^ Enseignement de l'indonésien ^ | « Leçon 1: Salutations | Leçon 2: Ceci, cela | Leçon 3: Pronoms »
Arti Umum "(General Meaning)".
The word "ini" means "this" or "these".
The word "itu" means "that" or "those".
Penggunaan Pertama: Ini buku "(First Usage: This [is a] book)".
Contoh "(Example)":
From the examples above, you notice that in Indonesian, there is no notion of
"to be" as in English. It is already implied by the structure or the
vocabulary used in the sentence.
In addition, when mentioning a noun, it is not certain whether the noun is
singular or plural. It depends on the context. When there is no context, it is
assumed to be singular.
Penggunaan Kedua: Buku ini merah "(Second Usage: This book [is] red)".
Contoh "(Example)":
Notice the difference between the first pattern and the second one:
Bentuk Negatif "(Negative Form)".
There are two "keywords" in Indonesian that indicate negative meaning:
In some cases, we can use either "bukan" or "tidak", but we'll discuss this later.
Contoh "(Example)":
Here, we use "bukan", because we're denying the nouns. However, look at the following example:
This time, we deny the adjective of not being right. (Benar = right / correct)
Likewise, look at the following examples:
Contoh "(Example)":
In these examples, we use "tidak" because this time we're denying the adjectives.
Bentuk Interogatif "(Interrogative Form)".
The word "apa" (= "what") can be used to form interrogative
sentences using "ini" or "itu".
Contoh "(Example)":
You can use "apa ini" or "apa itu" to ask on how this or that
thing (pointed by your finger) is called in Indonesian.
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 ^ Enseignement de l'indonésien ^ | « Leçon 1: Salutations | Lesson 2: This, That | Leçon 3: Pronoms »

Enseignement de l'indonésien/Grammaire/Pronoms

^ Indonesian ^ | « Lesson 2: This, That | Lesson 3: Pronouns | Lesson 4: Simple Sentences »
General Pronoun.
In Indonesian, both subjective and objective pronoun are the same. Possessive
pronouns are slightly different in informal situations only. Below is the table:
Note that there are two notions of "we" in Indonesian. If the opposite party is included, then we use "kita". Otherwise, we use "kami".
Contoh "(Example)":
Here, Budi speaks to Wati that this book is both Budi's and Wati's book. However, if Budi said, "Wati, ini buku kami."; it means that this book is Budi's (and probably his other friend's), but not Wati's.
Kata Kepunyaan "(Possessive Pronoun)".
As you probably have noted in the previous example, the position of possessive
pronoun is reversed in Indonesian.
Contoh "(Example)":
In these examples, notice that when using informal possessive of singular person, the suffix is put together with the noun.
Although in spoken Indonesian it is acceptable to say "gelas dia" instead of "gelasnya" and "bolpen kamu" instead of "bolpenmu", it is incorrect to say "jeruk aku" to mean "my orange".
Kata Kepunyaan #2 "(Possessive Pronoun Part 2)".
In most languages there is the possibility of both adjective-like posessives "this is my book" and noun like adjectives "this book is mine" or "this is mine." Indonesian doesn't do this exactly like this but does have an equivalent:
Notice that this kind of structure is "bridged" by the word "punya", which means "to have". You can then put the appropriate suffix or word to indicate the ownership.
A synonim of "punya" is "milik". Hence you can change "punya" with "milik".
example
Contoh "(Examples)".
Below are some examples that canonizes what we've learnt:
Note that at the third example we use "bukan" to deny the noun (i.e. the pen). At the fourth example, we use "tidak" to deny the ownership, which is considered as a verb (i.e. "doesn't have"). Note also how we can put names in ownership at example five and six with the word "punya".
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 ^ Indonesian ^ | « Lesson 2: This, That | Lesson 3: Pronouns | Lesson 4: Simple Sentences »

Enseignement de l'indonésien/Grammaire/Tenses

^ Indonesian ^ | « Lesson 3: Pronouns | Lesson 4: Simple Sentences | Lesson 5: Numbers »
Tenses.
Indonesian grammar is pretty much like English. Generally, it begins with subject, followed by verb (or called a predicate) and then object.
It's a good news that Indonesian doesn't have any tenses. Indicating past
or future tenses requires putting in some words or time signals, which is very simple.
Contoh "(Example)":
As you noticed in the examples above, the word "telah" or "sudah"
indicate completed actions, the word "akan" indicate future actions, and
the word "sedang" indicate actions in progress. The main word itself (i.e. "makan" = to eat) is left unchanged.
Note also that Indonesian has no notions of imperfect tense. To make an imperfect notion, we use duration words, such as "selama" (literally means "during" or "as long as"):
Contoh "(Example)":
Don't worry about these "tenses" yet. We'll study it in greater detail later.
Adding Emphasis.
The Indonesian language is very expressive. You can scramble up the sentence structure but still means the same thing. It is almost like Latin or Japanese, just without the cases and the sentence particles.
Usually, when non-subject is put in the front, the phrase at the beginning of
the sentence is the emphasis of the sentence. This is broadly used in spoken
Indonesian.
Contoh "(Example)":
Note also that these emphases can occur in any "tense" using the same pattern.
Don't be intimidated on this structure swapping at the beginning. You can always form your simple sentence as: Subject + Verb + Object.
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 ^ Indonesian ^ | « Lesson 3: Pronouns | Lesson 4: Simple Sentences | Lesson 5: Numbers »

Enseignement de l'indonésien/Leçons/Nombres

^ Enseignement de l'indonésien ^ | « Leçon 4: Phrases Simples | Leçon 5: Nombres | Leçon 6: Prépositions »
Angka Nominal "(Nominals)".
Contoh "(Examples)":
Urutan "(Series)".
As you see, in order to form series, you only need to attach a prefix (ke-), then the number itself. Other than the first, we can write the number directly (like the ones in parentheses) instead of spelling them out in words. Nevertheless, author can opt for either forms.
Berapa "(How much)".
To ask about quantities, we use the word "berapa". For example:
"Berapa harga X" is to ask how much X cost.
Contoh "(Examples)":
The word "berapa" can directly replace the quantity in question. However, you must put a measure word right after it. 
Contoh "(Examples)":
The most common measure word is "buah", which indicates quantity. Coincidentally, this word can also mean "fruit" (i.e. apples, oranges, etc). Other most common measure word is "ekor" (for animals; ekor = tail) and "orang" (for person, orang = person). Look the example below on how to use the measure word:
Contoh "(Examples)":
Penulisan Angka Lebih Dari Seribu "(Spelling number more than a thousand)".
In english, to make the number readable, we used to add a coma every three digits. For example, One million and two hundred and fifty-five thousands and three hundred and sixty-four can be written as 1,255,364. However in Indonesian, we insert a dot instead of coma. Hence the same number (Indonesia: "Satu juta dua ratus lima puluh lima ribu tiga ratus enam puluh empat") should be written as 1.255.364
"Online Tools".
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 ^ Enseignement de l'indonésien ^ | « Leçon 4: Phrases Simples | Leçon 5: Nombres | Leçon 6: Prépositions »

Enseignement de l'indonésien/Grammaire/Prépositions