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Bacaan "(Reading Comprehension)".
Nama saya Budi. Saya tinggal di Jakarta bersama ayah dan ibu. Saya punya seorang kakak laki-laki. Namanya Anto. Saya juga punya seorang adik perempuan. Namanya Wati. Kakak dan adik tinggal bersama kami juga.
Ayah kerja di kantor setiap hari. Ibu tinggal di rumah, memasak makanan untuk kami. Setiap hari, saya, kakak, dan adik pergi ke sekolah.
Terjemahan "(Traduction):"
My name is Budi. I live in Jakarta with [my] father and [my] mother. I have an older brother. His name is Anto. I also have a younger sister. Her name is Wati. Brother and sister stay with us too.
Father works at [an] office every day. Mother stays at home, cook[ing] food for us. Every day, I, brother, and sister go to [the] school.
Kosa Kata "(Vocabulaire)".
Note: The word "tinggal" is a tricky word. If it is used alone (not conjugated), it means to live or to stay. However, if you conjugate it, it means to leave or to die. Many people got confused on this. Think of it in Indonesian culture perspective. Many indigenous Indonesian believe that when people die, their soul is here to stay.
Grammar.
Awalan Me- "(Me- prefix)".
In the passage, you'll notice the first prefix in Indonesian: "me-". It's the most important and commonly used in Indonesian.
When it's combined with verbs like above (masak → memasak), it means the same as the infinitive form. The only thing is that we emphasize that now the verb is in active form.
Almost all verb can be conjugated using "me-", but not all. Unfortunately, in order to know which verbs can go with "me-" , you must read a lot. The general rule of thumb is that if the verb is reflexive (i.e. doing it to ourself), it usually can't be conjugated with "me-". Even more so, don't think that the sense of reflexivity is the same to that of Spanish or your language. Below is some words that cannot be conjugated with "me-", unless the meaning changes completely differently:
The prefix "me-" can also apply to other type of words, such as noun and adjectives. However, the rough goal is still the same: To make an active verb. So, you can "verbize" a noun or an adjective. Details on these will be covered later.
Note also that when words are conjugated with "me-", the spelling is changed a little bit. The spelling change is called "inflection". The inflection depends solely on the first letter of the original word. The rule on how the spelling changes can be viewed here: Prefix me- chapter.
Akhiran -an "(Suffix -an)".
Suffix "-an" is to "nounize" a verb. Note the example from the passage: makan → makanan. Analoguous to the prefix "me-", you can virtually "nounize" almost any verb you want using "-an" suffix, as long as it makes sense. You can think of it as "things that do what the verb says".
Some of the verbs may also function as nouns already. For example: "tidur" (= sleep), which can be noun and verb at the same time. In this case, you cannot add "-an" suffix on it to make a noun out of it. (Note that the word "tiduran" does exist, but the meaning is "to lie down casually", not "sleep").
Note also that some words may have dual meanings, like "bangun", which may mean "to wake up" or "to build". Of course, if you add "-an" suffix, the second meaning is taken, i.e.:
TODO: Load the chapter on suffix -an.
Awalan Se- "(Prefix se-)".
Prefix "se-" combined with noun would mean "one of that noun". In the example above, "orang" means "person". Therefore, "seorang" means "one person". In English, "se + noun" usually translates into "a / an".
The "se + noun" word compounds are often used as a measure word, akin to those in Chinese. The measure words can be pretty complex. However, as being mentioned in the previous chapters, "sebuah" should be fine for most of the things. You must use "seorang" to indicate that the noun is a person, and use "seekor" for animals.
TODO: Load the chapter on prefix se-.
Grammar Summary.
A simplified grammar summary for this chapter:
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"Jam berapa?" -What time is it?
"Waktu tempo" - on time.
Indonesia uses 24-hour time format, so use "jam 20" instead of 8 pm.
Because Indonesia is so large there are three time zones: West: Sumatra, Java and surroundings ("Waktu Indonesia Barat" <"WIB">); Central: Bali and surroundings ("Waktu Indonesia Tengah"<"WIT">); and East: Papua and surroundings ("Waktu Indonesia Timur" <"WITA">). Each zone differs from the next by 1 hour. In spoken indonesian, 12 hour format is prefer to use and adding the time indicator after it.
Contoh (Exemples) :
6:00 : 6:00 pagi
11:00 : 11:00 siang
18:00 : 6:00 sore
23:00 : 11:00 malam
'"Jam"" ('"lit. clock"") or "at time", often added before the time (e.g "jam 6 pagi" means at 6 am)
in written indonesian 24-hours format is used.
Minutes.
to say minute. first, you say "the hours" then "kurang/lebih" (lit. less/more) then "the minutes".
examples:
6:11 : enam "lebih" sebelas (lit. six more elevan <minutes>)
10:54 : sebelas "kurang" enam (lit. elevan less six <minutes>)
use only if the minutes not more or less than 15 minutes, see below.
use the word "setengah" to say half-hour
Contoh (Exemples) :
6:30 : setengah tujuh (lit. half seven)
11.30 : setengah dua belas (lit. half twelve)
2.31 : setengah tiga lebih satu (lit. half three more one <minute>)
4.25 : setengah lima kurang lima (lit. half five less five <minutes>)
6.16 : setengah tujuh kurang empat belas (lit. half seven less fourteen <minutes>)

Enseignement de l'indonésien/Leçons/Arc-en-ciel

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