Inclusion Criteria:  acute trauma with severe pain (VAS/NRS > 4) age > 18 years conscious patient (GCS = 15; alert in AVPU) haemodynamically stable patient (> 100mmHg of systolic blood pressure, > 60/min of heart rate)  Exclusion Criteria:  doctor on site paediatric patient predominantly chronic but not acute pain incomplete documentation other than traumatic reasons for opioid administration (eg. acute coronary syndrome)