Physical States — Melting Points, Boiling Points, and Densities

In the periodic table above, black squares indicate elements which are
solids at room temperature (about 22ºC)*, those
in blue squares are liquids at room temperature, and those in red squares
are gases at room temperature.
Most of the metals are solids under "ordinary" conditions
(i.e., 25ºC, 1 atmosphere of pressure, etc.), with the exception of
mercury (Hg, element 80), which solidifies at -39ºC, and is a
freely-flowing liquid at room temperature. Gallium (Ga, element 31) melts at 30ºC,
slightly above room temperature, but is often indicated as a liquid on
periodic tables, since the solid metal literally melts when held in the
hand (since body temperature is about 37ºC). (Since cesium melts at
28ºC, and francium at 27ºC, they are also indicated in blue on some
tables, but anyone who holds cesium in their hands won't be holding much
of anything afterwards! See the page on alkali
metals for more on cesium's high reactivity.)
Several of the nonmetals are gases in their elemental form.
Elemental hydrogen (H, element 1), nitrogen (N, element 7), oxygen (O,
element 8), fluorine (F, element 9), and chlorine (Cl, element 17) are all
gases at room temperature, and are found as diatomic
molecules (H2, N2, O2, F2,
Cl2). Bromine (Br, element 35), also found as a diatomic
molecule (Br2), is a liquid at room temperature, solidifying at
-7.2ºC. The noble gases of Group 8A (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn)
are all gases at room temperature (as the name of the group implies);
since they are all unreactive, monatomic elements, their boiling points
are extremely low.
Below is a table of the melting points, boiling points, and densities of the
elements:
Atomic
Number
Symbol
Name
Melting
Point
(ºC)
Boiling
Point
(ºC)
Density
(g/cm3)
(at 293 K)
1
H
Hydrogen
-259.14
-252.87
0.00008988
(gas, 273K)
2
He
Helium
-272.20 (under
pressure)
-268.934
0.0001785 (gas,
273K)
3
Li
Lithium
180.54
1347
0.534
4
Be
Beryllium
1278
2970
1.8477
5
B
Boron
2300
3658
2.34
6
C
Carbon
3527
4827
(sublimes)
2.260 (graphite)
3.513 (diamond)
7
N
Nitrogen
-209.86
-195.8
0.0012506 (gas,
273K)
8
O
Oxygen
-218.4
-182.96
0.001429 (gas,
273K)
9
F
Fluorine
-219.62
-188.14
0.001696 (gas,
273K)
10
Ne
Neon
-248.67
-246.05
0.00089994
(gas, 273K)
11
Na
Sodium
97.81
882.9
0.971
12
Mg
Magnesium
648.8
1090
1.738
13
Al
Aluminum
660.37
2467
2.698
14
Si
Silicon
1410
2355
2.329
15
P
Phosphorus
44.1 (white)
410 (red, under pressure)
280 (white)
1.82 (white)
16
S
Sulfur
113 (α)
119 (b)
106.8 (g)
444.67
2.070 (α)
1.957 (b)
17
Cl
Chlorine
-100.98
-33.97
0.003214 (gas,
273K)
18
Ar
Argon
-189.37
-185.86
0.001784 (gas,
273K)
19
K
Potassium
63.65
774
0.862
20
Ca
Calcium
839
1484
1.55
21
Sc
Scandium
1541
2831
2.989
22
Ti
Titanium
1660
3287
4.54
23
V
Vanadium
1887
3377
6.11 (292 K)
24
Cr
Chromium
1857
2672
7.19
25
Mn
Manganese
1244
1962
7.44
26
Fe
Iron
1535
2750
7.874
27
Co
Cobalt
1495
2870
8.90
28
Ni
Nickel
1453
2732
8.902 (298 K)
29
Cu
Copper
1083.4
2567
8.96
30
Zn
Zinc
419.58
907
7.133
31
Ga
Gallium
29.78
2403
5.907
32
Ge
Germanium
937.4
2830
5.323
33
As
Arsenic
817 (under pressure)
616 (sublimes)
5.78 (α)
34
Se
Selenium
217
684.9
4.79
35
Br
Bromine
-7.3
58.78
3.1226
36
Kr
Krypton
-156.6
-152.30
0.0037493 (gas,
273 K)
37
Rb
Rubidium
39.0
688
1.532
38
Sr
Strontium
769
1384
2.54
39
Y
Yttrium
1522
3338
4.469
40
Zr
Zirconium
1852
4377
6.506
41
Nb
Niobium
2468
4742
8.57
42
Mo
Molybdenum
2617
4612
10.22
43
Tc
Technetium
2172
4877
11.5 (est.)
44
Ru
Ruthenium
2310
3900
12.37
45
Rh
Rhodium
1966
3727
12.41
46
Pd
Palladium
1552
3140
12.02
47
Ag
Silver
961.93
2212
10.5
48
Cd
Cadmium
320.9
765
8.65
49
In
Indium
156.17
2080
7.31 (298 K)
50
Sn
Tin
231.97
2270
5.75 (α)
7.31 (b)
51
Sb
Antimony
630.74
1635
6.691
52
Te
Tellurium
449.5
989.8
6.24
53
I
Iodine
113.5
184.35
4.93
54
Xe
Xenon
-111.9
-107.1
0.0058971 (gas,
273 K)
55
Cs
Cesium
28.40
678.4
1.873
56
Ba
Barium
729
1637
3.594
57
La
Lanthanum
921
3457
6.145 (298 K)
58
Ce
Cerium
799
3426
8.24 (a, 298 K)
59
Pr
Praseodymium
931
3512
6.773
60
Nd
Neodymium
1021
3068
7.007
61
Pm
Promethium
1168
ca. 2727
7.22 (298 K)
62
Sm
Samarium
1077
1791
7.52
63
Eu
Europium
822
1597
5.243
64
Gd
Gadolinium
1313
3266
7.9004 (298 K)
65
Tb
Terbium
1356
3123
8.229
66
Dy
Dysprosium
1412
2562
8.55
67
Ho
Holmium
1474
2695
8.795 (298 K)
68
Er
Erbium
1529
2863
9.066 (298 K)
69
Tm
Thulium
1545
1947
9.321
70
Yb
Ytterbium
824
1193
6.965
71
Lu
Lutetium
1663
3395
9.84 (298 K)
72
Hf
Hafnium
2230
5197
13.31
73
Ta
Tantalum
2996
5425
16.654
74
W
Tungsten
3407
5657
19.3
75
Re
Rhenium
3180
5627
21.02
76
Os
Osmium
3054
5027
22.59
77
Ir
Iridium
2410
4130
22.56 (290 K)
78
Pt
Platinum
1772
3827
21.45
79
Au
Gold
1064.43
2807
19.32
80
Hg
Mercury
-38.87
356.58
13.546
81
Tl
Thallium
303.5
1457
11.85
82
Pb
Lead
327.50
1740
11.35
83
Bi
Bismuth
271.3
1610
9.747
84
Po
Polonium
254
962
9.32
85
At
Astatine
302
337
n/a
86
Rn
Radon
-71
-61.8
0.00973 (gas,
273 K)
87
Fr
Francium
27
677
n/a
88
Ra
Radium
700
1140
5.00
89
Ac
Actinium
1047
3197
10.06
90
Th
Thorium
1750
4787
11.72
91
Pa
Protactinium
1840
4027
15.37
92
U
Uranium
1132.3
3745
18.95
93
Np
Neptunium
640
3902
20.25
94
Pu
Plutonium
641
3232
19.84 (α,
298 K)
95
Am
Americium
1172
2607
13.67
96
Cm
Curium
1337
n/a
13.3
97
Bk
Berkelium
1047
n/a
14.79
98
Cf
Californium
897
n/a
n/a
99
Es
Einsteinium
857
n/a
n/a
100
Fm
Fermium
n/a
n/a
n/a
101
Md
Mendelevium
n/a
n/a
n/a
102
No
Nobelium
n/a
n/a
n/a
103
Lr
Lawrencium
n/a
n/a
n/a
104
Rf
Rutherfordium
2100 (est.)
5500 (est.)
23 (est.)
105
Db
Dubnium
n/a
n/a
29
106
Sg
Seaborgium
n/a
n/a
35 (est.)
107
Bh
Bohrium
n/a
n/a
37 (est.)
108
Hs
Hassium
n/a
n/a
41
109
Mt
Meitnerium
n/a
n/a
n/a
110
Uun
Ununnilium
n/a
n/a
n/a
111
Uuu
Unununium
n/a
n/a
n/a
112
Uub
Ununbiium
n/a
n/a
n/a
113
—
——
———
———
———
114
Uuq
Ununquadium
n/a
n/a
n/a
Data taken from John Emsley, The Elements, 3rd edition.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.