. Poor general health; 15.Life expectancy less than 6 months.