Inclusion Criteria:  Either sexes (age 18-65 years) of ASA I-II who are listed for elective functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) under general anesthesia normal accepted coagulation profile and hematocrit value ≥30  Exclusion Criteria:  chronic renal failure liver cirrhosis bleeding disorders current anticoagulant therapy pregnancy or breastfeeding impaired color vision severe vascular ischemia history of venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism long term treatment with acetylsalicylic acid or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs not discontinued before surgery hemoglobin (HB) concentration <10 mg/dl _allergy to TXA.