Inclusion Criteria:  Age > 18 years Patient who has given their free, informed and signed consent Social security affiliation;  Exclusion Criteria:  pregnant woman guardianship / curatorship / private patient under public law surgery to be performed urgently (less than 24 hours) surgery redux thoracotomy surgery sternotomy surgery pleurectomy patient participating simultaneously in another research that may interfere with results of the study severe abnormality of haemostasis (80,000/ml platelets) and/or coagulation (TP 50%, factor V 50%). Prior use of morphine; chronic pain/chest neuropathies sepsis patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and/or diabetic neuropathy. severe kidney or liver failure.