text: Stabilizing or even reducing global concentrations of GHGs will require two closely related actions: research and development to create new technologies that are more energy-efficient than those now used in developed countries; and effective action to spread these technologies to developing nations. Until these new technologies are available, significant savings in energy use and carbon emissions could be achieved by transferring current Western technology to developing countries. These actions will not merely reduce global emissions, but will also improve living standards and hope for the future in developing countries.