Inclusion Criteria:  (1) participants aged 65 years and over; (2) participants who could communicate in Mandarin or Taiwanese and cooperate with sports activities; and (3) participants who could walk independently without assistance (or with aid).  Exclusion Criteria:  (1) participants with unstable physiological conditions (or those who were recommended against participating in physical activities by their doctor); (2) participants with unstable mental conditions; and (3) participants who could not complete the 12-week exercise intervention.