What Is Running Cadence? | How Can I Improve Mine?

What is Running Cadence? And Should I Improve Mine?
If you’re looking to improve your overall running speed, while ensuring you reduce your chances of injury, you want to pay attention to your running cadence.
But is it really as important as it has been deemed to be in the past?
Is 180 SPM (steps per minute) the perfect running cadence to strive for? What does this all mean and how does it affect your running?
It has long been considered a performance metric that many runners pay extra attention to, especially hitting that golden 180 SPM mark.
But interestingly, latest studies suggest that maybe we’ve been focusing on it in the wrong way, and maybe we need to understand how it truly affects our overall running form while considering our individual height, strength, and running mechanics.
This is all that we’ll be answering and more in this article!
What is Running Cadence?
Running cadence (aka stride rate or stride frequency) is the number of steps per minute (SPM) you take as you run.
To put it more simply, it’s the number of times your foot hits the ground in a minute while you run. To quickly calculate your running cadence, follow this formula:
Try counting your foot falls on one side for 10 seconds
Multiply that by 2 (to account for both feet)
Multiply that by 6 (to account for 1 minute)
To understand this better, let’s look at an example running cadence calculation.
Example Running Cadence Calculation
If I counted 15 footfalls… 15 x 2= 30.
30 x 6 = 180… boom perfect cadence…maybe.
Let’s understand how our running cadence affects our overall running performance to see what’s a good running cadence for you.
How Does Running Cadence Affect My Running?
When considering running cadence, it’s essential for us to also consider our stride length. These two combined make up our running speed.
Running speed = Stride Length x Running Cadence (SPM)
As you can see, since these two metrics affect our running speed, two different runners with different running cadences could might run the same pace. But one could be working harder and more prone to injuries as well..
One runner could have a short stride, but a faster cadence.
The other runner could have a long stride, but slower cadence.
Due to this you can have the same cadence at many different paces.
So then, what’s the best way forward? Should you have a faster cadence or a slower one? We all tend to have a natural cadence, but there are certain advantages to increasing your cadence, while shortening your strides.
This combination of running cadence and stride length plays a big role in your speed and the reduction of injuries.
higher turnover rate means less ground contact time (faster runners spend less time on the ground)
more momentum moving you forward
less wasted energy, especially for distance runners
It may feel that counterintuitive to strive for a shorter stride versus a longer one – especially if you want to get faster. But step one is a good cadence, then there are things that will help you get a big beautiful stride without overstriding and creating injuries.
A combination of a faster cadence with a shorter stride length is optimal. This is backed by a research study published in 2014 in Sports Health – a bi-monthly, peer-reviewed journal involved in the training and care of competitive or recreational athletes.
What is a Good Running Cadence?
You may have heard of the magical 180 SPM – but where did it originate from? Should you be striving towards it? And is it really the optimal cadence?
Legendary Olympic coach Jack Daniels counted the stride rate for 46 athletes at the 1984 Olympics and determined that all but one had a stride rate of at least 180 spm.
Later, he also concluded that in his 20 years of coaching college athletes, not once did he see students with a stride frequency lower than 180.
This revelation led to the belief that 180 spm is the magic number for all runners to achieve.
However, several factors, including height, fitness level, and mobility determine stride rate for every individual. Some would say that taller runners with longer legs are going to naturally have a longer stride and therefore lower cadence (debatable).
The truth is, the average runner has a stride rate ranging between 150 and 170. While sprinters are often going over 200 SPM.
We often see the running cadence for beginners on the lower end of that range, which ISN’T a bad thing, just a starting point to work from.
For long or easy runs, you may not need to hit 180
Aiming to progress to 160-170 for those runs could be enough
For speed workouts or shorter races like a 5K, you’ll end up aiming for 180 or even over that in the final push
I like this cadence chart from Indie because it helps explain what I often see in my own running. Now that I have adapted to roughly a 175-180 cadence most of the time, I can run a lot of different paces at that cadence.
So cadence alone is not a predictor of speed, but a component that helps.
See below for ways to increase your running cadence correctly.
See below for ways to increase your running cadence correctly.
Is Higher Running Cadence Better?
A cadence lower than 160 strides per minute is often seen in runners who overstride.
Runners who overstride land with a heel strike that halts the forward motion required for running and means the hip and knee joints take in a lot of force with every step.
In other words, overstriding needlessly magnifies the impact forces with each step a runner takes.
Reaching your desired stride rate can take anywhere from six to eight weeks.
Go slowly in order to avoid injury and soreness.
2. Use a Running Cadence App or Metronome
One of the most commonly recommended running apps to help with cadence is a metronome. Running to a metronome set to a specific beat is a great way to increase your cadence slowly.
An app I prefer for this is called Smart Metronome, but I hear good things about Run Tempo as well. Here’s an ideal drill to help you use a metronome.
Metronome Drill
This drill will help you to see what it feels like to quicken your foot turn over and different rates. It’s a drill and not meant for you to go from 150-190 for your entire run.
Start by matching the beat to your current running pace and do short bursts at that speed in order to get accustomed to running with the beat.
Next increase it by 5-10 beats and run a quarter to half mile using that cadence.
Next increase it by another 5-10 beats and repeat
Do this until you’ve actually done run at 190 beats
Once you know your current cadence, you an also use the metronome to help you increase by just 5% during your next easy run. Set the metronome accordingly and allow yourself to naturally adapt to that beat.
Work toward building your stride rate at this speed over longer distances and at different speeds before increasing again.
3. Run to Music at 120-150 BPM
Another far more fun thing to use during your run is find the right music. It turns out you actually don’t want a 180 BPM song, as that will push you too fast. So your footfall goal might be 180, but you don’t actually match that with your music.
Once you know the beat that’s best, you can find a few different options for this by Googling and maybe some of your favorite songs will popup so you can create your own playlist.
Alternatively, the JogTunes app allows you to select music based on a certain number of beats per minute. JogTunes also has playlists on Spotify and Apple Music, as well as YouTube playlists and a podcast.
4. Use Speed Drills to Increase Stride Rate
As mentioned above, the real key to improving cadence is to increase your strength, fitness, and speed.
Practice the exercises below 2-3 times per week during your strength training sessions or as part of your warm up.
Marching Drills to Improve Knee Drive
To increase your cadence, you need to first change where your foot lands with each step. Ideally, it should be landing directly below your center of gravity, which will increase turnover rate. You can retrain your stride with marching drills.
Start by marching in place. Pump your arms in a 90-degree angle as you raise your legs straight up. Keep your focus forward and try to avoid looking down. Eventually, you can progress to a marching jog.
A number of variations on this are demonstrated in the video above!
Not only are we getting the foot under the body, we’re working on knee drive
Your knee should come up in front of you during the run, not push behind you
Take Advantage of Downhill Sprints
After an easy run, find a 200-meter long hill with a gentle grade and run 4-5 running strides down the hill, reaching top speed toward the bottom. Walk up to recover.
Because running downhill can be harder on the knees and quads, DO NOT overdo this. Instead, just remember this a drill to work on turn over, not a long drawn out run.
Jumping Rope for Ground Force
You don’t even need an actual rope to benefit from this childhood fun. (See video below for best form)
Keeping your legs straight
Focus on the press off the ground
We’re working on the power in your feet and ankles to push away
Start with 30 seconds, keep increasing it as far as you’d like
Because of the straight legs and impact, definitely start with the smaller time and work up allowing your knees to adapt.
Beyond that drill, any kind of jump roping will add additional benefits as you’re forced to pick up your feet and speed.
Try Four Square Hops for Additional Power and Stability
Beyond jumping rope, there are other jumps we can add in to help improve our ground contact force, as well as the power in our lower legs.
Imagine a large plus sign on the ground (you can also visit your local elementary school and look for the four square box, bust out some chalk, or use tape to draw your own) and hop on one leg counterclockwise for the given reps, and then on the other leg. Repeat the pattern in the opposite direction. Do 2-3 sets in each direction for 8-12 reps.
Utilize Skips for Runners
I believe this drill has been one to make the biggest difference for me recently and it’s a big part of the Running Technique program.
I started with the marches to improve knee drive and then progressed to A and B skips, followed by a butt kick drill I’ll be sharing soon.
Reader Interactions
Comments
Ha, I have so many memories of my coach making me run around central London wearing a metronome, I was sure people were going to worry I was about to detonate! It did improve my running though, so worth the strange looks!
Wow, what an awesome article! I’ve been working on increasing my cadence over the past few months and it really has made me focus on improving my form. As a bigger runner, I know it’s important for me to do whatever I can to reduce the impact force on my joints (and bottom of my feet), so improving my cadence has been an important goal for me!
I include a lot of trail running in my running routine, so I already focus on footwork drills with a speed ladder and speed hurdles. I think that working on my foot speed and explosiveness has really made a big impact on being able to improve my cadence.
Anyways, thanks so much for this article, I’ll be following your blog!
This is such good information! Is it possible to have too high a cadence? I was surprised to find that my cadence is about 195. I’m 5’4″ and my stride length is .8-.85 according to my Garmin. I’ve been told I should lengthen my stride since my cadence is so high. I run 30-40 miles a week without injury, and I’m concerned about overstriding if my focus is to lengthen my stride. Instead I’ve just been trying to engage my glutes more and it does seem to lengthen my stride a bit. Is too high a cadence something I should worry about?
Thanks for the advice! I’ve actually been thinking about paying more attention to HR after readiing your info on HR based training. I think most of my runs are at an conversation pace, but my pace is pretty similar on all of my runs-it doesn’t usually vary more than 30-45 sec per mile. I’m going to work on varying my pace more and see if slowing down affects my cadence.
When I first started running, I had a slower cadence and thought 180 was the magic number. So, I used a BPM analyzer and created playlists in the 175-190bpm range (or 90bpm for slower songs); then, all I had to do was run to the beat of the music. More recently, after an injury, my PT asked me to strive for a 180bpm cadence, and I turned to the same technique. It definitely made it really easy, since I didn’t even have to think about it during my workouts as long as the right tempo song was playing!
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