text: Just what have he and Catriona Hurd done? They have looked at published OA papers from 1993 to 2014 465 of them, which must have been an incredibly time consuming task mostly laboratory manipulation experiments (manipulating atmospheric CO 2 concentrations associated with ocean water tanks, usually with oceanic organisms, and pH manipulation of the same). They evaluated each one for inappropriate experimental design and/or analysis of results. The main issue and the major problem with the papers, though not the only one, dealt with the replication, or lack of, of experimental units.