Inclusion Criteria:  Pre-diabetic individuals between 18 and 65 years of age  Pre-diabetes criteria:  Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values between 42 - 47 mmol/mol Fasting plasma glucose levels between 6.1 - 6.9 mmol/L Blood pressure <140 mmHg systolic/ <90 mmHg diastolic  Exclusion Criteria:  Individuals suffering from any complications (i.e. nerve or kidney disorders, damage of the retina, vascular diseases, strokes, persistent high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease,haemophilia), those with anaemia, blood borne diseases, those who are pregnant or in the postpartum period (within 3 months after delivery), have high blood pressure >140 mmHg systolic/ >90 mmHg diastolic, current smokers, individuals requiring strong anticoagulant medication, such as warfarin (the anticoagulant effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is too small to pose a hazard), insulin or other medications affecting the typical levels of blood glucose are unfortunately unable to take part in this study. Individuals must not be involved in any other study which involves the sampling of blood and must not have donated blood in the last 12 weeks (for males) or 16 weeks (for females). A health questionnaire will be carried out to confirm your eligibility for the study.