JustKiddo/KiddosVault huggingface dataset:
It's complicated: The relation between cognitive change procedures, cognitive change, and symptom change in cognitive therapy for depression.

Many attempts have been made to discover and characterize the mechanisms of change in psychotherapies for depression, yet no clear, evidence-based account of the relationship between therapeutic procedures, psychological mechanisms, and symptom improvement has emerged. Negatively-biased thinking plays an important role in the phenomenology of depression, and most theorists acknowledge that cognitive changes occur during successful treatments. However, the causal role of cognitive change procedures in promoting cognitive change and alleviating depressive symptoms has been questioned. We describe the methodological and inferential limitations of the relevant empirical investigations and provide recommendations for addressing them. We then develop a framework within which the possible links between cognitive procedures, cognitive change, and symptom change can be considered. We conclude that cognitive procedures are effective in alleviating symptoms of depression and that cognitive change, regardless of how it is achieved, contributes to symptom change, a pattern of findings that lends support to the cognitive theory of depression.
Testing the relationship between a self-management intervention for recurrent depression and health outcomes.

Depression is a leading cause of disability globally. It is a recurrent chronic illness that affects over three million people worldwide. Self-management has been found to positively impact depression outcomes but few techniques or interventions are theory-based and can be used either with or without the support of mental health care providers. This study aimed to test the relationship between a self-management intervention called the Self-Regulated Illness Management of Depression (SRIM-D) intervention and specific health outcomes (depression, self-efficacy, social support and quality of life). SRIM-D was developed using metacognition and self-regulation theories. Twenty-three individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) participated in the study. Individuals over 21 years of age without a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, current substance abuse problem or suicidal ideations who suffered from MDD (BDI-II < 19) were considered for the study. The intervention was delivered over three consecutive weeks of 1 ½ hour sessions by two PhD prepared nurses with psychiatric experience. Participants were given a workbook manual with corresponding power point presentations conferring information about depression, and were led through a series of workbook activities designed to teach the self-regulation process as applied to their recurrent depression. Health outcomes were assessed via self-report survey prior to and six-month post-intervention. Six months post-intervention depressive symptoms decreased significantly (M = 6.62, SD = 14.76, t(15) = 5.60, p < .0001). Self-efficacy (M = 161.67, SD = 25.27); t(20) = -2.89, p < .01) and quality of life (13.25, SD = 3.61; t(19) = 2.62, p > .01) both improved significantly. Social support had a negligible, insignificant decrease from pre-intervention (M = 53.05, SD = 19.81) to six months post-intervention (M = 42.14, SD = 19.53). Overall, the SRIM-D intervention improved health outcomes in this study. The intervention demonstrated applicability to people with recurrent, chronic depression who might or might not have access to care.
The effects of the psychoeducation on cognitive distortions, negative automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes of patients diagnosed with depression.

There are many studies showing a positive relationship between depression level and cognitive distortions in the literature. The study was carried out to determine the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy-based psychoeducation on cognitive distortions, negative automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes of patients diagnosed with depression. This study was designed as a two-group pre-posttest study. The study sample composed of a total of 60 patients (30 patients in the treatment group and 30 patients in the control group) who met the eligibility criteria. The data have been collected by using The Personal Information Form, Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale and Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale. Psychoeducation was provided in the form of individual training once a week in total of eight sessions. For the pretest, assumption and schemas that make people predispose to depression, dysfunctional attitudes and cognitive distortions in interpersonal relationships were seen frequently to be above average in all patients. It was determined that patients in the treatment group used significantly less dysfunctional attitudes and to had lower negative automatic thoughts and interpersonal cognitive distortions compared with patients in the control group in posttest (p < 0.05). Consequently, cognitive behavioral therapy-based psychoeducation has become considerably effective in decreasing the use of negative automatic thoughts, interpersonal cognitive distortions and dysfunctional attitudes in patients with depression. cognitive behavioral therapy-based psychoeducation should be thought of as a treatment component due to its effectiveness in nursing care of depressed patients.
Psychotherapy for depression among advanced, incurable cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

There is a high prevalence of depressive disorder and depressive symptoms among advanced, incurable cancer patients. Patients commonly report a preference for non-pharmacological treatments such as psychotherapy over pharmacological treatments for depression. The objective of this review was to investigate the effectiveness of psychotherapy for the treatment of depression in people with advanced, incurable cancer via a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We searched research databases and clinical trial registries for studies published prior to June 2015. No language restrictions were applied when selecting studies. Cochrane Collaboration meta-analysis review methodology was used. All relevant RCTs comparing psychotherapy with control conditions on depression outcomes for adults with advanced cancer were eligible for inclusion. We calculated pooled effect sizes using Hedges g and a standardized mean difference (SMD) of change between baseline and post-treatment scores. Quality of evidence was rated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Of 13 studies included in the review, 12 reported data suitable for meta-analysis. Psychotherapy was associated with moderate decrease in depression score (SMD -0.67, 95% confidence interval -1.06 to -0.29, P=0.0005). Few studies focused on people with clinically diagnosed depression. Overall, quality of evidence across the included studies was rated as low, and heterogeneity was high. Low quality evidence suggests that psychotherapy is moderately more effective for the amelioration of symptoms of depression among advanced, incurable cancer patients than the control conditions. There is insufficient high-quality evidence supporting the effectiveness of psychotherapy for patients with clinically diagnosed depression.
Construing and body dissatisfaction in chronic depression: A study of body psychotherapy.

The frequent association of depression with somatic symptoms suggests that body psychotherapy may be an appropriate therapeutic intervention for people with chronic depression. Using a subset of twenty-three participants from a randomized controlled trial that had demonstrated the effectiveness of such an intervention in reducing depressive symptoms, the present study investigated whether it may also impact aspects of construing which have been associated with depression. Patients presenting with chronic depression were randomly allocated to a treatment group or a waiting list group, which received body psychotherapy after a period on a waiting list. Correlations between repertory grid, questionnaire, and visual analogue measures indicated that depression and bodily dissatisfaction were associated with features of the content and structure of construing. There were no significant changes while patients were on the waiting list, but during treatment reduction in depression and bodily dissatisfaction, together with increase in self-esteem and quality of life, were accompanied by an increase in the salience of construing of the bodily self.
Examining cognitive-behavioral therapy change mechanisms for decreasing depression, weight, and insulin resistance in adolescent girls at risk for type 2 diabetes.

Depression in adolescence is linked to risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this secondary data analysis of a randomized controlled trial comparing cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to a control program to ameliorate insulin resistance via reducing depression symptoms, we examine which CBT change mechanisms (e.g., behavioral activation, cognitive restructuring) contributed to decreased depression and subsequent improvements in body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, and insulin resistance. Girls 12-17y with overweight/obesity and family history of T2D were randomized to six-week group CBT (n = 61) or health education (HealthEd; n = 58). At baseline and post-treatment, adolescents completed questionnaires assessing activities, thoughts, and depression symptoms. At baseline, post-treatment, and one-year, BMI was calculated and insulin outcomes were derived from two-hour oral glucose tolerance testing. At baseline and one-year, percent body fat was assessed with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Indirect effects of CBT components were tested on one-year changes in BMI, percent body fat, and insulin indices through decreases in depression symptoms during treatment. Intervention was tested as a moderator. In CBT, but not HealthEd, there was an indirect effect of increased physical activity during treatment on decreased one-year BMI via reductions in depression symptoms during treatment. Also, there were conditional indirect effects in CBT of increased pleasantness of physical and social activity during treatment on decreased one-year BMI via decreased depression symptoms during treatment. Behavioral activation may be a useful intervention to decrease depression and reduce excess weight gain in the targeted prevention of T2D in at-risk adolescent girls. NCT01425905, clinicaltrials.gov.
Randomized controlled pilot trial of supportive text messages for patients with depression.

Depression is projected to be the primary cause of disability worldwide by 2030. In a recent survey, the most commonly cited unmet need among 42.4% of depressed Albertans was the lack of sufficient, accessible, and affordable counselling. Our aim was to test the efficacy of a supportive text messaging mobile health intervention in improving treatment outcomes in depressed patients. We performed a single-rater-blinded randomized trial involving 73 patients with Major Depressive Disorder. Patients in the intervention group (n = 35) received twice-daily supportive text messages for 3 months while those in the control group (n = 38) received a single text message every fortnight thanking them for participating in the study. The primary outcome of this study was: "Mean changes in the BDI scores from baseline". After adjusting for baseline BDI scores, a significant difference remained in the 3 month mean BDI scores between the intervention and control groups: (20.8 (SD = 11.7) vs. 24.9 (SD = 11.5), F (1, 60) = 4.83, p = 0.03, ηp2 = 0.07). The mean difference in the BDI scores change was significant with an effect size (Cohen's d) of 0.67. Furthermore, after adjusting for baseline scores, a significant difference remained in the 3 month mean self-rated VAS scores (EQ-5D-5 L scale) between the intervention and control groups, 65.7 (SD = 15.3) vs. 57.4 (SD = 22.9), F (1, 60) =4.16, p = 0.05, ηp2 = 0.065. The mean difference in change mean self-rated VAS scores was also statistically significant with an effect size (Cohen's d) of 0.51. Our findings suggest that supportive text messages are a potentially useful psychological intervention for depression, especially in underserved populations. Further studies are needed to explore the implications of our findings in larger clinical samples. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02327858 . Registered 24 December 2014.
The effect of psychotherapy on anxiety, depression, and quality of life in patients with diabetic retinopathy: A protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the common microvascular complications in diabetic patients, which is characterized by progressive development and often leads to irreversible visual impairment. More seriously, DR patients suffer great psychological stress due to impaired visual function and reduced self-care ability such as anxiety and depression, which seriously affect the quality of life of patients. In recent years, various psychological therapies have been applied to alleviate anxiety, depression, and quality of life in DR patients, which have achieved positive results. However, the effectiveness and safety of different psychological therapies are unclear. This study aims to assess the effects of psychotherapy on anxiety, depression, and quality of life in DR patients through a network meta-analysis. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of psychotherapy on anxiety, depression, and quality of life in patients with DR published before 30 November 30, 2021, will be searched in the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Chinese Scientific Journal Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, Wanfang, and China Biomedical Literature Database. There will have no restrictions on publication status and language. Two researchers will be independently responsible for RCT screening, data extraction, and quality evaluation. All statistical analyses will be performed using Stata 14.0 and R 4.1.2. The results of this meta-analysis will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal for publication. This study will provide comprehensive and reliable evidence-based references for elucidating the efficacy of psychotherapy on anxiety, depression, and quality of life in DR patients. Ethical approval was not required for this study. The systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal, presented at conferences, and shared on social media platforms. DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/K8T27.
Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Women With Postnatal Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial of MumMoodBooster.

There are few published controlled trials examining the efficacy of Internet-based treatment for postnatal depression (PND) and none that assess diagnostic status (clinical remission) as the primary outcome. This is despite the need to improve treatment uptake and accessibility because fewer than 50% of postnatally depressed women seek help, even when identified as depressed. In a randomized controlled trial (RCT), we aimed to test the efficacy of a 6-session Internet intervention (the MumMoodBooster program, previously evaluated in a feasibility trial) in a sample of postnatal women with a clinical diagnosis of depression. The MumMoodBooster program is a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention, is highly interactive, includes a partner website, and was supported by low-intensity telephone coaching. This was a parallel 2-group RCT (N=43) comparing the Internet CBT treatment (n=21) to treatment as usual (n=22). At baseline and at 12 weeks after enrollment, women's diagnostic status was assessed by telephone with the Standardized Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-IV) and symptom severity with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Depression symptoms were measured repeatedly throughout the study period with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). At the end of the study, 79% (15/19) of women who received the Internet CBT treatment no longer met diagnostic criteria for depression on the SCID-IV (these outcome data were missing for 2 intervention participants). This contrasted with only 18% (4/22) remission in the treatment as usual condition. Depression scores on the BDI-II showed a large effect favoring the intervention group (d=.83, 95% CI 0.20-1.45). Small to medium effects were found on the PHQ-9 and on measures of anxiety and stress. Adherence to the program was very good with 86% (18/21) of users completing all sessions; satisfaction with the program was rated 3.1 out of 4 on average. Our results suggest that our Internet CBT program, MumMoodBooster, is an effective treatment option for women clinically diagnosed with PND. This is one of only two controlled evaluations of specialized online psychological treatment among women clinically diagnosed with PND. MumMoodBooster appears to be a feasible, effective treatment option, which is potentially accessible to large numbers of women in metropolitan, rural, and remote areas. Future work might be focused profitably on establishing comparability with face-to-face treatments and purely self-guided delivery. We have commenced a larger RCT comparing MumMoodBooster with face-to-face CBT. Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12613000113752; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=363561 (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/6f64kuyLf).
Six-months outcomes of a randomised trial of supportive text messaging for depression and comorbid alcohol use disorder.

We have previously reported that supportive text messages delivered twice daily for three months have the potential to provide personalised support for patients with depression and co-morbid Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). In this study we report the six months outcomes. Participants (n=54) with a DSM IV diagnosis of unipolar depression and AUD who completed an in-patient dual diagnosis treatment programme were randomised to receive daily twice supportive text messages (n=26) or a fortnightly thank you text message (n=28) for three months. Primary outcome measures at six months were Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II) scores and Cumulative Abstinence Duration (CAD). NCT0137868. Unlike at three months, there was no statistically significant difference in six months BDI-II scores between the intervention (n=24) and control (n=24) groups; 13.28 (SD=8.7) vs. 15.08 (SD=11.37) respectively after adjusting for the baseline scores, F (1, 45)=0.192, p=0.66. There was also no significant difference in CAD between the text message group and the control group: 84.14 days (9.20) vs. 74.73 days (28.97), t=1.422, df=41, p=0.16. However, patients in the intervention group had significantly higher days to first drink compared to those in the control group: 119.9 (47.7) vs. 62.4 (44.9), t=2.99, df=22, p=0.01. Limitations of the study include the small sample size and the potential for loss of rater blinding. The effects of supportive text message intervention were not sustained beyond the period that the patients were receiving the intervention.
What works best for whom? Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for depressive symptoms in patients with diabetes.

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) have shown to be effective interventions for treating depressive symptoms in patients with diabetes. However, little is known about which intervention works best for whom (i.e., moderators of efficacy). The aim of this study was to identify variables that differentially predicted response to either CBT or MBCT (i.e., prescriptive predictors). The sample consisted of 91 adult outpatients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and comorbid depressive symptoms (i.e., BDI-II ≥ 14) who were randomized to either individual 8-week CBT (n = 45) or individual 8-week MBCT (n = 46). Patients were followed for a year and depressive symptoms were measured at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at 9-months follow-up. The predictive effect of demographics, depression related characteristics, and disease specific characteristics on change in depressive symptoms was assessed by means of hierarchical regression analyses. Analyses showed that education was the only factor that differentially predicted a decrease in depressive symptoms directly after the interventions. At post-treatment, individuals with higher educational attainment responded better to MBCT, as compared to CBT. Yet, this effect was not apparent at 9-months follow-up. This study did not identify variables that robustly differentially predicted treatment effectiveness of CBT and MBCT, indicating that both CBT and MBCT are accessible interventions that are effective for treating depressive symptoms in broad populations with diabetes. More research is needed to guide patient-treatment matching in clinical practice.
Psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in patients with diabetes mellitus: an abridged Cochrane review.

To summarize and critically evaluate the effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in patients with both diabetes and depression. Randomized controlled trials investigating psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in adults with diabetes and depression were included. A comprehensive search of primary studies according to Cochrane were conducted. Primary outcomes were depression and glycaemic control. Further, treatment adherence, diabetes complications, mortality, healthcare costs and quality of life were investigated. Two reviewers identified primary studies and extracted data independently. Random-effects model meta-analyses were conducted to compute overall estimates of treatment outcomes. The database search resulted in 3963 references, of which 19 trials were included. Randomized controlled trials of psychological interventions showed positive effects on short- and medium-term depression severity [standardized mean difference short-term range -1.47; -0.14, n = 7; medium-term standardized mean difference -0.42 (95% CI -0.70 to -0.14), n = 3] and depression remission [odds ratio short term 2.88 (95% CI 1.58-5.25), n = 4; odds ratio medium term 2.49 (95% CI 1.44-4.32), n = 2]. Effects on glycaemic control in psychological intervention trials varied substantially (standardized mean difference range -0.97 to 0.47, n = 4). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors showed a moderate beneficial effect on short-term depression severity [standardized mean difference -0.39 (95% CI -0.64 to -0.13], n = 5) and depression remission [odds ratio 2.52 (95% CI 1.11-5.75), n = 2]. Glycaemic control improved in randomized controlled trials comparing selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with placebo at the end of treatment [standardized mean difference -0.38 (95% CI -0.64 to -0.12), n = 5]. Psychological and pharmacological interventions positively affect depression outcomes in patients with diabetes at the end of treatment. Furthermore, short-term glycaemic control improved moderately in pharmacological trials. Most outcomes have not been investigated sufficiently. Moreover, there is a lack of follow-up data for pharmacological trials limiting the evidence on the sustainability of treatment effects.