JustKiddo/KiddosVault huggingface dataset:
Effect of Positive Psychotherapy on Psychological Well-Being, Happiness, Life Expectancy and Depression Among Retired Teachers with Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Despite conducting numerous positive psychotherapy (PPT) tests, the effects of such activities in participants aged 50 and above have been dealt with by few studies. Therefore, the effects of PPT on psychological well-being (PWB), happiness, expectancy life (LX) and depression of retired teachers with depression, was investigated using a randomized controlled trial. In this study, 60 female teachers aged 55-80 years, who obtained the lowest scores in the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), were randomly divided into the two PPT (n=30) and untreated groups (n=30) at the time of entering the study and 2 months later following their assessments through the Psychological Well-Being Scales-Short (PWBS-S), Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI), Adult Hope Scale (AHS) and BDI-II. The PPT and untreated groups took part in 10 group sessions and underwent no interventions, respectively. The study was completed with a total number of 52 female teachers (n=26 per group). The PPT group showed some effectiveness on the variables of PWBS-S, OHI, AHS and BDI-II in a way that the involved retired teachers with depression increased their PWB, happiness and LE after PPT training and teachers reduced their BDI-II after intervention (p<0.05). PPT can be used in order to increase the level of PWB, happiness, and LX, along with depression symptoms decreasing amongst retired teachers with the age of 55, and also more than that.
Effects of web-based stress and depression literacy intervention on improving symptoms and knowledge of depression among workers: A randomized controlled trial.

The present randomized controlled trial aimed to examine whether a newly developed psychoeducational information website on stress and depression was effective in improving depressive symptoms at one- and four-month follow-ups among workers in Japan. Participants were recruited from registered members of a web survey site in Japan. Participants who fulfilled the eligibility criteria were randomly allocated to intervention or control groups. Immediately after the baseline survey, the intervention group was invited to access a psychoeducational website named the "UTSMed" within 4 months after the baseline survey. Depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory II; BDI-II) were assessed as a primary outcome, at baseline, and one- and four-month follow-ups for both intervention and control groups. The analyses were conducted separately by the three subgroups (high-risk, moderate-risk, and low-risk). A total of 1236 workers completed the baseline survey. Participants were randomly allocated to an intervention or control group (N=618 for each), with the subgroups of high-risk (7-8%), moderate-risk (47%) and low-risk (45-46%) in each group. A significant intervention effect on improving depressive symptoms (t=-2.35, P =0.02, d=-0.57) was observed at 1-month follow-up only in the high-risk subgroup. The present study did not use a stratified permuted-block randomization. A web-based psychoeducation approach may not be effective enough in improving depressive symptoms in a general population of workers, while it may be effective for workers who had recently sought help for mental health.
Optimizing the context of support of web-based self-help in individuals with mild to moderate depressive symptoms: A randomized full factorial trial.

Web-based self-help programs for individuals with depressive symptoms are efficacious. Differences in effect sizes and adherence rates might be due to contextual factors. This randomized factorial trial investigated the effects of four potentially supportive contextual factors on outcome and adherence. Two factors were provided through human contact (guidance and a diagnostic interview), and two factors were provided without human contact (a motivational interviewing module and automated emails). We recruited 316 adults with mild to moderate depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score: 5-14). All participants received access to a problem-solving therapy program. Participants were randomized across the four experimental factors (present or absent), resulting in a 16-condition design. The primary outcome was depressive symptoms 10 weeks after baseline. The secondary outcome was program adherence. Overall, results showed significant symptom reduction for the primary depression measure (Cohen's d = 0.38-0.91). Guided participants showed significantly less severe symptoms of depression at post-treatment (d = 0.15) and higher treatment adherence (d = 0.53). At follow-up, these differences were no longer present. The remaining three factors did not influence primary outcome and adherence. These findings indicate that guidance leads to a faster reduction of depressive symptoms and higher treatment adherence.
The effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy as an antidepressive treatment is falling: Reply to Ljòtsson et al. (2017) and Cristea et al. (2017).

This article critically reassesses the nonlinear reanalysis by Ljótsson, Hedman, Mattsson, and Andersson (2017) and reviews Cristea et al.'s (2017) extension of our original meta-analysis (Johnsen & Friborg, 2015) reporting a decline in the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for treating unipolar depression. Ljótsson et al. fitted a piecewise meta-regression model to the data, indicating a halt in the decline from the year 1995 onward, hence concluding that CBT is not gradually losing its efficacy. We reanalyzed the data for nonlinear time trends and replicated their findings for the 34 studies using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression as the outcome but not for the 67 studies using Beck's Depression Inventory as the outcome. The best nonlinear model was quadratic rather than flat (or linear) from 2001 onward, which opposes the conclusion by Ljótsson et al. of stability in effects. Cristea et al. identified additional studies, but their new analyses provided mixed support for a linear decline in CBT effects. They could not dismiss a decline except only in the most stringent analytic condition-namely, when analyzing only 29 randomized controlled trials based on between-groups effect sizes solely. Their study includes several questionable methodological choices, so we expand on the discussion of these disparate meta-analytic findings. Of particular concern is the tendency to downplay the fact that when looking at all of the studies together, there is a clear decline in the effects of CBT, which should concern therapy researchers within the field rather than being explained away. (PsycINFO Database Record
Supportive-expressive dynamic psychotherapy in the community mental health system: a pilot effectiveness trial for the treatment of depression.

The goal of the current article is to present the results of a randomized pilot investigation of a brief dynamic psychotherapy compared with treatment-as-usual (TAU) in the treatment of moderate-to-severe depression in the community mental health system. Forty patients seeking services for moderate-to-severe depression in the community mental health system were randomized to 12 weeks of psychotherapy, with either a community therapist trained in brief dynamic psychotherapy or a TAU therapist. Results indicated that blind judges could discriminate the dynamic sessions from the TAU sessions on adherence to dynamic interventions. The results indicate moderate-to-large effect sizes in favor of the dynamic psychotherapy over the TAU therapy in the treatment of depression. The Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale-24 showed that 50% of patients treated with dynamic therapy moved into a normative range compared with only 29% of patients treated with TAU.
[Overcoming treatment resistance in chronic depression : The role of inpatient psychotherapy].

Chronic depression poses a particular challenge for the psychiatric and psychotherapeutic care system. Owing to high rates of psychiatric comorbidities and multiple pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment resistance, novel treatment strategies are urgently required. In this article, we describe the clinical characteristics of chronic and treatment-resistant depression and review the pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment options currently available. We focus on the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP), the first specific psychotherapy approach to chronic depression. Finally, we discuss the role of psychotherapeutic inpatient programs and stepped care concepts in chronic and treatment-resistant depression.
Nonpharmacological interventions for subthreshold depression in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Subthreshold depression (StD) is very common, with an estimated global incidence of 25%, and is associated with other clinical conditions. Nonpharmacological interventions have been demonstrated to be effective, but which one is best should be further investigated. This study aims to compare and rank the efficacy of nonpharmacological interventions in adults with StD. Ten databases were searched, and comparisons were made using a random-effects network meta-analysis using the frequentist framework. The assumption of local consistency was assessed by using the node-splitting method. The surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) was used to separately rank each intervention. A total of 32 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The results showed that psychotherapy, as an intervention class, had significantly positive effects compared to control groups (SMD = -0.78, 95% CI: -1.06, -0.49) and had the highest rank (SUCRA, 79.0%; mean rank, 1.6). Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), as an individual intervention, had significantly positive effects relative to all control groups and had the highest rank (SUCRA, 82.5%; mean rank, 3.1). We speculate that psychotherapy, especially CBT, may be the most effective nonpharmacological intervention to improve StD in adults. More RCTs examining the efficacy of different nonpharmacological interventions are needed.
Efficacy of Self-guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms: A Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data.

Self-guided internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) has the potential to increase access and availability of evidence-based therapy and reduce the cost of depression treatment. To estimate the effect of self-guided iCBT in treating adults with depressive symptoms compared with controls and evaluate the moderating effects of treatment outcome and response. A total of 13 384 abstracts were retrieved through a systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library from database inception to January 1, 2016. Randomized clinical trials in which self-guided iCBT was compared with a control (usual care, waiting list, or attention control) in individuals with symptoms of depression. Primary authors provided individual participant data from 3876 participants from 13 of 16 eligible studies. Missing data were handled using multiple imputations. Mixed-effects models with participants nested within studies were used to examine treatment outcomes and moderators. Outcomes included the Beck Depression Inventory, Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, and 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire scores. Scales were standardized across the pool of the included studies. Of the 3876 study participants, the mean (SD) age was 42.0 (11.7) years, 2531 (66.0%) of 3832 were female, 1368 (53.1%) of 2574 completed secondary education, and 2262 (71.9%) of 3146 were employed. Self-guided iCBT was significantly more effective than controls on depressive symptoms severity (β=-0.21; Hedges g =0.27) and treatment response (β=0.53; odds ratio, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.52-2.50; number needed to treat, 8). Adherence to treatment was associated with lower depressive symptoms (β=-0.19; P=.001) and greater response to treatment (β=0.90; P<.001). None of the examined participant and study-level variables moderated treatment outcomes. Self-guided iCBT is effective in treating depressive symptoms. The use of meta-analyses of individual participant data provides substantial evidence for clinical and policy decision making because self-guided iCBT can be considered as an evidence-based first-step approach in treating symptoms of depression. Several limitations of the iCBT should be addressed before it can be disseminated into routine care.
Effectiveness comparisons of various psychosocial therapies for children and adolescents with depression: a Bayesian network meta-analysis.

The existence of depression among children or adolescents can trigger a sequence of burdens on themselves, their families and even the whole society, which cause both physical and economic impacts. Our network meta-analysis (NMA) was aimed at comparing them with each other for evaluating the optimal psychosocial therapy to help children and adolescents with depression to improve their mental health. Based on several biomedical databases, a system of search strategies was conducted for searching randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which published from their inception on October, 1st 2018 without language restriction. We carried out an expression analysis for comparing the efficacy of various psychosocial therapies using Bayesian NMA. A battery of analyses and assessments, such as conventional meta-analysis and risk of bias, were performed concurrently. Only 32 of RCTs which involved 2677 participants were eventually included in our analyses from the 19,176 of initial citation screening. In addition, in terms of various valid assessment instruments, interpersonal psychotherapy [standard mean difference (SMD)=-1.38, Credible interval (CrI) -2.5, -0.20)], computer cognitive-behavioral therapy (SMD=-1.36, CrI -2.59, -0.14), cognitive-behavioral therapy (SMD=-1.16, CrI -2.15, -0.18), had significantly better effects than the named control group. All together, these results suggest that interpersonal psychotherapy might be the best approach to improve the depressive state among children and adolescents. This study may provide an excellent resource for future endeavors to utilize psychosocial interventions and may also serve as a springboard for creative undertakings as yet unknown.
Workplace interventions to reduce depression and anxiety in small and medium-sized enterprises: A systematic review.

Depression and anxiety are the most prevalent mental health difficulties in the workplace, costing the global economy $1 trillion each year. Evidence indicates that symptoms may be reduced by interventions in the workplace. This paper is the first to systematically review psychosocial interventions for depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation and behaviours in small-to medium-size enterprises (SMEs). A systematic search following PRISMA guidelines, registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020156275), was conducted for psychosocial interventions targeting depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation/behaviour in SMEs. The PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and two specific occupational health databases were searched, as well as four databases for grey literature, without time limit until 2nd December 2019. In total, 1283 records were identified, 70 were retained for full-text screening, and seven met the inclusion criteria: three randomised controlled trials (RCTs), three before and after designs and one non-randomised trial, comprising 5111 participants. Study quality was low to moderate according to the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Five studies showed a reduction in depression and anxiety symptoms using techniques based on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), two reported no significant change. Low number and high heterogeneity of interventions and outcomes, high attrition and lack of rigorous RCTs. Preliminary evidence indicates CBT-based interventions can be effective in targeting symptoms of depression and anxiety in SME employees. There may be unique challenges to implementing programmes in SMEs. Further research is needed in this important area.
Effect of Disorder-Specific vs Nonspecific Psychotherapy for Chronic Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Chronic depression is a highly prevalent and disabling disorder. There is a recognized need to assess the value of long-term disorder-specific psychotherapy. To evaluate the efficacy of the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) compared with that of nonspecific supportive psychotherapy (SP). A prospective, multicenter, evaluator-blinded, randomized clinical trial was conducted among adult outpatients with early-onset chronic depression who were not taking antidepressant medication. Patients were recruited between March 5, 2010, and October 16, 2012; the last patient finished treatment on October 14, 2013. Data analysis was conducted from March 5, 2014, to October 27, 2016. The treatment included 24 sessions of CBASP or SP for 20 weeks in the acute phase, followed by 8 continuation sessions during the next 28 weeks. The primary outcome was symptom severity after 20 weeks (blinded observer ratings) as assessed by the 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD-24). Secondary outcomes were rates of response (reduction in HRSD-24 score of ≥50% from baseline) and remission (HRSD-24 score ≤8), as well as self-assessed ratings of depression, global functioning, and quality of life. Among 622 patients assessed for eligibility, 268 were randomized: 137 to CBASP (96 women [70.1%] and 41 men [29.9%]; mean [SD] age, 44.7 [12.1] years) and 131 to SP (81 women [61.8%] and 50 men [38.2%]; mean [SD] age, 45.2 [11.6] years). The mean (SD) baseline HRSD-24 scores of 27.15 (5.49) in the CBASP group and 27.05 (5.74) in the SP group improved to 17.19 (10.01) and 20.39 (9.65), respectively, after 20 weeks, with a significant adjusted mean difference of -2.51 (95% CI, -4.16 to -0.86; P=.003) and a Cohen d of 0.31 in favor of CBASP. After 48 weeks, the HRSD-24 mean (SD) scores were 14.00 (9.72) for CBASP and 16.49 (9.96) for SP, with an adjusted difference of -3.13 (95% CI, -5.01 to -1.25; P=.001) and a Cohen d of 0.39. Patients undergoing CBASP were more likely to reach response (48 of 124 [38.7%] vs 27 of 111 [24.3%]; adjusted odds ratio, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.09 to 3.73; P=.03) or remission (27 of 124 [21.8%] vs 14 of 111 [12.6%]; adjusted odds ratio, 3.55; 95% CI, 1.61 to 7.85; P=.002) after 20 weeks. Patients undergoing CBASP showed significant advantages in most other secondary outcomes. Highly structured specific psychotherapy was moderately more effective than nonspecific therapy in outpatients with early-onset chronic depression who were not taking antidepressant medication. Adding an extended phase to acute psychotherapy seems promising in this population. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00970437.
Pattern of Changes during Treatment: A Comparison between a Positive Psychology Intervention and a Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Clinical Depression.

Research on psychotherapy has traditionally focused on analyzing changes between the beginning and the end of a treatment. Few studies have addressed the pattern of therapeutic change during treatment. The aim of this study was to examine the pattern of changes in clinical and well-being variables during a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program compared with an integrative positive psychology interventions program for clinical depression IPPI-D. 128 women with a diagnosis of major depression or dysthymia were assigned to the CBT or PPI group. A measure of depressive symptoms (i.e., Beck Depression Inventory) and well-being (i.e., Pemberton Happiness Index) were administered four times: at the beginning and end of the treatment, as well as during treatment (at sessions 4 and 7). Through mixed-model repeated measures ANOVAs, both depressive symptoms (p .08). The percentage of improvement in depressive symptoms in the first treatment period was higher than in the later ones (ps < .005). On the contrary, well-being showed a more gradual improvement (p = .15). These results highlight the importance of assessing the pattern of changes in symptoms and well-being separately.
An online intervention for reducing depressive symptoms: secondary benefits for self-esteem, empowerment and quality of life.

Internet-based interventions are increasingly recognized as effective for the treatment and prevention of depression; however, there is a paucity of research investigating potential secondary benefits. From a consumer perspective, improvements in indicators of wellbeing such as perceived quality of life may represent the most important outcomes for evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention. This study investigated the 'secondary' benefits for self-esteem, empowerment, quality of life and perceived social support of two 12-week online depression interventions when delivered alone and in combination. Participants comprised 298 adults displaying elevated psychological distress. Participants were randomised to receive: an Internet Support Group (ISG); an automated Internet psycho-educational training program for depression; a combination of these conditions; or a control website. Analyses were performed on an intent-to-treat basis. Following the automated training program immediate improvements were shown in participants׳ self-esteem and empowerment relative to control participants. Improvements in perceived quality of life were reported 6-months following the completion of the intervention when combined with an ISG. These findings provide initial evidence for the effectiveness of this online intervention for improving individual wellbeing beyond the primary aim of the treatment. However, further research is required to investigate the mechanisms underlying improvement in these secondary outcomes.
Do Cognitive Therapy Skills Neutralize Lifetime Stress to Improve Treatment Outcomes in Recurrent Depression?

Cognitive therapy (CT) is an efficacious treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), but not all patients respond. Past research suggests that stressful life events (SLE; e.g., childhood maltreatment, emotional and physical abuse, relationship discord, physical illness) sometimes reduce the efficacy of depression treatment, whereas greater acquisition and use of CT skills may improve patient outcomes. In a sample of 276 outpatient participants with recurrent MDD, we tested the hypothesis that patients with more SLE benefit more from CT skills in attaining response and remaining free of relapse/recurrence. Patients with more pretreatment SLE did not develop weaker CT skills, on average, but were significantly less likely to respond to CT. However, SLE predicted non-response only for patients with relatively weak skills, and not for those with stronger CT skills. Similarly, among acute-phase responders, SLE increased risk for MDD relapse/recurrence among patients with weaker CT skills. Thus, the combination of more SLE and weaker CT skills forecasted negative outcomes. These novel findings are discussed in the context of improving CT for depression among patients with greater lifetime history of SLE and require replication before clinical application.