Inclusion Criteria:  type 1 diabetes diagnosed for at least 1 year aged 18 to 55 years  Exclusion Criteria:  HbA1c > 9.9% frequent and unpredictable hypoglycemia change in insulin management strategy within two months of study using closed-loop insulin delivery injuries that would contraindicate resistance exercise blood pressure > 140/95 severe peripheral neuropathy a history of cardiovascular disease severe proliferative retinopathy